Flash

n tt nghip
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M U
May mc l mt nhu cu thit yu trong cuc sng hng ngy ca con ngi. N khng nhng gip cho con ngi chng thi tit, kh hu thin nhin m cn t im cho cuc sng thm ti p. Ngnh dt nc ta ang pht trin kh nhanh v ang tp trung vo cc mt hng cht lng cao xut khu. Tng kim ngch xut khu nm 2005 t ti 4,8 USD, ch ng th hai sau du kh. Theo chin lc ca ngnh dt may tnh n nm 2010 kim ngch xut khu ca ngnh s t ti 10 t USD. Trong cc mt hng xut khu th hng dt kim c mt ngha ng k. Hng dt kim thng may thnh phm ri mi em xut khu v hnh thnh cc x nghip dt may khp kn, trong cc x nghip ny th khu nhum - hon tt ng mt vai tr ht sc quan ng c tnh cht quyt nh n lng sn phm cui cng. Trong s cc hng dt kim th cc mt hng Pe/Co c quan tm sn xut ngy cng nhiu v s dng rt ph bin trn th gii. T l pha gia Polyeste v Cotton thng l: 65/35; 67/33; 85/15. T l PES cng cao th si cng bn nhng sn phm s cng v km ht m, bi vy x nghip c thit k s dng loi vi Pe/Co 67/33 l va phi. Cc mt hng ca x nghip sn xut (vi trng v vi mu) ch yu l may qun o mc ngoi, qun o th thao, qun o thu ng... Trong khun kh ca bn n ny, vic thit k ch tp trung vo khu cng ngh tin x l nhum v hon tt cho cc mt hng x nghip sn xut. Vi nhim v thit k x nghip nhum- hon tt vi dt kim t si Pe/Co 67/33 vi cng sut 2000 tn/nm, c xy dng mi hy vng s gp phn vo s tng trng chung ca ngnh dt may nc ta.
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU V CNG NGH LM SACH HA HOC VI DT KIM
GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 1 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
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I - C IM CA VI DT KIM T SI PES/CO. to ra cc loi sn phm phong ph, a dng, s dng rng ri, p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng, hin nay ngi ta c bit ch n vic pht trin cc mt hng vi pha. Vi polyeste pha bng l loi vi kh ph bin hin nay, c sn xut c cc mt hng dt thoi v dt kim. Cc mt hng Pe/Co dt thoi c dng may qun o mc ngoi theo cc kiu thi trang. Cn hng dt kim Pe/Co c dng nhiu may qun o mc ngoi, qun o tm, qun o th thao... Vi polyeste pha bng c nhiu c tnh qu ca x PES nh t nhu, gi np cao, bn c l cao, thi gian s dng di, d git, mau kh, do c mt lng bng nht nh nn tnh cht v sinh ca vi so vi cc loi vi tng hp tng ln rt nhiu. Mt khc, khi pha trn x bng v x polyeste vi nhau cn nhm mc ch tn dng u th ca mi loi x, to nn cc mt hng mi kt hp c nhng tnh cht chung ca mi loi x. X bng tuy ht m, ht m hi tt nhng b nhu, bn thp, thi gian s dng ngn; cn x polyeste th bn hn, t chu tc dng ca vi sinh vt, li c kh nng chng bin dng cao, gi np lu. Chnh v vy m ngi ta thng pha trn x bng v x polyeste b sung nhng tnh cht qu cho nhau, h gi thnh ca sn phm, pht huy c nhng u im v hn ch c nhiu nhc im ca mi loi x. 1.1 - X bng (Cotton). Trong s cc x xenlul thin nhin ch c x bng c s dng nhiu v thch hp vi cc mt hng dt kim. Bng l loi x c s dng t lu i dt nhiu mt hng may mc, do nhiu c tnh qu ca mnh nn hin nay bng vn cn chim v tr hng u (gn 50 %) tng s khi lng cc loi x dng trong cng nghip. X bng thu hoch t qu ca cy bng, c danh t thc vt hc l Gossipium, n l mt t bo thc vt c hnh di dt vi nhiu thnh mng v mt rnh nh trong li x cha nguyn sinh cht lm nhim v nui x. Ty
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theo ging v iu kin trng trt m chiu di trung bnh ca x bng c th trong khong t 22 n 50mm, cn ng knh trung bnh ca x t 18--25 ,m (1|X = 10'6m). Khi lng ring ca x bng l l,53g/cm3. iu kin tiu chun x bng c hm m l 8-H8,5%. Khi quan st bng knh hin vi s thy x bng c hnh di dt, u trn nhn khp kn v b xon nhiu hn u di, u di lin vi ht bng nn bng. Trong cng nghip dt v dt kim, x bng c chia lm nhiu cp ty theo di, xon, ng nht, trng, t l tp cht v nhiu ch tiu khc na. Si bng dng cho dt kim thng l loi si chi k, c ch s cao, ko t loi bng tt nht, x di v c cha t tp cht c hc. Thnh phn ha hc ca x bng chi k trung bnh theo(%) cht kh tuyt i nh sau: Xenlul: 94 Sp bng: 0,6 Axt hu c: 0,8 Cht pectin: 0,9 Hp cht cha nit: 1,3 Tro: 1,2 ng: 0,3 Nhng cht cha bit: 0,9 Qua s liu trn y cho thy tp cht thin nhin ca x bng ch chim trung bnh vo khong 6%. Nhng loi bng chn cha k, ngha l thu hoch non, thng c t l xenlul thp hn v t l tp cht cao hn. nhng loi bng thu hoch bng c gii do cha mnh v v ht cha tch sch nn trong thnh phn tp cht cn c c lignin, y l mt trong s cc tp cht kh tch sch hn c. Trong qu trnh lm sch ha hc, m bo cho sn phm t c trng, mm mi v ht m cao, ngi ta phi dng mi bin php x l tch sch cc tp cht trn.
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v cu trc l hc, x bng c cu to t nhiu lp cc mch i

phn t xenlul, cc lp ny khc nhau v b dy v hng, nhng u sp xp ng tm vi trc x. Trong mi lp, cc mch i phn t li kt b vi nhau thnh tng chm, nhiu chm kt li thnh th. Gia cc chm v cc th ny l mt h thng vi mao qun c ng knh t 1-Hl00nm (lnm=10'
9
m). Cc chm v cc th ca mch i phn t xenlul sp xp tng i
song song vi trc x; mt b phn nht nh chng s sp xp kh cht ch, c nh hng cao nn to thnh cu trc vi tinh th; nhng b phn cn li c cu trc km cht ch hn nn tn ti dng v nh hnh. T l cu trc vi tinh th ca x bng trong khong 40 V70%. Trong gia x bng c mt rnh nh cha nguyn sinh cht lm nhim v nui x. Do x bng c cu to ch yu t xenlul nn tnh cht ha hc ca xenlul cng chnh l tnh cht ha hc ca vi bng. 1.1.1- Cu tao ha hoc ca xenlul. Xenlul l thnh phn chnh ca cc t bo thc vt, to cho x c
bn c hc cn thit. Xenlul chim t l ch yu ca x bng (94%) v ca cc x xenlul nhn to (92^-96%). v cu to ha hc, xenllul thuc v lp hydrat cacbon cu to t 3 nguyn t: cacbon, hydro, oxi. Mch phn t ca xenlul rt di nn cn gi l i phn t, hp thnh t nhiu khu n gin hay mt xch ging ht nhau. Cc khu n gin ny l gc d-gluco-pyran c cng thc l C6Hio05. Nh vy, cng thc tng qut ca mch xenlul l: [C6H702(0H)3]n n: gi l h s trng hp (h s ny thay i i vi mi loi x) VD: x bng n = 10.000 -15.000 X vixco: n = 350 -i- 450 (C6H10O5)n hay
n tt nghip Cng thc cu to ca xenlul c dng tng qut:

CH2OH
Trng HBK H Ni
H OH
CH2OH
0
HH CH2OH
CH2OH
-0
H OH
Trong mi khu n gin ca mch i phn t ca xenlul c cha 3 nhm hidroxyl t do (nhm -OH), tng s nhm ny trn ton mch rt ln, v vy x xenlul d thm nc, d ht m, d ht m hi v d trng n khi ngm vo nc so vi cc x tng hp. 1.1.2 - Cc tnh cht ha hoc ca xertlul.
m
Cc tnh cht ha hc ca xenlul do thnh phn v cu to ha hc ca n quyt nh. Di y l nhng tnh cht chnh ca xenlul: - bn nhit Xenlul tng i bn nhit; khi x l trong dung dch kim long,
khng c mt khng kh, 100-^13 0c trong thi gian 4--6h; hoc khi sy hay gia nhit 190h-200C ong 2--5 pht; xenlul vn cha b tn thng g ng k. Nhng nhit 270c xenlul bt u b vng v b ph hy cc b, t 370-h400C tr ln n bt u b nhit hy, mch phn t b ct ngn nn gin, d nghin nt. nhit cao hn na xenlul s chy m khng qua giai on mm v chy lng. Xenlul chy vi ngn la lan nhanh, thot ra mi kht giy, li tn trng d vn nt. - bn vi axt Xenlul rt km bn vi tc dng ca axt, nht l cc axt mnh nh: HC1, H2S04, HN03, c bit l vi cc dung dch axt m c v nhit
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cao. Di tc dng ca cc dung dch axt, mch i phn t ca xenlul s b
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thy phn v t thnh nhiu on ngn lm cho bn c hc ca n gim i nhanh chng. Khi xenlul b thy phn hon ton th sn phm thu c cui cng s l gluc theo phn ng:
(CHuA)*, --------- - nH2-------- nC6H120f, (axt)
Trong cng ngh tin x l, nhum v in hoa vi bng, nhiu trng hp phi dng cc dung dch axt gia cng, khi ny cn khng ch cc thng s k thut cho php nh: nng , nhit v thi gian m bo khng nh hng n bn ca x. - bn ca kim: Xenlul tng i bn vi cc dung dch kim, v vy ngi ta vn dng cc dung dch xt long (10 -T- 30g/l) nu vi bng v dung dch xt m c (280 + 300g/l) lm bng vi bng. Tuy nhin nu c mt ng thi ca kim v oxi ca khng kh nhit cao th xenlul s b oxi ho lm cho bn c hc ca n b gim. V vy khi x l vi bng bng dung dch kim nhit cao ngi ta thng dng cc thit b kn v kh ht khng kh ra khi thit b hoc thm cht kh vo dung dch. Kt thc qu trnh x l cn phi git sch kim cn li trn vi. - bn vi mui
m
Cc dung dch mui trung tnh (nh NaCl, Na2S04...) khng nh hng g n xenlul; cn cc mui c tnh axt (nh NaHS04, NaH2P04...) cng c tc dng thu phn xenlul nh axt nhng mc thp hn. Cc dung dch mui c kim (nh Na2C03, K2CO3, NaHC03...) cng c tc dng vi x xenlul nh cc dung dch kim nhng mc yu hn. Xenlul trng n mnh v ha tan dn trong dung dch m c ca cc mui: Lil, LiCNS, KCNS. c bit xenlul ha tan trong dung dch ng- amoniac [Cu(NH3)m(OH)2]. Ngi ta ng dng tnh cht ny ha tan xenlul trong cng ngh sn xut x ng- amoniac.
n tt nghip - bn vi cht kh v cht oxi ha:

m
Trng HBK H Ni
Xenlul bn vi tc dng ca cht kh, cn di tc dng ca cht oxi ha s bin thnh oxt xenlul, lm cho mch i phn t b t, lm gy bn c hc v bn ha hc v mt dn tnh cht s dng. Ty theo loi cht oxi ha v iu kin chu tc dng c th m xenlul b oxi ha t hay nhiu. Khi ty trng vi bng v vi dt t cc x xenlul nhn to ngi ta vn dng cc cht oxi ha nh: NaClO, NaC102, H202... trnh cho xenlul khng b h hi, khi s dng cc tc nhn ny cn phi thc hin ng cc iu kin cng ngh cho php. - Tc dng ca nc: Xenlul khng ha tan trong nc, nhng do trong mch phn t ca n c cha nhiu nhm c kh nng ht m (nhm -OH ) nn x xenlul thuc v loi x a nc. iu kin tiu chun (nhit 25c, m tng i ca khng kh l 65%) hm m ca cc x xenlul trong khong 7H-9%, cn khi m ca khng kh cao hn th tiu chun ny c th t ti 12--13,5%. Nh c cc tnh cht ny nn cc mt hng dt t x xenlul u d thm ht m hi v thong kh. Khi ngm vo nc xenlul b trng n mnh c v tit din ngang ln chiu di. Ty theo mi loi x m mc trng n c khc nhau, th d khi ngm vo nc x bng trng n theo tit din ngang 14-20%, cn chiu di ch tng t l--2%. - Tc dng ca nh sng, kh quyn v vi sinh vt: Xenlul km bn di tc dng ca nh sng v kh quyn, di tc dng ng thi ca nh sng, hi nc (m) v oxi ca khng kh n s b oxi ha thnh xt xenlul, lm cho bn ca vt liu hay vi gim dn. Cc tia t ngoi c bc sng X < 360nm c tc dng ph hy x xenlul mnh hn c. Xenlul cn b ph hy bi nm mc v vi khun, c bit l trong iu kin m t v nhit thch hp. Khi b nm mc ph hy n mt sn phm s xut hin cc m mu nu, cn khi b vi khun ph hy thng khng c
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Trng HBK H Ni
du hiu no nhn bit c, nhng sn phm s b mc nt dn do tc dng phn hy xenlul ca nhng cht do nm mc v vi khun tit ra. 1.1.3 - Cc tp cht thin nhin ca x bng. Bng l x dt truyn thng, v vy khng nhng cu to v cc tnh cht ca x bng c nghin cu t lu, m cc tp cht ca x bng cng c nhiu tc gi nghin cu kh k v chi tit. Trong s cc tp cht ca x bng th cht pectin, sp bng, hp cht cha nit, cc loi ng v cc nguyn t kim loi trong thnh phn ca tro l nhng tp cht c nghin cu nhiu hn c. Di y l khi qut v cu to v tnh cht ca nhng tp cht thin nhin ch yu ca x bng. - Cht pectin: Cc tc gi nghin cu v vn ny u thng nht pectin khng phi l mt hp cht hu c thun nht m l mt nhm cc hydrat cacbon c nhiu trong nha cy, trong qu xanh. Trong x bng chn hm lng ca cht pectin dao ng trong khong t 0,9 n 12% ty tng loi bng. Thnh phn ca pectin kh phc tp, trong axt polygalacturonic dng mui canxi v magi hoc dng b metoxyl ha 1 phn nhm cacboxyl chim t l ch yu. Thnh phn 1 on mch ca hp cht ny c trnh by nh sau:
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Tnh cht chung ca pectin l kh ha tan trong nc lnh, trong nc si ha tan khng hon ton, nhng ha tan trit hn trong dung dch amoni axalat (COONH4)2 v cc dung dch kim. Ngi ta khng nh rng phn ha tan trong nc ca cht pectin l hn hp cc polysaccarit khc nhau c h s trng hp (ch s DP) thp v cc nhm hydroxyl dng t do, cn phn khng tan trong nc ch yu l axt polygalacturonic, 1 s khu n gin chuyn thnh dng mui canxi, magi hoc b metoxyl ha. Trong qu trnh tin x l vi bng, cht pectin c ha tan v tch ra khi vi khi nu bng dung dch kim nhit trn 100c vi p sut tng ng. Nh pectin c lm sch m sau khi tin x l vi bng mm mi hn. - Sp bng: Sp bng l hn hp phc tp ca nhiu hp cht hu c khc nhau, hm lng ca n tnh theo khi lng x bng kh tuyt i thng t 0,4H1,2% ty thuc vo chi v ngun gc bng. Sp bng c th c tch ra khi x bng cc dung mi hu c nh: cn, axetn, benzen, toluen, te du ha, metylen clorua v tetraclorua cacbon. Thnh phn ch yu ca sp bng l cc ru phn t cao (ru bo), cc axt bo dng t do v dng b este ha. im nng chy ca sp bng dao ng trong khong 68-H80C. Chc nng ca sp bng l bo v x, lm cho x n mt, gim ma st v chng thm nc. Sp bng ch yu nm mt ngoi x, mt phn nh nm trong thnh bc nht (khong 8% tng lng sp ca x bng). Di y l thnh phn ca sp bng c thng k t nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau: Tn cu t chnh
kh Nhng cht khng b x phng ha Cc ru bo Cc axt bo 50 -- 77 40-52 23-47
Thnh phn (%) theo khi lng
n tt nghip Cc este v polyterpen
Trng HBK H Ni 3 -T-18
Thnh phn phn trm ca nhng cht khng b x phng ha (cc este ca axt bo v ru bo phn t cao, cc ru bo, cc hydrocacbon, sterol v polyterpen) ph thuc khng nhng vo ngun gc x bng, m cn ph thuc vo mu bng c nghin cu, gm: Cacbon 80,38%, hydro 14,51%, oxy 5,11%. Trong s cc axt bo ca sp bng dng t do hay dng hp cht th axt palmitic v stearic chim t l ln c. Di y l nhng axt bo ch yu c trong sp bng: Tn axt Palmictic Oleic (khng no) Stearic Lignoceric (camaubic) Cerotic Montanic Cng thc ho hc CI5H31COOH
C17H33COOH
CI7H35COOH
C23H47COOH
C25H51COOH
C27H55COOH
Trong s nhng ru phn t cao (ru bo) tm c sp bng th nhng ru c s cacbon t c24 n c30 chim t l ln hn c, nhng ru ny khng tan trong nc, rt kh tch ra khi vi. Trong qu trnh tin x l vi bng, lm sch sp bng ngi ta phi dng dung dch kim v cht nh tng nh ha sp nhit cao trn 100c. - Hp cht cha Nit: Hp cht cha nit ca x bng gm cc mui ca axt nitric (HNO3) v mt phn dng hp cht protein, chim t 1-s-l,3% x, tp trung ch yu li x v c mt phn thnh bc nht. Theo tnh cht ha hc, c 15h-17% hp cht cha nit ca x bng c th ha tan trong nc si phn cn li (80-85%) ch b tch khi x khi x l nhiu gi bng dung dch kim nhit trn 100c. Cng thc ha hc ca cc hp cht protein ca x bng cn GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 11 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
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cha c xc nh y . Trong qu trnh tin x l, di tc dng ca kim cc hp cht cha nit ca x bng s b lm sch khi x. -Cht khong Tro (Tro): Khi lng tro ca x bng chim trn 1% so vi khi lng x bng tuyt i, ty thuc vo ngun gc bng. Tro ca x bng cha ch yu cc hp cht v c, ng ch hn c l mui ca st v nhm, khi cn li trn vi nhng ion kim loi ca cc mui c th kt hp vi mt s thuc nhum lm cho nh mu ca chng b bin i; cn cc mui ca photpho v silic th c th kt hp vi cc ion ca kim loi kim to thnh dng khng tan bm cht vo vi. Thnh phn tro ca x bng ch yu l cc mui tan ca kali v natri, cc mui khng tan l ca kim loi kim th, oxt st, oxt nhm v oxt silic. Khi ha vo nc, dung dch tro ca x bng c kim tnh do cc oxt Na20 v K20 ha tan to nn. - Cc hp cht khc: Trong thnh phn tp cht ca x bng, ngoi cht pectin sp, hp cht cha nit, hp cht khong ngi ta cn tm thy mt s hp cht khc vi hm lng nh hn nhiu cc hp cht k trn. Hemi xenlul l hn h ca nhiu polysaccarit, khng ha tan trong nc nhng d ha tan ong dung dch kim long v d b thy phn bi dung dch axt long. Cc ng n nh ng fructo, ng malto v c bit l ng gluco. Hm lng ca nhng ng ny tuy khng ln, ch chim khong 0,3% khi lng bng, nhng c th gy dnh trong qu trnh ko si. Cc axt hu c c trong x bng c th chim t 0,3--0,5% khi lng x, ty theo chnh xc ca x bng. Nhng axt gm c: axt malic, axt citric, axt oxalic v mt vi axt hu c khc na.
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Cc cht mu thin nhin, c hm lng rt nh, thng gp l cc pigment mu lc nht hoc mu xm, c cu to km cht ch, d b mt mu di tc dng ca cht oxi ha. Li - nhn (lignin) l hp cht c cu to phc tp, bng thu hoch th cng khng cha li-nhin; hp cht ny ch c trong cc loi bng thu hoch c gii do mnh l, cnh v v ht bng ln vo.
1.2 - X polyeste (PES). u nm 1950 trn th gii xut hin cng nghip sn xut si tng hp. Trong s cc loi si tng hp th si PES c quan tm nhiu bi chng c nhiu tnh u vit m cc loi si khc khng c nh: bn c hc, bn nhit, bn nh sng, bn ha hc v gi thnh h, t nhu. Nhng nm gn y cng ngh sn xut v s dng si PES c nhp pht trin nhanh v ng u so vi cc loi si tng hp khc. Bn cnh nhng u im n x PES cn c nhng nhc im do cu trc cht ch nn x cng; phn t cha t nhm a nc nn x c hm m thp, kh thm nc, kh nhum; x c tnh in cao nn khi s dng lm hng may mc s b dnh vo c th; khng thong kh nn thng c pha vi x xenlul. 1.2.1 - c im v cu to ca si polyeste (PES) truyn thng: Tuy c ch to theo nhiu phng php khc nhau nhng si PES truyn thng l polymer mch thng, u c cu to mch phn t ging nhau l polyetylenterephtalat (PET) vi h s trng hp n trong khong 120-^200, cng thc chung nh sau:
GVHD:PGS-1
0 v
j kng Oanh
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Trng HBK H Ni
Sau khi ch to c nha PET, vic sn xut si PES c thc hin bng cch gia nhit cho nha chy lng 270--2750C v nn p qua vi phun (spiner) hnh thnh cc si t, tip theo si c lm ngui v ko gin. Vic ko gin nhm mc ch lm tng mnh ca si (n 4--5 ln), n cn to iu kin cc mch PET sp xp li cho trt t hn, nh hng ln hn so vi trc si v hnh thnh cc min tinh th tng bn cho si. Si PES truyn thng tuy c bn c l cao nhng li kh ht m, km thong kh lm cho tnh cht s dng ca si khng cao l v: do hai monome to thnh mch PET l axt terephtalic v etylenglycol (c trng hp dng butylenglycol) kt hp vi nhau theo 1 trnh t lun phin lp i lp li u n v c tnh cht i xng cao lm cho cc khu n gin (unit polyester) ca mch km linh ng, kh quay t do nn si PES cng. Trong mch phn t ca PET c cc vng thm (nhn benzen) khu ko gin tng mnh khi si ang cn trng thi do, cc nhn benzen ny cha bo ha ha tr, li nm trn mch nhng khong cch gn bng nhau nn chng t sp xp li sao cho mt phng nhn thm ca cc mch nm song song vi nhau. Nh vy chng s c iu kin nm st nhau nht v pht sinh c lc tng tc mnh nht. y chnh l l do lm cho si PES c bn c hc cao nhng ng thi n lm cho x si b cng. Vic ko gin ong qu trnh sn xut nhm lm tng mnh ca x si cn dn n lm thay i cu trc ca n. Khi cc mch PET c sp xp cht ch v kt b vi nhau th cng hnh thnh nhng vng c cu trc tinh th. Si PET truyn thng thng c t l tinh th cao n 70%, ch c khong 30% c cu trc v nh hnh. y cng chnh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho si cng kh ht m v kh nhum. Nhng nghin cu gn y cn cho bit si polyeste truyn thng c cu trc v li, phn li bn trong c cu trc cht ch hn, kch thc v mao qun u nh hn lp v ngoi. Lp v ngoi c cu trc xp hn. y c th l do h qu ca qu trnh ko gin to nn. Khc vi cc x si thin nhin, mch i phn t ca PET khng cha cc nhm c cc v a nc, mi mch ch c mt nhm -COOH v mt nhm -OH 2 u, con s ny qu nh v khng ng k so vi c mch di c khi lng M = 20000 -- 40000. Phn ln khi lng ca PET l nhng on mch hydorocacbon ni lin vi nhau bng lin kt este: ( _
c
_ 0
n tt nghip
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) N
chnh v vy m si PES c hm m iu kin tiu chun rt thp (0,4%). Mt khc si PES li c sc cng b mt 20c (43 dyne/cm) thp hn nhiu so vi ch tiu ny ca nc (72,8 dyne/cm) nn cc mt hng vi PES kh thm nc, thuc v loi k nc (hydrophobic). 1.2.2 - Nhng c im v tnh cht: PES l si c bn c hc kh cao, gn nh cao nht trong s cc si dt ni chung v si tng hp ni ring, bn t ca PES t n 50 -- 53 CN/tex, cn bn gin t t 20 4- 25%. V c bn c hc cao nn thi hn s dng ca cc mt hng vai t si PES l kh di. PES l si nhit do nhng chu nhit ca n kh cao (cng do trong mch c cha vng thm), n chuyn sang trng thi mm 235c v chy lng 270 -- 275c. c im ni bt ca si PES l c kh nng phc hi bin dng cao, kh nng chng nhu cao nn sau mi ln git ch cn l nh. v kh nng hi nhu, so snh, khi ly ch tiu ny ca vi bng l 5, len l 20 th ca vi 100% PES l 85, tng ng vi vi t si PAN cng l 85. V vy si PES c s dng phi trn vi cc si khc thng l pha vi xenlul sn xut cc mt hng t nhu hn. PES l si c bn ha hc cao, n bn vi dung dch long ca nhiu axt, tng i bn vi tc dng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh, bn vi vi sinh vt v nm mc. Do trong mch phn t ca si PES c cha nhm este nn n km bn vi kim. Tuy nhin ch trong mi trng kim mnh, nhit cao v c bit l c xc tc th lin kt este ny mi b ph v vi mc khc nhau. 1.2.3 - Phm vi s dng v u nhc im ca si PES: Do c tnh cht u vit k trn nn si PES hin nay ang c s dng rng ri trong ngnh dt sn xut nhiu mt hng vi dt v dt kim t 100% si ny hoc pha vi si khc t cc mt hng mng (60--80 g/m2) n cc mt hng vi dy (200--400 g/m2). X PES - xtapen c s dng phi trn vi nhiu loi x khc khi GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 15 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
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sn xut cc mt hng vi pha m thng dng nht vn l mt hng dt kim t si Pe/Co. Khi phi trn cc x vi nhau ch yu tn dng bn c l, kh nng chng nhu cao v gi thnh h ca loi x ny. Bn cnh nhng u im n cc mt hng t si PES cn c nhng nhc im do bn cht vn c ca loi si ny nh kh nhum, khng thch hp vi yu cu s dng , khng thch nghi vi hot ng ca con ngi v kh nng ht m ca PES qu thp lm cho khi s dng kh thm m hi, kh thot nc nn chm lm gim nhit trong khong khng gia vi vi da c th, iu ny gy nn cm gic b, km thong mt v kh chu. Do c hm m thp, vi PES d sinh tnh in v li khng c kh nng truyn dn in tch nn khi s dng cc loi qun o may t vi 100% PES d dnh da, mt ngoi b nhn nhm lm gim dng p ca ang phc. hn ch nhng nhc im ca si PES ngi ta dng nhiu bin php khc nhau nh: sn xut si PET vi mnh, sn xut si PES textua (si th tch cao), sn xut cc loi si PES bin tnh bng cch cy ghp vo mch i phn t ca PET truyn thng cc monome mi, a thm cc ph gia vo trong nha PET trc khi ko si... Bng cc bin php ny ngi ta sn xut c cc loi si PES mm mi hn, d thot m hi hn, c hm m cao hn, d nhum hn. Ngoi ra tng tnh cht s dng ca vi PES, ngi ta cn bin tnh b mt vi, x 1 hon tt nng cao ht m v mm mi cho vi. II - THUYT MINH V CNG NGH TIN x L VI DT KIM T SI

PES/CO. 2.1 - Cc mt hng c la chn sn xut.

o
nc ta, cc mt hng vi dt kim c sn xut rt phong ph v a dng nh: single, cc loi vi Rib (c, bo, chun); cc loi vi lacoste (hnh thoi, lc lng, hnh trm); vi interlock v.v... Mi mt sn phm u c nhng c tnh u vit v ph hp vi mc ch s dng ring. Trong bn thit k ny sn phm dt kim c la chn cho sn xut l GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 16 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
n tt nghip cc loi vi: single, lacoste. 2.1.1 - Vi Single:
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Vi Single l loi vi mt mt phi m trn ch c phn t cu trc c bn l vng dt. Cc vng dt an vi nhau theo hng hng vng v lng qua nhau theo hng ct vng. Mt phi ca vi ni ln cc tr vng. Trong may mc, ly mt phi ca vi lm mt phi ca sn phm. V mt phi ca n c mn, bng p. Mt tri ca n ni ln cc cung vng nn khng c mn, bng nh mt phi ca vi. Vi Single c ng knh tng ng bng hai ln ng knh ca si dt. Vi c cu to bng cc vng si dt nn c mm mi v n hi ln, gin ngang ln gp 2 ln gin dc. Si trong vi c sn to ra ni lc n hi lm cho vi d tr li trng thi ban u. Vi d b tut vng nn khi c mt vng si gia vi b t, n d b mt lin kt vi cc vng si xung quang, nn cng d b tut vng theo. hn ch tut vng, ngi ta thng tng mt ca vi v dng si c n hi cao hoc ma st gia cc si ln.
Cu trc vi Single 2.1.2 - Vi Lacoste: L loi vi c kiu an dn xut ca vi Single, to nn bi s xen k gia vng dt v vng chp theo quy lut ring ca vi. Vi Lacoste l loi vi c mt phi, trong may mc ngi ta thng ly mt tri ca vi lm mt phi cho sn phm. Bi mt tri ca vi trng ging nh t ong hoc ging PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 17 hn mt phi Th Phng Oanh GVHD nh da c su c hiu ng p SV Nguyn vi... Tnh cht vi Lacoste ging nh vi Single.
n tt nghip - Tnh qun mp, tnh tut vng t hn vi Single. - gin ngang v dc thp hn vi Single. - Vi Lacoste dy v xp hn vi Single.
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Cu trc vi Lacoste 2.2 - Yu cu tin x l vi dt kim. Vi dt kim mc dt t si bng pha vi x tng hp (polyeste) vn cn cha cc tp cht nh: Tp cht v cht mu thin nhin ca x bng, cht bi trn v cht chng tnh in ca x polyeste, du m dy vo vi trong qu trnh sn xut. Mt khc x bng cng nh x tng hp thng c cu trc khng ng nht v cht ch; nn vi dt kim mc tuy khng c h
GVHD PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 18 SV Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
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nhng vn kh thm nc, kh trng n trong nc v cng, c mu vng nht, kh thm m hi, kh nhum mu v.v... V vy tt c cc mt hng vi dt kim d trng hay nhum mu u phi qua qu trnh lm sch ha hc hay cn gi l tin x l. Trong ngnh dt kim cng c trng hp vi trc khi nu ty c t u x nhm lm cho vi nhn mt hn, nhng trong bn thit k ny khu i u x s khng thc hin v si dt kim Pe/Co s dng trong bn n ny l si chi k nn thng c t u x nh ln mt vi, mt khc nu t u x mt hng Pe/Co th phn x PES nhit cao s chy v chy, vn thnh nhng ht, khi nu ty xong chuyn sang nhum s lm cho tm vi khng c u mu (mu gia tm vi v u tm vi s khc nhau). Trong bn thit k ny cc mt hng trng sau nu ty ha hc u c x l tng trng. Vic x l tng trng cho vi Pe/Co phi dng 2 loi cht tng trng ring, mt phn cho PES v mt phn cho cotton phi hp vi nhau. Khi tng trng cho polyeste phi thc hin nhit 130c trong thit b cao p, cn khi tng trng cho cotton ch cn thc hin nhit di 100c khong (70%-80%). Vi nhng mt hng Pe/Co nhum mu d kin ch cn qua ty trng ha hc, trng hp no cn t cht lng sn phm cao th ngi ta cn x l nh hnh vi trc khi nhum n nh kch thc cho vi u mu sau ny. Tuy nhin gim bt chi ph nng lng trong bn thit k ny d kin s khng x l nh hnh vi giai on tin x l m ch nh hnh giai on x l hon tt. V khi ty v nhum trong my Jt th vi c chuyn ng lin tc, tuy dng dy nhng trong my c c cu g np nhn trong mi chu k chuyn ng ca vi c th trnh c hin tng gp np lm cho khng u mu sau ny. Trong bn ny cng khng d nh lm bng vi v khi kim bng, vic iu chnh cng ng u trn ton b din tch vi l khng d dng. Nu nh cng khng u th phn cotton s nhum mu thuc nhum hot tnh khng ng u lm cho vi d b loang mu. Do vy nn quy trnh cng ngh x l vi dt kim
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Vi mc > Nu ty kt hp > Ty trng quang hc > Git > Ra vi > Vt > M kh > X kh > Vng sy nh hnh (kt hp h mm) Cn n Kim tra v bao gi. * i vi hng mu: Vi mc > Nu ty kt hp > Nhum mu > Git > Ra vi > vt > M kh > X kh > Vng sy nh hnh (kt hp h mm) Cn n > Kim tra v bao gi. c im ca cc khu x l ny nh sau: 2.2.1 - Kim tra phn loi chun b vi mc. Dt vi l cng on lm thay i hnh dng lin kt vt liu t si nguyn liu sang vi mc. Sau khi dt xong vi dt kim mc c chuyn vo kho v lu tr y 2 n 3 ngy, mt mt d tr m bo cho qu trnh sn xut c nguyn liu hot ng lin tc v mt khc c thi gian kp kim a, phn loi ng s liu, sa cha li dt, cc vt du m v xp thnh tng l hng ring. Khi lu tr ong kho cn xp trn bc g cch mt nn 15 -T- 20 cm, cch tng khong 30-^35 cm v cn phi c bin php phng gin, chut... khi a vo sn xut cn phi may ni cc u tm vo vi nhau to thnh dy vi. Cc dy vi c th xp vo hoc cun thnh cun trn ty theo cc loi my, chiu di cc cun vi ong mt dy c th thay i. Vi dt kim thng c dt t loi si chi k, c cht lng cao, si khng cn h, thng khng cn phi qua t u x v khng cn phi qua gi h. Tp cht cha trong vi Pe/Co cn phi lm sch giai on tin x l, c th chia lm 2 loi: - Loi th nht: gm cc tp cht thin nhin ca x bng nh: pectin, hp cht cha nit, ng v axt hu c, cht mu thin nhin V..V.. Trong qu trnh lm bng, nu kim v ty trng di tc dng ca ha cht, chng s ph hy v chuyn
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- Loi th hai: gm c sp bng, cc cht bi trn, cht chng tnh in (ca x tng hp) v du m bm vo khi dt, khi nu bng dung dch kim, 1 phn nhng cht ny s chuyn thnh dng x phng v ha tan vo dung dch nu, phn cn li s tch khi vi nh tc dng nh ha ca cht (hay cn gi l cht ty ra, cht hot ng b mt). V vy qu trnh lm sch ha hc vi dt kim hay tin x l s nhm 2 mc ch c bn: Lm sch cc loi tp cht k trn cho vi t trng, thm nc, mm mi cao v nhiu ch tiu khc na. cho x si trng n u, m bo cho qu trnh nhum t c ng mu v su mu cao.
2.2.2 - Nu ty vi. Vi thnh phn tp cht ca vi Pe/Co nh trnh by trn, nu ty dt kim Pe/Co ngi ta dng cng ngh nu ty ng thi tit kim thi gian, tit kim in, hi, nc. Phng php ny s gim c cc sn phm, tng nng sut lao ng. Tc nhn ty thng l H202 thc hin nhit di 100c ong cc my kiu Jt dng dy lm cho sn phm b nhn. Thnh phn dung dch nu phi m bo sao cho kh sch cc tp cht thin nhin ca x bng, cht bi trn, cht chng tnh in phn x polyeste v cc vt du m bm bn vo trong qu trnh ko si v dt. Mt khc nu ty cn to iu kin cho x bng trng n u v xp hn d thm nc, thm m hi, d nhum mu, u mu v su mu hn. Vi s tng hp (PES) y l qu trnh gip cho x trng n v ng nht v cu trc, sch tp cht bt mu ti sng hn. Thnh phn dung dch nu ty gm c: - Xt (NaOH): L mt kim mnh, trong qu trnh nu n lm nhim v thy phn cc tp cht thin nhin ca x bng v x phng, cc axt bo c trong du m,
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cht bi trn, bin chng thnh dng d tan v d git sch ra khi vi. Ngoi ra xt cn lm cho xenlul trng n tng xp, tng mm mi, mao dn v bo v h keo. - NazS03: Lm nhim v bo v h keo ca dung dch nu, hp th nhng phm vt b tch ra khi vi, khng cho chng bm dnh tr li vi, m bo cho vi sch hn. Mt khc, n cn c tc dng hp ph cc ion kim loi nng c ong nc, chuyn chng t dng phn tn cao v dng phn tn th kh bm vo vi trnh cho vi khng b cc vt g (nh g st). Khi nu ty ng thi bng H2O2 th n cn lm nhim v n nh tc nhn ty trng. Do Na2Si03 c nhc im l d to thnh cc mui khng tan vi canxi v magi kt bm vo thnh thit b rt kh lm sch, bm vo vi gy ra li nhum nn hin nay ngi ta t dng Na2Si03 m thay bng cc ha cht khc c tc dng tng t nh: Tinoclarit G, Stabilon HN ... - Cht hot ng b mt (cn gi l cht tr tin x l): y l tn gi chung ca nhng cht c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung mi ( y l nc) nn lm tng nhanh tc thm t cht lng nu vo vt liu (vi). C nhiu cht hot ng b mt khc nhau, c loi khi ha tan vo nc phn ly thnh hai ion, phn hot ng b mt c th mang in tch m (anion) hoc mang in tch dng (cation) v c loi khi ha tan khng phn ly gi l cht hot ng b mt khng mang ion. Mi cht hat ng b mt c mt tnh nng tri hn nh: ngm, nh ha, phn tn, lm u, n nh h thng... Khi nu vi ngi ta thng chn nhng cht hot ng b mt c kh nng thm t v nh ha cao, ng thi bn vi mi trng kim nhit cao, t sinh bt nh: Sandoclean PC, Fumal ON... - Cht ngm: Tng kh nng thm thu, ngm thm dung dch, lm cho x trng n thuc nhum d dng i su vo trong x si nh: Cottoclarin KD, Cottoclrin VK, Invadin NF... - Cht bi trn: C tc dng lm gim ma st gia vi v thit b nhm to cho vi chuyn ng d dng, trn hn v khng gy np gp, sc g, sc cho, sc dc cho vi nh: Avcoslip LB, Persoftal L, Cibaflui c ...
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- Cht ty trng: to cho vi c trng cn thit, ong qu nh lm sch ha hc ngi ta dng hai bin php: ty trng ha hc bng cht oxi ha hoc cht kh v ty ng quang hc(c quang hc). Trong bn thit k ny s dng bin php ha hc bng cht oxi ha v tc dng ty ca chng rt mnh, t trng cao v khng b hi mu. Cc cht oxi ha dng nhiu ty vi, si l: Hydroperoxit(H202); natrihypoclorit(NaC10-nc Javen); Natriclorit (NaC102) v axt peroxiaxetic
(CH3COOOH)...
Trong s cc cht oxi ha trn th Hydroperoxit (H2O2) l tc nhn thng dng ty trng( lm sch) ha hc i vi cc mt hng Pe/Co.
c im v tnh cht ca (H2O2): Hydroperoxit(H202) l cht ty trng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip dt. N l mt hp cht km bn, d b phn hy v hiu khi c mt kim v cc mui kim loi nng nh : st, ch, ng, coban v.v...
v tnh cht: H202 l mt axt yu nn bn trong mi trng axt yu v km

bn ong mi trng kim, k c trong mi trng kim yu. Sn phm k thut c sn xut dng dung dch nc cha 30 -T- 50% H202 gi l perhydrol c bo qun trong cc bnh nha hoc nhm nguyn cht, c cha 1 lng axt cn thit gi cho n n nh. Cc loi bnh thy tinh hoc snh u khng dng c vo mc ch ny v khng bo m trung tnh hon ton. bn ca H202 ph thuc rt nhiu vo tr s pH ca mi trng nh sau: pH = 1 H-3 rt bn khi bo qun pH = 7 c bn trung tnh pH = 11--13 (mi trng kim mnh), b phn gii nhanh v rt km bn vng. Kh nng ty trng ca H202 Trong iu kin ty do H202 thot ra oxi nguyn t (oxi s sinh) c kh nng oxi ha rt mnh, c tc dng ph hy mu ca nhng tp cht cn li trn vi lm
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cho vi trng. Phn ng thot ra oxi nguyn t c gii thch do: Trong mi trng kim, H202 b phn gii theo phn ng dy chui lin tip: H202 pha tay phi, v sau : H02- + H202 ---------- H20 + OH- + 20 (2)
H202 +0H-------- H02+H20 (3)
H + +H0 2 -(1).
Do H+ b ion OH ca kim thu ht nn phn ng phn ly (1) tip tc chuyn v
C nh vy phn ng lin tc xy ra v oxi nguyn t thot ra c tc dng ty trng.
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+ H202 thng tn ti 2 dng:
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Trong mi trng kim, n dng 2 nhiu hn, dng ny km bn vng hn dng (1) v d thot ra oxi nguyn t. Phm vi s dng: u im ca H202 l c kh nng ty mnh, sn phm t c trng cao, mi trng ty v sinh, cng ngh n gin, ty c nhit cao, git sch sn phm khng gp kh khn. Nhc im: H202 phi ty trong mi trng kim, khng lm tng thm trng ca 1 s vi tng hp, khng dng cho cc mt hng t x axtat. H202 c s dng ch yu ty cc loi vi dt kim t x bng, vixc, vi polyeste pha bng. N cng c dng ty trng la t tm v len nhng phi khng ch tr s pH di 8 (khng dng xt m dng amonic). Thit b ty phi ch to bng thp khng g. 2.2.3 - Tng trng quang hc. Sau khi ty trng ha hc tuy cc cht mu thin nhin ca vi b ph hy, vi t c trng 82--85%, song vi cc mt hng trng th ch tiu ny vn cha t yu cu, ty thm na bng bin php ha hc s khng tng c trng m cn lm mc vi. tng ng ca vi hn na ngi ta dng bin php quang hc, trong sn xut gi l tng trng quang hc hay l quang hc. V thc cht ca qu trnh ny l do hiu qu quang hc mang li v c gii thch nh sau: sc vng hay nh vng cn li sau khi ty ha hc rt kh kh sch lm cho
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vi hoc giy c mu trng c. Da vo nguyn l b tr mu ca 1 s tia n sc trong quang ph nh sng mt tri th tia vng s b trit tiu khi phi vi tia xanh lam thnh tia v sc (tia trng), lm cho vt liu ng xanh m mt ta cm th gn nh chng t trng tuyt i (100%). a)
v bn cht:
Cht tng trng quang hc l nhng hp cht hu c, c cu to tng t nh thuc nhum nhng khng c mu, dng bi a s c mu vng nht. c im chung ca cc hp cht ny l chng c kh nng hp th cc tia t ngoi ca nh sng mt i vi bc sng =335H-375|im ( bc sng ny mt ngi khng cm th c), v bin nng lng va hp th c thnh quang nng, pht ra nhng bc sng ln hn (=40(H450|am) so vi nhng tia n hp th. Nhng tia ny nm phn u ca min quang ph thy c v c mu xanh tm. Mu ny s phi hp v trung ha sc vng cn li trn vt liu, lm cho vt liu tr nn khng mu v mt ta cm thy n trng bic. Ngoi tc dng to trng cao do hiu qu quang hc, nhng hp cht ny cn to cho vt liu c bng nht nh do tc dng pht hunh quang ca chng, nn trong tn gi mi c ch fluorescent (c ngha l hunh quang). - Cc cht ty trng quang hc dng trong cng nghip dt c ba loi: + Loi th nht: Gm nhng cht ha tan trong nc v phn ly thnh ion, ion c tc dng tng trng quang hc, mang in tch m (anion) chng c dng l cc loi vi t xenlul (bng, visco), len, t tm. Chng c kh nng lin kt vi vt liu tng t nh thuc nhum trc tip, nn c bn nht nh vi git gi, nh sng v cc nh hng khc. + Loi th hai: gm nhng cht cng ha tan trong nc v phn ly thnh ion, nhng ion c tc dng tng trng quang hc tch in dng (cation), c dng tng trng cho vi dt t si PAN. + Loi th ba: Gm nhng cht tng trng quang hc khng ha tan trong nc nn khng phn ly thnh ion, chng c sn xut dng bt mn phn tn cao ging nh thuc nhum phn tn, c s dng tng trng quang hc cho x tng
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hp ngha l x nhit do v ght nc. Vic x l tng trng quang hc cho x ny phi thc hin hoc l nhit cao (130--1500C), p sut cao hoc l theo phng php gia nhit kh (Thermosol) 180-^210c. Nhng cht tng ng loi ny cng c ch to dng chung cho nhiu loi x hoc ch dng ring cho mt loi x. b) iu kin cng ngh tng trng quang hc: iu kin x l tng trng quang hc cho cc loi vi hon ton khc nhau. i vi cc loi vi pha, nh Pe/Co th phi s dng hn hp c hai loi tng trng quang hc v thc hin cng ngh lm hai giai on: x l nhit cao d tng trng cho phn x PES v x l nhit di 100c tng trng cho phn x bng. c) Hiu qu tng trng quang hc: Cht tng trng quang hc ch pht huy y hiu lc ca n trong nh sng trng (nh sng thin nhin), nht l v bui sng v lc nh sng cha nhiu tia t ngoi. Trong nh sng nhn to, do cha t tia t ngoi nn hiu lc tng trng ca n thp hn hn so vi di nh sng thin nhin. V vy, nh gi trng ca vi, ngi ta phi dng n xnon, c coi l ngun nh sng chun. Cht lng tng trng quang hc cng c nh gi bng cc ch tiu nh vi thuc nhum: trng t c, bn vi git gi, nh sng, bn vi cc dung dch kim, axt v.v... 2.2.4 -GitvL Git l khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l t sn phm dt. L cng on c p dng thng xuyn, git l khu cn thit nu khng c git th qu trnh x l sn phm s khng thc hin c, nn git c thc hin sau cc giai on: - Nu vi
m____
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- Ty vi - Lm bng - Nhum -In V sau mt s cng on khc cng phi x l git. Trong cc qu trnh trn GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 27 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
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sau mi cng on x l bn sn phm u phi git k, sau mi chuyn sang cc cng on khc c, cho nn trong thc t git c xem nh l mt phn khng th thiu v tch ri c trong cc phng php x l trn. C th ni git l bin php loi tr cc tp cht cn nm li trn x si nh: nhng cht c ngun gc thin nhin (sp thin nhin, cht pectin...) hoc cc cht a vo si nhng ha cht khc nh du m bm vo trong qu trnh gia cng bo si, dt hoc sn phm ca cc phn ng ha hc khc, nhng phn t thuc nhum ch bm ngoi mt x si khng lin kt vi x si, cc ha cht, cht ph tr c trong dung dch nhum cn d li trn x si sau mt qu gia cng nht nh. Phng php git v kt qu git ph thuc rt nhiu yu t. Nhng cht bn ny c phn bit nh sau: + Nhng cht tan c ong nc. + Nh tng ca cc cht k nc. + S phn tn ca cc cht rn. Khng nn thc hin qu trnh git x lnh ngay sau khi kt thc qu trnh nhum, x lnh lc khng nhng lm tht thot nng lng cn li ca vi v my m cn lm cho si b sc ngui t ngt lm kh nng tng nhu v ngng vic khuych tn mu vo x. V vy nn ngi ta thng git nng hoc git m sau khi nhum lm sch cc cht in ly, kim, quan trng l nhng thuc nhum ch bm mt ngoi ca si. 2.3 - Thuc nhum s dng nhum cho vi Pe/Co. Vi Pe/Co c cu to t 2 loi x: X polyeste v x bng (cotton) cc tnh cht nhum ca x bng v x polyeste kh khc nhau v hu ht cc phng php nhum i vi hn hp pha trn chng bao gm nhng cng on ring to mu cho 2 loi x. Thnh phn polyeste lun c nhum trc vi hn hp thuc phn tn trong mi trng axt yu, nhit n 100c. i vi x bng, c s la chn thuc nhum, s la chn thc t ph thuc vo mu mong mun, loi hon tt yu cu, cc tnh cht bn mu, i hi gi thnh v my mc c th s dng. Thnh phn bng thng c nhum bng nhiu lp thuc nhum nh: hot tnh, trc tip,
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hon nguyn, lu hunh hoc azo khng tan. Trong bn thit k ny thuc nhum hot tnh c la chn nhum cho phn x bng v n c mu ti sng, c bn mu kh cao vi x l t rt thch hp cho hng dt kim. 2.3.1 - Thuc nhum phn tn. Thuc nhum phn tn l nhng hp cht mu rt t tan trong nc do khng cha cc nhm c tnh tan nh: -S03Na, -COONa. Nhng thuc nhum phn tn u tin c sn xut vo nhng nm u th k XX. Tn gi ca thuc nhum ny ch rng chng c ha tan rt thp trong nc, ch trong khong t 0,2 -- 8mg/l 25c. Tng nhit 80 -H100C ha tan ca chng cng ch t 0,5g/l - Trong phn t c cha nhm amin dng t do hoc ankyl ha, nn thuc nhum trung tnh hay c tnh baz yu. - C khi lng phn t khng ln (250 300), kch thc phn t nh v cu to khng phc tp. - Nhit nng chy v thng hoa ca thuc nhum phi tng i cao (250 300C) - dng huyn ph phn tn cao, kch thc ht ch yu trong khong 0,2-2fim; trong qu trnh nhum v in hoa, chng khng chu bt k mt bin dng no. a) u im: thuc nhum phn tn c gam mu t vng n en, mu ca chng ti bng; c dng ch yu nhum x tng hp v mt s vt liu cao phn t. Chng cng c dng ph bin in hoa vi tng hp, vi pha theo cc phng php truyn thng v hin nay ang c s dng in hoa theo phng php in thng hoa hay in chuyn. - Nhng hp cht mu dng lm thuc nhum phn tn cn phi tha mn cc ch tiu: c bn mu cao vi git, nh sng, khi l v c bit l vi thng hoa. cho thuc nhum phn tn c th i su vo trong x, khi nhum cng nh in hoa u phi x l nhit cao t 130 --135% theo phng php nhit cao, p sut cao hoc 180 -T- 220c theo phng php thermosol. Mt s mt hng thuc nhum phn tn c cc hng v cc nc trn th gii sn xut nh:
n tt nghip Duranol T, Dispersol, Serizol (ICI - Anh). Synten p (Ciech - Ba Lan) Vialonfast, perliton, Samorone (Bayer - c). Terasil, Sibaset (Ciba - Geigy) v.v...
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Gn y 1 s hng sn xut ra cc loi hn hp t 2-3 loi thuc nhum khc nhau nhum v in hoa cho vi tng hp pha vi x thin nhin. b) C ch nhum: im c trng ca vi t x PES l kh nhum do loi x ny c cu trc cht ch, t l vi tnh th kh cao, tnh k nc (ght nc) ca x cao, trong nc x rt kh trng n, nhit di 100c hu nh khng bt mu. iu kin tiu chun 120c v m tng i ca khng kh l 65%. X PES ch ngm 0,4% m (cn gi l hm m). X PES cng nh cc x tng hp khc thuc loi x nhit do, n chuyn sang trng thi mm 230 --2350C v chy lng 265 -H 270c (ty chng loi x). Do nhng c im k trn x PES khng bt mu bng cc loi thuc nhum ha tan trong nc, trong thc t n ch nhum mu bng thuc nhum phn tn. Mc d thuc nhum phn tn c sn xut v s dng kh ph bin, c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v c ch nhum nhng nay vn cha thc r v thc cht ca vn ny. Hin nay c 2 kin gii thch bn cht ca qu trnh nhum nh sau: - kin th nht cho rng: theo thuyt dung dch rn th trong qu trnh nhum, cc ht thuc nhum khng tan trong nc, nhit cao s ha tan vo x si, x si coi nh dung dch rn ca thuc nhum, sau bm dnh vo x si bng cc lc lin kt phn t v lin kt hydro. Hin tng ny c th minh ha tng t nh du m v xng khng ho tan ong nc nhng chng li tan vo nhau, xng l dung mi ca du m. - kin th hai cho rng: trong qu trnh nhum, nhit cao x PES ni ring v x tng hp ni chung b trng n mnh, lc lin kt gia cc mch i phn t yu i v thuc nhum s khuch tn vo su trong x sau thc hin cc
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Da vo c s khoa hc ca cc thuyt ny v tnh cht ca x PES ngi ta tm ra phng php nhum vi PES: + Phng php nhum dng cht ti (cht dn ng). + Phng php nhum nhit cao, p sut cao. + Nhum theo phng php thermosol (gia nhit kh). Trong 3 phng php ni trn th phng php nhum nhit cao, p sut cao theo phng php gin on (tn trch) trn my Jt l thch hp hn c cho hng dt kim v c la chn nhum cho phn x PES. n v quy trnh cng ngh nhum s c gii thiu trong phn thit k cng ngh. 2.3.2 - Thuc nhum hoat tnh.
m
L nhng hp cht mu m trong phn t ca chng c cha cc nhm nguyn t c th thc hin c cc mi lin kt ha tr vi vt liu ni chung v x dt ni ring trong qu trnh nhum. Nh vy m chng c bn mu vi gia cng t, ma st v nhiu ch tiu khc. a) u im: thuc nhum hot tnh c gam mu, mu ti, gi thnh sn xut khng cao, k thut nhum v in khng phc tp, nn tuy thuc nhum ny mi ra i t nm 1956 nhng n nay c hng nghn mu khc nhau c sn xut v c s dng ngy cng ph cp nhum nht l in hoa. Bt k mt thuc nhum hot tnh no cng c th vit di dng cng thc tng qut: s - Ar - T - X. S: l nhm to cho phn t thuc nhum tnh tan Ar: l nhm gc thuc nhum(gc mu) T: l gc mang nguyn t phn ng X: l nguyn t phn ng Hu ht thuc nhum hot tnh ha tan tt trong nc v bt mu vo vt liu trong mi trng kim yu. Chng c dng ch yu nhum cc loi vt liu t xenlul, la t tm, cc loi len d, cc loi vi t x nilon. Khi tham gia phn ng vi x si, bn cnh phn ng chnh cn c phn ng
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ph, thy phn thuc nhum v dng mt hot tnh, lm gim hiu lc ca chng. Dng b thy phn cn kh git sch khi vi, lm gim cc phm cp v cc ch tiu bn mu v l nhc im chnh ca thuc nhum. b) Phm vi s dng: Thuc nhum hot tnh c chia lm hai loi: loi nhum cho x xenlul, len, t tm v loi nhum x PAD. Theo tnh cht k thut loi th c chia lm ba nhm: - Nhm thuc nhum ngui, trong tn gi c ch M hay ch X, chng c kh nng phn ng cao, phi nhum trong mi trng kim yu nhit thp (25 -=30C). - Nhm thuc nhum nng: trong tn gi c ch H, khi nhum th tri s pH ca dung dch trong khong 10 --11 nhit 60c. - Nhm nhum nhit cao, trong tn gi khng c k hiu g c bit hoc c ch HT, chng c kh nng phn ng thp so vi hai nhm trn nn chng c th nhum tn trch 70 -H 90c ong mi trng kim mnh hn. Theo mc gim dn kh nng phn ng, cc mt hng thuc nhum hot tnh c th sp xp theo th t sau: Procion Drimaren Levafix Cibacron F Levaflx Remazol Cibacro n Bazilen Cibacron Procion EP E, A, P; H, H - E; E M, X (c kh nng phn ng cao nht) K, R E-A
Cibacron (reacton) T;
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Drimaren X v z (c kh nng phn ng thp nht). Mi loi thuc nhum k trn cng c nhng mu c kh nng phn ng cao hn hoc thp hn t nhiu, th t sp xp ny ch l tng i, c dng ch yu khi thit lp cng ngh nhum. - Thnh phn ca dung dch nhum: Tng ng vi ba nhm nhum k trn, thnh phn ca dung dch nhum khi nhum khi nhum tn trch c th ly nh sau: Thuc nhum C k hiu M C h hiu H X Na2C03 10-15
-F^ -F^ I-
Thnh phn dung dich nhum (g/1) Thuc nhum (theo mu) Tc nhn kim Cht in ly (NaCl, Na2S04) Cht ngm
Khng c k hu X
X Na2C03 hay NaHCOs 5-15 u> IOs o
Na2C03 12-20
I-
0,2 - 0,5
0,2 - 0,5
0,2 - 0,5
Khi chun b dung dch nhum th thuc nhum v cht ngm c ha thnh dung dch ring, mui n v dung dch kim c ha tan thnh dung dch ring v a vo my theo nhng giai on nht nh. Trong ba nhm thuc nhum ni trn th nhm thuc nhum nng, trong tn gi c ch H s c la chn nhum cho phn x bng theo phng php tn trch thc hin trn my Jt. n v quy trnh cng ngh nhum s c gii thiu ong phn thit k cng ngh.
2.4 - Yu cu v thit b tin x l. Hin nay trnh k thut, cng ngh ca thit b nhum nc ta cn
o o
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lc hu so vi trnh k thut ni chung trn th gii. Do vy, cht lng sn phm cn hn ch, cha p ng c ht nhu cu ca khch hng. Hu ht cc loi vi dng cho ngnh dt may c cht lng cao cn phi nhp khu. Thit b cng ngh lc hu dn n nng sut lao ng thp, hn ch s pht trin ca ngnh dt may. c sn phm c cht lng cao, p ng c yu cu kht khe i vi sn phm xut khu, thit b v cng ngh sn xut cn c la chn sao cho thch hp, mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Trong chin lc tng tc ca ngnh dt may th i vi phn thit b, cng ngh c cc nh quy hoch xc nh rt r rng: thit b cng ngh lp t phi m bo cc yu cu v k thut, cht lng, nng sut, gi thnh v khng gy nhim mi trng... Ngy nay vi s pht trin rt mnh m ca cng ngh c kh chnh xc, t ng ha cao, cng ngh in t... nn thit b nhum ca th h mi lun c trang b cc h thng kim sot cht lng to ra c mt bc ng k trong cng ngh nhum. Thit b chnh c s dng trong cng on ny l my Jt. My Jt c nhiu loi v c nhiu cng ty trn th gii ch to vi cc tn gi khc nhau. ph hp vi yu cu cng ngh v kh nng u t, my Jt do hng i Loan ch to s c la chn s dng ong bn thit k ny. My Jet do hng i Loan ch to l my nhum cao p c nhiu loi, vi cng sut t 50kg n 1200 kg mi m. Ty theo cng sut ca my m s hng dn vi mi my c khc nhau:
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Hot ng vi dung t 1:8-5-1:10 c trng hp 1:20, nhng ti u l 1:10 v s c la chn s dng trong bn n ny. C 3 kiu my Jt do i Loan ch to c gii thiu s dng cho hng dt kim gm 50kg, 400kg, 600kg. Cc my Jt y c s dng nu ty v nhum vi dt kim nh: si cotton 100%, vi Pe/Co, vi polyeste 100% vi trng lng g/m2 khc nhau. Nhng my Jt ny ngoi khc nhau v cng sut cn khc nhau v th h ch to, ch yu khc nhay v phn iu khin t ng v cch b tr cc van trn my. Song v nguyn tc hot ng c bn l nh nhau. y l nhng my a nng, c th nu, ty, git nhum cho vi bng, vi tng hp, vi pha nhit cao 130 H-150C v p sut cao tng ng. * Cc thng s k thut ca my Jt do hng i Loan ch to: - in p lm vic: 380 20V. - Vt liu ch to my: thp khng g, nhng khng dng c i vi cc dung dch c cha ion Clo hot ng (Cl+) nh dung dch Natrihyboclorit (Nc Javel). - Nc dng cho qu trnh ty, nhum phi c cng < 65G. - Nc dng lm ngui (h nhit ) phi c cng 0,5G - p lc hi cp vo my p = 5KG/cm3
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- Trng lng ca vi c th a vo gia cng: 60g/m2 -- 350g/m2. - Chiu di mt dy vi trn 1 hng (mt): 285 -T- 1666. Khi s dng my Jt i Loan, tu theo ng lng ca vi (dy, mng) m ngi ta iu chnh cc thng s k thut cho ph hp. * u im ca my Jt i Loan: - Nhiu th h, p ng c yu cu sn xut. - Cht lng gia cng cao - Tc vn chuyn vi ln. - Chu k tun hon dung dch ln. - Gi thnh va phi. Trong s cc my Jt do hng i Loan ch to th loi my HA - 400 thuc th h mi vi cng sut 400kg/m v s hng dn vi l 4 hng s c la chn s dng cho c qu trnh nu ty v nhum vi dt kim Pe/Co. 2.4.1 - c tnh k thut ca my Jt i Loan HA - 400. - Nhit ti a: 140c. - p lc my ti a: 4Kg/cm2 - Dung tch: 2400 H- 3200 (lt) - Nng sut 1 m: 300 Hr- 400 (Kg). - Cng sut mi hng: 100 -H 150 (Kg/1 hng) - Cng sut my: 27 (KW) - Tc chuyn ng ca vi: 200 4- 500 (m/pht). - Chiu di thn my: 4555 X 4 (mm). - Chiu rng: 2800 (mm). - Chiu cao: 2500 (mm). - Lng hi cn thit cho 1 chu k: 690 (Kg). - Lng nc lnh cho 1 chu k: 4000 (lt). - Dung t 1 : 10. 2.4.2 - Cu to ca my. Cng nh my Jt ca cc nc khc ch to, cc loi my Jt do i Loan ch to cng gm cc b phn chnh: Thn my, bnh gia nhit, bm chnh, gung hng,
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gung ra vi, cc van iu khin kh nn, van tay, h thng cp nc, hi v pha ch ho cht, t in chnh trn my. Di y ch trnh by ch yu cc b phn ca my HA - 400 thuc th h mi. a) Thn my: Thn my c hnh tr nm ngang lm nhim v cha vi v dung dch x l, lm chc nng ca mng nhum, l ni thc hin cc qu trnh ho hc, ho l khi nu - ty, nhum v git vi. Thn my c cht to bng thp khng g SS - 340, chu c p lc v nhit cao, chu tc dng ca ho cht, nhng khng bn vi cc cht oxi ho cha Clo hot ng. Vi loi my HA - 400 mi my c 2 ca thao tc v c 2 gung chnh dn vi, mi gung phc v cho 2 hng v t s c 4 thn my di nh nhau dng gia cng 4 dy vi mi dy 100kg. Khi my hot ng cc dy vi ny ln lt t thn my qua gung dn vi vo ming Jt (hng) i vo ng dn ri v thn my c lp vi nhau, ring trong tng thn my. Nh vy mi my ca biu ny s c 4 thn my, 4 ng dn vi v 2 gung dn, mi gung phc v cho 2 dy vi x l trong 2 thn. Pha di
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mi thn, dc sut theo chiu di u c sn (y gi) bng cc tm thp khng g c t l cho dung dch d dng tun hon t thn my v bm ly tm v ngn nga vi b tc ming ht ca bm chnh. - Hng Jt: u trn ca mi ng dn vi u c c mt hng Jt. Hng c hnh phu, vnh loa rng dn pha sau, c to ri. Tu theo cc loi vi dy mng khc nhau m dng loi hng cho thch hp, theo nguyn tc vi cng dy th phi dng loi hng c ng knh cng ln. Chc nng ca hng Jt l to ra dng chy c tc cao mt mt y vi chuyn ng, mt khc khi thay i p lc t ni tit din hng nh n vnh phu c tit din ln hn, vi s c g cc np nhn va mi to thnh mi vng chuyn ng. y va l u im ca my Jt v cc kiu my nhum cao p khc, bo m c th nhum c vi tng hp, vi tng hp pha x thin nhin nhit cao khng b nhn, sc, vt. - Gung dn vi: c th phc v ring cho mt thn my hay ng thi cho hai thn my, dng a dn vi t thn my ln hng Jt v vi ra khi hng Jt khi n b tc hoc ri. Gung dn vi lm bng cc thanh thp khng g xp thnh hnh tm cnh to ma st cn thit cho dy vi bm khi chuyn ng. Tc gung c iu chnh theo p lc hng Jt theo nguyn tc lng vi cp vo phi bng lng vi i ra khi hng trong mt n v thi gian. Trong thn my, bn di gung c mt vng trn khoan nhiu l nh, ni vi van ngc. C cu ny lm nhim v g ri. Nu nh hng Jt hay gung vi b ri th ngi ta kho van thun (bm dung dch vo hng) v m van ngc, khi ny dng cht lng s ko vi tr li thn my. C cu ny cn c tc dng gim bt tc vi vo hng khi iu chnh hot ng ca my. S cu to gung dn v hng Jt 1 - Dy vi 2 - Gung dn GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 38 SV: Ngd
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b) Bnh gia nhit: Bnh gia nhit c cu to hnh tr nm ngang, phn gia nhit gm mt h thng ng thng bng thp khng g t theo kiu ng chm trao i nhit theo phng thc gin tip, dung dch thuc nhum hay ho cht i bn trong cc ng chm, cn hi hay nc lm mt i bn ngoi cc ng ny - ngc chiu vi dng chy ca dung dch bn trong ng. Nh phng thc truyn nhit gin tip ny m dung t trong mng nhum s khng i sut trong thi gian nhum hay nu ty vi. thng xuyn tch cc u x si v tp cht khi dung dch nhum, va bo v cnh ca my bm, va trnh tc dng v m bo cho vi c x l u, trc khi dung dch i vo cc ng trao i nhit n c bm qua h thng li lc tch tp cht c hc. C sau mi m nhum hay nu ty cn v sinh li lc mt ln. Chc nng ca bnh gia nhit: nng nhit ca dung dch khi nu ty, nhum v h nhit khi git ngui vi. c) B phn pha ho cht, thuc nhum: B phn ny lm nhim v ho thuc nhum hay ho cht t dng bt hay dng lng thnh dng ho tan hay phn tn cao n mt nng nht nh trc khi cp vo my. Di tc dng khuy mnh ca cnh khuy thuc nhum hay ho cht c tan nhanh, trit v ng u trong ton b khi dung dch m c, bo m cho qu trnh nhum c u mu. Dung tch ca bnh lOOOlt. d) H thng van iu khin: iu khin qu trnh cng ngh, my Jt i Loan c mt h thng van iu khin bng kh nn v bng tay.
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- Trn thn my c h thng van piston iu khin bng kh nn (hai u kh nn) gm: van ly nc, van x nc, van git ui, van trch dch, cc van cp p sut v x p bng tay. - Trn bnh gia nhit (bnh trao i nhit) c cc van mt ng kh nn dng cho vic cp hi, cp nc lm mt, x nc nng, x nc lnh. - Trn h thng bnh pha c van iu khin hai ng kh nn: van cp, van tun hon, van x, van ly nc, van ly hi bng tay.
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S cu to ca my Jt do i Loan ch to.
-WZBXH ---- MX M
7 16
1- Thn my 2 - Ca vo my 3 - Gung dn vi 4 - Hng Jt 5 - ng dn vi
7 - Dy vi 8 - Bnh gia nhit. 9 - B phn lc
13 - Van cp kh nn. 14 - Van chy trn 15 - Van chnh dng
11- Bnh pha ho cht 17 - Van chnh p
10-Bm chnh
16 - Van x dch thi
6 - Sn cha vi (y gi) 12 - Bm cp dung dch 18 - Van an ton 2.4.3 - Nguyn l lm vic ca my Jt i Loan. Khi mc vo my vi c x l dng dy v c khu thnh vng trn, cc dy vi c mc tch ring nhau, khi my hot ng th chng lin tc chuyn ng, dung dch c bm t thn my qua mng lc v thit b gia nhit phun mnh vo ming Jt, y dy vi chuyn ng trong ng bng dng thu lc c p sut cao. Trong mi vng chuyn ng, khi ra khi ng dn dy vi i vo vng gim p, bng ra v thay i np gp. Nh vy m cc loi vi tng hp v vi pha khi x l nhit cao khng b nhn. Cc
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loi my ny thng c trang b km theo h thng pha ch v cp dung dch, h thng iu khin t ng theo chng trnh bng my tnh. 2.5 - Cng ngh hon tt. Vi sau khi nu ty v nhum s c x l hon tt. Mc ch chnh ca hon tt l b sung mt s c tnh cho s dng cui cng ca vi; ci thin mt s tnh cht qu vn c ca vi hoc hiu chnh mt s cc tnh cht xu xy ra sau cng on x l trc v sau nhum mu. Qu trnh x l hon tt c chia lm 2 loi: - Cc qu trnh hon tt ha hc: x l bng cc ha cht c bit bin i cc c tnh vn c ca vi. - Cc qu trnh hon tt c hc: x l bng cc tc ng vt l ca thit b ln vi. Qu trnh hon tt vi dt kim t si Pe/Co gm cc cng on sau: Sau khi nu ty v nhum th vi c: vt > M kh > x kh Vng sy nh hnh (kt hp vi h mm) Cn n Kim tra v bao gi. c im cu cc khu x l hon tt ny nh sau: 2.5.1 - Vt (tch nc). Sau cc qu trnh x l t (nu ty, git, nhum...) trn vi dt kim t cn cha 200^-250% nc m so vi khi lng vi kh. Lng nc ny nhiu hay t ph thuc vo vi dt t x thin nhin hay x tng hp hoc vi pha. Vt ly tm nhm mc ch a hm m ca vi v hm m quy nh. i vi vi Pe/Co, hm m sau vt khong 35%. Vi sau khi vt s gip cho cc qu trnh cng ngh tip theo c thun li hn, gip cho qu trnh ngm h hon tt my vng t mc p ca vi khong 85--90% theo yu cu cng ngh. * Thit b: chn my vt ly tm k hiu ES ca hng Pozzi (Italia). y l loi my vt ly tm kiu treo v cho php vt kit n mc p khong 6070%. GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 42 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
- Nguyn l hot ng: vi cht vo thng hnh tr, thng c t nhiu l v t vo my. Khi my chy, thng cha vt liu quay trn xung quanh ngng trc, nh lc ly tm tc ng mnh ln vi, phn nc no khng lin kt cht ch vi vt liu s b vng ra khi vi qua cc l ca thnh thng v thot ra ngoi. - Cc thng s ca my: (my loi 150kg vi kh/m tng ng vi 300--400 kg vi t) + ng knh X Chiu cao thng cha vi = 1500x690 (mm). + Tc quay: 750 (vng/pht). + Kch thc my: Di X Rng X Cao = 2500x2100x1200 (mm). + Tng cng sut in: 7 (KW). * Quy trnh vt vi trn my vt ly tm: - Cht vi vo my bng tay: 5 pht - M my v iu chnh tc : 3 pht - Vt vi: 20 pht - Hm v dng my: 2 pht - Ra vi: 5 pht Tng thi gian vt vi: 35 pht 0,58 (gi). 2.5.2 - My m kh. Dng g xon vi, a vi t dng dy xon v dng phng nhm mc ch to iu kin thun li cho khu x kh tip theo v nh kh ban u ca sn phm theo kh thnh phm. M kh cn nhm chnh canh dc ca vi, to iu kin tt cho khu sy sau ny. * Thit b: Do hng Nisseico. LTD (Nht Bn) ch to. - Cc thng s k thut: + Tc ra vi: 30 (m/pht). + Kch thc my: Di X rng X cao = 4800 X 2400 X 2500 (mm). + Tng cng sut in: 2,2 (KW). GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 42 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
n tt nghip 2.5.3 - My x kh.
Trng HBKH Ni
X kh l cng on a vi t dng ng v dng phng, x canh dc to iu kin cho khu vng sy nh hnh. Nu x xin canh th vi thnh phm s b xin canh, khu vng nh hnh s khng iu chinh c. * Thit b: do hng Nisseico.LTD (Nht Bn) ch to. - Cc thng s k thut: + Kch thc ca my: Di X rng X cao = 6000x 3000 X 2500 (mm). + Tc ra vi: 30 (m/pht). + Tng cng sut in: 3,5 (KW). 2.5.4 - My vng sy - nh hnh v h mm. Sy ngoi mc ch lm kh vi, vic sy cn l qu trnh dng tc nhn nhit lm ng rn (qu trnh a t cht lm mm h hon tt khi hp ph vo x si) cht lm mm. Vic thc hin qu trnh sy yu cu phi tun th ng v thng s k thut, v nhit , tc cho tng loi vi theo cng ngh ban hnh. Trong bn n ny vi vi pha Pe/Co, qu trnh vng nh hnh l khu hon tt bt buc v ngoi mc ch n nh nhit phn x PES n cn nhm cc mc ch: - Vng nh hnh nhm to ra kh vi thnh phm hp l, mt dc, ngang hp l vi thnh phm c dc ngang t yu cu. - Vng nh hnh nhm hiu chnh khi lng g/m2 theo yu cu (c th gii quyt vn tng hay gim g/m2cho vi). - Vng nh hnh kt hp qu trnh h hon tt vi s lm cho vi c mm mi, tng tnh n nh kch thc, to iu kin thun li cho khu may sn phm sau ny. - Qu trnh vng nh hnh hon tt vi dt kim Pe/Co i hi phi thc hin ng nhng ch v h, vng, lc p trc, tc , nhit , bc GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 42 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
n tt nghip vt...kh h my cho tng loi sn phm.
Trng HBKH Ni
- H mm: to cho sn phm c cm gic mm mi, tng r, gim tnh in v d ct may. C rt nhiu hp cht h mm nh : Silicon, mt s nh tng ca polyetylen, nh tng ca cc loi du, cht bo, m ng vt... Trong bn n ny cht h c s dng l silicon v n c mm mi cao v bn. Silicon c rt nhiu loi nhng loi thng thng c cng thc:
r ch3 ^
Loi ny c sn xut dng nh tng trng nh sa, sau khi a ln vi c th a nc git cui cng hoc a vo lc cn p khi vng sy nh hnh v sau vi c sy kh, sau khi sy kh th gia nhit 150- 160 trong vng 1 pht th silicon s chuyn thnh mng vi mng gn cht vo vi lm cho vi mm v bn vi git. + Trng hp silicon bin tnh: c cng thc tng qut: r A
CH3 CH3
--- 0 ----- Si (0 ) Si (0 )
m
CH3 R
n
n
Gc R c th l H Hoc R l 1 nhm: R =R
gi l EP silicon (epocxi - silicon) GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 42 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
n tt nghip Khi: R = R-NH2 -am
Trng HBKH Ni
Silicone AM (amino silicon) * Thit b: My vng sy- inh hnh + hm mm do hng FAMATEX ca c ch to. - Cc thng s k thut ca my + Kh rng cng tc: 1400 2000 (mm).
-7-
+ Tc chuyn ng ca vi: 1 --100 (m/pht). Trung bnh 25 (m/pht). + S dng dung dch h mm Nikkasilicone AM - 202 : 2,5% hon tt sy v nh hnh hng dt kim. + Mc p: 80%. + Bc vt (Overfeed): 10 --15%. + My gm c 5 khoang, 3 khoang sy, 1 khoang nh hnh v 1 khoang lm ngui. + Chiu di 1 khoang 3 (m). + Nhit trung bnh ca khoang nh hnh: 180 -- 215c. + Nhit trung bnh ca khoang sy: 125 128c. + Kch thc ca my: Di X rng X cao = 20,8 X 4 X 4 (m). + Tng cng sut cc m t in: 85 (KW). 2.5.5- My cn n. Cn l tc ng ln vi va lc c hc, va hi m v nhit to cho b mt vi c mt s tnh cht mi nh: lm cho mt vi phng, mn, mt i nhng np nhn trong qu trnh git gy ra v cho vi c kh nng phn x nh sng tt hn... * Thit b: My cn n do hng Arbax (CHLB c) ch to. - Nguyn l hot ng: vi i vo qua b phn xng hi, sau khi xng hi c cun quanh thng cn (thng cn rng), cp hoi vo bn trong si nng mt thng, khi vi chy bao quanh mt thng vi c tm n (c GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 46 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh chuyn ng v tn) p st vo mt thng. Vi c x l ng thi nng m v c nn vo mt nng lm cho vi42 SV:phng. RaTh Phng Oanhn vi GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng nhn Nguyn khi b phn cn
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
c lm ngui bng cch thi khng kh lnh ln mt vi, khi vi ang chy qun quanh thng l mt sng v sau cun li thnh trc. - Cc thng s k thut: + Kh rng cng tc: 1400 -T-1800 (mm). + Tc chuyn ng ca vi: 20 (m/pht). + T l cp b: 5 -- 7 %. + Nhit ti a mt ngoi ca l sy: 130c. + Lc nn ca bng n vo thng cn c th iu chnh tu theo loi vi v yu cu ca khch hng. + Kch thc my: Di X rng X cao = 5,6 X 2,6 X 4,4 (m). + Tng cng sut in: 4,5 (KW).
CHNG II THIT K CNG NGH V DY CHUYN SN XUT
Khi thit k cng ngh v dy chuyn sn xut ta cn chn cc thng s hp l to ra hiu qu sn xut cao v n nh hng trc tip n nng sut my v
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
cht lng sn phm. Do phn thit k ny c nh hng trc tip n cht lng sn phm sn xut ra nn ngoi cc thng s ong n cng ngh cn phi k ti cc thng s ca my mc, thit b v yu t con ngi. Vic thit k ny cn c vo: - Loi dy chuyn (gin on, lin tc) v c tnh k thut ca my chn. - Loi nguyn liu a vo sn xut. - Yu cu v cng dng ca sn phm sn xut ra. Ngoi ra cn cn c vo trnh k thut hin i, trnh t chc qun l chn cc thng s cng ngh sao cho va m bo k thut, va tng nng sut lao ng.
I - THIT K QUY TRNH CNG NGH CHO MT HNG VI
PES/CO DT KIM Quy trnh cng ngh lm sch ho hc, nhum v hon tt vi PES/CO Dt kim bao gm cc bc nh sau:
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
n tt nghip 1.1 - Ch sn xut v thng s cc mt hng. 1.1.1 - Xc nh s ngy lm vic trong nm: - Tng sn lng yu cu : 2.000 tn - S ngy lm vic trong nm: 305 ngy - S ca lm vic trong 1 ngy : 3 ca - Thi gian lm vic ong 1 ca : 7,5 gi
Trng HBKH Ni
- S gi lm vic trong 1 ngy l : 3 X 7,5 = 22,5 gi - S gi lm vic trong nm l : 22, 5 X 305= 6862,5 gi. 1.1.2 - Cc thng s k thut ca vi mc: Bng: thng s k thut ca vi mc Loi vi Thng s k thut Ch s si Ne [m/g] SiT/C Mt dc Pd [V/Cm] Mt ngang Pn [V/Cm] Kh vi K [Cm] Khi lng Q [g/m2] * Tnh s vi mc cho sn xut u vo: Vi mc khi a vo nu ty nhng tp cht ca vi c loi b, vi ch b gim trng cht t nhng b li cng on nhum v hon tt th thc nhum v h hon tt li bm vo vi lm cho vi tng trng tr li. Trong bn thit k ny d kin khi lng vi mc u vo bng khi lng vi mc cn sn xut cng thm 2% b vo vi u tm. Khi lng vi cn sn xut: 2.000 (tn/nm). Vy khi lng vi u vo s l : 2.040 (tn/nm). 30/1 67/33 19,5 13 103 135 60/2 67/33 13,5 11 120 147 Single Lacoste
n tt nghip
Trng HBK H Ni
Bng phn phi mt hng vi khi lng 2.040 (tn/nm) Tn Sn lug (tn/nm) Cc mu nhum T l mt (tn/nm) hng (%) Mu 1 Mu 2 Sn lng hng Sn lng hng
Single Lacoste Tng
50 50 100
trng 60% 612 612 1.224
mu 40% 408 408 816
204 204 408
204 204 408
1.2 - Quy trnh cng ngh nu ty vi Pe/Co. 1.2.1 - n v quy trnh cng ngh nu ty trng vi Pe/Co ra hng vi trng: - Nguyn liu : Vi Pe/Co, t l pha trn 67/33. - Thit b x l: Thc hin trn my Jt HA - 400. - Dung t 1 : 10. - Vi cc mt hng vi trng, do yu cu t trng cao nn qu trnh nu, ty vi c thc hin bng nhiu bc v bc cui cng vi c x l tng ng quang hc. - t trng cao, vi Pe/Co cng nu, ty qua nhiu giai on nh sau: * Nu Ty ln th nht (nu ty kh), dung t 1 : 1 0 Dung dch nu ty c ho ring v a vo my lm 2 ln. Thnh phn ho cht Nng s dng A - Synvatol FL 1 % so vi vi 2% so vi vi 2% so vi vi Chc nng Cht hot ng b mt khng mang ion Na2C03 B - Na2s204 Cht to mi trng kim Cht kh mu t nhin
GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 51
SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
n tt nghip Quy trnh cng ngh c thc hin theo s sau:
Trng HBKH Ni
- Quy trnh thc hin Vo vi Cp dung dch ho cht vo my 40c Ln nhit 80c Cp kh 80c Gi nhit 80c X ui Cp nc Git nng 80c X thi Cp nc Git lnh X thi Cp nc Chuyn sang nu ty ln 2, tng thi gian nu ty v 120 pht * Nu ty ln 2 (dung t 1 10). Thnh phn ho cht Nng s dng A - Na2C03 2,75 so vi vi
15 pht
10 pht
15 pht 5 pht 20 pht 10 pht 5 pht 10 pht 5 pht 5
git ln 1 ht:
Chc nng pht 10 To mi trng kim pht 5

pht 5 pht
n tt nghip Tinoclarit G InvadinNF B - H2O2 50%
Trng HBKH Ni 2,75 so vi vi n nh s hot ng ca H202 1,0 g/1 Cht ngm 5% so vi vi Cht ty trng
Quy trnh cng ngh c thc hin theo s sau:
Tng thi gian nu ty v git ln 2 ht : 215 pht chuyn sang tng trng quang hc (khng ra vi). * Tng trng quang hc: Dung t 1: 10. Thnh phn dung dch Nng s dng Chc nng A - Univadin DPL B - Uvitex EPF 250% 1 g/1 0,625% (so vi vi) Leucophor Cht nhum phn tn Cht tng trngquang hc cho X PES
0,3% (so vi vi) Cht tng ng quang hc cho X bng
n tt nghip Quy trnh cng ngh c thc hin theo s
Trng HBKH Ni sau:

130c
130c
---------------- 2 0 Thi gian (pht)
Thi gian tng trng quang hc v git ht: 140 pht. Vy tng thi gian t khi vo vi n ra vi 1 m nu ty v tng trng quang hc cho mt hng ng ht: 475 pht = 7,92 gi 1.2.2 - n v quy trnh cng ngh nu ty vi Pe/Co nhum mu: - Nguyn liu: Vi Pe/Co, t l 67/33. - Thit b x l : Thc hin trn my Jt HA - 400. - Dung t 1: 10. Tn ho cht Nng s dng Chc nng
Sandoclean PC Tinoclarit G H202 50% NaOH 40 Be Securon 540 Cotoclarin KD 1,5% (so vi vi)
1,0% (so vi vi) 2,0% (so vi vi) 2m/l 0,5 g/1 1,0 g/1
Cht ty du n nh s hot ng ca H202 Cht ty trng Cht to mi trng kim Cht cng ho bao
kim loi Cht ngm
n tt nghip Quy trnh cng ngh c thc hin theo s sau:
Trng HBKH Ni
Ho cht y/
100 c
100 c
80
50 0
/
lll
50y/
--------
15
30
6 0
---------------- 10 Thi gian (pht)
- Quy trnh thc hin Vo vi Cp nc Cp dung dch ho cht vo my 50 c Cho vi chy tun hon Ln nhit t 50c n 100c Gi nhit 100c H nhit xung 80c Ket thc qu trnh nu ty, vi c thc hin nh sau: X dung dch nu ty Cp nc, git ui bng nc nng 80c Cp nc, git nng 80c + x thi Cp nc, git m 60c + x thi Cp nc, git bng dung dich axtaxetic lg/1 loai 98% 50c + x thi Cp nc + git lnh Sau khi git vi c lu li trong my nhum mu.
7
15 pht 5 pht 15 pht 5 pht 30 pht 60 pht 10 pht 5 pht 15 pht 20 pht 20 pht
20
pht
15 pht
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
Tng thi gian nu ty v git 1 m vi nhum mu ht: 235 pht. 1.3 - Quy trnh cng ngh nhum mu vi Pe/Co. Vi Pe/Co l mt hng c dt t 2 loi x c tnh cht khc nhau. Trong bn thit k ny mu ca mt hng s c nhum bng cp thuc nhum phn tn, hot tnh v dng phng php tn trch thc hin trn my Jt. y l quy trnh nhanh 1 b 2 giai on, phi thc hin nh vy v thuc nhum phn tn gn mu vo x PES trong mi trng axt yu cn thuc nhum hot tnh gn mu vo x bng ong mi trng kim yu. Khi nhum theo quy trnh ny c cc u im sau: - Cho bn mu t cao. - Rt ngn thi gian nhum v b qua c mt s ln cp thuc nhum, cp kim, cp cht in ly, git. - Tit kim ng k chi ph lao ng, nng lng v nc. to c ng mu gia 2 loi x ong bn thit k ny thuc nhum phn tn v thuc nhum hot tnh c tnh ra % theo khi lng ca mi loi x. 1.3.1 - n v quy trnh cng ngh nhum mu l Deep Rose (hng m)phn tn - hot tnh (khnggit kh) PT 13C- 45'v HT 60C- 45'
n tt nghip STT Thnh phn ho cht Nhum phn tn Tr nhum phn tn Avcoslip LB Univadin DPL
CH3COOH
Trng HBKH Ni Nng s dng Chc nng
A AI
1 2
lg/1 lg/1 lg/1
Cht bi n Cht tr nhum phn tn Axt to mi trng PH 4 -T- 5 Cht chng bt So vi phn x PES ca vi So vi phn x PES ca vi So vi phn x PES ca vi
4
1 2
Respumit NF Dianix Yellow C5G Dianix Red CBN Terasil Blue 3R.02 Nhum hot tnh Tr nhum hot tnh Avcoslip LB Neocystal 200 VN Na2S04 Na2C03 Sumifix Red 3BF 150% Sumifix Scarlet 2GF 150% Sumifix Blue BRF 150% Cht git Matexil Dn.VL 200%
0,2 g/1
A2 Thuc nhum phn tn 0,024% 0,3% 0,013%
3 B BI
1 2
lg/1 lg/1
20 g/1
Cht bi trn Cht ngm Cht in ly Cht to mi trng kim
3 4
1
15 g/1
0,21%
B2 Thuc nhum hot tnh So vi phn x bng ca vi So vi phn x bng ca vi So vi phn x bng ca vi
0,41%
0,012%
c
1
C1 Git phn tn lg/1 Cht tr git phn tn
n tt nghip C2
1 2
Trng HBKH Ni
Git hot tnh Avo DR CH3COOH lg/1 lg/1 Cht tr git hot tnh Axt trung ho kim
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
130 c
130 c
- Quy trnh cng ngh nhum phn tn thc hin theo s sau:
Nhum 130c X 45' git x phng 98c X 10' sang nhum hot tnh
60
c
F!
10 10
W 4
P1
/*W, /
/ /
20
10 10 r / m
..I
Na2C03
10 W
Vi
45
Thi gian (pht)
- Quy trnh cng ngh nhum hot tnh thc hin nh sau:
1/
4/
10%
20%
70%
Thi gian (Phut)
Ho cht thuc nhum
/
Na 2 S0 4
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
Nhum gi nhit 45' git ui 5' git axt axetic 50c X 10' git x phng 98c X 20' > git 80c X 10' > git lnh 10' ra vi. Thi gian nhum + git 1 m ht: 450 pht Vy: Tng thi gian t khi vo vi, nu ty ng thi (235 pht) + nhum v git 1 m ht: 685 pht 11,41 gi.
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
1.3.2 - n v quy trnh cng ngh nhum mu 2: Orange sHerbert Phn tn hot tnh (khng git kh) PT130 -30' v HT 60c - 30' STT Thnh phn ho cht A AI
1 2
Nng s dng
Chc nng
Nhum phn tn Tr nhum phn tn Avcoslip LB Univadin DPL

CH3COOH
lg/1 lg/1 lg/1
Cht bi trn Cht nhum phn tn Axt to mi trng PH 4 -H 5 Cht chng bt So vi phn x PES ca vi So vi phn x PES ca vi So vi phn x PES ca vi
4 A2
1 2
Respumit NF Thuc nhum phn tn Terasil G Yellow W.3R Dianix Yellow C5G Dianix Red C4G Nhum hoat tnh

0,2 g/1
0,005%
0,012%
3 B BI
1 2
0,075%
Tr nhum hot tnh Avcoslip LB Neocystal 200 VN Na2S04 N&2CO3 Thuc nhum hot tnh Sumifix Yellow 3RF 150% 0,115% So vi phn x bng ca vi So vi phn x bng ca vi So vi phn x bng ca vi lg/1 lg/1 15 g/1
10g/l
Cht bi trn Cht ngm Cht in ly Cht to mi trng kim
3 4 B2 1
Sumifix Scarlet 2GF 150% Sumifix Blue BRF 150%
0,082%
0,00022%
n tt nghip c
1. 2.
Trng HBKH Ni
Cht git Avo DR

CH3COOH
lg/1 lg/1
Cht tr git hot tnh Axt trung ho kim
n tt nghip - Quy trnh cng ngh nhum phn tn thc
Trng HBKH Ni hin theo s sau:
130c
130c
--------------- 2 0 Thi gian (pht) Nhum 130c X 30' git lnh 10' sang nhum hot tnh. - Quy trnh cng ngh nhum phn hot tnh thc hin theo s sau: 'm v 5 io '//%
20
i o 5 W4 10? y
10
;os
'm ,
i
y/
1 1
30
1/ 4/ 1/ 4/ 7
Na 2 S0 4 Na 2 CO ;
Thi gian (pht)
Tr Thuc nhum nhum
Nhum gi nhit 30' git ui 5'- git axt axetic 50c X 10' - git x phng 98c X 10' git lnh 10' ra vi. Thi gian nhum + git 1 m ht: 365 pht Vy: Tng thi gian t khi vo vi, nu ty ng thi (235 pht) + nhum v git 1 m ht: 600 pht =10 gi.
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
1.3.3 - n v quy trnh cng ngh x l h mm vi Pe/Co: NiKKa Silicone AM- 202:2,5%. Mc p : 80%. - Quy trnh cng ngh: Ngm p Sy kh 120c - X l nhit 150c trong thi gian 1 pht lm ngui ra vi. Khi lng vi u vo l : 2040 (tn/nm) Lng h mm Nikka Silicone AM - 202 tiu th c nm l:
2040x80 2,5 .no ---- X = 40,8 (tn/nm).
100 100
II - TNH TON THIT B, TNH TIU HAO HO CHT, IN, B TR MT BNG NH XNG SN XUT
2.1 - Tnh s lng my cn s dng: * Tnh chiu di mi loi vi:

K p dng cng thc : I = BXK
Trong :
1: Chiu di vi [ m di] B: kh vi [m] K: Tng lng vi [g] G : Khi lng vi [g/m2]
- Vi single Ne 30/1 T/C 67/33 135 g/m2 Sn lng : 1.020 (tn/nm)

1 =
1.020.000.000 = 7.335.490,8 (ni di) 1,03 X 135
naa.
- Vi Lacoste Ne 60/2 T/C 67/33 147 g/m2

1.020.000.000 1_ 1,2 JC147
5.782.312,9(111 di).
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
Vy tng s m di ca 2 loi vi k : 13.117.803,7 (m di)) * Cng thc tnh s my lm vic gin on: 1
M = -------------------BxxK
Trong : M : S my cn tnh (my) A : Khi lng vi sn xut trong 1 nm (kg/nm) B : Khi lng vi sn xut 1 m (kg) T : Thi gian lm vic trong 1 ngy (gi) Ti: Thi gian lm vic 1 m (gi) K : H s s dng my (0,8 0,85) * Cng thc tnh s my lm vic lin tc:
A
M = ------- -----60 X T X V X K
Trong : M : My cn tnh (my) A : Khi lng vi sn xut trong 1 nm (m di) 60 : 60 pht trong 1 gi T : S gi lm vic trong 1 nm (gi) V : Tc vi chy tng my (m/pht) K: H s s dng my (0,8 0,85) 2.1.1 - Tnh s my JtHA - 400 nu ty - hng trng. (p dng cng thc tnh s my lm vic gin on) Khi lng vi nu ty hng trng ca 1 nm l: 1.224 (tn/nm)
224.103/305 , M =---------- ^ ----------- = 4,41 (m, y) 400 X x0,8 7,92
Ly: 5 my. 2.1.2 - Tnh s my Jt HA 400 nu ty - Nhum hng mu. (p dng cng thc tnh s my lm vic gin on)
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
Khi lng vi nu ty - nhum hng mu ca 1 nm l : 816 (tn/nm) - S my nu ty - nhum mu 1:

408L1 o3 / 305 , M= --------------------- ^ - = 2 ,12 (111 , y).
400x^^x0,8
11,41
- S my nu ty - nhum mu 2:
A/r_
40&10P/305 _ i Q _ , , M = ---------------^ ------- = 1,85 (m, y) 400x X 0,8 10
Vy tng s my Jt HA - 400 nu ty - nhum hng mu cn s dng l: 3,97 (my). Ly: 4 (my). 2.1.3 - Tnh s my vt ly tm: (p dng cng thc tnh s my lm vic gin on) Khi lng vi sn xut trong 1 nm l : 2.040 (tn/nm).
2.04Q103/305 , M = ---------------^ ------- = 1,44 (m, y). 150 X X 0,8 0,58
Ly: 2 my. 2.1.4 - Tnh s my m kh (theo ch my lm vic lin tc): Khi lng vi sn xut trong 1 nm l: 13.117.803,7 (mdi).
13.117.8037 _1Q-, , M = ----------- -------------------= 1,33 (li y). 60 X 68625x30 X 0,8
Ly: 2 my. 2.1.5 - Tnh s my x kh (theo ch my lm vic lin tc):

13.117.8037 . M = --------- -------- = 1,33 (rri y). 60 X 68625 X 30 X 0,8
Ly: 2 my.
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
2.1.6 - Tnh s vng sy nh hnh + h mm (theo ch my lm vic lin tc):

13.117.8037 M = --------- = 1,59 (li 60 X 68625 X 25 X 0,8 . y).
Ly: 2 my. 2.1.7 - Tnh s cn n (theo ch my lm vic lin tc)

13.117.8037 M = --------- -= 1,99 60 X 68625 X 20 X 0,8 ,QQ/ , ma y)
Ly: 2 my. Bng thng k s my cn s dng: STT Tn v k hiu my Hng sn xut S my

Tnh
Lp t
9
2 2
1 2
My Jt HA - 400 My vt ly tm K hiu ES My m kh My x kh
i Loan POZZI (Italia) Nisseico.Ltd (Nht Bn) Nisseico.Ltd (Nht Bn) FAMATEX (c) Arbax (CHLB c)
ton 8,38 1,44 1,33 1,33 1,59 1,99
3 4 5
6
My vng sy nh hnh + h mm My cn n 2.2- Tnh tiu hao ha cht.
* Tnh lng ha cht s dng cho qu trnh nu ty vi Pe/Co nhum mu: Khi lng vi 1 m: 400Kg Dung t 1 : 10 Tng ng lng xt cn dng l : 4.0001t/m. Da vo n cng ngh mc II ta tnh c s ha cht cn thit nh sau: GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 42 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
Lng NaOH 40 Be c chuyn i nh sau: dNaOH = 40Be =

1,383 = 484,1 g/1.
Lng xt NaOH 40Be dng 2 ml/1 nn mi m dng ht: 8 lt

8x484
Tng ng vi lng xt rn l: ---------- = 3,8728 kg NaOH rn . 2.2.1 - Bng tnh lng ha cht s dng trong qu trnh nu ty trng vi Pe/Co ra hng vi trng: - Tng sn lng hng trng : 1.224 tn/nm. - Khi lng vi 1 m : 400 kg. - Dung t 1: 10. Th t
Tn ha cht
Nng s dng Lng tiu Lng tiu th th 1 m c nm (tn) (Kg)

1% 2% 2%
I
1 2
Ty ln 1 (Ty kh) Synvatol Na2C03

Na2s204
(so vi vi) (so vi vi) (so vi vi)
4
8 8
12,24 24,48 24,48
3 II
1
Ty ln 2 Na2C03 Tinoclarit G Invadin NF H20250% CH3COOH 2,75% (so vi vi) 2,75% (so vi vi) lg/1 5% (so vi vi) 0,5 g/1
11
33,66 33,66 12,24 61,2

6,12
11
3 4 5
4
20 2
III Tng trng quang hc

1 2
nivadin DPL vitex EBF 250%
lg/1 0,625% (so vi vi)
4 2,5
12,24 7,65
n tt nghip 3 Leucophor 0,3% (so vi vi)
Trng HBK H Ni
1,2
3,672
2.2.2 - Bng tnh lng ha cht s dng trong qu trnh nu - ty vi Pe/Co nhum mu: - Tng sn lng hng mu: 816 tn/nm. - Khi lng vi 1 m: 400kg. - Dung t 1: 10. Th t
1 2
Tn ha cht
Nng s dng 1,5% (So vi vi) 1,0% (So vi vi) 2,0% (So vi vi) 2ml/l 0,5 g/1 1,0 g/1 lg/1
3 4 5
6
Sandoclean PC Tinoclarit G H202 50% NaOH 40Be Securon 540 Cotoclarin KD

CH3COOH
Lng tiu Lng tiu th c nm (tn) thu 1 m (Kg) 6 12,24 4 8,16 8 16,32 3,8728 7,9 2 4,08 4 8,16 4 8,16
2.2.3 - Bng tnh lng ha cht s dng cho qu trnh nhum mu l -Sn lng vi nhum mu 1: 408 (tn/nm). -Khi lng vi 1 m : 400 kg.
n tt nghip - Dung t 1: 10. Th Tn ha cht t Nhum phn tn 1 Avocoslip LB 2 nivadin DPL 3 CH3COOH 4 Respumit NF 5 Dianix Yellow C5G I
6
Trng HBKH Ni
Nng s dng
Lng tiu Lng tiu thu 1 m th c nm (Kg) (tn) 4 4 4

0,8
lg/1 lg/1 lf/l 0,2 g/1 0,024% (so vi x PES) 0,3% (so vi x PES) 0,013% (so vi x PES)
0,064 0,804 0,035
4,08 4,08 4,08 0,816 0,065 0,815 0,035
Dianix Red CBN 7 Terasil Blue 3R.02
II Git phn tn 1 Matexil DN.VL 200% lf/l III Nhum hot tnh 1 Aucoslip LB 1 R/l 2 Neocystal 200VN 1 R/l 3 Sumifix Red 3BF 150% 0,21% (so vi x bng) 4 Sumifix Scarlet 2GF 0,41% (so vi x bng) 150% 5 Sumifix Blue BRF 150% 0,012% (so vi x bng)
6
4 4 4 0,277 0,541 0,016 80 60 4 4
4,08 4,08 4,08 0,283 0,553 0,016 81,6 61,2 4,08 4,08
Na2S04 7 NS2CO3 IV Git hoat tnh 1 Avo DR

2
20 g/1
15 R/l
1
r
CH3COOH
R/l lg/1
2.2.4- Bng tnh lng ha cht s dng cho qu trnh nhum mu - Sn lng vi nhum mu 2 : 408 (tn/nm). - Khi lng vi 1 m : 400 kg. - Dung t 1 : 10.
n tt nghip Th t I
1 2
Trng HBK H Ni Nng s dng Lng tiu Lng tiu th 1 m th c nm (Kg) (tn) 4 4 4
0,8
Tn ha cht
Nhum phn tn Avocoslip LB nivadin DPL lg/1 lg/1 lg/1

0,2 g/1
4,08 4,08 4,08 0,816 0,014 0,033 0,205
3 CH3COOH 4 Respumit NF 5
6
Terasil G Yellow W.3R Dianix Yellow C5G
0,005% (so vi x PES)

0,012%
0,013 0,032
0,201
(so vi x PES)
7 Dianix Red C4G II Nhum hot tnh

1 2
0,075% (so vi x PES)
Avcoslip LB Neocystal 200VN
lg/1 lg/1
4 4 0,152 0,108
4,08 4,08 0,155

0,111
3 Sumifix Yellow 3RF 150% 0,115% (so vi x bng) 4 Sumifix Scarlet 2GF150% 0,082% (so vi x bng) 5
6
Sumifix Blue BRF 150% 0,00022% (so vi x bng) 0,00029 Na2S04 15 ga

10 g/1
0,0003 61,2 40,8 4,08 4,08
60 40 4 4
7 Na2C03 III Git hot tnh

1
Avco DR
CH3COOH
lg/1
lg/1
n tt nghip
7 r
Trng HBKH Ni
2.2.5- Bng tng hp lng ha cht cn s dng trong 1 nm; Th t Tn ha cht Lng tiu th c nm (Tn)
1 2
Synvatol Na2C03 N&2S2O4 Tinoclarit G Invadin NF h202 CH3COOH nivadin DPL nitex EBF Leucophor Sandoclean PC NaOH 40Be Securon 540 Cotoclarin KD Avocoslip Respumit Matexil DN.VL 200% Neocystal 200VN Na2S04 Avo DR Nikka Silicone AM - 202
12,24 160,14 24,48 41,82 12,24 77,52 30,6 20,4 7,65 3,672 12,24 7,9 4,08 8,16 16,32 1,632 408 8,16 142,8 8,16 40,8
3 4 5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
2.2.6- Bng tng hp thuc nhum cn s dng trong 1 nm: Th t
Tn thuc nhum
Lng tiu th c nm (tn)
I
1 2
Thuc nhum phn tn Dianix Yellow C5G Dianex Red CBN Terasil Blue 3R.02 Terasil G Yellow W.3R Dianix Red C4G Thuc nhum hot tnh Sumifix Red 3BF 150% Sumifix Scarlet 2GF 150% Sumifix Blue BRF 150% Sumifix Yellow 3RF 150% 0,283 0,664 0,0163 0,155 0,098 0,819 0,035 0,014 0,205
3 4 5 II
1 2
3 4
2.3 - Tnh ton lng in s dng trong sn xut. * Cng thc tnh lng in cho cc my lm vic gin on: ... N x t x A lx w = g y K, X K, [KW] Trong : N: Cng sut ng c [KW] t: Thi gian gia cng 1 m [h/m] A: Sn lng cn gia cng [kg/nm] B: Khi lng gia cng 1 m [kg/m] Ki: H s ph ti: 0,75 K2: H s s dng v tn tht: 1,05 * Cng thc tnh lng in cho cc my lm vic lin tc: wsx =
N X t X 305 X Ki X K2 X n [KW]
n tt nghip Trong : N: Cng sut my [KW]. t: Thi gian lm vic trong 1 ngy [gi]. 305: S ngy lm vic trong nm. Ki: H s ph ti: 0,75. K2: H s s dng my: 1,05. n: S my. 2.3.1 - Tnh lng in s dng cho my HA - 400.
Trng HBKH Ni
(p dng cng thc tnh lng in cho cc my lm vic gin on) - Lng in s dng nu ty - hng trng: N = 27 [KW]. t = 7,92 [h/m]. A = 1.224.000 [kg/nm]. B = 400 [kg/m]. wsx =7,92x 1-224000x 0,75x 1,05 = 515.300,94 [KW].
sx
400
- Lng in s dng nu ty - nhum hng mu: N= 27 [KW]. t= 10,705 [h/m]. A = 816000 [kg/nm]. B = 400 [kg/m]. 27x10,705x816000 rn Wqx = --------- ---------------- X 0,75x 1,05 = 464.334,72 [KW1.
...
sx
400
Vy: Tng lng in s dng cho my Jt HA - 400 ong sn xut l: 979.635,66 [KW]. 2.3.2 - Tnh lng in s dng cho my vt ly tm. (p dng cng thc tnh lng in cho cc my lm vic gin on) N = 7 [KW]. t = 0,383 [h/m]. A = 2.040.000 [kg/nm].
n tt nghip B = 150 [kg/m].

_ 7x 0,383x 2.04Q000X 5x = 28
sx
150
Trng HBKH Ni
2.5.5 - Tnh lng in s dng cho my m kh. p dng cng thc tnh lng in cho cc my lm vic lin tc) N = 2,2 [KW]. t = 22,5 [gi], n = 2 [my].
wsx = 2,2 X 22,5 X 305x 0,75x 1,05x 2 = 23.77856 [KW].
2.3.4 - Tnh lng in s dng cho my x kh. (p dng cng thc tnh lng in cho cc my lm vic lin tc) N = 3,5 [KW]. t = 22,5 [gi], n = 2 [my].
wsx = 3,4X 22,5x305x 0,75x 1,05x 2 = 37.829153 [KW].

2.3.5 - Tnh lng in s dng cho my vng sy nh hnh + h mm. (p dng cng thc tnh lng in cho my lm vic lin tc) N = 85 [KW]. t = 22,5 [gi], n = 2 [my].
wsx = 85x 22,5 X 305x 0,75x 1,05x 2 = 918717,18 [KW].

2.3.6 - Tnh lng in s dng cho my cn n (p dng cng thc cho cc my lm vic lin tc) N = 4,5 [KW] t = 22,5 [gi] n = 2 [my]
wsx = 4,5 X 22,5 X 305x 0,75x 1,05x 2 = 48.637,96 [KW] Tng lng in s dng ong sn xut l:
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
wsx = 97963566+ 28.71351 + 23.7756+ 37.829153+ 91 &717,18

+ 48.637,96 = 2.037.312,4 [KW]. 2.4 - S mt bng b tr thit b trong nh my nhum: c c phng n ti u khi thit k quy hoch tng mt bng nh cng nghip cn phi tho mn cc yu cu c th sau: 1 - Gii php thit k tng mt bng nh my phi p ng c mc cao nht ca dy truyn cng ngh sao cho chiu di dy truyn sn xut ngn nht, khng trng lp, ln xn, hn ch ti a s giao nhau. Bo m mi lin h mt thit gia cc hng mc cng trnh vi h thng giao thng, cc mng li cung cp k thut khc bn trong v bn ngoi nh my. 2 - Trn khu t c xy dng nh my phi c phn thnh cc khu vc chc nng theo c im ca sn xut, yu cu v sinh, c im s c, khi lng phng tin vn chuyn, mt cng nhn... To iu kin tt cho vic qun l vn hnh ca cc khu vc chc nng. 3 - Din tch khu t xy dng c tnh ton tho mn mi yu cu i hi ca dy truyn cng ngh trn c s b tr hp l cc hng mc cng trnh, tng cng vn chuyn cc kh nng phi hp nng tm s dng ti a cc din tch, khng xy dng trng cy xanh, t chc mi trng cng nghip v nh hng pht trin m rng nh my trong tng lai 4 - T chc h thng giao thng vn chuyn hp l ph hp vi dy truyn cng ngh c tnh hng ho p ng mi yu cu sn xut v qun l. Ngoi ra cn phi ch khai thc ph hp vi mng li giao thng quc gia cng nh ca cc cm nh my ln cn. 5 - Phi tho mn cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip, hn ch ti a cc s c sn xut, m bo yu cu v sinh mi trng bng cc gii php phn khu chc nng, b tr hng nh my hp l theo hng gi ch o ca khu t. Khong cch ca cc hng mc cng trnh phi tun theo qui phm thit k, to mi iu kin cho vic thng thong t nhin hn ch bc x nhit ca mt tri truyn vo nh my.
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
6 - Khai thc trit cc c im a hnh t nhin, c im kh hu a phng nhm gim n mc c th chi ph san nn, x l nn t, tiu hy, x l cc cng trnh ngm khi b tr cc hng mc cng trnh. 7 - Phi m bo tt mi quan h hp tc mt thit vi cc nh my ln cn trong khu cng nghip vi vic x l cht thi, chng nhim mi trng cng nh cc cng trnh hnh chnh phc v cng cng... nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t, hn ch vn u t xy dng nh my v tit kim din tch t xy dng. 8 - Phn chia thi k xy dng hp l, to iu kin thi cng nhanh sm a nh my vo sn xut, nhanh chng hon vn u t xy dng. 9 - m bo cc yu cu thm m ca tng cng trnh, tng th nh my. Ho nhp ng gp cnh quan xung quanh to thnh khung cnh kin trc cng nghip th. Bng: B tr thit b trong nh my nhum vi dt kim. STT Tn my Di (m) 1 2 3 4 5
6
Kch thc Rng(m) Cao (m) 2,8 2,1 2,4 3 4

2,6
S lng 9 2 2 2
2 2
Jt HA - 400 Vt ly tm M kh X kh Vng sy nh hnh + h mm Cn n
4,55 2,5 4,8 6

20,8
2,5 1,2 2,5 2,5 4 4,4
5,6
KT LUN
Sau mt thi gian lm vic nh c s n lc c gng ca bn thn, cng vi s hng dn tn tnh ca gio vin PGS - TS.Cao Hu Trng v cc thy c gio trong b mn ho dt em hon thnh bn thit k tt nghip vi ni
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
dung: Thit k qui trnh cng ngh tin x l, nhum v hon tt vi dt kim t si Pe/Co 67/33 vi cng sut 2000 tn/nm. Dy chuyn thit k s khai thc kh nng ti a ca my, tn dng cng sut d ca thit b , vi cc my mc, thit b ca cc hng ch to hng u th gii. Cng ngh khng ngng i mi thch ng vi yu cu sn xut. Em tin rng sn phm lm ra s t cht lng cao, p ng c yu cu ca ngi tiu dng trong v ngoi nc. Tuy nhin, do trnh hiu bit v thi gian c hn, li thiu kinh nghim sn xut thc t nn bn thit k ny chc chn s cn nhiu thiu xt. Knh mong cc thy c v cc bn ng gp kin bn thit k ca em c hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca gio vin hng dn PGS - TS. Cao Hu Trng, cc thy c trong b mn v cc bn gip em hon thnh bn n tt nghip ny. H Ni, ngy 26 thng 8 nm 2006 Sinh vin thc hin
TI LIU THAM KHO
Nguyn Th Phng Oanh
- Cao Hu Trng. Cng ngh ho hc si dt - HBK H Ni 1994.
- L Minh Thu.
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni
Nghin cu nhum - hon tt to ra tnh nng mi cho vi dt kim 100%PES. Bo co kt qu nghin cu ti KHKT - H Ni 2002.
3
- Cao Hu Trng v Hong Th Lnh. Cng ngh nhum vi dt kim - Hanoisimex 1995. - Cao Hu Trng v inh Quang Thao. Cng ngh lm sch ho hc vi dt kim - Hanoisimex 1995. - Cao Hu Trng, inh Quang Thao, T Quang Ngc. Thit b lm sch ho hc v nhum vi dt kim - Hanoisimex 1996.
- L.G Koptun. Cng ngh x l hon tt vi dt kim - Bn ting Nga, Matscva 1990. - O.A Bunin, I.A. Malkp. My sy v gia nhit vi - Bn ting Nga, Matscva 1971. - F.I. Xap v cng s. Thit k cc x nghip x l hon tt vi bng - Bn ting Nga, Matscva 1965.
n tt nghip
Trng HBKH Ni

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n tt nghip

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 1 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 2 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 3 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

v cu trc l hc, x bng c cu to t nhiu lp cc mch i

m). Cc chm v cc th ca mch i phn t xenlul sp xp tng i

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 4 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

n tt nghip Cng thc cu to ca xenlul c dng tng qut:

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 5 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

cao. Di tc dng ca cc dung dch axt, mch i phn t ca xenlul s b

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 6 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 7 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

n tt nghip - bn vi cht kh v cht oxi ha:

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 8 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 9 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

Thnh phn (%) theo khi lng

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 10 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

n tt nghip Cc este v polyterpen

Trng HBK H Ni 3 -T-18

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 12 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 14 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

PES/CO. 2.1 - Cc mt hng c la chn sn xut.

n tt nghip cc loi vi: single, lacoste. 2.1.1 - Vi Single:

GVHD PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 18 SV Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 19 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

n tt nghip t si Pe/Co (67/33) thng ch gm cc cng on sau: * i vi hng trng:

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 20 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

n tt nghip thnh cc phm vt d ha tan, b git ra khi vi.

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 21 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 22 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

v tnh cht: H202 l mt axt yu nn bn trong mi trng axt yu v km

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 23 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

Do H+ b ion OH ca kim thu ht nn phn ng phn ly (1) tip tc chuyn v

C nh vy phn ng lin tc xy ra v oxi nguyn t thot ra c tc dng ty trng.

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 24 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 25 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 26 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 28 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 29 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 30 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

n tt nghip lin kt vi x v c gi li bn vng trn vi.

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 31 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 32 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

X Na2C03 hay NaHCOs 5-15 u> IOs o

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 33 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 34 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

Trng HBK H Ni S hng dn vi 1 2 4 4 4 4 8 8

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 35 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 36 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 37 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 39 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 40 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

1- Thn my 2 - Ca vo my 3 - Gung dn vi 4 - Hng Jt 5 - ng dn vi

7 - Dy vi 8 - Bnh gia nhit. 9 - B phn lc

13 - Van cp kh nn. 14 - Van chy trn 15 - Van chnh dng

11- Bnh pha ho cht 17 - Van chnh p

16 - Van x dch thi

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 41 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

n tt nghip 2.5.3 - My x kh.

n tt nghip vt...kh h my cho tng loi sn phm.

n tt nghip Khi: R = R-NH2 -am

CHNG II THIT K CNG NGH V DY CHUYN SN XUT

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 42 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh

GVHD: PGS-TS. Cao Hu Trng 42 SV: Nguyn Th Phng Oanh