Thu Thuat P02

Su T m Th Thu t
traitimbinhyen_nova@yahoo.com
http://vietdown.org
Thi t K : Nguy n Anh T

http://vietdown.org Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t
NI THM V CC TRNH DUY T WEB (BROWSER)

Nhn c bi Duy t Web m ly v i Opera 7.5x LBVMVT 61,ti s d ng ph n m m ny lu r i,nay xin m n php ng gp m t vi ki n v i c gi : - Khng ph i ch IE m i c nhi u t huy t ,m v IE l trnh duy t ph bi n nh t Th Gi i, . Cho nn l m c tiu c a nhi u Hacker. i u cng gi ng nh M hay x y ra tai n n my bay v h c s l ng my bay chi m 1/5 th gi i.Opera & Netscape cng c nhi u khuy t i m nhng v khng ph bi n nn khng li cu n cc Hacker. - M t khc cng chnh v IE r t ph bi n,cho nn cc Hacker th ng xm nh p vo cc trang Web ph bi n (nh PCWorld.com) chn vo cc o n m l p trnh nh m lm cho server c a trang Web s tr nn ch m ch p khi ng i truy c p dng IE vi ng thm trang Web .M c ch c a vi c ph ho i th t n gi n: ho c ch v mu n ch c gh o Bill Gates ,ho c l lm nh v y b n Hacker s bn c cc ph n m m (m chng g i l Plug-ins cho IE).C ch ho t ng c a nh ng ph n m m ny th t n gi n:xa b cc o n m m chng chn vo cc trang Web,nh v y t ng trang Web s khng cn ch m ch p n a. - V i cc trang Web chuyn nghi p, c thi t k xem v i r t nhi u trnh duy t,cho nn khi chng ta truy c p nh ng trang Web v i trnh duy t khng ph bi n l m (nh VN l Opera & Netscape) th v n xem c bnh th ng.Nhng v i nh ng trang Web nghi p d,phi thng m i c a nh ng b n t am hi u v l p trnh m ng & thi t k Web,th cc trnh duy t khng ph bi n h u nh khng m c ng v i nh d ng & kch th c ban u (font, table) Nh v y v i nh ng g ni trn,t t nh t l chng ta s d ng song song hai trnh duy t: m t trnh duy t ph bi n (IE) & m t trnh duy t khc ( y t t nh t l Opera).Khi xem m t trang Web no ,n u trnh duy t ny ch m ch p ho c l n x n,chng ta hy th duy t trang v i trnh duy t cn l i.
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Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t
Noi file mp3 voi MP3 merger

C bao gi b n mu n n i t t c cc file Mp3 trong my b n thnh m t file duy nh t v c th nghe t t c cc bi ht b n yu thch xuyn su t t u n cu i th ph n m m Mp3merge l m t gi i php han tan thch h p. u i m c a ph n m m ny l c c k nh g n khng c n b t k th t c ci t no m ch c n ch y tr c ti p trn m t file duy nh t v c bi t l han tan c mi n ph. Sau khi ch y chng trnh giao di n c a Mp3merge s nh hnh bn
Khi c n n i cc file Mp3 no v i nhau b n nh n vo nt Add files n i cc file ny l i thnh m t file Mp3 duy nh t, sau khi ch n xong n s hi n c t t c cc bi thng qua menu list bn d i, bi no b n c m th y khng thch h p th b n ch n bi v b m nt Remove files ho c b m nt Remove All b ch n h t t t cc bi. Trn m c Mp3 Info l cc m c ln quan n thng tin bi ht, b n c th ch nh s a ty trong cc m c ny. Trong m c Output filename l ng d n lu l i v tn bi ht s c n i l i. Sau khi han t t cc b c b n b m nt Merge files n i cc bi ht l i l xong. B n c th t i chng trnh ny t i a ch : http://www.download.com/ dung l ng 428 Kb han tan mi n ph.
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Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t
NH NG CCH N GI N TNG T C INTERNET

G n y c r t nhi u ki n v t c download th no l nhanh th no l ch m. Qua kinh nghi m c a mnh ti xin trnh by m t s th thu t c th tng t i a t c t i file v duy t web. Hy v ng cc b n c th p d ng v gi m c c ph truy c p ci Internet "gi trn tr i" ny. Tr c h t ph i ni r ng, t c t i file v k t n i ph thu c vo r t nhi u y u t "thin th i, a l i, nhn ha" nh: b n thu c m ng no, ng dy i n tho i c t t khng, c nhi u ng i ang trn m ng khng v th m ch th i ti t th no... nn vi c cho r ng t i file v i t c bao nhiu l nhanh, bao nhiu l ch m ch c ngha tng i. Tuy nhin chng ta v n c th can thi p vo m t s v n nh cc thng s c a Windows v nh cc trnh tng t c tr gip. 1) Cc th thu t t i u ha h th ng: y l cc th thu t v t qua cc thng s m c nh (nhng khng ph i l t i u cho Internet) c a Windows. - T i u thng s MaxMTU (Max Transnission Unit): y l m t vi c thu c d ng "must-do". Theo m c nh c a Windows thng s ny l 1500, thng s t i u l 576. xc l p thng s ny, v cc thng s khc nh NDI cache, IPMTU, RcvWindow,TTL (Time To Live)... t t nh t b n nn dng cc trnh ti n ch nh NetMaster (c th download t i http://www.magellass.com/ ) v n ng t i ci g i l Registry r t r c r i c a anh WINDOZE. - T i u t c Modem v Dial-Up Networking: +Vo Start menu/Run g sysedit v ch n c a s WIN.INI. Tm m c [Port] v s a ga tr c ng modem nh sau: COMx:=921600,n,8,1,p , x = s c ng modem (vd: modem g n c ng COM2) 921600 = t c t i a (bps) , n = non-parity , 8 = 8 data bits , 1 = 1 stop bit , p = hardware flow control + Vo Control Panel/Modem, nh n vo nt Properties, ch n "Maximum speed" l 115200. Ti p theo vo tab Connection nh n nt Advanced v b ch n (uncheck) "Use error control" v "Required to connect". Nh n OK lu cc thng s . + tng t c quay s , tab Connection/Advanced ni trn, b n c th thm dng S11=40 vo "Extra Settings". S 40 l ch th i gian gi a hai s quay tnh b ng mili-giy. + Vo Dial-Up Networking, nh p chu t ph i vo quay s k t n i, ch n Properties. Nh p vo tab "Server Type", b ch n NetBEUI v IPX/SPX (nhng ph i ch n TCP/IP). Ti p theo vo Control Panel/Network, ch n DialUp Adapter v nh n vo nt Properties. T i tab "Bindings" b n b h t cc giao th c ngo i tr TCP/IP. V i t t c cc xc l p ny, h th ng c a b n s n sng k t n i v t i file v i t c nhanh nh t. Nhng... n u b n mu n tng t c download ln thm 300% v tng t c duy t web ln t 50 - 70% n a th b n nn s d ng cc ti n ch m ti xin gi i thi u v nh gi trong ph n sau. 2) Cc nh v ch trong download: Download Accelerator 4.0 v Mass Downloader 1.2 -y l hai ti n ch tng t c khng th thi u cho vi c t i file n c th tng t c t i file nhanh hn t 200 300% so v i cch thng th ng nh cng m t lc n t i nhi u ph n c a t p tin v i cc thu t ton thng minh. Ngoi ra n cn h tr resume trong m i tr ng h p (k c khi FTP site khng h tr resume). - Mass Dowloader lun t i m cao nh t v t c t i file (tnh b ng kbps) nhng khng c ngha l n lun hon thnh vi c t i file nhanh nh t. Theo th nghi m c a b n thn ti trong t t c cc tr ng h p (cng t c k t n i, cng t p tin) Mass Downloader cha bao gi v t c Download Accelerator m th ng ch m hn t 5 - 20%. Sau y l cc so snh u nh c i m c a hai trnh tng t c ny: - Download Accelerator 4.0 (t i v t i http://download7.speedbit.com/dap4.exe ): Trnh tng t c ny t i v m t lc 4 ph n c a file v ghp n i l i thnh file chnh khi t i xong. *u: + L trnh t i file nhanh nh t ( c th gi i cng nh n y). + H tr Resume trong m i tr ng h p (b n 4.0) + Tch h p hon ton v i IE v Netscape Navigator (nh p vo tn file download) + T ng d tm cc mirror site v t i v t site c t c nhanh nh t. + C ti n tch tm file theo tn, MP3, games...
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Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t
+ C th l p l ch trnh t i file (b n 4.0). + Mi n ph hon ton *Khuy t: + Km tr c quan hn Mass Downloader. + Khi t i file, m i file t i v c n m t c a s theo di ring. + B n ph i xem cc qu ng co "mi n ph" (v y l trnh mi n ph m). Mass Downloader 1.2 (t i v t i http://www.tlnet.com.vn/weblh/ ): Trnh tng t c ny lun tm cch t c t c t i file cao nh t v s d ng m t lc n 10 dng d li u t i file v . *u: + R t tr c quan v i cc thng s v th i gian, t c v cc bi u theo di t c t i file... + H tr Resume trong m i tr ng h p. + Tch h p v i IE v NN (nh n phm ALT+Click vo tn file t i v ). + L p l ch t i file v . + T t c tch h p trong m t c a s duy nh t. *Khuy t: + Km v t c t i v so v i Download Accelerator. + Thi u m t s tnh nng so v i DA. -L i khuyn c a ti l b n c th ci c hai trnh ny vo my m khng nh h ng chi n nhau. N u mu n dng DA b n nh p th ng vo tn file, cn n u b n thch dng MD th gi phm ALT trong khi nh p. 3) Trnh tng t c duy t Web b ng NetSonic Pro 2.5 : -Nguyn t c tng t c c a NetSonic kh n gi n v hi u qu l duy t n u t c l trong lc chng ta ang xem cc trang Web th n t i v cc k t n i t i trang Web ny hi n ra t c th khi chng ta c n t i. N lu cc trang Web th ng lui t i hi n th nhanh nh ng ph n c nh v s refresh nh ng ph n khc bi t sau . N cn t i u c hai thng s h th ng quan tr ng nh t l MaxMTU v Receive Window Size. -B n NetSonic mi n ph c t i http://www.web3000.com/ , nhng thi u nhi u tnh nng quan tr ng nh t i v tr c hnh h a... t t nh t b n nn tm b n NetSonic Pro 2.5 (c r t nhi u t i cc site download trn Internet)
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Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t
NH NG CCH B O V HOSTING V SERVER

I. .htaaccess: 1. Cc trang bo l i: Trong qu trnh lm vi c v i client, n u c l i x y ra (vi d nh khng tm th y file) th Apache s bo l i b ng m t trang c s n hi n th m s c a l i , r t khng p v kh hi u. V i .haccess th b n c th t t o cc trang bo l i hay hn. lm c i u ny th trong file .htaccess b n thm dng sau: ErrorDocument errornumber /file.html Trong errornumber l m s c a l i pht sinh, sau y l nh ng l i hay g p: 401 - Authorization Required (c n password truy nh p) 400 - Bad request (request b sai) 403 - Forbidden (khng c vo) 500 - Internal Server Error (l i server) 404 - Wrong page (l i trang, khng tm th y...) cn file.html l trang web m ban mu n hi n th khi l i pht sinh. V d : ErrorDocument 404 /notfound.html ho c: ErrorDocument 500 /errorpages/500.html 2. Khng cho hi n danh sch file trong th m c: Trong tr ng h p b n khng mu n cho ng i khc th y c danh sch file trong thu m c khng c file index, thm l nh sau vo .htaccess: Options -Indexes 3. Ch nh cc IP c/khng c truy c p vo trang web: Thm l nh sau: deny from 203.239.110.2 c m ip 203.239.110.2 ho c allow from 203.239.110.20 cho php ip 203.239.110.20. N u b n ch vit ip d i d ng 203.239.110 th s c m/cho php t t c ip trong gi i t 203.239.110.1 n 203.239.110.254. Cn: deny from all : s c m t t c m i truy c p n cc trang web trong th m c, tuy nhin cc file trong v n c th c s d ng t bn ngoi thng qua cc dang require hay include. 4. Thay th trang index: Dng dng l nh sau: DirectoryIndex index.php index.php3 messagebrd.pl index.html index.htm . V i dng l nh ny th t t c cc file c li t k s c tm theo th t khi c yu c u t i th m c hi n hnh, trang no c tm th y u tin s thnh trang index c a th m c. 5. Redirection: C th redirect truy c p t xa m t cch n gi n b ng l nh sau: Redirect /location/from/root/file.ext http://www.othersite.com/new/file/location.xyz ho c Redirect /olddirectory http://www.newsite.com/newdirectory 6. B o v th m c b ng password : -Trong file .htaccess c th vi t thm: +AuthUserFile /mnt/web/guide/somewhere/somepath/.htpasswd AuthGroupFile /dev/null AuthName Somewhere.com's Secret Section AuthType Basic <Limit GET POST> require valid-user </Limit> +Trong quan tr ng nh t l file .htpassword, c d ng nh sau: username:v3l0KWx6v8mQM bob:x4DtaLTqsElC2 v i ph n tr c l tn user, ph n sau l password c m ho b ng DES (c th dng john gi i m ). B n c th t o ra file .htpasswd ny b ng m t cng c c s n trong *nix l trnh htpasswd, vi d : root@vnofear$htpasswd -c .htpasswd username Adding password for username.
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Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t
New password: password Re-type new password: password
Khi truy c p vo th m c c b o v b i .htpasswd, browser s hi n ra m t c a s yu c u b n nh p username v password. *Lu tr c khi s d ng .htaccess b n nh ki m tra xem host server c h tr .htaccess hay khng. Ch : cc b n c th so n file .htaccess b ng notepad II. B o v ng d ng Web ASP: i u ny t ng ch ng nh n gi n nhng ch ng n gi n cht no c ! N u nh b n ngh: i gi i! Web l i th n nh m g n pass host ch ! Th b n tr t r i y! N u nh ti bi t ng d ng web c a b n b l i g v chn vo m t s m nguy hi m hay backdoor ch ng h n th m i chuy n s thay i! 1. An ton tr c kh nng b t n cng CSS (Cross-Site Scripting) Ki u t n cng CSS i n hnh nh t x y ra khi tin t c c tnh chn m t o n vn b n c ch a script c h i vo cc form nh p d li u. N i dung nh p vo c th ch a cc th <OBJECT> ho c <SCRIPT> cng cc o n m h t s c nguy hi m. Trnh duy t, khi truy nh p site, cho r ng cc srcipt ny do my ch g i t i, hon ton v h i nn s ch y n c p b o m t bnh th ng, gy ra h u qu tai h i cho my tnh c a ng i s d ng . b o v kh i b t n cng theo ki u CSS, c n ch t nh t nh ng i m sau: - C p nh t th ng xuyn cc b n s a l i b o m t m i nh t c a IIS v Windows. - L c cc k t c bi t do ng i s d ng nh p vo nh < > " ' % ( ) & + - L c lo i b cc k t c bi t, k t xu t trn c s thng tin nh p vo c a ng i s d ng. Xem k cc d li u t : Request.Form Collection Request.QueryString Conllection Request Object Database Cookie Cc bi n Session v Application
c th l c c, c n xc nh c th l c m ho k t trn cc trang Web, trong th META, ph n header. V d : <head> <META http-equiv="Content-Type" Content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> </head> 2. ng d ng c th khng c n s d ng cc cookie th ng tr c Cookie th ng tr c l nh ng t p, c cc ng d ng Web g i t i my tnh ng i s d ng v v n t n t i trn c ng c a my tnh ngay c khi h khng cn duy t site. Chng lu m t s thng tin v ng i s d ng cc ng d ng Web tu bi n n i dung cho ph h p v i t ng i t ng ng i s d ng ho c cho php h b qua giai o n ng k ng nh p. Cc cookie khng th ng tr c c lu trong b nh my tnh c a ng i s d ng v ch t n t i trong th i gian ng i s d ng duy t site. IIS d a vo cc cookie khng th ng tr c xc nh m t phin ASP. Khng c n, IIS khng th duy tr b t k cc thng tin v phin lm vi c, ch ng h n nh cc bi n phin. N u site c a b n s d ng cookie th ng tr c, khng nn yu c u IIS lu tr chng trong t p log c a IIS. N u t p log lu l i t t c cc thng tin ng nh p c a ng i s d ng th r t c nhi u kh nng, do m t tho hi p no , nh ng thng tin ny c th c ti t l ra ngoi.
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Nguy n Anh T
Su T m Th Thu t
3. S d ng SSL cho t t c cc trang nh y c m c chuy n trn m ng Internet SSL m ho n i dung c a cc thng i p TCP/IP n khng b nhm ng trn ng truy n. SSL, ho c m t gi i php m ho khc VPN ch ng h n, r t c n thi t khi g i cc thng tin nh y c m (nh s th tn d ng) qua m ng. C h i thm nh p ng truy n v l y c p cc thng tin b m t l th p song khng ph i khng th c.Ng i s d ng s khng t ni m tin vo site c a b n n u cc thng tin nh y c m khng c m ho. Tuy nhin, m t tri c a SSL l lm ch m l i hi u nng th c hi n c a ng d ng. M c s d ng ti nguyn h th ng CPU i h i trong ti n trnh m ho v gi i m cho m t trang SSL c th cao hn t 10 n 100% so v i cc trang khng c bnh th ng. N u my ch c a b n c lu l ng cc trang SSL cao, b n c th ph i cn nh c t i vi c s d ng thm m t b tng t c SSL ph n c ng. 4. Yu c u ng i s d ng ng nh p m i khi s d ng ng d ng Nguyn t c ny p d ng cho cc ng d ng c yu c u th t c ng nh p. i u ny c ngha l vi c ng nh p t ng d a trn cookie l khng c php. M c d ng i s d ng c th th y phi n h nhng n u cho h ng nh p t ng d a trn cookie s c r t nhi u nguy hi m (v nh ta th y ph n tr c, s d ng cc cookie th ng tr c khng ph i lc no cng ph h p). M t bi n php ti p theo c n thi t b o v m t kh u l hu tnh nng Autocomplete c a IE trn cc tr ng m t kh u. i u ny c th th c hi n b ng cch thm thu c tnh AUTOCMPLET ="OFF" cho th <FORM> ho c <INPUT>. V d : <input type="password" name="pwd" size=16 maxlength=16 AUTOCOMPLETE="OFF"> 5. Log out ng i s d ng ra kh i h th ng ngay khi h r i site -Gi s m t ng i s d ng ang xem m t trang web trn site c a b n, sau h truy c p m t site m i nhng cu i cng l i quy t nh quay tr l i trang c a b n b ng cch n phm BACK. Trong tr ng h p ny, ng d ng ph i yu c u ng i s d ng ng nh p l i m t l n n a. Pht hi n nh ng tnh hu ng tng t nh tnh hu ng v a r i c a ng i s d ng ph i d a hon ton vo cc script ch y pha trnh duy t m khng th d a vo server v n khng bi t ng i s d ng nh ng u. Cch gi i quy t y nh t cho v n ny l s d ng m t gi i php b o m t Proxy Server nh c a Netegrity SiteMinder (http://www.netegrity.com).Gi i php Proxy Server s gim st m i yu c u Web t trnh duy t v ghi l i m i a ch trnh duy t truy nh p ng d ng c th ki m tra. -M t cch th c khng y trong vi c ki m tra cc gi i h n site c th th c hi n b ng cch thi t l p Request.ServerVariables("HTTP_REFERER"). N u ng i s d ng c g ng truy nh p b t k trang no khc v i trang ng nh p, t m t URL c a m t site khc, th h s b t ch i. Tuy nhin, phng php ny khng th ngn ng a m t ng i s d ng r i b site c a b n t i m t site khc nhng sau l i quay tr l i site c a b n v ti p t c phin lm c a h . 6.C t k t n i khi ng i s d ng khng tng tc v i site trong m t kho ng th i gian nh t nh -C hai gi i php cho v n ny, m t gi i php pha my ch v m t gi i php s d ng script pha trnh duy t. Trong gi i php th nh t, chng ta s d ng IIS Manager v t gi i h n phin ASP l m t kho ng th i gian mong mu n no (gi tr m c nh l 20 pht). Trong ng d ng, lu tr thng tin truy nh p vo m t bi n phin lm vi c v ki m tra n trn m i trang ng i s d ng duy t qua. N u thng tin truy nh p khng thu c v m t bi n phin, ng i s d ng b c t k t n i v i site v ng d ng c n nh h ng h sang trang truy nh p h th ng. Hn n a, m c d cha ph i c th tin c y tuy t i, b n cng c th vi t m x l c t k t n i ng i s d ng trong s ki n Session_OnEnd t p Global.asa. -Gi i php pha client s d ng cht t JavaScript. Chn thm o n m sau vo u c a m i trang Web k t xu t b i ng d ng: <script Language="JavaScript"> window.setTimeout("window.navigate('Logout.asp')", 900000); </script> 'Logout.ASP' l trang c t k t n i ng i s d ng v i ng d ng. 9000000 l kho ng th i t i a tnh b ng mily giy ng i s d ng v n duy tr phin lm vi c c a h trong tr ng h p khng c tng tc no v i site.
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Nguy n Anh T
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7.
ng d ng khng cho php login ng th i Yu c u ny c ngha l t i m t th i i m, ng i s d ng khng th truy nh p ng d ng v i 2 phin lm vi c khc nhau. y cng l nguyn t c p d ng cho ph n l n cc ng d ng client/server v my tr m khc. Trong mi tr ng IIS/ASP, vi c p ng yu c u ny khng c g kh khn. 2 s ki n Session_OnStart v Session_OnEnd trong Global.asa c th s d ng ki m tra phin truy nh p hi n th i c a ng i s d ng. B n cng c th p d ng m t gi i php c a c s d li u hu m t phin lm vi c ang t n t i khi m t phin lm vi c m i c b t u. 8. M ngu n ng d ng khng ch a ch thch c a ng i pht tri n B t c c p b o m t no cng c th th t b i. Trong nh ng tr ng h p khi truy nh p c vo cc t p m ngu n c a Website th nh ng ch thch c a ng i pht tri n s l nh ng tr gip c l c cho tin t c, nguy hi m nh t l trong tr ng h p m ngu n c ch a nh ng "vin ng c" nh tn v m t kh u dng trong qu trnh ch y th ng d ng. Yu c u ny ch p d ng cho nh ng t p script, ch ng h n nh cc trang ASP, khng p d ng cho cc o n m trong cc i t ng COM c bin d ch. Tr c y, nh ng i m y u v b o m t cha c kh c ph c c a IIS lm cho cc script ASP trn m t s site r t d b c tr m. Nhi u tin t c bi t r ng h c c th c cc script ny b ng cch thm chu i "::$DATE" vo cu i yu c u truy xu t trang. trnh cc r i ro c th x y ra, c n lo i b m i ch thch trn trang ASP, HTML ho c m JavaScript. B n c th th c hi n b ng tay nhng cch nhanh nh t l vi t m t chng trnh lo i b cc ch thch t cc lo i t p khc nhau. 9. Khng lu tr thng tin k t n i c s d li u trong global.asa Thng tin k t n i c s d li u g m tn server , tn c s d li u, thng tin truy nh p SQL Server. V l m t t p vn b n, nh ng thng tin trong global.asa c th b l v ri vo tay nh ng i t ng s d ng khng ng m c ch. Nh ng thng tin ny nn c lu tr nh ng ni khc. Hai cch ph bi n l lu tr n trong m t t p ho c trong m t Register. Lu tr thng tin k t n i c s d li u trong m t t p v sau c th c c b ng File System Object ho c XML Parser l cch an ton hn lu trong global.asa. M t gi i php lu thng tin trn t p khc l s d ng t p UDL v n cho php lu t t c cc chi ti t v k t n i. Chu i k t n i ADO s tr thnh "FILE Name =C:\ Path_That_IUSR_<machinename>_Can_Get_To\MyDataLink.UDL" trong ti kho n d ch v IIS, IUSR_<machinename>ph i c quy n truy nh p c c t p ny. Lu cc thng tin k t n i d i hnh th c c m ho trong registry l cch an ton nh t. i u ny yu c u ng d ng ph i vi t cc thng tin m ho vo trong registry v cc thnh ph n COM ph i thu v v gi i m n th i gian ch y. i v i IS 5, n u s d ng thnh ph n COM+, cn c m t l a ch n registry khc. COM+ cho php m i thnh ph n c Constructor c thi t l p trong Component Services Manager. V khng m ho thng tin, cch ny cho php ng i qu n tr site ki m sot vi c truy nh p c s d li u v thay i n vo b t c lc no. 10. Cc t p audit log c a c s d li u nn ghi nh n t t c cc thay i i v i d li u Cc t p audit log c a c s d li u cung c p cc thng tin qu kh v nh ng thay i i v i d li u trong cc b ng. M t cch thng th ng l t o cc trigger c a c s d li u ghi l i t t c cc thao tc Insert, Update v Delete. Tuy nhin, ghi nh n t t c thay i i v i m i b n ghi c th lm tng kch c c s d li u c a b n ln nhi u l n. gi m kh i l ng d li u lu, c n ph i cn nh c k nh ng thay i d li u cc b ng no c n c ghi nh n. M c d c th t o cc b ng v vi t trigger b ng tay, nhng gi m nh kh i l ng cng vi c, chng ta c th s d ng gi i php t ng. M t s s n ph m v script mi n ph t i a ch http://www.sqldevpro.com/articles/MagicAuditingCode.htm c th gip b n th c hi n i u ny.
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d ng cc th t c lu s n (stored procedure) truy nh p c s d li u - Gi i h n vi c truy nh p c s d li u, ch cho php th c hi n thng qua cc th t c lu s n c nhi u u i m v b o m t v hi u nng th c hi n. Cch ti p c n ny nn c tnh n ngay t khi b t u pht tri n ng d ng vi c tri n khai v sau c d dng hn. - S d ng th t c lu s n an ton hn s d ng ADO Recoredset ho c cc l nh SQL b i v qua n cho php ch c ng i s h u c s d li u, dbo, m i c quy n quy n truy nh p t i b ng c a t t c nh ng ng i s d ng khc. Ng i s d ng c quy n thi hnh trn cc th t c lu s n nhng khng c quy n c ho c s a i d li u trong cc b ng m t cch tr c ti p. Ch c dbo v ng i qu n tr m i c php s d ng Query Analyzer ho c Crystal Reports lm vi c v i d li u. V v y, yu c u ny c ngha l n u Crystal Reports ho c cc cng c tng t khc c s d ng trn Website, vi c thu nh n d li u ph i c tri n khai qua cc th t c lu s n. - V i cch ti p c n ny, chng ta c n t o 4 th t c cho m i b ng cho cc l nh Select, Insert, Update and Delete. B n cng c th t o m t l p bao (wrapper class) ng vai tr l giao di n c a th t c trong t ng truy nh p c s d li u c a ng d ng. D i y l th d v th t c chn d li u vo b ng Authors trong c s d li u c a m t nh xu t b n: CREATE PROCEDURE dp_authors_ins @au_id varchar(11), @au_lname varchar(40), @au_fname varchar(20), @phone char(12) = NULL OUTPUT , @address varchar(40) = NULL , @city varchar(20) = NULL , @state char(2) = NULL , @zip char(5) = NULL , @contract bit AS IF @phone IS Null SET @phone = ('UNKNOWN') INSERT INTO authors WITH (ROWLOCK) ( au_id, au_lname, au_fname, phone, address, city, state, zip, contract) VALUES (@au_id, @au_lname, @au_fname, @phone, @address, @city, @state, @zip, @contract) SELECT @phone = phone FROM authors WHERE au_id = @au_id GO c v thay i d li u c hi khc v i cch ti p c n th t c lu s n. Thay v lm vi c v i cc recorset ADO ho c t o cc cu l nh SQL thi hnh trn server, t t c vi c truy nh p c s d li u u thng qua i t ng i u khi n ADO. Cc i t ng i u khi n ADO s thi hnh th t c lu s n ny. III. Nh ng i u c n bi t khi ch n host: Duy tr Web server c th l m t vi c r t t n km v ti n b c v th i gian. Th nhng v i kho n ph hng thng, m t nh cung c p host s m b o m i v n k thu t, gip cho cng ty b n c th ch tm vo vi c pht tri n n i dung. Trang Internet ngy nay k ny xin ng 21 i u b n c n bi t khi ch n host. 1. Hy ngh n ngy mai cng nh ngy hm nay Khi site c a b n tr nn ph c t p hn, n c th c n th c hi n script trn server, h tr c s d li u, thng m i i n t hay cung c p bng thng truy n m thanh v hnh nh. B n s khng tm th y nh ng h tr trn cc site host mi n ph. i u quan tr ng l b n ph i nh gi m t cch th c t nh ng nhu c u c a site c a b n khng ch hi n t i m c trong tng lai. 2. Hy tm n cc v n b o m t M t host cung c p hng ro b o v gip phng trnh m i s t n cng v cc hnh vi tin t c khc di n ra hng ngy lm ng ng ho t ng nh m vo server c a b n. Th c s b n c mu n ngy no cng m t th i gian xem l i nh ng l n truy c p server, c p nh t ph n m m v ph c h i nh ng thi t h i do cc tuy n phng th c a b n th ng xuyn b ch c th ng? 3. Quy t nh lo i host no l t t nh t cho b n M c th nh t c a host s t site c a b n cng nhi u site khc ln m t my ch trong m t domain o c th nh v site b n trn my . y chnh l ki u nui chung (shared hosting). Khi n i dung nhi u ln hay khi chuy n trang Web t d ng tnh sang trang tng tc, b n nn chuy n site c a mnh sang my c nhi u ngu n
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ti nguyn hn v c t site dng chung ngu n ti nguyn hn . B c ti p theo l m t my dnh ring cho site c a b n. Nh cung c p host s s h u, duy tr v sao lu my ch ng th i cung c p t t c cc h ng m c v b o m t v t l cho site, lu i n v cc v n khc v i u hnh trung tm d li u. M c cao nh t c a host l s p t cc my ch cng m t ch . Trong tr ng h p ny b n s h u ton b ph n c ng c a mnh nhng v m t v t l n c t l i ch c a bn host t n d ng c u th c a nh cung c p: B n c th ch n d i bng t n m b n c n v nh cung c p s cho b n m t ng k t n i ring vo Internet. y l m t tu ch n h t s c h p d n nhng v i ph n l n cc nh cung c p, i u ny c ngha l b n ph i t th c hi n cc kho n m c v b o an v t ng l a c a ring b n; b n s khng c s b o v t t ng l a c a bn cung c p hosting. Tr khi b n l chuyn gia v cc v n b o an, cn khng th b n s mu n k k t h p ng v i bn cung c p host hay m t nh t v n v b o an c c s b o v thch h p cho site v my ch c a b n. 4. Nhu c u d ch v nhanh chng v hi u nng Vi c site c a ban c t c thnh cng v danh ti ng hay khng ph thu c vo c p host. M t site ph c v ch m do cc server b qu t i s khng thu ht c ng i xem. M t site kh duy tr s khng th p ng h t nhu c u ho c khi n b n ph i lm vi c v t v hn lm m i th m b n c n lm. Ch ng h n, c th b n mu n l p m t h p e-mail c bi t dnh qu ng co hay tranh lu n. M t vi m c nh p nhanh vo m t trang HTML hay m t b ng c a cc ti kho n th h p th c c th l t t c nh ng g b n c n, nhng n u nh b n ph i i cho b ph n k thu t c a bn cung c p host lm vi c th b n c th tu t m t c h i c a mnh. 5. Cc ng d ng c a b n ph i ph h p v i m c c a nh cung c p host M t s ng d ng v m t s ki u site l r t kh th c hi n v i host. N u m t d ch v c xy d ng v i m t vng a l n v m t s my ch y nhanh th n c th ph c v r t nhi u trang tnh. Nhng n u m t site t ra nh ng i h i l n i v i CPU th n s ch y ch m hn trong mi tr ng , v t i t hn s lm gi m t c c a cc site khc. Cc di n n th o lu n i h i c bi t kh t khe i v i cc my ch hosting, b i v chng c n b nh dung tch l n, kh nng truy c p nhanh vo c s d li u tranh lu n. N u b n d nh cho m t di n n l n, si ng th hy tm nh cung c p bi t cch th c hi n chng. Site m b n mong mu n c th cn t ra nh ng i h i c bi t i v i my ch hosting. Lu ng d li u m thanh v i hnh nh yu c u k t n i nhanh t i m ng tr c, h th ng a lu tr t n km v cc server m nh c ph n m m ph h p. Kinh nghi m cung c p host a phng ti n cng c n thi t, v v y b n nn tm m t bn cung c p host c kinh nghi m, h s t o cc cng c thu n ti n cho b n. 6. Ch n h i u hnh. Hy cc ng d ng d n d t b n; hy ch y chng trn h i u hnh m theo b n l hi u qu nh t. M t nh cung c p host cung c p c Microsoft Windows v Unix s a ra nh ng l i khuyn khch quan. ng cho r ng c n c Windows NT ch y site c a b n v i nh ng ph n m r ng Frontpage. c t nh t m t nh cung c p host, Eas Street Online Services (www.easystreet.com), g t hi c thnh cng l n trong vi c vi t l i nh ng ph n m r ng ch y t t hn trn Unix so v i trn Windows NT. 7. c k cc gi y t Chng ti dnh r t nhi u th i gian m b o r ng mnh hi u nh ng i u kho n v i u ki n c a m i nh cung c p d ch v m chng ti k k t. B n cng nn lm nh v y. Nn c m t lu t s xem xt cc i u kho n. ng bao gi cho r ng m t i u kho n trong b n h p ng s khng c th c thi hay nh th no khng p d ng i v i b n. N c p d ng y. Ph i c bi t quan tm n vi c s h u b n quy n, tr l i cc khi u n i v site c a b n, th i h n c a h p ng cung c p d ch v , thng bo v vi c gia h n hay ch m d t h p ng, nh ng ph ph v lu t hi n hnh. 8. Bi t cch x l cc khi u n i V n khi u n i r t quan tr ng. N u ai phn nn r ng Site b n g i i bom th hay ch a tranh nh khiu dm (b t k tnh hi u l c c a l i khi u n i), nhi u nh cung c p d ch v s kh c t b n. Hy tm xem ch d a c a b n l g? N u trong b n h p ng c nh ng i u kho n khng th ch p nh n c v nh cung
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c p d ch v khng mu n thay i chng, hy tm nh cung c p khc. Nh r ng h p ng c l p ra l b o v c hai bn v m b o l i ch c a b n c nu ra y . 9. Ki m tra cc tham chi u Tr c khi b n g i g m site qu gi c a mnh cho m t nh cung c p host, hy h i tn cc nh lm Web hi n ang i u hnh cc site nh site c a b n. G i i n hay g i E-mail cho h , nhng b ng m i cch ph i nh n c s ph n h i. Hy l t qua cc site c a h . Ghi l i nh ng kho ng th i gian p ng vo gi cao i m hay gi r i . Ph i m b o r ng l c th ch p nh n c d ch v c a h . 10. Hy t m m t cht S d ng nh ng cng c d a trn Web bi t b n ang giao d ch v i ai? Tra c s d li u Whois ( http://www.whois.net/ , www.pavietnam.com/index.php?parm=whois ) tm xem ai s h u site . Ghi l i a ch giao d ch. Ch y ng d ng Traceroute (c s n trn ph n l n cc site c t i xu ng) xem ng d n n cc my li t k trong tm ki m Whois. N u Traceroute tm th y site thng qua server c a LSP khc trong cng m t domain th c th b n ang giao d ch v i ng i bn l i ch khng ph i l m t nh cung c p host th c s . Ch ng h n CIHost, m t nh cung c p host c nng l c t qu ng co, d ng n ang cung c p d ch v truy c p m ng cho Propagation.net trong khi dng d ch v c a t p on kh ng l BBN Planet. Khi s d ng c s d li u Whois, hy xem xt k my trn ci d i cng m t b c. Nh p nh ng tn m b n tm th y vo cng c tm ki m Deja.com. Chng ti th y r ng m ng Propagation.net c k t n i v i nh ng site c bom th v CIHost a ra nh ng l i ch trch trn nhm tin alt.www.webmaster . Hy so snh vi c ny v i cng c truy nguyn Verio.net. 11 . B qua nh ng hi p h i chuyn nghi p V cng nn b qua ph n l n ki n c a cc site x p h ng. B i v thnh vin c a H i cung c p host (Web Hosting Guild) bao g m cc cng ty c danh ti ng nhng c m t s trong ni chung khng c gi i Webmaster nh gi cao. Cc site x p h ng th ng t ng h p cc l n tr c y c x p h ng u b i cc webmaster l nh ng ng i sau r i b host th ng v nh ng l do tiu c c. 12. Hy c nh ng g m webmaster ni Hy xem nhm tin alt.www.webmaster , vww.hostinvestigater.com , www.scriptkeeper.com/cgibin/ultimate.cgi v http://www.hostcompare.com/ . i u c th m t m t th i gian "tiu ho" t t c m i ki n v xu t nhng k t qu thu c cng x ng ng. 13. Bi t r thnh gi c a b n Cng bi t r thnh gi ti m nng c a b n, b n cng c kh nng c tnh chu n xc cc chi ph v l p ra m t bi u gi thch h p. N u b n lm ch m t site hy nghin c u cc t p truy c p v cc cng c phn tch lu thng c a b n bi t c n bao nhiu bng t n v bao nhiu ti nguyn Server, t l a ch n m t cch tng ng khi b n chuy n sang nh cung c p host. N u b n l n u i u hnh m t Website hy s d ng kho ng th i gian th nghi m lm nh v y r i a ra nh ng s a i c n thi t trong b n k ho ch c a mnh tr c khi th i h n l y l i ti n k t thc. 14. Ch n m t k ho ch ph h p v i b n Nh ng tnh ton chi ph khng k l ng c th t ra nh ng gnh n ng ti chnh khng th l ng tr c ln site c a b n. M t s nh cung c p host h ng k ho ch c a mnh v pha nhi u site nh , trong khi s khc h ng t i t site c dung tch l n hn. Ph hng thng tng ng v i s l ng byte gi i h n, v kho n ph tr i c th s r t n t ng. M t cht thnh cng i khi l k th nguy hi m nh t i v i cc site nh , b i v thu nh p c a cc site chuyn qu ng co th ng tng khng tng ng, tr khi cc nh qu ng co trn site b n tr ch ph theo s l ng l n truy c p ng c l i, vi c tng nhi u s l n truy c p t i site thng m i i n t c th ng ngha v i nhi u n t hng hn ho c thu ht c s quan tm l n n s n ph m m i. M t trong hai tr ng h p trn doanh thu cng s tng tng ng. 15. Th n tr ng tr c khi cam k t Gi cho th ng tnh theo hng thng, cn ho n thanh ton th c t l i mang t i nh ng kho n ph tr i l n hn. Nhng nh n ra c i u ny th ng ph i c s lin l c gi a cc ch th , khng ph i ch b ng vi c vo xem site . Chng ti cho r ng s h p l khi b t u b ng m t d ch v ng n h n c l l 90 ngy ch c ch n r ng m i vi c di n ra nh b n nh. Khi b n th y hi lng, hy gia h n c gi m gi. 16. Hy xem ho n Chng ti ng k 30 ngy dng th 9NetAve v l p t c b l p ho n cho m t nm d ch v . Khi chng ti khi u n i, cng ty ngh xin c t gi m th i h n tnh ph xu ng cn 6 thng, sau l 3 thng. p l i,
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chng ti i l y l i ti n. Ph i m t thm m t c i n tho i n a m i nh n c ti n v chng ti quy t nh khng tham kh o nh cung c p host n a. 17. L p chi n l c rt lui Cho d cc d nh c hon h o i chng n a th m i quan h i khi v n tr c tr c. Ho c b n c nh r i b nh cung c p host c a mnh v i v s l do. C m t s ng i r t ng m c m chng ti bi t tr thnh nh ng khch hng kh ng khi p i v i nh cung c p host c a h , v m t s nh cung c p host t hng cng tr ch ng thnh nh ng phng kh ng b khch hng c a h . 18. Lu tr t t c m i th D nhin cc trang HTML c a b n ang c lu tr v b n t o ra chng trn my c a mnh v t i chng ln site c a nh cung c p host. Hy ngh n t t c cc file khc hi n t trn Server c a b n: nh ng b n ghi truy c p ng i s d ng, c s d li u s n ph m, n t hng c a khch, CSDL tranh lu n, script c a Servel; ph n m m thng m i nh thng m i i n t v cc gi di n n th o lu n, ph n m m phn tch lu thng, v t t c nh ng th m b n t i ln site c a nh cung c p host hay d ch v ny t i xu ng cho b n. 19. Gi m nh s chuy n i site c a b n N u b n nh n th y r ng site b n pht tri n nhanh hn c nh cung c p host, th h cng nh n th y i u v s lm vi c v i nh cung c p host m i chuy n site c a b n v i s phi n nhi u v h ng hc t i thi u. a s s chia tay l t t p. Nhng khi khng ph i v y, th hy chu n b s n b n sao c a t t c nh ng th m b n c th ngh n. 20. S h u m t tn mi n c a ring b n Th m ch ngay c khi b n khng c nh t b nh cung c p host c a mnh th b n cng ph i ch c ch n r ng mnh c m t tn mi n ring. N u nh cung c p host ng k tn mi n cho b n, hy tra Whois bi t ch c r ng b n hay ng i trong cng ty b n l ng i ng k v lin l c hnh chnh cho site c a b n. N u nh cung c p host c nim y t l u m i k thu t v qu n l th n s s h u tn mi n ch khng ph i l b n v b n c th s ph i b ti n mua tn . Hy lm nh v y t khi nh cung c p host khng c i u g gi n b n, n u khng tn mi n c a b n c th s b gi i ti n chu c. 21 . Hy gip cc v khch tm trang ch m i c a b n C l l do l n nh t r i kh i nh cung c p host theo cc i u ki n r ng ri l sao cho site c c a b n ch t i site m i trong m t kho ng th i gian no . Ng i s d ng hay khch hng c a b n c th s nh d u a ch theo tn ch khng ph i a ch IP c a site hay cc trang m h s d ng. Nhng c th ph i m t vi ngy, th m ch m t tu n a ch IP m i c truy n b su t cc Server tn mi n c a Internet. V n u v m t l do no ng i s d ng c h ng t i a ch IP c th nn c nh ng ch d n t i site m i v hu ng d n cch c p nh t cc book- mark. ng qun g i e-mail cho khch hng v a thng tin ln trang c a b n bo cho h v s thay i c th x y ra. D ch v cung c p host v n cn l m t ngnh kinh doanh m i m , m t ngnh kinh doanh ang ti p t c ti t o ra chnh n. B n s ph i chu n b cho s thay i lin t c, s c i thi n l n hn v bi n i t ph c tnh c h i v d ch v , hi u qu gi c hay hi u nng. ng c dao ng m hy ti p t c nh gi d ch v b n ang c v nh ng g b n ang ph i b ti n mua. 22. Hy lu tr cc thng tin b m t c a b n trong host free B n ng qu tin t ng r ng server hay host mnh mua lun lun b o m t cao hn cc host free. l m t ngh sai l m! H u h t cc hosting VN b cc hacker qua m t m t cc d dng b ng nhi u cc v cch th ng dng l hack local. Khi b n gi cc thng tin b m t c a mnh trong host ring th tnh tr ng b hack cao hn l khi b n gi cc thng tin b m t host free. V cc host free lun lun b o m t t t v khng c hacker no sing nng hack h t ton b cc user v h n cng ch ng bi t c user no c a mnh. Khi ch n host free th hy ch n cc host n c ngoi v khi y host n c ngoi b o m t cao hn nhi u so v i host VN. Ch ng h n host t35 h u nh cha b hack d l m t host free cn host c a www.dangquang.com t ng b hack local khu v c host free! 23. Hy c n th n v i c nh ng ng i quen B n ng qu tin t ng v i nh ng ng i quen m giao pass host hay b t c thng tin g v n. Ch ng h n HVA t ng b m t moderator c a VHF chi ln b ng cch ci keylog vo my c a admin HVA khi anh chng HVA m i ng i b n VHF v nh chi.
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24. Hy lu n cc chng trnh upload ng nn upload nh ng thng tin quan tr ng ln host chnh c a mnh DV, v DV b n c th c chng trnh upload lu l i m t kh u v.v hay ai dng chng trnh tm l i m t kh u th sao? N u mu n upload ngoi DV th nn sau khi up xong hy Uninstall chng trnh upload . IV. Lo i b cc k t c bi t: Lo i b cc k t c bi t nh ../, |, &, ... l i u lm au u nh ng ng i m i b t u vo ngh vi t ng d ng web nh m ngn ch n t n cng ph chu n u vo c a hacker. Trong Perl, =~s cha ch c l c c h t cc k t ny b i b n c th b hacker cha khm. M t v d kh i n hnh l tr ng h p c a fileseek.cgi c thng bo trn bugtraq tr c y. Fileseek.cgi c g ng l c b t t c cc k t '../' nhng n s th t b i n u hacker dng '....//'. Fileseek.cgi lm vi c nh m t ci my, n lo i b '../' trong '....//', k t qu tr v l '../' v hacker s ung dung lm thm vi ci '....//' leo ln th m c root '....//....//....//....//..../' sau cat file /etc/passwd. M t cch n gi n lo i b cc k t c bi t l b n ch ch p nh n cc k t th ng, khng c n quan tm n cc k t c bi t. #!/usr/local/bin/perl $_ = $user_data = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'}; # nh n d li u t pha ng i dng print "$user_data\n"; $OK_CHARS='-a-zA-Z0-9_.@'; # t p k t c cho php s/[^$OK_CHARS]/_/go; # g b cc k t khng n m trong t p k t trn $user_data = $_; print "$user_data\n"; exit(0) R t n gi n nh v cng hi u qu , chng ta khng c n ph i quan tm n cc k t ../, |, ... * B n tham kh o thm Perl CGI problems (phrack 55/9 - http://www.phrack.org/) bi t r v cc l i lin quan n cc script vi t b ng Perl/CGI. V. B o v file v th m c: Vi c b o m t tuy t i m t th m c ho c m t t p l m t nhu c u b c thi t c a nhi u ng i dng my tnh, c bi t v i nh ng ng i dng chung m t my tnh. M c d trong h i u hnh DOS, trong h i u hnh Windows v c bi t l trong h i u hnh m ng c nh ng th t c ci t m t kh u, ci t thu c tnh n (H), thu c tnh ch c (R) vv... Nhng ch l nh ng b o m t c c b v m c b o m t khng cao. Cc th m c ho c cc t p b o m t c ch ny nhng khng b o m t c ch khc. C cc th m c v t p c Windows b o v ch ng xo nhng l i xo c d dng trong DOS... V y c cch no b o m t c th m c m t cch tuy t i khng ? C. B n ph i t lm l y v cha c m t chng trnh no gip b n lm i u ny. Phng n b o m t tuy t i m t th m c m chng ti l a ch n v dng r t c hi u qu l nh l c h ng a ch lu tr c a th m c trn a, lm c l p cc cluster m th m c chi m gi , do khng th can thi p c vo th m c ny b ng b t k cch no. V y lm th no nh l c h ng a ch lu tr th t c a th m c ?. lm c i u ny b n c n bi t r ng FAT l m t b ng nh v file (File Allocation Table). B ng ny g m nhi u ph n t . a c bao nhiu cluster th FAT cng c b y nhiu ph n t (Cluster l m t lin cung g m nhi u sector nhm l i). Ph n t th n c a FAT tng ng v i cluster th n trn a. M t file chi m bao nhiu cluster trn a th m c FAT c a n cng c b y nhiu ph n t . Ph n t FAT ny ch a s th t c a m t ph n t FAT khc. Ph n t ch a FF FF l m k t thc file <EOF>. Nh v y m t m c FAT c a m t File s ch a s th t c a cc cluster m file chi m gi . m c FAT c a m t th m c ch c m t ph n t ch a m <EOF>. S th t c a ph n t ny ng v i s th t c a cluster ch a m c c a cc th m c con v c a cc
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t p c trong th m c . M i ph n t FAT chi m 2 bytes v i FAT 16 bit v chi m 4 bytes v i FAT 32 bit. M i m c c a th m c ho c c a t p trong b ng th m c g c (Root Directory) u chi m 32 bytes, phn thnh 8 tr ng nh sau: Tr ng 1 ch a 8 byte tn chnh, tr ng 2 ch a 3 byte ph n tn m r ng, tr ng 3 l 1 byte thu c tnh, tr ng 4 chi m 10 byte (DOS khng dng v dnh ring cho Windows), tr ng 5 chi m 2 byte v ngy thng t o l p, tr ng 6 chi m 2 byte v gi pht giy t o l p, tr ng 7 g i l tr ng Cluster chi m 2 byte ch a s th t c a ph n t FAT u tin c a m i m c FAT, tr ng 8 chi m 4 byte v dung l ng. Khi truy c p m t th m c hay m t t p, tr c tin my c 8 tr ng ni trn trong b ng th m c, sau nh c c thng tin tr ng cluster m my chuy n n c cluster u tin c a t p ng th i chuy n n c ph n t FAT u tin c a m c FAT r i c ti p cc ph n t FAT khc trong m c bi t s th t c a cc cluster ti p theo v truy c p ti p cc cluster ny cho n khi g p m FF FF l m k t thc file <EOF> trong m c FAT th d ng. Nh v y mu n b o m t th m c ho c t p no ta ph i thay i n i dung c a tr ng th 7 trong m c ROOT n khng tr vo a ch th t c a th m c ho c c a t p m tr vo m t ph n t r ng n m cu i c a FAT (khi a cha y th ph n t ny bao gi cng r ng, tng ng v i cluster r ng trn a). ng th i trnh SCANDISK khng pht hi n ra s th t l c cluster ta c n ph i ghi vo ph n t FAT cu i cng ny gi tr th t c a cluster m th m c chi m gi . Cc thao tc c n thi t b o m t th m c nh sau : 1 - T o m t th m c BAOMAT th m c g c v chp t t c cc t p c n b o m t vo .
2 - c s th t c a ph n t FAT cu i cng (cng l s th t c a cluster c ngha cu i cng c a a): Ch y chng trnh Diskedit trong th m c NC sau g ALT+C lm hi n ra c a s Select Cluster Range. Gi s trong c a s ny b n nh n c thng tin Valid Cluster numbers are 2 through 33,196. i u ny c ngha l s th t c a Cluster c nghi cu i cng c a a l 33.196, cng l s th t c a ph n t c ngha cu i cng c a FAT. c xong th g ESC . 3 - Tm m c c a th m c c n b o m t trong b ng Root Directory ghi gi tr v a c c tr ng Cluster c a m c y nh sau: b c 2 vo
Ch y Diskedit v g ALT+R, d ch con tr ln th m c g c v n Enter m b ng th m c g c. R b ng th m c t trn xu ng v d ng l i m c c n b o m t. D ch chuy n con tr t i c t Cluster c a m c ny, ghi l i gi tr c vo gi y v nh p vo gi tr m i (v i v d trn l 33196). Nh p xong th d ch con tr xu ng d i r i g CTRL+W, ch n nt Write trong c a s Write changes ghi vo a. 4 - Ghi gi tr c ghi nh trn gi y vo ph n t cu i c a FAT b ng cch ch y chng trnh Diskedit, g ALT+S lm hi n ln c a s Select Sector Range, v i m c Sector Usage b n s nhn th y vng FAT 1 v vng FAT 2 chi m t sector no n sector no. Ch ng h n b n c thng tin sau: 1-130 1st FAT area, 131-260 2nd FAT area, c ngha l ph n t cu i cng c a FAT 1 n m sector 130 v c a FAT 2 l sector 260. B n hy g vo h p Starting Sector:[...] s th t c a Sector cu i cng c a FAT 1 (v i v d trn l 130) v n Enter m c a s Disk Editor, d ch chuy n con tr n cluster cu i cng c nghi c a FAT 1 (v a d ch con tr v a quan st ch th s cluster thanh tr ng thi v d ng l i cluster c ngha cu i cng v i v d trn l 33196). Nh p vo gi tr ghi nh trn gi y b c 3 . Cu i cng g Ctrl+W, nh d u vo m c Synchronize FATs v ch n Write ghi vo 2 FAT c a a.
Ch :
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* Khi c n truy c p th m c ny b n ch c n n p l i gi tr c cho tr ng Cluster c a m c Root m khng c n xo b gi tr ghi cu i FAT. * V h i u hnh Windows c ch b o v vng a h th ng nn mu n th c hi n cc thao tc trn b n ph i kh i ng my h i u hnh DOS. * C n b ch b o m t ny tr c khi th c hi n ch ng phn m nh (Defrag). VI. An ton h th ng:
B c 1: Thnh l p b ph n chuyn trch v v n b o m t

B t k k ho ch b o m t no cng c n s h tr trn nhi u phng di n khc nhau, n u n mu n thnh cng. M t trong nh ng phng th c t t nh t c th c s h tr l nn thi t l p m t b ph n chuyn trch v v n b o m t. B ph n ny s ch u trch nhi m tr c cng ty v cc cng vi c b o m t. M c ch tr c tin c a b ph n ny l gy d ng uy tn v i khch hng. Ho t ng c a b ph n ny s khi n cho khch hng c m th y yn tm hn khi lm vi c ho c s d ng cc d ch v c a cng ty. B ph n ny c trch nhi m th ng xuyn cung c p cc lu , c nh bo lin quan n an ton b o m t thng tin nh m trnh cc r i ro ng ti c cho khch hng v cng ty. B ph n ny cn c trch nhi m tm hi u, a ra gi i php, c ch b o m t cho ton cng ty. S l hi u qu v xc th c hn khi cng vi c ny c th c hi n b i chnh i ng trong cng ty thay v i thu m t cng ty b o m t khc th c hi n. Cu i cng, m t b ph n chuyn trch v v n b o m t c th thay i cch lm, cch th c hi n cng vi c kinh doanh c a cng ty tng tnh b o m t trong khi cng c i ti n c s c s n xu t, ch t l ng, hi u qu v t o ra s c c nh tranh c a cng ty. V d , chng ta hy ni n VPN (Virtual Private Network), y l m t cng ngh cho php cc nhn vin m b o an ton khi c email, lm vi c v i cc ti li u t i nh, hay chia s cng vi c gi a hai nhn vin hay hai phng ban.
B c 2: Thu th p thng tin

Tr c khi a ra cc thng bo m t th c hi n b o m t, b n ph i l ng c m i tnh hu ng s x y ra, khng ch bao g m ton b cc thi t b v h th ng i km trong vi c th c hi n b o m t m cn ph i k n c cc ti n trnh x l, cc c nh b o b o m t, s th m nh hay cc thng tin c n c b o v . i u ny r t quan tr ng khi cung c p m t ci nhn bao qut v h th ng b o m t c a cng ty. S chu n b ny cng nn tham chi u t i cc chnh sch b o m t cng nh cc h ng d n th c hi n c a cng ty trong v n an ton b o m t. Ph i l ng tr c c nh ng g x y ra trong t ng b c ti n hnh c a cc d n. ki m tra m c y u km c a h th ng, hy b t u v i nh ng v n c th d n t i r i ro cao nh t trong h th ng m ng c a b n, nh Internet. Hy s d ng c ch b o m t bn ngoi t s n ph m c a m t hng c danh ti ng, c th cung c p thng tin c n thi t c l ng m c b o m t hi n t i c a cng ty b n khi b t n cng t Internet. S th m nh ny khng ch bao g m vi c ki m tra cc l h ng, m cn g m c cc phn tch t ng i s d ng, h th ng c k t n i b ng VPN, m ng v cc phn tch v thng tin cng c ng s n c. M t trong nh ng cn nh c mang tnh quan tr ng l th m nh t bn ngoi vo. y chnh l i m m u ch t trong vi c nh gi h th ng m ng. i n hnh, m t cng ty s d ng c ch b o m t bn ngoi, cung c p cc d ch v email, Web theo c ch , th h nh n ra r ng, khng ph i ton b cc t n cng u n t Internet. Vi c cung c p l p b o m t theo account, m ng b o v b n thn h t chnh nh ng ng i s d ng
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VPN v cc ng nghi p, v t o ra cc m ng ring r t cc c ng truy c p u cu i l ton b cc u th c a c ch ny. C ch b o m t bn trong cng gip vi c qu n l b o m t cng ty c t t hn. B ng cch ki m tra ton b cng vi c kinh doanh, cc c ch chnh sch, cc qu trnh x l, xc th c d li u tng ph n v i nh ng g c m t , hay s tng thch v i nh ng chu n t n t i c th m nh. C ch b o m t bn trong cung c p thng tin m t cch chi ti t tng t nh vi c kh o st k l ng ph m vi m c su hn, th m ch bao g m c vi c ph m m t kh u v cc cng c phn tch h th ng ki m tra tnh tng thch v chnh sch trong tng lai.
B c 3: Th m nh tnh r i ro c a h th ng
Khi th m nh tnh r i ro c a h th ng, hy s d ng cng th c sau: Tnh r i ro = Gi tr thng tin * M c c a l h ng * Kh nng m t thng tin Tnh r i ro b ng v i gi tr thng tin trong cu h i (bao g m gi tr ng ti n, gi tr th i gian my b l i do l i b o m t, gi tr m t mt khch hng tng i), th i gian c a quy m l h ng (t ng c ng/t ng ph n c a t n th t d li u, th i gian h th ng ng ng ho t ng, s nguy hi m khi d li u h ng), th i gian v kh nng xu t hi n m t thng tin. l y c cc k t qu t b c u (cc gi tr , bo co v c ch b o m t ngoi, v chnh sch b o m t), v t p trung vo 3 trong s cc m t th ng c c p. Sau , b t u v i m t s cu h i khung sau: *C ch b o m t t n t i c a cng ty c c ra r rng v cung c p bi n php b o m t cha? *K t qu t c ch b o m t bn ngoi c h p l so v i chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty? *C m c no c n s a l i trong c ch b o m t m khng c ch r trong chnh sch? *H th ng b o m t s m t tc d ng trong tnh r i ro cao nh t no? *Gi tr , thng tin g mang tnh r i ro cao nh t? Cc cu tr l i cung c p ci nhn ton di n cho vi c phn tch v ton b chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty. C l , thng tin quan tr ng c l y trong qu trnh k t h p cc gi tr th m nh v tnh r i ro tng ng. Theo gi tr thng tin, b n c th tm th y cc gi i php m t c ton b cc yu c u, b n c th t o ra m t danh sch quan tm v l h ng b o m t.
B c 4: Xy d ng gi i php
Trn th c t khng t n t i gi i php an ton, b o m t thng tin dang Plug and Play cho cc t ch c c bi t khi ph i m b o cc lu t thng m i t n t i v ph i tng thch v i cc ng d ng, d li u s n c. Khng c m t ti li u no c th l ng h t c m i l h ng trong h th ng v cng khng c nh s n xu t no c th cung c p cc cng c c n thi t. Cch t t nh t v n l s d ng k t h p cc gi i php, s n ph m nh m t o ra c ch b o m t a nng. Firewall Xem xt v l a ch n m t s n ph m firewall h p l v a v ho t ng ph h p v i chnh sch c a cng ty l m t trong nh ng vi c u tin trong qu trnh b o m t h th ng. Firewall c th l gi i php ph n c ng ho c ph n m m ho c k t h p c hai. Nhi m v c a firewall l ngn ch n cc t n cng tr c ti p vo cc thng tin quan tr ng c a h th ng, ki m sot cc thng tin ra vo h th ng. Vi c l a ch n firewall thch h p cho m t h th ng khng ph i l d dng. Cc firewall u ph thu c trn m t mi tr ng, c u hnh m ng, ng d ng c th . Khi xem xt l a ch n m t firewall, c n t p trung tm hi u t p cc ch c nng c a firewall, tnh nng l c a ch , gi tin, ... H th ng ki m tra xm nh p m ng (IDS) M t firewall c g i l t t ch khi n c th l c v t o kh nng ki m sot cc gi tin khi i qua n. V y cng chnh l ni m h th ng IDS nh p cu c. N u b n xem firewall nh m t con p ngn n c, th th b n c th v IDS nh m t h th ng i u khi n lu ng n c trn cc h th ng x n c khc nhau. M t IDS, khng lin quan t i cc cng vi c i u khi n h ng i c a cc gi tin, m n ch c nhi m v phn tch cc
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gi tin m firewall cho php i qua, tm ki m cc ch k t n cng bi t (cc ch k t n cng chnh l cc o n m c bi t mang tnh nguy hi m cho h th ng) m khng th ki m tra hay ngn ch n b i firewall. IDS tng ng v i vi c b o v ng sau c a firewall, cung c p vi c ch ng th c thng tin c n thi t m b o ch c ch n cho firewall ho t ng hi u qu . H th ng ki m tra xm ph m d a theo vng (H-IDS) S l a ch n, th c hi n v s d ng m t h th ng ki m tra s xm ph m trn my ch d a trn nhi u h i u hnh v mi tr ng ng d ng ch nh. M t hm ch c nng y c a H-IDS c th cung c p cc thng bo u n theo th i gian c a b t k s thay i no t i my ch t tc ng bn trong hay bn ngoi. N l m t trong nh ng cch t t nh t gi m thi u s t n thng c a h th ng. Vi c tm ki m h th ng m h tr h u h t cc h i u hnh s d ng trong t ch c c a b n nn c xem nh m t trong nh ng quy t nh chnh cho m i H-IDS. H th ng ki m tra xm ph m d a theo ng d ng (App-IDS)
S l ng App-IDS xu t hi n trn th tr ng ngy cng nhi u. Cc cng c ny th c hi n vi c phn tch cc thng i p t m t ng d ng c th hay thng tin qua proxy t i ng d ng . Trong lc chng c m c ch c th , chng c th cung c p m c b o m t tng ln theo t ng m ng ng d ng c th . Khi c k t h p v i m t H-IDS, chng m b o r ng s xm nh p t i m t my ch s gi m thi u. M t App-IDS nn c xem nh m t ch c nng h tr b o m t trong su t, m c d khng ng trong m t s tr ng h p. Ph n m m Anti-Virus (AV) Ph n m m AV nn c ci trn ton b my tr m (workstation), my ch (server), h th ng h tr d ch v s , v h u h t nh ng ni ch a d li u quan tr ng vo ra. Hai v n quan tr ng nh t xem xt khi t yu c u m t nh s n xu t AV qu n l nhi u my ch v my tr m trn ton b ph m vi c a cng ty l kh nng nh cung c p c i ph c cc e do t virus m i hay khng. (nguyn nhn: khng bao gi cho r ng ph m m m ang ch y, lun ki m t phin b n c a virus v cc file c p nh t cho virus m i).
M ng ring o (VPN) Vi c s d ng VPN cung c p cho cc nhn vin hay cc c ng s truy c p t i cc ti nguyn c a cng ty t nh hay ni lm vi c khc v i m c b o m t cao, hi u qu nh t trong qu trnh truy n thng, v lm tng hi u qu s n xu t c a nhn vin. Tuy nhin, khng c i u g khng i km s r i ro. B t k t i th i i m no khi m t VPN c thi t l p, b n ph i m r ng ph m vi ki m sot b o m t c a cng ty t i ton b cc nt c k t n i v i VPN. m b o m c b o m t cho h th ng ny, ng i s d ng ph i th c hi n y cc chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty. i u ny c th th c hi n c qua vi c s d ng cc h ng d n c a nh s n xu t v d ch v VPN nh h n ch cc ng d ng c th ch y nh, c ng m ng c th m , lo i b kh nng chia knh d li u, thi t l p h th ng b o v virus khi ch y h th ng t xa, t t c cng vi c ny gip gi m thi u tnh r i ro. i u ny r t quan tr ng i v i cc cng ty ph i i m t v i nh ng e do trong vi c ki n co, m ng c a h hay h th ng c s d ng t n cng cc cng ty khc. Sinh tr c h c trong b o m t Sinh tr c h c c bi t n t m t s nm tr c y, nhng cho n nay v n c r t nhi u kh khn cho vi c nhn r ng p d ng cho cc h th ng b o m t thng m i. D u tay, trng m t, gi ng ni, ..., cung c p b o m t m c cao trn cc m t kh u thng th ng hay ch ng th c hai nhn t , nhng cho n hi n t i, chng cng v n c coi nh phng th c t t nh t truy c p vo h th ng.
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Cc th h th thng minh Cc cng ty g n y s d ng s d ng th thng minh nh m t phng th c b o m t h u hi u. Windows 2000 cung c p c ch h tr th thng minh nh m t phng ti n chnh trong vi c ch ng th c quy n ng nh p h th ng. Ni chung, s k t h p a cng ngh (nh trng m t, th thng minh, d u tay) ang d n hon thi n v m ra m t th i i m i cho vi c ch ng th c quy n truy c p trong h th ng b o m t. Ki m tra my ch S ki m tra u n m c b o m t c cung c p b i cc my ch ph thu c ch y u vo s qu n l. M i my ch trong m t cng ty nn c ki m tra t Internet pht hi n l h ng b o m t. Thm n a, vi c ki m tra t bn trong v qu trnh th m nh my ch v cn b n l c n thi t gi m thi u tnh r i ro c a h th ng, nh khi firewall b l i hay m t my ch , h th ng no b tr c tr c. H u h t cc h i u hnh u ch y trong tnh tr ng th p hn v i m c b o m t t i thi u v c r t nhi u l h ng b o m t. Tr c khi m t my ch khi a vo s n xu t, s c m t qu trnh ki m tra theo m t s b c nh t nh. Ton b cc b n s a l i ph i c ci t trn my ch , v b t c d ch v khng c n thi t no ph i c lo i b . i u ny lm trnh r i ro xu ng m c th p nh t cho h th ng. Vi c ti p theo l ki m tra cc log file t cc my ch v cc ng d ng. Chng s cung c p cho ta m t s thng tin t t nh t v h th ng, cc t n cng b o m t. Trong r t nhi u tr ng h p, chnh l m t trong nh ng cch xc nh n quy m c a m t t n cng vo my ch . Ki m sot ng d ng
V n an ton b o m t trong m ngu n c a cc ng d ng h u h t khng c quan tm. i u ny khng c th hi n trn cc s n ph m nh li u n c c mua, c download mi n ph hay c pht tri n t m t m ngu n no . gip gi m thi u s r i ro b o m t trong cc ng d ng, th m nh l i gi tr c a ng d ng trong cng ty, nh cng vi c pht tri n bn trong c a cc ng d ng, i u ny cng c th bao g m cc nh gi c a cc th c th bn ngoi nh ng nghi p hay cc khch hng. Vi c i u khi n c u hnh b o m t cc ng d ng c th lm tng m c b o m t. H u h t cc ng d ng c c u hnh t i m c t i thi u c a tnh nng b o m t, nhng qua cc cng c c u hnh, m c b o m t c a h th ng c th c tng ln. L ng thng tin ki m sot c cung c p b i ng d ng cng c th c c u hnh. Ni m cc ng d ng cung c p thng tin v quy m b o m t, th i gian ki m sot v s phn tch thng tin ny s l cha kho ki m tra cc v n b o m t thng tin. Cc h i u hnh S l a ch n h i u hnh v ng d ng l qu trnh i h i ph i c s cn nh c k cng. Ch n ci g gi a h i u hnh Microsoft hay UNIX, trong r t nhi u tr ng h p, i u th ng do n t ng c nhn s n ph m. Khi l a ch n m t h i u hnh, thng tin v nh s n xu t khng quan tr ng b ng nh ng g nh s n xu t lm c trong th c t , v kh nng b o tr hay d dng th c hi n v i cc ti li u i km. B t k m t h i u hnh no t 2 nm tr c y u khng th m b o theo nh ng chu n ngy nay, v vi c gi cc my ch , ng d ng c a b n c c p nh t th ng xuyn s m b o gi m thi u kh nng r i ro c a h th ng. Khi l a ch n m t h i u hnh, hy tm hi u khng ch cc tiu chu n thng th ng nh (qu n tr , hi u nng, tnh ch ng th c), m cn ph i xem xt kh nng p d ng c c a h i u hnh v i h th ng hi n t i. M t h i u hnh c th cung c p c ch b o m t t t hn khi n tng thch v i cc ng d ng ch y bn
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trong n nh DNS hay WebServer, trong khi cc h i u hnh khc c th c nhi u ch c nng t t hn nh m t h th ng application, database hay email server. B c 5: Th c hi n v gio d c Ban u, s h tr c n thi t s c c rt l i v ln k ho ch hon ch nh cho d n b o m t. y chnh l b c i quan tr ng mang tnh chi n l c c a m i cng ty v v n b o m t. Cc chi ti t k thu t c a b t k s m t no cng s thay i theo mi tr ng, cng ngh , v cc k nng lin quan, ngoi ra c m t ph n khng n m trong vi c th c thi b o m t nhng chng ta khng c coi nh , chnh l s gio d c. m b o s thnh cng b o m t ngay t lc u, ng i s d ng ph i c c s gio d c c n thi t v chnh sch, g m c: K nng v cc h th ng b o m t m i, cc th t c m i. Hi u bi t v cc chnh sch m i v ti s n, d li u quan tr ng c a cng ty. Hi u cc th t c b t bu c m i, chnh sch b o m t cng ty. Ni tm l i, khng ch i h i ng i s d ng c cc k nng c b n, m i h i h c ph i bi t nh t i sao v ci g h ang lm l c n thi t v i chnh sch c a cng ty. B c 6: Ti p t c ki m tra, phn tch v th c hi n H u h t nh ng g mong i c a m t h th ng b o m t b t k l ch y n nh, i u khi n c h th ng v n m b t c cc lu ng d li u c a h th ng. Qu trnh phn tch, t ng h p cc thng tin, s ki n t firewall, IDSs, VPN, router, server, v cc ng d ng l cch duy nh t ki m tra hi u qu c a m t h th ng b o m t, v cng l cch duy nh t ki m tra h u h t s vi ph m v chnh sch cng nh cc l i thng th ng m c ph i v i h th ng. Cc g i b o m t cho h th ng v m ng Theo lu n i m ny, chng ti t p trung ch y u v cc b c mang tnh h th ng cung c p m t h th ng b o m t. T y, chng ti s ch ra m t vi b c i c th c i thi n h th ng b o m t, d a trn k t qu c a vi c s d ng cc phng th c b o m t bn ngoi v b o m t bn trong c a h th ng. Chng ti cng gi i h n ph m vi c a cc g i ny theo cc v n chung nh t m chng ti g p ph i, cung c p, m t v n m t cch chnh xc hn cng nh cc thch th c m m ng cng ty ph i i m t ngy nay. mang tnh chuyn nghi p hn v IT, cc g i ny c chia thnh cc ph n nh sau: c i m c a b o m t *T o b ph n chuyn trch b o m t xem xt ton b cc v n lin quan t i b o m t *Th c hi n cc thng bo b o m t t i ng i s d ng m b o m i ng i hi u v th c hi n theo cc yu c u cng nh s c n thi t c a vi c th c hi n cc yu c u . *T o, c p nh t, v theo di ton b chnh sch b o m t c a cng ty. Windows NT/IIS * H u h t 95% cc v n b o m t c a NT/IIS, chng ta c th gi i quy t theo cc b n s a l i. m b o ch c ch n ton b cc my ch NT v IIS c s a l i v i phin b n m i nh t. *Xo ( ng ci t) ton b cc script t Internet. Cisco Routers *Lo i b cc tnh nng nh finger, telnet, v cc d ch v , c ng khc trn thi t b nh tuy n (router). *B cc gi tin ti nguyn IP d n ng trong router. *Ch y Unicast RPF ngn ch n ng i s d ng c a b n s d ng vi c gi m o IP.
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*S d ng router c a b n nh m t firewall pha tr c v th c hi n cc ACL tng t theo cc lu t trong firewall c a b n. Quy nh chung v c u hnh firewall *C u hnh c a firewall nn c cc lu t nghim ng t. Ch r cc lu t i v i t ng lo i truy nh p c bn ngoi l n bn trong. *Gi m thi u cc truy nh p t xa t i firewall. *Cung c p h th ng ki m sot t p lu t c a firewall. *Ki m tra l i cc lu t.
Cisco PIX Firewalls

*Khng cho php truy c p qua telnet *S d ng AAA cho vi c truy c p, i u khi n h th ng console Ki m sot Firewall-1 *Lo i b cc lu t m c nh cho php m ho v qu n l c a firewall, thay th cc lu t khng r rng b ng cc lu t phn bi t r ch ri trong cng vi c th c thi c a b n. *Khng s d ng m c nh lu t allow DNS traffic - ch p nh n lu t ny ch cho cc my ch cung c p DNS cho bn ngoi. DNS bn trong B t k my ch no cung c p DNS bn trong v cc d ch v mang tnh ch t n i b ph i khng c cung c p DNS bn ngoi. Ki m tra v i nh cung c p DNS c a b n c u hnh b o v t thu c tnh cache poisoning VII. Qu n tr m ng NT: Ngy nay, h u h t cc server c a VN u dng HH WindowsNT c a Microsoft v v y, bi vi t ny ch y u chia s kinh nghi m qu n tr m ng WindowsNT c a ti cho m t s nh qu n l server VN.
Ph n I - Gi i thi u H i u hnh Windows NT Server. Windows NT Advanced Server l h i u hnh c l p v i cc n n t ng ph n c ng (hardware platform), c th ch y trn cc b vi x l Intel x86, DEC Alpha, PowerPC c th ch y trn c u hnh a vi x l i x ng, cn b ng cng vi c c a cc CPUs. Windows NT l h i u hnh 32 bits th c s v i kh nng th c hi n a nhi m u tin (preemptive multitasking). H i u hnh th c hi n phn chia th i gian th c hi n ti n trnh cho t ng ng d ng m t cch thch h p. Windows NT Advanced Server bao g m cc kh nng c trng m ng hon thi n. I. Ki n trc m ng Tm hi u v m hnh tham chi u OSI Nm 1978, T Ch c Chu n Ha Th Gi i OSI (International Organization for Standardization) pht tri n m t m hnh cho cng ngh m ng my tnh c g i l M Hnh Tham Chi u K t N i Cc H Th ng M (Open System Interconnection Reference Model) c g i t t l M Hnh Tham Chi u OSI. M hnh ny m t lu ng d li u trong m t m ng, t cc k t n i v t l c a m ng cho t i cc ng d ng dng cho ng i dng cu i. M Hnh Tham Chi u OSI bao g m 7 t ng, nh th hi n trong hnh d i y. T ng th p nh t, T ng V t L (Physical Layer), l ni cc bit d li u c truy n t i ng dy cp (cable) v t l. trn cng l T ng ng D ng (Application Layer), l ni cc ng d ng c th hi n cho ng i dng.
T ng V t L (Physical Layer) c trch nhi m chuy n cc bit t m t my tnh t i m t tnh khc, v n quy t nh vi c truy n
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m t lu ng bit trn m t phng ti n v t l. T ng ny nh ngha cch g n cp vo m t b ng m ch i u h p m ng (network adapter card) v k thu t truy n dng g i d li u qua cp . N nh ngha vi c ng b v ki m tra cc bit.
T ng Lin K t D Li u (Data Link Layer) ng gi th cho cc bit t t ng v t l thnh cc frame (khung). M t frame l m t gi tin logic, c c u trc trong c ch a d li u. T ng Lin K t D Li u c trch nhi m truy n cc frame gi a cc my tnh, m khng c l i. Sau khi T ng Lin K t D Li u g i i m t frame, n i m t xc nh n (acknowledgement) t my tnh nh n frame . Cc frame khng c xc nh n s c g i l i. T ng M ng (Network Layer) nh a ch cc thng i p v chuy n i cc a ch v cc tn logic thnh cc a ch v t l.
N cng xc nh con ng trong m ng t my tnh ngu n t i my tnh ch, v qu n l cc v n giao thng, nh chuy n m ch, ch n ng, v ki m sot s t c ngh n c a cc gi d li u.
T ng Giao V n (Transport Layer) quan tm t i vi c pht hi n l i v ph c h i l i, m b o phn pht cc thng i p m t cc tin c y. N cng ti ng gi cc thng i p khi c n thi t b ng cch chia cc thng i p di thnh cc gi tin nh truy n i, v ni nh n n s xy d ng l i t cc gi tin nh thnh thng i p ban u. T ng Giao V n cng g i m t xc nh n v vi c nh n c a n. T ng Phin (Session Layer) cho php hai ng d ng trn 2 my tnh khc nhau thi t l p, dng, v k t thc m t phin lm
vi c (session). T ng ny thi t l p s ki m sot h i tho i gi a hai my tnh trong m t phin lm vi c, qui nh pha no s truy n, khi no v trong bao lu. T ng Trnh Di n (Presentation Layer) chuy n i d li u t T ng ng D ng theo m t khun d ng trung gian. T ng ny cng qu n l cc yu c u b o m t b ng cch cung c p cc d ch v nh m ha d li u, v nn d li u sao cho c n t bit hn truy n trn m ng.
T ng ng D ng (Application Layer) l m c m
m ng.
cc ng d ng c a ng i dng cu i c th truy nh p vo cc d ch v c a
Khi hai my tnh truy n thng v i nhau trn m t m ng, ph n m m m i t ng trn m t my tnh gi s r ng n ang truy n thng v i cng m t t ng trn my tnh kia. V d , T ng Giao V n c a m t my tnh truy n thng v i T ng Giao V n trn my tnh kia. T ng Giao V n trn my tnh th nh t khng c n t i truy n thng th c s truy n qua cc t ng th p hn c a my tnh th nh t, truy n qua phng ti n v t l, v sau i ln t i cc t ng th p hn c a my tnh th hai. M Hnh Tham Chi u OSI l m t t ng v cng ngh m ng, v m t s t h th ng tun th theo n, nhng m hnh ny c dng th o lu n v so snh cc m ng v i nhau.
II. Network Card Driver v Protocol lm g? M t network adapter card, t c b ng m ch i u h p m ng, (i khi g i l network interface card hay v n t t l NIC) l m t b ng m ch ph n c ng c ci t trong my tnh c a b n cho php my tnh ho t ng c trn m ng. Network adapter card cung c p m t (ho c nhi u) c ng cho cp m ng c n i vo v m t v t l, v v m t v t l b ng m ch s truy n d li u t my tnh t i cp m ng v theo chi u ng c l i. M i my tnh trong m ng c n ph i c m t trnh i u khi n (driver) cho network adapter card, l m t chng trnh ph n m m ki m sot b ng m ch m ng. M i trnh i u khi n c a network adapter card c c u hnh c th ch y v i m t ki u b ng m ch m ng (network card) nh t nh. Cng v i cc b ng m ch m ng v trnh i u khi n b ng m ch m ng, m t my tnh m ng cng c n ph i c m t trnh i u khi n giao th c (protocol driver) m i khi g i l m t giao th c giao v n hay ch v n t t l giao th c. Trnh i u khi n giao th c th c hi n cng vi c gi a ph n m m m ng m c trn (gi ng nh tr m lm vi c v my ch ) v network adapter card. Giao th c ng gi d li u c n g i i trn m ng theo cch m my tnh ni nh n c th hi u c. Qui trnh k t h p m t trnh i u khi n giao th c v i network adapter card tng ng, v thi t l p m t knh truy n thng gi a hai th g i l k t g n (binding). hai my tnh truy n thng v i nhau trn m t m ng, chng ph i dng cng m t giao th c. i khi m t my tnh c c u hnh dng nhi u giao th c. Trong tr ng h p ny, hai my tnh ch c n m t giao th c chung l c th truy n thng v i nhau. Trong m t s m ng, m i trnh i u khi n network adapter card v giao th c c a my tnh l m t ph n m m
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ring. Trong m t s m ng khc th ch m t ph n m m g i l monolithic protocol stack th c hi n cc ch c nng c a c trnh i u khi n network adapter card v giao th c. III. Ki n trc m Windows NT Advanced Server s d ng hai chu n l NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification) v TDI (Transport Driver Interface). NDIS l chu n cung c p cho vi c ni chuy n gi a card m ng (network card) v cc giao th c (protocol) m ng c dng. NDIS cho php s d ng nhi u giao th c m ng trn cng m t card m ng. M c nh Windows NT Advanced Server c cung c p s d ng b n giao th c l NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface), TCP/IP, Microsoft NWLINK, v Data Link Control. TDI cung c p kh nng ni chuy n gi a cc giao th c m ng v i cc ph n m m m ng m c trn (nh Server v Redirector). IV. u i m c a NDIS Nh trn ni NDIS cung c p s lin l c gi a cc giao th c m ng v i card m ng. B t c tr m lm vi c no (s d ng h i u hnh Windows NT Workstation) u c th cc trnh i u khi n i u khi n card m ng c cung c p n i t i trong Windows NT Advanced Server. Trong tr ng h p ph i s d ng m t lo i card m ng khc, t c l ph i c n trnh i u khi n cho card m ng khng c s n trong Windows NT, NDIS v n c th s d ng a giao th c m ng trn card m ng ny. Khi my tnh s d ng a giao th c m ng, cc gi tin d li u s c chuy n i thng qua giao th c m ng th nh t (giao th c ny c g i l primary protocol), n u khng c my tnh s s d ng ti p giao th c th hai v c th ti p t c. Trn m i my tnh c ci t Windows NT, m i m t giao th c m ng c t s d ng trn m t card m ng c n ph i c t m t gi tr g i l LAN adapter number trn card m ng . V. Tm hi u v TDI TDI l giao di n gi a t ng phin (Session) v t ng giao v n (Transport). TDI c xy d ng v i m c ch cho php t ng giao v n c th lm vi c v i cc chng trnh thu c t ng trn (v d nh Server v Redirector) s d ng chung m t giao di n. Khi Server v Redirector t o m t l i g i t i t ng giao v n, n s s d ng giao di n TDI th c hi n l i g i ny v do v y n khng c n bi t c th giao th c t ng giao v n s c s d ng. Windows NT s d ng TDI nh m m c ch m b o r ng cc h th ng s d ng cc giao th c khc nhau, th m ch c cc Server v Redirector c vi t b i cc hng khc nhau (Third parties) c th lm vi c c v i Windows NT. S d ng TDI lm cho Windows NT kh c ph c nh c i m c a s n ph m LAN manager 2.x l trong khi Windows NT khng h n ch s l ng cc tr m lm vi c n i vo Server th LAN manager 2.x l i h n ch con s 254 tr m lm vi c. C m t tr ng h p ngo i l , cho d TDI l chu n giao di n gi a t ng giao v n v cc t ng m c trn song ring i v i NetBIOS cc trnh i u khi n v cc DLLs c s d ng th c hi n nhi m v ny.
VI. Cch th c lm vi c c a cc giao th c
1. NetBEUI:
NetBEUI l n u tin c c p t i vo nm 1985, y l m t giao th c m ng g n nh , nhanh. Khi c b t u pht tri n t nm 1985, NetBEUI cho php phn o n cc m ng nhm tc nghi p t 20 n 200 my tnh, cho php k t n i gi a cc segment LAN v i segment LAN khc ho c v i mainframe. NetBEUI t i u ho kh nng x l khi c s d ng trn m ng LAN. Trn LAN, y l giao th c m ng c cho php lu thng cc gi tin nhanh nh t. Phin b n NetBEUI c s d ng cho Windows NT l NetBEUI 3.0 v c m t s i m khc v i cc phin b n tr c . Lo i tr h n ch 254 phin lm vi c c a m t Server trn m t card m ng. Hon thi n kh nng seft-tuning. Kh nng x l trn ng truy n t t hn. NetBEUI trong Windows NT l giao th c NetBIOS Frame (NBF) format.
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N s d ng NetBIOS lm cch th c ni chuy n v i cc t ng m c trn. H n ch c a NetBEUI l khng c kh nng ch n ng v th c hi n km hi u qu trong mi tr ng m ng WAN. Do v y thng th ng ci t m ng th ng s d ng phng php ci c NetBEUI v TCP/IP p ng cc ch c nng thch h p.
2. TCP/IP :
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) c pht tri n t cu i nh ng nm 1970, l k t qu c a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) nghin c u d k t n i gi a cc m ng v i nhau. u i m c a giao th c TCP/IP l cung c p kh nng k t n i gi a cc m ng v i h i u hnh v ph n c ng khc nhau. TCP/IP tng thch v i mi tr ng Internet, mi tr ng k t n i m ng c a cc tr ng i h c, cc t ch c, chnh ph , qun i v i nhau v i nhau. V i Windows NT c th s d ng h qu n tr m ng SNMP theo di s ho t ng c a my tnh s d ng giao th c TCP/IP. Microsoft th c hi n giao th c TCP/IP b ng cch s d ng STREAMS - tng thch v i mi tr ng giao di n, Windows NT s d ng STREAMS nh l m t giao di n gi a t ng TDI v t ng th p hn. Nh c i m c a TCP/IP l kh nng x l ch m hn so v i NetBEUI trong mi tr ng m ng LAN
3. NWLink
Microsoft NWLink l chu n NDIS tng thch v i giao th c IPX/ SPX trong mi tr ng m ng Novell Netware. Tng t TCP/IP, NWLink cng s d ng mi tr ng giao di n STREAMS. NWLink cho php m t Server Windows NT c th "nhn th y" m t Server Netware. Song s d ng cc ti nguyn c chia s trn Server Netware ny nh t thi t v n ph i ch y chng trnh Netware Client.
4. Data Link Control

Data Link Control khng bao gi c t l primary protocol. Data Link Protocol c s d ng nh m cc m c ch sau : Ci t my tnh s d ng Windows NT cho php truy c p n IBM@ mainframes. Ci t my in n i tr c ti p vo m ng, thay v c n i vo c ng song song hay n i ti p t i m t print server no . Data Link Control cho php cc chng trnh truy c p tr c ti p t i t ng Data Link trong m hnh tham chi u OSI.
VII. S
d ng RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
Windows NT cung c p kh nng s d ng RPC th c thi cc ng d ng phn tn. Microsoft RPC bao g m cc th vi n v cc d ch v cho php cc ng d ng phn tn ho t ng c trong mi tr ng Windows NT. Cc ng d ng phn tn chnh bao g m nhi u ti n trnh th c thi v i nhi m v xc nh no . Cc ti n trnh ny c th ch y trn m t hay nhi u my tnh. Microsoft RPC s d ng name service provider nh v Servers trn m ng. Microsoft RPC name service provider ph i i li n v i Microsoft RPC name service interface (NIS). NIS bao bao g m cc hm API cho php truy c p nhi u th c th trong cng m t name service database (name service database ch a cc th c th , nhm cc th c th , l ch s cc th c th trn Server). Khi ci t Windows NT, Microsoft Locator t ng c ch n nh l name service provider. N l name service provider t i u nh t trn mi tr ng m ng Windows NT. VIII. S d ng Remote Access Service (RAS)
RAS cho php remote User lm vi c nh l khi h k t n i tr c ti p vo m ng. RAS l s k t n i trong su t v i Microsoft Client v cc ng d ng trn m ng. Windows NT RAS Server phin b n 3.5 tr ln cung c p giao th c PPP cho php b t c PPP client no u c th s d ng TCP/IP, NetBEUI, IPX truy c p. Ngoi ra Windows NT client c th s d ng giao th c SLIP th c
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hi n Remote Access Servers. Giao th c Microsoft RAS cho php b t c Microsoft RAS client no u c th truy c p s d ng Dial-in. truy c p vo WAN, Clients c th s d ng dial-in s d ng chu n ng i n tho i thng qua m t modem ho c m t modem pool. Nhanh nh t l s d ng ISDN, ngoi ra c th s d ng X.25 hay RS-232 null modem. Microsoft RAS cho php t i a 256 clients dial-in. i v i m ng LAN, giao th c IP cho php truy c p t i m ng TCP/IP (nh m ng Internet). Giao th c IPX cho php truy c p t i cc Servers Novell Netware. Windows NT Server Multi-Protocol Routing Windows NT Server, k t h p v i Windows NT Server Multi-Protocol Routing, cho php n i gi a cc m ng c c b , gi a m ng c c b v i m ng di n r ng m khng c n ph i c m t Router ring bi t. Windows NT Server s d ng c hai RIP cho IP v RIP cho IPX. Windows NT Server Multi-Protocol c ci t b ng cch ch y chng trnh UPDATE.EXE t a hay CDROM. Chng trnh ny s copy cc t p tin c n thi t ci t. Kh nng c a Windows NT Server MPR S d ng m t RAS server route gi a m t client truy c p t xa v m t m ng LAN D i y l cc yu c u c n thi t khi s d ng Windows NT RAS nh m t dial-up rouuter gi a m ng LAN v Internet ho c v i TCP/IP enterprise. 1. Windows NT computer c n m t card m ng v m t modem t c cao. 2. S d ng PPP n i vo Internet ho c m ng TCP/IP enterprise. 3. t ng a ch v subnet. 4. Ci t ng Registry v Default Gateway my tnh ny th c hi n ng nh l m t Router v l m t Client c a m ng LAN. IX. Route gi a cc LANs v i nhau Windows NT Server c th c tng c ng b ng cch ci t kh nng routing gi a cc m ng c c b v i nhau v ch c nng BOOTP/DHCP Relay Agent. ci t Route gi a cc LANs v i nhau th Windows NT computer ph i c t i thi u 2 card m ng. X. Route WAN Khng th route gi a cc m ng WAN thng qua chuy n m ch gi (switched circuits) ho c ng i n tho i (dial-up lines). Kh nng route ny ch th c hi n c khi c WAN card (v d T1 hay Frame-Relay). XI. RIP routing cho IPX RIP routing cho IPX cung c p ch c nng a ch ho cho php cc gi tin c g i i n m t ch nh tr c. Phin b n ny hi n nay cha c b t k m t kh nng l c no cho vi c chuy n ti p cc gi tin, b i v y t t c cc th c th trong b ng RIP v SAP ch n ng c n ph i c truy n b. Trn m ng c ph m vi r ng v n gi i thng cho vi c chuy n ti p cc gi tin c n ph i c quan tm. Internal routing khng cho php th c hi n thng qua ng i n tho i. XII. RIP routing cho IP Windows NT Server cung c p RIP cho ch c nng qu n tr ng b ng ch n ng giao th c IP (dynamic routing tables). Phin b n RIP cho IP cng khng ho t ng c thng qua ng k t n i dial-up. RIP cho IP l p l i cc thng tin broadcast nn s d ng UDP/IP thay th cho TCP/IP. XIII. B o v v qu n tr h th ng Windows NT xy d ng h th ng b o v bn trong h i u hnh. T thn i u khi n truy c p cho php ng i s d ng phn quy n t i t ng t p tin ring l , t do i u khi n trn c s cc ch c nng c b n c a h th ng. V i kh nng cho php ci t cc domains v trust relationships, cho php t p trung ho vi c qu n tr Users v b o v thng tin t i m t a i m. V i kh nng ny h th ng m ng s d dng qu n tr v v n hnh.
XIV. Phng th c b o v trn m ng
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C s c a s b o v v qu n tr t p trung trong mi tr ng Windows NT Advanced Server l domain. M t domain l m t nhm cc Servers ci t h i u hnh Windows NT Advanced Server ch a cng m t t p h p cc User accounts. Do v y thng tin v m t User m i ch c n nh p t i m t Server b t k nhng u cho php cc Servers khc trong domain nh n ra. Trust Relationship n i cc domains v i nhau, cho php pass-through authentication. i u ny c ngha l ng i s d ng ch c n c account trong m t domain c th truy c p t i cc th c th trn ton m ng.
1. Domains : n v qu n tr c b n
Vi c nhm cc my tnh vo cc domains em l i hai ci l i chnh cho ng i qu n tr m ng v ng i s d ng. Ci quan tr ng nh t l t t c cc Servers trong m t domain c xem nh l m t n v qu n tr n chia s kh nng b o v v thng tin v ng i s d ng. M i m t domain c m t c s d li u (database) lu tr thng tin v User account. M i m t Server trong domain lu tr m t b n copy database. Do Windows NT Advanced Server ti t ki m cho ng i qu n tr m ng cng nh ng i s d ng th i gian v em l i cc k t qu thch ng. Ci l i th hai chnh l s thu n ti n cho ng i s d ng.
2. Trust Relationship : n i gi a cc domains

B ng cch thi t l p Trust Relationship n i gi a cc domains trn m ng v i nhau cho php cc User accounts v global group c s d ng trn nhi u domains thay v ch trn m t domain. Kh nng ny lm cho cng vi c c a ng i qu n tr m ng tr nn d dng hn, h ch c n t o account cho ng i s d ng trn m t domain song v n c th truy c p t i cc my tnh c a cc domains khc ch khng ring g cc my tnh trong cng m t domain. Vi c thi t l p Trust Relationship c th theo m t chi u ho c hai chi u. Trust Relationship hai chi u l m t c p c a Trust Relationship m t chi u, m i domain tin t ng vo domain khc.
3. Ho t ng c a domain
Yu c u t i thi u cho m t domain l ph i c domain controller v lu tr b n copy chnh (master copy) c a User v group database. T t c cc thng tin thay i trong database ny ph i c th c hi n trn domain controller, t c l b t c s thay i User database trn m t Server no trong domain s c t ng c p nh t l i trong domain controller. Domain account database c sao lu trn t t c cc Server ci t Windows NT Advaced Server. C 5 pht m t l n cc Servers l i g i query ln domain controller h i xem c s thay i g khng. N u c s thay i, domain cntroller g i thng tin b thay i (ch c thng tin b thay i m i c g i) t i cc Servers trong domain. m b o h th ng ho t ng lin t c, cch t t nh t l t o thm backup domain controller cho domain controller chnh.
4. Cc ki u domain
C b n ki u domains c a ra t ch c h th ng m ng l single domain, master domain, multiple master domain, complete trust domain.
Single domain
N u nh h th ng m ng khng c qu nhi u User do khng c n ph i chia nh vi c t ch c b ng cc s d ng ki u domain n gi n nh t l simple domain. M ng my tnh khi ch c m t domain duy nh t v khng c n t Trust Relationship. M hnh ny khng ph c t p r t ph h p i v i m ng c quy m nh .
Master domain
Trong tr ng h p ph i phn chia m ng thnh cc domains cho nh ng m c ch khc nhau song quy m c a m ng l i nh th l a ch n t t nh t l s d ng master domain. M hnh ny cho php qu n l t p trung nhi u domains. Trong m ng s d ng master domain c n c m t master domain trong t o t t c Users v global groups. T t c cc domains khc trn m ng ph i "trust" vo master domain ny v nh v y c th s d ng Users v global groups c t o ra nh trn ni. C th hi u r ng master domain l m t accounts domain, v i m c ch chnh l qu n l cc User accounts c a m ng, cc domain cn l i c xem nh l cc domain ti nguyn t c l khng lu tr cc User accounts m n gi n ch cung c p cc ti nguyn.
Multiple master domain

i v i m t quy m l n hn, r ng hn ki u master domain khng th p ng c khi c th cch t t nh t l s d ng Multiple Master Domain. M hnh ny bao g m m t s ( nh ) cc master domains, m i User accounts c t o ra trn m t master domain trong s cc master domains trn m ng. Cc domain khc khng
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ph i l master domain (g i l cc department domain) s l cc domain ti nguyn. M i m t master domain c n ph i "trust" vo t t c cc master domains khc. M i department domain khi "trust" vo m t master domain s "trusts" t t c cc master domains khc. Nh c i m chnh c a m hnh ny l i h i nhi u s qu n l Trust Relationship.
Complete trust domain

Trong tr ng h p yu c u ph i qu n l cc domains phn tn trn cc departments th m hnh Complete Trust Domain l r t ph h p. V i Complete trust domain, m i m t domain "trust" vo domain khc, t c l m i m t domain c m t Users v global groups ring c a mnh nhng cc Users v global groups ny v n c th c s d ng trn cc domain khc trong m ng. Nh v y gi s c n domains trn m ng s c n*(n-1) Trust Relationship. XV. Qu n tr mi tr ng ng i s d ng
Trong h i u hnh m ng Windows NT Advanced Server c nhi u cch qu n l mi tr ng ng i s d ng. Phng php c s d ng nhi u nh t qu n l mi tr ng ng i s d ng l thng qua cc User profiles. M t profile l m t t p ph c v nh m t b n ch p nhanh c a mi tr ng lm vi c hi n th i c a ng i s d ng (User desktop environment). V i cc profiles c th h n ch kh nng c a ng i s d ng, thay i cc tham s c t t i tr m lm vi c ring c a h . Phng php th hai qu n l l s d ng l p cc logon scripts cho cc Users. N u m i m t User c m t logon script th c ngha l script s c ch y b t c khi no User ny logon vo h th ng t i b t c tr m lm vi c no trn m ng. Script c th l m t t p tin d ng l (batch file) ch a ng cc cu l nh c a h i u hnh ho c cc chng trnh ch y. Cch khc c th cung c p cho m i ng i s d ng m t th m c ring (home directory) trn Server hay t i Workstation. M t home directory c a m t User l m t vng lu tr ring c a ng i s d ng ny v h c ton quy n trn . Ngoi ra c th t cc bi n mi tr ng cho m i tr m lm vi c. Cc bi n mi tr ng ny xc nh s tm ki m ng d n c a tr m lm vi c, th m c, cc t p t m th i hay cc thng tin tng t khc. XVI. Qu n l h th ng t p trn m ng M t v n quan tr ng khi s d ng cc Servers trn m ng l s chia s cc t p tin v cc th m c. H i u hnh Windows NT Advanced Server cung c p kh nng x l cao, an ton v b o m t cho cc t p tin c chia s nh t l khi s d ng c u trc h th ng t p NTFS (Windows NT File System). Phn quy n truy c p cc t p tin v th m c trn a NTFS m b o r ng ch c nh ng ng i s d ng thch h p m i c kh nng truy c p theo quy n h n c phn cc m c khc nhau. V i Windows NT Advanced Server cc t p tin v cc th m c trn a NTFS ch u s ki m tra k cng. M t khi ni m khc c nh c t i y l file ownership, m i m t t p tin v th m c u c m t ng i ch c th i u khi n n t t c cc ng i khc mu n truy c p u ph i c s cho php c a ng i ch ny. Windows NT Advanced Server cung c p ch c nng sao lu th m c. V i d ch v Replicator, c th duy tr b n sao c a h th ng t p hi n th i ph c v khi c s c x y ra i v i h th ng t p chnh. XVII. An ton d li u
1` Fault tolerance
Fault tolerance l kh nng m b o cho h th ng ti p t c th c hi n ch c nng c a mnh khi m t ph n g p s c . Thng th ng khi ni m Fault tolerance c nh c t i nh m m t h th ng a lu tr (disk subsystems) song nhn m t cch t ng th n cn c ng d ng cho cc ph n, th c th khc c a h th ng. M t cch y h th ng Fault tolerance bao g m disk subsystems, ngu n cung c p v h th ng cc b i u khi n a d th a (redundant disk controllers). 2. Tm hi u v RAID H th ng Fault tolerance a c chu n ho bao g m su m c t 0 n 5 c bi t n nh l Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID). M i m t m c l s k t h p c a kh nng x l, an ton v gi thnh.
M c0
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Thng th ng c bi t n l disk striping v s d ng h th ng t p tin g i l stripe set. D li u c chia thnh cc kh i v c tr i kh p trn cc a c nh (fixed disk) theo m t th t nh tr c.
M c1
c bi t n l disk mirroring s d ng h th ng t p tin g i l mirror set. T t c d li u c ghi trn a th nh t u c ghi l i gi ng h t trn a th hai. Do v y ch s d ng c 50 ph n trm dung l ng lu tr . Khi m t a g p s c , d li u s c l y t a cn l i.
M c2
Phng php s d ng thm m error-correcting. RAID m c 2 chia cc t p tin thnh cc bytes tr i kh p trn nhi u a. Phng php error-correcting yu c u t t c cc cc a u ph i lu thng tin error-correcting.
M c3
Tng t nh m c 2, nhng ch yu c u m t a lu tr d li u parity (thng tin error-correcting).
M c4
X l d li u v i kch c c a cc kh i (blocks) v cc o n (segments) l n hn so v i m c 2 v m c 3. N lu tr thng tin error-correcting trn m t a tch r i d li u c a ng i s d ng.
M c5
c bi t n v i ci tn striping and parity. y l lo i thng d ng. RAID 5 tng t nh RAID 4 nhng thng tin parity c ghi khng ph i ch trn m t a m l trn t t c cc a. i u c ngha l c hai lo i thng tin trn m t a.
3. Qu n l UPS (Uninterrupt Power Supplies) C hai cch th c s d ng UPS l online v standby.
Online : S d ng online UPS k t n i trung gian gi a my tnh v ngu n i n, khi UPS tr thnh n v cung
c p ngu n chnh. tr ng thi ch i s n sng ho t ng b t c khi no c s c v ngu n. Windows NT Advanced Server s d ng UPS service theo di tr ng thi c a UPS cung c p cc thng tin y c a UPS cho ng i qu n tr m ng. XVIII. H sao lu d li u
Standby : UPS c s d ng n i gi a my tnh v ngu n cung c p, song UPS c s d ng
Windows NT Advanced Server cung c p ti n ch tape backup, cho php sao lu d li u t p trung t t c cc a c a cc my tnh trn m ng ch y trn cc h i u hnh khc nhau t Microsoft LAN Manager 2.x, Windows NT Workstation, Windows for Workgroup n cc my ch c ci t Windows NT Advanced Server khc.
XIX. Clustering
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1. So snh v i Fault Tolerant
u i m c a Cluster so v i Fault Tolerant l ch trong khi Fault Tolerant xy d ng kh nng lm vi c v i m c cao c a thi t b chnh th thi t b backup l i tr ng thi ch (idle) ch b t u ho t ng khi thi t b chnh g p l i. i v i Cluster khng nh v y, trong khi h th ng chnh v n th c hi n v i m c cao th h th ng backup cng th c hi n song song ng th i k t h p v i h th ng chnh cng chia s ti nguyn Cluster. Windows NT Cluster l m t gi i php ph n m m ph h p v i gi m ng i s d ng ph i tr c c m t h th ng c kh nng thay i d dng m m d o ng th i m b o c s n nh an ton c a h th ng. 2. Gi i thi u k thu t Cc ng d ng Cluster c xy d ng theo m hnh Client/Server, lu ng cng vi c c chia thnh cc n v nh c th c hi n trn cc my khc nhau. Windows NT Cluster c thi t k tng thch v i cc chu n c xy d ng t tr c trong Windows NT, cc ti n ch qu n tr m ng khng c n ph i c s thay i no khi ho t ng trn h th ng Windows NT. 3. M hnh ph n c ng NT Cluster c thi t k theo chu n cng nghi p cc vi x l c th l Intel ho c RISC, cc k thu t m ng c c b thng d ng, cc giao th c giao v n nh IPX/SPX, TCP?IP, xy d ng theo phng php Module ho d dng m r ng pht tri n. Windows NT Cluster c xy d ng i u khi n t p trung nh m cung c p k thu t cluster mang l i nhi u ti n l i nh t. M c ch c a vi c thi t k ny l nh m a ra m t s n ph m bao hm t t c cc kha c nh xu h ng pht tri n c a ph n c ng bao g m cc vi x l, k t n i gi a cc h th ng lu tr . T t c cc vi x l trong h Cluster u ph i ch y h i u hnh Windows NT, hi n t i h Cluster ch support cho h th ng trong cc my ch ph i c dng vi x l gi ng nhau. Trong tng lai vi c ho tr n cc lo i my ch trong cng m t h th ng l m t m c tiu quan tr ng. C hai ki u k t n i trong Windows NT Cluster l k t n i Processor-to-Processor v k t n i Processor-to-Storage. V i k t n i Processor-to-Processor, Windows NT s d ng phng th c giao v n n i t i trong h i u hnh th c hi n vi c lin l c nh giao th c TCP/IP, IPX/SPX. Cc giao th c ny ho t ng c trn cc chu n m ng nh Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, Token Ring ..v..v.. 4. M hnh ph n m m Windows NT Cluster c xy d ng theo m hnh Client/Server phn r v m t ch c nng cc ng d ng ho c gi i php gi a cc h th ng. Windows NT Cluster i h i m t client User interface ph i kh i t o m t php x l ho c m t d ch v c cung c p b i m t hay nhi u my ch trong h th ng. V i Windows NT Cluster, ki u Partitioned data c thi t k trong lu ng cng vi c th c hi n chung c chia nh thnh cc segments, m i segment s c i u khi n c c b t i m t nhn t t o thnh h cluster. Ki u Shared data l i ho t ng theo nguyn t c khc. Lu ng cng vi c v n nguyn kh i khng b chia nh m ho t ng trn ton b h th ng v i vi c l p bi u i u khi n th c hi n phn tn. Windows NT Cluster ngoi ra cn cung c p cc APIs cho php xy d ng cc ng d ng trn h cluster trong c hai ch c a Windows NT l User mode v kernel mode. Windows NT l gi i php server-oriented, client khng c n bi t t i c bao nhiu nhn t t o thnh h cluster. Client s lm vi c v i server cung c p cho n cch th c t t nh t x l ti nguyn trn m ng. S d ng ki u partitioned data s m b o vi c cn b ng cng vi c gi a cc server t t nh t. 5. Qu n tr h th ng Cluster Cluster ho t ng k t h p v i m t trnh qu n tr chung v v i security domain. Cc kh nng ny u t n t i trong cc s n ph m khc nhau c a b Windows NT. Trnh qu n tr account v security chung c cung c p b i Windows NT Server Domain. Vi c qu n tr cc ph n m m ho t ng phn tn c th c hi n qua Systems Management Server. H qu n tr Windows NT Cluster s t p h p cc kh nng l i t o thnh b cng c cho php quan tr cluster nh m t h th ng n l . H qu n tr Cluster c thi t k v i giao di n ho , qu n l t p trung ti nguyn v cc d ch v trong h th ng cluster.
6. M hnh truy c p d
li u
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Nh trn trnh by Windows NT Cluster a ra hai phng th c truy c p d li u l Partitioned data v Shared data. Trong m hnh phn chia m i th ph h p v i h th ng x l i x ng, lu ng cng vi c c ng b x l trn ton h th ng. M hnh Partitioned data c th c hi n trn h th ng khng i x ng, lu ng cng vi c c chia thnh cc n v cng vi c ring r c th c hi n trn cc ph n khc nhau.
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NH QU N L I TI WINNC.NET 4.0
l dn vi tnh th h u h t t t c m i ng i u t ng s d ng qua chng trnh Norton Commander (NC) xa xa c a Symantec ! Chng trnh r t h u ch qu n l file nhng ng ti c l ch ho t ng trong Dos v khng c p nh t . Trong khi Windows Explorer l i khng p ng h t nhu c u . V sau c cc chng trnh qu n l file mang dng d p c a c nhn l i b sung thm m t s ti n ch khc nh : Total Commander , EF Commander , XP Manager , . Nhng theo quan i m c a ti th t t c khng b ng chng trnh WinNC.Net 4.0 . V i WinNC.Net 4.0 b n s c t t c nh ng g lin quan n vi c qu n l file !
Nh ng ng i t ng s d ng Norton Commander khi dng WinNC th hon ton khng ph i t n th i gian t p lm quen . T t c nh ng phm t t trong WinNC u gi ng nh NC . Ngoi nh ng ch c nng c b n c a m t chng trnh qu n l file nh : copy , paste , bin t p ( edit) , xem dung l ng , .... m cn c cc i m n i b t sau : \ -M ha file ho c th m c (nh n Shift + F5) -Gi i m file ho c th m c (nh n Shift + F6) -D dng thay i thu c tnh c a file (nh n F11) -So snh s khc nhau gi a hai th c m c ( ch n Commands --> Compare Directories ) -Thng tin t t t n t t v h th ng nh : CPU , Mainboard , ..... ( nh n Ctrl + S) -Kh nng tm file c m r ng so v i Find c a Windows Explorer (nh n Ctrl + F) -Nn v gi i nn file v i 11 nh d ng nh : zip , rar , ace , .... ( nh n F12) -C t v n i file (nh n Ctrl + F12) -T o file t bung (ch n Commands --> Create Self Extractor ) -S a ch a file zip ( Ch n Commands --> Fix Corrupted Zip File ) -Nn nh c t Wav --> MP3 ( ch n Extra --> Compress wav to mp3) -Trch nh c t CD (Extra --> Extract CD to mp3) -Cung c p trnh nghe nh c v kh t o t o list MP3 -V m t trnh upload/download FTP ( ch n Right --> FTP)
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V i cc ch c nng b n s ti t ki m c kh nhi u b nh , khng gian v ... ti n b c cho vi c mua thm cc ph n m m ph c v cho t ng m c ch nh : nn , m ho , trch xu t nh c , FTP , .... Hy lu r ng phin b n WinNC 3000 c dung l ng r t l n v khi ch y chi m nhi u b nh l i kh ch m . WinNc.Net kh c ph c c cc nh c i m c a phin b n c.
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NGN CH N CC M I NGUY HI M V I ZONEALARM

Mnh bi t cc b n lo ng i g khi k t n i vo Internet, cc m i nguy hi m khn l ng ang rnh r p (virus,spyware,...) . V i ph n m m ZoneAlarm Plus th n i lo s vi i !
Chng trnh s ngn ch n m i nguy hi m t bn ngoi cng nh bn trong my, khi kh i ng my th ZoneAlarm s t ng Startup lc th chng trnh b t u gim st m i ho t ng c a my, khi ZoneAlarm ho t ng th s c bi u t ng , n u th y c nguy hi m th chng trnh s hi n b ng thng bo (H3). Tuy v y cng c i khi m t chng trnh b t k no kh i ng th ZoneAlarm cng s h i B n c mu n file *.exe kh i ng khng ?, t t nhin l b n s ch n Yes n u n ng v i tn chng trnh m b n c n ch y, ng c l i trong r t nhi u tr ng h p khng bi t tn th ng nn cho chng trnh ch y (c th l virus ). Ngoi ra b n c th dng cch ny ngn ch n virus Blaster ( khi ZoneAlarm h i c mu n file Blaster.exe ch y khng, t t nhin b n s ch n NO th yn chuy n). M t kh nng c bi t khc c a chng trnh ny l kh nng t o t ng l a (firewall) b o v my khi l t net . B n nn ch n m c cao nh t c th ym tm hn . (H2)
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khng ai c th i u ch nh chng trnh ny th b n c th ci t Password, r t n gi n ch c n ch n Tab Overview v ch n th Preferences nh n Set Password v nh p m t kh u vo ! (H4) Ngoi ra, n u b n khng mu n ai vo Internet m khng c s ng c a b n th ch c n nh n vo hnh kha mu vng gc trn bn ph i , ho c nh n chu t ph i vo bi u t ng c a chng trnh v ch n Engage Internet Lock (N u ai mu n t t ch ny th ph i bi t Password m chng trnh , v y l an ton r i nh !). Khng ch ng ng l i , b n c th thi t l p ph m vi bo ng ph n Alerts & Logs , v b n c th b o v th i n t kh i virus khi vo ph n E-mail Protection. Chc cc b n thnh cng v i ph n m m ny !
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C l b n s th y r t phi n khi l n u tin chng trnh ch y v th y g n cng h i ! Nhng b n ng lo, hy nh d u vo Dont show this message again v ch n YES ho c NO th chng trnh s nh l i v l n sau s khng h i n a.
Download : http://www.zonelabs.com Version : 4.5.594.000 License key : dgfhr - begac - n4xrp - bwp2kd - ipi1g0
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WEB SITE H C NG AI NG
TR C TUY N
1. http://www.englsih-nz.ac.nz/english
Trang web cung c p cho cc b n r t nhi u link v cc bi h c ng ai ng tr c tuy n trn trang web, c bi t c cc ph n h ng d n chi ti t v bi h c v cc hnh nh minh h a theo km. 2. http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/
M t trang web h c anh vn tr c tuy n r t th v m cc b n khng nn b qua, m t trang h c ng ai ng cho t t c m i l a tu i t cc bi h c tr c tuy n n gi n ph h p v i l a tu i nh cho n cc bi h c nng cao cho nh ng ai mong mu n luy n thi c m t trnh cao hn, ngai ra trang web cn cung c p cc gio trnh anh ng cho cc th y c v nh ng bi ht anh vn v a chi v a h c. 3. http://www.englishclub.com/
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Trang web dnh cho nh ng ai yu thch ng ai ng , trong y b n s tm th y r t nhi u c u trc vn ph m ch t ch v c th trao i ki n th c c a mnh v i m i ng i thng qua m t di n n kh h p d n y.
4. http://www.antimoon.com/ Trang web li t k cho cc b n nh ng bi h c, nh ng b quy t n gi n nhng hi u qu lm cch no lm cho cc b n h c ng ai ng m t cch t hi u qu cao nh m nng cao kh nng trau d i ng ai ng c a mnh
5. http://www.free-translator.com/ Hi n nay trn Internet c r t nhi u trang web ph c v cho vi c h c ng ai ng cho cc b n, nhng n u cc b n ang c n tm m t trang web h c ng ai ng tr c tuy n c p t c v i r t nhi u th ti ng thng d ng hi n nay trn th gi i th nn vo trang web http://www.free-translator.com v b t u cc bi ng ai ng c p t c c a mnh c r i, ngai ra trang web cn cung c p cho cc b n cc cung c phin d ch qua l i cc th ti ng c c m nh thng d ng hi n nay nh: Anh, Php, c, Ty Ban Nha, Th m ch cn c th gip cho cc d ch lun c m t trang web v m t th ti ng do b n ch nh.
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M TS
TH
THU T NH
TRONG VI C S
D NG MY TNH
1> Qu n l gi gi c m computer c a con ci trong windows 98 a s cc b c ph huynh khi i lm t t b c su t ngy m l i ght con ci m my chi game nh khi mnh i v ng. V v y, cch ny ti vi t ra c t cho nh ng ph huynh no c ngh nh v y. Ta vo Start --> Settings --> Control Panel --> xu t hi n c a s Control Panel --> Find Fast --> ta vo menu Index --> Show Indexer Log. By gi t t c nh ng gi gi c m my c a mnh v c con ci hi n ra h t r i y, ch cn thi u l: cy roi tra kh o xem gi n m my lm g thi! 2> Th thu t v Microsoft Office Cch nh pass cho MS-Word: N u nh chng ta, ai c nh ng bi vi t ring t hay nh ng dng nh t k i mnh th khng th no cho ng i khc xem c! V th lo Bill Gates cng cho chng ta m t s phng php ch ng xem ti li u n u khng c pass, v th , v i ti nng b nh c a mnh ti cng xin share cng cc b n: Cch 1: Vo menu Tools --> Ch n Options... --> Ch n th Save --> Khung password to open ta nh pass c a mnh vo --> Khung password to modify ta nh password y chang nh trong khung password to open --> OK Cch 2: Vo menu File --> Save --> Hi n h p tho i --> Trn cc thanh cng c g n ph n Save in ch n Tools ->General Options... --> Xu t hi n h p tho i --> Cng gi ng nh trong cch 1 khung password to open ta nh pass m v khung password to modify ta nh password gi ng nh trong khung password to open -->OK ->Save (nh ch n th m c c n lu v t l i tn file) V y l xong, nhng t t nh t sau khi lu xong cc b n nn n nh t k c a mnh i n u khng s b ng i khc xem y! Cch nh pass cho MS-Excel: Cng ty c a chng ta, ai cng c nh ng ti li u b m t, ring t khng mu n cho cng ty khc ch mi vo th cng nn nh pass cho ph n Excel v n l ph n tnh ton thu chi nhi u nh t: Vo menu File --> Save... --> Hi n h p tho i --> Trn cc thanh cng c g n ph n Save in ch n Tools -> General Options... --> Xu t hi n h p tho i --> Khung password to open ta nh pass m v khung
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password to modify ta nh password gi ng nh trong khung password to open --> OK --> Save (nh ch n th m c c n lu v t l i tn file) V y l xong, nhng t t nh t sau khi lu xong cc b n nn n ti li u m t c a cng ty i n u khng b m t s b ng ch d n xng ! Cch nh pass cho MS-Access: M i cng ty l n, cng ty no cng ph i dng nh ng CSDL ni chung l s d ng MS-Access v cng c nh ng ti li u m t trnh b ng i khc n c p, v th n u mu n lm cho Access c pass th ph i lm nh sau: Khi vo Access --> Ch n menu File --> Open hay vo bi u t ng Open trn thanh Standard --> Ch n CSDL c n c pass --> St bn bi u t ng Open ch n mi tn xu ng vo ch n Open Exclusive --> Xu t hi n CSDL --> Menu Tools -->security -->set Database Password --> Khung password g vo pass mnh c n, khung verify g l i y chang pass khung password --> Ok Cng gi ng nh cc ph n trn, b n cng nn n CSDL c a mnh i, nhng m n u l dn lu nm th vi c xo cng khng kh khn g ! 3> Cch xem m ngu n trang Web m khng c n vo trang Web . Ch ng h n ti mu n xem m ngu n c a Website LBVMT m khng c n vo website th sao? (V m t s l do: vo website th ph i ch cho web download nh ng hnh nh v ) Ta m IE (Internet Explorer) v g: view-source:http://www.lbvmvt.com/ v m t c a s Notepad s hi n ra cng v i m ngu n c a trang Web. Th t th v v khng t n th i gian ch lu n a! Cc b n hy "v c" th i nh!
H c ti ng Anh b ng ENGLISH FOR HIGH SCHOOL khng c n a

u tin b n install EfHSch ,ti p theo b n copy ton b cc file v cc folder c a a EfHCh vo m t th m c trong c ng ( y ti s copy vo E:\Efhsch).Nh v y l xong m t cng o n,by gi b n vo Start >Program >English for High School>English for High School, r i nh n chu t ph i v ch n Properties,ti p trong Start in,b n nh ng d n vo th m c b n copy EfHSch ( y l E:\Efhsch ).
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MAINCONCEPT EVE CNG C BIN T P VIDEO V HNH NH CH T L NG CAO DNH CHO NG I KHNG CHUYN
Bn c nh r t nhi u cc ph n m m dng bin t p cc clip hnh nh cng nh Video nh: Proshow Gold, Pinnacle Studio, cn c m t cng c n gi n, g n gng hn nhng hi u ng th khng thua km bao nhiu k c v hi u ng l Mainconcept EVE. Chng trnh ci t c a n vo kho ng 26Mb nhng cng bao g m r t nhi u cc hi u ng v k x o, chng trnh ny i h i c u hnh my t i thi u l t P3 1.2Ghz v RAM t i thi u 256Mb km theo Card mn hnh t i thi u l 32Mb tr ln (n u b n mu n bin t p c Video th c u hnh i h i t i thi u t P4 2.0Ghz, RAM 512Mb, Card mn hnh 64Mb tr ln m i ch y t t khng b treo my). Sau khi ci t xong b n ch y chng trnh s c giao di n:
pha d i thanh menu l 3 th l nh: Capture, Edit v Produce v i 3 ch c nng chnh: quay phim l i, bin t p v xu t ra file (trong bi vi t ny ti xin ni ng n g n v bin t p v xu t ra file)
Trong c a s ngoi cng pha bn tri l c a s dng add cc hnh nh ho c cc file video vo bin t p (b ng cch ch n cc file ny sau ko xu ng cc cc clip cn tr ng pha d i), sau ch n cc th l nh title (dng bin so n t a), Transitions (dng chn cc hi u ng cu n hnh), Effects (dng chn cc hi u ng Video) trn c a s ny chn cc hi u ng vo gi a cc clip.
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cho s ng ng thm b n cng c th thm m t vi bi nh c lm nh c n n cho o n phim c a mnh b ng cch b m ch n 1 file nh c mp3 no , sau r vo dng AUDIO2 ho c AUDIO3 Sau khi ch n cc hi u ng vo Clip c a mnh xong v ch n nh c cho o n phim c a mnh, b n ch n qua th l nh Produce xu t ra thnh file Video, trong ph n ny b n ch vi c ch n nh d ng ki u Video m mnh mu n xu t ra: AVI, DV-AVI PAL, DV-AVI NTSC, MPEG 1 VCD PAL, Nhng video xu t ra c hnh ch t l ng cao b n nn ch n SVCD ho c DVD. Cu i cng b n ch n nt l nh Render xu t file ra a c ng, sau dng m t trnh ghi a ch ng h n nh Nero, Winoncd, ghi ra thnh a hnh v trnh chi u cho b con xem c r i, r t l d ph i khng b n.
(xin lu v i b n l chng trnh ny c th xu t ra file Video di n 4Gb, nn n u c ng c a b n khng th nn vo menu Options ch n split size (DV/MPEG) l a ch n cho mnh di c a o n phim l bao nhiu cho ph h p) Chc b n lm thnh cng v t o ra cc s n ph m made in chnh mnh
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L T WEB M KHNG C N TRNH DUY T WEB

Khi hi u ch nh mn hnh desktop theo nh ng cch sau y b n s t o ra trn mn hinh desktop nh ng trang m b n th ng xuyn truy c p: u tin theo cch sau: Start > Control Panel > Display hi n c a s Display Properties
B n ch n th Web ( i v i Win 98&2000) cn i v i Win XP b n ch n th Desktop r i click nt Customize Desktop pha d i cng r i ch n th Web . Sau b n ch n nt New thm a ch trang web m i vo
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Location. B n nh ch n d u ki m vo View my Active Desktop as a Web page th m i c tc d ng(Win98&2000). k t thc nh n nt Apply v tr v mn hnh Desktop. Lc ny b n s th y nh ng trang web hi n ra.
N u b n khng th y trang web trn mn hnh Desktop th b n hy nh p chu t ph i trn Desktop s c 1 thanh menu hi n ra v b n ch n Active Desktop > View As Webpage (Win 98&2000).Chc b n thnh cng.
L AI B
TNH NNG AUTO UPDATE C A YAHOO MESSENGER
Nh cc b n bi t hi n nay Yahoo Messenger c phin b n 6.0 nhng sau khi h h i ci t xong b n l i ph i th t v ng v sau khi ci t v ch y chng trnh b n c m th y vi c s d ng phin b n 6.0 ny r t n ng n v ch m ch p hn so v i phin b n 5.6 tr c v c u hnh my b n khng c m nh l m, nhng v n t ra y l sau m i l n ch y phin b n 5.6 tnh nng Auto Update l i th c thi v lm phi n b n th v i th thu t ny s kh c ph c c v n . B n vo Run g dng l nh regedit v ch y theo kha sau: [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Yahoo] ClientUpdatePage=null [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Yahoo\Pager] LatestSocketServerUrl=null [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Yahoo\Pager\Update] LastUpdaterRunTime=dword: 00000000 Sau khi th c hi n cc b c trn th by gi b n c th s d ng Yahoo m t cch d dng v khng b lm phi n n a.
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LM M T CHI C L DNG X V I PHOTOSHOP

1. T o m t file nh m i [Ctrl+N], ch n mu n n tu b n, foreground v background v l i thnh tr ng en. y ti ch n l #333333. Nh n D a mu
2. Vo Layer>New>Layer [Shift+Ctrl+N] t o m t layer m i. Nh n ch n cng c Custom Sharp Tool [U] n m trn Toolbar (n n m cng nhm v i Rectangle Tool). Trong ph n Sharp, b n ch n group l Nature, click ch n hnh ci l dng x (Fern). B n v m t ci l, to nh tu thch. 3. Nh p chu t ph i vo layer v a r i, ch n Duplicate Layer nhn i layer ny ln. Vo Edit>Transform>Rotate 180. B n dng cng c Move Tool [V] trn thanh Toolbar d ch chuy n hai chi c l sao cho n kh p v i nhau. 4. Ch n Layer trn cng, vo Layer>Merge Down [Ctrl+E] ghp hai chi c l l i thnh m t. Nh p chu t ph i vo layer ny, ch n Blending Option, thi t l p cc thng s nh hnh.
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V k t qu cu i cng y:
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LM G KHI CON CHU T C A B N B H ?
Cu tr l i l Hy i tm m t con chu t m i . Nhng n u tr c , my b n c ci t v s d ng Hot Keyboard Pro th cu tr l i l i khc , T m dng bn phm thay th tr c khi mua m t con chu t m i . Ph n m m Hot Keyboard Pro gip b n quy nh cc phm t t truy c p cc ng d ng , m trang web , t t my , i u ch nh Volume . t t c u b ng bn phm nn ch ng h ng g n ch chu t c . B n v n c th ti p t c cng vi c c a mnh tr c khi c th i gian l n qua cc gian hng vi tnh s m cho mnh m t ch chu t m i v . Hot Keyboard Pro phin b n m i nh t l 2.5 , c pht hnh ngy 11-8-04 , gi 29,95 usd .
Hnh 1 Cch s d ng chng trnh ny r t n gi n . quy nh m t phm t t m i , b n ch y chng trnh v ch n new macro ( hnh 1 ) , c a s Edit Macro hi n ra , b n nn t tn Macro trong Macro name ( d phn bi t v i cc macro khc m ! ) . Ph n HotKey , hy quy nh t h p phm t t ch y macro ny . Ph n Action Type , hy nh n vo nt xem danh sch th xu ng cc lo i hnh ng m Hot keyboard Pro h tr ( hnh 3 ) : Open Folder ( m v duy t th m c ch nh b ng phm t t ) ; Execute the programs ( thi hnh ng d ng b ng phm t t ) ; Launch web browser ( truy c p trang web ch nh ) ; Dialup Networking ( quay s k t n i Internet ) ; Window manipulations ( Thu nh , phng to cc c a s , ng d ng ang thi hnh ) ; Shutdown Windows ( T t , kh i ng Windows ) ;
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Paste Text ( Dn o n vn b n so n tr c b ng phm t t ) ; AutoReplace Text ( t ng thay th vn b n ) , Reminder ( b t ghi ch , nh c nh b ng phm t t ) , Control Winamp ( qu n l chng trnh Winamp ), Sound Volume Control ( i u ch nh m l ng c a my )..
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LM P CON CHU T V I CURSORXP PLUS 1.3

N u nh b n l m t ng i r t k cng trong vi c trang i m cho my tnh c a mnh v i nh ng ph n m m nh StyleXP, Windowblinds, DestopCyler hay BeeIcons th ch c h n b n ph i ph i c m th y thi u trong khi giao di n, icon, wallpaper c th thay i lin t c th con tr chu t c a b n v nh c n m c d c th thay i c theo cc hnh d ng cho tr c. Gi y v i ph n m m CursorXP Plus 1.3 c a hng Stardock b n c th hon ton yn tm v v n ny. Khi ci t thnh cng th khi ch n Cursor trong Control Panel s c thm ph n CursorXP v Special Effects .
T i ph n CursorXP b n c th ch n cho mnh hnh d ng m t con tr chu t th t ng trong Scheme.
Nhng ch v i ti n ch n gi n th b n ch c n t i CursorXPFree130 cng t i a ch http://www.stardock.com/ v nh ng theme v con tr chu t m b n th t ng v l c. S khc bi t gi a hai ph n m m tnh ph v free ny l ph n hi u ng c bi t Special effects.
T i y b n c th ch n cho mnh hi u ng khi b m ph i chu t, tri chu t, nh n p chu t nh nh ng vng
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nh mu , xanh, nh ng m l a b ng cch nh n ph i chu t vo ph n tng ng v ch n m t trong nh ng hi u ng t menu. (Hnh 4) v ch n Apply xc nh n s l a ch n v Sound
V i l a ch n tng t b n c th l a ch n cho mnh m thanh m mnh a thch b ng. By gi b n c th tho i mi t n h ng c m gic m CursorXP Plus mang l i. B n Plus b t bu c ph i tr ti n m i c download nhng b n c th nh Google t i c ni khc.
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LM P CHO WINDOWS XP V I STYLE XP

C lc no b n ngh sao con computer c a mnh n khng c x tin l m nh , nhan s c th cng th ng thi , mnh ph i lm p cho n thi . Cc b n ch c nghe n nhi u chng trnh lm p cho win xp . Hm nay ti xin gi i thi u cng cc b n ph n m m Style XP thay i t t t n t t nh ng g c lin quan n giao di n hay icon c a win xp ch b ng cch click v click . Cc b n c th tm th y Style XP trn cc a ph n m m trn th tr ng.
Sau khi ci t b n s th y cc m c : -Option : B n c th cho hay khng Style XP kh i ng m c Enable Style XP, i giao di n Style XP background ,chay luc kh i ng run at startup -Themes : B n c th ch n r t nhi u theme m c themes c hnh minh h a k bn b n xem th , b n c th xem thm v Background hay sound m c Themes parts . m c Themes tools b n co th t o ,m Display Properties , i tn Themes , hay l quay tr v WinXP m c nh, m c Preview b n c th ch n ,thm hay l xa themes ch n. thm : B n ch n add a new theme ( n u c trn my) hay download ( n u my c k t n i internet), b n ch ng d n n file v ch n open . Sau khi thay i h p l b n c th ch n b ng cch nh n Apply Theme. -Visual style: B n c th thay i cho h p mnh hn v i visual themes , color schemes , font size : th ng , l n hay l r t l n , m display properties. B n c th ch n ,thm m i , hay l xa i nh ng g b n ch n tng t nh ch n theme. -Background : B n c th xem hnh n n c a t ng themes, thay i v tr : trung tm , title hay c mn hnh , ch n mu background color , m display properties. Cu i cng b n s ch n , khng ch n , thm , xa nh ng g b n ch n , tng t nh ch n theme. -Logons : B n c th thay i cho ph h p mn hnh logons v i logons settings , virus free , logon tools v ch n , thm , xa nh ng g b n thay i tng t nh m c theme. -Icons : B n c th s d ng nh ng icon m c nh hay icons m i ( XP- I candy) . B n c th thay i kch th c c a icons (16x16 , 32x32 , 48x48 , 64x64) .B n c th xem cc icons khung Preview , ch n , thm hay xa nh ng g b n ch n nh m c theme. -Boot screens : b n c th thay i mn hnh kh i ng , v thm vo nh ng hnh kh i ng m i thm phong ph . -Transparency : b n c th lm trong su t cc khung nh taskbar , start panel , start menus hay t t c . Bn d i l cc m c lm trong su t , t ch m n nhanh . -Rotate : B n c th l p m t b ng nh ng theme , visual style , background , logon chng c th thay i t ng . Tu m c b n ch n : khng bao gi , lc kh i ng , hng ngy , hng tu n m n s thay i gup b n . Thm vo rotation list b ng nut include , bout ra b ng nt exclude , di chuy n ln trn hay xu ng d i b ng nt move up , move down. chc cc b n th t vui v hi lng v i nhan s c m i c a ng i b n mnh .
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LM N CHNG TRNH V I HIDE WINDOW NOW

B n ang vi t m t b c th ho c ang lm m t s vi c ring t trn my tnh m ph i r i i u trong m t vi pht th ch c h n b n ph i lo l ng khng bi t lc c ai ng vo my tnh c a mnh khng. N u b n s d ng Screen Saver c km password ho c m t s ph n m m kha mn hnh th ch c h n s gy tnh t m cho nh ng ng i xung quanh. Lc ny Hide Window Now c l s gip c cho b n. Sau khi kh i ng, chng trnh s c giao di n nh hnh:
Lc ny b n ch vi c ch n nh ng chng trnh m mnh khng mu n d u nh l a m t m i ng i trong b ng li t k nh ng chng trnh m b n ang s d ng b ng cch nh d u tch vo vung r i nh n nt Hide. T i th Setting:
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Mouse HotKey: cch lm n chng trnh b ng cc nt c a chu t. Keyboard HotKey: lm n chng trnh b ng cc phm nng. Start with Windows: kh i ng chng trnh cng Windows. Minimize after startup: thu nh sau khi kh i ng. Muting all sounds when hiding windows: t t t t c m thanh sau khi s d ng chng trnh phng ng i khc bi t c b n ang lm g nh nghe nh c ho c chi game. Hide Trayicon when hiding windows: n i bi u t ng thanh taskbar m i ng i khng bi t b n ang s d ng chng trnh ny. Password protect hidden windows: t password l c ng i bi t v mu n b t chng trnh ny ln. B n c th t i b n dng th Hide Window Now v i dung l ng 537KB t i a ch http://www.anloer.com/ ho c mua v i gi $15. Mong b n c m th y hi lng khi s d ng chng trnh ny.
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RNG CA TRONG PHOTOSHOP
y ti v hnh trn khng b kh rng ca minh h a 1. T o m t t p tin m i kch th c 500 x 300 n n tr ng 2. Ch n cng c Elliptical Marquee Tool(M) b ch n Anti-aliased, nh n gi Shift v m t hnh trn r i fill b ng mu xanh 3. Khng b ch n, vo Palette Channels t o m t knh Alpha 1 nh hnh
4. Nh p ch n knh Alpha 1 v nh n Ctrl + D b ch n, vo Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur ch n Radius l 4.0 5. V n knh Alpha 1, vo Imgae > Adjustment > Levels v i u ch nh nh hnh
6. Gi Ctrl v nh p vo knh Alpha 1 ch n hnh trn, tr v Palette Layers t o m t layer m i r i fill n b ng mu xanh nh trn 7. Nh n Z ch n cng c Zoom, nh p ph i ln hnh ch n Actual Pixels sau b n ko hnh trn m i ra so snh v i hnh ban u b n s th y s khc bi t
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Su T m Th Thu t

Thi t K : Nguy n Anh T

NI THM V CC TRNH DUY T WEB (BROWSER)

Noi file mp3 voi MP3 merger

NH NG CCH N GI N TNG T C INTERNET

NH NG CCH B O V HOSTING V SERVER

B c 1: Thnh l p b ph n chuyn trch v v n b o m t

B c 2: Thu th p thng tin

Cisco PIX Firewalls

VI. Cch th c lm vi c c a cc giao th c

4. Data Link Control

d ng RPC (Remote Procedure Call)

XIV. Phng th c b o v trn m ng

2. Trust Relationship : n i gi a cc domains

Multiple master domain

Complete trust domain

3. Qu n l UPS (Uninterrupt Power Supplies) C hai cch th c s d ng UPS l online v standby.

Standby : UPS c s d ng n i gi a my tnh v ngu n cung c p, song UPS c s d ng

NGN CH N CC M I NGUY HI M V I ZONEALARM

H c ti ng Anh b ng ENGLISH FOR HIGH SCHOOL khng c n a

L T WEB M KHNG C N TRNH DUY T WEB

TNH NNG AUTO UPDATE C A YAHOO MESSENGER

LM M T CHI C L DNG X V I PHOTOSHOP

LM G KHI CON CHU T C A B N B H ?

LM P CON CHU T V I CURSORXP PLUS 1.3

T i ph n CursorXP b n c th ch n cho mnh hnh d ng m t con tr chu t th t ng trong Scheme.

T i y b n c th ch n cho mnh hi u ng khi b m ph i chu t, tri chu t, nh n p chu t nh nh ng vng

nh mu , xanh, nh ng m l a b ng cch nh n ph i chu t vo ph n tng ng v ch n m t trong nh ng hi u ng t menu. (Hnh 4) v ch n Apply xc nh n s l a ch n v Sound

LM P CHO WINDOWS XP V I STYLE XP

LM N CHNG TRNH V I HIDE WINDOW NOW

RNG CA TRONG PHOTOSHOP

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