Hng dn s dng phn mm Geogebra

Chu giai Cc nt cng c ca Geogebra

I. Menu ng cnh: Right Click vo i tng hnh hc s xut hin mt menu m ta gi l menu ng cnh (Thng tin chi tit v menu ng cnh s c trnh by chng Qu tch).
im A H to cc. Hin th i tng Hin th tn i tng To vt i tn nh ngha li Xo Thuc tnh cc i tng

Menu ng cnh

9. Hp thoi thuc tnh: * Double click vo i tng s xut hin hp thoi thuc tnh cc i tng hin th trong bn v:

y l hp thoi thuc tnh ca cc i tng, gi tt l Hp thoi thuc tnh

* Ta cn c th click vo th properties menu ng cnh cng s xut hin hp thoi thuc tnh. (Thng tin chi tit v hp thoi thuc tnh s c trnh by chng Qu tch). II. Cc nt cng c ca Geogebra:

1. Trn thanh cng c ca Geogebra c 9 nt cng c:

Mi nt cng c c mt chc nng khc nhau, cc nt cng c cn l ni lm xut hin trnh n cha mt nhm cng c khc dng hnh. Mun s dng cc cng c khc ca nhm ta click vo du (nm pha di bn phi ca cc nt cng c trn) s c mt trnh n ta chn. Khi ni: Click nt cng c thanh cng c c nt hoc ta phi hiu: Nu trn

th ta click vo , nu trn thanh cng c khng c nt th ta phi click vo trn trnh

du ca nt cng c i din v sau click vo v tr n. 2. 3. i 4. 5. ch to thm mt hoc nhiu im mi. ch to giao im ca 2 i tng. ch chn 1 i tng, hoc di chuyn mt i tng

di chuyn mt i tng quay quanh 1 im vi khong cch khng thay

6. ch tm trung im ca 1 on thng (hoc im chnh gia ca 2 im), tm ca cung trn, ng trn, ng cnic. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. vector cho trc. ch v ng thng i qua 2 im. ch v 1 on thng i qua 2 im. ch v 1 on thng i qua 1 im, c di cho trc. ch v 1 tia i qua 2 im. ch to 1 vector i qua 2 im. ch to 1 vector i qua 1 im, song song v bng 1

13. 13. 14. thng (c th l on thng). 15. 16. thng) v i qua 1 im cho trc. 17. 18. cho trc. 19. 20. trc. 21. trc. 22. 23. knh). 24. 25. im u mt cung. 26. 27. trong c 2 im u mt cung.

ch to 1 a gic n cnh. ch to 1 a gic u n cnh. ch to ng vung gc i qua 1 im v vung gc vi 1 ng

ch to ng trung trc ca 1 on thng cho trc. ch to cc ng thng song song vi 1 ng thng (c th l on

ch to cc ng phn gic ca 1 gc. ch to cc ng thng i qua 1 im v tip xc vi 1 i tng

ch to dng ng ng cc. ch to ng trn i qua 1 im v c tm cho

ch to ng trn i qua tm v bn knh cho

ch to ng trn i qua 3 im. ch to na vng trn qua 2 im (2 mt ng

ch to cung trn bit tm v 2 im. ch to cung trn i qua 3 im, trong c 2

ch to qut trn bit tm v 2 im. ch to 1 qut trn i qua 3 im thuc cung trn

28. 29. 30.

ch to 1 ng conic i qua 5 im. ch v, nh du cc gc bt k. ch v, nh du cc gc vi s o cho trc.

31. ch o chu vi mt hnh, o di cung trn, o khong cch gia hai im (hoc gia mt im vi mt ng thng hoc gia hai ng thng), 32. 33. 34. ch o din tch ca a gic, ng trn, qut trn, elip, ch o h s gc ca ng thng. ch to hp kim tra s n hin ca i tng.

35. ch khi to cc gi tr s, di hoc gc c th bin i trn thanh cun ngay trn mn hnh (gi l slider) 36. quan h cho trc. 37. 38. 39. quay) bi 1 gc. 40. mt vc t. 41. im bi mt t s. 42. 43. 44. ch to t ng cc hnh sinh bi s chuyn ng ca 1 s im c ch thc hin php i xng mt i tng qua tm. ch thc hin php i xng mt i tng qua 1 trc. ch thc hin php quay mt i tng quanh 1 im (tm

ch thc hin php bin i tnh tin mt i tng theo

ch thc hin php bin i v t mt i tng t mt

ch chn v iu chnh mt vn bn vo mn hnh. ch chn v iu chnh hnh nh t cc tp nh vo bn v. ch xc nh mi tng quan gia hai i tng.

45. 46. 47. 48. hnh 49.

ch dch chuyn ton b cc i tng trn bn v. ch phng to hnh v trn mn hnh. ch thu nh hnh v trn mn hnh. ch cho php chn n hoc hin cc i tng hnh hc trn mn

ch cho php chn n hoc hin tn i km i tng.

50. ch cho php sao chp cc thuc tnh th hin (mu sc, rng,...) ca 1 i tng sang cc i tng khc 51. ch cho php xo cc i tng trn mn hnh.

DNG HNH (CONSTRUCT)

I. Chn i tng Di chuyn i tng: 1. Chn i tng: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo i tng cn chn. i tng sau khi chn c nt m hn. * Mt i tng c nhiu yu t, mun chn yu t no th click vo yu t . * Khi ta click vo v tr ca i tng cn chn m chng trng nhau th s xut hin hp thoi ta click vo tn i tng cn chn. 2. Chn nhiu i tng: * Click nt cng c hoc . * To ra mt hnh ch nht bao trm ln cc i tng cn chn bng cch: Click vo nh gc vung pha tri, bn trn hnh ch nht ri drag theo ng cho n nh gc vung pha phi, bn di hnh ch nht (hoc click vo nh gc vung pha phi, bn trn hnh ch nht ri drag theo ng cho n nh gc vung pha tri, bn di hnh ch nht. 3. Di chuyn i tng bt k n v tr khc trn bn v: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo i tng cn di chuyn, sau drag i tng n v tr mi. * Mt i tng c nhiu yu t, mun di chuyn yu t no th click vo yu t . V d khi v mt ng trn i qua mt im v c tm cho trc th ta c: tm, ng trn v im thuc ng trn.

- Khi chn di chuyn tm th im thuc ng trn khng di chuyn v ng trn ph thuc tm v im trn ng trn. - Khi chn di chuyn im thuc ng trn th tm khng di chuyn v ng trn ph thuc tm v im trn ng trn. - Khi chn di chuyn ng trn th tm v im trn ng trn di chuyn theo v chu vi ng trn khng thay i. * Nu i tng a ph thuc i tng b th i tng a ch di chuyn c trn i tng b. V d im A thuc ng thng d th khi di chuyn im A vn lun lun trn d. 4. Di chuyn mt im quay quanh mt im c nh: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo im cn c nh, sau click vo im cn di chuyn v drag im quay quanh im c nh. Khi quay khong cch 2 im khng thay i. 5. Di chuyn ton b cc i tng trn bn v: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Drag vo bt k v tr no trn bn v di chuyn n. Khi i tng di chuyn th nhng g c lin quan n i tng ca s i s (Algebra window) cng thay i theo. Mun hu bt k lnh no ca Geogebra ta ch cn click nt cng c II. Dng im: 1. Dng im: .

* Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo v tr cn dng im, click bao nhiu ln trn bn v th c by nhiu im. * Trng hp click trn mt i tng khc th im thuc i tng . * Algebra window hin th to ca im dng (phn free objects) 2. Dng giao im: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo hai i tng cn tm giao im. (i tng trong trng hp ny l: on thng, tia, ng thng, ng trn, conic, th ca hm s). * Algebra window hin th to giao im dng (phn dependent objects) 3. Dng trung im: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click mt on thng xut hin trung im. * Nu click vo 2 im bt k ( c hoc cha c trn bn v) th trung im ca on thng ni hai im s c to ra. * Algebra window hin th to trung im dng (phn dependent objects)

4. Dng tm cung trn, ng trn, ng cnic: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click mt cung trn (ng trn, ng cnic) xut hin tm. * Algebra window hin th to tm dng (phn dependent objects) III. Dng ng thng, on thng, tia, vector: 1. Dng ng thng qua hai im: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo 2 im bt k ( c hoc cha c trn bn v) th s c ng thng i qua hai im . * Nu hai im click trn i tng no th hai im chnh l giao im ca ng thng vi i tng . * Algebra window hin th: - To ca hai im thuc ng thng (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng thng (phn dependent object). 2. Dng on thng ni hai im: * Tng t nh dng ng thng ta click nt cng c hoc

dng on thng. Hai im tu chn chnh l 2 mt ca on thng. * Algebra window hin th: - To ca hai im hai mt ca on thng (phn free objects). - di on thng (phn dependent object). 3. Dng on thng i qua 1 im v c di cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo 1 im bt k hoc 1 im c trn bn v s xut hin hp thoi. * Nhp di ca on thng vo hp thoi. Click kt thc. * Algebra window hin th: - To ca hai im hai mt ca on thng (phn free objects). - di on thng khng i (phn dependent object). 4. Dng tia qua hai im: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo 2 im bt k ( c hoc cha c trn bn v) th s c tia i qua hai im v nhn im chn trc lm gc. * Algebra window hin th: - To ca hai im thuc tia, im u l gc tia (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng thng cha tia (phn dependent object).

5. Dng vector ni hai im: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo 2 im bt k ( c hoc cha c trn bn v) th s c vector ni hai im v nhn im chn trc lm gc (im u) v im chn sau lm ngn (im cui). * Algebra window hin th: - To im u v im cui ca vector (phn free objects). - To ca vector (phn dependent object). 6. Dng vector i qua 1 im v bng mt vector cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo im m vector i qua v vector cho trc. (khng cn theo th t nhng c im v vector phi c trc) * Algebra window hin th: - To im cui ca vector (phn dependent object). - To ca vector (phn dependent object). IV. Dng a gic n cnh: 1. Dng a gic n cnh bt k: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo v tr cc nh a gic ta cn dng. * kt thc vic dng a gic ta click vo nh u tin. Nu khng thc hin ng tc ny th hnh ta thu c ch l cc nh ca a gic. * Algebra window hin th: - To cc nh a gic (phn free objects) - di cc cnh v din tch a gic (phn dependent object). 2. Dng a gic u n cnh: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo v tr hai nh lin tip ca a gic s xut hin hp thoi. .

* Nhp s cnh ca a gic u vo hp thoi. Click kt thc. * Algebra window hin th: - To hai nh a gic chn trc (phn free objects). - To cc nh cn li, di cc cnh v din tch a gic (phn dependent object). V. Dng cc ng c bit: 1. Dng ng thng i qua 1 im v vung gc vi mt ng thng cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo im ( c hoc to mi) v ng thng cho trc. Khng yu cu theo th t. * Algebra window hin th: - To im to mi (nu c) (phn free objects).

- Phng trnh ng thng va dng (phn dependent object). 2. Dng ng thng i qua 1 im v song song vi mt ng thng cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo im ( c hoc to mi) v ng thng cho trc. Khng yu cu theo th t. * Algebra window hin th: - To im to mi (nu c) (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng thng song song va dng (phn dependent object). 3. Dng ng trung trc ca mt on thng: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo on thng (hoc 2 im c hoc 2 im to mi) cn dng ng trung trc. * Algebra window hin th: - To hai im to mi (nu c) (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng trung trc va dng (phn dependent object). 4. Dng ng phn gic ca mt gc: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo 2 tia (hoc 2 ng thng hoc 2 on thng) to thnh gc th ta s c c hai ng phn gic trong v ngoi ca gc . * Nu click vo 3 im to thnh gc (im th hai l nh ca gc, im th nht v im th ba trn 2 tia ca 2 cnh ca gc) th ta c ng phn gic trong ca gc . * Algebra window hin th: - To ba im to mi (nu c) (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng phn gic va dng (phn dependent object). 5. Dng tip tuyn ca mt ng trn: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo ng trn v mt im ngoi ng trn ( c hoc to mi) th ta s c 2 ng tip tuyn k t im n ng trn. * Nu click vo ng trn v 1 im trn ng trn ( c hoc to mi) th ta s c 1 tip tuyn vi ng trn k t im . * Nu click vo ng trn v 1 im trong ng trn th ta s khng c nghim hnh. * Algebra window hin th: - To im to mi (nu c) (phn free objects). - Phng trnh cc ng tip tuyn va dng (phn dependent object). 6. Dng ng ng cc ca mt im i vi ng trn: * Click nt cng c hoc . * Click vo ng trn v mt im tu th ta s c ng ng cc ca mt im i vi ng trn. * Algebra window hin th:

- To im to mi (nu c) (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng ng cc va dng (phn dependent object). IV. Dng ng trn, cung trn, qut trn, conic: 1. Dng ng trn i qua 1 im v c tm cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo 2 im bt k, im u tin l tm ng trn, im th hai l im thuc ng trn. * Algebra window hin th: - To tm v im thuc ng trn (to mi) (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng trn va dng (phn dependent objects). 2. Dng ng trn c tm v bn knh cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click 1 im bt k ( c hoc to mi, im l tm ng trn). * Nhp di bn knh ng trn vo bng ri nhn . ng trn c tm v bn knh cho trc khng thay i hnh dng khi ta di chuyn bt k yu t no ca ng trn. * Algebra window hin th: - To tm (nu to mi) ng trn (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng trn va dng (phn dependent objects). 3. Dng ng trn i qua 3 im: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo 3 im khng thng hng bt k (c ba im u thuc ng trn). * Algebra window hin th: - To 3 im (nu to mi) thuc ng trn (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng trn va dng (phn dependent objects). 4. Dng na ng trn i qua hai im: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click 2 im bt k (c sn hoc to mi, l 2 u ca ng knh). * Algebra window hin th: - To 2 im (nu to mi) hai u ng knh (phn free objects). - di na ng trn (phn dependent objects). 5. Dng cung trn i qua hai im v c tm cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click 3 im bt k (im th nht l tm, im th hai l u mt ca cung trn, im th ba trn tia c gc l tm v i qua mt th hai ca cung trn). * Algebra window hin th: - To 3 im trnh by trn (nu to mi) (phn free objects). - di cung trn (phn dependent objects).

6. Dng cung trn i qua 3 im: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click 3 im bt k.(c 3 im u thuc cung trn, im th nht v im th ba hai u mt ca cung). * Algebra window hin th: - To 3 im trnh by trn (nu to mi) (phn free objects). - di cung trn (phn dependent objects). 7. Dng qut trn bit tm v 2 im thuc qut trn: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click 3 im bt k (im th nht l tm, im th hai l u mt ca cung trn thuc hnh qut, im th ba trn tia c gc l tm v i qua mt th hai ca cung trn hnh qut). * Algebra window hin th: - To 3 im trnh by trn (nu to mi) (phn free objects). - Din tch qut trn (phn dependent objects). 8. Dng qut trn qua 3 im: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click 3 im bt k.(c 3 im u thuc qut trn, im th nht v im th ba hai u mt ca cung, im th hai trn cung trn thuc hnh qut). * Algebra window hin th: - To 3 im trnh by trn (nu to mi) (phn free objects). - Din tch qut trn (phn dependent objects). 9. Dng conic i qua 5 im: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click 5 im bt k thuc cnic. (tu theo v tr ca 5 im conic c th l: elip, parabol hoc hyperbol, ). * Algebra window hin th: - To 5 im trnh by trn (nu to mi) (phn free objects). - Phng trnh ng cnic (phn dependent objects). V. Dng gc: 1. Dng mt gc: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo 2 tia bt k (hoc hai ng thng hoc hai on thng), th ta s c du gc v tn gc hin ra (c th km theo s o ca gc) giao im ca chng (nh ca gc). * Click vo 3 im bt k, th ta s c du gc v tn gc hin ra (c th km theo s o ca gc) im ta chn th hai (nh ca gc). * Algebra window hin th: - To ba im thuc gc (phn free objects).

- ln ca gc (phn dependent objects). 2. Dng mt gc c s o cho trc: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo mt on thng bt k (hoc 2 im bt k). Nu l on thng th nh l mt ca on thng dng trc, trng hp chn 2 im th im th hai l nh. * Nhp s o gc. C 2 la chn: counter clockwise (ngc chiu kim ng h); clockwise (chiu kim ng h). Ta mun tia cn li ca gc pha no th ta click vo la chn . * Nhn kt thc vic dng gc. * Algebra window hin th: - To hai im hoc hai mt on thng thuc gc dng trc (phn free objects). - ln ca gc, to im th ba ca gc (phn dependent objects). VI. o c: 1. o chu vi ca mt hnh, di cung trn: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo hnh cn o chu vi hoc cung trn cn o di th ta s c khung vn bn ghi s o chu vi ca mt hnh hoc di cung trn . * Khi dng on thng (hoc cnh a gic) th di ca chng hin th phn dependent objects. * Algebra window hin th: Chu vi ca hnh hoc di on thng (phn dependent objects). 2. o khong cch gia hai im, khong cch gia mt im vi 1 ng thng, khong cch gia hai ng thng: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo 2 im cn o khong cch (hoc 1 im vi 1 ng thng, hoc 2 ng thng) th ta s c khung vn bn ghi khong cch cn o. * Algebra window hin th: Khong cch cn o (phn dependent objects). 3. o din tch ca a gic, ng trn, qut trn, elip, : * Click nt cng c hoc .

* Click vo hnh cn o din tch th ta s c khung vn bn ghi din tch ca hnh * Algebra window hin th: - Din tch cn o (phn dependent objects). 4. o h s gc ca ng thng : * Click nt cng c hoc .

* Click vo ng thng cn tm h s gc ta s c khung vn bn ghi h s gc ng thng * Algebra window hin th: H s gc ng thng (phn dependent objects).

VII. Chn vn bn: 1. Chn vn bn:Mun chn mt vn bn vo bn v ta lm nh sau: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo bt k mt v tr no trong bn v. Nu ta click vo mt im th vn bn cn chn c chc nng nh mt label. * Nhp vn bn cn chn. Nhn , lc vn bn c chn vo bn v. 2. Chn vn bn ng: + Khi ta mun n (hide) ca s i s v hin th mt vi s liu ca ca s i s ca s hnh hc th ta phi chn mt vn bn, trong vn bn ny s c nhng gi tr thay i khi cc i tng hnh hc di chuyn, ta gi l vn bn ng. + Mun chn mt vn bn ng vo bn v ta lm nh sau: * Click nt cng c hoc ri click vo bt k mt v tr no trong bn v s xut hin khung ta ng nhp vn bn. * Nhp vn bn (khng thay i), ri click vo mt gi tr trong danh sch i tng ca s i s (gi tr ny s thay i khi i tng hnh hc di chuyn), sau nhn apply. V d: Mun chn mt vn bn ca s hnh hc hin th di ca on thng AB ( hin th ca s i s a = 2,34) ta lm lm xut hin khung ng nhp vn bn v nhp: a = , sau click vo v tr a = 2,34 ca s i s ta s c c vn bn hin th ca s hnh hc: a = 2,34 ; gi tr ny s thay i khi hai im A v B di chuyn. + Ta cng c th chn mt vn bn ng vo bn v ta lm nh sau: * Lm xut hin khung ng nhp vn bn nh trn. * Nhp vo khung vn bn theo c php: vn bn thng + tn i tng hnh hc. Lc trn ca s hnh hc s xut hin vn bn thng v gi tr ca i tng hnh hc. V d: Nh v d trn ta nhp vo khung vn bn: a = + a , sau nhn apply, ta cng thu c kt qu nh trn. VIII. Chn hnh nh: 1. Chn hnh nh: Mun chn mt hnh nh vo bn v ta lm nh sau: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo bt k mt v tr no trong bn v. Nu ta click vo mt im th hnh nh cn chn gn lin vi im . * Tm file cn chn. Nhn open, lc hnh nh c chn vo bn v. 2. Cc thuc tnh ca nh: V tr ca nh c xc nh bng ba im ba gc ca hnh:

* Gc th nht: gc tri bn di nh, gc ny dng di chuyn nh. * Gc th hai: gc phi bn di nh, gc ny chnh chiu rng ca nh. * Gc th t: gc tri bn trn nh, gc ny chnh chiu cao ca nh. Mun thay i v tr v kch thc ca nh ta c 2 cch sau: Cch 1: * Dng ba im chnh l ba gc ca nh ( trnh by trn). * Chn hnh nh vo ti im th nht (gc nh th nht). * Right click vo nh chn s xut hin menu ng cnh. * Click s xut hin hp thoi thuc tnh ca cc i tng, click vo th position nh v cho 3 gc nh (corner 1; corner 2; corner 4). * Click th close, lc nh s l mt hnh bnh hnh nhn 3 im dng lm 3 nh ca n. Cch 2: * Dng mt im (hoc c sn) chnh l gc th nht ca nh. * Chn hnh nh vo ti im va dng (gc nh th nht). * Right click vo nh chn s xut hin menu ng cnh. * Click s xut hin hp thoi thuc tnh ca cc i tng, click vo th position nh v cho 3 gc nh. * Nhp vo corner 2 v corner 4 nh v cho hai nh cn li theo c php: tn gc nh th nht + (x; y). * Click th close, lc nh s l mt hnh bnh hnh nhn 3 im dng lm 3 nh ca n. X. Mi tng quan gia hai i tng: Mun bit hai i tng c bng nhau khng ta lm nh sau: * Click nt cng c hoc * Click vo hai i tng cn xc nh mi quan h. * Mn hnh s xut hin bng thng bo v mi quan h gia hai i tng . XI. Trnh din cc bc dng hnh: trnh din cc bc dng hnh ca bn tho ta tin hnh cc bc sau: 1. Bc 1: Cho hin th thanh iu hng cc bc dng hnh, nt play, nt hin th bn tho dng hnh: * Click vo trnh n view. * nh du vo cc mc: Navigation bar for construction steps; Play button v Button to open construction protocol bng cch click vo cc mc . 2. Bc 2: iu khin cc nt lnh trnh din theo nhu cu ca mnh.
Tr li bc dng trc Tr li bc dng hnh u tin. Hin th bc dng k tip Hin th bc dng cui cng Hin th bn tho cc bc dng hnh

Th t bc dng / Tng s bc dng.

Trnh din cc bc dng hnh

Thi gian gia hai bc dng (tnh bng giy)

Geogebra 4.0 mi vi nhiu tnh nng t ph mnh lit

1. im trong a gic v hnh trn
Trong cc phin bn trc y ca Geogebra, chng ta khng th to ra mt im chuyn ng t do bn trong mt tam gic hay hnh trn. Gi y vi Geogebra 4.0, chng ta c th d dng thc hin c iu ny. Trn thanh cng c chng ta d dng nhn thy nt cng c mi chuyn ng t do bn trong mt i tng (khp kn) khc. , chnh l cng c cho php to ra mt im

To i tng bn trong mt a gic

Sau khi dng cng c a gic to ra mt a gic (khp kn) bt k trn mt phng:

Sau s dng cng c bn trong a gic ny.

, nhy chut bt k vo bn trong hnh a gic s to ra cc im ch chuyn ng c

Hnh nh 3 im E, F, G chuyn ng bn trong t gic ABCD. Cc im ny c khi to bi cng c

To i tng chuyn ng bn trong mt hnh trn

Vi cng c trn chng ta cng c th to cc im chuyn ng t do bn trong mt hnh trn bt k. Cc bc nh sau: - Dng cng c vng trn to ra mt vng trn bt k nh hnh di y.

Mc nh cc vng trn to ra s c nn l rng. thay i nn ca hnh trn, hy nhy chut phi ln vng trn, xut

hin bng chn nh hnh sau:

Nhy chn Thuc tnh. Xut hin giao din thuc tnh vng trn nh hnh di y.

Nhy TAB Kiu, ti v tr Tnh chn sng, nhy chut r thc o sang phi 1 to l . Nhy nt ng. Khi hnh trn c dng nh hnh sau:

By gi hy dng cng c

to ra cc im chuyn ng t do trn hnh trn nh hnh di y.

Sau khi to xong cc im cn tm, vo li ca s thuc tnh ca hnh trn v im khin kiu nn (trnh chn sng) v 0. Ta thu c hnh sau:

Nh vy ta to c cc im chuyn ng t do bn trong mt hnh trn bt k.

To i tng chuyn ng bn trong mt hnh ellipse

Cc thao tc to i tng im chuyn ng bn trong hnh ellipse tng t nh vi hnh trn. Qui trnh nh sau:

- To hnh ellipse mc nh. - Thay i kiu nn ca hnh ellipse c chn sng > 0 bt k.

- S dng cng c

to ra cc im chuyn ng bn trong ellipse.

- Thay i kiu nn ca ellipse c chn sng v 0.

2. im chuyn ng t ng trn on, ng thng v ng cong

Trong rt nhiu bi ton hnh hc cn quan st s chuyn ng ca mt hnh hay mt i tung no khi yu cu mt im chuyn ng trn mt ng thng hay cong. Cc bi ton qu tch l mt v d in hnh ca yu cu ny. Trong cc phin bn trc y ca Geogebra cha c chc nng iu khin chuyn ng t ng ca mt im trn mt i tng khc l on, ng thng, ng cong. Mun thc hin cng vic ny phi thng qua mt i tng th 3 l Slide. Nhng nay t phin bn mi Geogebra 4.0 tr i chc nng ny c a vo phn mm. Sau y l gii thiu nhanh tnh nng quan trng ny ca phn mm Geogebra 4.0.

Thit lp / t ch chuyn ng t ng ca im trn on, ng thng v cong

Geogebra 4 h tr chc nng cho 1 im t ng chuyn ng trn 1 i tng khc trong cc trng hp sau: - im trn on thng / vector. - im trn tia hoc ng thng. - im trn vng trn hay cung trn. - im trn ng cong nh ellipse, parabol hay hyperbol. - im trn mt th hm s bt k. thit lp ch t ng chuyn ng ca im trn mt i tng khc ta thc hin nh sau: - Nhy chut phi ln im, mt bng chn xut hin, nhy vo dng Hiu ng trn.

Sau lnh trn im ny s t ng chuyn ng trn i tng.

Dng / Stop chuyn ng t ng

V nguyn tc kt thc chuyn ng ca mt im, chng ta c th thc hin li thao tc trn, nhy chut phi ln im (ang chuyn ng) v chn, hy Hiu ng trn. Tuy nhin thao tc ny rt kh v im ang chuyn ng nhanh, rt kh nhy chut phi chnh xc ln im ny. C 1 cch khc n gin hn nh sau: - Bm t hp phm Ctrl-E, hay lnh Chnh sa ---> Thuc tnh t thc n chnh ca phn mm.

- Xut hin hp hi thoi Thuc tnh nh sau.

Dng chut chn i tng im trong danh sch bn tri v trong ca s bn phi nhy chut hy chn ti v tr Hiu ng trn.

3. Qu tch
Cng c Qu tch mi c a vo t phin bn mi Geogebra 4.0. y l cng c kh quen thuc thng c trong cc phn mm hnh hc ng khc (v d c trong phn mm Cabri 2 plus). Cng c ny nm ti v tr:

 ngha ca cng c ny nh sau: Gi s cn tm qu tch ca i tng A (thng thng A l mt im). Qu tch ca A c xc nh khi c mt im B no c dch chuyn t do trn mt i tng no (v d on thng, tia, ng thng, ng cong, ....). Thng thng bi ton qu tch ny c thc hin ging dy trn phn mm nh sau: - t vt cho im A (khi di chuyn, im A s to ra 1 vt trn mt phng. - GV thc hin thao tc cho im B chuyn ng t do trn i tng ca mnh (c th dng chut to chuyn ng trc tip hoc cho B t ng chuyn ng), khi A s chuyn ng v v ra mt ng cong trn mt phng, chnh l qu tch cn tm.

Tuy nhin cng c qu tch Cng c

m ti mun gii thiu hm nay c 1 ngha v vai tr khc bit.

c chc nng to ra cc i tng hnh hc chnh l cc qu tch no ca hnh ny. Trong v d va

nu, cng c khng ch v th hin ng qu tch ca im A v n cn to ra hn mt i tng hnh hc mi: chnh l qu tch ca im A khi B chuyn ng t do. i tng qu tch ny c k hiu l: Quitich[B, A] hay Locus[B, A]. thc hin vic to i tng qu tch ca A chng ta cn thc hin ln lt cc bc sau:

- Chn cng c qu tch

- Nhy chut ln im A (chn im s to ra qu tch).

- Nhy chut ln im B (chn im l nguyn nhn xut pht ca qu tch). minh ha r hn chng ta cng lm bi tp sau: Cho 1 ng trn tm O v ng thng d nm ngoi ng trn. Mt im C chuyn ng t do trn vng trn. ng thng OC ct d ti E. Tm qu tch trung im I ca CE.

Chng ta s s dng cng c

tm v v qu tch ca im I. Cch lm nh sau:

- Chn cng c qu tch

- Nhy chut ln im I (l im to qu tch). - Nhy chut ln im C (l im gc xut pht ca qu tch). Sau lnh trn chng ta s thy xut hin trn mn hnh 1 ng cong chnh l qu tch ca I. C th thao tc vi i tng qu tch ny nh cc i tng khc trong hnh, v d c th i mu cho ng qu tch ny nh hnh sau.

Trong Danh sch cc i tng ca hnh hin thi, qu tch ny s hin trong mc cc i tng ph nh hnh di y.

Nh vy cc i tng qu tch c khi to bi cng c tng khc.

s l mt i tng hnh hc bnh thng nh cc i

Chng ta c th to cc im chuyn ng t do trn cc ng qu tch ny, c th v ng vung gc, song song, tip tuyn, ... Thm ch c th v c qu tch ca qu tch. chnh l ngha ca cng c mi qu tch ny ca phn mm Geogebra 4.0.

4. a gic cht (mnh ghp a gic)

a gic cht (rigid polygon) l mt cng c mi c c a vo Geogebra t phin bn 4.0. y l mt cng c tuyt vi c nhiu ng dng trong thc t ging dy Ton trong nh trng ph thng. V tr ca cng c ny trn thanh cng c ca phn mm:

 ngha ca cng c a gic cht

Cng c ny cho php khi to cc a gic gn tng t nh cng c a gic. im khc bit l cc a gic ny sau khi c khi to s l "cht" theo ngha khng th iu chnh, thay i v tr tng i gia cc nh c na. Ch c th thc hin c cc thao tc dch chuyn v xoay ton b a gic. Hay ni cch khc, a gic cht sau khi c khi to s khng th thay i hnh dng c na.

Thao tc to cc i tng l a gic cht

Thao tc khi to a gic cht hon ton tng t nh vi a gic thng: dng chut ln lt nhy chn cc im l nh ca a gic trn mt phng, kt thc khi nhy chut li vo im u tin. Kt qu a gic cht hin nh hnh di y, ch c 2 im u v im th hai l hin trn mn hnh, cc nh trung gian s n hon ton.

iu chnh a gic cht

i vi a gic cht ch cho php thc hin 2 thao tc sau: - Dch chuyn hnh: nhy v r chut ln nh u tin hoc vng trong ca a gic s lm hnh dch chuyn trn mn hnh. - Xoay hnh: nhy v r chut ln nh th hai s lm xoay hnh theo gc xc nh bi chut.

Nh vy chng ta thy cc a gic cht ch c th dch chuyn hoc xoay do s khng thay i hnh dng, v n lun gi hnh dng ban u khi c khi to. Tnh cht c bit ny c nhiu ngha v ng dng trn thc t. Sau y chng ta s cng xem mt vi v d.

Cc v d ng dng a gic cht

V d 1: Xp hnh Tp mu: Xep_hinh.ggb. S dng cng c a gic cht to nn cc hnh a gic con tng ng, cc hnh ny cn ghp li to ra mt hnh ln theo mun. GV d dng thc hin vic to cc hnh nh ny.

Trong hnh trn bi tp l xp cc hnh con bn tri to thnh hnh tam gic ln bn phi. V d 2: hnh ng dng Tp mu: Sao_chep_hinh.ggb. GV to mt hnh gc bng cng c a gic cht, sau sao chp cc hnh ny thnh nhiu bn, cho cc hnh ny xoay i cc gc khc nhau to ra cc hnh ng dng trn mn hnh.

Trong hnh trn cc hnh no l ng dng vi nhau?

Lnh sao chp i tng hnh hc trong Geogebra 4.0

v c cc hnh trong v d 2 nu trn, chng ti s dng mt tnh nng rt mi ca Geogebra 4.0, l chc nng "copy/paste" cc i tng hnh hc.

Chc nng ny c thc hin mt cch d dng trong phn mm khi chng ta mun sao chp t 1 hnh gc thnh nhiu hnh khc ging nh vy. Thao tc ny n gin nh sau: - Nhy chut chn mt i tng hnh hc trn mn hnh (c th chn nhiu i tng). - Nhy t hp phm Ctrl-C (sao chp vo b m). - Nhy t hp phm Ctrl-V (dn). Sau lnh trn, i tng hnh hc s xut hin ti v tr u con tr chut nhng cha dn vo hnh. - Di chuyn chut n v tr mun dn hnh. - Nhy t hp phm Ctrl-V. Sau bc ny, hnh s c dn ra mn hnh ti v tr con tr chut, lnh kt thc.

5. a gic vector v a gic im (ng gp khc)

Hai i tng mi na lin quan n khi nim a gic mi c a vo phn mm Geogebra 4.0 l cng c a gic vector v ng gp khc (a gic im) .

V tr cc cng c ny trn thanh cng c:

a gic vector (Vector Polygon)

S dng cng c to cc a gic vector.

Thao tc khi to a gic vector hon ton ging nh i vi a gic thng: nhy chut ln lt ln cc im ca a gic, nhy chut ln im u tin kt thc to a gic.

S khc bit gia a gic thng v a gic vector ch l thuc tnh ca im u tin (trong hnh di, A l im u tin). Khi dch chuyn im u tin, ton b a gic vector s dch chuyn theo. Nh vy im u tin ca i tng a gic vector ng vai tr nh mt "nh ca vector a gic" vy.

ng gp khc (Polyline)
S dng cng c to ng gp khc hay a gic im.

Cch to ng gp khc hon ton ging nh cch to a gic, dng chut nhy chn ln lt cc nh ca ng gp khc, qu trnh to kt thc khi nhy chut li vo im u tin.

Ch rng nhn bn ngoi ng gp khc ny ging nh khi ta to ra cc on thng lin tip nhau. Vy s khc nhau gia i tng ng gp khc ny v cc on thng ni nhau l g? 1. ng gp khc ny l mt i tng hnh hc hon chnh. Chng ta c th dch chuyn v tr cc nh, nhng ng gp khc vn ni lin chng. 2. Nu dch chuyn bng chut trn cc cnh ca ng gp khc th ton b i tng s dch chuyn theo.

3. Khi ton b ng gp khc l mt i tng hnh hc hon chnh th chng ta c th thc hin c nhiu thao tc v chc nng th v dnh cho i tng ny, v d: - Cho 1 im chuyn ng t do trn ng gp khc. - Tnh chiu di ca ng gp khc. - Thay i kiu ng, mu sc ca ton b ng gp khc. Ch : Phn mm Geogebra 4.0 vit ha khi nim ny bng t "a gic im" chc v cch to i tng ny tng t nh a gic. Tuy nhin t gc ting Anh l Polyline nn phi dch l ng gp khc mi chnh xc.

6. Dn, hy dn im. Tip tuyn v ng i cc ca ng trn

Dn, hy dn im
Cng c dn, hy dn im trn thc t. mi c a vo Geogebra 4.0 l mt cng c kh hay v c nhiu ng dng nhanh

V tr ca cng c ny trn thanh cng c nh sau:

ngha chnh ca cng c ny l t / hy thuc tnh ca mt im l nm trn mt i tng khc. Trn thc t khi thc hin cc thao tc vi im, v nhiu l do khc nhau, c thc hin 1 cch khng chnh xc. V d: - Gi s ta mun to ra 1 im nm trn mt vng trn. Nhng khi nhy chut to im th im ny b trch v khng nm trn vng trn ny. - Cng c khi xy ra trng hp sau: Gi s ang c 1 im chy trn 1 vng trn, nhng by gi gio vin li mun im ny khng thuc vng trn na.

Tt c nhng tnh hung trn u c th c gii quyt rt nhanh bng cng c Dn / Hy dn im Cc thao tc chnh vi cng c 1. Dn im t do vo i tng. - Nhy chut chn cng c . .

- Nhy chut chn im, sau nhy chut chn i tng cn dn im. 2. Hy dn im: a im ra khi i tng.

- Nhy chut chn cng c

- Nhy chut ln im cn hy dn (trc im ny cn nm trn i tng). Sau y xt 1 vi v d: V d 1: Gi s c tam gic ABC (c khi to bi cng c a gic) v 1 im t do D ngoi tam gic. Gi s chng ta mun dn im D vo bn trong tam gic.

Chn s dng cng c hnh sau:

, nhy chut ln im D, sau nhy vo bn trong tam gic ABC, chng ta s thu c

Trong hnh trn im D c dn vo bn trong tam gic ABC v s ch c php chuyn ng bn trong tam gic ny. V d 2: Gi s chng ta ang c im C chuyn ng trn 1 vng trn tm O. By gi chng ta mun C s thnh im t do hon ton, khng nm trn vng trn na.

Chn s dng cng c , nhy chut ln im C. Khi C s lp tc ra ngoi vng trn v tr thnh 1 im t do trn mt phng nh hnh di y.

Tip tuyn vi ng trn

Cng c c chc nng t ng v cc ng tip tuyn vi vng trn t 1 im cho trc trn mt phng. V tr ca cng c ny trn thanh cng c:

Thao tc nh sau:

- Chn cng c

- Nhy chut ln im v sau nhy chut ln vng trn s to ra hai ng tip tuyn t im ny n vng trn va chn. Hnh sau m t trc v sau khi thc hin lnh.

ng i cc ca ng trn
Cng c mi c chc nng t ng to ng thng i cc ca mt ng trn.

i cc ca 1 im i vi ng trn ng thng i cc ca mt IM A i vi ng trn tm O l mt ng thng d vung gc vi AO ti v tr P sao cho OP.OA = R2, vi R l bn knh vng trn.

Nu A nm ngoi vng trn th ng i cc ca A s ct vng trn ti 2 im chnh l chn cc ng tip tuyn k t A n vng trn ny.

Nu nm trn vng trn th ng i cc chnh l tip tuyn vi vng trn ti A.

Nu A nm trong vng trn th ng i cc s nm ngoi vng trn nh hnh nh trn.

i cc ca 1 ng thng i vi ng trn

ng i cc ca 1 ng thng i vi 1 vng trn chnh l ng thng vung gc vi ng thng ny v i qua tm vng trn. Thao tc vi cng c - Chn cng c . .

- Nhy chut chn vng trn. - Nhy chut chn im hay ng thng. Ch : c th chn theo th t ngc li: chn im / ng thng trc, chn vng trn sau.

7. Cng c v t do (Pen Tool)

Cng c v t do (pen tool) hay cn gi l Cng c BT l mt cng c hon ton mi trong Geogebra 4.0. Cng c ny cho php ngi s dng c th v trc tip bng chut ln bt c v tr no trn mn hnh bng cc nt bt t do. V d hnh nh sau cho ta thy kt qu ca cc nt bt v t do nh vy.

Cc cng c ny rt hay c dng trn thc t. Khi ging dy, GV cn c cc ch thch thm vo hoc gii ngha thm trn mn hnh khi cng c v t do ny c bit c ngha. Hay dng hn c l i vi cc thit b bng tng tc th cng c ny ng vai tr nh mt chic bt hay vin phn GV trc tip thao tc trn mn hnh khi ging dy. V tr ca cng c ny trn thanh cng c nh sau:

C 2 cch s dng cng c v t do trong phn mm nh sau:

S dng cng c bt v t do trong mt khung ch nht

Theo cch ny, chng ta s dng cng c bt to ra mt hnh v t do trong mt khung hnh ch nht cho trc. Sau khi v xong, hnh v ny s l mt i tng ha trn mn hnh v ngi dng c th thc hin cc thao tc dch chuyn, xoay, co gin, xa nh mi i tng hnh hc khc. Thao tc thc hin nh sau:

- S dng cng c

(hoc nhy phm ESC quay v cng c mc nh ny).

- Dng chut k mt khung ch nht trn mn hnh (s to i tng v t do trong khung ny).

- Nhy chn cng c

- Bt u tin hnh v t do bng cch r chut tri trn mn hnh. - Mun xa cc ng v th nhy v r chut phi s thc hin nh mt bt xa trn mn hnh. - Kt thc bng cch nhy chn mt cng c bt k khc, hay n gin th bm phm ESC. Kt qu ca vic v t do s l mt i tng ha nh hnh di y.

By gi chng ta c th dch chuyn, xoay hoc co gin i tng ny bng cch dch chuyn 2 im ti hai v tr khung di ca i tng ny. Mun xa i tng ny th nhy chn v bm phm Delete. Ch 1: Trong qu trnh v t do c th iu chnh mu sc v kiu ng v t do bng cc cng c tinh chnh ngay pha trn ca mn hnh.

Ch 2: Sau khi kt thc vic v t do (v khi to xong i tng ha ny) th khng th dng li cng c ny xa i mt phn ca hnh v t do c na.

S dng cng c bt v t do khng gii hn

Theo cch ny chng ta khng cn to trc 1 khung ch nht trc khi s dng cng c v. Khi chng ta c th to cc ng v t do bt c v tr no trn mn hnh. Sau khi v xong th i tng hnh v ny s mc nh l khng th di chuyn v xa c.

Hnh nh ca i tng c to bi cng c bt v t do trn mn hnh nh sau:

Ch : Mi ln s dng cng c v t do to ra cc hnh v trn mn hnh, phn mm s to ra mt i tng ha. Cc i tng ny nm chng ln nhau trn mn hnh.

Cc thao tc nng cao i vi cc hnh v t do

Phn ny dnh ring cho cc gio vin c hiu bit su hn v phn mm Geogebra. Cc i tng ha c to bi cng c khi s dng t do trn mn hnh thc s vn l nhng i tng ha bnh thng ca phn mm, nhng chng s c gn mc nh cc thuc tnh sau: - L i tng ph. Do mc nh khng hin trong ca s Danh sch cc i tng ca phn mm. - c gn thuc tnh "C nh" v "Khng th la chn c", do vy chng ta khng th xa hay thay i cc i tng ny. Do vy ch cn xa 2 thuc tnh "C nh" v "Khng th la chn c" l chng ta s thao tc vi cc i tng ha ny mt cch bnh thng trn mn hnh. Sau y m t cc thao tc c th iu chnh tham s ca cc i tng ha ny. - Trc tin chng ta hy thu nh mn hnh chnh li (bng cch s dng nt chut gia) v s nhn thy ngay cc im iu khin cc i tng ha ny trn mn hnh. - Hy lm xut hin ca s Danh sch cc i tng (bng cch, v d, g Ctrl-Shift-A), sau cho php hin c cc i tng ph, chng ta s nhn thy ngay cc i tng hnh nh ny trong danh sch nh hnh di y.

- Nhy chut phi ln cc i tng ny trong danh sch v nhy hy thuc tnh C nh i tng, by gi c th xa hoc xoay cc hnh ny. - Mun thay i thuc tnh Cho php la chn hy vo ca s thuc tnh ca cc i tng ny v nhy chn thuc tnh Cho php la chn nh hnh di y ch ra.

By gi chng ta c th chn cc i tng ha ny bng cch nhy chut ln chng v c php dch chuyn chng bt k trn mt phng. Gi y cc i tng ny hon ton ging nh trng hp chng ta v chng trong mt khung ch nht.

Trong hnh nh trn cc i tng ha c v trong ch t do tr thnh cc i tng hnh hc bnh thng.

8. Cng c vn bn (mi nng cp)

Trong phn mm Geogebra chng ta c th chn cc on vn bn vo bt c v tr no ca hnh. Cc vn bn ny c nhiu ngha khi minh ha cho cc i tng hnh hc v h tr rt tt cho vic hc v dy ca GV v Hc sinh. Cng c to cc i tng vn bn ny l thanh cng c nh sau: c t cc phin bn trc y ca phn mm. V tr ca cng c ny trn

Trong phin bn mi Geogebra 4.0 cng c vn bn ny c rt nhiu nng cp mi vi nhiu tnh nng mi mang tnh t ph. khi to mt i tng vn bn mi, ch cn thc hin thao tc sau:

- Chn i tng

- Nhy chut ti v tr bt k trn mn hnh mun chn vn bn. - Xut hin hp hi thoi nhp vn bn, nhp xong nhy nt OK kt thc.

Thanh cng c thuc tnh ca i tng vn bn

Khi i tng vn bn c chn trn mn hnh chng ta s nhn thy 1 thanh cng c nh pha trn ca mn hnh (bn di thanh cng c chnh) cho php thay i cc thuc tnh ca vn bn ny nh mu sc, c ch, kiu ch, ... Tnh nng ny s gip ngi s dng nhanh chng thay i thuc tnh ca cc vn bn trn mn hnh.

Trong ca s nhp vn bn c 1 ca s nh Xem trc cho php quan st trc tip kt qu ca i tng vn bn ny trn mn hnh.

H tr rt nhiu k t v biu tng ton hc

Trong phin bn mi Geogebra 4.0 h tr thm rt nhiu cng c h tr cho vic nhp v th hin cc cng thc ton hc trong cc i tng vn bn ny. - Cng thc Ton hc c g bng ngn ng Latex gi y c th chn mt cch tng minh trong ca s nhp vn bn. Nhy chiut ln v tr Cng thc Latexchng ta s nhn thy mt bng chn ln vi nhiu mc khc nhau cho php la chn nhp cc loi cng thc ton hc khc nhau. Tnh nng ny rt thun tin cho vic nhp cng thc Ton hc.

- Mt nng cp rt mnh khc l phn mm cho php nhp, chn cc k hiu, biu tng ton hc rt phong ph hn gp nhiu ln so vi cc phin bn trc y. Nhy chut ln v tr Cc biu tng chng ta s nhn thy mt bng chn xut hin cho php la chn nhiu k hiu ton hc khc nhau, rt phong ph.

Lin kt trc tip vi cc i tng hnh hc

Mt tnh nng mi rt ni bt na ca i tng vn bn l kh nng kt ni bn trong trc tip v trc tuyn vi cc i tng hnh hc khc. Tnh nng ny rt c ngha trn thc t, v d chng ta c th a cc gi tr s tnh ton trc tuyn ca cc i tng hnh hc (v d nh di, din tch, ...) vo bn trong cc vn bn. Xt 1 v d sau (tp chu_vi_ABC.ggb).

Trong v d trn i tng vn bn (dng ch Chu vi tam gic ABC = ...) lun th hin chnh xc chu vi ca tam gic ABC trn mn hnh. thc hin c vic to mt lin kt trc tuyn t 1 v tr ca vn bn vi 1 i tng hnh hc bn ngoi chng ta thc hin thao tc sau: nhy chut ln v tr Cc i tng, s xut hin DS cc i tng hnh hc, nhy chn i tng hnh hc mun lin kt.

Trong v d trn chng ta s chn i tng l chuvidagiacTamgiacABC trong DS cc i tng hnh hc to lin kt.

Vn bn kt ni trc tip vi cc i tng hnh hc

Cc i tng vn bn c th l cc i tng t do trn mn hnh hoc c th c gn cng vi mt i tng hnh hc khc trn mn hnh. Khi i tng hnh hc ny chuyn ng th vn bn cng chuyn ng theo. Thao tc to vn bn kt ni vi mt i tng hnh hc c trn mn hnh (v d im, on, ng, vng trn, ....) nh sau: - Chn i tng .

- Dng chut nhy chn i tng hnh hc mun kt ni. - Nhp vn bn trong ca s, nhp xong nhn nt OK. V d sau cho ta hnh nh mt vn bn lun gn kt vi im A ca tam gic ABC.

Khi dch chuyn im A, dng vn bn ny lun chuyn ng theo.

9. Cng c chn nh (mi nng cp)

Cng c chn nh khng c nhiu im mi trong bn Geogebra 4.0 mi, tuy nhin y l mt cng c rt quan trng cho php a cc hnh nh bitmap vo trang mn hnh. V tr ca cng c chn nh trn thanh cng c chnh nh sau:

Thao tc chn 1 file nh vo trang mn hnh.

- Nhy chn cng c chn nh - Nhy chn 1 im bt k trn mn hnh. - Xut hin hp hi thoi m File. Tm tp nh trn my tnh v chn m tp ny, hnh nh s c a vo mn hnh ca phn mm nh hnh di y.

Ch rng mc nh cc hnh nh c chn vo bi cng c Hnh nh sau khi c chn vo c th d dng di chuyn hoc xa.

s l cc i tng ph.

Chn nh t Clipboard
chn 1 nh ang c trong Clipboard thc hin cc thao tc sau:

- Nhy chn cng c chn nh - Nhn gi phm Alt v nhy chut ti 1 im bt k trn mn hnh. Sau thao tc trn hnh nh c trong Clipboard s c a ra mn hnh ti v tr va nht chut.

Gn im iu khin cho nh
Mc nh cc hnh nh c chn vo mn hnh ca phn mm Geogebra ch c th xa hoc dch chuyn, khng th thc hin c cc thao tc nng cao hn nh xoay, co gin hnh. Mun thc hin cc thao tc nng cao ny, trc tin cn hiu cc v tr im t 1 n 4 ca mi hnh nh c m t trong s sau.

V tr u tin khi chn nh vo chnh l im s 1. Cc chc nng nng nng cao hn i vi cc hnh nh chn trong Geogebra c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau: - Xc nh trc cc im A, B, C ln lt ng vai trn cc im 1, 2 v 4 ca hnh. - Thc hin thao tc gn cc im A, B v C vi cc nh 1, 2 v 4 ca hnh nh. Ch :

- Nu ch gn cc nh 1 v 2 hoc ch 1 v 4 th hnh nh s gn vi 2 im v c th thc hin c cc thao tc nh xoay, co gin (khng mo) v dch chuyn hnh. - Nu gn c 3 nh 1, 2 v 4 th hnh nh s t ng co gin (mo) sao cho cc nh ny trng vi cc im A, B, C trn mn hnh. Xt cc v d sau: V d 1: ch gn cc nh 1 v 2 - Gi s c 2 im A, B trn mn hnh nh hnh di y.

- Nhy chut phi ln hnh nh v chn lnh Thuc tnh. - Xut hin hp hi thoi thuc tnh sau:

- Chn TAB V tr, sau gn cc v tr 1 v 2 cho cc im A, B nh hnh di y:

- Nhy nt ng hon tt vic gn, khi hnh nh s c gn v gn cht vi 2 im A, B nh hnh di y:

By gi chng ta c th dch chuyn cc im A, B xoay v dch chuyn hnh nh theo nhiu hng khc nhau. Tuy nhin hnh nh vn ng dng vi hnh gc. V d 2: gn c 3 nh 1, 2 v 4 By gi gi s chng ta c 3 im A, B, C nh hnh di y:

Chng ta tin hnh cc thao tc gn nh trong v d 1, nhng by gi gn c 3 im: nh 1 --> A, nh 2--> B, nh 4 ---> C.

Khi hnh nh c gn vi 3 im A, B, C v ta thu c hnh di y:

R rng trong trng hp ny do hnh phi ko cng vi 3 nh nn n s b mo i.

10. Cng c nhp trc tip tham s v d liu

Trong cc phin bn trc y ca Geogebra c cng c dng khi to v iu khin cc tham s t do. Cc tham s ny rt c ngha trong phn mm dng xc nh cc di on thng, bn knh, dng knh vng trn, tiu c ca ng cong hoc tham gia vo cc biu thc i s.

Cng c cn cho php ngi dng iu khin cc gi tr ca tham s tng ng bng cch r chut trn mt thanh trt nh. Tnh nng ny c rt nhiu ng dng trn thc t, cho php GV iu khin cc gi tr s chuyn ng dc theo mt thang trc s qua quan st th hin cc i tng hnh hc tng ng trn mn hnh. Tuy nhin trn thc t trong rt nhiu bi ton v v d s yu cu thc hin nhp cc tham s ny mt gi tr c th no , v d m = 3, a = 8, .... Trong cc trng hp ny vn c th dng thanh trt chnh xc li mt thi gian. nhp s, nhng cch ny kh

Trong phin bn mi Geogebra 4.0 mi b sung mt cng c mi cho php ngi dng nhp trc tip t bn phm 1 gi tr c th ca cc tham s t do trong phn mm. Cng c ny rt hu ch trong cc trng hp mun gn 1 gi tr c th no cho mt tham s ca phn mm. V tr ca cng c ny trn thanh cng c ca phn mm.

Ch : cng c nhp d liu ny ch cho php nhp cc gi tr ca cc tham s t do, khng th nhp cc tham s ph thuc. Sau y ta xt cc thao tc to hp nhp d liu cho mt tham s c th trong phn mm Geogbra 4.0. Cc thao tc to hp Input gi tr ca tham s t do

- Chn cng c

- Nhy chut ln v tr trn mn hnh mun to hp nhp d liu. Xut hin hp hi thoi sau:

- Ti v tr Tiu g dng vn bn s hin trn mn hnh ti hp nhp d liu. Ti v tr i tng lin kt chn tham s cn gn cho hp nhp d liu, v d nh hnh di y.

Sau khi nhp xong nhy nt p dng. Chng ta s thy xut hin ti v tr con tr hp nhp d liu nh sau:

di ca hp nhp d liu c the iu chnh bng thuc tnh " di" trong hp hi thoi thuc tnh ca hp nhp d liu ny.

Sau y xt 2 vi d. V d 1: Tp cc_nhap_tham_so_1.ggb Trong v d ny xt mt tham s t do m v phng trnh hm s y = (x-m)/(x+1) Hp nhp trc tip gi tr m c xc nh ngay trn mn hnh cho php nhp d liu trc tip vo gi tr m.

V d 2: Tp cc_nhap_tham_so_2.ggb

Trong v d ny xt tam thc bc 2: y = ax2 + bx + c vi a, b, c l cc tham s cho bi cc thanh trt trn mn hnh.

S dng cng c

to ra 3 hp nhp trc tip d liu vo cc tham s a, b, c.

By gi chng ta c th iu khin cc tham s a, b, c hoc bng thanh trt hoc bng cng c nhp trc tip trn mn hnh.

11. Ca s th v ha th 2
Mt trong nhng pht trin t ph na ca phin bn Geogebra 4.0 mi l tnh nng th hin hai mn hnh ha ng thi trn mn hnh. y l tnh nng rt c bit ca phn mm Geogebra 4.0, n cho php: - Ngi dng c kh nng quan st c ng thi 2 ca s ha trn mn hnh. Ngi dng c th thao tc ng thi vi cc i tng ha trn c hai ca s ny. - Mt i tng c th hin th trn 1 hoc ng thi c 2 ca s trn. Tnh nng c bit ny s h gip ch rt nhiu cho GV khi th hin cc i tng hnh hc trn 2 khung ca s ny, h tr qu trnh ging dy ca gio vin.

- Phn mm d dng cho php ngi dng Lnh th hin / n cc ca s ha chnh ca phn mm Geogebra 4.0 nm ti thc n Hin th (View) trong cc v tr sau.

C th s dng phm nng: - Bt / tt ca s ha 1: Ctrl-Shift-1 - Bt / tt ca s ha 2: Ctrl-Shift-2 Trc khi thc hin cc thao tc lin quan n th hin cc i tng hnh hc trn cc ca s ha ny chng ta hy xt mt vi v d sau. V d 1: Tp do_hoa_2a.ggb

- Trong hnh trn chng ta nhn thy 2 ca s ha chnh ca phn mm, mt nm bn tri v mt nm bn phi. C 2 ca s ny u th hin cc i tng hnh hc ca phn mm. - th hm s y = (x+1)/(x-1) mu c th hin trn c 2 ca s. Ch rng ta nhn thy 2 th nhng ch l 1 i tng ton hc. - im A chuyn ng trn th, mt tip tuyn vi th i qua A. Hai i tng ny ch th hin trong ca s bn tri. - th hm s th 2 (hnh parabol) ch hin trong ca s bn phi. V d 2: Tp do_hoa_2b.ggb

- Trong v d ny chng ta nhn thy trn c 2 ca s ha hnh nh ca bi ton ng thng Sim sn. Tuy nhin cc i tng nm trn 2 ca s ny l khc nhau. - GV c th cho HS quan st cc cc v tr khc nhau ca ng thng Simson trn 2 mn hnh hoc cho hai tam gic trn 2 ca s thay i v tr HS hiu r hn v bi ton ny. By gi chng ta s cng nhau hc cc thao tc chnh trn 2 ca s ha ca phn mm Geogebra 4.0.

Ca s ha hin thi (Active)

Trong 2 ca s ha hin trn mn hnh lun ch c 1 ca s l hin thi (Active). Cc i tng hnh hc c nhp t dng Input s hin th mc nh trn ca s Active ny. Mun chuyn 1 ca s thnh Active ch cn nhy chut ln v tr bt k bn trong ca s ny.

Ci t la chn cho php hin th i tng hnh hc trn mt hoc c hai ca s ha

Khi mt i tng ha uc khi to, mc nh i tng ny s hin th trn mt trong 2 ca s ha. Mun thay i hin th sang ca s khc, hoc mun cho i tng ny hin trn c 2 ca s hy thc hin thao tc sau: - Nhy chut phi ln i tng v chn Thuc tnh. - Xut hin hp hi thoi Thuc tnh ca i tng ny nh hnh sau:

- Chn TAB: Nng cao. pha di chn vng lm vic hin thi (ca s 1) hay th 2 cho ca s 2. Ch : i tng hnh hc c th hin trong 1 hoc 2 ca s hoc hin trong c 2 ca s ha ca phn mm. - Nhy nt ng.

Sao chp mt i tng hnh hc t ca s ny sang ca s khc

Trong phn mm Geogebra 4.0 b sung mt tnh nng rt c bit l thao tc sao chp (copy), dn (paste) i vi cc i tng ha. Tnh nng ny rt hu ch trong nhiu trng hp. C th copy, ct, dn trn cng mt ca s hoc trn 2 ca s khc nhau. Sau y m t thao tc sao chp cc i tng ha t 1 ca s ny sang ca s khc ca phn mm Geogebra. Gi s chng ta c 1 hnh bao gm 1 s i tng hnh hc th hin trong ca s 1 nh hnh di y. Gi s chng ta mun sao chp cc hnh ny sang ca s th 2. Thao tc ny s to thm cc i tng hnh hc khc trong phn mm.

Bc 1: chn cc i tng hnh hc mun sao chp. Hnh nh cc i tng c chn s th hin nh hnh di y.

- Bc 2: g t hp phm Ctrl-C (lnh Copy). - Bc 3: dng chut nhy trn ca s 2 v g t hp phm Ctrl-V (paste). Hnh nh ca i tng s hin ra ti v tr con tr nh hnh di y.

- Bc 4: di chuyn chut n v tr mun t cc i tng hnh hc sao chp v nhy chut. Cc i tng ny s th hin trn ca s th 2 nh hnh di y.

Tp do_hoa_2c.ggb Trong hnh nh trn hai nhm i tng th hin trn 2 ca s ha khc nhau ca phn mm. y l hai nhm i tng khc nhau, nhm i tng trong ca s 2 thu c bng cch thc hin thao tc sao chp cc i tng t ca s 1 sang.