1

TRNG I HC HNG HI VIT NAM

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

BI GING
PHN TCH & THIT K H THNG

TN HC PHN : PHN TCH & THIT K H THNG

M HC PHN

: 17410

TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUY

DNG CHO SV NGNH: CNG NGH THNG TIN

HI PHNG - 2011

MC LC
LI NI U ......................................................................................................................... 7
Chng I. Tng quan v h thng ....................................................................................... 12
1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin ..................................................................................... 12
2. Cc yu t tc ng n h thng .................................................................................... 14
2.1. Cc tc nhn i vi h thng (Stakeholder)................................................................ 14
2.2. Cc yu t thng mi i vi h thng (Business Drivers) ........................................ 15
2.3. Cc yu t cng ngh i vi h thng (Technology Drivers)..................................... 15
3. Chu k sng ca mt h thng ......................................................................................... 15
4. Cc b phn hp thnh ca H thng thng tin ............................................................ 18
5. Cc h thng thng tin t ng ho (tin hc ho) .......................................................... 18
5.1. Mc t ng ho ...................................................................................................... 18
5.2. Cc phng thc x l bng my tnh ......................................................................... 19
Chng II. Tng quan v phn tch thit k h thng ....................................................... 20
1. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................ 20
2. Cc cch tip cn phn tch h thng .............................................................................. 20
2.1. Hng tin trnh (process driven approach) ................................................................. 20
2.2. Hng d liu (data driven approach) .......................................................................... 20
2.3. Hng cu trc (structure driven approach) ................................................................. 21
2.4. Hng i tng (object oriented approach) ............................................................... 22
3. Cc m hnh phn tch thit k h thng ........................................................................ 23
3.1. Phng php thit k h thng c in (thit k phi cu trc) ..................................... 23
3.2. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng bn cu trc ................................................. 24
3.3. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc ................................................... 24
4. Cc giai on phn tch v thit k H thng thng tin................................................. 26
Chng III. Kho st h thng v xc lp d n ............................................................... 29
1. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................ 29
2. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic kho st ................................................................................ 29
3. Kho st v nh gi hin trng ...................................................................................... 30
3.1. Ni dung kho st v nh gi hin trng .................................................................... 30
3.2. Cc mc kho st .......................................................................................................... 30
3.3. Cc hnh thc tin hnh kho st .................................................................................. 31
3.3.1. Phng vn............................................................................................................... 31
3.3.2. iu tra bng bng hi ........................................................................................... 34
3.3.3. Phng php ly mu............................................................................................. 36
3.3.4. Phn tch ti liu..................................................................................................... 37

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3.5. Pht hin nhng yu km ca hin trng v nhng yu cu trong tng lai ................ 38
4. Xc nh phm vi, kh nng v mc tiu ca d n ...................................................... 38
4.1. Xc nh phm vi (khoanh vng d n) ....................................................................... 38
4.2. Kh nng v hn ch thc hin d n ........................................................................... 39
4.3. Mc tiu ca vic tin hc ho ....................................................................................... 39
4.4. Xc nh yu t thnh cng ca bi ton ...................................................................... 39
5. Phc ho gii php, cn nhc tnh kh thi ...................................................................... 39
5.1. Cc mc t ng ho .................................................................................................... 39
5.2. Hnh thc s dng my tnh ........................................................................................ 39
5.3. Phn tch hiu qu v nh gi tnh kh thi .................................................................. 40
6. Lp d tr v k hoch trin khai d n ........................................................................ 40
6.1. Hnh thnh hp ng .................................................................................................... 40
6.2. Lp d tr thit b ......................................................................................................... 40
6.3. Lp k hoch trin khai d n ...................................................................................... 40
Chng IV. M hnh ha h thng ...................................................................................... 41
1. Mc ch ............................................................................................................................. 41
2. Qu trnh m hnh ha h thng ...................................................................................... 41
3. Biu phn r chc nng (Functional Diagrams) ....................................................... 42
3.1. Khi nim ..................................................................................................................... 42
3.2. Cc thnh phn ca BFD .............................................................................................. 42
3.3. c im ca biu phn cp chc nng .................................................................. 42
3.4. Cch xy dng BFD ..................................................................................................... 43
4. Biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams) ................................................................. 45
4.1. Cc k hiu ................................................................................................................... 45
4.1.1. Tc nhn ngoi ....................................................................................................... 45
4.1.2. Kho d liu............................................................................................................. 46
4.1.3. Lung d liu ......................................................................................................... 46
4.1.4. Tin trnh ................................................................................................................ 46
4.2. Quy tc thit k biu lung d liu .......................................................................... 47
4.3. Biu lung d liu mc ng cnh ............................................................................ 47
4.4. Pht trin biu d liu cc mc ............................................................................... 48
4.4.1. Qu trnh xy dng ................................................................................................ 48
4.4.2. Cc qui tc xy dng DFD ..................................................................................... 49
4.4.3. Phn tch hng cu trc c in (top-down) ........................................................ 49
4.4.4. Phn tch hng cu trc hin i (hng s kin) ............................................... 50
Chng V. M hnh ha c s d liu ................................................................................. 58

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1. M hnh ha d liu .......................................................................................................... 58
1.1. Khi nim ..................................................................................................................... 58
1.2. T m hnh d liu ti ci t c s d liu................................................................. 58
1.3. Vai tr ca biu quan h thc th ............................................................................ 58
2. Cc phn t ca biu quan h thc th (ERD) ......................................................... 58
2.1. Thc th ........................................................................................................................ 58
2.2. Thuc tnh ..................................................................................................................... 59
2.3. Mi quan h .................................................................................................................. 60
3. Xy dng biu quan h thc th ................................................................................. 60
3.1. Cc bc m hnh ha d liu lgc ............................................................................. 60
3.2. Trnh t xy dng ERD ................................................................................................ 61
3.3. Qui tc xy dng ERD.................................................................................................. 61
4. Xy dng biu d liu quan h (RDM) ...................................................................... 61
4.1. Xc nh thuc tnh....................................................................................................... 61
4.2. Phn tch v chun ha d liu ..................................................................................... 61
4.3. Xc nh cc mi quan h............................................................................................. 65
4.4. Xy dng m hnh RDM .............................................................................................. 65
5. T in d liu................................................................................................................... 65
Chng VI. Tng quan v thit k h thng....................................................................... 67
1. Cc hng tip cn thit k h thng .............................................................................. 67
1.1. Cc tip cn hng m hnh ......................................................................................... 67
1.2. Pht trin ng dng nhanh ............................................................................................ 68
2. Cc cng vic c th trong giai on thit k ................................................................. 68
Chng VII. Thit k c s d liu ..................................................................................... 69
1. Cc phng thc lu tr d liu ..................................................................................... 69
1.1. File ................................................................................................................................ 69
1.2. C s d liu................................................................................................................. 69
2. Kin trc d liu ................................................................................................................ 69
3. Trin khai m hnh d liu logic da trn mt c s d liu quan h ......................... 70
3.1. C s d liu quan h ................................................................................................... 70
3.2. M hnh ho d liu...................................................................................................... 70
Chng VIII. Thit k vo/ra h thng............................................................................... 72
1. Thit k u vo ................................................................................................................ 72
1.1. Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 72
1.1.1. Cc khi nim ........................................................................................................ 72
1.1.2. Cc phng thc nhp liu .................................................................................... 72

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1.1.3. Cc nguyn tc thit k u vo ............................................................................ 72
1.1.4. Kim sot nhp liu ............................................................................................... 72
1.2. Cc iu khin giao din cho thit k u vo ............................................................. 73
1.2.1. Mt s iu khin ph bin .................................................................................... 73
1.2.2. Mt s iu khin cao cp ..................................................................................... 73
1.3. Quy trnh thit k u vo ............................................................................................ 74
2. Thit k u ra h thng ................................................................................................... 74
2.1. Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 74
2.1.1. Phn loi................................................................................................................. 74
2.1.2. Phng thc ci t u ra..................................................................................... 74
2.2. Cch thc thit k u ra .............................................................................................. 74
2.2.1. Cc nguyn tc ....................................................................................................... 74
2.2.2. Quy trnh thit k u ra ........................................................................................ 75
Chng IX. Thit k giao din ngi dng ........................................................................ 76
1. Tng quan .......................................................................................................................... 76
2. K thut giao din ngi dng......................................................................................... 76
2.1. H iu hnh v trnh duyt WEB ................................................................................ 76
2.2. Mn hnh hin th .......................................................................................................... 77
2.3. Bn phm v cc thit b tr .......................................................................................... 77
3. Phong cch thit k giao din ngi dng ...................................................................... 77
3.1. Giao din da trn ca s v frame .............................................................................. 77
3.2. Giao din da trn menu............................................................................................... 78
3.3. Giao din da trn dng lnh ....................................................................................... 78
3.4. Mt s tnh nng c bit ............................................................................................. 78
3.5. Cch thc thit k giao din ngi dng ...................................................................... 79
Chng X. Xy dng v trin khai h thng ...................................................................... 80
1. Giai on xy dng ........................................................................................................... 80
1.1. Xy dng v kim th mng ........................................................................................ 80
1.2. Xy dng v kim th c s d liu............................................................................. 80
1.3. Ci t v kim th gi phn mm mi ....................................................................... 81
1.4. Vit v kim th cc chng trnh mi ........................................................................ 81
2. Giai on trin khai .......................................................................................................... 81
2.1. Kim th h thng ln cui .......................................................................................... 81
2.2. Lp k hoch chuyn i .............................................................................................. 82
2.3. Ci t c s d liu ..................................................................................................... 82
2.4. Hun luyn ngi dng ................................................................................................ 82

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2.5. Chuyn i sang h thng mi ..................................................................................... 83
Chng XI. Vn hnh v h tr h thng .......................................................................... 84
1. Tng quan .......................................................................................................................... 84
2. Bo tr h thng ................................................................................................................. 84
2.1. Xc nh vn ............................................................................................................ 84
2.2. nh du chng trnh ................................................................................................. 84
2.3. Nghin cu v bt li chng trnh .............................................................................. 85
2.4. Kim th chng trnh ................................................................................................. 85
3. Phc hi h thng .............................................................................................................. 85
4. H tr k thut .................................................................................................................. 86
5. Nng cp h thng ............................................................................................................. 86
5.1. Phn tch yu cu nng cp........................................................................................... 86
5.2. Thc hin sa cha nhanh ............................................................................................ 87
5.3. Phc hi h thng vt l hin c................................................................................... 87
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................... 88

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Tn hc phn: Phn tch v thit k h thng

Loi hc phn: 3

B mn ph trch ging dy: H thng Thng tin

Khoa ph trch: CNTT.

M hc phn: 17403

Tng s TC: 3

Tng s tit

L thuyt

Thc hnh/ Xemina

T hc

Bi tp ln

n mn hc

75

45

15

khng

Hc phn hc trc: Khng yu cu.

Hc phn tin quyt: Khng yu cu.
Hc phn song song: Khng yu cu.
Mc tiu ca hc phn:
Cung cp cc kin thc c bn v phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin theo phng php hng
cu trc.
Ni dung ch yu:
Tng quan v phn tch v thit k h thng; Qu trnh phn tch thit k h thng hng cu trc;
Cc k thut kho st thc t; M hnh ha d liu; M hnh ha h thng; Phn tch tnh kh thi v
xut h thng; Thit k c s d liu; Thit k vo/ra h thng; Thit k giao din ngi dng;
ng dng vo thc t.
Ni dung chi tit:
PHN PHI S TIT
TN CHNG MC
Chng I: Gii thiu

TS

LT

TH

12

1.1. Tng quan v phn tch v thit k h thng

1.2. Cc tc nhn i vi h thng (Stakeholder)
1.3. Cc yu t nh hng n h thng (Business &
Technology Drivers)
1.4. Cc m hnh pht trin h thng
Chng II: Phn tch h thng
2.1. Gii thiu
2.2. Cc cch tip cn phn tch h thng
2.3. Giai on xc nh phm vi (Scope Definition)
2.4. Giai on phn tch vn (Problem Analysis)
2.5. Giai on phn tch yu cu (Requirements Analysis)
2.6. Giai on phn tch quyt nh (Decision Analysis)
Chng III: Cc k thut kho st thc t
3.1. Qu trnh tm hiu yu cu
3.2. K thut thu thp thng tin t cc cc ti liu, biu mu

BT

KT

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PHN PHI S TIT
TN CHNG MC

TS

LT

TH

16

12

BT

KT

3.3. K thut quan st mi trng lm vic (Observation)

3.4. K thut t cu hi (Questionnaires)
3.5. K thut phng vn (Interviews)
Chng IV: M hnh ha d liu
4.1. Cc khi nim c bn i vi m hnh ha d liu
4.2. Qu trnh m hnh ha d liu logic
4.3. Xy dng m hnh d liu
Chng V: M hnh ha h thng
5.1. Cc khi nim c bn i vi m hnh ha h thng
5.2. Qu trnh m hnh ha h thng logic
5.3. Biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams)
5.4. Biu phn r chc nng (Functional Diagrams)
5.5. Ti liu c t yu cu h thng (System Requirements
Specification)
Chng VI: Phn tch tnh kh thi v xut h thng
6.1. Phn tch kh thi (Feasibility Analysis)
6.2. nh gi hiu qu h thng
6.3. xut h thng (System Proposal)
Chng VII: Thit k h thng
7.1. Cc cch tip cn thit k h thng
7.2. Cc bc thit k h thng theo phng php truyn thng
Chng VIII: Thit k vo/ra h thng
8.1. Cc khi nim c bn
8.2. Cc nguyn tc thit k vo/ra (Input/Output Design)
8.3. Qu trnh thit k vo/ra h thng
Chng IX: Thit k giao din ngi dng
9.1. Cc khi nim c bn
9.2. Cc nguyn tc thit k giao din (User Interface Design)
9.3. Cc kiu giao din ngi dng
9.4. Qu trnh thit k giao din ngi dng
Nhim v ca sinh vin:
Tham d cc bui hc l thuyt v thc hnh, lm cc bi tp c giao, lm cc bi thi gia hc
phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn theo ng quy nh.

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Ti liu hc tp:
1. Jeffrey Whitten, Lonnie Bentley, Kevin Dittman, Systems Analysis and Design Methods,
McGraw-Hill, 6th edition, 2004.
2. Nguyn Vn Ba, Phn tch v thit k cc h thng thng tin, Nh xut bn HQG H
Ni, 2003.
Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:
Hnh thc thi: t lun hoc trc nghim.
Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: cn c vo s tham gia hc tp ca sinh vin trong cc bui
hc l thuyt v thc hnh, kt qu lm cc bi tp c giao, kt qu ca cc bi thi gia
hc phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn.
Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F.
im nh gi hc phn: Z=0,4X + 0,6Y.

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LI NI U
Phn tch thit k l bc u tin v c ngha quyt nh s thnh cng ca mt h thng ni
chung v h thng phn mm ni ring. Phn tch thit k h thng l qu trnh chuyn i, ci tin
nhng yu cu, tc nghip ca mt h thng hin ti thnh mt thit k c th trin khai c trong
thc t.
V c bn phn tch h thng tri qua 04 bc: kho st, phn tch, thit k v vn hnh h
thng. Trong cc bc ny th giai don kho st s l quyt nh vic thnh lp d n, xc nh yu
cu d n, to d liu cho cc giai on sau v thng thng chim nhiu thi gian nht. Phn tch
l lm r, m t, ci tin h thng v la chn gii php tt nht cho h thng. Tip theo l qu trnh
thit k h thng theo gii php chn. Vn hnh h thng l qu trnh xy dng h thng a vo
p dng thc t, kim sot v bo tr h thng. n thi im no , h thng xy dng tr nn
khng ph hp ta li bt u kho st xy dng mt h thng thay th.
Ti liu ny c cu trc thnh 4 phn ln vi 11 chng tng ng vi cc qu trnh pht
trin h thng:
Phn 1: Nhng ni dung c bn bao gm 02 chng.
Chng I. Tng quan v h thng: Trnh by cc khi nim c bn, yu t tc ng n n h
thng v cng i ca mt h thng.
Chng II. Tng quan c phn tch thit k h thng: gip ngi c nm c cc cch tip
cn phn tch thit k h thng, cu trc v gi trnh phn tch thit k h thng.
Phn 2. Phn tch h thng theo phng php cu trc bao gm 03 chng.
Chng III. Kho st h thng v xc lp d n: qu trnh, mc tiu, kt qu v phng php
tip cn kho st h thng.
Chng IV. M hnh ha h thng: Trnh by qu trnh cu trc, m hnh ha cc thnh phn
ca h thng t a ra cc s din gii h thng gip ta hnh dung c lung d liu vo/ ra
h thng v lin kt gia cc thnh phn h thng.
Chng V. M hnh ha c c d liu: Trnh by cu trc yu cu v d liu ca h thng, qu
trnh phn tch a m hnh c s d liu quan nim.
Phn 3. Thit k h thng theo phng php cu trc bao gm 03 chng.
Chng VI. Tng qun v thit k h thng: a ra cc khi nim, qusa trnh thit k h thng.
Chng VII. Thit k c s d liu: thit k c s d liu vt l trin khai h thng.
Chng VIII. Thit k vo/ra h thng: qu trnh, cch thc thit k nhp d liu vo, hin th
d liu ra cho h thng mt cch tin li.
Chng IX. Thit k giao din ngi dng: Trnh by cc phng php thit k, nhng iu lu
thit k giao din ngi dng thn thin, d s dng.
Phn 4. Trin khai h thng trong thc t ba gm 02 chng.

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Chng X. Xy dng v trin khai h thng: qu trnh a h thng v ng dng trong thc t,
kim th v kim sot li h thng.
Chng XI. Vn hnh v h tr h thng: Theo di vic thc thi h thng v h tr h thng v
mt k thut cho ngi s dng cng nh vic bo tr sa li hoc p ng nhng yu cu mi
xut hin.
Mc d c gng tham kho nhiu ti liu chuyn ngnh v bin son nhng ti liu khng trnh
khi nhng sai st, hn ch. Tc gi rt mong c s ng gi, nhn xt ca c gi ti liu
hon thin hn.
a ch lin lc: L Tr Thnh- b mn H thng thng tin- Khoa Cng ngh thng tin- trng
i hc Hng Hi Vit Nam.
Email: thanhletri@vimaru.edu.vn
Hi phng, thng 6 nm 2010

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Chng I. Tng quan v h thng

1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin
a. H thng
- H thng: L tp hp cc phn t c nhng mi quan h rng buc ln nhau cng hot ng
chung cho mt s mc tiu no . Trong hot ng c trao i vo ra vi mi trng ngoi .
- Mt h thng c 9 tnh cht:
1. Thnh phn (component)
2. Tng quan (Interrelated components, interrelationship)
3. Bin gii (Boundary)
4. Mc tiu (Purpose)
5. Mi trng (Environment)
6. Giao din (interface)
7. Ngun vo (Input)
8. Kt xut (Output)
9. Rng buc (Constraint)
+ Thnh phn: Mt h thng c cu to t cc thnh phn. Mt thnh phn hoc l mt phn n
(khng th chia nh c) hoc l mt tp cc thnh phn cn c gi l h thng con
(subsystem). Khi nim n ca mt thnh phn th rt quan trng, n cho php ta thay i, nng
cp thnh phn ny m khng nh hng n ton b h thng.
+ Cc thnh phn th tng quan; ngha l, chc nng ca mt thnh phn bng cch no tht
cht vi chc nng ca cc thnh phn khc. V d, cng vic ca mt thnh phn, nh to ra cc
bo co hng ngy v n hng c tip nhn, khng th tin trin thnh cng, trc khi cng vic
ca thnh phn khc c hon tt nh sp xp cc n hng theo ngy tip nhn.
+ Mt h thng c mt bin gii (boundary), m tt c cc thnh phn c cha trong , n cn
thit lp gii hn ca h thng, tch n khi cc h thng khc. Cc thnh phn trong bin gii c
th c thay i trong khi cc h thng bn ngoi bin gii khng th b thay i.
+ Mc tiu: Tt c cc thnh phn lm vic vi nhau t c mt vi mc tiu ton din cho h
thng ln hn.
+ Mi trng: Mt h thng tn ti trong mt mi trng - mi th bn ngoi bin gii h thng c
nh hng n h thng. V d, mi trng ca i hc Hng Hi bao gm nhng sinh vin tng
lai, tin d tr, cc qu ti tr v thng tin tin tc. Thng thng h thng tng tc vi mi trng
ca n. Trng i hc tng tc vi sinh vin tng lai bng cch u i v tuyn chn t trng
trung hc a phng. Mt h thng thng tin tng tc vi mi trng ca n bng vic tip nhn
d liu (s kin th) v thng tin (d liu qua x l mt dng c ch).

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+ Giao din: H thng phi c giao din tng tc vi ngi dng, giao din phi c thit k ph
hp, tin li cho ngi s dng.
+ Ngun vo: Nhng d liu cho h thng x l.
+ Kt xut: Nhng d liu qua x l theo mc ch ca ngi dng.
+ Mt h thng phi ng trc s rng buc (constraint) trong nhim v ca n v c cc gii hn
(theo ngha s lng, tc , hay kh nng) v n c th lm ci g v lm th no n c th t
c mc tiu trong mi trng.
Mt vi hn ch ny c t bn trong h thng (v d: mt s lng gii hn cc nhn
vin c th c). Mt h thng nhn ngun nhp t mi trng thc hin nhim v.
V d con ngi b hn ch khi ht th khng kh trong lnh nu ta bn trong mt thang
my vi ai ang ht thuc. Cui cng, mt h thng kt xut ra mi trng ca n nh l mt
kt qu ca vic thc hin nhim v v nh vy n t c mc tiu. H thng b hn ch khi mt
in.
b. H thng qun l
- H thng qun l: L mt h thng c mt mc ch mang li li nhun hoc li ch no . c
im ca h thng l c s tham gia ca con ngi v c s trao i thng tin.
H thng qun l chia thnh hai h thng con:
+ H tc nghip (trc tip sn xut): gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php trc tip thc hin
mc tiu a ra.
+ H qun l (gin tip sn xut): Gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php cho php iu khin
hot ng ca h thng.H ny li chia thnh hai h con:
* H quyt nh: a ra cc quyt nh
* H x l thng tin: X l thng tin
c. H thng thng tin
- H thng thng tin (information system) : L mt h thng s dng cng ngh thng tin thu
thp, truyn, lu tr, x l v biu din thng tin trong mt hay nhiu qu trnh kinh doanh.
- H thng tin pht trin qua bn loi hnh :
+ H x l d liu: lu tr v cp nht d liu hng ngy, ra cc bo co theo nh k (V
d: Cc h thng tnh lng).
+ H thng tin qun l (Management Information System - MIS): Mt h thng tin gm c
s d liu hp nht v cc dng thng tin gip con ngi trong sn xut, qun l v ra quyt nh.
+ H tr gip quyt nh: H tr cho vic ra quyt nh (cho php nh phn tch ra quyt
nh chn cc phng n m khng phi thu thp v phn tch d liu).
+ H chuyn gia: H tr nh qun l gii quyt cc vn v lm quyt nh mt cch
thng minh.

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- Vai tr: H thng tin ng vai tr trung gian gia h quyt nh v h tc nghip trong h thng
qun l.
- Nhim v:
+ Trao i thng tin vi mi trng ngoi
+ Thc hin vic lin lc gia cc b phn v cung cp thng tin cho cc h tc nghip v h
quyt nh.
- Cc b phn hp thnh HTTT
+D liu: l nguyn liu ca h thng tin c biu din di nhiu dng nh vn bn,
truyn khu, hnh v,... v nhng vt mang tin :Giy, bng t, a t...
+ Cc x l: Thng tin u vo qua cc x l thnh thng tin u ra.
2. Cc yu t tc ng n h thng
2.1. Cc tc nhn i vi h thng (Stakeholder)
- Ch s hu h thng (System owner)
- Ngi s dng h thng (System user)
+ Ngi s dng ni b
+ Ngi s dng ngoi
- Ngi thit k h thng (System designer)
+ Qun tr CSDL
+ Thit k mng
+ Thit k Web
+ Thit k ha
+ Chuyn gia bo mt
+ Chuyn gia cng ngh
- Ngi xy dng h thng (System builder)
+ Lp trnh ng dng
+ Lp trnh h thng
+ Lp trnh CSDL
+ Qun tr mng
+ Bo mt h thng
+ Lp trnh web
+ Tch hp phn mm
- Ngi phn tch h thng (System analysts)
+ Vai tr ca ngi phn tch ht thng

15

+ K nng cn c: kin thc v cng ngh thng tin, c k nng v kinh nghim lp trnh,
kin thc tng quan v thng mi, k nng gii quyt - phn tch vn , k nng quan h- lin kt
tp th, kh nng linh lot v thch nghi
- Ngi cung cp dch v bn ngoi (External service providers)
- Ngi qun tr d n (The project manager)
2.2. Cc yu t thng mi i vi h thng (Business Drivers)
- S ton cu ha ca nn kinh t (Globalization of the Rconomy)
- Thng mi in t v kinh doanh (Electronic commerce and Business)
- Bo mt v bn quyn (Security and Privacy)
- Hp tc v i tc (Collaboration and Partnership)
- Qun l ti sn (Knowlege Asset Management)
- Pht trin h thng v qun l cht lng (Continuous Improvement and Total Quality
Management)
- Thit k li h thng thng mi(Business Process Redesign)
2.3. Cc yu t cng ngh i vi h thng (Technology Drivers)
- Mng v Internet
- Cng ngh di ng v mng khng dy
- Cc cng ngh khc: cng c lp trnh, CSDL
- Hp tc cng ngh (Business Process Redesign)
- ng dng doanh nghip (Enterprise Applications)
3. Chu k sng ca mt h thng

16

Chu k sng ca mt h thng (system development life cycle)

a. Kho st v la chn h thng: Giai on u tin trong chu k sng (SDLC: system
development life cycle). Giai on ny c mc ch xc nh v phn chia nh cc vn trong h
thng. C hai hot ng chnh:
- Hot ng th nht, nhn din s cn thit phi c mt h thng mi hay mt h thng nng cp.
Nhu cu thng tin ca t chc c xem xt v cc d n ph hp vi cc nhu cu ny c nhn
din. Nhu cu h thng thng tin ca t chc c th l kt qu ca:
+ Cc yu cu phi i ph vi cc vn trong cc th tc kinh doanh hin hnh.
+ S mong mun thi hnh cc nhim v mi.
+ S hin thc iu m cng ngh thng tin c th c s dng nhm tn dng mt c hi hin c.
Nhm phn tch h thng, c thnh lp trong giai on ny, u tin chuyn i cc yu cu thnh
cc k hoch cho b phn IS (information system), bao gm mt thi biu pht trin mi cc h
thng chnh. Cc yu cu v h thng mi xut pht t ngi s dng c nhu cu mt h thng mi
hay mt h thng ci tin. Trong giai on hoch nh v chn la h thng, mt t chc xc nh
c hay khng vic nn dnh (c s cn nhc) cc ngun lc cho pht trin v ci tin h thng
thng tin.
- Hot ng th hai: xc nh phm vi yu cu ca h thng. i ng phn tch h thng to ra mt
k hoch c th cho d n thc hin. K hoch d n ny c th ha ca chu k sng, m t thi
gian, ngun lc cn thit thc hin. Xc nh hnh thc ca mt d n.
b. Phn tch h thng
- Giai on th nht: xc nh yu cu ca cc vn phn chia giai on trn. Trong giai on
con ny, ta cn lm vic vi nhng ngi s dng xc nh ngi dng mong mun iu g t
mt h thng c ngh. Giai on con ny bao gm s nghin cu t m cc h thng hin hnh,
bng th cng hay bng my tnh, s c thay th hay ci tin xem nh mt phn ca d n.

17
- Giai on th hai: nghin cu cc yu cu v cu trc chng ph hp vi cc mi tng quan ca
chng, loi b s d tha.
- Kt xut ca giai on phn tch l bn c t gii php cho h thng. l tin c th to ra
cc k hoch lin quan ti phn cng v phn mm h thng cn thit xy dng hay vn hnh h
thng.
c. Thit k h thng
- Thit k h thng theo cc gii php phn tch v chn lu gii php tt nht vi cc yu cu
bao hm c gi c, nhn cng v cp k thut m t chc sn lng chuyn giao cho tin trnh
pht trin.
+ Giai on ny ta chuyn bn m t ca gii php chn la c ngh thnh c t logic
ri vt l. Ta phi thit k mi din mo ca h thng t nhp vo v xut ra ca mn hnh n my
in, c s d liu, v cc x l tnh ton.
+ Thit k lgic khng b rng buc bi bt k phn cng v phn mm h thng c th no.
V phng din l thuyt, h thng m ta thit k c th c thc hin trn bt k phn cng v
phn mm h thng no. Thit k logic tp trung vo kha cnh doanh nghip ca h thng; ngha l
h thng s tc ng ra sao vi cc n v nhim v trong t chc doanh nghip. T s so snh ta
c th thy rng nhiu quyt nh c th phi thc hin chuyn t m hnh logic sang sn phm
vt l. Trng thi ny rt tng ng trong thit k h thng thng tin.
+Trong thit k vt l, ta chuyn thit k logic thnh vt l, k thut hay c t. V d ta c
th chuyn s nh x d liu gc, dng d liu v x l d liu ca h thng thnh mt cu trc
thit k h thng ri c th phn r thnh cc n v nh hn chuyn thnh cc ch th vit c
bng mt ngn ng lp trnh.
Ta thit k cc phn khc nhau ca h thng to ra cc hot ng vt l cn thit d
dng thu c, x l, kt xut thng tin d liu. Trong qu trnh thit k vt l, i ng phn tch
quyt nh ngn ng lp trnh, h c s d liu v cu trc tp tin no s c s dng cho d liu,
v nn tng phn cng, h iu hnh, mi trng mng no m h thng s chy.
Sn phm cui cng ca giai on thit k l c t h thng vt l, c trnh by di
dng nh mt s hay bn bo co c tho sn sng cho vic chuyn giao cho cc lp trnh vin
v nhng ngi xy dng h thng khc xy dng chng trnh.
- Xy dng chng trnh theo thit k.
d. Thc hin v vn hnh h thng
- Giai on th nht: ta chuyn cc c t thnh h thng lm vic c v vn hnh th nghim.
Thc hin bao gm m ha, chy th v ci t. Trong qu trnh m ha, lp trnh vin lp
cc chng trnh to nn h thng. Trong qu trnh chy th, lp trnh vin v phn tch vin kim
tra tng chng trnh ri ton b h thng tm v sa cha li. Trong qu trnh ci t, h thng
mi tr thnh mt phn ca hot ng hng ngy ca t chc doanh nghip. Phn mm ng dng

18
c ci t, hay ti vo phn cng hin hu hay mi; sau nhng ngi s dng c gii thiu
v h thng mi v c hun luyn.
Hot ng thc hin h thng cng bao gm khi to s h tr ngi dng nh hon thnh
cc ti liu, cc chng trnh hun luyn v gip ngi dng. Ta cn ch ti liu v chng
trnh hun luyn c hon thnh trong c qu trnh thc hin.
- Giai on th hai: thu thp nhng vn pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng, vi nhng
vn nh khng do thit k ban u c th chnh sa trc tip phn mm, ngc li phi quay li
t bc phn tch u tin xy dng li h thng. Tuy nhin n mt giai on no , h thng
s tr nn li thi v cn phn tch, xy dng li hon ton t u, ta s li quay v chu k u tin.
4. Cc b phn hp thnh ca H thng thng tin
Nu khng k n con ngi, phng tin th HTTT ch gm 2 b phn l: cc d liu & cc
x l
- Cc d liu:
D liu v cu trc: L nhng s kin, qu trnh tin ho, tng trng, cp nht c lu tr
tng i n nh.
D liu kinh doanh: Nhng thng tin v hot ng giao dch, thng l nhng tp d liu c
cu trc (ho n chng t).
Thng tin c cu trc bao gm lung thng tin vo v lung thng tin ra:
Lung thng tin vo: phn loi cc thng tin cn x l thnh 3 loi:
+ Thng tin cn cho tra cu: Cc thng tin t b thay i, thng c cp nht 1 ln.
+ Thng tin lun chuyn chi tit: l loi thng tin hot ng ca n v, khi lng thng tin
thng ln, cn phi x l kp thi
+ Thng tin lun chuyn tng hp: l loi thng tin c tng hp t cc cp thp hn, thng
tin ny thng c ng x l theo k hay theo l
Lung thng tin ra:
+ Thng tin u ra c tng hp t thng tin u vo, ph thuc vo nhu cu qun l trong
tng trng hp c th, tng n v c th.
+ Thng tin u ra quan trng nht l cc tng hp, thng k, thng bo.
- Cc x l:
+ L cc chc nng, quy trnh, phng php, th tc x l cho php thu thp, lu tr, tm
kim, ch bin thng tin, thc cht l bin i t tp thng tin vo thnh tp thng tin ra
+ Cc chc nng x l trong h thng c tnh lin hon vi nhau trong m bo s thng
nht, an ton trnh s c
5. Cc h thng thng tin t ng ho (tin hc ho)
5.1. Mc t ng ho
H thng t ng ho c th theo hnh thc:

19
- T ng ho ton b: H thng c x l hon ton t ng bng my tnh trong con
ngi ch ng vai tr ph trong h thng.
- T ng ho mt phn (b phn): H thng c chia thnh hai phn cng vic phn x l
gia con ngi (thc hin th cng) v phn thc hin trn my tnh (khng tnh nhng cng vic
con ngi phc v my tnh.
Vic t ng ho mt h thng kinh doanh c th lm vi hai cch:
- Phng php "h": S dng my tnh tp trung bao trm ton b h thng
- Phng php "ging": p dng my tnh cho tng b phn ring r, cho tng phm vi nht
nh.
Tin hc ho ton b l mc ch cui cng nhng khng phi bao gi cng thc hin c, m
nhiu khi ngi ta phi tin hnh tin hc ho b phn trc.
5.2. Cc phng thc x l bng my tnh
* X l theo l (batch processing): thng dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- X l c tnh cht nh k, (in cc bo co, kt xut, thng k)
- Trong trng hp in cc giy t c s lng ln
* X l trc tuyn (on-line processing): Cc giao dch pht sinh, cc thng tin n c cp nht v
cn t ng x l ngay.
Th d: Bn v my bay, v tu, cung cp thng tin trn INTERNET...
+u im ca x l trc tuyn:
- Gim c cng vic giy t, cc khu trung gian
- Kim tra c s ng n ca d liu ngay sau khi nhp
- Cho tr li nhanh chng
+Nhc im:
- Xy dng h thng tn cng sc, thi gian, chi ph t hn c v phn cng v phn mm
- X l khng kp khi khi lng thng tin vo ra ln
- D b nhm ln.
- Kh phc hi d liu (v d liu lun trn dng d liu)
Thng thng mt h thng c c hai ch x l trn v c s iu khin chuyn i gia hai
phng thc thc hin ph hp vi yu cu tr li thng tin.
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Ti sao khi xy dng cc HTTT cn phi c phn tch thit k h thng?
2. Nhim v ca HTTT? Vai tr ca HTTT trong h thng kinh doanh?
3. Trong vng i ca h thng, giai on no l quyt nh s thnh cng, bn vng ca h
thng?
4. Nhng lnh vc no x l theo l, trc tuyn?

20

Chng II. Tng quan v phn tch thit k h thng

1. Gii thiu
Pht trin HTTT da trn my tnh bt u t nhng nm 1950, cng vi s pht trin ca
CNTT v trn yu cu thc t m cch tip cn PTTKHT cng thay i, pht trin ph hp. Trong
qu trnh pht trin c th chia lm 4 cch tip cn: hng tin trnh, hng d liu, hng cu trc
v hng i tng.
2. Cc cch tip cn phn tch h thng
2.1. Hng tin trnh (process driven approach)
c pht trin vo thoi gian u do my tnh c tc x l chm, kch thc b nh cn
rt nh nn ta ch tp trung vo cc qu trnh m phn mm phi thc hin. V vy ta c gng t
c s t ng ha cc tin trnh ca tng b phn ring r. Lc ny, ta cn quan tm n cc
thut ton gii quyt vn v s dng kho lo b nh cn hn hp. Cc d liu thng c t
chc trn cng mt file vi chng trnh, sau ny khi kch thc b nh ln ta c th tch ring file
d liu ra.
H thng qun l lng

D liu d
n

D liu
nhn s

H thng qun l d n

D liu
nhn s

D liu s
n

Quan h gia d liu v ng dng

Vi cch tip cn ny ta ch tp trung vo tin trnh s dng v chuyn i d liu trong h
thng. Nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca h thng lm vic theo nhng s khc nhau, tc
khc nhau v tip cn nh hng tin trnh u th d liu c lu tr tm thi ch x
l.
Nhc im:
- S d tha d liu.
- Hao ph cng sc cho vic thu thp v t chc d liu.
- S dng cc d liu km hiu qu do kh khn chia s d liu gia cc ng dng.
- Rt kh khn trong vic t chc li d liu khi c s thay i tin trnh.
2.2. Hng d liu (data driven approach)
nh hng ny tp trung vo vic t chc cc d liu mt cch hp l hn l ngh ti vic
s dng cc d liu u v khi no.
Khi d liu c quan tm, phm vi ng dng m rng n nhiu qu trnh, b phn khc
ca HTTT nh: nh cung cp, ngi iu hnh, khc hng Kt qu l HTTT khng ch l s t

21
ng ha m bao gm c vic t chc d liu, nng cao nng lc ca nhn vin v kh nng truy
cp d liu. T ny sinh ra hai tng:
- Tch d liu ra khi qu trnh x l.
- Tch bit CSDL v cc ng dng.
ng dng

ng dng

ng dng

TNG NG DNG
TNG D LIU
CSDL

Quan h gia d liu v ng dng

Nh vy, mt CSDL l tp trung ca tt c cc d liu c trong h thng, n bao gm cc
phng php t chc d liu cho php qun l d liu tp trung v nht qun. Nh khc phc
c s d tha, theo tc trn d liu nhanh chng v s dng chung c d liu.
2.3. Hng cu trc (structure driven approach)
L buc pht trin tip theo, nhiu ti liu gp chung cng vi hng tip cn trn. Trogn
khun kh ca gio n ta s tp trung phn tch thit k h thng theo hong tip cn ny.
Hng tip cn ny th hin bng qu trnh pht trin h thng hng cu trc qua 03 giai
on chnh:
- Cu trc d liu (m hnh quan h)
- Cu trc h thng chng trnh (cu trc phn cp iu khin cc mun v phn chung)
- Cu trc chng trnh v mun (cu trc mt chng tnh v mdun xy dng)
ng dng

ng dng

ng dng

TNG NG DNG
TNG D LIU

CSDL

Quan h gia d liu v ng dng

Cch thit k ny em li cho ta nhiu li ch:
- Lm gim s phc tp: thit k theo phng php top-down nn vic phn chia nh dn cc vn
ln thnh vn nh gii quyt mt cch d dng.

22
- Tp trung vo tng: cho php ngi phn tch trc ht tp trung vo m hnh tng (lgic)
ca h thng, b qua nhng rng buc vt l. Sau khi c m hnh tng mi b sung v c th
ha gn vo h thng vt l.
- Chun ha: cung cp cc nh ngha, cng c v cch tip cn chun mc cho php nh thit k
lm vic tch bit, gip cc h thng con lm vic tch bit m vn m bo s thng nht trong h
thng.
- Hng v tng lai: o vic tch bit nn d dng trong thay i cc mun, vn hnh v bo tr.
- Gim bt tnh ngh thut trong thit k: bt buc ngi thit k tun th theo cc chun mc, gim
bt tnh ngu hng ca h.
2.4. Hng i tng (object oriented approach)
L cch tip cn mi nht, h thng xy dng ch bao gm cc thnh phn lin kt vi nhau
gi l i tng. Mc ch ca h thng l xy dng cc i tng tng i c lp nhau v c th
dng li c.
Mi i tng tng ng vi cc vt thc trong h thng v c cu trc d liu, cc php
ton ca ring n. i tng c tnh k tha t mt i tng khc k c d liu v php ton. Nh
vy rt d dng trong vic thay i cu trc, sa cha mt h thng.

i tung

i tung

i tung

i tung

i tung

Cu trc h thng hng i tng

23

3. Cc m hnh phn tch thit k h thng

3.1. Phng php thit k h thng c in (thit k phi cu trc)
c im:
- Gm cc pha (phase): Kho st, thit k, vit lnh, kim th n l, kim th trong h con, kim
th trong ton h thng.
- Vic hon thin h thng c thc hin theo hng bottom-up (t di ln) v theo nguyn tc
tin hnh tun t t pha ny ti pha khc.

Phng php thit k c in

Nhc im:
- G ri, sa cha rt kh khn v phc tp.
V d trong giai on kim th (test) nu c li no xut hin giai on cui pha kim th. Lc
, tu theo mc nghim trng ca li, c th buc phi sa i hng lot cc moun. Khi mt
li c pht hin, kh chn on moun no (trong s hng trm, hng ngn m un) cha li.
- V thc hin theo nguyn tc tun t cc pha nn sau khi kt thc mt pha, ngi ta c th
khng cn phi bn tm n n na Nu pha trc cn li th cc pha sau s phi tip tc chu

24
nh hng ca li . Mt khc hu ht cc d n thng phi tun th theo mt k hoch chung
n nh t trc kt qu s kh m c nh vi mt thi gian quy nh.
3.2. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng bn cu trc
c im:
- Mt lot cc bc bottom-up nh vit lnh v kim th c thay th bng giai on hon thin
top-down. Ngha l cc modun mc cao c vit lnh v kim th trc ri n cc modun chi
tit mc thp hn.
- Pha thit k c in c thay bng thit k c cu trc.
Nhc im:
- Ngi thit k ni chung lin lc rt t vi phn tch vin h thng v c hai chng c lin h no
vi ngi s dng. Qu trnh phn tch v thit k gn nh l tch ra thnh hai pha c lp.
3.3. Phng php phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc
c im:
- Phng php ny bao gm 9 hot ng: Kho st, phn tch, thit k, b sung, to sinh, kim th
xc nhn, bo m cht lng, m t th tc, bin i c s d liu, ci t.
- Cc hot ng c th thc hin song song. Chnh kha cnh khng tun t ny m thut ng pha
c thay th bi thut ng hot ng (pha ch mt khong thi gian trong mt d n trong
ch c mt hot ng c tin hnh). Mi hot ng c th cung cp nhng sa i ph hp cho
mt hoc nhiu hot ng trc .
- Mt s phng php phn tch c cu trc:
a. Cc phng php hng chc nng
Phng php SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique)
K thut phn tch v thit k cu trc
Phng php ny xut pht t M, tng c bn ca n: Phn r mt h thng ln thnh cc
phn h nh v n gin.
- c xy dng da trn 7 nguyn l sau:
1. S dng 1 m hnh
2. Phn tch i xung (top down)
3. Dng mt m hnh chc nng v mt m hnh quan nim (gi l m hnh thit k)
4. Th hin tnh i ngu ca h thng
5. S dng cc biu din di dng ho
6. Phi hp hot ng ca nhm
7. u tin tuyt i cho s vit
- SADT s dng cc k thut:
+ Dng d liu hay cn gi l biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams)
+ T in d liu (Data Dictionary)

25
+ Ting anh c cu trc (Structured English)
+ Bng quyt nh
+ Cy quyt nh

Phng php MERISE (Methode pour Rassembler les Idees Sans Effort)
Phng php MERISE l phng php phn tch c ngun gc t Php, ra i vo cui thp

nin 70. tng c bn xut pht t 3 mt c bn sau:

+ Mt th nht: Quan tm n chu k sng ca h thng thng tin tri qua nhiu giai on
Thai ngn- Quan nim / nim Qun tr Cht, c th ko di t 10 15 nm vi cc t chc
ln.
+ Mt th hai: cp ti chu k c t hay chu k tru tng. Qui trnh x l c m t trn
bnh din quan nim, k tip l trn bnh din t chc v cui cng l trn bnh din tc nghip.
+ Mt th ba: Lin quan n chu k ca cc quyt nh
- c trng c bn ca phng php MERISE
+ Nhn ton cc
+ Tch ri cc d liu v x l
+ Tip vn theo mc
- u im: c c s khoa hc vng chc
- Nhc im: Cng knh
Phng php MCX (Methode de xavier castellani)
Phng php phn tch MCX c ngun gc t Php
- Mt s nt c bn v phng php phn tch MCX:
+ Cho php xy dng c m hnh tng qut, chnh xc, biu din HTTT hoc cc phn
h thng tin.
+ Cho php phn tch, nm c d liu, qu trnh x l v truyn thng cc HTTT
+ Cho php biu din cc x l vi cc lu v cc chng trnh, son tho bi 1 ngn
ng gii thut dng cc mc khc nhau.
+ Cho php lng ho cc x l.
- Cc giai on c bn ca qu trnh phn tch:
+ Phn tch macro
+ Phn tch s b
+ Phn tch quan nim
Phng php GALACSI (Groupe d Animation et de Liaison pour i Analyse et la Conception
de systeme d Information)
Phng php GLACSI c ngun gc t Php. Ra i thng 4/1982. Ni dung c bn trnh by
mt tp hp c cng c v nguyn liu tin hnh cc giai on c bn sau y ca qu trnh
phn tch:

26
- Nghin cu cc h thng t chc v cc h thng thng tin tng ng: nghin cu hin trng,
nghin cu kh thi
- Phn tch chc nng: m hnh d liu, m hnh x l
- Phn tch cu trc: t chc d liu, t chc x l, mi trng tip nhn, giao din ngi my.
- Lp trnh
Nhc im ca phng php ny l cha th nghim nhiu trong thc t.
b. Cc phng php hng i tng
- Phng php HOOD (Hierarchical Object Oriented Design) l mt phng php c la
chn thit k cc h thng thi gian thc. Nhng phng php ny li yu cu cc phn mm
phi c m ho bng ngn ng lp trnh ADA. Do vy phng php ny ch h tr cho vic thit
k cc i tng m khng h tr cho cc tnh nng k tha v phn lp.
- Phng php RDD (Responsibility Driven Design) da trn vic m hnh ho h thng thnh
cc lp.
Cc cng vic m h thng phi thc hin c phn tch v chia ra cho cc lp ca h thng.
Cc i tng trong cc lp ca h thng trao i cc thng bo vi nhau nhm thc hin cng vic
t ra. Phng php RDD h tr cho cc khi nim v lp, i tng v k tha trong cch tip cn
hng i tng.
- Phng php OMT (Object Modelling Technique) l mt phng php c xem l mi nht
trong cch tip cn hng i tng. Phng php ny kt hp M hnh ha i tng v mt cu
trc- d liu, m hnh ng th hin hnh vi- kim sot, m hnh chc nng th hin chc nng v
bin i.
Trn mt l thuyt ta thy cch tip cn hng i tng c cc bc pht trin hn so vi tip
cn hng chc nng. Nhng trong thc t vic phn tch v thit k h thng theo cch tip cn
hng i tng gp rt nhiu kh khn v cha c nhiu cc cng c pht trin h tr cho vic
thit k hng i tng.
4. Cc giai on phn tch v thit k H thng thng tin
Phn tch v thit k mt h thng l vn nhn thc mt h thng. phn tch, thit k ta
phi dng cc phng php m t. C nhiu phng php nhng Vit Nam s dng ch yu hai
phng php: SADT (Structure Analysis and Design Technology) v MERI (ca Php)

27

*Cc giai on phn tch thit k h thng thng tin theo phng php SADT:

How?

M t h thng
thc lm vic nh
th no?

Xc nh h thng
mi thc hin nh
th no?

hiu h thng
lm g?

Xc nh h thng
mi lm g?

Mc vt l

Mc khi nim

What?
Cn ci
tin g?

- Giai on 1 xc nh vn c bn v tnh kh thi ca d n: Cn tr li cc cu hi nh: C

nn thc hin khng?; Mc chi ph bao nhiu?; Quy m n u?...Cn a ra cc lp lun
lm xut hin mc tiu ca n cui cng nu chp nhn d n th phi vch k hoch cho giai
on 2.
- Giai on 2 phn tch h thng: Giai on ny ta m t h thng mc khi nim phn tch su
sc hn cc chc nng, d liu ca h thng c (tr li cc cu hi l g?; lm g?) sau a ra m
t khi nim cho h thng mi.. Khi phn tch dng cc biu (chc nng nghip v, lung d
liu, m hnh d liu)
- Giai on 3 thit k i th: Trn c s m hnh khi nim G 2 ta m t h thng mc vt l,
tr li cc cu hi lm th no? Xc nh cc h thng con, vai tr ca my tnh...
- Giai on 4 thit k chi tit bao gm:
+ Thit k c s d liu
+ Thit k cc th tc, cc m un x l
+ Thit k cc chc nng chng trnh
+ Thit k cc mu th
+ Thit k giao din
+ Thit k cc kim sot
- Giai on 5 ci t chng trnh
- Giai on 6 khai thc v bo tr
Ch : Vic phn chia giai on trn ch c tnh cht tng i. nh gi tng quan gia cc phn
cng vic c th c nhiu tiu chun khc nhau tu theo trnh tin hc tng quc gia.
VD: cc nc phng Ty phn cng vic t giai on 1 - 4 c nh gi t 50-60% thi gian,
phn lp trnh ci t t 20-30%, cn li l phn bo tr.

28

KHO ST

BO TR V PHT TRIN

PHN TCH

CI T

THIT K

XY DNG

S th hin cc giai on trin khai xy dng mt d n

CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Mc ch ca phn tch thit k h thng?
2. Cc phng php phn tch v thit k h thng.
3. Cc giai on ca qu trnh PTTK h thng?

29

Chng III. Kho st h thng v xc lp d n

1. Gii thiu
y l giai on u tin ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k h thng, n quyt nh d n c
tn ti hay khng.
Cc bc tin hnh tng qut nh sau:
Kho st hin trng v thu thp thng tin
(Kho st cc mc: Thc hnh, qun l, lnh o, chuyn gia)

Pht hin yu km v yu cu t ra cho tng lai

Xc nh mc tiu d n
(cc b, ton b)

nh gi kh nng thc hin

(con ngi, ti chnh, thit b, thi gian, khng gian, mi trng)
Giai on ny phi tr li cc cu hi
sau:
+ Mi trng,

hon cnh, cc rng buc

v

Cn nhc tnh kh thi v la chn gii php

hn
ch i vi h

thng nh th no?
Lp d tr v trin khai d n

Chc nng v nhim v v mc tiu cn t c ca h thng l g, tc l ngi dng

mun g h thng ?
+ C th hnh dung s b mt gii php c th p ng c cc yu cu t ra nh th no?
2. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic kho st
Mc ch:
Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n l giai on u ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k h
thng. Mc ch ca giai on ny l tm c s m t h thng bng vn bn, xut ra phng
n thc hin, cui cng l k c mt hp ng v hnh thnh 1 d n mang tnh kh thi (giai on
kho st cn c th coi nh "Nghin cu tnh kh thi" hoc "Nghin cu hin trng")

30
Vic kho st thng c tin hnh qua 2 giai on:
- Kho st s b nhm xc nh tnh kh thi ca d n.
- Kho st chi tit nhm xc nh chnh xc nhng g s thc hin v khng nh nhng li ch
km theo
Cc yu ca vic kho st:
- Kho st, tm hiu, nh gi s hot ng ca h thng c
- xut cc yu cu, cc mc tiu v cc u tin gii quyt cho h thng mi.
- Phc ho gii php mi v cn nhc tnh kh thi ca d n
- Lp k hoch cho d n cng vi cc d tr tng qut.
3. Kho st v nh gi hin trng
3.1. Ni dung kho st v nh gi hin trng
- Tm hiu mi trng XH, kinh t, k thut ca h thng, nghin cu c cu t chc ca c
quan
- Nghin cu chc trch, nhim v, cc trung tm ra quyt nh v iu hnh, s phn cp cc
quyn hn
- Thu thp, nghin cu cc h s, s sch, cc tp cng vi cc phng thc x l thng tin
trong
- Thu thp v nghin cu cc qui tc qun l, cc qui nh, cc cng thc lm cn c cho qu
trnh x l thng tin
- Thu thp cc chng t giao dch v m t cc chu trnh lu chuyn v x l thng tin v ti
liu giao dch
- Thng k cc phng tin v ti nguyn v c th s dng
- Thu thp cc i hi v thng tin, cc kin, d on, nguyn vng trong tng lai
- nh gi ph phn hin trng, ra hng gii quyt
- Lp s tng th v hin trng
3.2. Cc mc kho st
Vic tin hnh kho st c tin hnh trn 4 mc i tng
- Thao tc tha hnh: l kho st nhng ngi trc tip vi nhng thao tc ca h thng. H
c k nng, nghip v cao, nhn bit c nhng kh khn, phc tp v nhiu vn chuyn su
trong cng vic.
- iu phi qun l: y l nhng ngi qun l trc tip v mt mng cng vic no , chng
hn qun c phn xng, h hiu c tnh hnh c quan thi im hin ti nhng khng c kh
nng nhn nhn c cc vn xy ra trong tng lai
- Quyt nh ca lnh o: y l nhng ngi ra quyt nh nn h c yu cu v cc thng tin
tr gip

31
- Mc chuyn gia c vn: y l nhng ngi nhn thc c s pht trin v vn ng ca h
thng trong nhng mi trng
3.3. Cc hnh thc tin hnh kho st
3.3.1. Phng vn
Phng vn l mt phng php quan trng thu thp d liu v cc yu cu ca h thng
thng tin

Vic phng vn nhm pht hin thng tin v:

- Cc kin ca ngi c phng vn
- Cm gic ca ngi c phng vn
- Trng thi hin ti ca h thng
- Cc mc tiu ca con ngi v t chc
- Cc th tc nghip v khng chnh thc

Nm bc lp k hoch phng vn l:
-

c cc ti liu c bn

Thit lp cc mc tiu phng vn

Xc nh ngi i phng vn

Chun b ngi c phng vn

Quyt nh cu trc v kiu cu hi

3.3.1.1. Cc kiu cu hi phng vn c bn

* Cu hi m:
- Cc cu hi phng vn m cho php nhng ngi c phng vn tr li nhng g h mong
mun v mc mong mun ca h
- Cc cu hi m ph hp khi ngi phn tch quan tm ti rng v su ca cu tr li
- u im:
o Lm cho ngi c phng vn cm thy thoi mi
o Cho php ngi phng vn tp trung vo cch biu t ca ngi c phng vn:
o Phn nh trnh vn ha, cc gi tr, thi v nim tin
o Cung cp mc chi tit cao
o Pht hin cc cu hi mi m cha c khai thc
o Lm cho ngi c phng vn thy th v hn
o Cho php tnh t nhin cao hn
o Gip ngi phng vn d iu chnh nhp hn
o Hu ch khi ngi phng vn khng chun b trc
- Nhc im:
o C th thu c qu nhiu chi tit khng lin quan
o C th mt i tnh iu khin cuc phng vn

32
o C th mt qu nhiu thi gian thu c thng tin c ch
o C kh nng th hin rng ngi phng vn khng chun b
* Cu hi ng
- Cu hi ng hn ch s cu tr li c th c
- Cu hi ng ph hp to ra d liu ng tin cy v chnh xc, d dng phn tch
- Phng php lun hiu qu v i hi t k nng i vi ngi phng vn
- u im:
o Tit kim thi gian phng vn
o D dng so snh gia cc ln phng vn
o D t ng mc ch
o Kim sot c cuc phng vn
o Bo ph mt phm vi rng ln mt cch nhanh chng
o Thu hoch c cc d liu lin quan
- Nhc im:
o Nhm chn i vi ngi c phng vn
o Kh thu c nhiu chi tit
o C th mt i cc tng chnh
o Kh to c mi giao tip tt gia ngi phng vn v ngi c phng vn
* Cc cu hi lng cc:
- L nhng cu hi c th tr li vi cc t c hoc khng hoc ng hoc khng ng

- Cc cu hi ny ch nn dng khi tht cn thit

* Cc cu hi thm d:
- Cc cu hi thm d gi ra tnh chi tit hn v cu hi trc
- Mc ch ca cu hi thm d l:
o Thu c nhiu ngha hn
o Lm sng r
o Khai thc v m rng cc quan im ca ngi c phng vn

33

So snh gia hai loi cu hi v ng

3.3.1.2. Th t t cu hi
- Ba cch c bn cu trc cuc phng vn l:
o Kim t thp: m u vi cc cu hi ng v tip tc vi cc cu hi m
o Hnh phu: m u vi cc cu hi m v tip tc vi cc cu hi ng
o Kim cng: m u vi cc cu hi ng, tip tc vi cc cu hi m v kt thc bng
cc cu hi ng
- Cu trc kim t thp
o M rt chi tit, thng l bng cc cu hi ng
o M rng bng cc cu hi m v nhng cu tr li tng qut hn
o Hu ch nu ngi c phng vn cn c khch l i vo ch hoc t ra khng t
nguyn hng ti ch
- Cu trc phu:
o M u vi cc cu hi m, mang tnh tng qut
o Kt thc bng cch thu hp cc cu tr li c th c bng vic s dng cc cu hi ng
o Cung cp cch thc d dng, khng gy p lc bt u mt cuc phng vn
o C ch khi ngi c phng vn cm thy hng khi vi ch
o Cu trc kim cng
o Mt cu trc hnh kim cng m u theo cch rt c th
o Tip theo cc vn tng qut hn c xem xt
o Kt thc vi cc cu hi c th
o Cu trc ny kt hp th mnh ca c cu trc kim t thp v hnh phu
o Mt nhiu thi gian hn cc cu trc khc

34
- Kt thc vic phng vn:
o Lun lun hi Liu cn c g khc m bn mun b sung khng?
o Tm tt v cung cp phn hi v n tng ca ngi phng vn
o Hi xem ngi tip theo nn phng vn l ai
o Thit lp cc cuc hn gp tip theo
o Cm n ngi c phng vn v bt tay
o Bo co phng vn
o Vit cng sm cng tt ngay sau khi phng vn
o Cung cp mt bn tm tt ban u, sau th chi tit hn
o Xem li bo co vi ngi c phng vn
3.3.2. iu tra bng bng hi
- Phiu hi c ch thu thp thng tin t cc thnh vin ch o trong t chc v:
o Thi
o Nim tin
o Hnh vi
o Tnh cch
- Phiu hi c gi tr nu:
o Cc thnh vin ca t chc phn tn rng
o Nhiu thnh vin tham gia vo d n
o Cn vic c tnh thm d
- Cc cu hi c thit k theo mt trong hai kiu
o Cu hi m
+ C gng on trc cu tr li s nhn c
+ Ph hp thu c cc kin
o Cu hi ng
+ S dng khi tt c cc la chn u lit k c
+ Khi cc la chn loi tr ln nhau

35

So snh gia hai loi cu hi v ng

3.3.2.1. Thit k phiu hi
- Ngn ng dng trong phiu hi nn:
o n gin
o C th
o Khng thnh kin
o Khng c v b trn
o Chnh xc v mt k thut
o Hng n nhng ngi c hiu bit
o Ph hp vi kh nng c hiu ca ngi tr li
- Phiu hi phi chnh xc v ng tin cy
o Tnh tin cy th hin s nht qun trong tr li ngha l thu c cng cc kt qu nu
nh cng mt phiu hi c phn pht trong cng iu kin
o Tnh chnh xc l mc cu hi o c nhng g ngi phn tch mun nh gi
- T l cu tr li tt c th c c nh s iu chnh ph hp phiu hi
o ra nhiu khong trng
o B tr khong trng ln vit/g cu tr li
o To iu kin cho ngi tr li d dng by t r cu tr li ca h
o Nht qun v hnh thc
- Th t cu hi:
o t cc cu hi quan trng nht ln u tin
o Nhm cc cu hi c cng ni dung li vi nhau
o a cc cu hi t gy tranh lun ln trn
3.3.2.2. Pht phiu hi
- Tp hp tt c nhng ngi tr li vo cng mt thi gian

36
- Pht phiu hi cho tng c nhn
- Gi phiu hi qua ng bu in
- Pht phiu hi qua Web hoc th in t, c cc u im:
o Gim chi ph
o Thu thp v lu tr cc kt qu d dng hn
- Phiu hi dng web thng gm:
o Hp vn bn n dng
o Hp vn bn cun, dng mt hoc nhiu on vn bn
o Hp chn dnh cho cc cu tr li c/khng hoc ng/sai
o Nt ty chn cho cc cu tr li mang tnh loi tr ln nhau c/khng hoc ng/sai
o Menu th chn t mt danh sch
o Nt Submit (xc nhn) hoc Reset (xc lp li)
3.3.3. Phng php ly mu
- Ly mu l qu trnh la chn mt cch c h thng cc phn t i din ca mt mu. Thay
v nghin cu tt c cc th hin ca cc biu mu v bn ghi trong cc tp hoc c s d liu th
ngi phn tch ch cn s dng k thut ly mu chn ra mt phn ln cc phn t i din
phc v cho vic xc nh thng tin din ra trong h thng.
- Bao gm hai quyt nh quan trng:
o Nhng ti liu v website quan trng no nn c ly mu
o Nhng ngi no nn c phng vn v gi phiu hi
- L do ngi phn tch cn ly mu l:
o Gim chi ph
o Tng tc qu trnh thu thp d liu
o Ci thin hiu qu
o Gim vic tp trung thu thp d liu
3.3.3.1. Thit k mu
- thit k mt mu tt, mt ngi phn tch h thng cn tun theo bn bc sau:
o Xc nh d liu cn c thu thp hoc m t
o Xc nh tp cn c ly mu
o Chn loi mu
o Quyt nh kch thc mu
- Quyt nh kch thc mu nn c thc hin theo nhng iu kin c th m ngi phn
tch h thng lm vic:
o Ly mu d liu trn cc thuc tnh
o Ly mu d liu trn cc bin
o Ly mu d liu nh tnh

37
3.3.3.2. Cch thc ly mu
- Ly mu ty :
o Cc mu khng gii hn, khng mang tnh xc sut
o D sp xp
o Khng ng tin cy nht
- Ly mu c mc ch
o Da trn s nh gi
o Ngi phn tch chn nhm cc c nhn ly mu
o Da trn cc tiu chun
o Mu khng mang tnh xc sut
o ng tin cy mc va phi
- Ly mu ngu nhin n gin
o Da trn danh sch cc con s ca tp ly mu
o Mi ngi hoc ti liu u c c hi c la chon ngang nhau
- Ly mu ngu nhin phc tp, c ba hnh thc l:
o Ly mu c h thng: y l phng php n gin nht ca ly mu theo xc sut bao
gm, ta ch cn chn mi c nhn th k trong danh sch, hnh thc ny khng em li hiu qu cao
nu danh sch c sp th t
o Ly mu phn tng: l phng php quan trng nht i vi ngi phn tch.
+ Xc nh cc tp ly mu con
+ Chn cc i tng ly mu t tp ly mu con
+ B vo s lng khng cn i trong mt nhm nht nh
+ Chn cc phng php khc nhau thu thp d liu t cc nhm con khc nhau
o Ly mu theo nhm
+ Chn nhm cc ti liu hoc con ngi nghin cu
+ Chn cc nhm in hnh i din cho s cn li
3.3.4. Phn tch ti liu
3.3.4.1. Phn tch ti liu nh lng
y l phng php nghin cu hu hiu ngi phn tch thu thp thng tin
- D liu cng c th thu thp t:
o Phn tch cc ti liu nh lng nh cc h s c s dng ra quyt nh
o Cc bo co thc thi
o Cc h s
o Cc mu thu thp d liu
o Cc giao dch nghip v

38
3.3.4.2. Phn tch ti liu nh tnh
- Xem xt cc ti liu nh tnh thu c:
o Cc thng tin tim m quan trng
o Trng thi tm l
o Nhng g c coi l tt/xu
o Hnh nh, logo, biu tng
- Ti liu nh tnh bao gm:
o Cc bn ghi nh
o Du hiu trn cc bn tin
o Website ca t chc
o Cc ti liu ch dn
o S tay v chnh sch ca t chc
3.3.5. Phng php quan st
- Vic quan st cung cp s hiu bit v nhng g cc thnh vin ca t chc thc s ang lm.
- Nhn nhn trc tip cc quan h tn ti gia nhng ngi ra quyt nh v cc thnh vin khc
ca t chc.
- C hai hnh thc quan st l trc tip v gin tip. Vi hnh thc quan st trc tip c u
im l trc quan tuy nhin d gy c ch cho ngi theo tc, hnh thc quan st gin tip khc
phc mt phn ca iu ny nhng kh c th tm hiu c cn k cng vic.
3.5. Pht hin nhng yu km ca hin trng v nhng yu cu trong tng lai
* Yu km
- H thng thiu ci g, (chc nng, phng tin, nhn lc)
- Km hiu qu, hiu sut cng vic thp
- Phng php x l khng cht ch, di chuyn thng tin vng vo
- C cu t chc bt hp l
- Giy t, ti liu trnh by km gy n tc lm cho h thng qu ti, gy tn ph v vt t, thit
b, con ngi
* Yu cu ny sinh
- Khc phc nhng yu km trn
- Nhng yu cu v thng tin cha c p ng
- Nhng nguyn vng ca nhn vin
- Cc d kin v cc k hoch pht trin v quy m ca n v
4. Xc nh phm vi, kh nng v mc tiu ca d n
4.1. Xc nh phm vi (khoanh vng d n)
* Ch r h thng mi tin hnh trong phm vi no?
+ Trong ton b c quan (phng php h)

39
+ Trong tng b phn (phng php ging). Nn kho st tng th trc khi khoanh vng ni
thc hin tin hc ho.
* nh gi tng phng php:
+ u im ca phng php h l nht qun trong x l, c s d liu tp trung nn trnh
c d tha d liu, tuy nhin tc x l s chm, ci t phc tp
+ Vi phng php ging th d thc hin nhng kh pht trin h thng con thnh h thng
tng th.
Ch : Mt HTTT thng kh phc tp m khng th thc hin trong mt thi gian nht nh
bi vy cn hn ch mt s rng buc h thng mang tnh kh thi nht nh. Ti thi im ny
cn xc nh cc mc tiu cho d n, chnh cc mc tiu ny l thc o kim chng v nghim
thu d n sau ny.
4.2. Kh nng v hn ch thc hin d n
Xt trn 5 mt sau:
- V mt ti chnh: Kinh ph cho php trin khai.
- V con ngi: Kh nng qun l, nm bt k thut mi, kh nng v o to, tip nhn cng
ngh mi
- V trang thit b k thut cho php
- V mt thi gian: Cc rng buc ca cc h thng v thi gian hon thnh.
- V mi trng: Cc yu t nh hng v mi trng, x hi.
4.3. Mc tiu ca vic tin hc ho
- Khc phc yu km h thng c
- p ng c yu cu trong tng lai
- Mang li li ch kinh t
- Tho mn c hn ch v chi ph v con ngi
- Th hin c chin lc pht trin lu di
4.4. Xc nh yu t thnh cng ca bi ton
- Mc tiu qun l: c ch ra bng cm danh ng t th hin tm tt cc qui trnh qun l c
bn.
- Yu t thnh cng ca bi ton (CSF Critical Successful Factor): c th hin bng mt
danh t, y l cc thng tin u ra phi c mt ca h thng.
5. Phc ho gii php, cn nhc tnh kh thi
5.1. Cc mc t ng ho
- T chc li cc cng vic th cng
- T ng ho vic x l tin nhng khng lm thay i c cu t chc
- T ng ho km theo thay i t chc
5.2. Hnh thc s dng my tnh

40
- X l theo m hay trc tuyn (offline or online)
- X l tp trung/phn tn
5.3. Phn tch hiu qu v nh gi tnh kh thi
- Tnh hiu qu:
+ Chi ph
+ Li ch (v kinh t)
- Tnh kh thi:
+ Kh thi v mt k thut
+ Kh thi v tc v
+ Kh thi v chi ph
Nguyn tc chung y l xut 1 s phng n i snh
6. Lp d tr v k hoch trin khai d n
6.1. Hnh thnh hp ng
Quyt nh h thng kh thi hay khng v tho thun cc iu khon s b dn n 1 hp ng
kinh t v trch nhim ca cc bn tham gia.
6.2. Lp d tr thit b
- S b v d n
+ Khi lng d liu cn lu tr
+ Cc dng lm vic: Trc tuyn, t xa, theo m,...
+ S lng ngi dng
+ Khi lng thng tin cn thu thp, xut ra
- Thit b cn c: My tinh n l hay mng my tnh, cc thit b chuyn dng v cc phn
mm ang dng...
- iu kin mua bn v lp t: iu kin v mt ti chnh, iu kin giao hng, k hoch tp
hun, k hoch lp t, o to ngi dng...
6.3. Lp k hoch trin khai d n
- Lp h s k hoch gm: Danh sch thnh vin nhm lm vic gm c hai bn; cc kt qu
kho st s b; cc ph phn hin trng v yu cu pht trin trong tng lai; cc gii php v la
chn; k hoch trin khai d n.
- Thng qua trao i tho lun hon tt cc h s trn. Sau khi quyt nh phn cng nhim
v cho tng nhm hay tng c nhn thc hin cc giai on tip theo.
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Nu cc phng php kho st?
2. t cho ngi ch h thng bn hng ni tht 05 cu hi v h thng anh ta cn xy dng?
3. t cho nhn vin thc hin vic bn hng 05 cu hi v cng vic chi ta ang thc hin?
4. Lp bng iu tra cc chc nng m mt h thng bn hng qun o ni chung?

41

Chng IV. M hnh ha h thng

1. Mc ch
M hnh ha h thng nhm t c cc mc ch:
- hiu r hn v h thng: cc c hi n gin ha, ti u ha (Ti cu trc quy trnh)
- lin kt cc hnh vi v cu trc ca h thng (cc yu cu nghip v v: thng tin/d liu
v chc nng/quy trnh)
- trc quan ha v iu khin kin trc h thng (thit k)
- kim sot nhng ri ro trong qu trnh pht trin
- u vo ca giai on ny l h s kt qu ca kho st h thng
- u ra bao gm:
+ M hnh ha chc nng (Data Flow Diagram - DFD)
+ M hnh ha d liu vi biu quan h thc th (Entity Relationship Diagram - ERD)
+ M hnh ha i tng (Object Modeling) vi ngn ng m hnh hp nht (Unified
Modeling Language - UML)
2. Qu trnh m hnh ha h thng
- Lp k hoch chin lc h thng: lp cc m hnh qu trnh nghip v ca t chc m t cc
chc nng nghip v quan trng
- Ti cu trc quy trnh nghip v: phn tch cc im yu (H thng hin ti) v a ra cc m
hnh chc nng ci thin (H thng mi c xut).
- Phn tch h thng
+ M hnh ha h thng hin c bao gm nhng thiu st ca n (DFD lgc)
+ M hnh ha cc yu cu lgc (cc qu trnh v lung d liu cn c d h thng c
xy dng th no DFD lgc) ca h thng c xut.
+ M hnh ha cc gii php k thut c (DFD vt l)
+ M hnh ha gii php c chn (DFD vt l)
- Phn bit m hnh lgc v m hnh vt l
+ M hnh lgc cho bit h thng l g v lm g. N c lp vi vic ci t k thut. N
minh ha bn cht ca h thng. M hnh lgc cn c th c gi l m hnh bn cht, m hnh
khi nimm hnh nghip v.
+ M hnh vt l khng ch th hin h thng l g v lm g m cn th hin cch thc h
thng c ci t mt cch vt l v k thut. N phn nh cc la chn cng ngh. M hnh vt
l cn c th c gi l m hnh ci t hay m hnh k thut.
- S cn thit ca m hnh lgc

42
+ Cc m hnh lgc loi b t tng thin lch do nh hng bi cch thc ci t h thng
c hoc kin ch quan ca mt ngi no v cch ci t cho h thng. Do , chng
khuyn khch tnh sng to.
+ Cc m hnh lgc lm gim kh nng b st cc yu cu nghip v trong trng hp con
ngi b chi phi qu nhiu v cc kt qu mang tnh k thut. Nh vic tch bit nhng g h
thng phi lm vi cch thc h thng thc hin m chng ta c th phn tch tt hn cc yu
cu nhm m bo tnh hon thin, chnh xc v nht qun.
+ Cc m hnh lgc cho php truyn t vi ngi dng cui di dng ngn ng phi k
thut hoc t k thut hn.
3. Biu phn r chc nng (Functional Diagrams)
3.1. Khi nim
BFD l vic phn r c th bc n gin cc chc nng ca h thng trong min kho cu thnh
cc chc nng nh hn, cui cng thu c mt cy chc nng.
3.2. Cc thnh phn ca BFD
- K hiu chc nng l mt hnh ch nht bn trong

Qun l kho

l tn chc nng
- Lin kt cc chc nng l ng thng

- Tn chc nng l ng t - b ng v ng t nn dng thc mnh lnh

V d:

Qun l XN

Qun l nhn
s
Qun l h s

Qun l ti chnh

Qun l vt t

Qun l lao ng

3.3. c im ca biu phn cp chc nng

- Cung cp cch nhn tng qut v chc nng ca h thng, phm vi cn phn tch
- BFD trnh by cc chc nng ca h thng dng tnh, tc l khng th hin c mi quan
h v chuyn giao thng tin gia cc chc nng, khng th hin trnh t thc hin x l thng tin.
- BFD thng c s dng b tr cho vic xy dng biu lung d liu.
- Tn t cho cc chc nng l quan trng cho thnh cng ca h thng. Mi chc nng cn c
mt tn duy nht, tn nn biu th tht st, y ngha ca cc chc nng con ca chc nng
c t tn. Tn ca chc nng cn phi phn nh c cc chc nng ca th gii thc ch
khng ch cho h thng thng tin.

43
- BFD rt gn vi s t chc, tuy nhin khng c lm ln gia 2 s .
V d: S c cu t chc ca x nghip:

Ban gim c

Phng t chc

Phng KH, ti v

Biu phn cp chc nng

Phng vt t

Qun l x nghip

Qun l nhn s

Qun l ti chnh

Qun l vt t

3.4. Cch xy dng BFD

BFD th hin cc u vic m h thng cn thc hin t c mc tiu qun l (qun l ci
g?), vic xy dng da trn c s ca bc kho st, v vy kho st cng k lng th vic xc
nh m hnh chc nng cc y chnh xc.

Mc tiu qun l
Lm g?
M hnh chc nng
Thng tin c trn BFD:
- Th hin y cc chc nng m h thng thc hin
- Mt chc nng ln c th c phn thnh cc chc nng nh hn
- Vic phn r c tin hnh theo tiu ch:
+ Theo bn cht x l (chc nng)
+ Theo b phn thc hin
+ Theo d liu phi x l
Xy dng biu chc nng theo cc bc sau:
- Xem c h thng l 1 chc nng duy nht, cn gi l mc 0
- Phn r khi chc nng mc trn thnh cc chc nng nh hn mc di, ln lt
nh s l mc 1, mc 2, ...

44

Mc 0

H thng

Mc 1

Mc 2

Trong mc cao nht mt chc nng chnh s l mt trong nhng loi sau: Qun l tin trnh
sn xut, Qun l cung cp dch v, Qun l ti nguyn- tin vn, Qun l con ngi. . .
T chc nng chnh ny chng ta phn r thnh cc chc nng con hnh thnh nn mt biu
hnh cy m gc trn.
- Thng thng i vi h thng ln cng khng nn c nhiu hn 6 mc (v kh theo di) v
i vi h thng nh v trung bnh khng nn qu 3 mc.
- Mt chc nng khng nn qu 7 chc nng con (kh theo di m hnh)
- S nn tng i "cn bng" theo ngha mc ca cc chc nng con thp nht nn c
xc nh tng ng nh nhau.
- Phn tch chc nng a ra nhng chi tit quan trng m nhng chi tit s c dng nhiu
nhng giai on sau ca phn tch.
V d: biu phn r chc nng h thng qun l kinh doanh ca x nghip A

Qun l kinh doanh

Qun l hng ha

Nhp hng

Bn hng

Bo co, thng k

Cp nht hng ha

Lp ha n

Lp ha n

Bo co hng tn

Cp nht gi bn

Kim k hng
ha
Qun l nh
cung cp

Tr hng

Bo co doanh thu

Qun l khch
hng

45
4. Biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams)
- Khi nim: DFD din t tp hp cc chc nng ca h thng v mi quan h chuyn giao
thng tin gia cc chc nng hay ni khc i n cung cp bc tranh ng v h thng.
- DFD c s dng l cng c c bn trong tt c cc giai on phn tch, thit k, trao i v
lu tr d liu.
- Mc ch
+ Xc nh yu cu ca ngi s dng (NSD)
+ Lp k hoch v minh ho cc phng n cho nh phn tch v NSD xem xt
+ L cng c trao i gia nh phn tch v NSD do tnh tng minh ca DFD
+ Lm ti liu c t yu cu hnh thc v c t thit k h thng.
4.1. Cc k hiu
- Tc nhn ngoi: biu din bi hnh ch nht, bn trong l tn tc nhn
Tn tc nhn
- Lung d liu: biu din bi mi tn 1 chiu.

- Tin trnh: biu din b hnh ch nht c bo trn bn gc, bn trong ghi tn tin trnh

Tn tin trnh
- Kho d liu: ni lu tr d liu, biu din nh hnh di, bn trong ghi tn kho d liu

4.1.1. Tc nhn ngoi

- Khi nim: Mt tc nhn ngoi l mt ngun cung cp hoc nhn thng tin d liu ca h
thng, tc nhn ngoi khng phi l mt phn ca h thng, n th hin mi quan h gia h thng
vi mi trng bn ngoi
- Tn ca tc nhn ngoi phi l mt danh t
- Mt tc nhn ngoi xc nh mt ngi, mt n v ca t chc hay mt t chc khc nm
ngoi phm vi ca d n nhng c tng tc vi h thng ang c nghin cu.
- Cc tc nhn ngoi xc nh bin gii hay phm vi ca h thng ang c m hnh ha.
Khi phm vi thay i, cc tc nhn ngoi c th tr thnh cc tin trnh v ngc li
- Tc nhn ngoi thng l:
+ Phng ban, b phn trong t chc nhng nm ngai phm vi h thng.

46
+ Mt chi nhnh hoc t chc bn ngoi
+ Mt h thng thng tin khc ca t chc
+ Ngi dng cui hoc ngi qun l ca h thng
4.1.2. Kho d liu
- Khi nim: Mt kho d liu l mt kho lu tr d liu, n cha thng tin, kho cha vt l l
phi vt cht, n c th l mt t h s, sch hoc file my tnh.
- Tn ca kho d liu phi bt u bng danh t, n ni ln ni dung thng tin lu tr.
- Mt kho d liu l d liu tnh khc vi lung d liu l d liu chuyn ng. Mt kho d
liu cn biu din cho nhng th m t chc mun lu tr d liu, nhng th thng l:
+ Con ngi: v d nh khch hng, phng, nhn vin, thy gio, sinh vin, nh cung cp
+ Cc a im: v d nh ni sinh, ta nh, phng, chi nhnh
+ Cc i tng: v d nh sch, my mc, sn phm, nguyn liu th, bn quyn phn
mm, gi phn mm, cng c, phng tin vn ti
+ Cc s kin (d liu c thu thp v chng): v d nh vic bn hng, gii thng, s tr
hon, lp hc, chuyn bay, ha n, n hng, ng k, t ch
+ Cc khi nim (d liu v chng rt quan trng): v d nh vic gim gi, ti khon, kha
hc, cht lng
4.1.3. Lung d liu
- Khi nim: Mt lung d liu biu din mt s di chuyn ca d liu (thng tin) gia cc tin
trnh hoc kho d liu, mt lung d liu khng biu din mt ti liu hay mt vt th vt l: n
biu din s trao i thng tin trong ti liu hoc v vt th.
- Lung phi c tn v khng trng lp vi cc lung d liu khc. Tn phi th hin logic ca
thng tin ch khng phi dng vt l ca n v phi bt u bng danh t
- Mt lung d liu biu din mt u vo d liu ti mt tin trnh hoc u ra d liu t mt
tin trnh.
- Mt lung d liu cng c th c dng biu din vic to, c, xa hoc cp nht d liu
trong mt file hoc c s d liu (c gi l kho d liu).
- Mt lung d liu ghp (gi) l mt lung d liu cha cc lung d liu khc.
4.1.4. Tin trnh
-Khi nim: Mt tin trnh l mt hot ng c thc hin trn lung d liu vo to mt
lung d liu ra. Tin trnh l chc nng c thc hin bi h thng p ng li cc lung d
liu hoc iu kin vo.
-Tn tin trnh: S dng mt ng t gn nhn cho hnh ng thc hin bi tin trnh (khng
phi l tn ca ngi hay phng ban thc hin n trong DFD vt l).
- Mt tin trnh phi c t nht mt lung d liu vo v t nht mt lung d liu ra.
- Cc loi tin trnh lgc

47
+ Chc nng: mt tp cc hot ng tip din lin quan ti mt nghip v; v d nh vic
bn hng
+ S kin (hay giao dch, hot ng): mt cng vic phi c hon thnh ton b (hoc
nh mt phn ca mt chc nng); v d nh vic thu tin thanh ton (l mt cng on trong vic
bn hng)
+ Tin trnh c bn (hay thao tc): mt hot ng hoc thao tc chi tit, ri rc c yu cu
p li mt s kin. Thng thng, mt s thao tc nh vy phi c hon thnh p ng
mt s kin; v d nh ghi tin thnh ton
4.2. Quy tc thit k biu lung d liu
- Khng mt tin trnh no ch c ci ra m khng c ci vo. Nu i tng ch c ci ra th n
l tc nhn ngun.
- Khng tin trnh no ch c ci vo. Nu i tng ch c ci vo th n l tc nhn ch.
- Tn tin trnh phi l mt mnh ch hnh ng.
- D liu khng di chuyn trc tip t kho n kho.
- D liu khng di chuyn trc tip t tc nhn n kho.
- D liu khng di chuyn t tc nhn n tc nhn.
- D liu ch di chuyn t tc nhn n tin trnh, tin tnh n tc nhn, tin trnh n kho, kho
n tin trnh v tin trnh n tin trnh.
- Tn kho l mt mnh danh t.
- Lung d liu ch c 1 hng, ch hng di chuyn ca d liu.
- Mt lung d liu r nhnh ch cng mt d liu i n hai i tng khc nhau.
- Hai lung d liu chp li ch cng mt d liu i n mt i tng t hai i tng khc
nhau.
- Lung d liu khng i v chnh ni n xut pht.
- Lung d liu i vo kho c ngha l ghi thng tin vo kho.
- Lung d liu i ra kho c ngha l c thng ti t kho.
- Tn lung d liu l mt mnh danh t.
4.3. Biu lung d liu mc ng cnh
- Khi nim: Biu lung d liu mc ng cnh (Context data flow diagram) l mt m hnh
chc nng c dng ti liu ha phm vi ca mt h thng.. xy dng biu ng cnh, cn
phi:
+ Xc nh bin gii ca h thng
+ Xc nh cc tc nhn ngoi
+ Khng chi tit v cc qu trnh v kho d liu ca h thng
- Biu lung d liu mc ng cnh bao gm:
+ Mt tin trnh duy nht: m t ton b h thng. Tn tin tnh thng l tn ca h thng.

48
+ Cc tc nhn: c mi quan h v thng tin vi h thng.
+ Cc lung d liu gia cc tc nhn v tin trnh.
V d: biu d liu mc ng cnh h thng qun l kinh doanh
Phiu yu cu

Ha n, hng ha

Nh cung cp

Khch hng
Hng ha, ha n

Qun l kinh
doanh

Thng

Yu

Cu

Yu cu hng

Ngi qun l

4.4. Pht trin biu d liu cc mc

4.4.1. Qu trnh xy dng
K thut ph bin c dng xy dng DFD l k thut phn mc. Da theo BFD ca h
thng, chng ta s xy dng DFD theo nhiu mc, mi mc th hin trn mt hoc nhiu trang.
Nn t tn cho mi trang bng tn ca chc nng ang c phn tch trn trang .
Qu trnh xy dng:
- Xy dng biu mc ng cnh
- Xy dng DFD mc nh
+ Xc nh cc tin trnh.
+ Xc nh cc kho d liu
+ Xc nh cc lung d liu ngoi gia cc tc nhn ngoi vi cc tin trnh.
+ Xc nh cc lung d liu ngoi gia cc tin trnh vi cc kho d liu.
- Cc DFD mc di nh: l cc qu trnh con ca cc qu trnh mc nh nu cn thit phi
biu din.

49
H thng A

B1

DFD mc ng cnh
(tin trnh A)

B2

C1

D1

D2

D3

DFD mc di nh
B1

DFD mc di nh
B2
Cc DFD mc di
nh cc tin trnh
trong D1

DFD mc di nh
ca tin trnh B (bao
gm cc tin trnh
B1, B2)

DFD mc nh (bao
gm cc tin trnh B,
C, D)

DFD mc di nh
ca tin trnh D (bao
gm cc tin trnh
D1, D2, D3)

DFD mc di nh
D1

DFD mc di
nh D3

4.4.2. Cc qui tc xy dng DFD

- Mi i tng c ring mt nhn duy nht trnh gy hiu nhm
- S dng mt NG T gn nhn cho mt qu trnh (v mt qu trnh l mt hnh ng)
- Mi lung d liu phi c lin kt vi t nht mt qu trnh
- Mt tin trnh phi lun c lung d liu vo v ra
- Khng cn c mt lung d liu (m khng c s bin i) lin kt vi mt tin trnh (v hot
ng nh vy l v gi tr)
- Cc qu trnh cha v cc qu trnh con tng ng ca n phi c cc lung d liu vo ra
ging nhau (nhng cc qu trnh con c th c lung d liu ca ring n)
- Cc lung d liu khng th t phn tch c
- Mt gi d liu c th gm nhiu phn t d liu c truyn i ng thi ti cng mt ch
- Khng c s dng mi tn hai chiu v lung vo (cp nht) v lung ra (trch thng tin)
ca mt i tng mang ni dung thng tin khc nhau.
4.4.3. Phn tch hng cu trc c in (top-down)
Phn tch hng cu trc c in thng qu cc bc sau:
- V cc biu DFD vt l dng top-down biu din s ci t vt l hin ti ca h thng
bao gm cc gii hn ca n.
- Chuyn i cc DFD vt l thnh cc DFD lgc tng ng ca n.
- V cc DFD lgc dng top-down biu din mt h thng c ci thin.

50
- M t tt c cc lung d liu, kho d liu, quy tc v th tc trong mt t in d liu.
- Mt cch tu chn, nh du cc bn sao ca DFD lgc biu din cc gii php vt l khc
nhau.
- V cc DFD vt l dng top-down biu din gii php c la chn.
4.4.4. Phn tch hng cu trc hin i (hng s kin)
Phn tch hng cu trc hin i theo cc bc sau:
- V mt DFD ng cnh xc lp phm vi ban u ca d n.
- V mt biu phn r chc nng phn chia h thng thnh cc h thng con.
- To mt danh sch cc p ng s kin hay use-case cho h thng xc nh cc s kin m
h thng phi c p ng.
- V mt DFD s kin (hay b x l s kin) cho tng s kin.
- Kt hp cc DFD s kin thnh mt biu h thng (hay i vi cc h thng ln th l cc
biu h thng con).
- V cc DFD chi tit cho cc b x l s kin phc tp hn.
- Ti liu ho cc lung d liu v qu trnh trong t in d liu.

V d: M hnh ha d liu cho bi ton qun l giao nhn hng containerti North Freight bao gm
cc nghip v chnh sau y
- Qun l h thng biu cc: H thng biu cc ni chung v ti North Freight ni ring
tng i phc tp, chia lm nhiu khon mc, mc ph khc nhau. Ti North Freight c th chia
lm 02 loi biu cc l:
+ Biu cc ring: biu cc p dng cho mt s khch hng, i l.
+ Biu cc chung: biu cc p dng cho cc khch hng, i l khng trong biu cc
ring.
Nh vy y ta cn phi qun l c cc thng tin v khch hng, i l- hng tu, danh
sch loi biu cc, ph chung v ph ring ca cc loi biu cc.
- Qun l vic bo hng v giao nhn hng: Ngay khi c tu ca hng vo, nhn vin giao nhn
s lp mt giy bo hng gi cho khch hng n ly hng. Nu khch hng n ly trc tip th
nhn vin xut lnh giao hng, nu nh bn khc n ly th xut giy y quyn. Mt giy bo hng
ch c th xut nhiu lnh giao hng hoc nhiu giy y quyn, khng c giy bo hng no c c
lnh giao hng v giy y quyn. Trn giy bo hng n phi ghi thi gian tu cp bn, s vn n,
cc pht sinh nu c v tng s lng hng. Ta cn lu giy y quyn phi c thi hn, ht thi
hn ny, khch hng phi n ra hn v np thm chi ph lu hng.
Trong nghip v ny ta cn qun l cc thng tin ca giy bo hng, lnh giao hang, giy y
quyn, khch hng, hng tu.

51
- Qun l vic xut ha n VAT: Da trn cc thng tin trong cc lnh giao hng, giy bo
hng, cc dch v khch hng s dng nhn vin s ghi ha n gi tr gia tng cho khch hng
vi cc hnh thc c thu, min thu, khng thu v n gi c thu hoc cha c thu, cc n
gi ny tun theo biu cc quy nh cho khch hng v i l. H thng c yu cu thit k in
trn mu ha n c sn ca cng ty, c hai loi ha n cho hng tu m cng ty lm i l v cc
khch hng thng thng. Ha n c th xut theo lnh giao hng- giy y quyn hoc thng qua
s vn n. Vi ha n i l c mc ph ring trong biu cc dnh cho i l v bao gm
thu VAT, do khi in ra ha n cn quy i ngc tnh n gi trc thu, ha n ny
khng ghi thu VAT di dng % m chi ghi gi tr thu c th.
Trong nghip v ny ta cn qun l cc thng tin ca khch hng, ha n GTGT.
- Thng k bo co: Hng ngy nhn vin phi thng k cc thng tin v hng xut, nhp v ha
n lu tr v bo co. Bo co v ha n bao gm c bo co chi tit cc chi ph,bo co ny
s c phng ti v tng hp vo cui ngy.
Da vo cc thng tin trn, ta nhn thy h thng cn chia lm cc chc nng sau:
- Qun l danh mc: qun l cc thng tin v khch hng, hng tu v loi hng ha.
- Qun l biu cc: qun l cc h thng biu cc dch v chung v ring theo tng loi hng,
i l.
- Qun l giy bo hng, lnh giao hng, giy y quyn: cp nht d liu cc loi giy, lnh v
thng bo n khch hng.
- Qun l xut ha n gi tr gia tng t lnh giao hng, giy bo hng, s vn n.
- Thng k bo co: cung cp cc thng tin tng hp cho ngi s dng nh s lng hng
nhp- xut, s lng lnh giao hng, giy bo hng giao- cha giao, thng k ha n gi tr gia
tng...

52

S phn r chc nng

53
Biu d liu mc ng cnh

Biu d liu mc ng cnh

Trong :
- 1: Hng ha, giy bo hng, lnh giao hng/ giy y quyn, ha n.
- 2: Yu cu thng tin hng ha
- 3: Yu cu thng tin thng k, bo co
- 4: Thng k, bo co
- 5: Thng tin v chuyn, thi gian cp cng,...
- 6: Ha n i l.
Biu ny ni ln phm vi hot ng ca h thng v vic trao i d liu vi cc tc
nhn bn ngoi h thng. Biu c hai tc nhn chnh gi v nhn d liu l hng tu,
khch hng.

54
Biu d liu mc nh

Biu d liu mc nh
Trong :
- 1: Thng tin hng tu

- 6: Giy y quyn

- 2: Thng tin tu n, hng n

- 7: Thng tin biu cc

- 3: Thng tin khch hng

- 8: Biu cc

- 4: Giy bo hng

- 9: Ha n gi tr gia tng

- 5: Lnh giao hng

Biu ny nu ln s lin kt, trao i d liu gia cc chc nng chnh ca h
thng v gia cc chc nng ny vi cc tc nhn c nu biu trn. Trong
hng tu m cng ty lm i l, va ng vai tr l ngi cung cp d liu, va c vai tr
nh mt khch hng. Ha n gi tr gia tng bao gm ba loi: ha n t lng giao hng/
giy y quyn ca khch hng, ha n ca i l, ha n t vn n ca giy bo hng.
Trong biu trn cha b sung cc kho d liu, cc kho ny s c m t cc s
di.

55
Biu d liu mc di nh

Biu lung d liu chc nng lp biu cc

Trong :
- 1: Thng tin loi hng

- 3: Biu cc chung

- 2: Thng tin hng tu

- 4: Biu cc i l

Biu lung d liu chc nng bo hng n cho khch hng

Trong :
- 1: Giy bo hng
- 2: Lnh giao hng

- 3: Giy y quyn

56

Biu lung d liu chc nng lp ha n

Trong :
- 1: Biu cc chung

- 4: Ha n quan vn n

- 2: Biu cc i l

- 5: Ha n i l

- 3: Ha n thng thng

- 6: Ha n

57
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Nu cc quy tc thit k biu DFD?
2. Nu qu trnh thit k biu DFD.
3. Thit k biu phn r chc nng cho h thng m t trong bi tp ln.
4. Thit k biu DFD cho h thng m t trong bi tp ln.

58
Chng V. M hnh ha c s d liu
1. M hnh ha d liu
1.1. Khi nim
M hnh ho d liu (m hnh ho c s d liu, m hnh ho thng tin) l mt k thut
t chc v ti liu ho d liu ca h thng trong mt m hnh. K thut ny xc nh cc
yu cu nghip v i vi mt c s d liu. M hnh ha d liu thng c gi l m
hnh ha c s d liu v cui cng mt m hnh d liu lun c ci t thnh c s d
liu.
Biu quan h thc th (Entity Relationship Diagram - ERD) m t d liu di dng
cc thc th v cc quan h c m t bi d liu. ERD xc nh cc n v thng tin c s
cn thit cho h thng (cc thc th) v cc mi quan h gia chng. Ngha l tt c cc d
liu ch c lu gi mt ln trong ton b h thng.
1.2. T m hnh d liu ti ci t c s d liu
- ERD: l mt m hnh khi nim ca cc thc th d liu, cc thuc tnh (c im) v
cc quan h (vi cc thc th khc) ca chng trong mt h thng thng tin (c lp k
thut). (Phn tch)
- M hnh d liu quan h (Relational Data Model - RDM): mt bn thit k cho vic ci
t ca mt m hnh d liu khi nim (ERD) trong mi trng c s d liu quan h (c
lp phn mm). (Thit k)
- S quan h : mt s th hin cch thc mt m hnh d liu c ci t vi h
qun tr c s d liu (nh Microsoft Access hay MS SQL Server). (Ci t)
1.3. Vai tr ca biu quan h thc th
- C s d liu = d liu + quan h
- ERD c dng m hnh ho d liu v quan h ca chng
- ERD l mt biu din ho ca m hnh d liu khi nim
- ERD l c lp ti nguyn: n khng gn vi bt c mi trng c s d liu c th no
2. Cc phn t ca biu quan h thc th (ERD)
2.1. Thc th
Thc th l mt nhm cc thuc tnh tng ng vi mt i tng khi nim m chng ta
cn thu thp v lu tr d liu v n
- Cc vt th, con ngi, a im, s kin, khi nim m s tn ti ca n khng ph
thuc vo cc thc th khc
+ Thc th l mt tp cc th hin ca i tng m n biu din
+ Thc th phi c mt tn duy nht (mt danh t s t), t nh danh duy nht v t
nht mt thuc tnh (chnh l t nh danh)
+ Cc loi thc th c th c:

59
o Con ngi: l nhng ngi thc hin chc nng no trong hoc ngoi h
thng. V d: cng ty, khch hng, phng ban, b phn, nhn vin, gio vin, sinh vin, nh
cung cp
o a im: l ni c s dng bi con ngi. V d: ni bn hng, to nh,
phng, chi nhnh
o Vt th: l nhng i tng vt l thy r. V d: sch, tp ch, sn phm, nguyn
liu th, cng c
o S kin: l nhng g xy ra theo thi gian hoc theo mt quy trnh nht nh. V
d: gii thng, s hu b, chuyn bay, gi hc, vic lp ho n, vic t hng, vic ng
k, s gia hn, s t ch, vic bn hng
o Khi nim: l nhng g khng th nhn thy c. V d: ti khon, khong thi
gian, kho hc, ngun ti chnh, quy tc, lut l
- Trong ERD, thc th c k hiu l mt hnh ch nht, mi thc th tng ng vi
mt bng d liu trong c s d liu ca h thng.
-Th hin ca thc th: l mt thc th c th. V d thc th SinhVien c th c nhiu
th hin nh Betty, John, Lisa
2.2. Thuc tnh
Mi thc th bao gm nhiu thng tin, mi thng tin l mt thuc tnh ca tp thc th,
ng vi mt trng trong bng d liu tng ng. V d: khch hng Nguyn Vn A c nm
sinh l 1981, c s in thoi l 8534 . Tp thc th khch hng s c cc thuc tnh nm
sinh, s in thoi. Mt thuc tnh l mt c tnh m t hoc c im quan tm ca mt
thc th.
-Kiu d liu (Data type) ca mt thuc tnh xc nh kiu d liu c th lu tr c
trong thuc tnh
- Phm vi (Domain) ca mt thuc tnh xc nh cc gi tr m thuc tnh c th cha
mt cch hp l
- Gi tr mc nh (default value) ca mt thuc tnh l gi tr s c ghi vo nu khng
c xc nh bi ngi dng
C 3 loi thuc tnh:
- Thuc tnh kha: gm mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh trong thc th c dng gn cho
mi th hin thc th mt cch tham kho duy nht. V d thuc tnh M sinh vin trong thc
th Sinh vin
- Thuc tnh m t: l cc thuc tnh d liu m t v mt i tng v khng c chn
lm thuc tnh kha. V d cc thuc tnh Tn sinh vin, a ch
- Thuc tnh kt ni: l thuc tnh m vi thc th ny th l thuc tnh m t nhng vi
thc th khc th l thuc tnh kha, n ng vai tr kt ni cc thc th c quan h vi nhau

60
2.3. Mi quan h
Mt quan h ti liu ho mt lin kt gia mt, hai hoc nhiu thc th. N phi c mt
ci tn (v c th mang d liu).
Quan h 1-1:
- L mi quan h trong mt thc th ca tp thc th ny tng ng vi duy nht mt
thc th ca tp thc th kia v ngc li. V d, mt thc th ha n hng ch ng vi duy
nht mt thc th chi tit ha n m t n.
- Quan h 1-1 c biu din bng mt mi tn hai u hoc l mt on thng
- Quan h ny s dn ti vic nhp chung hai tp thc th thnh mt tp thc th, tp thc
th mi phi bao gm cc thuc tnh ca hai tp thc th c.
Quan h 1-n:
- L mi quan h m trong mt thc th ca tp thc th ny c quan h vi nhiu thc
th ca tp thc th kia. V d, mt khch hng c th t nhiu n hng nn mt thc th
khch hng trong tp thc th khc hng c quan h vi nhiu thuc th n hng trong tp
thc th n hng.
- Quan h 1- nhiu c biu din bng mt mi tn 1 u hng t bn nhiu ti bn 1
hoc l mt on thng vi mt u l trc ba hng v bn nhiu
- Quan h ny ng vai tr rt quan trng th hin mi lin h gia cc thc th trong m
hnh. y, thuc tnh kha ca bn mt s l thuc tnh kt ni ca bn nhiu.
Quan h n-n:
- L mi quan h m trong mt thc th ca tp thc th ny c quan h vi nhiu thc
th ca tp thc th kia v ngc li. V d, mt nh cung cp trong tp thc th nh cung
cp c th cung cp nhiu loi hng trong tp thc th Hng ha v ngc li mt loi hng
c th c cung cp bi nhiu nh cung cp.
- Quan h nhiu - nhiu c biu din bng mt on thng hoc l mt on thng c
trc ba c hai u
- Quan h ny khng th hin c mi quan h gia hai thc th cng nh khng cho
thy iu g v mt nghip v, nn thng tch thnh hai quan h 1- n bng cch to mt tp
thc th trung gian c quan h 1- n vi c hai tp thc th c. V d vi quan h n-n gia
nh cung cp v hng ha, ta s to tp thc th nh cung cp/hng ha c quan h l mt nh
cung cp gm nhiu dng nh cung cp/hng ha v mt hng ha li ng vi nhiu dng
nh cung cp/hng ha.
3. Xy dng biu quan h thc th
3.1. Cc bc m hnh ha d liu lgc
- M hnh d liu ng cnh: thit lp phm vi d n
- M hnh d liu da trn kho

61
+ Loi b cc quan h khng c th
+ Thm cc thc th c lin quan
+ Bao gm cc kho chnh
+ Xc nh chnh xc s yu t
- M hnh d liu vi thuc tnh y
+ Tt c cc thuc tnh cn li
+ Cc tiu chun nhm con
- M hnh d liu c chun ho
3.2. Trnh t xy dng ERD
- Xc nh cc thc th
- Xc nh bc ca cc quan h gia cc thc th
- Hon thin cc quan h vi cc s yu t
- Xy dng m hnh
3.3. Qui tc xy dng ERD
- Mi thc th phi c tn
- Mi thc th phi c nh danh
- Mi th hin khng th l mt thc th
- Mi quan h phi c tn (c th mang hoc khng mang d liu)
- S yu t phi hp l (r rng ng cnh)
4. Xy dng biu d liu quan h (RDM)
M hnh d liu quan h (RDM Relational Data model) l cng c tip theo sau ERD
c dng trong vic m hnh ha d liu nhm mc ch xc nh danh sch cc thuc tch
ca cc thc th.
Qu trnh xy dng RDM bao gm cc bc:
- Xc nh cc thuc tnh cn thit.
-Chun ha cc thc th.
-Xc nh cc mi quan h gia cc thuc tnh ca cc thc th.
4.1. Xc nh thuc tnh
xc nh cc thuc tnh ca cc thc th, cn da vo nhng yu t sau:
- S hiu bit v h thng ang phn tch.
- Qu trnh phng vn, trao i vi ngi s dng.
- Cc bo co, biu mu c dng trong h thng hin ti.
T nhng thng tin thu thp c, ta s lp danh sch cc thuc tnh cho cc thc th
c xc nh trong ERD. Phn bit cc thuc tnh kha bng cch gch di.
4.2. Phn tch v chun ha d liu

62
Phn tch d liu l mt qu trnh chun b mt m hnh d liu cho vic ci t thnh
mt c s d liu n gin, khng d tha, mm do v d thch ng. K thut c th c
gi l s chun ha.
Chun ha l mt k thut t chc cc thuc tnh d liu sao cho chng c nhm thnh
cc thc th khng d tha, n nh, mm do v d thch ng:
- Khng c s lp li cc thuc tnh cc bng khc nhau, tr thuc tnh kha v thuc
tnh kt ni
- Khng cha cc thuc tnh c gi tr l kt qu tnh c ca cc thuc tnh khc. V d,
thuc tnh gi thnh l kt qu ca thuc tnh s lng nhn vi thuc tnh n gi nn cn
phi loi b.
- Khng c vai tr ging nhau gia cc thc th
Khi nim ph thuc hm:
- Ph thuc hm n tr: t 1 gi tr ca kha trong bng, ta ch xc nh c 1 gi tr
cho cc thuc tnh khc.VD: vi mi m khch hng, ch c duy nht mt gi tr H tn, s
in thoi, a ch
- Ph thuc hm a tr: 1 gi tr ca kha trong bng li ng vi nhiu gi tr ca cc
thuc tnh khc. V d: ng vi mt m s hc sinh li c nhiu mn hc khc nhau v mt
hc sinh c th hc nhiu mn hc.
- Nh vy, nu c thuc tnh khng ph thuc hm vo kha th n phi nm trong mt
thc th khc. Qu trnh chun ha c thc hin da trn khi nim ph thuc hm nu
trn.
Chun ha dng 1:
- Yu cu: cc thuc tnh no c th xut hin nhiu ln vi cng mt thc th th loi b
ra.
- Cc thuc tnh b loi ra s cng vi thuc tnh kha ca thc th ban u to thnh mt
tp thc th mi.
Chun ha dng 2:
- Yu cu: tt c cc thuc tnh trong thc th phi ph thuc hm vo ton b kha.
- i vi cc thc th ch c mt trng l kha th ng nhin tha mn dng chun 2.
- i vi cc thc th c kha bao gm 2 thuc tnh tr ln, nu trong c nhng thuc
tnh ph thuc hm n tr vo mt b phn ca kha th tch cc thuc tnh ra thnh 1
thc th mi vi kha l b phn kha ca thc th ban u m n ph thuc hm.
Chun ha dng 3:
- Yu cu: tt c cc thuc tnh phi ph thuc n tr vo kha v khng ph thuc hm
n tr vo bt k thuc tnh no khng phi l kha trong thc th.

63
- Tch nhng thuc tnh ph thuc hm n tr vo thuc tnh khng phi l kha, a
chng vo thc th mi c kha chnh l thuc tnh m n ph thuc hm.
V d: xt qu trnh xy dng cc thuc tnh cho cc tp thc th da trn mu ha n bn
hng ca mt cng ty
S H:
HA N BN
Ngy
H tn khch hng:.M s khch hng:...
a ch:
M s mt

Tn hng

S lng

n gi
(1000 vn)

hng

Thnh
tin(1000 vn)

110026

Chut

01

150

150

332253

Bn phm

01

350

350

156535

Mn hnh

01

2,100

2,100

567409

Hdd 2TB

02

2,000

4,000

TNG

6,500

64
Qu trnh chun ha din ra nh sau:
Thuc tnh ban

Chun ha dng 1

Chun ha dng 2

Chun ha dng 3

1NF

2NF

3NF

S hiu n

S hiu n

S hiu n

S hiu n

M s khch hng

M s khch hng

M s khch hng

M s khch hng

Ngy t hng

Ngy t hng

Ngy t hng

Ngy t hng

Tn khch hng

Tn khch hng

Tn khch hng

M s khch hng

a ch

a ch

a ch

Tn khch hng

M s mt hng

S hiu n

S hiu n

a ch

Tn mt hng

M s mt hng

M s mt hng

S hiu n

S lng

Tn mt hng

S lng

M s mt hng

n gi

S lng

n gi

S lng

n gi

M s mt hng

n gi

Tn mt hng

M s mt hng

u cha chun ha

Tn mt hng
- Sau khi chun ha, thu c cc thc th sau:
n hng bn (S hiu n hng, M s khch hng, Ngy t hng)
Khch hng (M s khch hng, Tn khch hng, a ch khch hng)
Dng n hng (S hiu n hng, M s mt hng, S lng, n gi)
Mt hng (M s mt hng, Tn mt hng)
- Kt hp cc tp thc th chung.
Do vic chun ha xut pht t nhiu ti liu khc nhau nn c th sau khi chun ha s
xut hin cc thc th ging nhau. Cn phi hp nht chng thnh mt thc th m cha
cc thuc tnh. Rt c th sau giai on ny th thc th thu c s khng cn dng chun
3 nn cn phi thc hin chun ha li cc thc th mi.
V d: C 2 tp thc th n t hng c chun ha t 2 ti liu l n t hng v ti
liu giao hng nh sau:
n hng (S hiu n hng, M s khch hng, Ngy t hng)
n t hng (S hiu n hng, Tnh trng n hng, a ch giao hng)
Sau khi kt hp c:
n hng (S hiu n hng, M s khch hng, Ngy t hng, Tnh trng n hng,
a ch giao hng)
Thc th mi khng cn tha dng chun 3 v a ch giao nhn ph thuc hm vo M
s khch hng l thuc tnh khng phi l kha ca thc th. Thc hin chun ha, tch thuc
tnh a ch giao nhn ra khi thc th ta c thc th mi:

65

n hng (S hiu n hng, M s khch hng, Ngy t hng, Tnh trng n hng)
4.3. Xc nh cc mi quan h
Ma trn thc th/kha.
- xc nh cc mi quan h gia cc thc th , ta cn lp bng ma trn thc th/kha.
Trong , cc ct lit k cc tp thc th, cc hng lit k cc thuc tnh kha ca cc thc
th.
- ng vi mi giao gia hng v ct, nu thuc tnh kha c trong thc th, ta nh du X,
nu khng l kha ca thc th nhng c xut hin trong th nh du O. V d:
n

Thc th
Thuc tnh

hng

Khch
hng

Dng
n hng

Mt
hng

Giao
nhn

kha
S hiu n

Dng
giao
hng

hng
M s khch

hng
M s mt

hng
S hiu giao

nhn

Thit lp cc mi quan h.
Da theo bng ma trn thc th/kha, ta xc nh cc mi quan h bng cch bt u t
ct th nht, t cha kha ca n, ta chiu qua cc k tip trn cng mt hng xem nu
no c cha du X hoc O th ta c mt lin kt gia thc th ang xt vi thc th c
cha du trn hng .
4.4. Xy dng m hnh RDM
- Sau khi thc hin xong 3 bc trn, ta lp m hnh quan h.
- Tip theo, cn iu chnh c c m hnh d liu hon chnh:
+ So snh ERD c xy dng ban u vi RDM chnh l nhng im khc bit
sao cho hai m hnh phi phn nh chnh xc ln nhau.
+ Trong mt s trng hp, nh phn tch c th a vo hoc loi b nhng quan h
ph lm trong sng m hnh.
5. T in d liu

66
T in d liu l b phn ca t liu trong phn tch thit k, n m t ni dung ca cc
i tng theo nh ngha c cu trc
Trong DFD cc chc nng x l, kho d liu, lung d liu ch m t mc khi qut
thng l tp hp cc khon mc ring l. Cc khi qut ny cn c m t chi tit ho hn
qua cng c t in d liu
T in d liu l s lit k c t chc cc phn t d liu thuc h thng, lit k cc mc
t ch tn gi theo mt th t no v gii thch cc tn mt cch chnh xc cht ch ngn
gn cho c ngi dng v ngi phn tch hiu chung ci vo, ci ra, ci lun chuyn.
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Nu qu trnh m hnh ha d liu.
2. Nu 03 dng chun d liu.
3. Nu qu tnh chun ha d liu.
4. Xy dng s E-R cho h thng c m t trong bi tp ln.

67
Chng VI. Tng quan v thit k h thng
1. Cc hng tip cn thit k h thng
1.1. Cc tip cn hng m hnh
Thit k hng m hnh (Model-driven) l mt cch tip cn thit k h thng nhn mnh
vo vic v cc m hnh h thng ti liu ha cc kha cnh ci t v k thut ca mt h
thng. Cc m hnh thit k thng c dn xut t cc m hnh lgc c pht trin trc
theo cch phn tch hng m hnh. Cui cng th cc m hnh thit k h thng s tr
thnh cc bn thit k phc v cho vic xy dng v ci t h thng mi.
Trong tip cn hng m hnh c 3 k thut l thit k hng cu trc, k thut thng tin
v thit k hng i tng. Ngy nay, cc tip cn hng m hnh thng c cng c nh
vo vic s dng cc cng c t ng ha. Cc cng c thng dng:
- Cng c i km b cng c lp trnh: Oracle Designer
- Cc cng c n gin: MS.Word, MS.Visio, Smartdraw...
- Cc cng c chuyn dng: Rational Rose, Rational XDE for platforms...

Thit k hng cu trc hin i (Modern Structured Design):

- L k thut phn r chc nng h thng ra thnh nhiu phn, mi thnh phn li c
thit k chi tit hn cc bc sau. Thit k hng cu trc cn c gi l thit k chng
trnh t tng quan n chi tit (top- down).
- Mi modun mc thp nht ch thc hin mt phn vic nht nh, t lin quan n
cng vic ca cc modun khc.
- Thng s dng v n gin, d hiu, thun tin trong trin khai v nng cp.
- M hnh phn mm c dn xut t thit k hng cu trc c gi l biu cu
trc (structure chart). Biu ny c xy dng t cc lung d liu trong chng trnh.
Thit k hng cu trc c thc hin trong giai on phn tch h thng. Tuy nhin, n
khng bao trm mi kha cnh ca vic thit k, nh thit k u vo/u ra hay c s d
liu.

K thut thng tin (Information Engineering):

- L cch tip cn hng m hnh v ly d liu lm trung tm nhng ch trng n vic

t chc cc thng tin: ni dung thng tin v quan h gia cc thnh phn thng tin.
- Cng c ch yu ca k thut thng tin l s m hnh d liu
- K thut thng tin c s dng khi thit k chng trnh da trn m hnh c s d
liu quan h.

Lm bn mu (Prototyping)

- Bn mu l mt chng trnh nh, cha hon chnh nhng cho ngi xem hnh
dung v chc nng, hot ng ca chng trnh cn thc hin:
- y l phng php m hnh ho trn m ngun ch khng trn bn v

68
- Thun tin lm bn demo cho ngi dng cui xem (khng i hi phi hiu nhng
ngn ng m hnh ho)
- Phng php ny sm pht hin nhng sai khc v nghip v
- Phng php ny ch ph hp vi cc d n nh, t phc tp

Thit k hng i tng (Object Oriented Design):

- S dng cch tip cn theo hng i tng - phn bit r rng hai yu t:
+ d liu (thuc tnh)
+ chc nng (hnh vi) v cc mi tng tc (s kin)
- Phng php ny l bc tip theo ca Phn tch h thng hng i tng, do i
hi nhng kt qu t bc trc: nh ngha i tng, thuc tnh, hnh vi, s kin...
1.2. Pht trin ng dng nhanh
- K thut xy dng ng dng nhanh chng bng cch phi hp s dng nhiu k thut:
t hp thng tin v lm bn mu.
- K thut pht trin ng dng kt hp (Joint Application Development): pht trin ng
dng bng cch gp chung hai giai on phn tch v thit k. Nhn mnh s tham gia ng
thi ca nh phn tch, thit k, ngi dng cui, chuyn gia h thng trong qu trnh xy
dng. Thng c dng pht trin cc ng dng nh trong thi gian ngn.
2. Cc cng vic c th trong giai on thit k
- Thit k kin trc ng dng: La chn cng ngh s dng cho d n, a ra m hnh
vt l ca h thng.
- Thit k c s d liu
+ a ra m hnh d liu.
+ La chn h qun tr CSDL v ti u ho m hnh d liu theo h qun tr la
chn
- Thit k giao din h thng: u ra, u vo, giao din ngi dng, bo co...
- a ra cc c t h thng cho lp trnh vin
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Nu cc cng vic khi thit k h thng?
2. Nu cc phng php thit k h thng

69

Chng VII. Thit k c s d liu

1. Cc phng thc lu tr d liu
C hai phng thc lu tr d liu ph bin l file v c s d liu
1.1. File
L mt tp hp ca cc bn ghi tng t nhau. Cc file khng c lin quan vi nhau tr
khi c lin kt trong code ca chng trnh ngoi
- u im:
+ D dng thit k nu ch dng cho mt ng dng
+ Ti u v hiu nng nu ch dng cho mt ng dng
- Nhc im:
+ Kh thch ng hoc kh dng chung gia nhiu ng dng
+ Hay b d tha d liu (cng mt thng tin li c lu tr trn nhiu file khc
nhau)
1.2. C s d liu
L mt tp hp ca nhiu files (bng) c quan h vi nhau. Bn ghi ca mt file (hay
bng) c th c mi quan h vt l vi mt hay nhiu bn ghi cc file (hay bng) khc.
- u im:
+ Tch bit d liu khi logic chng trnh do tng tnh thch ng, kh chuyn ca
chng trnh.
+ Kim sot c quy m, ln ca d liu
+ Ti u trong vic chia s dng chung gia nhiu ng dng
+ Gim thiu d tha d liu
- Nhc im:
+ Phc tp hn cng ngh file rt nhiu
+ kha cnh no truy xut c s d liu thng chm hn so vi truy xut file
+ Cn tun th nhiu nguyn tc khi thit k c th khai thc c li ch ca c s
d liu quan h
+ Cn c chuyn gia s dng h qun tr c s d liu
2. Kin trc d liu
Kin trc d liu m t cch thc:
- s dng file/c s d liu lu tr d liu
- cng ngh file/c s d liu c la chn s dng
- c cu qun l c thit lp qun l cc ngun d liu
Thng thng d liu c lu tr ng thi bi nhiu cch thc, phng tin:
- Cc files.

70
- C s d liu c nhn, c s d liu chung ca nhm, c s d liu giao dch,
- Nh kho d liu (tng hp cc ngun)...
H qun tr CSDL:
- L mt phn mm dng qun l vic to, truy nhp, kim sot, qun l cc i
tng d liu ca mt hay nhiu c s d liu.
- Phn nn tng ca mt HQTCSDL l mt b my d liu - data engine
- Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (Data Definition Language - DDL) l mt phn ca b
my dng nh ngha cc bng, trng, quan h
- Ngn ng thao tc d liu (Data Manipulation Language - DML) dng thm, sa,
xo v di chuyn gia cc trng trong c s d liu
3. Trin khai m hnh d liu logic da trn mt c s d liu quan h
3.1. C s d liu quan h
L c s d liu lu tr v qun l d liu trong nhng bng 2 chiu. Cc bng ny c th
c quan h vi nhau thng qua cc trng kho
c th ca c s d liu quan h:
- M hnh d liu vt l (Schema)
- DDL v DML c th hin bi ngn ng SQL
- Triggers l cc chng trnh c nhng cng c s d liu v t ng thc thi khi
c s d liu c cp nht
- Th tc thng tr (Stored procedure) l chng trnh c nhng cng c s d
liu v thc thi t cu lnh ca ng dng
3.2. M hnh ho d liu
Mt m hnh d liu tt l m hnh trong :
- Mi thuc tnh m t mt v ch mt thc th
- Mi thuc tnh ch tn ti duy nht mt thc th (tr thuc tnh kho ngoi)
c c mt m hnh d liu tt, ta tin hnh cc bc chun ho (xem thm phn
phn tch h thng)
Chun ho d liu - Mt thc th logic hay mt bng vt l c gi l:
- dng chun th nht (NF1) nu khng c thuc tnh (trng) no c hai gi tr
trong cng mt th hin
- dng chun th hai (NF2) nu n dng chun th nht v gi tr cc trng
khng phi l kho chnh hon ton ph thuc vo kho chnh.
- dng chun th ba (NF3) nu n dng chun th hai v gi tr cc trng
khng phi kho chnh khng ph thuc cc trng khng phi kho chnh khc
Cc bc to m hnh d liu vt l
- Xem li m hnh d liu logic

71
- To bng cho mi thc th
- To trng cho mi thuc tnh
- To ch mc (index) cho mi kho
- Thit k kho ngoi cho cc quan h
- nh ngha kch thc/kiu d liu, thuc tnh null, gi tr mc nh
- nh gi v thit lp cc rng buc
- Ch cc cng ngh khc nhau cho cc kiu d liu khc nhau
- To cu lnh SQL: tu vo tng h qun tr CSDL, to CSDL tng ng trn ngn
ng DDL.
V d: mt CSDL trn h qun tr d liu SQL Server 2005.

CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Nu cc phng thc lu tr d liu?
2. Nu qu trnh thit k d liu.
3. Thit k CSDL cho h thng m t trong bi tp ln vi h qun tr CSDL ty chn.

72

Chng VIII. Thit k vo/ra h thng

1. Thit k u vo
1.1. Tng quan
1.1.1. Cc khi nim
C th phn loi cc phng thc nhp liu theo hai c trng:
- Cch thc d liu c thu thp, a vo v x l.
- Phng php v cng ngh c dng thu thp v nhp d liu.
Qu trnh thit k h thng:
- Thu thp d liu (data capture): nhn dng v to d liu mi t ngun to tin
- Nhp liu (data entry): chuyn d liu t ngun to tin vo my tnh
- X l d liu (data processing): l qu trnh bin i trc tip trn d liu trc khi a
n v dng my tnh c th c c. X l b l thu thp 1 khi lng d liu v x l ng
thi c b. X l trc tuyn l x l ngay lp tc d liu va thu thp c.
1.1.2. Cc phng thc nhp liu
- Bn phm
- Chut
- Mn hnh cm ng (mn hnh tng tc)
- Nhn dng m thanh, ting ni
- T ng nhp liu: m vch, nhn dng quang hc, mc t, th t, th thng minh, sinh
trc hc...
1.1.3. Cc nguyn tc thit k u vo
Nn tun theo nhng nguyn tc di y khi thit k phng thc nhp liu:
- Khng nn nhp nhng d liu c th tnh ton c t nhng d liu khc.
V d: S lng x n gi = Thnh tin
- Khng nhp nhng d liu c th lu trong my tnh nh nhng hng s.
- S dng m ly t c s d liu i vi nhng thuc tnh ph hp.
- S dng cc ch dn nhp liu khi thit k cc form nhp liu (tooltip).
- Gim thiu s lng k t g vo trnh gy sai st. Thay vo , c gng dng cc
hp check chn cng nhiu cng tt.
- D liu nhp vo theo trnh t t trn xung di, tri qua phi.
1.1.4. Kim sot nhp liu
Vic kim sot d liu u vo rt cn thit trong tt c cc h thng mg dng trn my
tnh. Cc iu khin u vo m bo rng d liu u vo l chnh xc v h thng c bo
v khi cc li v hoc hu .

73
S lng u vo cn phi c theo di, c bit l trong trng hp nhp d liu theo
b:
- Lu m s giao dch cho khi cc d liu nhp liu theo khi.
- Ghi cc log file cho cc d liu c nhp trc tuyn.
Phi kim sot tnh ng n ca d liu nhp vo. Phi lm cc kim tra v: trng lp
thc th, kiu d liu, nh dng, tnh rng buc vi cc d liu khc. V d: Khi nhp liu
thnh ph v quc gia cho mt h s nhn s, nu chn quc gia l Vit Nam th ch cho
php chn thnh ph l H Ni, Hu hoc cc thnh ph khc Vit Nam ... ch khng cho
php chn thnh ph thuc quc gia khc nh Tokyo chng hn.
1.2. Cc iu khin giao din cho thit k u vo
1.2.1. Mt s iu khin ph bin
- Hp vn bn (Text box): cha mt hp hnh ch nht km theo tn, cho php nhp d
liu vo.
- Nt chn loi tr (Radio button): cha mt hnh trong nh km theo mt on vn bn
m t tng ng vi gi tr la chn. Trong mt nhm cc nt ny th ch cho php chn mt
nt m thi.
- Hp chn kim tra (Check box): cha mt hp hnh vung km theo on vn bn m
t trng d liu vo, ngi dng s chn gi tr Yes/No. Trong mt nhm cc hp chn th
c th chn nhiu hp.
- Hp danh sch (List box): l mt hnh ch nht cha mt hoc nhiu dng d liu.
- Danh sch th (Drop down list): cha hp chn hnh ch nht v mt nt bn cnh. Khi
nhn vo nt th danh sch s c th xung.
- Hp th kt hp (Combination box): cng l mt danh sch th nhng cho php ngi
dng nhp thm d liu ngoi nhng d liu c sn trong .
- Nt lnh (Button): cc nt lnh khng phi l iu khin vo. Chng khng dnh cho
vic la chn d liu vo. Mc ch ca chng l cho php ngi dng xc nhn rng tt c
cc d liu cn c x l hay hy b mt giao dch hoc cn gi chc nng tr gip Tm
li, nt lnh ng vai tr gi ti mt chc nng no .
1.2.2. Mt s iu khin cao cp
- Hp lch th (Drop down calendar): l mt d liu c cha mt nt mi tn. Khi nhn
chut vo th hp lch c th xung chn ngy.
- iu khin hiu chnh trt (Slider edit control): cho php la chn gi tr bng cch
trt con tr.
- iu khin hiu chnh mt n (Masked edit control): iu khin ny to ra nh dng
buc d liu nhp vo phi tun theo.

74
- Hp danh sch chn (Check list box): iu khin ny c dng kt hp nhiu hp
chn kim tra.
- Hp cy chn (Check tree box): iu khin ny c dng biu din cc la chn d
liu di dng cy phn cp.
- Li d liu (Data Grid): iu khin cho php hin th d liu dng bng.
1.3. Quy trnh thit k u vo
- Xc nh cc d liu u vo ca h thng v cc yu cu nhp liu logic.
- La chn cc iu khin thch hp.
- Thit k, lp c ch kim sot nhp liu, lu vt
- Nu cn thit, lp h s c t u vo.
2. Thit k u ra h thng
2.1. Tng quan
2.1.1. Phn loi
Mt cch phn loi u ra l da vo hnh thc phn phi chng trong hay ngoi t
chc v i tng ngi s c v s dng chng. Hnh thc u ra ch yu l di dng cc
bo co.
- Bo co ni b: l cc bo co c cung cp cho ngi dng h thng trong t chc.
+ Bo co chi tit: thng tin trc tip truy xut t d liu h thng, v d: danh sch
khch hng.
+ Bo co tm lc: thng tin sau khi truy xut c sp xp theo th t thun tin
cho ngi dng quan st, i khi kt qu c th hin di dng ho.
+ Bo co ngoi l: thng tin cnh bo, t xut theo s kin thay i v cht lng,
iu kin ca h thng.
- Bo co bn ngoi l cc bo co cung cp cho khch hng, nh cung cp, c quan...
- Bo co quay vng l cc loi bo co bn ngoi sau li tr v h thng nh l mt
phng thc thu thp d liu, chng hn bn iu tra, ho n...
2.1.2. Phng thc ci t u ra
- In ra trn giy
- Hin th trn mn hnh, trn trang web
- Xut di dng a phng tin
- Gi th trc tip
- To cc ng lin kt ...
2.2. Cch thc thit k u ra
2.2.1. Cc nguyn tc
- Bo co phi n gin, d hiu, d gii thch:
+ Bao gm tiu

75
+ Ghi r ngy gi pht hnh
+ C cc phn ghi thng tin chung
- Thng tin phi c th hin dng ngi dng bnh thng khng c tu sa
cha.
- Thng tin hin th phi hi ho gia cc trang
- Cung cp cch di chuyn gia cc tht s n gin
- Thi gian xut bo co phi c kim sot
- Mt s hnh thc bo co phi c s ng ca cng ty
2.2.2. Quy trnh thit k u ra
- Xem xt tt c cc u ra ca h thng v cc yu cu logic.
- Lm r c t (vt l) ca cc yu cu bo co.
- Thit k cc bn mu trc (nu cn).
- Thit k, kim th v kim tra u ra ca bo co
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Nu cc quy tc thit k u vo h thng.
2. Nu cc quy tc thit k u ra h thng.
3. Thit k giao din vo/ra cho h thng m t trong bi tp ln.

76

Chng IX. Thit k giao din ngi dng

1. Tng quan
- Giao din ngi dng hiu qu phi ph hp vi trnh v kinh nghim ca ngi
dng. Nhng nguyn nhn sau y khin cho ngi dng s dng sai hay cm thy nhm
chn, ln ln thm ch quay sang chi b phn mm:
+ S dng nhm ln cc thut ng, khi nim
+ Giao din khng trc quan
+ Cch tip cn gii quyt vn b ln ln
+ Thit k giao din rc ri
- Cc nguyn tc nn p dng khi thit k giao din ngi dng:
+ Phi hiu r trnh ngi s dng cng nh c th cc cng vic ca h
+ Li ko ngi dng vo vic thit k giao din
+ Kim tra v th nghim vic thit k trn ngi dng tht
+ p dng cc quy c, thi quen trong thit k giao din, tun th mu chung cho
ton chng trnh.
- Ngi dng cn c ch dn nhng cng vic h s i mt tip theo:
+ Ch cho ngi dng h thng ang mong i h lm g
+ Ch cho ngi dng d liu h nhp ng hay sai
+ Gii thch cho ngi dng h thng ang ng yn do c cng vic cn x l ch
khng treo
+ Khng nh vi ngi dng h thng hay cha hon thnh mt cng vic no
- nh hnh giao din sao cho cc thng ip, ch dn lun xut hin cng v tr
- nh hnh cc thng ip v ch dn di ngi dng c th c c, ngn
h c th hiu c
- Cc gi tr mc nh cn c hin th
- Lng trc nhng sai st ngi dng c th gp phi phng trnh
- Khng cho php x l tip nu li cha c khc phc
2. K thut giao din ngi dng
2.1. H iu hnh v trnh duyt WEB
Nhng h iu hnh ha ph bin cho cc my khch hin nay l Windows, Mac,
Unix, Linux v cho cc my cm tay l Palm OS, Windows CE, Android, Mac OS. Tuy
nhin, h iu hnh khng cn l nhn t chnh trong thit k giao din ngi dng na. Cc
ng dng Internet v Intranet chy trn cc trnh duyt web. Hu ht cc trnh duyt c th
chy trn nhiu h iu hnh. iu ny cho php thit k giao din ngi dng t ph thuc
vo h iu hnh. Tnh nng ny c gi l c lp nn tng (platform independence). Thay

77
v vit giao din ring cho tng h iu hnh th ch cn vit giao din cho mt hoc hai trnh
duyt. Hin ti, cc trnh duyt ph bin nht l Microsoft Internet Explorer, Fire fox, Google
chorme
2.2. Mn hnh hin th
Kch thc vng hin th l vn then cht khi thit k giao din. Khng phi mn hnh
hin th no cng l dng mn hnh my tnh c nhn. C rt nhiu thit b hin th khng
phi l my tnh c nhn.
i vi mn hnh my tnh c nhn, chng ta c n v o lng l phn gii ha.
Ngi thit k nn thit k giao din theo loi mn hnh c phn gii ph bin nht.
R rng, cc my tnh cm tay v mt s thit b hin th c bit (v d nh mn hnh
my rt tin t ng ATM) h tr mn hnh hin th nh hn nhiu cng phi c xem xt
khi thit k giao din.
Cch thc th hin vng hin th i vi ngi dng c iu khin bi c kh nng k
thut ca mn hnh v kh nng ca h iu hnh, Hai cch tip cn ph bin nht l paging
v scrolling. Paging hin th mt mn hnh hon chnh cc k t vo cng mt ln. Ton b
vng hin th c gi l mt trang (hay mn hnh). Cc trang c hin th theo nhu cu ca
ngi dng bng cch nhn nt lnh, tng t nh lt cc trang trong mt cun sch.
Scrolling dch chuyn phn thng tin hin th ln hoc xung trn mn hnh, thng l mi
ln 1 dng. Cc mn hnh my tnh c nhn cn cho php nhiu ty chn paging v scrolling.
2.3. Bn phm v cc thit b tr
Hu ht (nhng khng phi tt c) cc thit b hin th v mn hnh u c tch hp vi
bn phm. Nhng tnh nng ch yu ca bn phm l tp k t v cc kha chc nng.
Tp k t ca hu ht cc my tnh c nhn u theo chun. Nhng tp k t c th
c m rng vi phn mm h tr thm cc k t v biu tng. Cc kha chc nng
nn c s dng mt cch nht qun. Ngha l, bt k chng trnh no cng nn s dng
nht qun cc kha chc nng cho cng mc ch. V d, F1 thng c dng gi chc
nng tr gip trong c h iu hnh v cc ng dng.
Hu ht cc giao din (bao gm cc h iu hnh v trnh duyt) u s dng thit b tr
nh chut, bt v mn hnh cm ng. Tt nhin, thit b tr ph bin nht vn l chut.
Bt ang tr nn quan trng trong cc ng dng chy trn cc thit b cm tay. Bi l do
l nhng thit b thng khng c bn phm. Do , giao din c th cn c thit k
cho php g trn mt bn phm c hin th trn mn hnh hoc s dng mt chun vit
tay nh Graffiti hoc Jot.
3. Phong cch thit k giao din ngi dng
3.1. Giao din da trn ca s v frame

78
Phn c bn nht ca mt giao din l ca s. Mt ca s c th nh hoc ln hn vng
mn hnh hin th. N thng cha cc iu khin chun gc trn bn phi nh phng to,
thu nh hay ng ca s.
Phn d liu hin th bn trong ca s c th ln hoc nh hn kch thc ca s. Trong
trng hp ln hn, c th dng thanh cun dch chuyn.
Mt ca s c th c chia thnh cc vng gi l frame. Mi frame c th hot ng c
lp vi cc cc frame khc trong cng mt ca s. Mi frame c th c xc nh phc
v cho mt mc ch nht nh.
Trong mt ca s, chng ta c th s dng tt c cc iu khin giao din gii thiu
trong chng trc.
3.2. Giao din da trn menu
Chin lc i thoi ph bin nht v c in nht l menu. C nhiu loi menu nhng t
tng chung u l yu cu ngi dng chn mt hnh ng t menu:
- Menu ko th, menu xp tng
- Menu pop-up
- Thanh cng c v menu icon
- Menu siu lin kt
3.3. Giao din da trn dng lnh
Thay cho menu hoc cng c th b sung thm cho menu, mt s ng dng c thit k
s dng i thoi da trn tp lnh (cn gi l giao din ngn ng lnh command language
interface). Tuy nhin, ngi s dng phi hc c php tp lp nn cch tip cn ny ch ph
hp vi i tng ngi dng chuyn gia. C 3 loi c php, la chn loi no l ph thuc
vo cng ngh c th dng:
- C php da trn ngn ng (v d nh SQL)
- C php mnemonic: ngi s dng c cung cp mt mn hnh giao tip trong h
c th nhp cc lnh gi ti cc hnh ng. Cc cu lnh phi c ngha vi ngi s dng.
- C php ngn ng t nhin: cho php ngi dng nhp cc cu hi cc lnh bng ngn
ng t nhin. H thng thng dch cc lnh theo c php bit v c th yu cu ngi
dng nhp li r rng hn nu n khng hiu c mun ca ngi dng.
Cch thit k giao din da trn dng lnh tng ph bin trong cc ng dng my tnh ln
v cc ng dng my tnh c nhn trn DOS trc y. Nhng phong cch tng tc ny vn
c s dng trong mt s ng dng hin nay.
3.4. Mt s tnh nng c bit

Xc thc v phn quyn

Trong hu ht cc h thng, ngi s dng phi c xc thc trc khi h c php s

dng h thng. Ni mt cch khc, ngi s dng phi ng nhp vo h thng. Hu ht vic

79
ng nhp u yu cu tn ngi dng v mt khu. Mi ngi dng c cp mt quyn
hn s dng mt s chc nng nht nh. Ngi dng c quyn cao nht thng l ngi
qun tr h thng.

Tr gip

- Tooltip: xut hin khi ngi dng a chut vo v tr biu tng (hoc i tng) trn
mn hnh. Tooltip cha mt on m t ngn gn v chc nng th hin bi i tng tng
ng.
- Help Wizard: hng dn ngi s dng thng qua mt qu trnh phc tp bng cch a
ra mt chui cc hp i thoi yu cu ngi dng phi a ra u v v tr v phn hi ca
h thng.
- Tc t (Agents): l cc i tng phn mm c th hot ng trn nhiu ng dng phn
mm v thm ch l trn cc mng. V d nh tc t tr gip ca Microsoft (c th hiu l tr
l) cung cp mt tr l chung trong cc ng dng Office. N cho php ngi dng t cu
hi bng mt on ngn ng t nhin. on ngn ng s c thng dch bi tc t a ra
p ng ph hp. Sau , ngi dng c th la chn mt trong cc p ng chn ra ch
mc tr gip chi tit hn na.
3.5. Cch thc thit k giao din ngi dng
- Cng c: cc ngn ng lp trnh.
- Quy trnh thit k:
+ Bc 1: Lp s phn cp giao tip ngi dng hoc s dng lc bin i
trng thi
+ Bc 2: Lp bn mu i thoi v giao din ngi dng
+ Bc 3: Tham kho v tip thu kin phn hi ca ngi dng. Nu cn thit
quay tr li bc 1 v bc 2.
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Trnh by k thut thit k giao din ngi dng.
2. Trnh by cch thc thit k giao din ngi dng.

80

Chng X. Xy dng v trin khai h thng

Chng ny tp trung vo vic xy dng v trin khai h thng.
- Xy dng h thng (Systems construction) l vic pht trin, ci t v kim th cc
thnh phn ca h thng. Xy dng h thng thng c hiu v gi bng thut ng khng
ph hp l pht trin h thng (cm t ny thng c dng ni ti ton b vng i h
thng).
- Trin khai h thng (Systems implementation) l vic ci t v a ton b h thng
vo hot ng.
1. Giai on xy dng
Mc tiu ca giai on xy dng l pht trin v kim th mt h thng chc nng p
ng cc yu cu nghip v v thit k, ng thi ci t giao din gia h thng mi v h
thng c. Trong mc ny, chng ti gii thiu cc bc trong giai on xy dng ca mt
d n pht trin h thng thng thng.
1.1. Xy dng v kim th mng
Thng thng cc h thng c xy dng trn nhng mng sn c. Trong trng hp,
h thng i hi h thng mng mi th cn phi xy dng v kim th mng mi sao cho
ph hp vi chng trnh s s dng n.
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi thit k mng: Thit k kt ni LAN v WAN
+ Ngi qun tr mng xy dng v kim th: Cc chun kin trc mng v bo mt
mng.
+ Ngi phn tch h thng: ng vai tr din gii, lm n gin ho cc yu cu ca
h thng v m bo rng cc yu cu nghip v khng gy tc ng xu
1.2. Xy dng v kim th c s d liu
- Ci t lc c s d liu
- Kim th vi d liu mu
- a ra kt qu l cu trc d liu rng
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi s dng h thng: Cung cp v/hoc ph chun d liu kim th
+ Ngi thit k c s d liu v ngi lp trnh: xy dng cc bng, views, th tc
thng tr (nu l c s d liu quan h)
+ Ngi qun tr c s d liu: iu chnh c s d liu t hiu sut ti u, bo
mt v sao lu phc hi d liu.
+ Ngi phn tch h thng: Xy dng c s d liu hng ng dng v khng kt
hp. m bo vic tun theo cc yu cu nghip v

81

1.3. Ci t v kim th gi phn mm mi

- Nu h thng i hi phi c nhng phn mm c thu hoc mua v th chng cn
phi c ci t v kim th
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi phn tch h thng: lm r cc yu cu nghip v
+ Ngi thit k h thng: lm r cc yu cu tch hp
+ Ngi qun tr mng: Ci t gi phn mm
+ Ngi bn phn mm hoc ngi t vn: Tr gip ci t v kim th
+ Ngi lp trnh ng dng: Kim th da theo cc yu cu tch hp
1.4. Vit v kim th cc chng trnh mi
- Ti s dng cc thnh phn phn mm c th c trong th vin
- Vit cc thnh phn mi
- Kim th
- Ti liu ho chng trnh
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi phn tch h thng: lm r cc yu cu nghip v
+ Ngi thit k h thng: lm r cc yu cu tch hp
+ i lp trnh ng dng: Vit v kim th phn mm
- Cc mc kim th:
+ Kim th mt phn (Stub test) vic kim th c thc hin i vi mt s
mun ca chng trnh. Ni mt cch khc, l cch kim th mt tp con c lp ca
chng trnh.
+ Kim th chng trnh (Unit or program test) vic kim th c thc hin i
vi ton b mt chng trnh. Mc kim th ny c tin hnh khi cc m un c
lp trnh v vic kim th mt phn hon thnh.
+ Kim th h thng (Systems test) vic kim th c thc hin i vi ton b
h thng nhm m bo rng cc chng trnh ng dng c vit v kim th c lp u
hot ng tt khi chng c tch hp vo h thng tng hp.
2. Giai on trin khai
H thng chc nng thu c t giai on xy dng chnh l u vo then cht cho giai
on trin khai. Kt qu ca giai on trin khai l h thng hot ng l u vo ca giai
on vn hnh v bo tr trong vng i h thng. Trong mc ny, chng ti trnh by cc
bc trong giai on trin khai cho mt d n pht trin h thng thng thng.
2.1. Kim th h thng ln cui

82
- Kim tra mng, c s d liu, phn mm c mua v, phn mm mi xy dng v
phn mm c m bo rng chng u c th hat ng cng nhau.
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi phn tch h thng: Pht trin d liu kim th cho h thng.
+ Ngi xy dng h thng (lp trnh vin ng dng, lp trnh vin c s d liu v
chuyn vin mng): Gii quyt cc vn xut hin trong qu trnh kim th.
+ Ngi s hu v ngi s dng h thng, kim chng xem h thng hot ng c
chnh xc hay khng.
- Kt qu thu c c th l vic phi quay tr li giai on xy dng sa i h thng
- Lp li ti khi vic kim th h thng thnh cng
2.2. Lp k hoch chuyn i
- Ngi phn tch h thng s xy dng mt k hoch chuyn i chi tit t h thng c
sang h thng mi, trong xc ng r:
+ Cch thc ci t c s d liu
+ Cch thc o to ngi dng
+ Cc ti liu cn xy dng
+ Chin lc chuyn i
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi phn tch h thng/ngi phn tch d n: Pht trin k hoch chuyn i chi
tit
+ Ch h thng: ph chun k hoch v thi gian biu
2.3. Ci t c s d liu
- Np c s d liu mi t d liu sn c t h thng c
+ Thng thng l phi ti cu trc d liu khi np vo
+ Phi m bo rng d liu c chuyn i mt cch chnh xc
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Lp trnh vin ng dng: Vit (hoc s dng) cc chng trnh c bit trch rt
d liu t cc c s d liu sn c v np vo c s d liu mi
o Ngi phn tch v ngi thit k h thng, tnh ton kch thc c s d liu v c lng
thi gian ci t
2.4. Hun luyn ngi dng
- o to v cung cp ti liu cho ngi s dng
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi phn tch h thng: Lp k hoch o to, theo di vic o to, vit ti liu
v tr gip ngi dng trong thi gian hc.
+ Ngi s hu h thng: Ph duyt thi gian hon thin vic o to

83
+ Ngi s dng h thng, tham d kha o to v tip nhn h thng
2.5. Chuyn i sang h thng mi
- H thng c bn giao t ngi pht trin ti cho ngi dng cui
- Phn b nhim v:
+ Ngi phn tch h thng/Ngi qun l d n: Thc hin k hoch chuyn i,
iu chnh li pht sinh, nhn phn hi ca ngi dng.
+ Ngi s hu h thng/ngi s dng h thng: s dng v cung cp kin phn
hi.
CU HI CUI CHNG
1. Trnh by qu trnh xy dng h thng.
2. Trnh by cc cch thc kim th h thng.
3. Trnh by qu trnh trin khai h thng.

84

Chng XI. Vn hnh v h tr h thng

1. Tng quan
H tr h thng (Systems support) l vic h tr v mt k thut cho ngi s dng cng
nh vic bo tr sa li hoc p ng nhng yu cu mi xut hin.Vn hnh h thng
(Systems operation) l vic thc thi hng ngy ca mt h thng thng tin.
Cc hot ng h tr h thng:
- Bo tr h thng (Program maintenance) sa cc li xut hin trong qu trnh pht trin
h thng
- Phc hi h thng (System recovery) l vic phc hi li h thng v d liu sau khi xy
ra s c
- H tr k thut (Technical support) l bt k s tr gip no c cung cp cho ngi
s dng trong trng hp cn thit
- Nng cp h thng (System enhancement) l vic ci thin h thng x l cc vn
nghip v hoc vn k thut hay yu cu k thut mi
2. Bo tr h thng
Cc nguyn nhn gy li:
- Cc yu cu khng c xem xt k
- Cc yu cu khng c truyn t chnh xc
- Cc yu cu b hiu sai
- Cc yu cu hoc bn thit k b ci t khng chnh xc
- S dng sai mc ch chng trnh
Cc mc tiu ca vic bo tr h thng:
- To cc thay i d on trc i vi h thng hin c hiu chnh li
- Duy tr cc b phn vn hot ng tt ca chng trnh v trnh trng hp nhng
thay i c th gy nh hng bt li ti cc b phn
- Trnh nhiu nht c th vic lm gim hiu sut ca h thng
- Hon thnh nhim v nhanh nht trnh gim tnh tin cy ca h thng
2.1. Xc nh vn
Cc d n bo tr h thng nh thng c kch hot bi vic pht hin ra li. Hu ht
cc li u c pht hin bi ngi s dng khi h nhn thy mt s b phn ca h thng
hot ng khng chnh xc. Nhim v u tin ca ngi phn tch h thng hoc lp trnh
vin l xc nh vn . Nu ng l c li th vic bo tr phi c thc hin trn bn sao
ca chng trnh. Cn chng trnh gc vn c s dng ti khi sa xong li.
2.2. nh du chng trnh

85
Khng phi phn no ca chng trnh cng hng. Do , trc khi thc hin bt c thay
i no i vi chng trnh th cn kim th chng trnh phn nh ranh gii gia phn
chng trnh c li cn sa vi phn chng trnh c th xem xt mun hn.
2.3. Nghin cu v bt li chng trnh
Tri thc v chng trnh th c c t m ngun. c th hiu c chng trnh th
cn khng t thi gian. Hot ng ny c th b chm tr do mt s hn ch c th c sau:
- Cu trc chng trnh ti
- Lgc khng c cu trc
- Nhng hot ng bo tr khng tt trc (chng hn nh vic sa i nhanh chng
v phn m rng c thit k ti)
- M cht (l nhng cu lnh khng th thc hin c)
- Ti liu khng tt hoc khng y
2.4. Kim th chng trnh
Mt phin bn c ca chng trnh phi c kim th trc khi c a vo vn
hnh. Di y l nhng bc kim th cn thit hoc ty chn:
- Kim th b phn (Unit testing) cn thit m bo rng mt chng trnh c lp
c sa li m khng gy nh hng ngoi d on ti chng trnh.
- Kim th h thng (System testing) cn thit m bo rng ton b ng dng (trong
chng trnh c sa cha v kim th l mt phn) vn hot ng tt trn phm vi
ton h thng.
- Kim th hi quy (Regression testing) ngoi suy nh hng ca cc thay i ti hiu
sut h thng bng cch phn tch hiu sut trc v sau khi thay i.
- Kim sot phin bn (Version control) l qu trnh theo di nhng thay i c i vi
chng trnh lm thun tin vic tm hiu chng trnh v sau.
3. Phc hi h thng
S c h thng l iu khng th trnh khi. Ngi phn tch h thng thng sa li h
thng hoc hat ng nh mt cu ni gia ngi s dng v ngi c trch nhim sa li.
Cc hot ng phc hi h thng c th tm tt nh sau:
- Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi phn tch h thng c th ngi ti my tnh ca ngi
dng phc hi h thng. H c th cn phi cung cp cc ch dn hiu chnh cho ngi
dng trnh lp li s c.
- Trong mt s trng hp, ngi phn tch phi lin h vi nhn lc vn hnh h thng
sa li. iu ny thng cn thit khi h thng c s dng my ch. Thng th ngi
qun tr mng hoc qun tr vin c s d liu hay ngi qun tr web s xem xt cc vn
ca my ch.

86
- Trong mt s trng hp, ngi phn tch c th cn phi nh ngi qun tr d liu
phc hi cc tp d liu hoc c s d liu mt hoc b hng. Khi phc hi d liu nghip
v th khng ch cn khi phc c s d liu.
+ Bt c giao dch no xut hin trong khong thi gian k t ln sao lu cui cng
ti lc phc hi d liu u phi c x l li.
+ Nu s c xy ra trong khi din ra mt giao dch v giao dch c hon
thnh mt phn th bt c vic cp nht giao dch no din ra trc s c u phi c hy
b trc khi x l li ton b giao dch.
- Trong mt s trng hp, ngi phn tch c th phi nh ngi qun tr mng sa mt
li trn mng cc b hay mng din rng.
- Trong mt s trng hp, ngi phn tch c th phi nh chuyn vin k thut gii
quyt cc vn ny sinh v phn cng.
- Trong mt s trng hp, ngi phn tch s pht hin c li phn mm c th gy ra
s c. H s c gng c lp li nhanh chng n khng th gy ra s c khc. Tip theo l
vic x l li.
4. H tr k thut
Mt hot ng thng xuyn khc trong giai on h tr h thng l h tr k thut.
Cho d ngi dng c c o to tt nh th no hay cc ti liu c vit k th no th
ngi dng vn cn c s tr gip. Ngi phn tch h thng thng sn sng i yu cu
ca ngi dng. Nhng cng vic thng phi lm l:
- u n theo di vic s dng h thng
- Theo di kt qu thm d mc hi lng ca ngi dng v gp g h
- Thay i th tc nghip v cho ph hp vi hot ng ca h thng phn mm
- Cung cp thm cc hot ng o to ngi dng
- Lu li cc yu cu v tng v vic nng cp h thng
5. Nng cp h thng
Hu ht cc hot ng nng cp h thng u xut pht t vic p ng cc s kin sau:
- Cc vn v nghip v mi pht sinh: mt vn nghip v mi ny sinh khin cho
mt phn ca h thng hin ti tr nn khng s dng c hoc khng hiu qu.
- Cc yu cu nghip v mi xut hin: mt yu cu nghip v mi (v d loi bo co
hay giao dch hoc chnh sch mi) cn c duy tr gi tr s dng ca h thng hin ti.
- Cc yu cu cng ngh mi xut hin: mt quyt nh v vic s dng mt cng ngh
mi (bao gm c vic nng cp phn cng v phn mm) trong h thng hin c cn c
thc hin.
- Cc yu cu thit k mi: mt phn t h thng hin c cn thit k li khng.
5.1. Phn tch yu cu nng cp

87
Bc ny nhm xc nh cc hot ng cn thc hin p ng yu cu nng cp ca h
thng. Nhim v u tin l phn tch mt yu cu trong mi tng quan vi cc yu cu
thay i ni bt khc xc inh th t u tin.
Nu cn phi thay i ngay lp tc th yu cu c chn cn phi c nh hng gii
php ty theo loi thay i cn thc hin:
- Cc vn nghip v mi cn c hng ti phin bn thu nh ca giai on phn tch
vn . T , vic nng cp s c nh hng thng qua cc phin bn thu nh tng ng
ca cc giai on phn tch yu cu, phn tch quyt nh, thit k, xy dng v trin khai.
- Cc yu cu k thut mi cn c hng ti giai on phn tch quyt nh trc khi
din ra giai on thit k, xy dng v trin khai. Vic phn tch quyt nh s xc nh xem
liu cng ngh c xut c kh thi trong h thng mi hay khng. iu ny c bit quan
trng bi vic thay i cng ngh c th tn km v phc tp.
- Cc yu cu thit k mi phi c hng ti giai on thit k, xy dng v trin khai.
5.2. Thc hin sa cha nhanh
Mt s kiu nng cp h thng c th c thc hin nhanh chng bng cch vit nhng
chng trnh n gin mi hoc thuc hin cc thay i n gin i vi cc chng trnh
ang c. Cc chng trnh v thay i n gin c th c thc hin m khng cn phi ti
cu trc d liu (tc l thay i cu trc c s d liu), khng phi cp nht d liu hay nhp
d liu mi. Ni mt cch khc, cc chng trnh sinh ra cc bo cc v u ra mi.
5.3. Phc hi h thng vt l hin c
i khi xy ra vic h thng c nng cp nhng ti liu v n li khng c cp nht.
V c trng hp cc h thng c pht trin khng theo quy trnh nghim ngt no. Khi
, ngi phn tch c th c yu cu phc hi cu trc vt l hin c ca mt h thng
lm c s cho vic nng cp h thng v sau.

88

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Jeffrey Whitten, Lonnie Bentley, Kevin Dittman, Systems Analysis and Design Methods,
McGraw-Hill, 6th edition, 2004.
2. Prof. Nam Suh, Dr. Taesik Lee, System Design and Analysis based on AD and
Complexity Theories, 2005.
3. Ray Rankins, Paul Bertucci, Chris Gallelli, Alex T.Silverstein, Microsoft SQL Server
2005 Unleashed, Sams Publishing, 2007.
4. Nguyn Vn Ba, Phn tch v thit k cc h thng thng tin, Nh xut bn HQG H
Ni, 2003.
5. Nguyn Vn V, Phn tch v thit k cc h thng thng tin hin i, Nh xut bn
Thng k, 2002.

89

MT S THI MU

90

Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn : PHN TCH THIT K H THNG

Nm hc: x

thi s:

K duyt :

Thi gian: 90 pht

Cho bi ton qun l c miu t trong ph lc 01

Cu 1: (3 im)
Hy xy dng s phn r chc nng v biu lung d liu mc khung cnh ca h
thng.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Xy dng biu lung d liu mc nh v mc di nh cho nghip v Bn hng
ha/sn phm cho khch. (02 im)
Sau tin hnh xc nh s lin kt tp thc th ca nghip v trn(ch xt vi cc
thc th lin quan trc tip n nghip v ny). (02 im)
Cu 3: (3 im)
Thit k chi tit giao din form bn hng ha/sn phm cho khch.

----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu :
- Sinh vin khng c ghi chp vo thi, lm rch hoc hng thi;
- Np km theo bi lm sau khi ht gi.

91

Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn : PHN TCH THIT K H THNG

Nm hc: x

thi s:

K duyt :

Thi gian: 90 pht

Cho bi ton qun l c miu t trong ph lc 01

Cu 1: (3 im)
Hy xy dng s phn r chc nng v biu lung d liu mc khung cnh ca h
thng.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Xy dng biu lung d liu mc nh v mc di nh cho nghip v Bn hng
ha/sn phm cho khch. (02 im)
Sau tin hnh xc nh s lin kt tp thc th ca nghip v trn(ch xt vi cc
thc th lin quan trc tip n nghip v ny). (02 im)
Cu 3: (3 im)
Thit k chi tit giao din form tm kim dch v khch s dng trong khong thi
gian v thng bo ha n thanh ton tng hp n khch hng.

----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu :
- Sinh vin khng c ghi chp vo thi, lm rch hoc hng thi;
- Np km theo bi lm sau khi ht gi.

92

Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn : PHN TCH THIT K H THNG

Nm hc: x

thi s:

K duyt :

Thi gian: 90 pht

Cho bi ton qun l c miu t trong ph lc 01

Cu 1: (3 im)
Hy xy dng s phn r chc nng v biu lung d liu mc khung cnh ca h
thng.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Xy dng biu d liu mc nh v mc di nh nghip v Thit lp thng tin s
dng & gi c ca cc dch v. (02 im)
Sau tin hnh xc nh s lin kt tp thc th ca nghip v trn(ch xt vi cc
thc th lin quan trc tip n nghip v ny). (02 im)
Cu 3: (3 im)
Thit k chi tit giao din form cp nht v tm kim gi hin ti ca dch v.

----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu :
- Sinh vin khng c ghi chp vo thi, lm rch hoc hng thi;
- Np km theo bi lm sau khi ht gi.

93

Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn : PHN TCH THIT K H THNG

Nm hc: x

thi s:

K duyt :

Thi gian: 90 pht

Cho bi ton qun l c miu t trong ph lc 01

Cu 1: (3 im)
Hy xy dng s phn r chc nng v biu lung d liu mc khung cnh ca h
thng.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Xy dng biu d liu mc nh v mc di nh cho nghip v Thit lp thng tin
s dng & gi c ca cc dch v. (02 im)
Sau tin hnh xc nh s lin kt tp thc th ca nghip v trn(ch xt vi cc
thc th lin quan trc tip n nghip v ny). (02 im)
Cu 3: (3 im)
Thit k chi tit giao din form cp nht gi dch v v tm kim qu trnh thay i gi
ca dch v .
----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu :
- Sinh vin khng c ghi chp vo thi, lm rch hoc hng thi;
- Np km theo bi lm sau khi ht gi.

94

Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn : PHN TCH THIT K H THNG

Nm hc: x

thi s:

K duyt :

Thi gian: 90 pht

Cho bi ton qun l c miu t trong ph lc 01

Cu 1: (3 im)
Hy xy dng s phn r chc nng v biu lung d liu mc khung cnh ca h
thng.
Cu 2: (4 im)
Xy dng biu d liu mc nh v mc di nh cho nghip v Tip nhn ng k
v tr th hi vin. (02 im)
Sau tin hnh xc nh s lin kt tp thc th ca nghip v trn(ch xt vi cc
thc th lin quan trc tip n nghip v ny). (02 im)
Cu 2: (3 im)
Thit k chi tit giao din form tm kim thng tin hi vin da trn: cc thng tin v hi
vin; cc dch v m hi vin s dng.
----------------------------***HT***---------------------------Lu :
- Sinh vin khng c ghi chp vo thi, lm rch hoc hng thi;
- Np km theo bi lm sau khi ht gi.

95

PH LC 01
(Ban hnh km theo thi mn PTTKHT nm hc 2010-2011 cho kha 49)
BI TON QUN L TRUNG TM DCH V TH THAO LCH TRAY

I. Gii thiu chung

Trung tm th thao LCH TRAY kinh doanh dch v cung cp trang thit b, c s vt
cht, phng tp cho cc khu dn c trong vng. Vi mt c s vt cht hin i gm nhiu
phng tp chuyn ngnh, b bi, sn th thao, v/v., trung tm cung cp mt dch v hon
ho cho nhu cu chm sc sc khe hng ngy ca ngi dn. Khch hng n vi Trung
tm sau khi ng k hi vin c php s dng cc c s vt cht v dch v gi tr gia tng
do trung tm cung cp vi chi ph hp l.
to thun li, trung tm c mt h thng theo di ra vo khu tp luyn da trn th
m vch (Mi khi vo/ra phng no khch hng c nhim v qut th hi vin xc nh
thi gian s dng phng), bn cnh mi dch v khc c pht sinh ha n nh n ung,
mua bn trang thit b trong trung tm khch hng s thanh ton thng qua th hi vin. Cui
mi thng ha n theo di tng s c gi n cho khch hng yu cu khch thanh
ton qua chuyn khon. Khch hng no vi phm ni quy ca trung tm hoc khng thanh
ton chi ph dch v hng thng s b kha ti khon v truy t theo quy nh ca php lut.
II. Cc cng vic thng ngy ti trung tm
1. Tip nhn ng k v tr th hi vin
Khch hng mun lm hi vin ca trung tm phi n gp nhn vin l tn v
thc hin cc bc sau:
B1. Khch np bn ng k theo Mu 1
B2. Nhn vin l tn in thm cc thng tin ln mu ti cc v tr:
- S th
- Ngy ht hn
B3. Nhn vin l tn chuyn phiu ng k cho lnh o trung tm xc nhn;
B4. In th hi vin theo Mu 2;
B5. Tr th cho khch v mi s dng cc dch v ca trung tm.
2. Thit lp thng tin s dng & gi c ca cc dch v
nh k sau mt khon thi gian trung tm tin hnh cp nht li gi s dng cc
dch v ca trung tm. l chi ph tnh theo gi khi khch hng ra vo mt khu vc
no . Mi khu vc c mt mc gi ring. Qu trnh thay i gi ca mi khu vc
phi c lu tr li. Nhn vin ph trch vic ny s tin hnh theo cc bc:
B1. Lit k cc khu vc dch v hin c ca trung tm nh Mu 3;

96
B2. Cn c tnh hnh thc t xc nh cho php khu vc hot ng hay
khng hot ng;
B3. Thit lp gi s dng dch v tnh theo gi cho khu vc;
B4. Trnh lnh o trung tm xin xc nhn;
B5. Thng bo cng khai thng tin cho khch hng.
3. Theo di khch hng ra vo trung tm
Khch ra vo trung tm hoc cc khu tp luyn: Phng tp th thao, b bi, phng
dch v u phi tin hnh qut th hi vin xc nh thi gian vo s dng
dch v ti khu vc .
B1. a th vo my c th khi ra/vo mt khu vc;
B2. My t ng ghi nhn thi gian ca khch da trn thng tin trn th hi
vin;
B3. Khch nhn li th t my c th.
4. Bn sn phm/hng ha phc v khch
Trong khu hot ng ca mnh, trung tm c mt s ca hng phc v bn cc
ung, thc n, trang thit b th thao Khi khch hng c nhu cu s dng dch v
cc ca hng ny, nhn vin tc nghip theo cc bc sau:
B1. Cung cp y cc sn phm / hng ha m khch hng yu cu trong kh
nng cho php (cc sn phm/hng ha c qun l c th gm cc thng tin tn sn
phm/hng ha, gi bn, khuyn mi nu c).
B2. Lp ha n tnh chi ph cho khch hng theo Mu 4.
B3. Yu cu khch hng qut th hi vin vo my bn hng thanh ton cho
ha n va in.
B4. Cm n v tm bit khch hng.
5. Tng hp tnh hnh s dng dch v trong ngy
nm bt tnh hnh s dng dch v trong ngy, cui mi ngy lnh o trung
tm tin hnh lp cc bo co theo Mu 5 lu tr.
6. Pht hnh ha n thu ph dch v tng hp
Cui thng nhn vin trung tm s tin hnh gi ha n thu ph dch v theo cc
bc sau:
B1. Nhn vin nghip v tng hp chi tit dch v s dng trong thng theo
Mu 6.
B2. Lp v chuyn pht ha n n cho khch hng theo email & a ch
ng k.
B3. Ch khch hng chuyn khon chi ph
B4. Theo di & nh du nhng khch hng chuyn tr chi ph

97
7. Thc hin theo di vi phm v hy t cch hi vin
Nhn vin trung tm c trch nhim thng xuyn theo di v lu li cc vi phm
ca khch hng tin hnh x l theo cc bc:
B1. Thu thp v ghi nhn chng c vi phm ca khch hng (ngy vi phm, ni
dung vi phm, mc vi phm c tnh bng im t 1 n 10, tin pht = mc *
n gi pht).
Cc vi phm c quy nh trc trong ni quy ca trung tm (bao gm tn vi
phm, n gi pht)
B2. Tm nh ch hot ng ca th hi vin trong 15 ngy nu tng mc vi
phm ln qu 20.
B3. Thng bo n khch hng cc li vi phm v yu cu n thanh ton cc
li vi phm.
B4. Sau 15 ngy nu khch hng khng khc phc vi phm th dng hn t cch
hi vin
B5. i vi cc vi phm nghim trng m khch hng khng khc phc th lp h
s chuyn cho n v php lut c thm quyn.
III. Cc mu vn bn.
1. Mu 1: Phiu ng k hi vin
Trung tm th thao LCH TRAY

PHIU NG K HI VIN
Phn khch ghi thng tin
nh 4x6
1. H v tn: 2. Gii tnh: Nam N
3. Ngy sinh: .. 4. CMND: ..
5. Dn tc:... 6. Tn gio:.
7. a ch thng tr:
8. in thoi:... 9. Email:..
10. Thi gian tp luyn mong mun: Sng Chiu Ti
Ph duyt
Ngi tip nhn
Phn trung tm ghi thng tin:
11. M s th c cp:
12. Ngy ht hn:..

Ngi ng k

98

2. Mu 2: Th hi vin
Trung tm th thao LCH TRAY
TH HI VIN

nh 4x6

H v tn:
Ngy sinh:
Cp ngy: Ht hn:.
M S:...

|||

3. Mu 3: Bng gi s dng khu vc tp luyn

BNG GI S DNG DCH V
Gi/gi

Tn khu vc

Stt

VN

1.

Phng tp th hnh N1 n N7

30.000

2.

Phng tp th dc thm m M1 n M3

25.000

3.

B bi

15.000

4.

Sn Tennis T1 n T6

25.000

5.

Sn Tennis VIP V1 n V3

50.000

6.

Sn bng trong nh B1 n B4

30.000

7.

Phng chi bng bn

30.000

Lu : Gi trn cha bao gm VAT

4. Mu 4: Ha n mua hng
Trung tm th thao LCH TRAY
Ha n s: A223200
Stt Hng
1

Kem Merino

2 Lavie

Tng cng:

Ngy: 10/01/2010

S lng

n gi

7.000

2.500

Thnh tin
14.000
2.500

16.500

Thu VAT (5%):

825

S tin phi tr:

17.325

99

5. Mu 5: Bo co mc khai thc cc khu vc tp luyn trong ngy

Trung tm th thao LCH TRAY
BO CO MC KHAI THC
Ngy: ..
S gi
Stt

Khu vc
Sng

S ngi ti a

B bi

Chiu

50

Ti

100

Sng
25

Chiu
35

Ti

55

26

Ngi lp

6. Mu 6: Ha n thanh ton tng hp c chi tit km theo

Trung tm th thao LCH TRAY
HA N THNG
1. Thng tin khch hng
S th: .
Khch hng:
a ch:..
2. Thng tin Trung tm:
Tn: Trung tm th thao ASANIC
a ch: s 484 Lch Tray, Ng Quyn, Hi Phng.
lp
trng1019203949573
n v
STh
ti khon:
ti NgnNgi
hng Techcombank
chi nhnh HP Khch hng
3.V
Hnh
thanh
ton:
d:thc
Bng
k chi
titChuyn khon

Bng k chi tit

4. Loi tin: VN

Tncn
dch
v /ton:
mt .
Ngy
5. Tng s tin
thanh
Stt

M t

hng

Chi tit s dng dch v xem bng nh km

Chi ph

1.

B bi

10/01/2010

1 gi [7h30-8h30]

15.000

2.

Phng tp th hnh

10/01/2010

0.5

15.000

5h0]

gi

[4h30-

100
3.

Kem Merino

10/01/2010

1 chic

7.000

4.

Nc Lavie

10/01/2010

1 chai

2.500

5.

Giy tp th thao

10/01/2010

1 i

11/01/2010

1 gi [8h30-9h30]

30.000

11/01/2010

[9h30-

15.000

TNG CNG

434.500

350.000

Nike
6.

Phng bng trong

nh

7.

B bi

gi

10h30]
8.
9.