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Nhng ngi thc hin



Nguyn Vit K Long
V Cao Tin
Trn Thanh Thy
Nguyn Thanh Th
Trn Dim Qunh Anh
V Vn Quc Cng
L Xun Nam



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Li ni u


c nhm nguyn t IVA v VA trong bng tun hon ha hc l
mt phn chng trnh hc mn ha chuyn lp 10 v ha hc
ph thng lp 11, dung lng kin thc c truyn ti qua hai
phn nhm ny cng kh ln, vi mt lng bi tp phong ph. Ni dung ca
tp san ny l cc kin thc lin quan n hai phn nhm trn, km theo
l phn bi tp, c th chia phn ni dung ny ra lm hai phn:
Phn l thuyt, nh va gii thiu, trnh by nhng kin thc mc
nng cao i vi cc nguyn t thuc hai nhm ny, cc c im, tnh cht
vt l, ha hc... ca tng nguyn t v nhm hp cht u c trnh by
theo h thng xc nh, thng qua phn ny, chng ti hy vng cc bn c th
nm c nhng kin thc c bn v bi dng thm nhng kin thc nng
cao i vi ti ny.
Phn bi tp c chia theo tng phn nhm, mi phn nhm li c
chia thnh nhiu dng vi hng dn gii chung v cc bi tp v d, bi tp
cng c, nng cao, bi tp t gii... phn nhiu nhng bi tp trong tp san
ny c trch t cc sch tham kho ha hc, cc thi olympic... s t cn
c su tm t mng internet.
Hon thnh tp san gp rt trong thi gian ngn, v th, nhng sai st
trong phn ni dung l khng th trnh khi, cng chnh nh th, chng ti
lun mong nhn c s gp v tt c cc phn ni dung v hnh thc ca
cc bn, xin chn thnh cm n cc bn quan tm theo di tp san ny.
Nhng ngi thc hin.


C


4
Mc Lc
Phn l thuyt
Nhm Cacbon - Silic ......................................................................................................... 5
Cacbon ......................................................................................................... 6
Cacbon monooxit .......................................................................................... 17
Cacbon ioxit ................................................................................................ 23
Cacbua kim loi ............................................................................................ 26
Axit cacbonic v mui cacbonat .................................................................... 31
Silic ............................................................................................................... 35
Silic monooxit v Silic ioxit .......................................................................... 38
Axit Silixic ..................................................................................................... 42
Nhm Nito - Photpho ...................................................................................................... 46
Nito ............................................................................................................... 48
Amoniac ....................................................................................................... 51
Mui amoni v gc amoni t do .................................................................... 57
Hp cht ca nito vi oxi: Cc oxit v oxiaxit ................................................ 57
Axit nitric ....................................................................................................... 62
Mui nitrat ..................................................................................................... 66
Chu trnh nito trong t nhin ......................................................................... 67
Photpho ........................................................................................................ 70
Axit photphoric .............................................................................................. 73
Cc nguyn t asen, antimon v bitmut ........................................................ 75
Phn bi tp
Nhm Cacbon - Silic ...................................................................................................... 89
Nhm Nito - Photpho .................................................................................................... 133
Trc nghim tng hp .................................................................................................. 183



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Nhm IVA gm cc nguyn t cacbon (C), silic (Si), gemani (Ge),
thic (Sn) v ch (Pb).
Trong nhm IVA, cacbon l nguyn t c s ca gii sinh vt, cn
silic l nguyn t c s ca cc khong vt
1. Cu hnh e
Cc nguyn t nhm IVA u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng
c trng l ns
2
np
2
.


ns
2

np
2

Do cu hnh ny, ta c th thy cc nguyn t trong nhm th hin
c cc s oxi ha -2, +2, -4, +4 ty thuc vo m in ca cc
nguyn t lin kt vi chng.
2. S bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong nhm
Nguyn
t
S hiu
nguyn
t
Khi
lng
nguyn
t (vC)
Nhit

nng
chy
(
o
C)
Khi
lng
ring
(g/cm
3
)
Bn knh
nguyn
t ()
Cu
hnh
elect
ron
Nng
lng
ion ha
(kJ/mol)

m
in
Tnh
dn
in
C 6 12,01 3550 2,26 0,77
2s
2
2
p
2

1086 2,55
Khng
dn (kim
cung),
dn in
tt (than
ch)
Si 14 28,08 1410 2,33 1,17
3s
2
3
p
2

786 1,9
Bn
dn
Ge 32 72,61 937 5,32 1,22
4s
2
4
p
2

762 2,0
Bn
dn


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Sn 50 118,71 232 7,30 1,40
5s
2
5
p
2

708 1,8
Dn
in
Pb 82 207,2 328 11,34 1,46
6s
2
6
p
2

715 2,1
Dn
in tt

Cacbon
1. Cu hnh electron:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

Cacbon khng c ion C
4+
v nng lng tch c bn electron ra
khi nguyn t l rt ln. Ngoi ra cacbon cng khng c ion C
4-
v
khng th nhn c bn e, tuy nhin nguyn t ny cng th hin s oxi
ha -4 nh trong metan, +4 nh trong CO
2
, cc s oxi ha khc: -2, +2
Cacbon l nguyn t c s hp cht rt ln, n mc phi c ring
ngnh nghin cu cc hp cht ca n l ha hc hu c
2. Trng thi t nhin, cc dng th hnh
Cacbon chim khong 0,08% v qu t v kh quyn

S lc chu trnh cacbon trong thin nhin
Cacbon tn ti di 4 dng th hnh l kim cng, than ch, than
mui v fuleren.

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Lng rt ln cacbon nm trong hai khong vt l canxi (CaCO
3
) v
olomit (CaCO
,
MgCO
3
). Than m v du kh cng l khong ct ca
cacbon c trong khng kh hn so vi canxi v olomit. Kh cacbonic l
hp cht ca cacbon c trong khng kh ca kh quyn t 0.03 n 0.04
% v c trong nc vi lng nhiu gp bi. Cacbon cn c trong hp
cht hu c ca m sinh vt. Chnh than m v du m l sn phm
phn hy ca nhng hp cht hu c trong iu kin thiu khng
kh.
Cacbon thin nhin gm ch yu mt hn hp ca hai ng v bn:
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C vi t l 98.89% v
13
C vi t l 1.11%. Ngoi ra trong Cacbon cn
c nhng vt ca ng v phng x
14
C. ng v
14
C c trong kh quyn
dng kh CO
2
v nng khng i. Nh c chu k bn hy kh ln,
5770 nm, nn
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C trong kh CO
2
ca kh quyn c pht hin trong
mi cht c cha cacbon nm cn bng vi kh CO
2
cu kh quyn. Khi
sinh vt cht, n thi khng ng ha nhng lng mi ca
14
C gim
xung do s phn hy phng x. Nh vy bit nng ca
14
C trong
mt vt c ngun gc hu c tnh c khi cn c vo phng x
v bit hngf s nng
14
C trong kh quyn, ngi ta c th xc
nh c thi dim m sinh vt cht. y l phng php cho
php xc nh tui ca sinh vt thi c xa vi sai s 5%.
a. Tinh th kim cng
Tinh th kim cng thuc h lp phng. Trong tinh th, mi
nguyn t cacbon
trng thi lai ha sp
3

linkt cng ha tr
ci bn nguyn t
cacbon khc bao
quanh kiu hnh t
din. Khong cch
gia cc nguyn t
cacbon l 1.54

.Tinh th kim cng
c mng li nguyn
t in hnh. Ton
b tinh th c kin
trc rt u n cho nn thc t tinh th l mt phn t khng l. Kin
trc nh th gii thch nhiu tnh cht vt l ca kim cng.


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Tuy nhin kng li dn v c th nghin nt trong ci st thnh
bt. nhit nng chy v nhit si ca kim cng cha xc nh
c nhng rt cao. Kim cng khng dn in v tt c electron ho
tr u c lin kt bn vng trong lin kt C-C
Tinh th kim cng hon ton trong sut, khng mu, c ch s
khc x nh sng rt ln nn trng lp lnh v p. Bi vy kim cng
sau khi c gia cng cng lp slnh v epk hn nhiu nn c
dng lm trang sc qu. Khi cha tp cht, tinh th kim cng c mu
c. Lai kim cng ny c dng lm mi khoan khoan thp v
khoan m, lm dao ct kim loi v thy tinh. Bt kim cng c dng
lm nh bng ht kim cng v nhng vt liu rt cng khc.
b. Than ch
Than ch c kin trc lp, trong mi nguyn t cacbon trng
thi lai ha sp
2
lin kt cng ha tr vi ba nguyn t cacbon bao quanh
cng nm trong mt lp to thnh cng s cn; nhng vng ny lin kt
vi nhau thnh mt lp v tn

Sau khi tp thnh lin kt, mi nguyn t cacbon cn c mt
electron trn obitan nguyn t 2p khng lai ha s to nn lin kt vi
mt trong ba nguyn t cacbon bao quanh. di ca lin kt C-C
trong cc lp l 1.415A
o
, nh vy l ji ln hn so vi lin kt C-
C(1.39A
o
) trong vng benzen c bi l 1.33. Nhng khc ci
benzen, lin kt trong than ch l khng nh ch trong ton lp tinh
th, than ch c mu xm, c nh kim, dn nhit v dn in. Trn thc
t, than ch c dng lm in cc.
Ty theo cch sp xp ca cc lp i vi nhau, than ch c hai
dng tinh th: lc phong v mt thoi. Than ch lc phng thng c

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trong thin nhin. Trong tinh th than ch lc phng, mi nguyn t
cacbon ca lp trn khng nm ng trn nuyn t cacbon ca lp
di m na, ngha l lp th nht trng vi lp th ba, lp th
nm. V lp th hai trng vi lp th t th su . Trong tinh th than
ch mt thoi, nguyn t cacbon ca lp th nht nm dng nguyn t
nguyn t cacbon ca lp th t, lp th by . khong ch gia cc
lp (than ch lc phong v than ch thoi) l 3.35A
o
, ngha l gn bng
tng bn knh Van de Van ca hai nguyn t cacbon. Nh vy cc lp
trong tinh th than ch lin kt vi nhau bng lc Va de van nn than
ch rt mm v s vo thy trn. Ly mt cc than ch vch mt ng
trn t giy trng, than ch li mt vch en gm rt nhiu nlp tinh
th. Bt than ch trn v t st c dng lm rut bt c en. Bt ch
mm cha nhiu t st v bt ch cng cha t t st. Mt mnh bt
than ch hc hn hp ca bt than ch v du nhn c dng l
cht bi trn cc bi.

Do c kin truc lp, mt s tnh cht l hc ca tha ch ph thuc
vo phng trong tinh th, v d nh dn in v cng ca
than ch theo phng song song vi lp tinh th ln hn so vi
phng vung gc vi lp.
Ging nh kim cng, than ch c nhit nng chy rt cao. Li
dung tnh cht ny ngi ta dng than ch lm chn nung v ni nu
chy kim loi. Than ch c t khi l 2.22 b hn kim cong cho nn
mun bit than ch thnh kim cng, cn c p sut rt cao. Tuy vy
than ch bn hn kim cng, nhit chuyn ca kim cng sang than


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ch l -1.828 kJ/mol nhit v p sut thng . Qu trnh chuyn
kim cng sang than ch xy ra rt chm nhit thng cho nn
kim cng c th tn ti lu di iu kin thng. Khi un nng
1500
o
C, trong iu kin khng c khng kh, kim cng bin thnh than
ch.
c. Fuleren
Trong nhng nm 90 ca th k trc r
ln rt nhu cng trnh nghin cu v fuleren.
Fuleren c khm ph ra nm 1985 khi
chiu tia laze vo than ch, l nhng lai phn
t cacbon c to nn bi cng mt s
nguyn t C lin kt vi nhau thnh mt
khung rng v kn . Tn gi ny c ly t
tn ca kin trc s ngi M l Fule (R.
Buckmntir Fuller), ngi ra vm o rng
vo nm 1947.
Nhng phn t Fuleren c t 40 n 100 nguyn t cacbon.
Fuleren n gin v bn nht l C
60
. Phn t C
60
l mt khung rng c
dng ging qu bng bu dc. ngi ta cng tip tc nghin cu c
tnh ca fuleren. Mi nguyn t C c lai ha sp
2
to thnh 2 lin kt i
vi cc nguyn t C ln cn, nguyn t C ny nm im ni ca mt
vng 5 cnh v 2 vng 6 cnh.
Vi kch thc rt b fuleren s l vt liu tt lm gi cho
nhng cht xc tc l kim loi. Nm 1992 c nh khoa hc Php thng
bo kh nng dng p sut cao nn C
60
thn kim cong nhit
thng. Thnh tu ny m ra mt phng php mi iu ch kim
cng nhn to trong tng lai. Cacbon v nh hnh. Nhiu dng "v
nh hnh " ca cabon nh than g, than mui than cc v.v...thc t l
nhng dng vi tinh th ca than ch.
ng nano mt bin dng ca fuleren:
Ngi u tin phat hin ra ng than nano l hai nh khoa hc nga
Raduskevich v Lukyanovich vo u thp nin 50 ca th k trc
nhng b lng qun. Nm 1991 nh khoa hc Nht Bn l Dumio Ligima
thng bo ch c mt fuleren c kin trc mi dng ng v c kch
thc vi nanomet, sau bo co ny, vic nghin cu ng than nano
bng pht nh bo ha do nhiu tnh nng u vit ca loi bin dng

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ny nh cng, dn in v tim nng thay th silic trong cc chi
tit my tnh
Ngoi kim cng v than ch ra, ngy nay ngi ta tng hp
c mt dng tinh th na ca cacbon gi l cacbin. l cht bt mu
en cha n 99% cacbon, tinht h thuc h lc phng v c kin trc
mch thng (=C=C=)
n
, trong mi nguyn t ccbon to nn hai lin
kt v hai lin kt . di ca lin kt C-C trong mch l 1.284A
o

v gia cc mch alf 2.95A
o
. Cacbin l cht bn dn.Khi un nng n
2300
o
, cacbin thnh than ch.
Cn ch rng dng th hnh ca cacbon vi lien kt C-C cng bn
khi c t chy trong khng
kh oxi s pht ra cng t nhit
v phi tiu th mt lng
nhit lm t lin kt C-C.
V d khi c t chy trong
kh oxi, lng nhit pht ra
ca kim cng, than ch v
cacbon l tng ng. Cacbon
v nh hn, mt dnh th hnh
khc ca cacbon sp c
cp n di y, c lin kt
C-C km bn nht, khi ssc
t chy s pht nhit nhu
nht.
Nhng nm gn y khhi
than ha mt s cht hu x
nh xenlulx, nha tng hp, ngi ta thu ssc mt dng bn chc v
khng thm kh ca cacbon gi l cacbon thy tinh. N dn nhit, chu
c nht n 4000
o
C v chu c s thay i t ngt nht . Bi
vy cacbon thy tinh ssc dng lm vt liu ch to trong nhiu ngnh k
thut khc nhau, v d nh v ca pin nhin liu trong l phn ng ht
nhn. Ngi ta cho rng cacbon thu tinh c kin trc thy tinh va ca
kim cng, va ca than ch.
d. Cacbon v nh hnh (than mui)
Cacbon v nh hnh nh than g, m hng, mui,... gm nhng
tinh th than ch rt nh.


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Tnh cht c bit ca than v nh hnh l kh nng hp ph ln,
ngha l n c kh nng ht v gi li trn b mt ca n cc kh hay cc
cht tan.
Ngi ta lm than hot tnh bng cch un nng than g trong hi
nc khong 1000
o
C khng cho khng kh lt vo. Nh tc dng ca
hi nc, cc cht bt kn cc mch dn bn trong ca than b cun i
lm cho than tr nn xp hn v tng thm kh nng hp ph
e. Than
Than c to thnh do cy ci b vi lp di t qua cc thi
i a cht ko di hng triu nm v b ha thch. Mng tinh th ca
than khng u n ging mng than ch, trong mt s nguyn t
cacbon lin kt vi hidro. Than cha trn 90% cacbon, ngoi ra cn
c mt s tp cht khc nh lu hunh.
Khi chy, than ta ra nhiu nhit nn c dng lm nhin liu
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
nhit thng cacbon rt tr v mt ha hc nhng nhit
cao, tr nn hot ng. N c th tng tc nhit cao vi nhiu
nguyn t khng lim loi v kim loi. Cacbon v nh hnh rt hot ng
hn cacbon dng tinh th v trong dng tinh th, than ch hot ng hn
kim cng. V d nh cacbon v nh hnh chy mnh lit khi c t
trong khng kh, cn than ch v nht l kim cng ch chy trong oxi tinh
khit nhit kh cao (700-800
o
C).
Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cacbon l tnh kh.
Tc dng vi oxi: C + O
2

300
o
C
CO
2
(1)
Phn ng ny pht ra nhiu nhit cho nn t lu, than c
dng lm nhin liu. ngoi kh CO
2
, trong sn phm ca phn ng lun
lun c mt lng t kh CO
2C + O
2

300
o
C >
2CO (2)
i ci cc hp cht, cacbon th hin tnh kh. nhit cao,
cacbon kh c nhng hp cht nh nc, clorat, nitrat, axit nitric, axit
sunfuric to nn kh cacbonic. c bit n kh c nhiu oxit kim loi
gii phng kim loi t do nn trong luyn kim ngi ta s dng phn ng
iu ch cc kim loi nng. Trng hp cn c than vi tinh

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khit cao, v d nh trong vic tinh ch ng, ngi ta dng than g
lm cht kh.
C + 2CuO
o
t
2Cu + CO
2
(3)
C + CO
2
o
t
2CO (4)

Tc dng vi hi n-c nhit cao:
C + H
2
O
o
t
CO + H
2
(5)
Cc phn ng ho hc (4) v (5) l c s chuyn
ho nhin liu rn thnh nhin liu kh.
Tc dng vi cc axit c tnh cht oxi ho mnh
nh- HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c, nng.
C + 4HNO
3

o
t
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
4. iu ch cc dng th hnh cacbon
Trc kia kim cng c khai thc bng cch ra t c cha
kim cng ri dng tay nht tng tinh th kinh cng. Ngy nay ngi
ta p vn t c cha kim cng, ra trong my li tm ri ly phn
nng trong my cho i qua my sng rung c tra du. My sng gi
li nhng ht kim cng khng b thm nc m c tra du.
tha mn nhu cu v kim cng cho k thut, gn y ngi
ta thng iu ch nhn to kim cng trn quy m cng nghip bng
cch nung nng than ch nhit khong 1800 3800
o
C v di p
sut 60.000 120.000 atm khi c cc kim loi chuyn tip nh st,
niken, crom lm cht xc tc.
Kim cng nhn to, v phm cht k thut, khng nhng t m
c khi cn vt kim cng thin nhin. Tuy nhin kim cng thin nhin
c kch thc tinh th nh b v mu khng p nn khng th dng lm
trang sc c.


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Than ch cng c th iu ch nhn to bng cch kt tinh
cacbon v nh hnh nhit cao. Thc t ngi ta thng nung
nng than antraxit hay than cc nhit 2500 3000
o
C trong l in
c bit. Than ch nhn to c phm cht khng km than ch thin
nhin.
Loi than ch dng trong l phn ng ht nhn i hi c tinh
khit rt cao. N c iu ch bng cch nung hn hp nha than
v cc du m lc du nhit 1500
o
C sau n 2750
o
C ri ngui
dn sn phm thu c.
Gn y ngi ta ch bin c than ch dng si mm dt
o qun bo h lao ng, lm nhng thit b t nng v lm pin nhit
in.
Than g c ti nn khi t chy g diu kin thiu khng kh.
Than mui c to nn khi nhit phn mt s hp cht hu c
d bay hi trong pha kh. Than mui cn c to nn khi t chy
khng hon ton nha hc in, naphtalen v mt s sn phm khc cu
du m. Than mui loi tt nht c ch t kh metan. Cha ngn la
ca kh metan vo nhng tm kim loi c lm lnh thng xuyn
bng nc, than mui s bm ln tm kim loi.
Than cc c ch bng cch nung than nhit 1000
1200
o
C trong iu kin thiu khng kh. Trong qu trnh nung, than
tch ra nhng hp cht d bay hi v li nhng khi rn kt dnh vi
nhau gi l than cc. Trung bnh mt tn than cho khong 600
700kg than cc. Trong kh l cc c kh H
2
, CH
4
v kh CO. Chng ct
nha than ngi ta thu c benzen, toluen, naphtalen, phenol v
hn in.
ti khu lin hp gang thp Thi Nguyn c mt phn xng luyn
cc ring phc v cho l cao.

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c thm: c im ca mt s loi than
Than m. Than m c to nn do cy ci b vi lp di t
qua cc thi i a cht di n hng triu nm. Qu trnh ha than xy
ra trc ht nh tc dng ca mt s vi sinh vt trong iu kin thiu
khng kh v sau nh nhng phn ng ha hc xy ra nhit v p
sut cao trong v Tri t. Kt qu l nhng nguyn t H, O, N v S lin
kt vi C trong hp cht hu c ca m thc vt c dn dn tch ra
li phn c giu cacbon gi l than m. Than m hay cn gi l than
gm c nhiu loi.
Than antraxit l loi than gi v mt a cht, trong nhng
nguyn t lin kt vi cacbon c tch ra hon ton hp nht. N
cha trn 90% cacbon v c mu t en n xm. Khi chy antrxit cho
nhiu nhit nn c dng lm nhin liu
Nc ta c giu than antrixit. B than ong Bc nwcs ta l mt bt
than ln, ko dai 200km t o ci Bu qua Cm pPh, hng Gai n
Ung B, ong Tiu ( Qung Ninh), Ph Li, Bc Giang ln tn Qun
Triu, C Lng, Lng Cm v Phn M( Thi Nguyn).b than ny chu
nh hng mnh m ca ng t v ni la thuc vnh ai Thi Bnh
dng nn b bin ha mnh v thnh antrixit. Nh ng m than antrixit.
ln nht nm trong tnh Qung Ninh l m H Lm, H Tu, Ung B,
Vng danh, Mo Kh .Ngoi ra cn c mt s m than nh hn c
tnh khc nh m Yn Duyt( Thanh Ha ), m Khe B (Ngh An), m
Nng Sn (Qung Nam- Nng)
Than ( vi ngha hp)tr hn antraxit. N cha t 75% n 90%
cacbon. Ngi ta chia than ra lm mt s loi: than bo hay than m,
than gy, than dnh.Than cng c mu en nhng khc vi antraxit
ch trng c v bo hn, ging nha v khi chy cho nhiu khi v cho
t nhit hn antraxit. Khi c nhit phn, than tch ra mt s cht
bay hi v li than cc. Nhng cht bay hi ny l nguyn liu
tng hp nn nhiu hp cht hu c.
Nhng m than Ni Hng v Lng Cm (Thi Nguyn) cha phn
ln l than m.
Than nu l loi than tr hn nhiu. N cha t 65% n 70%
cacbon, n c mu nu, mm hn than v than antraxit. N cng
ca antraxit l vo khong 2:2.5 5 th cng ca than nu l 1.1 ;1.4 %.
Nhn vo than nu, ngi ta cn thy r cu to ca g.


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Than bn tr nht trong cc loi than m. N cha t 55 n 60%
cacbon. N l mt vt liu mu hung, xp v cha mt lng ln nc.
Thnh phn nguyn t ca than bn rt gn vi thnh phn nguyn t
ca g.
Gn y ngi ta thy nhiu im than bn nc ta : Sn La,
Vnh Ph, H Ni, Thanh Ha, Qung Nam- Nng, Uminh (Nam
B).Vng m U Minh c din tch 150.000 ha vi b dy t 1,5 dn 4m.
Bng so snh cc loi than m v g.
Vt liu
Hm lng % Thnh Phn cc nguyn t
Nng sut ta
nhit (kJ/kg)
Nc Tro C H O
G
Than bn
Than nu
Than
antrixit
30-50
75-80
30-60
2-4
2
0.5
0.5
3-8
2-20
2
50
55-60
65-70
75-90
94
44
35-40
20-25
4-15
2-3
1600
21-25000
25-29000
29-33000
33-37000
Trn y l thnh phn v kh ng ta nhit (tnh trn 1kg) ca cc
kim loi than m v g
Du m. m l sn phm phn hy trong iu kin thiu khng
kh ca cc hp cht hu c ch yu l c ngun gc ng vt. N l
cht lng c mu t nu n en v thng t lhi vo khng 0.75-
0.95%. V thnh phn nguyn t, du m c 83-87%, 11-14% v mt
lng N,O,S ( i khi c P). Thnh phn cho thy du m l hn hp
cu cc hirocacbon mch thng v mch vng.
Du th sau khi c khai thc c x l bng nhng qu trnh
k thut phc tp:
Chng ct phn on du th p sut thng v trong chn
khng, ngi ta thu c nhng sn phm chnh nh etxng, du ha,
du bi trn, vazli, parafin, nha ng, Nhng qu trnh bin i l
hc c gi chung l qu trnh lc du.
Ch ha nhng sn phm du m bng nhng phng php
crackinh nhit, crackinh xc tc, rifominh, cc ha ngi ta thu c

17
nhng ha cht hu c bn dng lm nhng nguyn liu ch cht cho
cc ngnh cng nghp ha hc. Nhng qu trnh ny lm thay i bn
cht ca nhng phn t hirocacbua ca du th c gi chung l qu
trnh ha du.
Nhng nc khai thc nhiu du m trn th gii l Lin X, M,
rp X-t, Vnzula, C-ot, Iran, Irc, Canada, Iinonxia
Nc ta c mt tim lc du m kh ln thm lc a min Nam .
My nm gn y nht bt u khai thc ba m du ln : Bch H,
i Hg v Rng. Hin nay du m l mt trong nhng nun thu nh ln
nht ca noc ta. Mt thi gian khng xa na, cng nghip lc du v
ha cht chc chn s pht trin nc ta.
Ngoi nhng dng tn ti trn y, cacbon t do, nh bit, c
trong thin nhin di dng kim cng v than ch.
Tinh th kim cng thng gp trong sa khong cc noc n ,
Lin X, Braxin, Mxicoo, Cng, Nam Phiv Autralia. Nhng m kim
cong c gi tr cng nghip trung bnh ch c khong 0.5g kim cong
trn mt tn a. Tinh th kim cng ln nht trn th gi khai thc
c trc ay Nam Phi cn nng 621,2 g tinh th kim cng khai
thc c gn y Autraylia cn nng 396,5g.
Than ch to nn nhng m ln hng triu tn. M than ch lon c
nhiu nc nh Xylan, Magaaxatca, Tytylan, Lin X, M, Triu
Tin,.
Nc ta c mt s m than ch nh Nm T v m Ph Lu lo Ai,
m C Phc V m Minh Quang, trong m Nm T l ln nht.
Cacbon monoxit
1. Cu to phn t, tnh cht vt l
Phn t cacbon oxit (CO) c cu hnh electron:
(
s
lk
)
2
(
s
*
)
2
(
x
lk
)
2
(
y
lk
)
2
(
z
lk
)
2

Hay cu to : : : C C


18
Bi vy lin kt C O c lin kt rt ln, 1070 kJ/ mol, ln nht
trong cc lin kt, di b 1,12 A
o
v momen lng cc cu phn t l
khng ng k, =0,118D.
Cacbon oxit c khi lng phn t, tng s electron v cu to
phn t ging vi nit nn c mt s tnh cht li ha ging nit.
Ging nit, cacbon oxit l kh khng mu, khng mi, kh ha
lng (ns l -191,5
o
C), kh ha rn ( nns. l -204
o
C) v t tan trong
nc. N rt bn vi nhit, 6000
o
C cha phn hy.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
Ging nit, cacbon oxit t hot nhit thng nhng nhit
cao c kh nng kh tng ln mnh c l do s bin i kin trc
electron bn ca phn t.
a. Phn ng vi oxi
khong 700
o
C, cacbon oxit chy trong khng kh cho ngn la
mu lam v pht nhit nhiu nn hn hp ca CO v O
2
cng l hn hp
n ging nh hn hp ca H
2
v O
2
:
2CO + O
2
= 2CO
2
H
o
= - 283kJ/mol
Do phn ng pht ra nhiu nhit, khi CO c dng lm nhin liu.
Nhng nhin liu kh thng dng nh kh than, kh l ga v kh hn hp
u cha kh CO. Phn ng chy ca CO trong khng kh ch xy ra khi
c mt nhng vt nc. nhit thng, CO khng tng tc vi oxi.
Nhng tng tc xy ra trn b mt ca mt s cht xc tc, v d
nh hn hp MnO
2
v CuO.
b. Phn ng cng
Ngoi kh nng oxi ha kh, nh cp electron t do ca cacbon,
phn t cacbon oxit c kh nng kt hp vi mt s cht.

19
500
o
C v trong bng ti, CO tng tc vi Clo to thnh photgen:
CO + Cl
2
= COCl
2
H
o
= - 111,3 kJ
Nu c chiu sng, phn ng ny xy ra nhit thng.
Chnh tn gi photgen ( phot l nh sng, gen l sinh ra) ni ln c
im ca phn ng to thnh . Ngy nay nng cao hiu sut phn
ng, ngi ta dng thm than hot tnh lm cht xc tc. Photgen d
iu ch nh vy ht sc c v nng hn khng kh cho nn c
dng lm bam hi ngt trong chin tranh th gii ln th nht. V mt
ha hc, photgen kh hot ng nn c dng nhiu trong tng hp
cht hu c. Bi vy ngy nay photgen c sn xut lng ln trong
cng nghip.
Trong nhng iu kin thch hp v nhit , p sut v cht xc
tc ( st, coban, niken, ruteni ) cacbon oxit c th to nn etxang tng
hp:
nCO + (2n + 1)H
2
= C
n
H
2n+2
+ nH
2
O
2nCO + (n + 1)H
2
= C
n
H
2n+2
+ nCO
2

nCO + 2nH
2
= C
n
H
2n
+ nH
2
O
2nCO + nH
2
O = C
n
H
2n
+ nCO
2

350
0
C , di p sut 250atm v vi cht xc tc ZnO c
hot ha bi Cr
2
O
3
cacbon oxit kt hp vi hydro to nn ri metylic
CO + H
2
= CH
3
OH
CO phn ng cng vi mt s kim loi, c bit l kim loi h st,
coban, niken, crom,... to thnh nhng cacbonyl kim loi.
V d: 4CO + Ni = Ni(CO)
4

(Niken tetracacbonyl)


20
Cacbon oxit kt hp vi cht Hemoglobin (Hb) trong mu to
thnh hp cht bn
Hb + CO = HbCO
Lm cho hemoglobin (hng cu) khng lm c nhim v truyn
ti oxy t phi n cc mao qun ca cc c quan ng vt, bi vy kh
CO ht sc c. n li khng c mu v mi nn li cng nguy him i
vi con ngi. c bit n t b than hot tnh hp ph cho nn tr kh
c CO , trong mt n phng c CO ngi ta khng dng than hoy
tnh m dng MnO
2
v CuO. Ngi ht thuc l cn bit trong khi thuc
c t 0,5- 1% CO.
c. Phn ng vi cc oxit kim loi
Cacbon oxit c th kh c oxit ca mt s kim loi. V d nh
phn ng xy ra trong l cao:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO
2

Cacbon oxit kh c I
2
O
5
n I
2
:
I
2
O
5
+ 5CO = I
2
+ 3CO
2

y l phn ng dng nh lng kh CO trong ha hc phn
tch.
trong dung dch, kh Cc th kh mui cu kim loi qu nh vng,
platin, paladi n kim loi t do.
V d:
PdO
3
+ H
2
O + CO = Pd + HCl + CO
2

Nh phn ng ny, ngi ta pht hin ra c nhng vt kh CO
trong hn hp kh, nhng ht rt nh ca paradi tach ra trong dung dch
lm cho mu trong dung dch PbCl
2
tr nn m hn.

21
Nhng tng tc ca CO vi nhng cht tng tc khc trong
dung dch thng ch xy ra khi c mt cht xc tc, v d nh khi n
kh KMnO
4
khi c mt bt mn ca bc kim loi,kh K
2
Cr
2
O
7
khi c mt
mui thy ngn.
d. Cacbon mono oxit l andrihit ca axit fomic HCOOH
Cacbon oxit khng tc dng vi nc v kim iu kin thng,
nhng nhit cao v p sut cao, tng tc s xy ra. Chng hn
nh 200
0
C v 15atm , cacbon oxit phn ng vi kim to thnh mui
fomiat:
CO + NaOH = HCOONa
( fomiat natri )
Nh vy v hnh thc cacbon oxit l anhidrit ca axit fomic, nhit
cao v khng mt nc, axit to nn cacbon oxit. Tuy nhin khc
vi anhidrit thng thng trong anhirit fomic nguyn t C c ha tr ba
nhng trong axit fomic nguyn t C c ha tr bn.
3. iu ch
Trong phng th nghim, ngi ta iu ch cacbon oxit bng cch
cho axit sunfurit c v axit fomic lng v un nng.
HCOOH = CO + H
2
O
hoc cho axit fomic tc dng vi axit closunfumic nhit thng.
HCOOH + HSO
3
Cl = H
2
SO
4
+ HCl + CO
Trong cng nghip, cacbon oxit c sn xut lng ln lm
nhin liu dng kh l ga, kh than nc v kh hn hp.
Trong kh l ga thng c trung bnh 25% CO, 70%Na, 4%CO
2
( v
th tch), v mt t kh khc. Kh l ga c to ra khi t chy khng
hon ton than antraxit trong l c bit, gi l l ga.


22
Trong kh than nc thng c trung bnh 44%CO,45%H
2
, 5%CO
2

v 6%N
2
n c to nn khi cho hi nc i qua than t nng
(xem phng php iu ch H
2
).
Trong kh hn hp thng c trung bnh 305CO, 15% H
2
,5%CO
2
,
v 50%N
2
. n c to nn khi cho ng thi khng kh v hi nc i
qua than t nng.
4. ng dng
Trong kh thi ca t c cc khi CO, hidrocacbon cha chy ht
v NO. kh NO khng phi l sn phm ca phn ng t chy nhin liu
m sinh ra do tc dng ca O
2
v N
2
ca khng kh nhit cao trong
ng c t. Cc kh CO v NO u c hi i vi con ngi.
baaor v mi trng trong sch ca khng kh cc o th, ngi ta lp
vo t, gia cc ng c v ng x mt thit b gi l thit b chuyn
ha xc tc(hnh 50). Thit b gm c nhng tng kiu t ong lm bng
kim loi, b mt kim loi c ph lp cht xc tc gm c Pt, Pd v
Al
2
O
3
. qua thit b , cc loi kh c hi tr nn v hi.
2CO + 2NO
2
= 2CO
2
+ N
2
iu kin quan trng m bo cho hot tnh ca cht xuc tc
l t phi chy bng etxang khng cha ch v ch l cht c hi cho
xc tc.


23
Kh CO l mt trong nhng cht gy nhim mi trng. Nhng
ngun sinh ra kh l kh ni la, kh l cao, kh l cc, khi ca nh
my nhit in, kh thi ca cc phng tin tham gia giao thng vn ti
do t nhin liu, kh sinh ra do t rng.
Cacbon oxit cng c th kt hp vi mt s clorua kim loi to
thnh phc cht. chng hn nh phc cht CuCl.CO.H
2
O to nn kh
cho kh CO i qua dung dich CuCl trong dung dich amoniac. Phc cht
ny khng bn, khi un nng s phn hy to thnh kh CO. tnh cht
ny dng nh lng CO trong phn tch kh.
Cacbon ioxit
1. Cu to phn t
Phn t CO
2
c cu to ng thng:
O = C = O
vi di lin kt ca C O l 1,162
0
A v nng lng trung bnh
ca lin kt l 803kJ/mol.
2. Tnh cht vt l
Cacbon dioxit l mt kh,gi l kh cacbonic,khng c mu, c
mi v v hi chua. N nng hn khng kh v d ha lng v d ha rn
( nnc l -5
0
C 5atm ), p sut 60atm v ngay nhit thng n
bin thnh cht lng khng mu v linh ng. Khi c lm lnh t
ngt cht lng bin thnh khi rn mu trng gin ng tuyt, gi la
tuyt Cacbonic.
Do c im ba nm cao hn p sut ca kh quyn, tuyt Cacbonic
khng nng chy di p sut thng thng hoa -78
0
C.
V l do thng hoa, CO
2
lng khi gin n to thnh tuyt Cacbonic,
tuyt Cacbonic sau khi nn li th bay hi tng i chm nn lm cho


24
khng gian xung quanh b lnh xung rt nhiu. Da vo ngi ta
dung tuyt Cacbonic hay cn gi l nc kh bo qun v
chuyn ch nhng chng hng. Nc kh trn vi axeton hay
clofom c dung lm hn hp lm lnh ( gn -78
0
C ). Nc kh
c dng lm phng tin th thch cc dung trc khi c
em khi s dng Bc cc v Nam cc. Ngy nay ngi ta c th to
ra ma nhn to bng cach phun CO
2 lng
to thnh tuyt Cacbonic
trn nhng tng my lm cho my lnh ha thnh ma.
Cacbon dioxit rt bn vi nhit, 1500
0
C ch mi phn hy thnh
CO v O
2
vi t l 1.5 % v 2000
0
C t l 75%:
2CO
2
= 2CO + O
2
3. Tnh cht ha hc
V mt ha hc Cacbon ioxit cng kh bn. N khng duy tr s
sng. Tuy khng c tc dng c nhng vi nng trn 3% trong
khng kh, trung ng thn kinh ca ng ta b ri lon v n 10%
c th b mt tr nh v i n cht v s h hp ngng li.
Kh Cacbonic khng chy v khng duy tr s chy. Trn thc t,
ngi ta dung Cacbon dixoit dng kh nn hay dng lng cha chy.
i vi nhng m chy gy nn bi kim loi c i lc ln hn oxy ng
Mg, K, Al, Zn cacbon dioxit mt hiu lc v nhng kim vn tip tc
chy trong CO
2
v d nh Nhm chy trong CO
2
theo phn ng :
4Al + 3CO
2
= 2Al
2
O
3
+ 3C
Kh CO
2
tan tng i nhiu trong nc, 1l nc 0
0
C ha tan 1,7l
kh CO
2
Khi tan trong nc phn ln CO
2
di dng c hydrat ha v
mt phn nh tng tc vi nc to thnh axit cacbonic:
CO
2
(k) + H
2
O = CO
2
(dd) = H
2
CO
3

25
Nh vy CO
2
l anhidrit ca axit cacbonic nn thng gi l
cacbonic , dung dch axit cacbonic iu kin thng co pH ~ 4
4. iu ch
Trong cng nghip, kh CO
2
c sn xut bng cch t chy
hon ton cacbon trong oxi hay khng kh. Kh CO
2
cng l sn phm
ph ca qu trnh nung vi trong qu trnh ln men ru ca ng
glucoz.
V d:
C
6
H
12
O
6
2CO
2
+ 2C
2
H
5
OH
Trong phng th nghim, kh CO
2
c iu ch bng tc dng
ca axit clohidric vi vi trong bnh Kp:
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl = CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Hoc c th dng trc tip dng kh nn hay lng ng trong bnh
bng thp.
5. ng dng
Mt lng ln CO
2
c dng trong cng nghip ha hc sn
xut soda, ure, axit salixilic, trong cng nghip thc phm nn vo
cc loi nc gii kht nh bia, nc hoa qu . Kh CO
2
c nhit dung
ln v t hp th notron nn c dng lm ngui mt s l phn ng
ht nhn.
Hm lng ca kh CO
2
trong kh quyn Tri t l vo khong
0.03% (v th tch). y l ngun d tr rt ln ca cacbon thc vt
tng hp nn nhng cht hu c cho bn thn ri nhng cht i vo
ng vt do ng vt n thc vt. Kh CO
2
c sinh ra trong qu trnh
h hp ca sinh vt, qu trnh thi ra c cc xc sinh vt v qu trnh
t chy nhin liu. Cy xanh hp th lin tc kh CO
2
ca kh quyn v
gii phng ra oxi trong qu trnh quang hp:
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O2
Kh CO
2
trong kh quyn cn bng vi mt lng khng l kh
CO
2
tan trong nc i dng v sng ngi. Mt lng nh CO
2
tan
c ng vt bin chuyn ha thnh CaCO
3
l thnh phn chnh ca v
ng vt. Nhng v ng vt ny cui cng bin thnh vi. Khi vi


26
chu tc dng ca nc ma, mt lng nh CO
2
c th c gii
phng. l chu trnh cacbon trong thin nhin.

Cacbua kim loi
Cacbua kim loi l hp cht ca cacbon vi kim loi. N c to
nn khi hai nguyn t tng tc trc tip vi nhau nhit trn
2000
o
C hoc khi than tc dng vi oxit kim loi hay kim loi tc dng
trc tip vi hidrocacbon nhit cao.
Nu cacbua ca mt s kim loi khng kim li nhi Si, B l
cacbua cng ha tr th cacbua kim loi l cacbua ion hoc cacbua xm
nhp.
Cacbua ion c to nn ch yu bi kim loi thuc cc nhm
IA, IIA v IIIA. Nhng cacbua ny, trong mc r rt, l hp cht ion
nn gi l cacbua ion. Tinh th ca chng khng c mu, trong sut v
khng dn in nhit bnh thng. Cacbua ion b phn hy d dng
bi nc v axit long. y l kim cn bn phn bit cabua ion in
hnh v cacbua xm nhp in hnh. Da vo sn phm c to nn
khi phn hy ngi ta phn chia cacbua ion lm cc nhm sau y:
Nhm cacbua to nn metan khi b phn hy. Nhm ny bao gm
Be
2
C v Al
4
C
3
. hng cacbua ny dng tinh th v kh nng chy.
Trong tinh th c cation kim loi v anion C
4-
. Khi tng tc vi nc.
anion C
4-
bih thy phn gii phng metan:
C
4-
+ 4H
2
O = 4OH
-
+ CH
4

V d
Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O = 4Al(OH)
3
+ 3CH
4


27
Bi vy nhm cacbua ny c gi l metanit. Kin trc tinh th
ca Be
2
C l tng i n gin, kin trc kiu florit ngc ; trong
nguyn t Be thay F trong CaF
2
v nguyn t C thay Ca. Kin trc ca
Al
4
C
3
kh phc tp v trong ngi ta tm thy nhng nguyn t
cacbon ring r.
Nhm cacbua to nn axetilen khi b thy phn. Nhm ny gm
nhng cacbua c cng thc chung M
2
C
2
( trong M l kim loi kim,
Cu, Ag v Au, chng d phn hy n), MC
2
( trong M l kim loi kim
th, Zn v Cd) v M
2
(C
2
)
3
( trong M l Al v Fe). Trong tinh th ca
nhng cacbua nhm ny c ion C
2
2-
vi khong cch C C l 1,19 v
1,24 . Khi tng tc vi nc, ion C
2
2-
b thy phn gii phng axetilen:
C
2
2-
+ 2H
2
O = 2OH
-
+ C
2
H
2

V d:
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O = Ca(OH)
2
+ C
2
H
2

Bi vy nhm cacbua ny c gi l axetilen. Nhng cacbua
Cu
2
C
2
v Ag
2
C
2
tuy khng b thy phn nhng tng tc vi axit
clohidric gii phng axetilen. Chnh chng c kt ta khi cho kh
axetilen sc vo dung dch mui ca kim loi truognw ng trong
amoniac. Hai cacbua ny khng bn, d n khi un nng hoc va chm
Tt c cc cacbua nhm axitilenit u c mng li tinh th kiu
NaCl, i a s c kin trc ging CaC
2
.
Nhm cacbua to nn axetilen v hidrocacbua khc khi b phn
hy. nhm ny bao gm cc cacbua: YC
2
, LaC
2
, TbC
2
, YbC
2
, LuC
2
,
Ce
2
C
2
, Pr
2
C
2
, v Tb
2
C
2
. trog nhng cacbua c cng thc MC
2
, ngi
ta thy kim loi M ch yu trng thi ha tr ba v khong cch C C
l 1,28 1.34 A
o
. Nh vy y nguyn t kim loi khng nhng ch
mt hai electron cho ion C
2
2-
m cn chuyn electron th ba cho obitan
phn t phn lin kt ca ion C
2
2-
lm cho khong cch C C b ko di


28
hn (so vi 1,19 trong CaC
2
). Trong cc trng hp M
2
C
3
, kim loi cng
trng thi ha tr ba, di ca lin kt C C l 1,24 1.28 A
o
v
ngoi ra cn tng tc trc tip gia cc nguyn t kim loi. Nhng
cacbua ny khng th coi mt cch n gin l c cha ion C
2
2-
v
nhng kim loi c s ha tr khng bnh thng. khi b thy phn chng
ch cho 50 70% C
2
H
4
, CH
4
v H
2
c l theo phn ng:
2C
2
3-
+ 6H
2
O = 6OH
-
+ C
2
H
2
+ C
2
H
4
V d:
2LaC
2
+ 6H
2
O = 2La(OH)
2
+ C
2
H
2
+
C
2
H
4

v cc phn ng khc na.
Cacbua xm nhp c to nn ch yu bi cc kim loi chuyn
tip. Nhng cacbua xm nhp in hnh c cng thc MC (trong M l
Ti, Zn, Hf, V, Nb v Ta) v M
2
C ( trong M l Mo v W). Trong tinh th
ca cc cacbua xm nhp in hnh , nhng nguyn t C xm nhp
vo l trng bt din cu mng li kim loi khng lm bin i cn
bn kin trc electron t do v nhng c khc ca kim loi tinh khit m
khng lm bn thm mng li tinh th ca kim loi.
Do kin trc nh vy, cacbua xm nhp in hnh c nhng c
im nh c nh kim, dn in, rt cng v kh nng chy. cng ca
cacbua xm nhp thng khong 9 10, nhit nng chy ca chng
(3000 4000
o
C) cao hn c nhng kim loi kh nng chay nh Be, W
v c hn cacbon na. Cacbua xm nhp in hnh cn rt bn v mt
ha hc, chng hn nh chng khng tc dng vi cng thy m ch b
phn hy khi un nng vi hn hp axit HF v HNO
3
.
V d :

29
3WC + 9HNO
3
+ 18HF = 3HWF
6
+ 3CO
2
+ 9NO +
12H
2
O
Nhng kim loi chuyn tip c bn knh nguyn t hi b hn 1,3
A
o
nh Cr, Mn, Fe, Co v Ni khng c kh nawg gi nguyn kin trc
mng li kim loi khi nhng nguyn t C xm nhp in hnh. Trong
nhng trng hp ny, mng li kim loi b sai lch i r rt v nhng
nguyn t C lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch C C- . C th coi mt
cch gn ng rng kin trc ca cacbua ny bao gm nhng mch
cacbon xuyn qua mng li rt sai lch ca kim loi kim loi. Do kin
trc nh vy, nhng cacbua Cr
2
C
3
v M
3
C (trong M l Mn, Fe, Co v
Ni) v mt ha hc km bn hn cc cacbua kim loi in hnh. Chng b
nc v axit long phn hy tng i d dng gi phng hidro v
hidrocacbon (hay cacbon trng hp Fe
3
C).
V d :
Mn
3
C + 6H
2
O =
3Mn(OH)
2
+ CH
4
+ H
2

Nh vy nhng cacbua ca Cr,
Mn, Fe, Co v Ni c tnh cht ca hp
cht trung gian gia cacbua ion v
cacbua xm nhp.
Trong cc cacbua kim loi, quan
trng nht i vi thc t l canxi
cacbua.
Canxi cacbua (CaC
2
). Canxi
cacbua tinh khit l cht dng tinh th
khng mu thuc h lp phng. Hnh
48 trnh by kin trc tinh th ca CaC
2
,


30
trong nhng ion Ca
2+
v ion C
2
2-
chim cng nhng v tr ca nhng
ion Na
+
vaf ion Cl
-
trong tinh th NaCl
Canxi cacbua c t khi l 2,22 v nng chy 2300
o
C. Canxi
cacbua k thut l khi mu xm v cn ln cacbon t do, cn c gi l
t n.
Canxi cacbua tng tc mnh lit vi nc gi phng axetilen:
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O = Ca(OH)
2
+ C
2
H
2

Kh axetilen thu c c mi kh chu c cha nhng tp cht
nh NH
3
, PH
3
, H
2
S .
Khi un nng, c th kh c oxit
v clorua ca cc kim loi.
V d:
CaC
2
+ MgO = CaO + Mg + 2C
Canxi cacbua tinh khit c tng
hp t nguyn t nhit 900 -1000
o
C
trong kh quyn agon.
Canxi cacbua k thut c sn
xut trong cng nghip bng cch nung hn
hp vi v than cc hay than g nhit
2500
o
C tong l in cc rt ln lm bng
than ( hinh 49)



31
Axit cacbonic v cc mui cacbonat
I. Axit cacbonic
Axit Cacbonic khng bn v th tch ra iu kin thng. trong
nc n phn li theo hai nc:
H
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O = H
3
O
+
+ HCO
3
-
K
1
= 4,16.10
-7

HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O = H
3
O
+
+ CO
3
2-
K
2
= 4,84.10
-11
y hng s th nht K
1
c tnh vi gi thit l ton b kh
CO
2
tan trong H
2
O u dng H
2
CO
3
ngha l :

K
1
= = 4,16.10
-7

Nu tnh nng tht ca axit cacbonic, hng s phi l:
3 3
2 3
4
1
.
2.10
H O HCO
H CO
C C
K
C
+

= =

Ngha l gi tr ca hng s ph hp vi cng thc (HO)
2
CO
ca axit cacbonit. Tuy vy axit cacbonic vn l axit yu.
iu kin thng, kh cacbonic kh c th kt hp vi kh
amoniac kh to thnh amoni cacbamat:

Mui ny khng bn, khi un nng trong kh quyn phn hy
thnh CO
2
v NH
3
. Khi un nng n 180
o
C di p sut 2000 atm,
amoni cabamat s mt nc bin thnh ur:
C
CO2
+ C
H2CO3
C
H3O+
. C
HCO3-


32

y l phng php hin i dng iu ch ure v ang c
p dng nh my phn m H Bc. Ngoi vic dng lm phn m,
ure cn c dng lm thc n gia sc, tng hp cht do, thuc nhum
v dc phm.
II. Mui cacbonat v hidrocacbonat
Axit cacbonic to nn hai loi mui: cacbonat (mui trung ho) v
hircacbonat (cacbonat axit). Mui cacbonat cha anion
2
3
CO

v mui
hircacbonat cha anion
3
HCO

.
Anion cacbonat c cu hnh tam gic u, tng t vi phn t
BF
3
, nguyn t C nm trng tm cn ba nguyn t O 3 nh ca tam
gic u. Ngoi ba lin kt
o
, gia C v 3 nguyn t O cn c mt lin
kt
t
khng nh ch:

di lin kt C O l 1,29. Cc gc OCO bng 120
o
.
Trong anion
3
HCO

, di ca lin kt gia C vi hai O l 1,26,


gc OCO gia hai lin kt l 125
o
v di lin kt gia C v O th ba
l 1,35.
Ion
3
HCO

v ion
2
3
CO

khng c mu nn cc mui hidrocacbonat
v cacbonat ca cation khng c mu u khng c mu.
Trong cc mui cacbonat, ch cacbonat kim loi kim v amoni l d
tan. Dung dch ca mui tan c phn ng kim v mui b thu phn.
Mui hidrocacbonat ni chung d tan hn so vi cacbonat. Hin nay
ngi ta ch mi bit c mui hidrocacbonat ca kim loi kim, kim
th v mt vi kim loi ho tr ba. Tt c hidrocacbonat ca kim loi kim,

33
kim th v mt vi kim loi ho tr ba. Tt c nhng mui tan nhiu
trong nc tr NaHCO
3
hi t tan. nhit thng, mui
hidrocacbonat tan b thu phn khng ng k; khi un nng thu
phn tng ln r rt.
Cacbonat kim loi kim bn vi nhit, khi un nng chng nng
chy m khng phn hu, chng hn nh Na
2
CO
3
nng chy 853
o
C v
K
2
CO
3
984
o
C. Nhng mui cacbonat khc phn hu gii phng CO
2
khi un nng. Mui hidrocacbonat khi un nng d chuyn thnh
cacbonat.
Khi cho mui cacbonat kim loi kim hay amoni vo dung dch cha
ion Sr
2+
, Cd
2+
, Pb
2+
hay Ag
2+
, mui cacbonat trung tnh ca kim loi
tng ng s kt ta, v d nh PbCO
3
v CaCO
3
lng xung di dng
kt ta mu trng. Nhng khi cho vo dung dch cha ion Be
2+
, Mg
2+
,
Fe
2+
, Co
2+
, Ni
2+
, mui cacbonat baz s kt ta, v d nh (MgOH)
2
CO
3
mu trng, (CoOH)
2
CO
3
mu nht. Khi un nng vi dung dch
NaHCO
3
, mui cacbonat baz chuyn thnh mui cacbonat trung ho.
Nhng mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr ba nh Al, Fe, Cr v ca kim
loi ho tr bn nh Ti, Zr, Th khng th tn ti. Khi cho cacbonat kim loi
kim hay amoni vo dung dch ca nhng kim loi ny, cacbonat s
khng kt ta m hidroxit kt ta.
Mui cacbonat kim loi kim M
2
CO
3
tc dng vi dung dch H
2
O
2
m c to nn M
2
CO
4
v MHCO
4
l mui trung ho v mui axit ca
axit peoxicacbonic khng bn H
2
CO
4
.
Dung dch m c ca M
2
CO
3
khi c oxi ho dng cc to
nn mui M
2
C
2
O
6
l mui ca axit peoxiicacbonic khng bn H
2
C
2
O
6
.
c thm: Xian
trng thi kh, xian hay xianogen gm nhng phn t kp
(CN)
2
nn thng c gi l ixian. Phn t xian c cu to ng
thng.
: : N C C N
vi di lin kt C C l 1,37 v ca lin kt C N l 1,13.
Xian l mt kh khng mu, mi xc, d ho lng v ho rn
(nnc l -34,4
o
C, ns l -20,7
o
C) tan trong nc v rt c. Xian tinh
khit kh bn vi nhit, trn 1000
o
C mi phn hu theo phn ng:


34
(CN)
2
= 2CN
trong khi kh Cl
2
phn hu 800
o
C. Nhng gc CN cng ht sc
bn vi nhit.
Khi chu tc dng lu ca tia t ngoi hoc khi un nng n gn
500
o
C, xian trng hp thnh mt khi rn, v nh hnh, mu en, khng
tan trong nc, c thnh phn (CN)
n
v c gi l paraxian. Phn t
paraxian c cu to mch vng cha no:

iaxian rt hot ng ho hc. Nhiu phn ng ca iaxian
tng t vi phn ng ca halogen nn iaxian c gi l halogen gi.
V d:
(CN)
2
+ H
2
= 2HCN
(CN)
2
+ Cl
2
= 2CNCl (xianua clorua)
Trong khng kh, xian d bc chy cho ngn la c mu hng
vin xanh v c nhit rt cao (vo khong 4500
o
C). Trong vng mu
hng ca ngn la xy ra phn ng:
(CN)
2
+ O
2
= 2CO + N
2
v trong vng mu xanh xy ra phn ng chy ca kh CO.
Khi lu trong nc, xian b thu phn dn to nn mt s sn
phm theo hai c ch sau:
(CN)
2
+ H
2
O HCN + HCNO
ri axit ny b thy phn to nn fomiat amoni v ure.
C ch th hai l:

(CN)
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
N C C NH
2
(oxamiua)
O O

35
Ri oxamidua b thy phn to nn amoni oxalat. C ch ny xc
nhn cu to N C C N ca phn t ixian. S thu phn ca xian
cng cho thy s ging nhau gia xian v halogen, nht l trong mi
trng kim.
V d:
(CN)
2
+ 2NaOH = NaCN + NaOCN + H
2
O
Bi vy xian cn c gi l halogen gi. V tnh cht ca
halogen, xian nm gia brom v iot.
Trong khi thuc l c nhng vt xian. Xian cng c to nn
khi cho nit i qua h quang in sinh ra gia hai cc bng than.
Xian c th iu ch bng cch un nng hn hp gm hai mui
Hg(CN)
2
v HgCl
2
400
o
C.
Hg(CN)
2
+ HgCl
2
= Hg
2
Cl
2
+ (CN)
2
hoc trn dung dch CuSO
4
vi dung dch NaCN:
2CuSO
4
+ 4NaCN = 2Na
2
SO
4
+ 2CuCN + (CN)
2

Silic
I. Tnh cht vt l
Silic tinh khit dng tinh th lp phng c kin trc tng t kim
cng. Trong mng li tinh th , mi nguyn t Si lin kt cng ho
tr vi bn nguyn t Si bao quanh kiu hnh t din. di ca lin kt
Si Si l 2,34. Ging nh kim cng, silic tinh th cng cng ( cng
bng 7), rt kh nng chy, kh si (nnc l 1428
o
C v ns l -3280
o
C)
v c t khi l 2,33. Trong tinh th c mt phn no s khng nh
ch ca lin kt nn silic tinh th c mu xm, c nh kim v l cht bn
dn. Silic bn dn chu c nhit cao hn gecmani bn dn.
Silic khng c dng tinh th ging vi than ch. Silic v nh hnh l
cht bt mu hung, thc t cng gm nhng vi tinh th silic lp phng.
Ngy nay bng p sut rt cao, ngi ta iu ch c mt dng tinh
th lp phng khc ca silic c t khi ln hn v trong mng li gm
nhng t din lch, vi lin kt Si Si c di 2,3 v 2,39.


36
Silic khng tan trong cc dung mi m ch tan trong mt s kim loi
nng chy nh nhm, bc, km, thic, ch (khng c tng tc ho hc).
Khi ngui nhng dung dch , silic s kt tinh v tnh cht ny c
s dng iu ch silic tinh th.
II. Tnh cht ha hc
1. Tc dng vi halogen
Ni chung, iu kin thng, silic kh tr v mt ho hc v c
mng li tinh th bn. Silic v nh hnh hot ng hn silic tinh th.
nhit thng, silic tng tc vi flo to nn tetraflorua SiF
4
v pht ra
nhiu nhit.
Si + 2F
2
= SiF
4
1563, 3 /
o
H kJ mol A =

Vi clo v brom, n tng tc 500
o
C to thnh silic
tetrahalogenua tng ng. N chy trong oxi v phn ng chy pht ra
nhiu nhit:
2. Tc dng vi oxi
Si + O
2
= SiO
2
(thch anh ) 715, 5
o
H kJ A =

Cng ti nhit , silic tng tc vi lu hunh to thnh SiS
2
,
tng tc vi nit 100
o
C to thnh silic nitrua (Si
3
N
4
).
3. Tc dng vi cc kim loi
khong 800 900
o
C, silic tc dng vi mt s kim loi nh Mg,
Ca, Fe, Cu to thnh silixua
Ging vi cacbua, silixua ca kim loi chuyn tip thng l hp
cht kiu xm nhp, thnh phn ca chng khng ng vi ho tr bnh
thng ca cc nguyn t.
4. Tc dng vi axit
iu kin thng, silic bn i vi cc axit v cng thu, ch tan
trong hn hp hai axi HF v HNO
3
.
3Si+ 4HNO
3
+ 18HF = 3H
2
SF
6
+ 4NO + 8H
2
O
Bt mn silic tc dng vi hi HF nng theo phn ng:
Si + 4HF = SiF
4
+ 2H
2

37
5. Tc dng vi Kim
Silic tng tc mnh lit vi dung dch kim gii phng H
2
:
Si + 2KOH + H
2
O = K
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2
Phn ng ny cng xy ra vi dung dch c nng ca ion OH
-
rt
b. V mui silicat kim loi kim do phn ng sinh ra b thy phn gn
nh hon ton trong dung dch long cho nn nng ca ion OH
-

trong qu trnh phn ng khng gim xung. Nh th dn n s phn
hu hi nc bi silic m ion OH
-
l cht xc tc. Li dng phn ng ca
silic vi dung dch kim, trc y ngi ta dng hp kim ferosilic
iu ch nhanh kh hiro mt trn.
III. iu ch - ng dng
Trong cng nghip, silic k thut, vi tinh khit t 95 n 98%
c iu ch dng khi ln khi dng than cc hoc canxi cacbua kh
thch anh trong l in nhit cao:
SiO
2
+ 2CSi + 2CO
3SiO
2
+ 2CaC
2
3Si + 2CaO + 4CO
Nu cho thm qung st vo hn hp phn ng th thu c hp
kim ferosilic. Hp kim ny c th cha 40 90% Si, c dng trong
luyn kim a silic vo cc loi thp c bit khc nhau v gang silic,
gang silic cha 12 17% Si, rt bn i vi axit nn thng c dng
ch to cc chi tit my chu axit. Trong luyn kim, ngi ta thng
dng silic k thut lm cht kh oxi, chng hn nh khi cho thm vo
ng nng chy, silic kh ng oxit thnh ng kim loi.
Trong phng th nghim, Silic c iu ch bng cch t chy
hn hp gm c bt magie v ct nghin mn:
SiO
2
+ 2Mg Si + 2MgO
Cho hn hp sn phm thu c ln lc tc dng vi dung dch
HCl, dung dch HF, MgO v SiO
2
d s tan cn silic dng bt v nh
hnh. Silic thu c cn cha nhiu tp cht, cho kt tinh li trong nhng
kim loi nng chy s c silic tinh th tinh khit hn.
Silic dng trong k thut bn dn cn phi c bit tinh khit vi hm
lng tp cht di 9 10% nguyn t. Silic tinh khit ha hc c


38
iu ch bng cch dng hi km kh silic tetraclorua 1000
o
C trong
ng thch anh
SiCl
4
+ 2Zn Si + 2ZnCl
2

Hoc nhit phn monosilan trn 780
o
C:
SiH
4
Si + 2H
2

T silic tinh khit ha hc, bng phng php nng chy ngi ta
thu c silic tinh khit c bit (n 99,9999%), ri t silic tinh khit c
bit ny, bng phng php nui tinh th, ngi ta ch c nhng
n tinh th silic di ti 24cm v c ng knh 2cm.
Silic l nguyn t ph bin, ng th 3 sau oxi v hidro, n chim
16,7% tng s nguyn t trong v tri t. Nu cacbon l nguyn t
ch cht ca th gii hu c th silic cng c vai tr tng t nh vy
i vi th gii v c: v rn ca tri t gm ch yu cc silicat, l hp
cht ca silic vi mt s nguyn t khc. Ngoi ra silic thng gp
dng oxit SiO
2
, ch yu l ct. Silic ln u tin c Berzelius iu ch
vo nm 1823.
Silic monooxit
trng thi hi, silic monooxit tn ti di dng nhng phn t SiO
ring r. Khi c lm lnh nhanh, hi ngng t thnh bt mn mu
nu c cu to polime (SiO)
n
. S polime ha c thc hin nh lin kt
Si Si c di ngn hn (2,25 ) so vi lin kt trong tinh th silic
(2,35 ) v c l l lin kt i (trong CO c lin kt ba).
Silic monooxit dng rn thng hoa 1700
o
C. trong khng kh, n
b oxi ha dn nhng dng bt mn c th t bc chy bin thnh SiO
2
.
SiO tan d trong kim v dung dch nng ca cacbonat kim loi kim to
thnh silicat v gii phng kh H
2
. SiO cng tan trong dung dch HF.
Hi SiO c to nn khi un nng hn hp SiO
2
v Si 1000
1300
o
C trong chn khng:
SiO
2
+ Si 2SiO
Hoc khi dng kh H
2
hay than kh SiO
2
nhit trn 1000
o
C.
Silic ioxit

39
I. Tnh cht l hc
Silic ioxit tuy c cng thc phn t ging vi cacbon ioxit nhng
khng tn ti dng tng phn t ring r m di dng tinh th, ngha
l mt phn t khng l
Ba dng tinh th ca silic ioxit p sut thng l thch anh,
tridimit v cristobalit. Mi mt dng th hnh ny li c hai dng: Dng
bn nhit thp v dng bn nhit cao. Di y l s
bin i dng tinh th ca silic ioxit
Thach anh Thach anh Cristobalit
573 120 160 200 275
Thach anh Tridimit Cristobalit
o o o o o
C C C C C
| o |
o o o


Tt c nhng dng tinh th ny u bao gm nhng nhm t din
SiO
4
ni vi nhau qua nhng nguyn t O chung. Trong t din SiO
4
,
nguyn t Si nm tm ca t din lin kt cng ha tr vi bn nguyn
t O nm cc nh ca t din. Nh vy, mi nguyn t O lin kt vi
hai nguyn t Si hai t din khc nhau v tnh trung bnh c trn mt
nguyn t Si c hai nguyn t O v cng thc kinh nghim ca silic
ioxit l SiO
2
.
Ba dng a hnh ca silic ioxit c cch sp xp khac nhau ca cc
nhm t din SiO
4
trong tinh th. Trong thch anh, nhng nhm t
din c sp xp sao cho cc nguyn t Si nm trn mt ng xon
c. Nu chiu kin trc tinh th ca thch anh ln trn mt phng y
ca ng xon c th c hnh 56a. Ty theo chiu ca ng xon
c m c thch anh quay tri v thch anh quay phi. Cn trong
tridimit, cc nguyn t Si chim v tr ca cc nguyn t S v Zn trong
mng li vuazit (56b) v trong cristobalit, cc nguyn t Si chim v tr
ca cc nguyn t S v Zn trong mng li sphalerit (56c), lin kt gia


40
cc nguyn t Si vi nhau u c thc hin qua nguyn t O.

T khi ca thch anh l 2,56, ca tridimit l 2,3 v ca cristobalit l
2,2. S khc nhau gia dng v ca mi dng th hnh l do s
quay mt t ca cc t din i vi nhau nhng cch sp xp chung ca
cc t din khng bin i. Do vy chng ta c th hiu d dng ti sao
s bin i gia cc dng v xy ra nhanh chng v nhit thp
hn so vi s bin i t dng a hnh ny sang dng a hnh kia,
trng hp th nht khng i hi s ph v kin kt cn trng hp
th 2 i hi s ph v v xy dng li tt c cc lin kt. V qu trnh
bin i t dng a hnh ny sang dng a hnh khc ca silic ioxit xy
ra chm v cn nng lng hot ha cao cho nn thch anh, tridimit v
cristobalit u tn ti trong thin nhin mc d nhit thng ch
c thch anh l bn nht v cc dng tinh th khc ch l bn gi.
Ngoi ba dng tinh th a hnh trn, trong thin nhin cn c
mt s dng khc na ca silic ioxit c kin trc vi tinh th. Mt trong
nhng dng c s dng trong thc t l m no. M no l cht
rn trong sut, gm c nhng vng c mu sc khc nhau v rt cng.
M no thng c dng lm ci, chy nghin nhng vt liu cng
v lm trang tr.
Opan l mt loi qu khng c kin trc tinh th. N gm nhng
ht cu SiO
2
lin kt vi nhau to nn nhng l trng cha kh, nc
hay hi nc. Do cha cc tp cht, opan c cc mu khc nhau: vng,
nu, , lc, en. Dng m c c mu trng sa nn khong vt ny
c gi l opan (opal ting anh c ngha l mu trng c).

41
Gn y ngi ta ch to c 2 dng tinh th mi ca silic ioxit
nng hn thch anh l coesit (c to nn p sut 3500 atm v nhit
250
o
C) v stishovit (c to nn p sut 120 000 atm v 1300
o
C.
Hai dng ny v sau mi c pht hin ra cc thin thch. Khi ung
nng 1200
o
C (Coesit) v 400
o
C (stishovit), chng bin thnh silic ioxit
dng bnh thng.
Khi ngui chm silic ioxit nng chy hoc khi un nng bt k
dng no ca silic ioxit n nhit ha mm, thu c mt vt liu v
nh hnh ging nh thy tinh. Nhng vt liu dng thy tinh nh vy, v
mt s mt ging vi cht rn v v mt s mt ging vi cht lng.
nhit kh thp, chng hn nh nhit thng, vt liu dng thy
tinh to nn khi rn c hnh dng xc nh, i khi c bn c hc
cao, cng ln... Nhng nhit cao hn, vt liu dng thy tinh c
tnh cht ging nh mt cht lng chm ng c nht rt ln. Khc
vi dng tinh th, cht dng thy tinh c tnh ng hng v khng nng
chy nhit khng i v ha mm nhit thp hn nhiu so vi
khi chy lng ra. Thch anh nng chy 1600 1670
o
C. Nhit nng
chy ca n khng th xc nh c v c s bin ha mt phn sang
nhng dng th hnh khc vi t l khc nhau ty theo iu kin bn
ngoi.
Thch anh tinh khit nht gp trong thin nhin gm nhng tinh th
trong sut khng mu c gi l pha l thin nhin. Khi c ln tp cht,
thch anh c cc mu khc
nhau: hng, tm, nu, lc.
Nhng dng ny c gi l
qu.
Nhng tinh th nh ca
thch anh c dng trong
nhng u c my thu thanh
v my quay a. Khi kim lt
tren a ht, kim s truyn cc
dao ng c hc (gy nn bi
nhng du vt trn a) n
tinh th thch anh. Tinh th c
tnh p in nn bin c nhng dao ng c hc thnh dao ng
in, nhng dao ng in nng nh mt s in nng c truyn
n loa phng thanh.
II. Tnh cht ha hc


42
V mt ha hc, silic ioxit rt tr, n khng tc dng vi oxi, brom,
clo, axit k c khi un nng. N ch tc dng vi F
2
v HF iu kin
thng, ngoi ra cn tan trong kim hay cacbonat kim loi kim nng
chy:
SiO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
SiO
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2

Nhng phn ng ny cng xy ra chm trong dung dch khi un
si silic ioxit dng bt mn.
III. Trng thi thin nhin, iu ch, ng dng
Thch anh thuc loi khong vt ln v rt ph bin. Ngi ta
thng gp nhng tinh th thch anh ln v pht trin rt hon ho. C
tinh th nng n 70 tn. Tinh th thch anh tinh khit c dng lm
thu knh v lng knh. quaezit v ct l loi thch anh km tinh khit
hn. Ct thch anh l sn phm ch yu ca s phn hy cc nham
thch di tc dng lu i ca kh CO
2
v nc. Lng ct rt ln
c dng lm vt liu xy dng cng vi vi v xi mng. Ngoi ra ct
cng l nguyn liu lm xi mng. Ct thch anh tinh khit c dng
ch thy tinh, s. Dc theo b bin min trung nc ta c rt nhiu
loi ct trng ny nu thy tinh.
Trong phng th nghim, ngoi nhng dng c bng thy tinh ngi
ta cn dng nhng dng c nh chn, bt, ng th, ng, thuyn lm
bng thch anh (hay cn gi l thy tinh thch anh). u im ca thy
tinh thch anh l c h s dn n rt b v hu nh khng thay i theo
nhit nn chu c s thay i nhit t ngt. Loi thy tinh ny
hu nh khng ngn gi tia t ngoi nn c dng trong cc my pht
tia t ngoi.
Trc y vi chc nm, 80 85% nhu cu v thch anh c tha
mn bng ngun thin nhin, ngy nay 80% nhu cu l thch anh
iu ch nhn to. Nhng n tinh th ln ca thch anh tinh khit c
iu ch bng cch nui nhn to.
Si cp quang hay cn gi l si quang hc c lm bng thy
tinh thch anh rt tinh khit. Nhng tp cht nh canxi v st ch chim
di mt phn chc t. Loi thy tinh ny c iu ch bng tc dng
trong pha kh ca O
2
v SiCl
4
ht sc tinh khit. si cp quang c th
truyn nh sng v cc dng nng lng khc i rt xa m cng

43
khng gim, ngi ta m si thy tinh thch anh bng mng mng
silicon hay polime hu c c ch s khc x b n mc khng cho nh
sng thot ra. Si cp quang c dng truyn chng trnh truyn
hnh, tn hiu in thoi v tn hiu my tnh. Mt cp si cp quang
mnh bng si tc ngi c th truyn c 10 000 cuc ni chuyn
in thoi trong mt lc. Trong cc my ni soi bnh vin, cc bc s
c th qan st pha bn trong ca cc c quan con ngi nh nh sng
truyn bng cp quang. Nhng thit b tng t c nhng b si cp
quang c k s dng kim tra l phn ng ht nhn v ng c
my bay.
trong phng th nghim, silic ioxit v nh hnh dng bt
trng c th iu ch bng cch nung nng kt ta axit silixic.
Axit Silixic
Cu to phn t ca axit silixic cha c xc nh. N c th ng
vi 2 cng thc: H
2
SiO
4
(axit orthosilixic) v H
2
SiO
3
(axit metasilixic).
Trc kia ngi ta thng hay dng cng thc th hai v n ging vi
cng thc ca axit cacbonic. Thc ra cng thc l khng ng tin cy
v thc t khng tn ti ion n gin SiO
3
2-
m ngc li on SiO
4
4-
rt
ph bin. Ngoi ra trong mi hp cht ca silic vi oxi, silic lun lun c
s phi tr bng 4 ch khng phi 3. Bi vy c l ngy nay cng thc
H
4
SiO
4
ng tin cy hn.
Axit silixic c th tn ti di dng n phn t do H
4
SiO
4
trong
dung dch, nhng phn t d ngng t vi nhau mt bt nc to
thnh nhng ht ln hn ca dung dch keo (sol):

Dung dch keo ca axit silixic l mt hp cht lng trong sut c
bit, dng knh hin vi cng khng th pht hin c ht keo. Nhng
dung dch ny ch tn ti trong mt thi gian nht nh v trong phn
ng ngng t vn tip din. Nhng nhm OH

nm gia cc mch c
th tng tc vi nhau to nn nhng phn t 3 chiu ln hn, cha
t nc hn v c mch nhnh. Khi kch thc ca nhng ht keo vt


44
qu mt gii hn no , dung dch keo ng t. Ty theo nhng iu
kin xy ra ca qu trnh ng t , axit silixic hoc lng xung di
dng kt ta th, khng tan, c cng thc chung l SiO
2
.nH
2
O hoc ng
li thnh khi trng ging nh thch gi l gel. Qu trnh ngng t trn
y tip tc xy ra cho n khi to nn sn phm cui cng l SiO
2
v
nh hnh.
Gel axit silixic sau khi c sy kh trong khng kh, tr thnh
mt vt liu xp gi l silicagel. Do c tng b mt trong rt ln, silicagel
c kh nng hp ph ln. Nghin cu mt silicagel c thnh phn
SiO
2
.nH
2
O bng phng php ph hng ngoi, nhn thy 19% hm
lng H
2
O trong lin kt ha hc cn 80% na trng tha c
hp ph. Trong thc t ngi ta dng silicagel ht m, lm kh cc
kh v ko cc cht d bay hi ra khi cc kh. Nhng ht silicagel ht
m c sy kh dng li.
Axit silixic l axit rt yu, hng s phn li nc th nht vo khong
10
-10
. Bi vy axit rt d to nn khi cho mui natri silicat tc dng vi
axit, k c axit rt yu nh axit cacbonic, hoc khi thy phn hp cht
ca silic nh SiH
4
, SiCl
4
.
c thm: Silan
Trong th nghim iu ch silic v nh hnh nu ly tha magia th
khi ch ha hn hp sn phm ca phn ng vi dung dch HCl ngi ta
s nghe nhng ting n lp p v thy khi trng bay ln. Hin tng
c gii thch nh sau: magia d tc dng vi silic to thnh
magie silixua ri magie silixua tc dng vi axit gii phng mt hn hp
kh gi l silan. Hn hp silan t bc chy trong khng kh to thnh
khi trng v t chy kh hidro sinh ra bi tng tc ca magie vi axit
m gy ra ting n.
Silan l dy hp cht hidro silixua c cu to phn t tng t
nhng hidro cacbua dy metan. Chng c cng thc chung l Si
n
H
2n+2
.
Hin nay ngi ta bit c nhng silan sau y: monosilan (SiH
4
),
isilan (Si
2
H
6
), trisilan (Si
3
H
8
), tetrasilan (Si
4
H
10
), pentasilan (Si
6
H
14
),
trong bit k hn ht l bn silan u.
Tt c cc silan u khng c mu, c mi c trng v rt c.
Chng khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung mi hu c. Nhit
nng chay v nhit si ca chng tng ln theo khi lng phn t.
Di y l nhit nng chy v nhit si ca 4 silan u:

45
SiH
4
Si
2
H
6
Si
3
H
8
Si
4
H
10

t
o
nc (
o
C) -185 -129 -117 -91
t
o
s (
o
C) -112 -14 53 107
Do nng lng ca cc lin kt Si Si v Si H b hn nng lng
ca cc lin kt
C C v C H, cc silan km bn vi nhit v hot ng hn nhiu v
mt ha hc so vi hidro cacbua no. V nhng mt ny, silan ging vi
boran.
Khi ung nng trng iu kin thiu khng kh, SiH
4
phn hy thnh
Si v H
2
400
o
C, Si
2
H
6
phn hy 300
o
C v cc silan khc phn hy
cn d dng hn.
Cc silan t bc chy v gy n trong khng kh, ring monosilan
ch bc chy trong oxi tinh khit. Phn ng chy ca silan tng t nh
phn ng chy ca hidro cacbua, ngha l to nn SiO
2
, H
2
O v pht ra
nhiu nhit.
V d:
SiH
4
+ 2O
2
SiO
2
+ 2H
2
O H
o
=-1288 kJ
Silan khng tng tc vi nc v axit, nhng trong nc c du
vt ca ion OH
-
, silan b thy phn to thnh SiO
2
v H
2
ging nh boran.
V d:
Si
2
H
6
+ (4+2n)H
2
O 2SiO
2
.nH
2
O + 3H
2

Silan l cht kh mnh, nhng cht oxi ha chuyn silan thnh SiO
2

v H
2
O. nhit thng, silan tng tc mnh lit vi halogen v gy
n. Halogen c th th ln lt hidro trong silan to thnh nhng dn
xut th ca silan halogenua ging nh phn ng th hidro bng halogen
trong hidro cacbua no, khi c mt AlCl
3
hay cht xc tc, HCl c th tc
dng vi Silan to nn nhng dn xut th:
SiH
4
+ HCl SiH
3
Cl + H
2

Ngi ta bit c nhiu dn xut th khc nhau ca silan, trong
c nghin cu nhiu nht l dn xut th cha nhm SiH
3
-
, v d
nh SiH
3
HS, SiH
3
CN, SiH
3
NCS, ...


46
Hn hp silan c iu ch bng cch cho magie silixua tc dng
vi dung dch axit sunfuric long.
V d:
Mg
2
Si + 2H
2
SO
4
SiH
4
+ 2MgSO
4

Vi hiu sut ca phn ng l 25%, tng tc ca Mg
2
Si v H
2
SO
4

cho mt hn hp c thnh phn gn ng l 40% SiH
4
, 30% Si
2
H
6
, 15%
Si
3
H
8
, 10% Si
4
H
10
, 5% Si
5
H
12
v Si
6
H
14
.
nng cao hn na hiu sut ca phn ng, cho Mg
2
Si tng tc
vi NH
4
Cl trong amoniac lng
V d:
Mg
2
Si + 4NH
4
Cl SiH
4
+ 2MgSO
4

tch ring tng silan mt, ngi ta ha lng hn hp silan thu
c bng khng kh lng ri chng ct phn on trong chn khng,
trong iu kin khng c khng kh v hi nc hoc dng phng php
sc k kh lng.




47

Nhm VA bao gm nhng nguyn t: Nit (N), photpho (P), Asen
(As), Atimon (Sb) v Bitmut (Bi). Di y l mt s c im ca nguyn
t ca chng (Bng 27).
Bng 27: Mt s c im ca nguyn t nguyn t nhm VA
Nguyn
t
S th t nguyn
t
Cu hnh electron
Nng lng Ion ha, eV m in
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5

N
P
As
Sb
Bi
7
15
33
51
83
[He]2s
2
2p
3
[Ne]3s
2
3p
3

[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
4p
3

[Kr]4d
10
5s
2
5p
3

[Rn]4f
14
5d
10
6s
2
6p
3

14.5
10.9
10.5
8.5
8.0
29.6
19.6
20.1
18.0
16.6
47.4
30.0
28.0
24.7
25.4
77.4
51.6
49.9
44.0
45.1
97.8
65.0
62.5
55.5
55.7
3.0
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.9
Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm VA c lp Electron ha tr l
ns
2
np
3
. t c cu hnh Electron bn ca nguyn t kh him ng
sau, nguyn t Nit c kh nng kt hp thm ba electron ca nhng kim
loi hot ng to nn ion N
3-
; i vi cc nguyn t khc, nit v nhng
nguyn t cng nhm to nn nhng cp electron v cho nhng hp cht
trong chng c s oxi ha +3 hoc -3. Hai electron cn li thng to
nn lin kt cho nhn vi nhng nguyn t c m in ln. Khc vi
nit, cc nguyn t P, As, Sb v Bi v c obitan d trng nn cn c kh
nng to nn hai lin kt cng ha tr na. Nh vy s i ha cao nht ca
cc nguyn t nhm VA l +5. y l s oxi ha c bit quan trng i
vi cc hp cht c cha oxi.
Mt khc do nng lng ion ha cao, cc nguyn t nhm VA kh
mt electron bin thnh cation. Thc vy khng c ion mang in tch +5,
ch Sb v Bi c th cho cation c in tch 3+.


48
Nh trong nhm IV, s bin i tnh cht cu cc nguyn t trong
nhm ny cng xy ratuaanf t t N n Bi. Nit v photpho l nhng
nguyn t khng kim loi in hnh, bitmut l kim loi r rt, cn asen v
atimon dng n cht v dng hp cht u c tnh cht va ca kim
loi va ca khng kim loi, ngha l chung l nguyn t na kim loi.
T nit n bitmut, tnh axit ca cc oxit gim xung cn tnh baz tng
ln, bn ca s oxi ha +3 tng ln cn bn ca s oxi ha +5 ni
chung gim xung.
Ging nh trong nhm IV A, nit c kh nng to thnh lin kt cho
kiu pp, ngha l to nn lin kt bi ging nh cacbon, cn cc nguyn
t P, As, Sb v Bi khng c kh nng to nn lin kt kiu m c th
to thnh lin kt cho kiu pd nh nhng obitan d trng ca chng.
Bi vy nit tn ti dng phn t N
2
vi lin kt 3 NN, cn cc nguyn
t khc dng phn t E
4
vi nhng lin kt n E E ( y E l P, As,
Sb v Bi). Nit cn to nn nhng lin kt bi vi C trong C N v O
trong N O.
Kh nng to mch E E l khngc trng i vi nit nhng rt
thng c cc nguyn t cn li ca nhm di dng n cht v hp
cht; kh nng gim xung nhanh t P n Sb. Ngi ta gii thch iu
ny bng s bin i nng lng ca lin kt n: N N 169; P P
214.6; As As 133.3; Sb Sb 126.3 v Bi Bi 104.6 kJ/mol.
Nh trong nhm IVA, s phi tr ca cc nguyn t nhm VA tng ln
t N n Bi. Nit to nn anion Sb(OH)
6
-
. Nhng s phi tr cao ca P, As,
Sb c th c lm bn thm nh kh nng to thnh ln kt cho kiu
pd ca cc nguyn t .
Nit
1. Cu to phn t
Nit thin nhin l hn hp ca hai ng v
14
N v
15
N vi t l 272:1.
ng v
15
N thng c dng trong phng php nh du nguyn t
v c th a vo axit nitric vi t l l 99.8%. Axit nitric H
15
NO
3
l cht
u iu ch nn bt c hp cht no ca nit nh du.
Nit tn ti trong thin nhin ch yu di dng phn t hai nguyn
t N
2
.
Phn t c cu hnh electron:

49
* 2 * 2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
lk lk
s x z y
o o o t
Ngha l trong phn t c mt lin kt ba:
:N N :
Lin kt ba c nng lng l 942 kJ/mol v di l 1.095.
Nng lng lin kt rt ln gii thch tnh tr ca phn t N
2
v
gii thch ti sao a s hp cht n gin ca nit, mc d trong c lin
kt bn, u l hp cht thu nhit.
So snh nng lng (kJ/mol) ca cc lin kt sau y:
C C 348 N N 169
C = C 635 N = N 409
C C 830 N N 945
Ta nhn thy lin kt ba N N bn gp su ln lin kt n N N,
trong khi lin kt ba C C ch bn gp 2.5 ln lin kt n C C. Cho
nn nit c bit tr hn nhiu so vi axetilen c lin kt ba C C -.
Chng hn nit khng c kh nng tham gia phn ng kt hp nh
axetilen.
2. Tnh cht vt l
Nh nhn xt trc y, N
2
c tng s electron, khi lng v cu
to phn t ging nh CO nn nhiu tnh cht l ha hc ca chng kh
ging nhau. Tuy nhin v CO l phn t c cc cn N
2
l phn t khng c
cc nn CO l cht cho electron cn N
2
hu nh khng c kh nng .
Nit l mt kh khng mu, khng v v hi nh hn khng kh. N
khng duy tr s sng, chnh mt tn gi khc ca n l azot ting Hy Lp
c ngha l khng duy tr s sng. N rt kh ha lng (ns. L -195.8
o
C)
v kh ha rn (nnc. l -210
o
C). Do c nhit si rt thp, nit ha lng
c s dng trong cng nghip v phng th nghim to ra nhit
rt thp. Nit rt t tan trong nc (100ml nc 0
o
C ha tan 2.35ml kh
nit) v cc dung mi khc.
C nng lng lin kt rt ln, phn t N
2
rt bn vi nhit, 3000
o
C
cha phn hy r rt thnh nguyn t. Chnh cng v vy nit phn t
nhit thng l mt trong nhng cht tr nht nhng nhit cao,
n tr nn hot ng hn, nht l khi c xc tc.


50
3. Tnh cht ha hc
nhit thng, nit ch c th tng tc vi liti kim loi to thnh
nitrua:
6Li + N
2
= 2Li
3
N
nhit thng, nit c ng ha trc tip bi mt s vi sinh
vt, v d nh azotobacte c nhiu trong t c cy xi v t cha
nhiu mn. Mt s vi khun sng trong nt sn ca r cy h u.
Di tc dng ca cc vi khun, lng nit ng ha c ca t hng
nm tng ln n 48kg/ha; nu t c trng cy h u th lng
t n 200kg/ha.
nhit cao, nit c th tng tc vi hiro, oxi, mt s kim loi v
mt s t hp cht.
Li dng hot tnh km ca nit, ngi ta thng dng nit lm
kh quyn tr trong luyn kim, cng nghip in t v cng nghip thc
phm.
Mt dng c bit ca nit, gi l nit hot ng, c to nn khi
phng in mng qua kh nit di p sut thp. S phng in cho
mt kh mu vng c th tn ti trong vi gi sau khi ngng phng
in. Nit hot ng gm nhng nguyn t N trng thi c bn, chng
ch kt hp li rt chm to thnh phn t N
2
trng thi spin cao c
kch ng. Trng thi ny pht ra bc x mu vng khi tr v trng thi c
bn. Nit hot ng tng tc d dng vi nhiu nguyn t kim loi (Hg,
As, Zn, Cd, Na) v nguyn t khng kim loi (P, S) to nn nitrua. Mt vi
kim loi nh ng v vng khng to thnh nitrua m xc tc cho qu trnh
chuyn nit hot ng v nit phn t. Nitrua ca kim loi hot ng l
nitrua ion, chng b thy phn mnh. Nitrua ca mt s nguyn t khng-
kim loi v d nh BN, Si
3
N
4
l nitrua cng ha tr, chng bn vi nc v
axit nhit thng.
4. Trng thi thin nhin v phng php iu ch
Nit chim 78.09% th tch ca khng kh, mt cch gn ng c th
coi th tch khng kh gm c bn phn N
2
v mt phn O
2. Mt
khong vt
c cha nit l dim tiu natri (NaNO
3
). Nit c trong mi sinh vt di
dng hp cht hu c phc tp nh protein, axit nucleic, mt s sinh t v
kch thch t, cht mu ca mu, clorophin.v.v. Nit l mt trong nhng
nguyn t dinh dng chnh i vi thc vt, bi vy nhng lng ln

51
hp cht ca nit c thng xuyn cung cp cho t di dng phn
m nui cy trng. Trong nc ma c mt lng nh axit nitr
(HNO
2
), c to nn nn do hin tng phng in trong kh quyn.
Nit c Rzpho (1749 - 1819) pht hin nm 1772. Cng
trong thi gian nit c cc ng Cavendis ( Anh) v Dil (C.
Sheele, 1742 - 1786, Thu in) c lp vi nhau v tch ra nghin
cu.
Mt lng rt ln nit c sn xut dng tng hp amoniac
(NH
3
) v t hp cht ny ngi ta iu ch ra cc loi phn m, axit
nitric, thuc n, v.v...
Trong cng nghip, nit tinh khit c iu ch bng cch nhit
phn dung dch bo ho mui amoni nitric theo phn ng:
NH
4
NO
2
= N
2
+ 2H
2
O
C th thay th NH
4
NO
2
bng hn hp mui NH
4
Cl v NaNO
2.
Nit rt tinh khit iu ch c khi nhit phn mui natri azit theo
phn ng:
2NaN
3
= 2Na + 3N
2

Amoniac
1. Cu to phn t
Cu to phn t. Phn t amoniac c cu to hnh chp m y l mt tam gic u:



52
Trong mguyn t nit nh ca hnh chp, ba nguyn t hiro cc nh ca y
tam gic u. Gc HNH bng 107
o
. Lin kt N H c di l 1,014 v nng lng trung
bnh l 385kJ/mol.
Phn t NH
3
c cu hnh electron trng thi c bn l :
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
lk lk lk
s x y z
o o o o , ph hp
vi cng thc cu to:

Do c cu to nh vy amoniac l phn t c cc tnh ln, momen lng cc = 1.48D
(so vi 1.86D ca H
2
O).
2. Tnh cht l hc.
Amoniac l mt kh khng mu, mi khai v xc, nh hn khng kh. N c nhit nng
chy l -77,75
o
C v nhit si l -33,35
o
C. L phn t c cc, amoniac tan rt d trong
nc, 1 lt nc 0
o
C ho tan 1200l kh NH
3
, 20
o
C l 700l NH
3
. Hin tng tan nhiu ca
NH
3
trong nc c gii thch bng s to thnh lin kt hiro gia phn t NH
3
v phn
t H
2
O. Dung dc amoniac m c bn trn th trng thng c nng 25% (v khi
lng) v t khi 0,91.
Do c cc tnh ln, nhng phn t amoniac c kh nng kt hp vi nhau nh lin kt
hiro cho nn nhit nng chy, nhit si v nhit ho hi ca n (22,82kJ/mol) qu cao
so vi nhng hp cht tng t.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
Amoniac lng c hng s in mi tng i ln nn l mt dung mi ion ho tt i vi
nhiu cht. Cng nh nc, amoniac lng t nhin phn li theo qu trnh:
2NH
3
NH
4
+
+ NH
2
-
Hng s in li rt b, tch s ion ca amoniac lng -50
o
C: K
-50
o
C
= C
NH4
+ .C
NH2
-=2.10
-33
.
Tng t vi nc, nhng cht no khi tan trong amoniac lng m lm tng nng NH
4
+
l
axit v lm tng nng NH
2
-
l baz. V d nh trong amoniac lng NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
l axit
mnh v KNH
2
, Ba(NH
2
)
2
l baz. Phn ng trung ho gia axit v baz trong amoniac lng
l:
KNH
2
+ NH
4
Cl = KCl + 2NH
3
Nhng tnh cht nh Zn(NH
2
)
2,
Al(NH
2
)
3
va tan trong axit va tan trong baz s l cht
lng tnh.
V d:
Zn(NH
2
)
2
+ 2NH
4
Cl = [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]Cl
2

53
Zn(NH
2
)
2
+ 2KNH
2
= K
2
[Zn(NH
2
)
4
]
Li dng tnh tan khc nhau ca cc mui trong amoniac v trong nc, i khi ngi
ta c th lm o ngc nhng phn ng trao i ion thng thy. V d nh cn bng ca
phn ng:
2AgNO
3
+ BaBr
2
2AgBr + Ba(NO
3
)
2
trong nc chuyn dch thc t hon ton sang bn phi (v AgBr rt t tan trong nc) v
trong amoniac lng, sang bn tri (v BaBr
2
rt t tan trong amoniaclng).
Amomiac lng c kh nng ho tan cc kim loi kim v kim th to nn dung dch c
mu lam thm.
Khi tan trong nc, amoniac kt hp vi ion H
+
ca nc to thnh ion NH
4
+
v dung dch
tr nn c tnh baz:
NH
3
+ H
+
= NH
4
+
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-

V phn ng tng qut c th vit l:
NH
3
(dd) + H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-

Hng s phn li ca NH
3
trong dung dch 25
o
C l:
4
3
5
(dd)
.
1,8.10
NH OH
NH
C C
K
C
+

= =

Nh vy dung dch amoniac trong nc l mt baz yu. Trc y ngi ta gn tnh
baz cho phn t NH
4
OH l sn phm kt hp ca NH
3
vi H
2
O nhng thc ra khng c
nhng bng chng chng minh s tn ti ca phn t . Kho st nhit ho rn ca
dung dch amoniac, nhn thy trong dung dch c ba hirat bn nhit thp l
2NH
3
.H
2
O (nnc. l -78,8
o
C), NH
3
.H
2
O (nnc. l -79
o
C), v NH
3
.2H
2
O (nnc. l -98
o
C). Trong
cc hirat , phn t NH
3
lin kt vi phn t H
2
O bng lin kt hiro ch khng c cc ion
NH
4
+
, OH
-
v phn t NH
4
OH.
Khi thm axit mnh nh HCl, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
vo dung dch amoniac, cn bng trn y
chuyn dch hon ton sang bn phi. em c dung dch mi ny s c mui amoni nh
NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.
Kh NH
3
kt hp d dng vi kh HCl to nn mui NH
4
Cl dng khi trng:
NH
3
+ HCl = NH
4
Cl
Trong ho hc phn tch, ngi ta c th da vo phn ng ny nhn ra kh HCl.
Amoniac c th kt hp vi nhiu mui kim loi to thnh nhng amoniacat dng tinh th
nh CaCl
2
.8NH
3
, CuSO
4
.4NH
3
v.v...V s to thnh v v bn, amoniacat ging nh
hirat. Cng nh H
2
O, nh c cp electron t do, phn t NH
3
rt d to nn nhiu phc cht
bn vi ion kim loi chuyn tip.


54
Amoniac cn c tnh kh tuy khng c trng bng kh nng kt hp.
Kh amoniac c th chy khi t trong oxi cho ngn la mu vng, to nn kh nit v
nc:
4NH
3
+ 3O
2
= 2N
2
+ 6H
2
O
Khi c platin hay hp kim platin - roi lm cht xc tc 800 - 900
o
C, kh amoniac b oxi
khng kh oxi ha thnh nit oxit:
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
= 4NO + 6H
2
O
Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thi nhanh hn hp kh i qua cht xc tc. Nu cho hn
hp kh i chm qua si aming cha mui platin, phn ng xy ra khc:
2NH
3
+ 2O
2
= NH
4
NO
3
+ H
2
O
Clo v brom oxi ho mnh lit amoniac trng thi kh v trng thi dung dch.
V d:
2NH
3
+ 3Cl
2
= N
2
+ 6HCl
Flo tc dng vi kh NH
3
to thnh kh nit triflorua:
4NH
3
+ 3F
2
= NF
3
+ 3NH
4
F
Iot tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
to nn kt ta mu enc thnh phn l NI
3
.NH
3
, trng
thi kh, hp cht ny d n khi va chm nh. Cht lng NCl
3
c to nn khi kh clo tc
dng vi dung dch NH
4
Cl:
NH
4
Cl + 3Cl
2
= NCl
3
+ 4HCl
i vi cc cht oxi ho khc, amoniac bn iu kin thng. Khi un nng n kh c
oxit ca mt s kim loi.
V d:
3CuO + 3NH
3
= N
2
+ 3H
2
O +3Cu
nhit cao, nhng nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c th ln lt th bng cc
kim loi hot ng to thnh amiua (cha nhm NH
2
-
), imiua (cha nhm NH
2-
) v nitrua
(cha ion N
3-
).
V d nh kh amoniac tng tc vi kim loi natri 300
o
C to nn natri amiua v hiro:
2Na +2NH
3
= 2NaNH
2
+ H
2

Cc amiua ca kim loi kim khc cng c to nn tng t nh vy. CHng tc dng
vi nc gii phng kh NH
3
.
V d:
NaNH
2
+ H
2
O = NaOH + NH
3


55
800-900
o
C, nhm tng tc vi kh amoniac to thnh nhm nitrua v hiro:
2Al + 2NH
3
= 2AlN + 3H
2
4. Trng thi thin nhin v phng php iu ch.
trong thin nhin kh amoniac c sinh ra trong qu trnh thi ra ca cc protit trong xc
sinh vt v qu trnh phn hu ure c trong cht bi tit ca sinh vt di tc dng ca mt s
vi khun.
Kh amoniac l sn phm ph trong qu trnh sn xut than cc.
Trong cng nghip, amoniac c dng sn xut axit nitric, mui amoni, ure v soa.
Bn thn amoniac c th dng trc tip lm phn m.
Trc y amoniac c iu ch bng cch cho canxi xianamit tc dng vi hi nc
trong ni p sut:
Ca(CN)
2
+ 3H
2
O = CaCO
3
+ 2NH
3
Ngy nay ngi ta dng phng php hin i hn rt nhiu l tng hp NH
3
t cc
nguyn t c trong nhng iu kin nht nh v nhit , p sut v cht xc tc:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
H
o
= -46,2kJ/mol
S
o
= -96,3 kJ/mol.
Nit c ch bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng, hiro c ch ra t kh
than hoc kh thin nhin.
Phng thc tng hp NH
3
t nguyn t vi st l cht xc tc do Habe (F.Haber) ra
nm 1904 v c tng gii thng Noben nm 1913, cn cng ngh sn xut NH
3
c
Bos (C.Bosch) pht trin v cng c tng gii thng Noben nm 1931.
p dng quy tc pha ca Gip:
F + P = C + 2
y s cu t c lp C bng 2, s pha bng 1, nn s t do bng F = 2 + 2 1 = 3,
ngha l c th chn 3 yu t tc dng ln cn bng lm cho n chuyn dch v pha to
nn NH
3
vi hiu sut cc i. Ba yu t l: nhit , p sut chung v t l cc cht phn
ng.
V yu t nhit :
p sut 1atm, khi h t n cn bng th:
G = H - TS = 0
Gi thit H
o
v S
o
y khng bin i theo nhit , ta c:
-46.200 + T.96,3 = 0
T = 479


56
t
o
200
o
C
Trn 200
o
C, G > 0, ngha l cn bng chuyn dch sang bn tri. Nhit 200
o
C gi l
nhit nghch chuyn, tc l nhit cc i c th dng c p sut 1atm. Nhng
nhit mt mt lm chuyn dch cn bng, mt khc lm bin i tc phn ng, tc l
tc t n cn bng. 200
o
C hoc nhit thp hn, tc t n cn bng l rt
b.
vt kh khn ny ngi ta phi dng cht xc tc, y l st kim loi c hot ho
bng hn hp Al
2
O
3
v K
2
O. trnh gy nhim c cht xc tc, cn phi tinh ch kh H
2

trc khi a vo tng hp.
V yu t p sut:
p sut cng tng, cn bng cng chuyn dch sang bn phi.
Ngi ta tnh c rng p sut 300atm, qu trnh tng hp tin hnh c 450
o
C.
Thc t qu trnh tng hp c thc hin nhit 400 - 600
o
C v di p sut 200 -
1000atm. Nh my phn m H Bc tng hp NH
3
p sut 320atm v nhit 500
o
C.
Trong t hp kh - in - m Ph M ( B Ra - Vng Tu) c nh my phn m Ph M
xy dng xong.
V yu t t l ca cc cht phn ng:
Ngi ta tnh c rng p sut to thnh NH
3
l cc i khi t l ca N
2
vah H
2
c
ly ng bng t l cc h s ca chng trong phng trnh phn ng, ngha l bng 1/3.
Trong nhng iu kin thch hp nh trn, hiu sut chuyn ho NH
3
cng ch ti 20 -
30%. Ho lng amoniac v a hn hp kh N
2
v H
2
tr li chu trnh sn xut. S ca cc
thit b tng hp amoniac c trnh by trn hnh 64 (trang 203). Amoniac lng thu c c
tinh khit 99,9%.
Ngy nay do k thut p sut cao c pht trin ngi ta c th tng hp NH
3
t cc
nguyn t nhit 850
o
C v di p sut 4500atm vi hiu sut ca phn ng l 97% m
khng cn xc tc.
Song song vi nhng hng pht trin , mt hng khc ang c nghin cu l tm
phng php tng hp amoniac trong nhng iu kin nh nhng nh ca thin nhin. V d
to nn nhng phc cht c kh nng kt hp vi nit phn t ca kh quyn ri thu phn
nhng sn phm kt hp ny gii phng kh amoniac.
Trong phng th nghim, kh amoniac c th iu ch bng cch un si dung dch m
c ca amoniac hoc cho vi bt tc dng vi mui amoni.
V d:
2NH
4
Cl + Ca(OH)
2
= 2NH
3
+ CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
lm kh kh NH
3
, cho kh i qua KOH rn hoc CaO mi nung.


57
Mui amoni v gc amoni t do
Ion amoni NH
4
+
c cu to hnh t din u vi bn nguyn t H nh v nguyn t nit
trung tm:

Ion amoni c bn knh l 1,43, gn tng ng vi cc ion kim loi Rb
+
= 1,48 v K
+
=
1,44. Do mui amoni ging vi cc kim loi kim. Mui amoni cng ng hnh vi mui
kim loi kim. Chng thng c kin trc kiu NaCl hay kiu CsCl. Hu ht mui amoni u
d tan v phn li mnh trong nc. Axit cloroplatinic u to nn mui tan t vi cc ion kim
loi kim cng nh vi ion NH
4
+
.
Ch khc vi mui kim loi kim l mui amoni b thu phn trong dung dch cho mi
trng axit:
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
, K = 5,5.10
-10

C nhng mui b thu phn hon ton, v d nh (NH
4
)
2
S.
Cc mui amoni cn khc vi mui kim loi kim l u km bn vi nhit. Tu thuc vo
bn cht ca axit to nn mui, phn ng nhit phn ca mui amoni xy ra mt cch khc
nhau.
Mui ca axit c tnh oxi ho nh nhng axit nitr (HNO
2
), axit nitric (HNO
3
) khi c un
nng, axit c gii phng s b oxi ho NH
3
thnh N
2
hay oxit ca nit.
NH
4
NO
2
= N
2
+ 2H
2
O
NH
4
NO
3
= N
2
O + 2H
2
O
Hp cht ca nito vi oxi: Cc oxit
v oxiaxit
Nit to ra nhiu hp cht trong nito c s oxh t +1 n +5
inito oxit (N
2
O)
L cht kh khng mu, c mi d chu, v ngt, tan trong nc nhng
khng to axit no, n c kh nng oxi ha tng t nh oxi nguyn cht:
mt que dim gn tt bng chy trong N
2
O. N c tc dng gy m, lm gim


58
bt cm gic au n nn c dng lm cht gy m trong cc phu thut
nh nh nh rng, n c tc dng kch thch gy ci nn cn gi l kh ci
Ngi ta iu ch N
2
O bng cch un cn thn NH
4
NO
3

250
4 3 2 2
2
o
C
NH NO N O H O +
Nito oxit (NO)
Trong phn t NO c tng cng 11 electron ha tr cho nn c hai
nguyn t trong phn t khng th cng c 8 electron.
V m in ca nito nh hn oxi nn xung quanh nguyn t oxi c 8
electron, cn electron l gn nito hn.
Trong phng th nghim, NO c iu ch bng cch cho ng tc
dng vi axit nitric long:
3 3 2 2
3 8 3 ( ) 2 4 Cu HNO Cu NO NO H O + + +
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch kh NO bng cch oxi ha NH
3
c
xc tc Pt
,
3 2 2
4 5 4 6
o
Pt t
NH O NO H O + +
y l phn ng quan trng iu ch NO, mt hp cht quan trng
trong qu trnh sn xut axit nitric.
Nito oxit l mt kh khng mu, t tan, khng to axit, tnh cht ha hc
c trng ca n l phn ng vi oxi nhit thng to ra nito ioxit
2 2
2 2 NO O NO +
Kh NO cng l mt trong nhng kh c tc ng khng tt ti mi
trng.
Nito ioxit (NO
2
)
Phn t NO
2
c cu trc gc, trong phn t c s electron l.
Nito ioxit c iu ch trong phng th nghim bng cch cho ng
tc dng vi axit nitric c nng.
3 3 2 2 2
4 ( ) 2 2 HNO Cu Cu NO NO H O + + +
Nito ioxit l mt kh mu nu, rt c

59
V trong phn t, electron l ch yu thuc v nito nn hai phn t NO
2

c th trng hp thnh O
2
N NO
2

Khi tan trong nc n to thnh axit nitric v kh nito oxit
2 2 3
3 2 NO H O NO HNO + +
Nito ioxit c ngng t thnh N
2
O
4
, l cht t tn la. Mc khc, n
cng l th phm gy nhim khng kh
inito terraoxit (N
2
O
4
)
Khc vi NO
2
, phn t N
2
O
4
khng c mu v l nghch t.
Nh bit, hn hp hai oxit NO
2
v N
2
O
4
cn bng vi nhau:
2NO
2
N
2
O
4
H = -61.5kJ
v cn bng ph thuc mnh vo nhit .
trng thi rn, oxit tn ti hon ton di dng phn t N
2
O
4
; trng
thi lng, N
2
O
4
phn li mt phn: nhit nng chy (-11,2
o
C) cht lng
cha 0,01% NO
2
v c mu vng nht, nhit si (21,15
o
C) cht lng
cha 0,1% NO
2
v c mu nu . 100
o
C, hi cha n 90% NO
2
v n
140
o
C N
2
O
4
phn li hon ton.
150
o
C kh NO
2
phn hy r rt theo phn ng:
2NO
2
= 2NO + O
2

v 600
o
C phn hy hon ton. Bi vy than, lu hunh v photpho c th
chy tip tc trong kh NO
2
.
Cc oxit NO
2
v N
2
O
4
tng tc vi nc to thnh axit nitr v axit
nitric:
2NO
2
+ H
2
O = HNO
2
+ HNO
3

cho nn n tng tc vi dung dch kim to thnh mui nitrit v mui nitrat:
2NO
2
+ 2NaOH = NaNO
2
+ NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
Nh vy cc oxit NO
2
v N
2
O
4
c th coi l mt anhirit hn hp ca
axit nitr v axit nitric.
Kh NO
2
va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh.
N c th tng tc vi mt s nguyn t khng kim loi, hiro v kim
loi.


60
V d:
Cl
2
+ 2NO
2
= 2NO
2
Cl (nitroni clorua)
7H
2
+ 2NO
2
= 2NH
3
+ 4H
2
O
2Cu + NO
2
= Cu
2
O + NO
N oxi ha CO thnh CO
2
, SO
2
thnh SO
3
:
CO + NO
2
= CO
2
+ NO
SO
2
+ NO
2
= SO
3
+ NO
N gy n vi hi ca cc hp cht hu c.
Nhng vi nhng cht oxi ha mnh, NO
2
th hin tnh kh:
O
3
+ 2NO
2
= N
2
O
5
+ O
2

H
2
O
2
+ 2NO
2
= 2HNO
3
Mt khc tuy khng phi l dung mi tt v c hng s in mi b ( =
2,47), N
2
O
4
lng c kh nng ha tan mt s cht nh tng tc vi nhng
cht . N ha tan hiro cacbua, ru, ete v nhng hp cht hu c khc.
N tng tc vi mt s kim loi, mui clorua, clorat:
M + N
2
O
4
= MNO
3
+ NO ( y M l kim loi kim, bc)
M + 2N
2
O
4
= M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO ( y M l ng, ch)
KCl + N
2
O
4
= KNO
3
+ NOCl
NaClO
3
+ N
2
O
4
= NaNO
3
+ NO
2
+ ClO
2

Trong nhiu phn ng ca N
2
O
4
lng hoc dung dch ca n trong ete,
nhn thy n nh l mui nitrozoni ca axit nit ric NO
+
NO
3
-
, ngha l c th
ion ha nh sau:
N
2
O
4
NO
+
+ NO
3
-

v tng tc ca N
2
O
4
lng vi natri kim loi chng hn c th biu din l:
Na + NO
+
NO
3
-
= NO + NaNO
3

Coi hp cht nitrozoni l mt nitrat ca mt hp cht phn li rt yu l
HNO
2
(hay HONO), chng ta d dng hiu c tng tc ca N
2
O
4
vi
nc v kim.
V d:

61
NO
+
NO
3
-
+ H
2
O = HONO + HNO
3

Trong cng nghip, NO
2
l sn phm trung gian iu ch HNO
3
. N
c to nn khi cho kh NO tng tc vi oxi. Trong phng th nghim, NO
2

c th iu ch bng tng tc ca ng kim loi vi axit nitric c:
Cu + 4HNO
3
= Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Ch : Cc kh NO v NO
2
l nhng cht gy nhim mi trng
khng kh. Chng cng c tc dng bo mn tng ozon. Nhng kh ny
thng sinh ra do hot ng t nhin ca vi khun v do phn ng t chy
cc nhin liu nh than, ci, xng, du.
initr trioxit (N
2
O
3
). initr trioxit trng thi rn c mu lam nht,
nng chy -102
o
C, si -26
o
C v phn hy -10
o
C.
trng thi lng v hi, n phn hy mnh theo phn ng:
N
2
O
3
NO + NO
2

V hnh thc c th coi N
2
O
3
l mt anhirit ca axit nitr.
init pentaoxit (N
2
O
5
). trng thi kh cng nh khi tan trong dung
mi CCl
4
, init pentaoxit dng phn t.
trng thi rn, n di dng nitroni nitrat NO
2
+
NO
3
-
. Gn y ngi
ta xc nh c rng ion NO
2
+
c cu to ng thng v i xng, vi
di ca lin kt N O l 1,15 (so vi CO
2
l phn t c cng s electron
cng c cu to ng thng v i xng, vi di lin kt C O l 1,16).
Cng thc ca N
2
O
5
trng thi rn cng ph hp vi s phn li ca n
trong cc axit khan nh HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, H
3
PO
4
:
N
2
O
5
NO
2
+
+ NO
3
-

iu kin thng, init pentaoxit l cht dng tinh th trong sut,
khng mu, d chy ra trong khng kh. N nng chy 30
o
C v si 45
o
C
(c phn hy). N km bn, phn hy chm thnh NO
2
v O
2
nhit
thng:
2N
2
O
5
= 4NO
2
+ O
2

Khi un nng, n c th phn hy n. Qu trnh phn hy ca N
2
O
5

thc ra c c ch phc tp hn. Phn ng phn hy ca N
2
O
5
trong pha kh
c nghin cu rt nhiu v l phn ng cn bn m trn ngi ta
pht trin l thuyt v tc phn ng.


62
init pentaoxit l cht oxi ha mnh. Nhiu phn ng ca N
2
O
5
trong
pha kh ca n ph thuc vo s phn hy ca n thnh NO
2
v NO
3
.
L anhirit axit, init pentaoxit tan trong nc to thnh axit nitric:
N
2
O
5
+ H
2
O = 2HNO
3

Khi tc dng vi H
2
O tinh khit nhit -80
o
C, N
2
O
5
to nn axit
penitric (HNO
4
) l hp cht rt d n.
trong phng th nghim, n c th c iu ch bng cch dng
photpho pentaoxit lm mt nc ca axit nitric:
2HNO
3
+ P
2
O
5
= 2HPO
3
+ N
2
O
5

Axt ny cn c s dng trong ngnh luyn kim v tinh lc v n phn ng
vi phn ln kim loi v trong cc tng hp cht hu c. Khi kt hp vi axt
clohyric, n to thnh nc cng toan, mt trong nhng cht phn ng c
th ha tan vng v bch kim (platinum).
Axt nitric l mt thnh phn ca ma axt.
Axt Nitric l mt cht xi ha mnh, v cc phn ng ca axt nitric vi cc
hp cht nh cyanit, carbit, v bt kim loi c th gy n. Cc phn ng ca
axt nitric vi nhiu hp cht v c nh turpentine, rt mnh lit v t bc
chy.
Axt c lm cho mu da ngi chuyn qua mu vng do phn ng vi cht
protein keratin. vt mu vng ny s chuyn thnh mu cam khi c trung
ha.
Mt trong nhng ng dng ca axit nitric l mt cht th mu (colorometric
test) phn bit heroin v morphine.
Axit nitric cng c s dng trong phng th nghim trng hc tin hnh
cc th nghim lin quan n vic th clorit. Cho axit nitric tc dng vi mu
th, sau cho dung dch bc nitrat vo tm kt ta trng ca bc clorua
Axit nitric
Axit Nitric l mt hp cht ha hc c cng thc ha hc (HNO
3
), l mt
dung dch nitrat hyr (axt nitric khan). N l mt cht axt c v n mn c
th d gy chy. Axit nitric tinh khit khng mu sc cn nu lu s c
mu hi vng do s tch t ca cc xt nit. Nu mt dung dch c hn 86%
axt nitric, n c g l axt nitric bc khi. Axt nitric bc khi c c trng

63
axt nitric bc khi trng v axt nitric bc khi , ty thuc vo s lng
ixt nit hin din.
S tng hp axt nitric c ghi nhn ln u vo khong nm 800 AD bi
mt nh gi kim ngi Rp tn l Jabir ibn Hayyan.
1. Tnh cht vt l
Axt nitric khan tinh khit (100%) l mt cht lng vi t trng khong 1522
kg/m
3
ng c nhit -42 C to thnh cc tinh th trng, si nhit
83 C. Khi si trong nh sng, k c ti nhit trong phng, s xy ra mt
s phn hy mt phn vi s to ra nit ixt theo phn ng sau:
4HNO
3
2H
2
O + 4NO
2
+ O
2
(72 C)
iu ny c ngha axt nitric khan nn c ct cha nhit di 0 C
trnh b phn hy. Cht nit ixt (NO
2
) vn ha tan trong axt nitric to cho
n c mu vng, hoc nhit cao hn. Trong khi axt tinh khit c xu
hng bc khi trng khi ra khng kh, axt vi ixt nit bc khi hi c
mu nu hi cho nn mi c tn axt bc khi trng v axt bc khi
nh nu trn.
Axt nitric c th pha trn vi nc vi bt k t l no v khi chng ct to ra
mt azeotrope mt nng 68% HNO
3
v c nhit si 120,5 C ti p
sut 1 atm. C hai cht hydrat c bit n; monohydrat (HNO
3
H
2
O) v
trihydrat (HNO
3
3H
2
O).
xt nit (NO
x
) tan c trong axt nitric v c im ny nh hng t nhiu
n tt c cc c trng l tnh ph thuc vo nng ca cc xt ny, ch
yu bao gm p sut hi trn cht lng v nhit si cng nh mu sc
c cp trn. Axt nitric b phn hy khi c nhit cao hoc nh sng
vi nng tng ln m iu ny c th lm tng ln s bin i tng i
p sut hi trn b mt cht lng do cc xt nit to ra mt phn hoc ton
b trong axt.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
Axt nitric l mt monoaxt mnh, mt cht xi ha mnh c th nitrat ha
nhiu hp cht v c v l mt axt monoproton v ch c mt s phn ly.
Cc tnh cht axt
L mt axt in hnh, axt nitric phn ng vi cht kim, xt bas v
cacbonat to thnh cc mui, trong s quan trng nht l muis amoni


64
nitrat. Do tnh cht xi ha ca n, axt nitric khng (ngoi tr mt s ngoi l)
gii phng hir khi phn ng vi kim loi v to ra cc mui thng c trng
thi xi ha cao hn. V l do ny, tnh trng n mn nng c th xy ra v
cn phi bo v thch hp bng cch s dng cc kim loi hoc hp kim
chng n mn khi cha axt ny.
Axt nitric l mt axt mnh vi mt hng s cn bng axt (pK
a
) = 2: trong
dung dch nc, n hon tan in ly thnh cc ion nitrat NO
3

v mt proton
hydrat, hay cn gi l ion hirni, H
3
O
+
.
HNO
3
+ H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ NO
3
-

Cc c tnh xi ha
Phn ng vi kim loi
L mt cht xi ha mnh, axt nitric phn ng mnh lit vi nhiu cht hu
c v phn ng c th gy n. Ty thuc vo nng axt, nhit v tc
nhn gy gim lin quan, sn phm to ra cui cng c th gm nhiu loi.
Phn ng xy ra vi tt c kim loi, ngoi tr dy kim loi qu v mt s hp
kim. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, cc phn ng xi ha ch yu vi axt
c thng to ra ixt nit (NO
2
).
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Tnh cht axt th hin r i vi axt long, i i vi vic to ra xt nit
(NO).
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Do axt nitric l mt cht xi ha, hir (H) thng him khi c to ra. Cho
nn khi kim loi phn ng vi axt nitric long v lnh ( gn 0C ) th mi gii
phng hir:
Mg
(rn)
+ 2HNO
3 (lng)
Mg(NO
3
)
2 (lng)
+ H
2 (kh)

S th ng ha
D Crm (Cr), st (Fe) v nhm (Al) d ha tan trong dung dch axt nitric
long, nhng i vi axt c ngui li to mt lp xt kim loi bo v chng
khi b xi ha thm, hin tng ny g l s th ng ha.
Phn ng vi phi kim

65
Khi phn ng vi cc nguyn t kim, ngoi tr silic v halogen, cc nguyn
t ny thng b xi ha n trng thi xi ha cao nht v to ra ixt nit
i vi axt c v xt nit i vi axt long.
C + 4HNO
3
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
hoc
3C + 4HNO
3
3CO
2
+ 4NO + 2H
2
O
3. iu ch
Axit nitric c to ra bng cch pha trn ixit nit (NO
2
) vi nc vi s c
mt ca xi hay s dng khng kh xi ha axt nitr cng to ra axit nitric.
Axit nitric long c th c c n 68% axit vi mt hn hp azeotropic vi
32% nc. Vic c c hn c thc hin bng cch chng ct vi axit
sulphuric vi vai tr l cht kh nc. Trong quy m phng th nghim, cch
chng ct nh th phi c tin hnh bng dng c thy tinh vi p sut
thp trnh phn hy axit ny. Cc mi ni bng thy tinh v nt bn cng
nn trnh dng do axit nitric tn cng cc cht ny. dung dch axit nitric cp
thng mi thng c nng gia 52% v 68% axit nitric. Vic sn xut
axit nitric c thc hin bng cng ngh Ostwald do Wilhelm Ostwald pht
minh. Trong phng th nghim, axit nitric c th iu ch bng cch cho nitrat
ng (II) hoc cho phn ng nhng khi lng bng nhau nitrat kali (KNO
3
)
vi axit sulfuric (H
2
SO
4
) 96%, v chng ct hn hp ny ti nhit si ca
axit nitric l 83 C cho n khi cn li cht kt tinh mu trng, potassium
hydrogen sulfate (KHSO
4
), cn lu li trong bnh. Axit nitric bc khi thu
c c th chuyn thnh axit nitric mu trng. Cn lu khi th nghim th
phi dng cc trang thit b bng thy tinh, hay nht l bnh c cong nguyn
khi do axit nitric khan tn cng c nt bn, cou v da v s r r c th cc
k nguy him.
H
2
SO
4
+ KNO
3
KHSO
4
+ HNO
3

Cht NO
x
ha tan c loi b bng cch s dng p sut gim ti nhit
phng (10-30 pht vi p sut 200 mmHg hay 27 kPa). Axit nitric bc khi
trng thu c c t trng 1.51 g/cm. Quy trnh ny cng c thc hin
di p sut v nhit gim trong mt bc to ra t kh ixit nit hn.
axit ny cng c th c tng hp bng cch xi ha ammoniac, nhng sn
phm b pha long bi nc do phn ng to ra. Tuy nhin, phng php
tng hp ny quan trng trong vic sn xut nitrat ammoni t amnic theo
cng ngh Haber, do sn phm cui cng c th sn xut t nit,hyr v xi
l nguyn liu u vo chnh.


66
Axit nitric bc khi trng, cng gi l axit nitric 100% hay WFNA, rt gn ging
vi sn phm axit nitric khan. Mt c tnh k thut ca axit nitric bc khi
trng l n c ti a 2% nc v ti a 0,5% NO
2
ha tan. Axit nitric bc khi
hay RFNA, cha mt lng ixit nit (NO
2
) ng k thot khi dung dch
vi mu nu . Mt cng thc ca RFNA th hin t nht 17% NO
2
, nhm
khc l 13% NO
2
. Trong trng hp, axit nitric b c ch bc khi (hoc
IWFNA, hoc IRFNA) c th lm tng khi cho thm thm khong 0,6 n
0,7% hiro florit, HF. Cht florit ny c b sung vo chng n mn trong
cc bn cha kim loi (cht florit to ra mt lp florit kim loi bo v kim loi
).
Mui nitrat
1. Khi trung ha axit nitric bng cc bazo, cc oxit bazo hay cc cacbonat
th to ra mui nitrat
V d:
3 2 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
3 3 3 2 2 2
2 ( ) ( ) 2
2 ( )
2 ( )
HNO Ca OH Ca NO H O
HNO CaO Ca NO H O
HNO CaCO Ca NO CO H O
+
+ +
+ + +

2. Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan trong nc v l nhng cht in li mnh
3. Khi un nng, mui nitrat ca cc kim loi kim b phn hy thnh mui
nitrit v oxi:
3 2 2
1
2
o
t
KNO KNO O +
Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi nng b phn hy thnh oxit kim loi, kh
NO
2
v O
2
:
3 2 2 2
2 ( ) 2 4
o
t
Pb NO PbO O NO + +
Phn ng ny c dng iu ch nito ioxit trong phng th
nghim
Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi qu b phn hy thnh kim loi, kh NO v
O
2
:
3 2 2
2 2 2
o
t
AgNO Ag NO O + +
Nh vy, cc mui nitrat nhit cao u d gii phng oxi v vy
chng l nhng cht oxi ha mnh lit, do tnh cht , chng c ng
dng quan trng trong thc t: dng ch thuc n. Thuc n en l hn
hp mui KNO
3
(70%), than (15%) v lu hunh (15%)
Ngoi ra mt s mui nh NH
4
NO
3
cn c dng lm phn bn hay
cht n trong cng ngh khai thc du m

67
c thm: Axit hiponitr (H
2
N
2
O
2
)
Ngi ta bit c nhng oxitaxit sau ca nit: axit hiponitr
(H
2
N
2
O
2
), axit hiponitric (H
2
N
2
O
3
), axit nitr (HNO
2
), axit nitroxilic (H
2
NO
2
), axit
nitric (HNO
3
) v axit penitric (HNO
4
). Quan trng hn ht trong thc t l axit
nitr v axit nitric.
Axit hiponitr. H
2
N
2
O
2
v hnh thc c coi l hirat N
2
O.H
2
O. N c
cu to:
H O N = N O H
Axit hiponitr l cht dng tinh th khng mu, khng bn, d phn hy
n khi va chm nh. nhit thng n phn hy dn theo phn ng:
H
2
N
2
O
2
= N
2
O +H
2
O
nhng phn ng ngc khng th xy ra, ngha l N
2
O khng phi l anhirit
ca axit .
Axit hiponitr tan nhiu trong nc, ru, ete v l axit rt yu (K
1
=
9.10
-8
v K
2
= 1.10
-11
). N c kh nng oxi ha v kh nng kh nhng u
rt yu.
Mui hiponitrit bn hn axit, Na
2
N
2
O
2
tan trong nc cn Ag
2
N
2
O
2
l
kt ta mu vng khng tan trong nc.
Axit hiponitr c to nn khi mui ca n tc dng vi axit clohiric:
Ag
2
N
2
O
2
+ 2HCl = H
2
N
2
O
2
+ 2AgCl
Chu trnh nito trong t nhin
Nit l mt nguyn t c ngun d tr kh giu trong kh quyn, chim
gn 80% th tch, gp gn 4 ln th tch kh oxy. Nit l thnh phn quan
trng cu thnh nguyn sinh cht t bo, l cu trc ca protein...
Nit phn t (Nit t do - N2) c nhiu trong kh quyn, nhng
chng khng c hot tnh sinh hc i vi phn ln cc loi sinh vt, ch mt
s rt t cc loi sinh vt c kh nng ng ho c nit dng ny. Cc
loi thc vt c th s dng c nit dng mui nh nitrat - m d tiu
(NO3-) hoc dng ion amon (NH4+), NO2....
Chu trnh nit v c bn cng tng t nh cc chu trnh kh khc, c
sinh vt sn xut hp th v ng ho ri c chu chuyn qua cc nhm
sinh vt tiu th, cui cng b sinh vt phn hu tr li nit phn t cho mi
trng. Tuy nhin qu trnh ny din ra phc tp hn nhiu, tuy vy chu trnh


68
nit l chu trnh xy ra nhanh v lin tc. Do tnh cht phc tp ca chu trnh
bao gm nhiu cng on theo tng bc: s c nh m, s amn ho,
nitit ho, nitrat ho v phn nitrat.
+ S c nh m (Nitrogen fixation)
C nh m trc ht i hi s hot ho phn t nit tch n thnh
2 nguyn t (N
2
=> 2N), trong c nh nit sinh hc th l bc i hi
nng lng l 160 Cal/mol. Khi kt hp nit vi hydro to thnh amoniac (N
+H => NH
3
). Tt c cc sinh vt c nh nit u cn nng lng t bn
ngoi, m cc hp cht cacbon ng vai tr thc hin nhng phn
ng ni nhit (Endothermic). Trong qu trnh c nh m, vai tr iu
ho chnh l 2 loi enzym: nitrogenase v hydrogenase; chng i hi ngun
nng lng rt thp.
Trong t nhin, c nh m xy ra bng con ng ho - l v sinh hc,
trong con ng sinh hc c ngha nht v cung cp 1 khi lng ln
m d tiu cho mi trng t. S c nh m bng in ho v quang ho
trung bnh hng nm to ra 7,6 triu tn (4-10kg/ha/nm), cn bng con
ng sinh hc khong 54 triu tn .
Nhng sinh vt c kh nng c nh m l vi khun v to. Chng gm
2 nhm chnh: Nhm sng cng sinh (phn ln l vi khun, mt s t to v
nm) v nhm sng t do (ch yu l vi khun v to). Vi khun c nh m
sng cng sinh gp nhiu trong t, ngc li cc loi c nh m sng t
do li gp nhiu trong nc v trong t. Song nhm cng sinh v mt s
lng c vai tr quan trng hn, gp trm ln nhm sng t do.
Ngoi nhng vi khun c nh m cn nng lng ly t ngun cacbon
bn ngoi, cn c loi vi khun ta (Rhodopseudomonas capsulata) c th
sinh sng bng nit phn t trong iu kin k kh m nh sng c
s dng nh mt ngun nng lng (Madigan v nnk, 1979).
Nhng vi khun c kh nng c nh nit gm cc loi ca chi
Rhizobium sng cng sinh vi cc cy h u to nn cc nt sn r, c
nh c mt lng ln nit. V d, c 3 l (Trifolium sp.) v u
chm (Medicago sp.) c nh c 150 - 400kg/ha/nm. Ngoi ra gn y,
ngi ta cn pht hin ra mt s cc loi x khun (Actinomycetes) (nht l
cc nm nguyn thu) cng sinh trong r ca chi Alnus v mt s loi cy
khc cng c kh nng c nh m, tuy hiu sut thp hn so vi
Rhizobium. n nay, ngi ta bit c x khun sng cng sinh trong r
ca 160 loi cy thuc 8 chi ca 8 h thc vt khc nhau. Ngoi cc loi ca
chi Alnus, cc loi khc u thuc cc chi Ceanothus, Comptonia,
Eleagnus, Myrica, Casuarina, Coriaria, Araucaria v Ginkgo (Torrey,
1978) v chng sng tp trung vng n i.

69
Trong mi trng nc, vi sinh vt c nh nit kh phong ph. y
thng gp nhng loi vi khun k kh thuc cc chi Clostridium,
Methano, Bacterium, Methanococcus, Desulfovibrio v mt s vi sinh vt
quang hp khc. nhng ni thong kh thng gp cc i din
ca Azotobacteriaceae (nh Azotobacter) v cc loi to (vi khun lam)
thuc cc chi Anabaena, Aphanozinemon, Nostoc, Microcystis,
Nodularia, Gloeocapsa ... hot ho nit, nhng sinh vt t dng s
dng nng lng ca qu trnh quang ho hoc ho tng hp, cn cc vi sinh
vt d dng s dng nng lng cha trong cc hp cht hu c c sn
trong mi trng.
- Qu trnh amon ho (Ammoniafication) hay khong ho
(Mineralization).
Sau khi gn kt hp cht nit v c (NO
3
-
) thnh dng hu c
(thng l nhm amin - NH
2
) thng qua s tng hp protein v acid
nucleic th phn ln chng li quay tr v chu trnh nh cc cht thi ca qu
trnh trao i cht (ur, acid uric...) hoc cht sng (protoplasma) trong
c th cht. Rt nhiu vi khun d dng, Actinomycetes v nm trong
t, trong nc li s dng cc hp cht hu c giu m, cui cng chng
thi ra mi trng cc dng nit v c (NO
2
-
, NO
3
-
v NH
3
). Qu trnh
c gi l amn ho hay khong ho. Qu trnh ny l cc phn ng gii
phng nng lng hay phn ng ngoi nhit. Chng hn nu protein l
glyxin baz th qu trnh amn ho s gii phng ra 176 Cal/mol. Nng lng
ny c vi khun s dng duy tr cc hot ng sng ca mnh. Ti
nhng ni ym kh, nhiu vi khun, nm, x khun ng vai tr c bit quan
trng trong s phn gii protein gii phng NH
3
v H
2
S... trong , mt s
vi sinh vt amn ho kh hp thc, ch s dng pepton m khng phn hu
cc acid amin, s dng ur m khng phn hu uric; ngc li nhiu loi s
dng rt rng ri ngun cht hu c cha nit, t dng n gin nht n c
dng phc tp nht.
- Qu trnh nitrat ho (Nitrification)
Qu trnh bin i ca NH
3
, NH
4
+
thnh NO
2
-
, NO
3
-
c gi l qu
trnh nitrit ho v nitrat ho hay gi chung l qu trnh nitrat ho. Qu trnh
ny ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng v xy ra chm chp, Trong iu kin
pH thp, tuy khng phi tt c, qu trnh nitrat tri qua hai bc:
- Bc u: Bin i amn hay amoniac thnh nitrit
2NH
4
+
+ 3O
2
----- Oxi ho -----> 2NO
2
+ 4H
+
+ Nng lng
- Tip theo: Bin i nitrit thnh nitrat
2NO
2
+O
2
---- Oxi ho------> 2NO
3
+ Nng lng


70
Nhng i din ca chng vi sinh vt Nitrosomonas c th bin i
amoniac thnh nitrit, mt cht c thm ch vi hm lng rt nh. Nhng vi
sinh vt khc nh Nitrobacter li dinh dng bng nitrit, tip tc bin i n
thnh nitrat. Nhng vi sinh vt nitrit ho u l nhng sinh vt t dng ho
tng hp, ly nng lng t qu trnh oxy ho. Chng hn,
Nitrosomonas khi chuyn ha amoniac thnh NO
2
-
sinh ra nng lng 65
Cal/mol, cn Nitrobacter to ra nng lng 17 Cal/mol. Chng s dng mt
phn nng lng ny kim ngun cacbon t vic kh CO
2
hay
HCO
3
- Nh vy, khi thc hin iu ny t tng trng, chng sn sinh
ra mt lng ng k nitrit hoc nitrat cho mi trng.
Nitrat (cng nh nitrit) d dng lc khi t, c bit trong t
chua. Nu khng c thc vt ng ho, chng c th thot ra khi h sinh
thi ny n h sinh thi khc qua s chu chuyn ca nc ngm.
- Qu trnh phn nitrat ho (Denitrification)
Con ng chuyn ho ca nitrat qua cc qu trnh ng ho - d ho
tr v cc dng nh N
2
, NO, N
2
O c gi l qu trnh phn nitrat. Nhng
i din ca vi khun ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh ny l
Pseudomonas, Escherichia v nm. Chng s dng nitrat nh ngun
oxy vi s c mt ca glucose v photphat. Phn ln nhng vi khun phn
nitrat ch kh nitrat n nitrit, cc loi khc li kh nitrit n amoniac.
Trong iu kin k kh, s phn nitrat n dng N
2
O khi c mt ca
glucose l 1 phn ng ngoi nhit, gii phng 1 lng nhit 545 Cal/mol. Cn
phn nitrat n nit phn t cho 570 Cal/mol. Ngc li, cc phn ng oxy
ho glucose trong iu kin hiu kh cho 686 Cal/mol. Tr khi b bt tr li
trong qu trnh c nh nit. Nit phn t c gii phng trong qu trnh
phn nitrat ho c th tr li ngun d tr trong kh quyn, song d l 1 dng
oxyt hay nit phn t c c to thnh hay khng u tu thuc vo pH ca
mi trng. S gia tng oxyt nit (NO) xut hin pH < 7. Nu pH > 7,3 th
dinit oxyt (N
2
O) c xu hng b ti hp th v tip theo b kh trong qu trnh
phn nitrat tr thnh nit phn t.
Do qu trnh phn nitrat n nit phn t ch xy ra trong iu kin k
kh hay k kh mt phn, nn qu trnh ny thng gp trong t ym kh v
trong y su ca cc h, cc bin...khng c oxy hoc giu cc cht hu
c ang b phn hu.
Photpho
Phtpho, (t ting Hy Lp: phs c ngha l "nh sng" v phoros ngha l
"ngi/vt mang"), l mt nguyn t ha hc trong bng tun hon c k hiu
P v s nguyn t 15. L mt phi kim a ha tr trong nhm nit, phtpho ch
yu c tm thy trong cc loi phtphat v c v trong cc c th sng.

71
Do hot ng ha hc cao, khng bao gi ngi ta tm thy n dng
n cht trong t nhin. N pht x ra nh sng nht khi b phi ra trc xy
(v th c tn gi ca n trong ting Latinh ch "ngi sao bui sng", t
ting Hy Lp c ngha l "nh sng" v "mang"), v xut hin di mt s
dng th hnh. N cng l nguyn t thit yu cho cc c th sng. S dng
quan trng nht trong thng mi ca n l sn xut phn bn. N cng
c s dng rng ri trong cc loi vt liu n, dim, pho hoa, thuc tr
su, thuc nh rng v cht ty ra.
Cc c trng ni bt
Dng ph bin ca phtpho l cht rn dng sp c mu trng c mi c
trng kh ngi tng t nh ti. Dng tinh khit ca n l khng mu v
trong sut. Phi kim ny khng ha tan trong nc nhng ha tan trong
isulfua cacbon. Phtpho tinh khit bt chy ngay trong khng kh v to ra
khi trng cha pentxt phtpho.
Th hnh

Phtpho tn ti di ba dng th hnh c bn c mu: trng, v en. Cc
dng th hnh khc cng c th tn ti. Ph bin nht l pht pho trng v
pht pho , c hai u cha cc mng gm cc nhm phn b kiu t din
gm 4 nguyn t phtpho. Cc t din ca pht pho trng to thnh cc
nhm ring; cc t din ca phtpho lin kt vi nhau thnh chui.
Phtpho trng chy khi tip xc vi khng kh hay khi b tip xc vi ngun
nhit v nh sng.
Phtpho cng tn ti trong cc dng a thch v mt ng hc v nhit ng
lc hc. Chng c tch ra nhit chuyn tip -3,8 C. Mt dng gi l
dng "alpha", dng kia gi l "beta". Phtpho l tng i n nh v thng
hoa p sut 1 atm v 170 C nhng chy do va chm hay nhit do ma st.
Th hnh phtpho en tn ti v c cu trc tng t nh graphit cc
nguyn t c sp xp trong cc lp theo tm lc gic v c tnh dn in.


72
Lch s
Phtpho (t ting Hy Lp phosphoros, c ngha l "vt mang nh sng" v n
cng l tn gi c i ca Sao Kim) c nh gi kim thut ngi c l
Hennig Brand pht hin nm 1669 thng qua vic iu ch nc tiu. Lm
vic Hamburg, Brand c gng chng ct cc mui bng cch cho bay
hi nc tiu, v trong qu trnh ng thu c mt khong cht mu
trng pht sng trong bng m v chy sng rc r. K t , ch ln
quang, lin quan n cc nh sng ln tinh ca phtpho, c s dng
miu t cc cht pht sng trong bng ti m khng cn chy. Tuy nhin bn
cht vt l ca hin tng ln quang khng trng vi c ch pht sng ca
phtpho: Brand khng nhn ra rng thc t phtpho chy m khi pht
sng.
Cc loi dim u tin s dng phtpho trng trong thnh phn ca chng, n
l nguy him do c tnh ca phtpho trng. Cc trng hp git ngi, t
st v cc v ng c ngu nhin l hu qu ca vic s dng cht ny.
Ngoi ra, s phi nhim trc hi phtpho lm cho nhiu cng nhn b
mc chng bnh cht hoi xng hm. Khi phtpho c pht hin, kh
nng chy km hn cng nh c tnh thp hn ca n lm cho dng
phtpho ny c nhanh chng chp nhn nh l cht thay th cho phtpho
trng trong sn xut dim.
S ph bin
Do hot ng ha hc cao i vi xy trong khng kh v cc hp cht
cha xy khc nn phtpho trong t nhin khng tn ti dng n cht, m
n phn b rng ri trong cc loi khong cht khc nhau. Cc loi
phtphat, trong mt phn cu to l apatit (khong cht cha phtphat
tricanxi dng khng tinh khit) l mt ngun quan trng v mt thng mi
ca nguyn t ny. Cc m apatit ln c Nga, Maroc, Florida, Idaho,
Tennessee, Utah v.v. Ti Vit Nam c m apatit ti Lo Cai. Tuy nhin, ang
c cc e ngi l cc m apatit s nhanh chng cn kit. Hoa K s khng cn
cc m apatit vo khong nm 2035. Trung Quc v Maroc s hu cc m
apatit ln nht bit hin nay, nhng ri chng cng s cn kit. Cng vi
s cn kit cc m ny th s ny sinh cc vn nghim trng i vi vic
sn xut lng thc, thc phm ca th gii do phtpho l mt thnh phn
c bn trong cc loi phn bn.
Th hnh mu trng ca phtpho c th c sn xut theo nhiu cch khc
nhau. Trong mt quy trnh, phtphat tricanxi thu c t cc loi phtphat,
c nung nng trong cc l nung vi s c mt ca cacbon v silica.
Phtpho dng nguyn t sau c gii phng di dng hi v c thu
thp li di dng axt phtphoric.


73
Axit Photphoric
Axit photphoric, hay ng hn l axit orthophotphoric l mt axit trung bnh
c cng thc ha hc H
3
PO
4
.
1. Tnh cht vt l
Axit photphoric l cht rn tinh th khng mu, khi lng ring 1,87 g/cm3;
nhit nng chy = 42,35
0
C (dng H
3
PO
4
.H
2
O c nhit nng chy =
29,32
0
C); phn hu 213
0
C. Tan trong etanol, nc (vi bt k t l no).
Trong cu trc tinh th ca n gm c nhng nhm t din PO
4
, lin kt vi
nhau bng lin kt hidro. Cu trc vn cn c gi li trong dung dch
m c ca axit trong nc v lm cho dung dch snh ging nh
nc ng.
Axit orthophotphoric tan trong nc c gii thch bng s to thnh lin
kt hidro gia nhng phn t H
3
PO
4
v nhng phn t H
2
O.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
Trong phn t axit photphoric P mc oxi ha +5 bn nn axit photphoric
kh b kh, khng c tnh i ha nh axit nitric. Khi un nng dn n 260
o
C,
axit orthophotphoric mt bt nc, bin thnh axit iphotphoric (H
4
P
2
O
7
);
300
0
C, bin thnh axit metaphotphoric (HPO
3
). Axit photphoric l axit ba nc
c mnh trung bnh, hng s axit 25
0
C c cc gi tr K1 = 7.10
3
, K2 =
8.10
6
, K3 = 4.10
13
. Dung dch axit photphoric c nhng tnh cht chung ca
axit nh i m qu tm thnh , tc dng vi oxit bazo, bazo, mui, kim loi.
Khi tc dng vi oxit bazo hoc bazo, ty theo lng cht tc dng m sn
phm l mui trung ha, mui axit hoc hn hp mui.
3. iu ch :
Trong phng th nghim, axit photphoric c iu ch bng cch dng HNO
3
c oxi ha photpho :
P + 5 HNO
3
(c) (nhit)==>H
3
PO
4
+ 5 NO
2
+ H
2
O
Trong cng nghip, iu ch H
3
PO
4
bng phng php trch li (phn hy
qung photphat bng axit sunfuric) hay bng phng php nhit kh (kh
qung bng photphat n P, oxi ha P thnh P
2
O
5
, hp th bng nc)


74
Axit photphoric trn th trng
Dung dch m c ca axit photphoric thng bn trn th trng c nng
85%.
Axit photphoric l bn thnh phm trong qu trnh sn xut phn bn, dc
phm, thc n gia sc; lm cht xc tc trong tng hp hu c, cht tm g
chng chy, cht chng n mn kim loi.


75
Cc nguyn t asen, antimon v bitmut
1. Tnh cht l ha
Ging vi P, cc nguyn t As v Sb c mt vi dng th bnh, dng khng
kim loi v dng kim loi.Rieng Bi ch c dng kim loi.
Dng khng kim loi ca As v Sb c to nn khi lm ngng t hi ca
chng l nhng cht rn mu vng c gi l asen vng, antimon
vng.Chng c mng li phn t nh photpho trng, ti cc mt ca mng
li l cc phn t t din As
4
, Sb
4
. Chng cng tan trong CS
2
cho dng
dch gm nhng phn t As
4
, Sb
4
. So vi photpho trng, asen vng km bn
hn nhiu , nhit thng di tc dng ca nh sng n chuyn nhanh
thnh bt. Chng khng tan trong CS
2
. Di y l nhng tnh cht vt l
quan trong ca chng:
Tnh cht As Sb Bi
Nhit nng chy,
o
C
817(36
atm)
620 271
Nhit si,
o
C 610 1635 1564
T khi 5,7 6,7 9,8

Bi c nhit nng chy chnh lch nhit si nhiu nn c dng lm
cht mang nhit v dung mi ca uran trong k thut ht nhn.
Hi ca As, Sb v Bi u gm nhng phn t t din E
4
ging nh P
4
. Phn
t As bt u phn hy nhit 1325
o
C v phn hy hon ton nhit
1700
o
C. nhit 2000
o
C, Sb v Bi c cn bng E
4
2E
2
4E v trn
nhit ch c phn t 1 nguyn t.


76
Trong iu kin thng Sb khng bin i cn As v Bi b oxi ha trn b
mt nhng khi b un nng ,chng u chy to thnh oxi.
V d:
4Bi + 3O
2
= 2Bi
2
O
3
dng bt c 3 kim loi iu chy trong kh clo to thnh triclorua.
V d:
2As + 3Cl
2
= 2AsCl
3

Khi un nng, chng tng tc vi Brom , It v lu hunh.
Vi kim loi kim, kim th v mt s kim loi khc , As, Sb, Bi tng tc to
nn Asenua, Antimonua v Bitmutua (a s nhng cht ny b axit phn hy
d dng).Vi cc kim loi cn li, chng to nn hp kim. Sb khi cho thm
vo Sn v Pb lm tng cng v bn axit ca hp kim. Hp kim quan
trng ca Sb l hp kim ch in. Bitmut to nn nhng hp kim d nng
chy. Nhng hp kim ny ch yu c dng trong thit b cu ha t
ng., thit b bo hiu v dng hn. Hp kim quen thuc ca Bi l hp
kim Ud 50%Bi, 25%Pb , 12,5% Cd nng chy 71
o
C.
C th in cc dng, cc kim loi As, Sb , Bi khng tan trong dd axit
clohidric nhng tan trong axit nitric, trong asen bin thnh axit asenic
H
3
AsO
4
, Sb thnh axit metaantimonic HSbO
3
( ng ra l ySb
2
O
5
.xH
2
O) cn
Bi thnh bitmut nitrat Bi(NO
3
)
3
.
3As + 5HNO
3
+ 2H
2
O = 3H
3
AsO
4
+ 5NO
3Sb + 5HNO
3
= 3HSbO
3
+ 5NO + H
2
O
Bi + 4HNO
3
= Bi(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Ring As c th tan trong kim nng chy gii phng H
2 :
2As + 6 NaOH = 2Na
3
AsO
3
+ 3H
2

77
2. Trng thi thin nhin v phng php iu ch
C 3 nguyn t As, Sb v Bi u c tng i ph bin trong t nhin. As
chim khong 1.10
-4
%, Sb chim khong 5.10
-6
% v Bi chim khong 2.10
-
6
% tng s nguyn t trong v Tri t. Chng tn ti ch yu di dng
khong vt sunfua: reanga (As
4
S
4
) oripimen (As
3
S
3
) antimonit ( Sb
2
S
3
) v
bitmutin (Bi
2
S
3
).Ngoi ra chng thng ln trong cc kim loi khc.
iu ch As, Sb v Bi th ngi ta thng t chy khong vt sunfua
trong khng kh ri chuyn n thnh oxi ri dng than kh oxi thnh kim loi.
2E
2
S
3
+ 9O
2
= 6SO
2
+ 2E
2
O
3
E
2
O
3
+ 3C

= 3CO + E
(trong E l As, Sb v Bi )
Hidrua ca asen, antimon v bitmut
Ba nguyn t As, Sb v Bi ch to nn hidrua kiu EH
3
c cu to ging vi
NH
3
,PH
3
,AsH
3
( asin) v SbH
3
(stibin) l cht kh khng c mu. AsH
3
c mi
ti cn SbH
3
c mi trng thi. Tt c u rt c. Di y l 1 s c im
ca cc hidrua so vi NH
2
v PH
3
(bng 29)
Nng lng xung quanh lin kt E-h gim dm lm cho bn nhit ca cc
hidrua gim xung t NH
3
n BiH
3
; NH
3
v PH
3
kh bn , AsH
3
tng i
bn ( phn hy 300
o
C) cn SbH
3
v BiH
3
rt km bn. Trn thc t BiH
3
b
phn hy ngay khi va to nn ch pht hin nhng vt ca n. S bin i
ph hp vi s bin i nhit to thnh cc hidrua. L hp cht thu nhit
mnh, AsH
3
v SbH
3
d phn hy khi un nng to nn thnh binh cht kt
ta mu en lp lnh nh gng.
S gim gc HEH n gn 90
o
v s gim momen lng cc ca cc EH
3
l
kt qu ca s gim kh nng li ha sp
3
ca cc nguyn t t N n Bi,
ngha l s tham gia ca cc obitan s vo s li ha sp
3
gim dn.


78



Bng 29. Mt s c im ca cc hidrua EH
3

c im NH
3
PH
3
AsH
3
SbH
3
di lin kt E-H, 1,01 1,4 1,52 1,7
Nng lng trung bnh ca lin kt
kJ/mol
380 323 281 256
Gc HEH 1070 930 920 910
Momen lng cc,D 1,48 0,58 0,22 0,12
Nhit nng chy,
o
C -78 -133,8 -116 -88
Nhit si,
o
C -33 -87,8 -68 -18
Nhit to thnh H
o
,kJ/mol -46,4 +9,6 +67 +144,6

Cng v l do , tnh cht cho cp electron ca cc hidrua yu dn. Mt v d
l NH
3
c kh nng kt hp d dng khng nhng vi cc axit m cn c vi
nc,PH
3
kt hp vi nhng axit mnh nht nh HNO
3
,HclO
4
cn AsH
3
kt
hp vi HI nhit thp(pht hin bng phng php ph hng ngoi ) v
SbH
3
hon ton khng c kh nng .
Ngc li tnh kh tng ln nhanh chng t NH
3
n SbH
3
. Trong khi NH
3

khng phi l cht kh c trng th

PH
3,
AsH
3
v

SbH
3
l nhng cht kh
rt mnh ,chng hn nh chng d bt chy trong khng kh, chng kh
c mui ca cc kim loi nh Cu, Ag n kim loi.
V d nh AsH
3
kh c Ag
+
n Ag theo phn ng :

79
6AgNO
3
+ AsH
3
+ 3H
2
O = 6Ag + 6HNO
3
+ 6H
3
AsO
3
Asin v stinbin c th iu ch bng cch cho mui ca chng tc dng vi
axit:
V d:
Mg
3
Sb
2
+ 6HCl = 3MgCl
2
+ 2SbH
3
Cch iu ch d dng hn l cho kem trong axit clohidric tc dng vi 1 hp
cht tan c ca As v Sb
V d:
As
2
O
3
+ 6Zn + 12HCl = 6 ZnCl
2
+ 2AsH
3
+ 3H
2
O
Ngi ta li dng phn ng ny v tnh km bn nhit ca AsH
3
pht hin
ra mt s trng hp b u c bi asen bng 1 dng c rt n gin (hnh
74). Ly vt phm xt nghim ( ngh l c asen) cho vo bnh cu vi nhng
ht km tinh khit (khng c As) v m kha phu dd HCl nh dn xung
bnh cu. Nu c asen th c kh AsH
3
bay ln v khi t nng thy tinh ,
AsH
3
phn hy to nn trn thnh ng thy tinh 1 lp gng m mu en
ca asen kim loi .Gng asen tan trong nc Javen trong khi gng
antimon khng tan. Cn ch rng, km th trng cha 1 lng rt b
asen,cho nn khng c ngi kh H
2
iu ch bng tc dng ca km vi
axit clohiric v trong c ln 1 t AsH
3.
Oxit ca As,Sb v Bi vi s oxi ha l +3
trng thi kh, cc oxit ca As(III) v Sb(III) tn ti di dng phn t kp
As
4
O
6
v Sb
4
O
6
c cu to ging nh phn t P
4
O
6
. Cn oxit ca Bi di
dng phn t n Bi
2
O
3
. nhit rt cao (trn 1800
o
C) cc phn t kp
phn li thnh phn t n.


80
trng thi rn, c 3 oxit c 1 vi dng tinh th, cc oxit ca As(III) v Sb(III)
c mu trng. Bi
2
O
3
c mu vng. Khi un nng Sb(III) chuyn sang mu
vng v Bi
2
O
3
i sang mu hung v khi ngui chng tr li nh c.
Dng lp phng ca asen(III) oxit bn nhit thng , thng hoa nhit
135
o
C ( nnc 275
o
C, ns l 565
o
C). Tuy nhin nhit thng, dng lp
phng dn chuyn sang dng n t (nnc 135
o
C) dng ny bn 200
o
C .
Khi lm ngui chm hi, s thu c dng thy tinh bn 310
o
C

. Dng lp
phng gm nhng phn t nh As
4
O
6
nh trong trng thi kh cn dng n
t gm nhng chp AsO
3
lin kt vi nhau to thnh lp vi di ca lin
kt As-O l 1,80 .
Dng lp phng ca antimon(III) oxit bn nhit di 270
o
C. Dng t
phng bn nhit , nng chy 650
o
C v si 156
o
C. Dng lp
phng gm nhng phn t Sb
4
O
6
nh trong trng thi kh cn dng t
phng gm nhng chp SbO
3
lin kt vi nhau thnh mch di v tn.
Dng lp phng ca Bi
2
O
3
c kin trc ion ( hnh 75)
Ba oxit tan rt t trong nc, tr asen(III) oxit tan nhiu hn cht t ( khong
2% 25
o
C) cho dd c tnh axit yu gi l axit asen:
As
4
O
6
+ 6H
2
O = 4H
3
AsO
3
Trong dd axit asen c th c c axit metaasen (HasO
2
). Dd axit ny khng
tch c trng thi t do, khi kh cn ch c oxit.
Trong cc oxit trn , tnh oxit gim xung v tnh baz tng ln t As n Bi.
Asen(III) oxit d tan trong dung dich kim to thnh mui asenit v
hidroxoasenit. Antimon(III) oxit khng tan trong dd long ca axit nitric v axit
sunfuric m tan trong axit clohdric v axit hu c. Mt khc antimon(III) oxit
tan trong dd kim to thnh hidroxoantimonit.
V d:
Sb
4
O
6
+ 4NaOH + 6H
2
O = 4 Na[Sb(OH)
4
]

81
Bi
2
O
3
d tan trong dd axit to thnh mui Bi
3+
v khng tan trong dd kim.
Khi un nng , cc oxit b C v H kh d dang n kim loi.
Asen(III) oxit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi O
3
, H
2
O
2
, FeCl
3
,HNO
3
,
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
trong n b oxit ha n ion AsO
4
3-
.
V d:
3 As
4
O
6
+ 8HNO
3
+ 14H
2
O = 12 H
3
AsO
4
+ 8NO
Asen(III) oxit rt c , vi liu lng cht ngi l 0,1g. N c dng ch
thuc tr su nng nghip ,ch thy tinh trong sut v ch cht mu.
Cc oxit ca As, Sb v Bi mc oxi ha +3 c iu ch bng cch t
nguyn t hoc sunfua trong khng kh.
V d:
2 Sb
2
S
3
+ 9O
2
= Sb
4
O
6
+ 6SO
2
Hidroxit ca As,Sb v Bi vi s oxi ha l +3
As(OH)
3
ch bit trong dd cn Sb(OH)
3
v Bi(OH)
3
l kt ta mu trng , dng
bng, rt t tan trong nc v d mt nc bin thnh antimontyl hidroxit
SbO(OH) v bitmutyl BiO(OH).
Trong cc hidroxit ny , tnh axit gim xung cn tnh baz tng ln t As n
Bi. As(OH)
3
l axit yu (axit asen) , Sb(OH)
3
cht lng tnh tan c trong
dd axit v dd kim.
V d:
Sb(OH)
3
+ 3HCl = SbCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Sb(OH)
3
+ NaOH = Na[Sb(OH)
4
]
Cn Bi(OH)
3
l cht baz, d tan trong axit to nn mui ca cation Bi
3+
v
hu nh khng tan trong dd kim.


82
Theo chiu tng ca tnh baz trong cc hidroxit, bn ca mui cation E
3+

tng ln, axit asen l cht kh mnh ( tuy nhin km hn H
3
PO
4
) trong mi
trng kim, trong khi Bi(OH)
3
ch th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi nhng
cht oxi ha mnh nht trong mi trng kim mnh.

Axit asen c iu ch bng cch ha tan asen(III) oxit vo nc cn cc
hidroxit Sb(OH)
3
,Bi(OH)
3
c iu ch t mui clorua tng ng v dd
kim. Ring Sb(OH)
3
bng tng tc ca axit mnh v mui antimonit.
Na[Sb(OH)
4
] + HCl = NaCl + Sb(OH)
3
+H
2
O
Trihalogenua EX
3
ca As, Sb v Bi
Cc nguyn t to nn 2 loi halogenua chnh l trihalogenua EX
3
v
pentahalogenua EX
5
(trong E=As, Sb v Bi , X = F ,Cl v I)
C 3 nguyn t to nn trihalogenua EX
3
vi tt c cc nguyn t
halogen.Chng c cu to phn t v tnh cht l ha ging PX
3
. Phn t
trihalogenua c cu to hnh chp tam gic vi nguyn t E nm nh, gc
XEX xp x bng 100
o
,ngha l trong cc phn t , nguyn t As, Sb v Bi
u trng thi lai ha sp
3
.
Tr BiF
3
l cht kh nng chy, tt c cc trihalogenua l hp cht cng ha
tr, ngha l chng l cht lng hoc cht rn d tan chy v tan trong dung
mi hu c.
Di y l bng nhit nng chy v nhit si ca 1 cc trihalogenua:
Cht AsF
3
SbF
3
BiF
3
AsCl
3
SbCl
3
BiCl
3
AsBr
3
SbBr
3
BiBr
3
AsI
3
SbI
3
BiI
3
Nnc,
o
C -6 292 730 -16 73 234 31 97 218 144 171 408
Ns,
o
C 57 319 - 130 221 411 221 288 461 403 401 439

Tr AsI
3
v SbI
3
c mu trng, BiI
3
mu nu v BiBr
3
c mu vng, tt c cc
trihalogenua cn li u c mu trng.

83
Cc trihalogenua u tan trong nc v b thy phn mnh. Phn ng thy
phn ca AsX
3
khng xy ra hon ton nh trong trng hp ca PX
3
.
V d:
AsCl
3
+ 3H
2
O As(OH)
3
+ 3 HCl
SbX
3
v BiX
3
cng b thy phn mnh nhng to nn mui baz , mui baz
ny d b mt nc to thnh oxihalogenua ( antimontyl halogenua, bitmutyl
halogenua).
SbCl
3
+ 2H
2
O Sb(OH)
2
Cl + 2HCl
Sb(OH)
2
Cl SbOCl + H
2
O
Phn ng chung l:
SbCl
3
+ H
2
O SbOCl + H
2
O
(antimontyl halogenua)
Cc trihalogenua EX
3
d dng kt hp vi halogenua kim loi kim MX to
nn nhng phc hp c cng thc c cng thc chung l M[EX
4
] , M
2
[EX
5
]
vi mt s hp cht khc to nn nhng sn phm nh AsCl
3
.4NH
3

,BiCl
3
.NO, BiCl
3
.NO
2
.
Cc triflorua EF
3
c th iu ch bng cch cho oxit tng ng tc dng vi
axit flohidric:
E
4
O
6
+ 12HF = 4EF + 6H
2
O
Cc trihalogenua khc c iu ch trc tip t cc nguyn t:
4E + 6X
2
= 4EX
3
Oxit ca As, Sb v Bi vi s oxi ha +5
Asen (V) oxit l cht dng v khi nh hnh ging thy tinh v antimon
(V)oxit l cht dng bt mu vng nht . Kin trc ca chng ngi ta cha


84
bit r nn ngi ta thng gn cho chng nhng cng thc kinh nghim l
As
2
O
5
,Sb
2
O
5
. Bitmut(V) oxit l cht dng bt mu thm , rt d phn hy
thnh B
2
O
3
v O
2
. Cc oxit kia phn hy nhit cao hn ( trn 400
o
C)
thnh oxi v oxit thp hn.
2As
2
O
5
= As
4
O
6
+ 2O
2
2Sb
2
O
5
= 2Sb
2
O
4
+ O
2
As
2
O
5
d tan trong nc to thnh axit asenic:
As
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O = 2H
3
AsO
4

nn khi trong khng kh , n b chy ra, cn Sb
2
O
5
v Bi
2
O
5
rt t tan
trong nc. Sb
2
O
5
tan d trong dd kim to thnh hexahidroxoantimonat.
V d:
Sb
2
O
5
+ 2KOH +5H
2
O = 2K[Sb(OH)
6
]
Khc vi P
4
O
10
, cc oxit ca As, Sb v Bi (V) c tnh oxi ha mnh ,
chng gii phng kh clo khi tng tc vi axit clohidric.
Cc oxit As
2
O
5
v Sb
2
O
5
c th iu ch bng cch lm mt nc ca
oxiaxit tng ng, ring Bi
2
O
5
c th iu ch bng cch dng cht oxi ha
mnh nh Cl
2
, O
3
, KMnO
4
oxi ha Bi
2
O
3
trong dung dich kim c.
V d:
Bi
2
O
3
+ 4KOH + 2Cl
2
= Bi
2
O
5
+ 4KCl + 2H
2
O
Ngoi hai loi oxit trn, 3 nguyn t As, Sb v Bi cn cho oxit c cng
thc chung l E
2
O
4
, nhng ch c Sb
2
O
4
l c trng hn. Sb
2
O
4
l cht rn ,
khng nng chy, khng bay hi v khng tan trong nc. Mt s tnh cht
ha hc ca n cho thy n ng vi cng thc SbSbO
4
, ngha l mui
antimon antimonat . Oxit c to nn khi un nng Sb hay bt k oxit ,
sunfua ca Sb trong khng kh t nhit 300-900
o
C.

85
Oxiaxit As, Sb v Bi vi s oxi ha +5
Axit asenic H
3
AsO
4
l cht rn, d tan trong nc cho dd axit. Axit
antimonic l kt ta v nh hnh mu trng, hu nh khng tan trong nc v
c thnh phn xSb
2
O
5
.yH
2
O bin i ty theo cch iu ch. Axit asenic
(K
1
=5,6.10
-3
, K
2
= 1,7.10
-7
, K
3
= 5,6.10
-12
) c mnh gn bng ortphotphoric,
axit antimonic l axit kh yu. Ging H
3
PO
4
, axit asenic khi ung nng cng
mt nc bin thnh axit iasenic H
4
As
2
O
7
ri axit metaasenic HasO
3
.
Mui ca axit asenic l asenat, ca axit antimonic l antimonat. Asenat
tng t v ng hnh vi photphat. Asenat ngng t km bn hn photphat
ngng t. Mui antimonat thng dn xut ca axit hexahidroxoantimonic
H[Sb(OH)
6
] ng vi antimonat ca axit metaasenic HSbO
3
.3H
2
O. Mui
Na[Sb(OH)
6
] l mt trong nhng mui kh tan nht ca natri nn c dng
nhn ra ion Na
+
. Ging vi photphat, cc asenat v antimonat thng
khng c mu v kh tan trong nc.
Ngi ta khng bit c axit bimutic nhng bit c mui bitmutat
ca kim loi kim v kim th, v d nh NaBiO
3
(mu vng), KbiO
3
(mu
vng) , Ca(BiO
3
)
2
.4H
2
O( mu da cam). Khc vi H
3
PO
4
,tnh cht ha hc
c trng ca oxiaxit ca As, Sb v Bi s oxi ha +5 v cc mui ca chng
l kh nng oxi ha, kh nng tng ln t mi trng axit, cn bitmutat oxi
ha c trong mi trng kim. Axit asenic ch oxi ha c nhng cht kh
mnh nh HCl, n clo, cn bitmutat oxi ha c ion Mn
2+
n ion MnO
4
-
:
H
3
AsO
4
+ 2HI H
3
AsO
3
+ I
2
+ H
2
O
H[Sb(OH)
6
] +8HCl H
3
[SbCl
6
] + Cl
2
+ 6H
2
O
2Mn(NO
3
)
2
+ KbiO
3
+ 16 HNO
3
= 5Bi(NO
3
)
3
+ 2HMnO
4
+ 5KNO
3
+7 H
2
O
Axit asenic v axit antinomic c th iu ch bng cch cho As, Sb tc dng
vi axit nitric c v nng .Mui bitmutat c iu ch bng tng tc ca
cht oxi ha mnh nht vi huyn ph Bi(OH)
3
trong dd kim c un si.


86
V d:
Bi(OH)
3
+ 3NaOH + Cl
2
= NaBiO
3
+ 2NaCl +3 H
2
O
Pentahalogenua EX
5
ca As, Sb v Bi
Ngy nay ngi ta bit c 4 Pentahalogenua AsF
5
,SbF
5
, BiF
5
, b
SbCl
5
.Phn t ca chng c cu to hnh chp kp tam gic, ging nh phn
t PX
5
,vi cc nguyn t halogen cc nh v cc nguyn t As,Sb hay Bi
trung tm. Trong cc phn t As, Sb v Bio trang thi lai ha dsp
3
.
iu kin thng , AsF
5
l cht kh, SbF
5
l cht lng nht, SbCl
5
l
cht lng mu vng bc khi v BiF
5
l cht rn dng tinh th. Di y l
nhit nng chy va nhit si ca chng
AsF
5
SbF
5
BiF
5
SbCl
5
Nnc ,
o
C -90 +8 151 3
Ns,
o
C -53 143 230 140

T AsF
5
n SbF
5
, nhit nng chy v nhit si tng t ngt v
trong antimon pentaflorua c hin tng trng hp phn t, nhng phn t
SbF
5
lin kt vi nhau qua cu F to thnh phn t polime trong Sb c
phi tr 6: Hnh trang 256
Cc pentaflorua EF
5
l cht flo ha mnh , SbCl
5
l cht clo ha mnh
trong ha hc hu c.
Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca cc Pentahalogenua EX
5
l d kt hp
vi 1 s cht to nn nhng sn phm nh SbF
5
.NO
2
, SbF
5
.SO
2
, AsF
5
.IF
7
.
Chng cng kt hp vi halogenua kim loi kim MX to thnh phc cht c
cng thc chung M(EX
6
).
V d:

87
KF + SbF
5
= K(SbF
6
)
Cc Pentahalogenua AsF
5
, SbF
5
v BiF
5
c th iu ch bng cch cho
d halogen tc dng vi kim loi, v d kh Flo tc dng vi bitmut lng
nhit 600
o
C v di p sut :
2Bi + 5F
2
= 2BiF
5
Ring AsF
5
c th iu ch c bng tc dng ca AsF
3
vi hn hp
SbF
5
v Br
2
:
2SbF
3
+ AsF
3
+ Br
2
= 2SbF
2
Br + AsF
5
Sunfua ca As, Sb v Bi
As, Sb v Bi to nn nhng sunfua c thnh phn tng t nhng oxit.
As v Sb to nn hai loi sunfua chung l E
4
S
6
(hay E
2
S
3
) v E
2
S
5
(E l As,
Sb). Bi ch to nn nhng sunfua Bi
2
S
3
. Nhng sunfua E
2
S
3
ca ba nguyn t
cn tn ti t do trong thin nhin di dng khong vt. Ngoi ra As cn
to nn nhng sunfua As
4
S
4
, gi l reanga (hung hong). Sb to nn sunfua
Sb
2
S
4
.
Cc sunfua As
4
S
6
v As
2
S
5
l cht dng bt mu vng, As
4
S
4
v Sb
2
S
3

v nh hnh c mu da cam, Sb
2
S
3
tinh th v Bi
2
S
3
c mu nu en.
As
4
S
6
nng chy 280C v si 707C, hi ca n gm nhng phn t
As
4
S
6
c cu to ging nh phn t As
4
O
4
. As
4
S
4
nng chy 307C v si
565C. Hi ca n gm nhng phn t As
4
S
4
cha t din As
4
(hnh 76
trang 257) vi di ca lin kt As-As l 2,49, ca lin kt As-S l 2,23 ,
Sb
2
S
3
tinh khit nng chy 550 C v si 118 C. N c kin trc khc
thng, bao gm nhng mch ci vo nhau ca hai loi nguyn t Sb khc
nhau v s phi tr v v di ca lin kt (hnh 77 trang 257)
Cc pentasunfua km bn hn so vi cc pentaoxit, khi un nng trong
iu kin khng c khng kh, chng d chuyn thnh trisunfua E
2
S
3
. Trong


88
trng hp ca Sb
2
S
5
, trc khi chuyn sang trisunfua, n chuyn sang
sunfua trung gian Sb
2
S
4
:
Sb
2
S
5
Sb
2
S
4
Sb
2
S
3

Khi un nng trong khng kh cc sunfua ca As, Sb v Bi d b chy chuyn
thnh oxit.
Tt c cc sunfua ca As, Sb v Bi u t tan trong nc v dung dch axit
long. Ging nh oxit, sunfua ca As v Sb c th tan trong dung dch kim.
V d:
As
4
S
6
+ 12NaOH = 2Na
3
AsO
3
+ 2Na
3
AsS
3
+ 6H
2
O
Chng cng tan trong dung dch sunfua kim loi kim hay amoni to thnh
mui.
V d:
As
4
S
6
+ 6(NH
4
)
2
S = 4(NH
4
)
3
AsS
3

Khi axit ha dung dch ca cc mui , sunfua tng ng s lng xung.
V d:
2(NH
4
)
3
AsS
4
+ 6HCl = As
2
S
5
+ 6NH
4
Cl + 3H
2
S
Sunfua ca Asen khng tan trong axit clohidric c nhng sunfua ca Sb v
Bi tan c.
V d: Sb
2
S
3
+ 6HCl = 2SbCl
3
+ 3H
2
S
Sb
2
S
5
+ 6HCl = 2SbCl
3
+ 2H
2
S + 2S
Tt c cc sunfua ca As, Sb v Bi u tan trong axit nitric c.
V d:
2Bi(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
S = Bi
2
S
3
+ 6HNO
3


89
Ring reanga As
4
S
4
c th iu ch bng cch un nng mnh As
4
S
6
trong
dung dch NaHCO
3
.


BI TP CHNG CACBON SILIC

A. TM LC KIN THC
1. Cacbon c mt s dng th hnh
Kim cng, than ch, than v nh hnh, khi un nng kim cng trong
iu kin khng c oxi, kim cng chuyn thnh than ch.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tc dng vi oxi
Cacbon chy trong khng kh ta nhit:
2 2
2
393,3
2 172,3
C O CO H KJ
CO C CO H KJ
+ =

+ =


b. Tc dng vi oxit:
2
2 2
C ZnO Zn CO
C SiO Si CO
+ +
+ +

c. Tc dng vi hidro:
2 4
500
o
Ni
C
C H CH +
d. Tc dng vi kim loi:


90
4 3
4 3
2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 3 4
2
4 3
2 ( )
12 4 ( ) 3
o
o
t
t
Ca C Al C
Al C Al C
CaC H O Ca OH C H
Al C H O Al OH CH
+
+
+ +
+ +

e. Cacbon c tnh kh:
Tc dng vi cht oxi ha
2 4( ) 2 2 2
3( , ) 2 2 2
3 2 2 2
2 2 2
4 4 2
4 4
dac nong
d n
C H SO CO SO H O
C HNO CO NO H O
C KNO CO K O NO
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

3. Cacbon monooxit (CO)
Cacbon monooxit cn gi l oxit cacbon c phn t khi v cu to gn ging
nit nn tnh cht tng t nh nit
CO l kh khng mu, kh ha lng, t tan trong nc, l mt kh c.
a. Rt tr nhit thng, nhit cao rt hot ng
b. Tc dng vi oxi:
2 2
2 2 565 CO O CO H KJ + A =
c. Vi clo: CO cho phn ng vi clo nhit thng di nh sng v than
hot tnh xc tc cho phosgen l mt kh c
2 2
CO Cl COCl +
d. Vi cc oxit kim loi trung bnh v yu: n kh oxi ca cc oxit y nhit
cao
2 3 2
3 2 3 Fe O CO Fe CO + +
e. Mt s phn ng c bit:
2 2 2
CO H O PdCl Pd HCl CO + + + + + |
CO lm dung dch PdCl
2
i mu
2 5 2 2
5 5 CO I O I CO + + |
4. Cacbon ioxit v axit cacbonic (CO
2
v H
2
CO
3
)
a. CO
2
l kh khng mu, v hi chua, ha rn -76
o
C
b.
2 2 2 3
H O CO H CO +
Axit cacbonic km bn v d b phn hy khi un nng
c.
2 2 3 2
2 2 3 3 2
( )
( )
CO Ca OH CaCO H O
CO H O CaCO Ca HCO
+ + +
+ +

d.
2
2 2 Mg CO MgO C + +
e. CO
2
c iu ch
900
3 2
3 2 2 2
2
o
C
CaCO CaO CO
CaCO HCl CaCl CO H O
+
+ + +


91
f. NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
u b thy phn v nhit phn
2 3 2 3
3 2 3 2 2
2
Na CO H O NaHCO NaOH
NaHCO Na CO CO H O
+ +
+ +

5. Silic v cc hp cht
a. Silic c nhiu dng th hnh, trong
Silic v nh hnh hot ng hn silic tinh th, silic nng chy 1420
o
C,
dn in c
b. Tc dng vi phi kim:
400
2 4
2 2
2 4
2
2
o
C
Si F SiF
Si O SiO
Si Cl SiCl
+
+
+

nhit cao Si c th kt hp vi C v N
2

2 3 4
4 2 2
3 2
2 4
Si C SiC
Si N Si N
SiCl H O SiO HCl
+
+
+ +

c. Vi kim loi: Silic tc dng c vi Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe
2
2
2 2 4
2
2
4 2 4
Ca Si Ca Si
Mg Si Mg Si
Mg Si HCl MgCl SiH
+
+
+ +

d. Vi kim
2 2 3 2
2 2 Si NaOH H O Na SiO H + + + |
e. iu ch
Dng Mg, Al, C kh oxi ca silic ioxit
2
2 2 SiO Mg Si MgO + +
Nhit phn SiH
4

700
4 2
2
o
C
SiH Si H + |
f. SiO
2
v H
2
SiO
3

- Silic ioxit SiO
2

Nng chy 1713
o
C, khng tan trong nc, tan chm trong dung dch kim
nngchay
2 2 3 2
nngchay
2 2 3 2 3 2
2 SiO NaOH Na SiO H O
SiO Na CO Na SiO CO
+ +
+ + |

SiO
2
rt d tan trong axit HF
2 4 2
4 2 SiO HF SiF H O + +
- H
2
SiO
3
l cht kt ta nhy
Khng bn, khi un nng c SiO
2



92
2 3 2 2
o
t
H SiO H O SiO +
Yu hn H
2
CO
3
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
Na SiO H O CO H SiO Na CO + + + +

B. HNG DN GII TON
Loi I: B tc phn ng chui bin ha
Bi 1: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng chuyn ha cc cht trong s sau


1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 3 3 2 2
7 8 9 10
2 4 2
a. ( )
b.
CO C CO CO CaCO Ca HCO CO
Si Mg Si SiH SiO Si

Gii:
a.
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
2
2
2 2
2 2 3 2
3 2 2 3 2
3 2 3 2 2
1. 2 2
2. 2 2
3. 2 2
4. ( )
5. ( )
6. ( )
o
o
t cao
t
CO Mg MgO C
CO O CO
CO O CO
CO Ca OH CaCO H O
CaCO CO H O Ca HCO
Ca HCO CaCO H O CO

b.
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
2
2 2 4
4 2 2 2
2
7. 2
8. 4 2 4
9. 2 2
10. 2 2
Si Mg Mg Si
Mg Si HCl MgCl SiH
SiH O SiO H O
SiO Mg MgO Si


Bi 2: Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng thc hin bin i:
a.Ct thch anh Na
2
SiO
3
H
2
SiO
3
SiO
2

b. Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
CO
2
CO I
2


Loi II: Vit phng trnh phn ng gii thch hin tng

93
Bi 1: Ti sao iu ch kh CO
2
trong phng th nghim ngi ta dng dung
dch NaHCO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c c CO
2
sch v kh
Gii:
Trong phng th nghim ngi ta iu ch kh CO
2
t axit HCl vi
vi theo phng trnh phn ng:
+ + | +
3 2 2 2
CaCO HCl CaCl CO H O

Hn hp kh c dn qua dung dch NaHCO
3
gi li HCl (kh) c
th b ko theo. Sau hn hp kh cn li c dn qua H
2
SO
4
m c
gi hi nc. Sau cng cn li CO
2
kh v sch.
Bi 2: V sao hm lng kh CO
2
trong kh quyn ca hnh tinh chng ta
c gi gn nh khng i?
Gii:
Trong kh quyn c 0,03% kh CO
2
, h p ca ngi thi ra khong 4%
trong s . Ngoi ra cn c s t chy nhin liu v cc ng vt khc
cng thi ra CO
2
. Bn cnh qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh hp th kh
CO
2
v thi ra kh O
2
v qu trnh chuyn ha thnh hidrat cacbon lm cho
cy ci pht trin. PTP:
+ +
as
2 2 6 10 5 2
6 5 ( ) 6
n
nCO nH O C H O nCO


Bi 3: Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau:

Gii:
2
2
2
2000
2
2
2 3
1. ?
2. ? ?
3. ? ?
4. ? ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
o
C
CO C
H O C
CaO C
CO Mg
Si C
Si KOH H O
SiO NaOH
Fe O CO
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+


94


Loi III: Ton hn hp

Bi 1: Ha tan 3,5 g hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
v 46,5ml nc. Nh t
tdung dch HCl 36,5% vo dung dch trn cho n khi thot ra 0,44g kh,
dung dch cn li cho tc dng ht vi nc vi trong th c 2 gam kt ta
a. Tnh khi lng dung dch axit clohidric phn ng
b. Tnh khi lng tng mui trong hn hp
c. Tnh nng % ca nc mui trong dung dch ban u
Gii:
a. Phng trnh phn ng:
2
2 3 2 2
2 3 2 2
dd
2 2
2
2 2
2
0,44
0,01
44
2( ).36,5 2.0,01.26,5 0,73
0,73.100
20
3,65
CO
HCl
Na CO HCl NaCl H O CO
x x x
K CO HCl KCl H O CO
y y y
n x y
m x y g
m g
+ + + |
+ + + |
= = = +
= + = =
= =

b. Dung dch cn li gm mui cacbonat d v mui clorua th mui clorua khng
phn ng vi Ca(OH)
2
ch c cacbonat d mi to kt ta vi nc vi
2
2 2
2
2
2000
2 2 3
2 2 3 2
2 3 2
1. 2
2.
3.
4. 2
5.
6.
7.
8. 2 3
o
C
CO C CO
H O C H CO
CaO C CaC CO
CO Mg MgO C
Si C SiC
Si KOH H O K SiO
SiO NaOH Na SiO H O
Fe O CO Fe CO
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+ +

95
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
( ) 2
' '
( ) 2
' '
2
' ' 0,02
100
Na CO Ca OH CaCO NaOH
x x
K CO Ca OH CaCO KOH
y y
n x y mol
+
+ + +
+ + +
= + = =

Tng s mol hai mui cacbonat:
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
dd
' ' 0,01 0,02 0,03
Ta c :
0,03 0,02
106 138 3,5 0,01
106.0,02 2,12
138.0,01 1,38
3,5 46,5 50
2,12
% .100% 4,24%
50
1,38
% .100% 2,76%
50
Na CO
K CO
Na CO
K CO
x y x y x y mol
x y x
x y y
m gam
m gam
m g
C
C
+ = + + + = + =
+ = =

`
+ = =
)
= =
= =
= + =
= =
= =


Bi 2: Ha tan 11,2 lit CO
2
(kc) vo 0,8 lit dung dch NaOH 1M, tnh nng mol/lit
ca dung dch to thnh

Gii:
2
2
dd
11,2
0,5
22,4
0,8.1 0,8
0,8
1 1,6 2
0,5
CO
NaOHtrong
NaOH
CO
n mol
n mol
n
n
= =
= =
< = = <

Vy c 2 phn ng xy ra to 2 mui
2 3
2 2 3 2
2
2
CO NaOH NaHCO
x x x
CO NaOH Na CO H O
y y y
+
+ +

Gi x, y l s mol ca NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3



96
3
2 3
( )
( )
0,5 0,2
0,8 2 0,3
0,2
0,25
0,8
0,3
0,375
0,8
M NaHCO
M Na CO
x y x mol
x y y mol
C M
C M
= + =

`
= + =
)
= =
= =


Bi 3: a. Ha tan 5,6 lit CO
2
(kc) vo 400ml dung dch KOH 1M. Tnh nng
mol/l dung dch to thnh.
b. Ha tan 896ml CO
2
(kc) vo 2,25 l dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,01M

p s:
3
2 3
( )
( )
. 0,25
0,375
. 0,0077
M KHCO
M K CO
a C M
C M
b M
=
=


Bi 4: Cho 2,464 lit CO
2
(kc) qua dd NaOH sinh ra 11,44g hn hp 2 mui Na
2
CO
3

v NaHCO
3

Hy xc nh s gam mui thu c

Gii:
2
2 3
3
2 3
2 2 3 2
2
2,464
0,11
22,4
10,6
106 84 11,44 0,01
0,11 0,1 0,84
CO
Na CO
NaHCO
NaOH CO NaHCO
x x
NaOH CO Na CO H O
y y
n mol
m g
y x x
x y y m g
+
+ +
= =
=
+ = =

`
+ = = =
)


Loi IV: Kh oxit kim loi

Bi 1: Cho hn hp Fe v Fe
2
O
3
, ngi ta thc hin th nghim sau:
Th nghim 1: cho lung kh CO qua a gam hn hp trn th thu c 11,2 gam st
Th nghim 2: Ngm a gam hn hp trn vo dung dch HCl phn ng xong thu c
2,24 lit H
2
(kc)
Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u

Gii:

97
Phn ng: TN1: Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2Fe +3CO
2

TN2: Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
2 3
2 3
11,2
0,2
56
1 0,2
0,1
2 2
160.0,1 16
Fe
Fe O Fe
Fe O
n mol
n n mol
m gam
= =
= = =
= =

2
2 3
2,24
0,1
22,4
0,1.56 5,6
16.100%
% 74%
5,6 16
% 100% 74% 26%
H
Fetrong hh
n mol
m gam
Fe O
Fe
= =
= =
= =
+
= =


Bi 2: Kh mt oxit st bng C nhit cao, phn ng xong ngi ta thu c0,84g
Fe v 448ml CO
2
(ktc)
a.Hy xc nh cng thc oxit dng
b.Tnh khi lng oxit st tham gia phn ng
c.Suy ra th tch CO (ktc) cn dng cho phn ng

Gii:
a. Tm cng thc oxit st (Fe
x
O
y
)
Phn ng: Fe
x
O
y
+ yCO xFe + yCO
2

1 y x y
0,015 0,02
2
3 4
0,84
0,015
56
448 0,02
: 0,015 : 0,020 3 : 4
Fe
CO
n mol
V ml n mol
x y
Fe O
= =
= =
= =


b. Tnh khi lng Fe
3
O
4
tham gia phn ng
C 1 mol Fe
3
O
4
3 mol Fe
x? 0,015 mol


98
3 4
3 4
0,015
0,005
3
0,005.232 1,16
Fe O
Fe O
n x mol
m gam
= = =
= =

c.
22,4.0,02 0,448
CO
V lit = =
Bi 3: Ngita dng mt loi than c ln tp cht iu ch mt kh c
thnh phn nh sau: 2% CH
4
, 29% CO v 2% CO
2
, cn li l kh khc khng
cha cacbon. C 205,4 g than iu ch c 1 m
3
kh trn v th tch mol l
22,4 lit kc. Hy tnh % cacbon trong loi than trn.

Gii:

Trong 1 m
3
kh c
2% CH
4
hay 20 lit CH
4

29% CO hay 290 lit CO
2% CO
2
hay 20 lit CO
2

Khi lng cacbon trong cc kh trn:
4
2
/
/
/
12.20
10,71
22,4
12.290
155,35
22,4
12.20
10,71
22,4
C CH
C CO
C CO
m g
m g
m g
= =
= =
= =

Tng khi lng cacbon trong 205,4 gam than trn l:
10,71+155,35+10,71=176,77g
176,77.100%
% 86%
205,4
C = =
Bi 4: Ngi ta t than cc bng lng khng kh thch hp ton b than
chuyn thnh CO.

99
a. Hy tnh thnh phn % V cc kh c trong hn hp kh than A thu c
b. Phi trn kh A vi khng kh theo t l th tch no c hn hp kh B
t chy hon ton CO.
c. t chy hon ton 38,5 lit hn hp B (kc) ri cho sn phm sinh ra i qua
dung dch KOH m c th khi lng bnh cha KOH sau phn ng nng
thm 13,9 g
Tnh hiu sut phn ng chy kh than.

Gii:

a. Gi V l th tch O
2
tham gia phn ng chy th 4V l th tch N
2
v th tch
CO sinh ra l 2V
2C + O
2
2CO
1V 2V
2
2 .100%
% 33,3%
4 2
% 100 33,3% 66,7%
CO
N
V
V
V V
V
= =
+
= =

b. Trn kh than v khng kh theo t l:
3 6
: 6 : 5
2,5 5
A K
V
V V
V
= =
c.
6,72
.100% 96%
7
H = =
N TP V NNG CAO

Bi 1: Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c pH = 13 (dung dch A) v dung dch HCl c
pH = 1 (dung dch B)
1. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch A v B
2. Trn 2,75 lit dung dch A vi 2,25 lit dung dch B
Xc nh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch to thnh v suy
ra pH ca dung dch ny.
Gii:
1. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch A v B


100
- pH=13 pOH = 14 pH = 14 13 = 1
pOH = 1 [OH
-
] = 10
-1
= 0,1 mol/lit
C
M
dd Ba(OH)
2
= 0,5[OH
-
] = 0,05 mol/l
- Dung dch c pH = 1 [H
+
] =10
-1
mol/l
[HCl] = [H
+
] = 0,1 mol/l
2. Tnh C
M
trong dung dch to thnh
S mol Ba(OH)
2
= 2,75.0,05 = 0,1375 mol
S mol HCl = 2,25.0,1 = 0,225 mol
2HCl + Ba(OH)
2
BaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
2 1 1
0,225 x? Y
x= 0,225/2 = 0,1125 = y
S mol Ba(OH)
2
d = 0,1375 0,1125 = 0,025 mol
C
M
BaCl
2
= 0,1125/(2,75+2,25) = 0,0205
C
M
Ba(OH)
2
= 0,025/5 = 0,005 M
Dung dch c tnh kim:
[OH
-
] = 0,05.2 = 0,01 mol/l pH = 12

Bi 2: Ngi ta t chy 2,24 lit H
2
ktc trong kh Clo c kh hidro clorua. Dn
kh ny vo 250 g dung dch Ca(OH)
2
3%
a. Cho bit thnh phn cc cht thu c v khi lng sn phm to thnh
b. Nu pha long dung dch to thnh vi nc c 1 lit dung dch th pH ca
dung ch y l bao nhiu
c. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl hoc NaOH nng 0,1 mol/l cn trung ha lng
Ca(OH)
2
hoc axit cn d trong dung dch thu c
= =

= =

2 2
( )
11,1 0,09
:
11,42 & 26
CaCl Ca OH
m g m g
DS
pH V ml


Bi 3: Cho 5,2 gam kim loi M c ha tr cha bit tc dng va vi axit HNO
3
th
thu c 1,008 lit hn hp hai kh NO v NO
2
kc, sau phn ng khi lng bnh
gim 1,42 gam.
Xc nh lim loi M
S: M = 65 (Zn)

Bi 4: Trong bnh kn rt ht khng kh ra, ngi ta bm vo bnh y 5,13 lit kh X
cha bit, cn bnh xong thay kh X bng kh SO
2
vi th tch bng th tch kh X
trn, thy bnh SO
2
nng hn 5 gam
Th nghim trn tin hnh 27
o
C v 1 atm
Hy xc nh kh X, bit X gm 2 nguyn t N v O


101
Gii:
2
2
2
2
2
5,6
5,6
5,6
0,25
22,4
64.0,25 16
5 11
11
0,25 44
0,25
14 16 44
o o
o
x SO
SO
SO
x SO
SO x x
x y
PV
V T lit
PT
V V lit
n mol
m
m m
n n M
N O x y
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= = = =
= + =

x 1 2
y L 1
Vy X l N
2
O

Bi 5: Cho hn hp A gm CO v CO
2
. Trn hn hp A vi kk. Sau t chy ht
kh CO th hm lng % theo th tch ca ni t trong hn hp thu c tng 3,36% so
vi hn hp trc phn ng. Bit rng trn kh A v khng kh theo t l V
A
:V
kk
= 1:4
Tnh % th tch 2 kh trong hn hp A
S:
%V
CO
=50%
%V
CO2
=50%

Bi 6: Trong bnh kn dung dch 20 lit N
2
v 10 lit H
2
0
o
C v 1 atm. Sau khi tin
hnh tng hp NH
3
ri a v 0
o
C th c 60% hidro tham gia phn ng
1. Tnh p sut trong bnh sau phn ng
2. Nu p sut trong bnh l 9 atm th c bao nhiu % kh tham gia phn ng.
S:
1. P
2
=8atm
2. Vi N
2
: 10%
Vi H
2
: 30%
Bi 7: Trong bnh kn th tch 5 lit cha mt t cacbon v nc (khng c kk)
nung nng bnh n nhit cao. G s ch xy ra hai phn ng:
C + H
2
O CO + H
2
(1)
C + 2H
2
O CO
2
+ 2H
2
(2)
Sau lm lnh n 0
o
C th p sut trong bnh l p


102
a. Nu cho hai kh trong bnh qua dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d th to thnh
1,97 gam kt ta. Tnh khi lng CO
2
c trong bnh
b. t chy cc kh trong bnh cn 2,464 lit O
2
ktc, tnh thnh phn
% mi kh trong bnh.
c. Tnh p sut p? Bit th tch kh khng i. Cht rn v hi nc c
th tch khng ng k.
S:
a. m CO
2
= 0,44 gam
b. %CO
2
= 4,3%
%CO = 43%
%H
2
= 52,7%
c. p = 1,03 atm

Bi 8: Nung 25,9 gam mui ca kim loi ha tr 2 khan c hi nc v kh
CO
2
bay ra. Th tch CO
2
cho qua than nng tng thm 2,24 lit
Xc nh thnh phn ca mui em nung.
S: Mui em nung l Ba(HCO
3
)
2


Bi 9:
a. Ha tan hon ton 19.75g mt mui hidrocacbonat vo nc. Dung
dch thu c cho tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
va , sau c cn dung dch sau
phn ng c 16.5g mui sunfat trung ha khan. Tm cng thc mui?
b. Trong bnh kn dung tch 2.8 lt cha 3.95g mui trn. Nung bnh
mui b phn hy hon ton ri gi bnh 300
0
C th p sut trong bnh l bao
nhiu?
(Trch Nhng bi ton bin lun ca Nguyn nh )
Gii
a. Gi cng thc mui cho l X(HCO
3
)
n
vi n l ho tr ca X
Gi a l s mol mui dng, ta c phn ng

103
2X(HCO
3
)
n
+ n H
2
SO
4
X
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ 2n H
2
O +
2n CO
2

a a/2
Suy ra ta c h : a(X + 61n) = 19,75 (1)
a/2 ( 2X + 96n) = 16,5 (2)
(1) (2) => 13na = 3,25
na = 0,25 . Th vo (1) rt ra:
Xa = 4,5
Vy X = 18n
Ch c n = 1, ng vi X = 18 (NH
4
) l ph hp
Vy mui trn l NH
4
HCO
3

b. S mol mui = 3,95 : 7,9 = 0,05
Phn ng xy ra :
NH
4
HCO
3
NH
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

0,05 mol 0,05 mol 0,05 mol 0,05 mol
=> S mol kh c trong bnh sau khi nung = 0,05 . 3 = 0,15
=> P = atm
V
nRT
517 , 2
8 , 2
573 . 082 , 0 . 15 , 0
= =

Bi 10: Mt hn hp A nng 7.2g gm 2 mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim
th thuc hai chu k lin tip. Ha tan ht A bng H
2
SO
4
long c kh b cho
B hp th ht vo 450ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0.2M c kh 15.76g kt ta.
a. Xc nh 2 mui cacbonat v tnh % theo khi lng ca chng.
b. Ly 7.2g A v 11.6g FeCO
3
cho vo bnh c th tch khng i 10lit .
Cho khng kh (20% oxi v 80% nito) vo bnh 27.3
0
C n khi p
sut trong bnh l 1.232atm. Nung bnh nhit cao phn ng xy
ra hon ton. a nhit bnh v ban u th p sut trong bnh l
bao nhiu?

(Trch Nhng bi ton bin lun ca Nguyn nh )
Gii


104
a. Gi cng thc trung bnh 2 mui cacbonat l MCO
3

Gi x l tng s mol 2 mui ny
Ta c phn ng :
MCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
x x
x mol CO
2
hp th vo dung dch cha 0,45 .2 = 0,09 mol Ba(OH)
2

to ra 08 , 0
197
76 , 15
= mol BaCO
3
cho thy c 2 kh nng
Ba(OH)
2
d nn ch to BaCO
3

CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,08mol 0,08mol
Suy ra x(M + 60) = 7,2
x = 0,08
=> M = 30
=> 2 kim loi l Mg(24) v Ca(40)
t a, b ln l t l s mol ca MgCO
3
v CaCO
3
, ta c h
a + b = 0,08
84a + 100b = 7,2
Gii ta c a = 0,05 mol v b = 0,03 mol
Vy % MgCO
3
= % 3 , 58
2 , 7
84 . 05 , 0
=
% CaCO
3
= 41,7%
- CO
2
d nn to ra Ba(HCO
3
)
2
v BaCO
3

Gi s to ra n mol Ba(HCO
3
)
2
v m mol BaCO
3
theo cc
phng trnh :
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
n n n

105
2CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
2m m m
Suy ra : n + m = 0,09
n = 0,08
=> m = 0,01
=> x = s mol CO
2
= n + 2m = 0,1
=> x(M + 60) = 7,2
=> M = 12
=> 2 kim loi cho l Be(9) v Mg(24)
t e, d l s mol BeCO
3
v MgCO
3
dng, ta c h :
c + d = 0,1
69c + 84d = 7,2
Gii ra ta c : c =0,08 v d = 0,02
Vy %BeCO
3
=
69.0, 08
76, 6%
7, 2
=
%MgCO
3
= 23,4%
b. S mol FeCO
3
dng =
11, 6
0,1
116
=
S mol khng kh c trong bnh =
1, 232.10
0, 5
0, 082.300, 3
=
Suy ra trong bnh c
20
0, 5 0,1
100
= mol O
2
v 0,4 mol N
2

Theo trn ta cng xt 2 kh nng
MgCO
3
: 0,05mol
A gm
CaCO
3
: 0,03mol
Cc phn ng xy ra :


106
MgCO
3
= MgO + CO
2

0,05 mol 0,05mol
CaCO
3
= CaO + CO
2

0,03mol 0,03mol
FeCO
3
= FeO + CO
2

0,1mol 0,1mol
4FeO + O
2
= 2Fe
2
O
3

0,1mol 0,025mol
Vy sau khi nung cha cc kh :
CO
2
: 0,18mol
N
2
: 0,4mol
O
2
: 0,075mol
P =
(0,18 0, 4 0, 075).0, 082.300, 3
1, 61
10
nRT
V
+ +
= = atm

A gm BeCO
3
: 0,08mol, MgCO
3
; 0,02mol
Cc phn ng xy ra:
BeCO
3
= BeO + CO
2

0,08 mol 0,08mol
MgCO
3
= MgO + CO
2

0,02mol 0,02mol
FeCO
3
= FeO + CO
2

0,1mol 0,1mol
4FeO + O
2
= 2Fe
2
O
3
0,1mol 0,025mol
Vy sau khi nung cha cc kh:

107
CO
2
: 0,2 mol
N
2
: 0,4 mol
O
2
: 0,075mol
=>P=
(0, 2 0, 4 0, 075).0, 082.300, 3
1, 66
10
nRT
V
+ +
= = atm

Bi 11: Ha tan m
1
gam kim loi A ha tr 1 vo nc, c dung dich X v
V
1
lt kh bay ra. Cho V
2
lt kh CO
2
hp th hon ton vo dung dch X, c
dung dch Y cha m
2
gam cht tan. Cho dung dch Y tc dng ht vi dung
dch HCl thy thot ra V
3
lt kh. Cc th tch u o iu kin tiu chun.
a. Cho V
2
=V
3
,hy bin lun thnh phn cc cht tan trong dung dch Y
theo V
1
v V
2

b. Cho V
2
= 5/3V
1

- Lp biu thc tnh m
1
theo m
2
v V
1

- Cho m
2
= 4.42g ,V
1
= 0.672 lt.Hy tnh m
1
v khi lng nguyn
t ca kim loi A
(Trch Phng php gii ton ha v c ca Nguyn Phc Hong
Tn)
Gii
Ch : Tm hiu tht k li gii sau y, bn c s thy bn cht ca phn
ng sc kh CO
2
(hay SO
2
) vo mi trng kim (OH
-
) l phn ng trung ho
:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
1. Kim loi A ho tr I tan c trong nc \, gii phng kh H
2
nn A l
kim loi kim, ta c:
A + H- OH
-
A
+
+ OH
-
+ H
2

V
1
thot ra hay
1
1
11, 2
V
n = mol Hon ton thot ra, ng thi trong dung
dch cng xut hin n
1
mol OH
-

Cho V
2
lt (CO
2
) hay
2
2
22, 4
V
n = mol CO
2
sc vo dung dch kim, CO
2
phn ng nh mt axit:
CO
2
+ H
2
O 2H
+
+ CO
3
2-



108
n
2
2n
2
n
2
(mol)
Khi cho Y tc dng ht vi HCl s xy ra phn ng :
2H
+
+ CO
3
2-
CO
2
+ H
2
O
V
3
(lt)
Cho V
2
=V
3
c ngha l V
2
lt CO
2
lc u b dung dch OH
-
hp th
ht thnh CO
3
2-
hay HCO
3
-
khng c CO
2
thot ra. Nu c CO
2
thot ra th V
3

< V
2

Bin lun : Vi s mol OH
-
= n
1
=
1 1
2
11,2 22,4
V V
= mol
S mol H
+
= 2n
2
= 2
2
22, 4
V
mol
Ta c cc trng hp sau :
a. n
1
> 2n
2
V
1
> V
2
: mi trng d OH
-

dung dch Y cha n
2
mol mui A
2
CO
3
hay
2
22, 4
V
mol A
2
CO
3

v (n
1
2n
2
) mol OH
-
ng vi
1 2
2
( )
22,4
V V mol AOH
b. n
1
= 2n
2
V
1
= V
2
: mi trng trung tnh cha n
2
mol A
2
CO
3
hay
2
22, 4
V
mol A
2
CO
3

c. n
1
< 2n
2
V
1
< V
2
: mi trng d H
+
nn c tnh axit .S mol H
+

dng mui axit
H
+
= 2n
2
n
1
=
2
2 1
( )
22,4
V
V V mol H
+

Nu H
+
= 2n
2
n
1
n
2
V
2
2V
1
: tc l s mol H
+
d s mol CO
3
2-

th mi trng ch c mui AHCO
3

Nu H
+
= 2n
2
n
1
< n
2
V
1
< V
2
< 2V
1
th m
2
gam l hn hp 2 mui
AHCO
3
v A
2
CO
3

S mol AHCO
3
= 2n
2
n
1
=
2
2 1
( )
22,4
V
V V mol AHCO
3


109
S mol A
2
CO
3
= n
2
(2n
2
n
1
) = n
1
n
2
=
1 2
2
22, 4
V V
mol A
2
CO
3
2. a. Khi cho V
2
=
1 1 2 1
5
2
3
V V V V ( (
S mol HCO
3
-
= S mol AHCO
3
-
=
1
1
4 2 2
( )
22,4 3 67,2
V
V = mol
S mol CO
3
2-
= S mol A
2
CO
3
=
1 2 1
2
22, 4 67,2
V V V
= mol CO
3
2-

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng :
M
2
= m
1
+ khi lng HCO
3
-
+ khi lng CO
3
2-


1 1
1 1
1 2 1
4 304
.61 .60
67,2 67,2 67,2
304
.
67,2
V
V
m V
m m V
+ = +
=


b. Khi cho m
2
= 4,42g, V
1
= 0,672 lt th:


1
304
4,42 .0,672 1,38
67,2
m = = g
S mol A
+
= s mol A = s mol HCO
3
-
+ 2. s mol CO
3
2-

=
1 1 1
4 2 6 6.0,672
0,06
67,2 67,2 67,2 67,2
V V V
+ = = = mol
Vy A=
138
23
0,06
= (=M
Na
)

Bi 12: Ha tan a gam hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
vo nc c 400ml
dung dch A. Cho t t 100ml dung dch HCl 1.5M vo dung dch A, thu c
dung dch B v 1.008 lt kh (ktc). Cho B tc dng vi Ba(OH)
2
d thu c
29.55 gam kt ta.
1. Tnh a


110
2. Tnh nng mol ca cc ion rong dung dch A (b qua s cho nhn
proton ca cc ion HCO
3
-
v CO
3
2-
)
3. Ngi ta li cho t t dung dch A vo bnh ng 100ml dung dch HCl
1.5 M. Tnh th tch kh CO
2
(ktc) c to ra.
(Trch Phng php gii ton ha v c ca Nguyn Phc Hong
Tn)
Gii
1. Phng trnh phn ng in ly ca a gm hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v
KHCO
3

Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+ CO
3
2-
( 1 )
KHCO
3
K
+
+ HCO
3
-
( 2 )
Trong 400ml dung dch A c cha cc ion : Na
+
, K
+
, CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
.
Theo 2 phn ng trn ta c:
S mol Na
2
CO
3
= s mol CO
3
2-

S mol KHCO
3
= s mol HCO
3
-

Mt khc dung dch HC cha 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 mol HCl s in ly thnh
0,15mol H
+
v 0,15 mol Cl
-

Khi cho t t 0,15mol H
+

vo A s xy ra cc phn ng :
H
+
+ CO
3
2-
HCO
3
-

( 3 )

H
+
HCO
3
-
H
2
O + CO
2
( 4 )
Khi c CO
2
bay ln th trong dung dch khng cn CO
3
2-
na, v
khi kt thc ( 3) th ton b CO
3
2-
ca dung dch bin thnh HCO
3
-
, lc
ny trong dung dch cha HCO
3
-
c sn v HCO
3
-
mi to thnh t (3) m s
mol HCO
3
-
to ra t (3) = s mol CO
3
2-

(4) => s mol H
+
(4) = s mol HCO
3
-
(4) = s mol CO
2
=
1,008
0,045
22,4
= mol
V HCO
3
-
cn d nn s mol H
+
tham gia (3)= 0,15 -0,045 = 0,105 mol
(3) => CO
3
2-
=s mol H
+
tham gia (3) =0,105 mol
=> s mol Na
2
CO
3
= 0,105 mol

111
S mol HCO
3
-
d s b trung ho bi Ba(OH)
2
d theo phng trnh
ion thu gn:
HCO
3
-
+ Ba
2+
+ OH
-
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O ( 5 )
(5) => s mol HCO
3
-
d = s mol BaCO
3
=
29,55
0,15
197
= mol HCO
3
-

Vy sau khi kt thc (3): trong dung dch c : 0,045+ 0,15 = 0,195 mol
HCO
3
-
trong gm : 0,105mol HCO
3
-
v CO
3
2-
sinh ra v 0,195 0,105
=0,09 mol HCO
3
-
lc u => s mol KHCO
3
=0,09 mol
Vy a = (0,15.106 + 0,09.100) = 20,13 g
2. Nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch A:
[HCO
3
-
] = [K
+
] =
0,09
0,225
0,4
= M
[CO
3
2-
] =
0,105
0,2625
0,4
= M
[Na
+
] = 2.[CO
3
2-
] = 2 . 0,2625 = 0,525 M
3. Khi rt ngc dung dch A vo dung dch axit HCl cha 0,15mol H
+
th
rt nguy him, c th dung dch s pht vo mt , dung dch s si ln do
nng qu v si kh CO
2
, nn kh c th xc nh c lng CO
2
thot ra
mt cch chnh xc m ch c th xc nh c gii hn ca th tch CO
2
.
Vi 0,15mol H
+
s y ra c lng CO
2
t nht khi H
+
, ch phn ng vi
CO
3
2-
theo phn ng :
2H
+
+ CO
3
2-
H
2
O + CO
2
(6)
0,15 mol 0,075mol 0,075mol
V nh vy trong dung dch vn cn d 0,105 - 0,075 = 0,03mol CO
3
2-

Vi 0,15 mol H
+
s y ra c nhiu CO
2
nht khi H
+
tc dng HCO
3
-

trc, tip theo mi tc dng vi CO
3
2-

H
+
+ HCO
3
2-
H
2
O + CO
2
(7)
0,09 0,09 0,09
2H
+
+ CO
3
2-
H
2
O + CO
2
(6)
(0,15 0,09)
(0,15 0,09)
2

=0,03


112
Tng s mol CO
2
phn ng (7) v (6) l 0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12mol
Vy 0,075 . 22,4 V
CO2
0,12 . 22,4 hay
1,681 V
CO2
2,688 lt

Bi 13: Ha tan 115.3 gam hn hp X gm MgCO
3
v RCO
3
bng 500ml
dung dch H
2
SO
4
ta thu c dung dch A, cht rn B v 4.48 lt CO
2
(ktc).
C cn dung dch A th thu c 12.2 gam mui khan. Mt khc em nung
cht rn B ti khi lng khn i th thu c 11.2lits CO
2
(ktc) v cht rn
B
1

a. Tnh nng mol dung dch H
2
SO
4
long dng
b. Tnh khi lng ca B v B
1

c. Tnh khi lng nguyn t ca R
1
, bit trong hn hp ban u s mol
ca RCO
3
gp 2.5 ln s mol ca MgCO
3

Trch Phng php gii ton ha v c ca Nguyn Phc Hong
Tn)
Gii
1. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long phn ng trao i vi hn hp X ( RCO
3
;
MgCO
3
) theo cc phn ng :
RCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
RSO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

(1)
MgCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

(2)
Theo gi thit s mol CO
2
sinh ra do (1) v (2) :

4, 48
0,2
22, 4
= mol CO
2

Nhng khi nung cc cht rn B cn li vn cn c
11,2
0,5
22,4
= mol
CO
2
thot ra chng t X d nn khi nung B, c mt hay c hai phn ng nhit
phn sau:
RCO
3

o
t
RO + CO
2

MgCO
3

o
t
MgO + CO
2


113
V mt lng mui sunfat tan trong nc c khi lng 12g. Nh
th H
2
SO
4
phn ng ht theo (1) v (2)
T (1) v (2) r rng l :
S mol H
2
SO
4
= s mol CO
2
thot ra = 0,2mol
[H
2
SO
4
] =
0,2
0, 4
0,5
=
2. T (1) v (2) => tng s mol hai mui cacbonat tham gia phn ng
= s mol CO
2
= 0,2mol. V 1 mol mui cacbonat no cng c th chuyn
thnh 1 mol mui sufat lm cho hkoois lng tng thm : 96 60 = 36(g)
=> 0,2 mol mui cacbonat phn ng lm cho khi lng mui tng
0,2 . 36 = 7,2 gam
Do theo nh lut ba ton khi lng ta c : 115,3 + 7,2 = m
B
+
12
khi lng B : m
B
= 115,3 + 7,2 + 12 = 110,5 (g)
V khi lng B
1
: m
B1
= m
B
0,5 . 44 = 88,5 (g)
3. R rng l ton b CO
3
2-
trong X ban u ln lt chuyn thnh
CO
2
qua hai bc khc nhau :
(1), (2) : dng dung dch H
+

(3), (4) : dng tc dng nhit
Theo (1), (2) ,(3) ta c :
n
X
= n
CO2
= 0,2 + 0,5 = 0,7 mol
Gi M
x
l khi lng mol phan t trung bnh ca X, ta c :
M
x
=
115,3
165
0,7
= (g)
t M = RCO
3

Theo gi thit ta c t l mol :
S mol RCO
3
: s mol MgCO
3
= 2,5 = 5 : 2 nn ta c phng
trnh
M
x
= 165 =
5 2
197 60 137
7 7
M M M R R + = = + =
Vy R l nguyn t Ba(137)


114

Bi 14: Cho hi nc qua than nung thu c 2.24 lt hn hp kh A
(dktc) gm CO, H
2
, CO
2
. Cho hn hip kh A kh 40.14 gam PbO d nung
nng (hiu sut 100%) thu c hn hp kh B v hn hp cht rn C.
Ho tan hon ton hn hp C trong HNO
3
2M thu c 1.344 lt kh
NO(dktc) v dung dch D. Kh B c hp thu bi dung dch nc vi, thu
c 1.4 gam kt ta E, lc tch kt ta, un nng dung dch nc lc li to
ra m gam kt ta E. Cho dung dch Dung dch tc dng vi lng d K
2
SO
4

v Na
2
SO
4
to ra kt ta mu trng G
1. Tnh % th tch cc kh trong A
2. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO
3
ti thiu ho tan hon ton hn hp C
3. Tnh khi lng m
4. Tnh khi lng kt ta G. Ga thit cc phn ng to ra kt ta E v G
xy ra hon ton.
(Trch Phng php gii ton ho v c ca Nguyn Phc Ho Tn)
Gii
1. Phn ng to ra kh than t :
C + H
2
O CO + H
2
(1)
C + 2H
2
O CO
2
+ 2H
2
(2)
Theo gi thit s mol hn hp kh A l :
2,24
0,1
22,4
= mol A v s mol
PbO =
40,14
0,18
223
=
Phn ng kh:
PbO + CO
0
t
Pb + CO
2
(3)
PbO + H
2

0
t
Pb + H
2
O (4)
Sau 2 phn ng trn ta thu c hn hp cht rn C chng t
PbO cn d v CO, H
2
ht v hn hp kh B gm CO
2
v hi nc.
Phn ng ho tan PbO v Pb trong dung dch HNO
3

3Pb + 8HNO
3
3Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (5)
PbO + 2HNO
3
Pb(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O (6)

115
Phn ng hp th B bi Ca(OH)
2
:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (7)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(8)
Phn ng nung nng nc lc :
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (9)
chng t c phn ng (8)
Phn ng to kt ta G :
Pb
2+
+ SO
4
2-
PbSO
4
(10)
Theo (3) v (4) ta thy tng c mol (CO,H
2
) = s mol Pb to thnh
Theo (5) => s mol Pb =
3
2
. s mol NO =
3 1,344
. 0,09
2 22,4
= mol
Tng s mol (CO, H
2
) = 0,09 mol
Nn s mol CO
2
trong A = 0,1 0,09 =0,01
Theo (2) s mol H
2
= 2 . 0,01 = 0,02 mol
Theo (1) s mol CO (1) l s mol H
2
(1) =
0,1 (0,01 0,02)
0,035
2
+
= mol
Vy thnh phn % theo s mol hay thoe th tch ca cc kh trong
A :
%CO =
0,035
.100% 35%
0,1
=
%CO
2
=
0,01
.100% 10%
0,1
=
%H
2
= (100 35 10) 55% =
2. Theo (3) v(4) ta thy s mol PbO phn ng = s mol Pb to ra =
0,09 mol
S mol PbO d l 0,18 0,09 = 0,09 mol


116
Theo (5) (6) s mol HNO
3
ti thiu ho tan ht 0,09 mol Pb v
0,09 mol PbO :

8
.0,09 2.0,09 0,42
3
+ = mol HNO
3

Vy th tch dung dch HNO
3
2M ti thiu phi dng l :
V =
0,42
0,21
2
= lt = 210 ml
3. Theo (3) s mol CO
2
sinh ra bng s mol CO = 0,035 mol => s mol
CO
2
trong B = s mol CO
2
c sn + s mol CO
2
to ra do (3) =
0,01 0,035 0,045 + = mol
Khi sc 0,045mol CO
2
vo nc vi thu c 1,4 gam CaCO
3
hay
1,4
0,014
100
= mol trong c 0,014 mol CO
2
. Cn li 0,045 0,014 = 0,031
mol CO
2
[hair dng mui axit Ca(HCO
3
)
2
tan theo s chuyn ho:
2CO
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0,031
0,031
2

S mol Ca(HCO
3
)
2
=
0,031
2
khi un si s thu c
0,031
2
mol
CaCO
3
hay
0,031
.100 1,55
2
= kt ta E
4. Khi lng G chnh l khi lng PbSO
4
(10)
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng th 0,18 mol PbO
ban u s bin thnh 0,18 mol Pb
2+
trong dung ch HNO
3
ti thiu (Nu
HNO
3
d c th ta khng thu c PbSO
4
v PbSO
4
tan trong HNO
3
)
Sau chuyn thnh PbSO
4
cng c s mol l 0,18 mol PbSO
4

Vy khi lng G l 0,18.303 54,54 = g

Bi 15: t chy hon ton m gam cha 4% tp cht khng chy ta thu c
hn hp kh A gm CO v CO
2
. Cho kh A i t t qua ng s ng 46.4 gam
Fe
3
O
4
nung nng. Kh ra khi ng s b hp th hon ton bi 2 lt dung dch

117
Ba(OH)
2
to thnh 39.4 gam kt ta. un nng tip dung dch li thy to
thnh thm 29.55 gam kt ta.
Cht rn cn li trong ng s c chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Ho
tan ht phn 1 dung dch HCl thy tn 330ml dung dch HCl 2M v c 672ml
kh(dktc) thot ra.Phn th 2 ho tan ht bng dung dch HNO
3
long th thu
c kh NO(kh duy nht thot ra)
1. Tnh m
2. Tnh t khi ca hn hp kh A so vi H
2

3. Tnh th tch kh NO(dktc)
4. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
dng
(Trch Phng php gii ton ho v c ca Nguyn Phc Ho Tn)
Gii
1. Phn ng chy ca G trong m gam than (C + tp cht)
C +
1
2
O
2
CO (1)
C + O
2
CO
2
(2)
Phn ng kh oxi ca
46, 4
0,2
232
= mol Fe
3
O
4
bi hn hp A:
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO 3FeO + CO
2
(3)
x x 3x
FeO + CO Fe + CO
2
(4)
0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06
Khi ra khi ng b hp th hon ton bi Ba(OH)
2
chng t CO
ht v ton b C ban u hon ton chuyn thnh CO
2
qua (1) , (2), (3)
,(4) .
Theo gi thit s mol BaCO
3
thu c l :
39,4
0,2
197
= mol BaCO
3

trong c 0,2 mol C
Khi un nh li c kt ta chng t trong dung dch c Ba(HCO
3
)
2

tan:
Ba(HCO
3
)
2

0
t
BaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O


118
0,15
29,55
0,15
197
=
Theo gi thit v (5) s mol Ba(HCO
3
)
2
= s mol BaCO
3
=
29,55
0,15
197
= mol Ba(HCO
3
)
2
trong c 0,15.2 0,3 = mol C
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng , ta c s mol C
ban u l (0,2 0,3) 0,5 + = mol C hay 0,5.12 6 = g C
Vy khi lng m cua mu than l :
m =
6
.100 6.25
(100 4)
=

gam than
2. Theo (1) v (2) ta thy rng 0,5 mol C ban du hon ton bin thnh
0,5 mol hn hp CO, CO
2
vi t l mol cha xc nh c nn t cha tnh
c M
A
tnh d
A/H2

Theo gi thit nu ho tan hon ton
1
2
hn hp rn sau khi
nung th phi tiu tn ht 0,33.2 0,66 = mol HCl, nhng n gin v khi
nhm ln trong tnh on ta cho rng ho tan hon ton hn hp rn sau khi
nung phi tiu tn ht 0,66.2 1,32 = mol HCl trong c :
1,32 mol H
+
v s sinh ra
0,672
.2 0,06
22,4
= mol H
2

Ta c cc phng trnh phn ng ho tan:
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
(6)
0,06 0,12 0,06 0,06
FeO + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
O (7)
3 0,06 x (3 0,06).2 x
Nu d Fe
3
O
4
th c thm phn ng :
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
2Fe
3+
+ Fe
2+
+ 4H
2
O (8)
0,2 x (0,2 ).8 x
Theo (6) => s mol Fe = s mol H
2
= 0,06 mol Fe
Theo (4) => s mol FeO b kh = s mol Fe =0,06

119
S mol Fe
3
O
4
ban u l
46,4
0,2
232
= mol
Gi x l s mol Fe
3
O
4
tham gia (3) thif s mol FeO to ra t (3) l
3x mol nhng ch c 0,06 mol FeO b kh thnh 0,06 mol Fe (4) => s mol
FeO cn d l (3 0,06) x . Mt khc s mol Fe
3
O
4
d l (0,2 ) x
T (7) ,(8) ,(9) ta c phng trnh theo tng s mol H
+
:

(3 0,06).2 (0,2 ).8 0,12 1.32
0,14
x x
x
+ + =
=

Vy Fe
3
O
4
d l ng
Theo (3) => s mol CO = x= 0,14 mol
Vy tng s mol thamgia c (3) v (4) cng chnh l
s mol CO trong A l 0,06 0,14 0,2 + =
s mol CO
2
trong A l 0,5 0,2 0,3 =
Vy d
A/H2
=
0,3.44 0,2.28
18,8
0,5.2
+
=
3. V NO l sn phm oxi ho kh ca phn ng oxi ho kh gia HNO
3

v ( Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
) nn ta c th tnh NO theo bn phn ng :
Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e
(9)
(9) => 0,06 mol Fe phng ra 3 . 0,06 = 0,18 mol
FeO Fe
3+
+ 1e
(10)
(10) => ( 3.0,14 0,06 ) mol FeO hay 0,36 mol FeO phng ra 0,36
mol e
V FeO.Fe
2
O
3
hay Fe
3
O
4
3Fe
3+
+ 1e
(11)
(11) 0,06 mol Fe
3
O
4
cng phng ra 0,06 mol e
Vy tng s mol e c phng ra l : 0,18 0,36 0,06 0,6 + + = mol
Phn ng nhn 0,6 mol e ca NO
3
-
:


120
NO
3
-
+ 3e N (12)
0,6
0,6
2

T (12) => s mol NO =
0,6
0,2
2
= mol NO
Vy th tch NO l : V
NO
=
0,2
.22,4 2,24
2
= lt
4. Ta c s mol Ba(OH)
2
= s mol Ba
2+
c trong BaCO
3
v Ba(HCO
3
)
2

S mol Ba
2+
= s mol BaCO
3
+ s mol Ba(HCO
3
)
2
=
0,2 0,15 0,35 + = mol
Vy [Ba(OH)
2
] = [Ba
2+
] =
0,35
0,175
2
= M

Bi 16: Hn hp A gm M
2
CO
3
v BaCO
3
(M l kim loi kim). Cho 10 gam A
tc dng va vi HCl 0.4 M thy thot ra 1.467 lt kh(25
0
C ,1atm). C cn
dung dch thu c hn hp mui B. in phn B nng chy n khi anot
khng cn kh thot ra th thu c 2 kim loi catot. Cho hn hp 2 kim loi
ny ho tan vo nc, sau cho tc dng vi dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
d thu
c kh C v 9.32 gam kt ta .
1. Tnh khi lng nguyn t ca M
2. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl dng
3. Tnh % v khi lng cc cht trong A
4. Ngi ta nn lng kh C thu c trn vo bnh dung tch 5 lt c
cha sn O
2
25
0
C, sau khi nn ht v nhit ban u (25
0
C) th p
sut trong bnh l 1.0268 atm. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian, gi slc
90%NH
3
b chy thnh N
2
v H
2
O sau a nhit bionhf v
136.5
0
C
a. Tnh % theo th tch cc kh trong bnh sau khi chy
b. Tnh p sut trong bnh ( 136.5
0
C)sau khi chy
(Trch Phng php gii ton ho v c ca Nguyn Phc Ho Tn)
Gii
1. Phn ng ca 10 gam A vi HCl :
M
2
CO
3
+ 2H
2+
2M
2+
+ H
2
O + CO
2

(1)

121
BaCO
3
+ 2H
2+
Ba
2+
+ H
2
O + CO
2

(2)
Theo (1) v (2) : tng s mol 2 mui = tng s mol CO
3
2-
= tng s
mol CO
2
=

1.1,467.273
0,06
22,4.(273 25)
pV
RT
= =
+
mol
Dung dch B l dung dch 2 mui BaCl
2
v MCl
Khi in phn 2 mui ta thu c Ba, M catot v kh Cl
2
anot
BaCl
2

dpnc
Ba

+ Cl
2
(3)
MCl
dpnc
M + Cl
2
(4)
(Ba, M ) tc dng vi dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
xy ra cc phn ng:
Ba + 2H
2
O ( Ba
2+
+ 2OH
-
) + H
2
(5)
M + H
2
O M + OH
-
+
1
2
H
2
(6)
OH
-
+ NH
4
+
H
2
O + NH
3
(7)
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
(8)
Theo di qu trnh phn ng ta thy BaCO
3
trong 10 gam A
chuyn thnh ho t
BaCO
3
Ba Ba(OH)
2
BaSO
4
vi t l 1:1
Do s mol BaCO
3
= n
Ba
= n
Ba(OH)2)
= n
BASO4
=
9,32
0,04
233
= mol
S mol M
2
(CO
3
) = 0,06 0,04 0,02 = mol
Nn ta c phng trnh :
0,02(2 60) 10 0,04.197 10 7,88 2,12 M + = = =
23 M = (Na, vi s mol 0,02 . 2 = 0,04 mol)
2. Dung dch B cha 0,04 mol BaCl
2
v 0,04 mol NaCl ng vi
(0,04.2 0,04) + mol Cl
-
= 0,12 mol Cl
-
cung cp khi ta ho tan 10 gam A
V [HCl] = [Cl
-
] = 0,4 M


122
Nn th tch dung dch HCl dng:
V
HCl
=
0,12
0,3
0,4
= lt
3. T cc kt qu trn ta tnh c :
%BaCO
3
=
0,04.197
.100% 78,8%
10
=
%Na
2
CO
3
= (100 78,8) 21,2% =
4. Theo (5) v (6) s mol OH
-
= s mol H c gii phng =
0,04.2 0,04 0,12 + = mol
V cho hn hp Ba, Na vo nc trc ri mi ly dung dch +
dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
d nn C l NH
3
to ra:
OH
-
+ NH
4
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O
0,12 0,12
Tng s mol kh trong bnh sau hki nen thm 0,12 mol NH
3
l
N
d =
1,0268.5.273
0,21 ,
22,4.(273 25)
pv
mol
rt
= =
+
trong c 0,21-0,12=0,09 mol O
2

Pphn ng chy NH
3
trong oxy:
2 NH
3
+
3
0
2
2

0 t
N
2
+ 3H
2
O (9)
Ta trn hn hp NH
3
: O
2
= 0,12:0,09 = 4:3 va nhng do iu
kin nhit , phn ng chy ch t 90% nn sau phn ng cn
0,12 .0,1=0,012 mol NH
3

0,09.0,1=0,009 mol O
2

0,9 .
1
2
.0,12 =0,054 mol N
2

3
2
.0,9.0,12=0,162 mol H
2
O
Tng mol kh v hi sau khi chy ( 136,5
0
)
n
s
= 0,012 + 0,009 + 0,054 + 0,162 =0,237 mol

123
a, vy % theo V ca cc kh khi chy :
% NH
3
=
0,012
0,237
.100%=5,06%
% O
2
=
0,009
0,237
.100%= 3,8%
% N
2
=
0,045
0, 237
.100% = 22,785%
v % H
2
O = 68,355%
b, p sut P
s
:
ta c:
s
t
P
P
=
s
t
n
n
.
s
t
T
T
=> P
s
=
0,237 (237 136,5)
.
0,21 237 25
+
+
= 1,59 atm
Vy p sut trung bnh sau khi chy ( 136,5
0
C) l 1,59 atm.


BI TP T GII

Cu1. a. Bng phng php ha hc nhn bit cc cht rn sau: BaCO
3
,
BaSO
4
, Na
2
CO
3

b. Ch dng CO
2
, H
2
O nhn bit cc cht rn: Na
2
CO
3
, NaCl, BaCO
3
, BaSO
4
Cu 2. Bng phng php ha hc chng minh s c mt ca NH
4
+
, NO
3
-
,
CO
3
2-
trong dung dch
Cu 3. Chng minh s c mt ca NH
4
+
, SO
4
2-
, CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
trong cng 1
dung dch
Cu 4. T than , khng kh, mui n, nc thit b y cho bit phng
php iu ch NaHCO
3
, NH
4
HCO
3
, NH
4
NO
3
, ure
Cu 5. Mt dd X c cha cc ion : NH
+
4
, NO
-
3
, Cl
-
, HCO
-
3
v CO
2-
3
. Nu cch
nhn bit cc ion c trong dung dch .
Cu 6. a/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho dung dch
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
vo cc dung dch sau: Ca(OH)
2
, NaHSO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
, HCl, NaOH.


124
b/ C 5 l mt nhn, mi l ng 1 trong 5 dung dch sau: NaHSO
4
, KHCO
3
,
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, Na
2
SO
3
v Ba(HCO
3
)
2
.Trnh by cch nhn bit tng dung dch,
ch c dng thm cch un nng.
c/ Ch s dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, nu cch nhn bit cc cht rn sau:
Na
2
CO
3
, MgCO
3
, BaCO
3
, BaSO
4
v NaCl.
d/ Cho cc dung dch sau : BaCl
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, NaNO
3
v Na
2
SO
4
. Nu
cch nhn bit cc dung dch , ch c php un nng. Khng c dng
thm ha cht.
e/ Cho cc dung dch sau: Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
S, Na
2
SO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
, NaCl.
Ch s dng cc dung dch HCl, BaCl
2
v Cu kim loi. Nhn bit cc dung
dch . Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy
Cu 7. Cho rt t t dd cha x mol HCl vo dd cha y mol Na
2
CO
3
thu c
dd A. A tc dng vi dd BaCl
2
d thu c 1,97 gam kt ta. Cho A tc dng
vi dd Ba(OH)
2
d thu c 3,94 gam kt ta. Tnh s mol cc ion c trong
dd A. B qua s thy phn
Cu 8. Dung dch X c cha: 0,1mol Na
2
CO
3
; 0,15 mol K
2
CO
3
v 0,3 mol NaHCO
3
.
Thm t t V ml dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch X thu c dung dch Y v 2,24 lt
kh (ktc). Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
n d vo dung dch Y thu c m gam kt ta.
a/ Tnh V v m.
b/ Hy cho bit nu cho t t dung dch X vo V ml dung dch HCl trn. Tnh th tch
kh bay ra
Cu 9. Cho t t, tng git V ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch K
2
CO
3

1M, khuy lin tc c dung dch X. Dung dch X phn ng va vi 100 ml dung
dch NaOH 0,5 M. Tnh V.
Cu 10. Cc A ng dung dch cha 0,5 mol HCl
Cc B ng dd cha 0,2 mol Na
2
CO
3
v 0,3 mol NaHCO
3
.
Th nghim I : rt t t dung dch A v dung dch B.
Th nghim II : rt t t dung dch B v dung dch A.
Th nghim III : Trn 2 dung dch A v dung dch B vo nhau.
Khuy u cc dung dch trong qu trnh th nghim.
a/ Tnh th tch kh thot ra mi th nghim (ktc ) sau khi ht dung dch t cc
ny vo cc kia.
A TN 1:6,72; TN 2:8 TN 3:6,72 < V(CO
2
) < 8,96
Cu 11. Ha tan ht 4,25 gam hn hp X gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim
loi A v B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II bng
200 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch C v 1,54 lt
CO
2
( 27,3
0
C v 0,8 atm).

125
a/ Xc nh tn ca 2 kim loi v % khi lng cc mui trong hn hp X.
b/ Tnh tng khi lng mui trong dung dch C.
c/ Cho ton b lng kh CO
2
thu c trn hp th hon ton bi 200 ml
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
. Tnh nng mol/l dung dch Ba(OH)
2
:
- Thu c lng kt ta ln nht.
- Thu c 1,97 gam kt ta.
Cu 12. Dn kh CO i qua 5,76 gam Fe
x
O
y
nung nng, sau mt thi gian thu
c cht rn A v hn hp kh B. Cho cht rn A tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3

long d thu c dung dch C v 1,12 lt NO (ktc) C cn dung dch
C thu c 19,36 gam mt mui st (III) khan duy nht.
a/ Xc nh cng thc ca oxit v tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp
A.
b/ Tnh th tch cc kh trong hn hp B (ktc) bit t khi ca B so vi H
2
l
17,2.
Cu 13.`A l mt oxit st. Cho kh CO i qua 5,76 gam A nung nng thu c
m gam cht rn B v kh CO
2
. Hp th hon ton kh CO
2
bng dung dch
nc vi trong d thu c 3 gam kt ta. Ha tan hon ton B trong 400 ml
dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch C v V lt NO (o 27,3
0
C v 1 atm) v
dd C c cha 19,36 gam mui Fe(NO
3
)
3
. NO l sn phm kh duy nht.
a/ Xc nh cng thc ca oxit st .
b/ Xc nh th tch kh NO.
c/ Cho 200 ml dung dch KOH 4M vo dung dch C thu c 5,35 gam kt
ta. Tnh nng dung dch HNO
3
ban u.
Cu 14. Ha tan hon ton 25,52g hn hp A gm FeCO
3
v Fe
x
O
y
trong dung dch
HCl d thu c kh CO
2
v dung dch B. Cho kh CO
2
hp th ht vo 400ml dung
dch NaOH 1,5M thu c dung dch C. C cn dung dch C thu c 27,12 gam cht
rn. Cho dung dch NaOH n d vo dung dch B thu c kt ta, lc ly kt ta
nung ngoi khng kh thu c 21,6 gam mt oxit duy nht ca st.
a/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b/ Xc nh cng thc ca Fe
x
O
y
.
c/ Ha tan hon ton 25,52g hn hp A trong dung dch HNO
3
long, nng thu c
hn hp kh D gm NO v CO
2
. Tnh t khi ca D so vi H
2
.
Cu 15. Cho 40,32 gam hn hp X gm Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
vo
nc ri chia dung dch thu c thnh 3 phn bng nhau:
Phn I : cho dung dch CaCl
2
d vo thu c 8 g kt ta.


126
Phn II: tc dng vi nc vi trong d thu c 12 g kt ta.
a/ Tnh khi lng cc cht trong hn hp X.
b/ Cho t t 100ml dung dch HCl vo phn 3 sau cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2

d vo th thu c 9,85g kt ta. Tnh nng dung dch HCl
Cu 16. Dn kh CO i qua 40 gam CuO nung nng thu c cht rn X v
kh CO
2
. Hp th hon ton kh CO
2
sinh ra bng 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2

1M th thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Cho cht rn X vo dung dch AgNO
3
d.
Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c sau phn ng.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton m gam than cha 4% tp cht tr ta thu c
hn hp kh A gm CO v CO
2
. Cho kh A i t t qua ng s ng 46,4 gam
Fe
3
O
4
nung nng. Kh i ra khi ng s c hp th hon ton bi 2 lt dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
to thnh 39,4 gam kt ta. un nng tip dung dch nc lc
thy to thm 29,55 gam kt ta.
1/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
v m.
2/ Chia cht rn cn li trong ng s thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
Phn I : tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl thy tn ht 330 ml dung dch HCl
2M.
Phn II: Ha tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
long thu c V lt NO
(ktc), NO l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh t khi ca A i vi H
2

Cu 18. a/ Dn V lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch A gm Ba(OH)
2
0,4M v
KOH 0,6M. V th ca s ph thuc gia khi lng kt ta v V.
b/ Dn V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch A gm Ba(OH)
2
0,4M v
KOH 0,6M thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tnh V
Cu 19. Ho tan 35,2 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi thuc 2
chu k lin tip trong phn nhm chnh nhm II bng dung dch HCl d thu
c 3,36 lt kh E v dung dch D. Cho ton b E hp th vo dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
c 19,7 gam kt ta v dung dch F. Lc ly dung dch F.Dung
dch F c th ho tan ti a 200ml dung dch NaOH 1,5 M.
a- Tnh s gam 2 mui c trong dung dch D.
b- Xc nh A, B.
c- Tnh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
S: CaCO
3
= 10 g, MgCO
3
= 25,2 g
Cu 20. Ho tan hon ton 4,24 gam Na
2
CO
3
vo nc c dung dch A.
Cho t t tng git 20 gam dung dch HCl 9,125% vo A v khuy mnh. Tip
theo cho vo dung dch cha 0,02 mol Ca(OH)
2
.

127
a. Hy cho bit cc cht g c hnh thnh v khi lng cc cht bng bao nhiu?
Cht no trong cc cht cn li trong dung dch.
b. Nu cho t t tng git dung dch A vo 20 gam dung dch HCl 9,125 % v khuy
mnh, sau thm dung dch cha 0,02mol Ca(OH)
2
vo dung dch trn. Hy gii
thch hin tng xy ra v Tnh khi lng cc cht to thnh sau phn ng.
Cu 21. Nu ho tan hon ton 28,1 gam hn hp MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
c thnh phn
thay i, trong c a%MgCO
3
bng dung dch axit HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra
hp th ht vo dung dch A th thu c kt ta D. Hi a c gi tr bng bao nhiu th
lng kt ta D l nhiu nht v t nht? Tnh cc lng kt ta .
Cu 22. Trong mt bnh kn cha y khng kh ( 20% O
2
, 80% N
2
) cng vi 21,16
gam hn hp cht rn A gm MgCO
3
,FeCO
3
. Nung bnh n phn ng hon ton
c hn hp cht rn B v hn hp kh D. Ho tan B va ht 200ml dung dch
HNO
3
2,7M thu c 0,85 lt NO 27,3
o
C v 0,2897 atm.
1. Hy tnh khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp A.
2. Tnh p sut ca kh trong bnh sau khi nung 136,5
o
C. Cho bit V bnh l 10 lt v
th tch cht rn khng ng k
Cu 23. Cho lung khng kh kh ( 20%O
2
, 80% N
2
) i qua than t nng thu
c hn hp kh A.
1- Xc nh thnh phn % v th tch ca hn hp kh A, bit rng trong c cha
5% CO
2
v gi s khng cn O
2
.
2- Nu lng than dng l 1kg than c cha 2,8% tp cht tr, th th tch kh A
thu c l bao nhiu ?
3- Vi mt lng khng kh loi trn, va t chy hon ton mt lng hn
hp kh A to ra mt hn hp kh B. Xc nh thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn
hp kh B.
Cu 24. a. Bng phng php ha hc nhn bit cc cht rn sau: BaCO
3
,
BaSO
4
, Na
2
CO
3

b. Ch dng CO
2
, H
2
O nhn bit cc cht rn: Na
2
CO
3
, NaCl, BaCO
3
, BaSO
4

Cu 25. Bng phng php ha hc chng minh s c mt ca NH
4
+
, NO
3
-
,
CO
3
2-
trong dung dch
Cu 26. Chng minh s c mt ca NH
4
+
, SO
4
2-
, CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
trong cng 1
dung dch
Cu 27. T than , khng kh, mui n, nc thit b y cho bit
phng php iu ch NaHCO
3
, NH
4
HCO
3
, NH
4
NO
3
, ure
Cu 28. Mt dd X c cha cc ion : NH
+
4
, NO
-
3
, Cl
-
, HCO
-
3
v CO
2-
3
. Nu
cch nhn bit cc ion c trong dung dch .
Cu 29. a/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho dung dch
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
vo cc dung dch sau: Ca(OH)
2
, NaHSO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
, HCl, NaOH.


128
b/ C 5 l mt nhn, mi l ng 1 trong 5 dung dch sau: NaHSO
4
, KHCO
3
,
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, Na
2
SO
3
v Ba(HCO
3
)
2
.Trnh by cch nhn bit tng dung dch,
ch c dng thm cch un nng.
c/ Ch s dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, nu cch nhn bit cc cht rn sau:
Na
2
CO
3
, MgCO
3
, BaCO
3
, BaSO
4
v NaCl.
d/ Cho cc dung dch sau : BaCl
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, NaNO
3
v Na
2
SO
4
. Nu
cch nhn bit cc dung dch , ch c php un nng. Khng c dng
thm ha cht.
e/ Cho cc dung dch sau: Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
S, Na
2
SO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
, NaCl.
Ch s dng cc dung dch HCl, BaCl
2
v Cu kim loi. Nhn bit cc dung
dch . Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy
Cu 30. Cho rt t t dd cha x mol HCl vo dd cha y mol Na
2
CO
3
thu
c dd A. A tc dng vi dd BaCl
2
d thu c 1,97 gam kt ta. Cho A tc
dng vi dd Ba(OH)
2
d thu c 3,94 gam kt ta. Tnh s mol cc ion c
trong dd A. B qua s thy phn
Cu 31. Dung dch X c cha: 0,1mol Na
2
CO
3
; 0,15 mol K
2
CO
3
v 0,3 mol NaHCO
3

. Thm t t V ml dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch X thu c dung dch Y v 2,24
lt kh (ktc). Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
n d vo dung dch Y thu c m gam kt
ta.
a/ Tnh V v m.
b/ Hy cho bit nu cho t t dung dch X vo V ml dung dch HCl trn. Tnh th tch
kh bay ra
Cu 32. Cho t t, tng git V ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch K
2
CO
3

1M, khuy lin tc c dung dch X. Dung dch X phn ng va vi 100 ml dung
dch NaOH 0,5 M. Tnh V.
Cu 33. Cc A ng dung dch cha 0,5 mol HCl
Cc B ng dd cha 0,2 mol Na
2
CO
3
v 0,3 mol NaHCO
3
.
Th nghim I : rt t t dung dch A v dung dch B.
Th nghim II : rt t t dung dch B v dung dch A.
Th nghim III : Trn 2 dung dch A v dung dch B vo nhau.
Khuy u cc dung dch trong qu trnh th nghim.
a/ Tnh th tch kh thot ra mi th nghim (ktc ) sau khi ht dung dch t cc
ny vo cc kia.
A TN 1:6,72; TN 2:8 TN 3:6,72 < V(CO
2
) < 8,96
Cu 34. Ha tan ht 4,25 gam hn hp X gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim
loi A v B thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong phn nhm chnh nhm II bng

129
200 ml dung dch HCl 0,5 M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch C v 1,54 lt
CO
2
( 27,3
0
C v 0,8 atm).
a/ Xc nh tn ca 2 kim loi v % khi lng cc mui trong hn hp X.
b/ Tnh tng khi lng mui trong dung dch C.
c/ Cho ton b lng kh CO
2
thu c trn hp th hon ton bi 200 ml
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
. Tnh nng mol/l dung dch Ba(OH)
2
:
- Thu c lng kt ta ln nht.
- Thu c 1,97 gam kt ta.
Cu 35. Dn kh CO i qua 5,76 gam Fe
x
O
y
nung nng, sau mt thi gian thu
c cht rn A v hn hp kh B. Cho cht rn A tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3

long d thu c dung dch C v 1,12 lt NO (ktc) C cn dung dch
C thu c 19,36 gam mt mui st (III) khan duy nht.
a/ Xc nh cng thc ca oxit v tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp
A.
b/ Tnh th tch cc kh trong hn hp B (ktc) bit t khi ca B so vi H
2
l
17,2.
Cu 36. A l mt oxit st. Cho kh CO i qua 5,76 gam A nung nng thu c
m gam cht rn B v kh CO
2
. Hp th hon ton kh CO
2
bng dung dch
nc vi trong d thu c 3 gam kt ta. Ha tan hon ton B trong 400 ml
dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch C v V lt NO (o 27,3
0
C v 1 atm) v
dd C c cha 19,36 gam mui Fe(NO
3
)
3
. NO l sn phm kh duy nht.
a/ Xc nh cng thc ca oxit st .
b/ Xc nh th tch kh NO.
c/ Cho 200 ml dung dch KOH 4M vo dung dch C thu c 5,35 gam kt
ta. Tnh nng dung dch HNO
3
ban u.
Cu 37. Ha tan hon ton 25,52g hn hp A gm FeCO
3
v Fe
x
O
y
trong dung dch
HCl d thu c kh CO
2
v dung dch B. Cho kh CO
2
hp th ht vo 400ml dung
dch NaOH 1,5M thu c dung dch C. C cn dung dch C thu c 27,12 gam cht
rn. Cho dung dch NaOH n d vo dung dch B thu c kt ta, lc ly kt ta
nung ngoi khng kh thu c 21,6 gam mt oxit duy nht ca st.
a/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b/ Xc nh cng thc ca Fe
x
O
y
.
c/ Ha tan hon ton 25,52g hn hp A trong dung dch HNO
3
long, nng thu c
hn hp kh D gm NO v CO
2
. Tnh t khi ca D so vi H
2
.


130
Cu 38. Cho 40,32 gam hn hp X gm Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
vo
nc ri chia dung dch thu c thnh 3 phn bng nhau:
Phn I : cho dung dch CaCl
2
d vo thu c 8 g kt ta.
Phn II: tc dng vi nc vi trong d thu c 12 g kt ta.
a/ Tnh khi lng cc cht trong hn hp X.
b/ Cho t t 100ml dung dch HCl vo phn 3 sau cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2

d vo th thu c 9,85g kt ta. Tnh nng dung dch HCl
Cu 39. Dn kh CO i qua 40 gam CuO nung nng thu c cht rn X v
kh CO
2
. Hp th hon ton kh CO
2
sinh ra bng 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2

1M th thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Cho cht rn X vo dung dch AgNO
3
d.
Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c sau phn ng.
Cu 40. t chy hon ton m gam than cha 4% tp cht tr ta thu c
hn hp kh A gm CO v CO
2
. Cho kh A i t t qua ng s ng 46,4 gam
Fe
3
O
4
nung nng. Kh i ra khi ng s c hp th hon ton bi 2 lt dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
to thnh 39,4 gam kt ta. un nng tip dung dch nc lc
thy to thm 29,55 gam kt ta.
1/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
v m.
2/ Chia cht rn cn li trong ng s thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
Phn I : tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl thy tn ht 330 ml dung dch HCl
2M.
Phn II: Ha tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
long thu c V lt NO
(ktc), NO l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh t khi ca A i vi H
2

Cu 41. a/ Dn V lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch A gm Ba(OH)
2
0,4M v
KOH 0,6M. V th ca s ph thuc gia khi lng kt ta v V.
b/ Dn V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch A gm Ba(OH)
2
0,4M v
KOH 0,6M thu c 23,64g kt ta. Tnh V
Cu 42. Ho tan 35,2 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi thuc 2
chu k lin tip trong phn nhm chnh nhm II bng dung dch HCl d thu
c 3,36 lt kh E v dung dch D. Cho ton b E hp th vo dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
c 19,7 gam kt ta v dung dch F. Lc ly dung dch F.Dung
dch F c th ho tan ti a 200ml dung dch NaOH 1,5 M.
a- Tnh s gam 2 mui c trong dung dch D.
b- Xc nh A, B.
c- Tnh khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.

131
S: CaCO
3
= 10 g, MgCO
3
= 25,2 g
Cu 43. Ho tan hon ton 4,24 gam Na
2
CO
3
vo nc c dung dch A.
Cho t t tng git 20 gam dung dch HCl 9,125% vo A v khuy mnh. Tip
theo cho vo dung dch cha 0,02 mol Ca(OH)
2
.
a. Hy cho bit cc cht g c hnh thnh v khi lng cc cht bng bao nhiu?
Cht no trong cc cht cn li trong dung dch.
b. Nu cho t t tng git dung dch A vo 20 gam dung dch HCl 9,125 % v khuy
mnh, sau thm dung dch cha 0,02mol Ca(OH)
2
vo dung dch trn. Hy gii
thch hin tng xy ra v Tnh khi lng cc cht to thnh sau phn ng.
Cu 44. Nu ho tan hon ton 28,1 gam hn hp MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
c thnh phn
thay i, trong c a%MgCO
3
bng dung dch axit HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra
hp th ht vo dung dch A th thu c kt ta D. Hi a c gi tr bng bao nhiu th
lng kt ta D l nhiu nht v t nht? Tnh cc lng kt ta .

Cu 45. Trong mt bnh kn cha y khng kh ( 20% O
2
, 80% N
2
) cng vi 21,16
gam hn hp cht rn A gm MgCO
3
,FeCO
3
. Nung bnh n phn ng hon ton
c hn hp cht rn B v hn hp kh D. Ho tan B va ht 200ml dung dch
HNO
3
2,7M thu c 0,85 lt NO 27,3
o
C v 0,2897 atm.
1. Hy tnh khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp A.
2. Tnh p sut ca kh trong bnh sau khi nung 136,5
o
C. Cho bit V bnh l 10 lt v
th tch cht rn khng ng k

Cu 46. Cho lung khng kh kh ( 20%O
2
, 80% N
2
) i qua than t nng thu
c hn hp kh A.
1- Xc nh thnh phn % v th tch ca hn hp kh A, bit rng trong c cha
5% CO
2
v gi s khng cn O
2
.
2- Nu lng than dng l 1kg than c cha 2,8% tp cht tr, th th tch kh A
thu c l bao nhiu ?
3- Vi mt lng khng kh loi trn, va t chy hon ton mt lng hn
hp kh A to ra mt hn hp kh B. Xc nh thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn
hp kh B.

Cu 47: Hon thnh cc phn ng sau:
a. Silic ioxit natri silicat axit silisic silic ioxit silic
b. Ct thch anh Na
2
SiO
3
H
2
SiO
3
SiO
2
c. Si Mg
2
Si SiH
4
SiO
2

Si


132

Cu 48: T silic ioxit v cc cht cn thit vit phng trnh ho hc iu
ch axit silixic

Cu 49: Khi t chy hn hp SiH
4
v CH
4
thu c sn phm rn cn nng
6g v sn phm kh. Cho sn phm kh i qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
ly d thu
c 30g kt ta. Xc nh phn trm v th tch ca hn hp ban u.

Cu 50: Vit phng trnh ha hc cu phn ng m t thy tinh b axit HF
n mn. Bit rng thnh phn ch yu ca thy tinh l Na
2
SiO
3
( Na
2
O.SiO
2
)
v CaSiO
3
(CaO.SiO
2
)

Cu 51: Tnh hm lng % CaF trong florit, bit rng khi cho 80g khong vt
florit tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
thu c 1 lng kh c th tc dng vi SiO
2
to
thnh 5,6 lt(ktc) kh SiF
4

Cu 52: Khi cho 14,9 gam hn hp Si, Zn v Fe tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH thu c 6,72lt kh(ktc). Cng lng hn hp khi tc dng vi d
dung dch HCl sinh ra 4,48 lt kh(ktc). Xc nh thnh phn ca hn hp
trn. Bit Zn tan theo phn ng: Zn + NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
+ H
2

Cu 53: Mt loi thy tinh dng ch to dng c nh bp c thnh phn
khi lng nh sau: SiO
2
75%, CaO 9%, Na
2
O 16%. Trong loi thy tinh ny
c 1 mol CaO kt hp vi bao nhiu mol Na
2
O v bao nhiu mol SiO
2
.


133
BI TP CHNG NIT PHOTPHO
A. TM LC GIO KHOA
I. NI-T V HP CHT
1. Tnh cht ni t
- Ni t l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, ha lng -195,8
o
C; t tan
trong nc
- L phn t kh rt bn, ch phn tch 3000
o
C
- Vi kim loi:
2 3 2
800
2
3 ( )
2 2 128
o
o
t
C
Ca N Ca N canxi nitrua
Al N AlN Kcal
+
+ +

- Vi hidro:
2 2 3
1500
3 2
o
Fe
C
N H NH +
- Vi oxi:
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
N O NO
NO O NO
+
+

2. iu ch:
a. Chng ct phn on khng kh lng
b.
4 2 2 2
4 2 2 2
2
2
NH NO N H O
NH Cl NaNO N NaCl H O
+
+ + +

3. Cc oxit ni t:
1 2 3 4 5
2 2 3 2 2 5
, , , , N O NO N O NO N O
+ + + + +

4. Amoniac:
a. Tnh cht:
- L kh khng mu, mi khai, d ha lng (-33
o
C)
- Dung dch: NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-

- Vi axit:
3 4
3 3 4 3
NH HCl NH Cl
NH HNO NH NO
+
+

Dung dch amoniac ha tan c mt s hidroxit hoc mui t tan (kh
nng to phc):
2
2 3 3 4
3 3 2
( ) 4 [ ( ) ] 2
2 [Ag(NH ) ]
Ca OH NH Cu NH OH
AgCl NH Cl
+
+
+ +
+ +

- Amoniac c tnh kh:


134
3 2 2 2
3 2 2
850
4 3 2 6
4 5 4 6
o
Pt
C
NH O N H O
NH O NO H O
+ +
+ +

3 2 2
3 4
3 2 2 4
3 2 2
2 3 6
6 6 6
______________________________
8 3 6
3 2 3 3
NH Cl HCl N
NH HCl NH Cl
NH Cl N NH Cl
CuO NH N Cu H O
+ +

+ +
+ + +

b. iu ch:
4 2 3 2
2 2 3
2 ( ) 2
3 2 92
NH Cl Ca OH NH CaCl
N H NH H kJ
+ +
+ A =

5. Mui amoni:
- in li:
4 3 4 3
NH NO NH NO
+
+
- Trao i ion
4 3 2
4 2 4 3 2 4 2
( ) 2 2 2
NH Cl NaOH NH NaCl H O
NH SO NaOH NH Na SO H O
+ + +
+ + +

- Nhit phn
4 3
4 2 3 3 2 2
4 2 2 2
4 3 2 2
( ) 2
2
o
o
t
t
NH Cl NH HCl
NH CO NH CO H O
NH NO N H O
NH NO N O H O
+
+ +
+
+

6. Tnh cht ca NO v NO
2

a. NO: Ni-t oxit kh khng mu kh ha lng, t tan trong nc, va c
tnh kh va c tnh oxi ha
2 2
2 3 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
NO O NO
NO SO SO N O
NO H S S N H O
+
+ +
+ + +

b. NO
2
: Cht kh c, c mu nu
2 2 3 2
2 3 2 2
2 2 3
2 2 2 3
2
2 2
3 2
4 4
NO H O HNO HNO
NO NaOH NaNO NaNO H O
NO H O HNO NO
NO O H O HNO
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +

NO
2
va c tnh kh va c tnh oxi ha
2 2
2 2
2 3 2 5 2
2
2
NO CO CO NO
NO CO CO NO
NO O N O O
+ +
+ +
+ +


135
7. Axit nitric:
- Tnh axit:
3 3
HNO H NO
+
+
- Tnh oxi ha:
3 3 2 2 2
3 3 2 2 2
4 ( , ) ( ) 2 2
4 10 ( ) 4 ( ) 5
Cu HNO d n Cu NO NO H O
Mg HNO l Mg NO N O H O
+ + +
+ + +

3 2 4 2 2
3 2 2 2
6 ( ) 6 2
4 ( ) 4 2
S HNO d H SO NO H O
C HNO d CO NO H O
+ + +
+ + +

- Vi hp cht:
3 2 2
3 3 2
3 2
3 2
HNO HCl Cl NOCl H O
Au HNO HCl AuCl NO H O
+ + +
+ + + +

8. Mui nitrat: nhit phn
3 2 2
2 2 KNO KNO O + (kim loi trc Mg)
3 2 2 2
2 ( ) 2 4 Pb NO PbO NO O + + (kim loi t sau Mg n Cu)
3 2 2
2 2 2 AgNO Ag NO O + + (kim loi sau Cu)
9. iu ch HNO
3
:
-
3 2 2
5 4 6 NH O NO H O + +
2 2
2 2 3
2 2
3 2
NO O NO
NO H O HNO NO
+
+ +

-
3 2 4 4 3
KNO H SO KHSO HNO + +
II. PHOTPHO V HP CHT
1. Photpho c 3 dng th hnh
Photpho trng, photpho v photpho en.
- Photpho trng : tinh th phn t trong sut ging sp, cng thc P
4

- Photpho : Bt gm nhng phn t P
4
, khng c
2. Tnh cht
a. Tc dng vi phi kim:
2 2 3
2 3
4 3 2
2 3 2
P O PO
P Cl PCl
+
+

Nu d oxi v clo:
2 2 5
2 5
4 5 2
2 5 2
P O PO
P Cl PCl
+
+

-
2 3 2 3 3
3 2 PO H O H PO + axit photphoro
-
2 5 2 3 4
3 2 PO H O H PO + axit photphoric
-
3 2 3 3
3 3 PCl H O H PO HCl + +
-
5 2 3 4
4 5 PCl H O H PO HCl + +


136
b. Vi kim loi:
3 2
3 2 Ca P Ca P + canxi photphua
3 2 2 2 3
6 3 ( ) 2 Ca P H O Ca OH PH + + photphin
c. Vi hp cht: P c tnh kh mnh hn S c th bc chy khi va chm
vi KclO
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
...
3 2 5
350
2 3
200
3 2 2 5 2
6 5 3 5
2 3 2
2 4 3
o
C
atm
P KClO PO KCl
P H PH Q
PH O PO H O
+ +
+ +
+ +

3. Hp cht
H
3
PO
4
, tinh th trong sut, nng chy 42,5
o
C, tan v hn trong nc
200
3 4 4 2 7 2
3 4 3 4 2 4
3 4 3 4 2 4
3 4 3 4 3 4
2
2 ( )
3 ( )
o
C
H PO H PO H O
H PO NH NH H PO
H PO NH NH HPO
H PO NH NH PO
+
+
+
+

4. iu ch:
a.
3 4 2 2 4 4 3 4
( ) 3 3 2 Ca PO H SO CaSO H PO + +
b.
3 2 3 4
3 5 2 3 5 P HNO H O H PO NO + + +
5. Phn ln:
a. Supephotphat n: (20% P
2
O
5
)
3 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4
( ) 2 ( ) 2 Ca PO H SO Ca H PO CaSO + +
b. Supephotphat kp: (40% P
2
O
5
) ch c Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2


B. CC DNG BI TP V HNG DN
Loi I: Phng trnh phn ng v gii thch

Bi 1: a. V sao dung dch amoniac c th ha tan nhng kt ta ca Cu(OH)
2
, AgCl?
b. Ln lt cho kh NH
3
tip xc vi O
2
, kh Cl
2
, c hin tng g xy ra?

Gii:
a. Khi cho sung dch amoniac tc dng vi ng (II) hidroxit to ra ng amoniacat
tan to thnh dung dch mu xanh thm theo phn ng:
2
2 3 3 4
( ) 4 [ ( ) ] 2 Cu OH NH Cu NH OH
+
+ +
Tng t AgCl cng tan trong dung dch NH
4
OH
4 3 2 2
2 [ ( ) ] 2 AgCl NH OH Ag NH Cl H O
+
+ + +
S d nhng kt ta ha tan c trong dung dch amoniac do phn t NH
3
kt hp
vi ion Cu
2+
v ion Ag
+
bng lin kt cho nhn gia cp electron t do trn ni t ca
NH
3
n ion kim loi.

137
b. Khi cho NH
3
tip xc vi oxi, n chy vi ngn la mu vng, nu NH
3
tip xc
vi clo s cho khi trng v:
NH
3
c tnh kh gp O
2
v Cl
2
c tnh oxi ha mnh, phn ng xy ra:
3 2 2 2
3 2 2
4 3 2 6
2 3 6
NH O N H O
NH Cl N HCl
+ +
+ +

3 4
HCl NH NH Cl + (khi trng amoni clorua)

Loi II: nhn bit cc cht

Hng dn:
1. Nhn bit cc cht phi da vo cc phn ng c trng to ra:
- Cht kt ta
- Si bt kh
- Cht c mi
Hoc phn ng i mu (khng nn dng cc phn ng c xy ra nhng
khng cho mt hin tng r rng)
2. Cc mui v cc kh thng gp ch yu cha
ANION
a. Ion Cl
-
, Br
-
: Dng thuc th AgNO
3
cho kt ta trng ha en ngoi nh
sng
b. Ion SO
4
2-
: Dng thuc th BaCl
2
, Ba(OH)
2
..., cho kt ta trng khng tan
trong axit mnh
c. NO
3
-
: Dng ming ng+HNO
3
c cho NO
2
mu nu
Phn ng chng minh:
2
3 2
2 2
3 2 8 3 2 4
2 2
Cu NO H Cu NO H O
NO O NO
+ +
+ + + +
+

d. CO
3
2-
, SO
3
2-
, S
2-
: dng axit mnh hoc Pb(NO
3
)
2
- Tc dng vi axit mnh cho si bt kh
CO
2
: Mi chua
SO
2
: Mi cay
H
2
S: Mi trng thi
- Tc dng vi Pb(NO
3
)
2
cho kt ta en
CATION
a. NH
4
+
: Dng thuc th l kim mnh, c kh NH
3
bay ra mi khai
b. Cation kim loi kim: Dng a thy tinh nhng vo mui y a vo
ngn la n, nu la thnh:
* Mu vng rc l Na
+
* Mu tm hng l K
+
* Mu ta l Li
+


138
* Mu huyt l Rb
+
* Mu xanh da tri l Cs
+
c. Cation nhm IIA:
- C th th la nh kim loi kim, la c mu da cam l ion canxi,
mu son l ion Sr
2+
, mu vng lc l Ba
2+
- Cho dung dch NaOH vo mu cha cc mui, nu c kt ta trng c
l Mg(OH)
2
Cho H
2
SO
4
vo mu, kt ta trng khng tan trong axit l BaSO
4
, SrSO
4
d. Cation Zn
2+
, Al
3+
:
Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH ban u c kt ta keo trng, sau
tan trong lng d ca NaOH

Loi III: Phn ng oxi ha kh ca HNO
3


Loi IV: Tm nng dung dch

Hng dn c bn
1. Nu bi cho nng mol/l th phi tm s mol cht tan trong dung dch (cht
hnh thnh) v tm th tch dung dch (i ra lit)
2. Nu u bi cho nng % th phi tm lng cht tan (nguyn cht trong dung
dch) v khi lng dung dch

Loi V: Thnh phn hn hp

Hng dn c bn
1. Thnh phn th tch hn hp A, B, C
.100%
%
.100%
%
% 100% (% % )
A
A
hh
B
B
hh
C A B
n
V
n
n
V
n
V V V
=
=
= +

2. Thnh phn khi lng
.100%
%
.100%
%
% 100% (% % )
A
A
A B C
B
B
A B C
C
m
m
m m m
m
m
m m m
m mA mB
=
+ +
=
+ +
= +


Loi VI: Nhit phn mui nitrat

139

Hng dn:
Bc 1: Vit phng trnh nhit phn
- Kim loi mnh hn Mg cho mui nitrit v O
2
- Kim loi mnh hn Cu, yu hn Mg cho oxit kim loi v NO
2
+O
2
- Mui kim loi yu hn Cu cho kim loi t do v NO
2
+O
2
Bc 2: Tnh khi lng mui gim:
m gim = m kh = m mui ban u m rn cn li
Bc 3: lp t l suy ra khi lng mui
N TP V NNG CAO:

Bi 1:
a. iu ch NH
3
ngi ta un 40 gam (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(c cha x%
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
nguyn cht) vi mt dung dch NaOH 2M. Tnh x bit
rng ta thu c 11,2 lt kh NH
3
(ktc). Tnh th tch dung dch
NaOH 2M cn thit cho th nghim trn.
b. a ton b kh NH
3
trn vo mt bnh co V = 1 lt v nung mt
thi gian t
0
khng i.
Khi n cn bng c 40% kh NH
3
b phn li thnh N
2
v H
2
. Tnh
hng s cn bng ca phn ng.
c. Nu t
0
ny ngi ta ly ht NH
3
ra khi bnh, cn bng s
chuyn dch theo chiu no ? Tnh s mol N
2
, H
2
, NH
3
khi n cn
bng mi.
Gii
a.
4 2 4 2 4 3 2
(NH ) SO 2NaOH Na SO NH 2H O + + |+
n
3
NH
=
11, 2
22, 4
= 0,5 (mol) n
4 2 4
(NH ) SO
= 0,25 (mol)
Khi lng (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
nguyn cht :
0,25 . 132 = 33 gam
%(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
=
33.100
40
= 82,5%
n
aOH
= n
3
NH
= 0,5 (mol) V
2
d NaOH2M
=
0, 5
2
.1000 = 250ml
b. Khi nung, NH
3
b phn li theo phn ng:


140
2NH
3
N
2


+ 3H
2
n
3
NH
b phn li
= 0,5 . 0,4 = 0,2 (mol)
Khi n cn bng, ta c: n
2
N
=
1
2
n
3
NH
= 0,1 (mol)
n
2
H
= 0,3 mol, n
3
NH
cn li
= 0,5 0,2 = 0,3mol
Hng s cn bng
V V = 1 lt, nng mol = s mol
K =
| || |
| |
3
3
2 2
2 2
3
N H
0,1.0, 3
0, 3
NH
= = 0,03
c. Nu ly ht NH
3
ra khi bnh, cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu
to ra NH
3
.
Ban u:
| |
3
NH = 0 ,
| |
2
N = 0,1M ,
| |
2
H = 0,3M
Gi s c x mol N
2
phn ng vi 3x mol H
2
cho ra 2x mol NH
3
.
Khi n cn bng mi, ta c:
| |
2
N = 0,1 x
| |
2
H = 0,3 3x = 3(0,1 x)
| |
3
NH = 2x
V t
0
khng i, hng s cn bng vn l 0,03. Vy cc nng mi
phi tha mn iu kin:
| || |
| |
3
2 2
2
3
N H
NH
= 0,03
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2
0,1 x 3 0,1 x
4x
= 0,03
27
( )
2
2
0,1 x
2x
(
(
(

= 0,03

141
( )
2
2
0,1 x
2x
(
(
(

=
0, 03 0, 01
27 9
=
3(0,1 x) = 0,2x
3x
2
0,8x + 0,03 = 0 ch ly nghim dng x = 0,045 mol.
Vy s mol trng thi cn bng mi l:
n
3
NH
= 2 . 0,045 = 0,09 mol
n
2
N
= 0,1 0,045 = 0,055 mol
n
2
H
= 3 . 0,055 = 0,165 mol

Bi 2:
Mt hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu cn nng 68,7 gam. Khi cho X td vi
HNO
3
c ngui c 26,88 lt NO
2
(ktc) bay ra. Cn khi cho X td vi V lt
H
2
SO
4
0,5M th thu c 23,52 lt kh (ktc).
a. Xc nh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp X v th tch V
ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M dng.
b. Tnh th tch dd HNO
3
0,8M phi dng ha tan ht hh 3 lim
loi trn, bit rng Al to ra N
2
, Fe v Cu to ra NO.
Gii
a. m
X
= 27a + 56b + 64c = 68,7 (1)
Vi a = n
Al
, b = n
Fe
, c = n
Cu

Vi HNO
3
c ngui, Al, Fe khng phn ng. Ch c Cu td
( )
3 3 2 2
2
Cu 4HNO Cu NO 2NO H O + + +
c 2c
c = n
Cu
=
1
2
n
2
NO
=
1
2
.
26,88
22, 4
= 0,6 (mol) (2)
Vi H
2
SO
4
0,5M ch c Fe v Al phn ng:
2 4 4 2
Fe H SO FeSO H + +
b b b


142
( )
2 4 2 4 2
3
2Al 3H SO Al SO 3H + +
a
3a
2

3a
2

n
2
H
= b +
3a
2
=
23, 52
22, 4
= 1,05
2b + 3a = 2,1 (3)
Thay c = 0,6 vo (1)
27a + 56b = 68,77 64 . 0,6 = 30,3 (1)
(1) v (3) a = 0,5 mol, b = 0,3 mol
Khi lng kim loi trong X:
m
Al
= 27 . 0,5 = 13,5 gam
m
Fe
= 56 . 0,3 = 16,8 gam
m
Cu
= 0,6 . 64 = 38,4 gam
S mol H
2
SO
4
phi dng:
b +
3a
2
= 1,05
V
2 4
H SO 0, 5M
=
1, 05
0, 5
= 2,1 lt
b. Nu dng HNO
3
long th c 3 kim loi u tan
( )
3 3 2 2
3
36HNO 10Al 10Al NO 3N 18H O + + +
1,8 0,5
( )
3 3 2
3
4HNO Fe Fe NO NO 2H O + + +
1,2 0,3
( )
3 3 2
2
8HNO 3Cu 3Cu NO 2NO 4H O + + +
1,6 0,6
Tng s mol HNO
3
phi dng:

143
1,8 + 1,2 + 1,6 = 4,6 mol
V
3
ddHNO 0,8M

4, 6
5, 75
0,8
= = lt

Bi 3:
Mt bnh c V = 10 lt. Cho vo bnh 0,5 mol N
2
v 1,5 mol H
2
v 1 xc
tc thch ng. Nung nhit t
1
khng i cho n khi h thng t n
trng thi cn bng th p sut P = P
1
atm. Nu thm vo bnh mt t H
2
SO
4

c (th tch khng ng k) th p sut cn li l P
2
vi P
1
= 1,75P
2
(P
1
v P
2

o cng nhit t
1
)
a. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp NH
3
.
b. Tnh nng mol ca N
2
, H
2
, NH
3
khi n cn bng nhit t
1
.
Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng.
Gii
a. Gi x l s mol ca N
2
phn ng:
N
2


+ 3H
2
2NH
3

x 3x 2x
Khi n cn bng cn li (0,5 x) N
2
mol , (1,5 3x) mol H
2
v 2x
mol NH
3
.
Tng s mol n
1
ca h thng:
n
1
= 0,5 x + 1,5 3x + 2x = 2(1 x) mol
Nu thm H
2
SO
4
c, NH
3
b gi li ht:
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NH
3
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

Cn li th kh N
2
v H
2
vi tng s mol l:
n
2
= 0,5 x + 1,5 3x = 2 4x
V cng T v V nn ta c:
1 1
2 2
P n 2 2x
1, 75
P n 2 4x

= = =


2 2x = 3,5 7x 1,5 = 5x


144
x = 0,3 mol N
2
v 3x = 0,9 mol H
2

Hiu sut phn ng
Do n
2
H
b
= 3n
2
N b
theo ng t l 3 : 1 ca phng trnh, ta c
th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo N
2
hoc H
2
.
Tnh theo N
2
, hiu sut phn ng bng:

| |
| || |
2
2
3
3 3
2 2
NH
0, 06
833
0, 02.0, 06
N H
= = = 60%
c. Nng mol
| |
2
N =
0,5 x 0, 2
0, 02M
10 10

= =

| |
2
H =
1,5 3x 0, 6
0, 06M
10 10

= =

| |
3
NH =
2x 0, 6
0, 06M
10 10
= =
Hng s cn bng t = t
1

K =
| |
| || |
2
2
3
3 3
2 2
NH
0, 06
833
0, 02.0, 06
N H
= =

Bi 4 :
Mt hn hp X gm NH
3
v O
2
theo t l 2 : 5 chim th tch l 62,72 lt
0
0
C, 2,5 atm.
a. Tnh s mol NH
3
v O
2
.
b. Cho hn hp ny qua li Pt xc tc. Bit rng hiu sut phn
ng oxi ha NH
3
l 90%, xc nh thnh phn hn hp kh Y sau
phn ng ( t
0
ny, H
2
O th hi v NO cha kt hp vi O
2
).
c. Cho hn hp Y qua H
2
SO
4
c. Hn hp kh Z cn li c ha
tan trong 480ml nc th thu c 500ml dung dch HNO
3
. Tnh
nng mol v nng % ca dung dch axit ny.
Gii

145
a. S mol hn hp:
PV 2,5.62, 72
n 7
22, 4
RT
.273
273
= = =
PV 2,5.62, 72
n 7
22, 4
RT
.273
273
= = = mol
Do t l s mol NH
3
v O
2
l 2 : 5, NH
3
chim
2
7
s mol hn hp
n
3
NH
=
2
7
. 7 = 2 mol
n
2
O
= 7 2 = 5 mol
b. Khi qua Pt xc tc, NH
3
b oxi ha to ra NO
2NH
3
+
5
2
O
2
2NO + 3H
2
O
S mol NH
3
b oxi ha l:
90
2.
100
= 1,8 mol
n
2
O
p
=
5
4
n
3
NH
=
5
4
.1,8 = 2,25 mol
Ta thu c 1,8 mol NO v 2,7 mol H
2
O.
Thnh phn hn hp kh sau phn ng:
2 1,8 = 0,2 mol NH
3

5 2,25 = 2,75 mol O
2

1,8 mol NO
2,7 mol H
2
O
c. Qua H
2
SO
4
c, H
2
O v NH
3
b gi li. Cn li 1,8 mol NO v
2,25 mol O
2
. Vi s hin din ca H
2
O, ta c cc phn ng:
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

2NO
2
+
1
2
O
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3



146
2NO +
3
2
O
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3

oxi ha ht 1,8 mol NO, ta cn 1mol O
2
l:
n
2
O
=
3
4
n
NO
=
3
4
.1,8 = 1,35 mol < 2,75
Vy d O
2
. ton b 1,8 mol NO b oxi ha thnh HNO
3

Nng mol ca HNO
3
l:
C
M
=
1,8
0, 5
= 3,6M
Nng % ca HNO
3

C% =
3
HNO
dd
m .100
m

m
dd
= m
nc
+ m
NO
+
2
O pu
m = 480 + 1,8 . 30 + 1,35 . 32 = 577,2
gam
C% =
1,8.63.100
577, 2
= 19,64%
Bi 5:
Trong mt bnh kn th tch V = 56 lt cha N
2
v H
2
theo t l mol 1 : 4
0
0
C v 200 atm v mt t xc tc. Nung bnh mt thi gian, sau a v 0
0
C
th p sut trong bnh gim 10% so vi p sut ban u.
a. Tnh hiu sut phn ng iu ch NH
3
.
b. Nu ly
1
2
lng NH
3
to thnh c th iu ch c bao nhiu
lt dung dch NH
3
25% (d = 0,907 gam/ml).
c. Nu ly
1
2
lng NH
3
to thnh c th iu ch c bao nhiu
lt dung dch HNO
3
67% (d = 1,40 gam/ml) bit hiu sut iu ch
HNO
3
t NH
3
l 80%.
d. Ly V ml dung dch HNO
3
iu ch trn pha long bng nc
c dung dch c th ha tan 4,5 gam Al, gii phng hn hp
kh NO v N
2
O c t khi so vi H
2
l 16,75.
Tnh th tch cc kh NO, N
2
O v th tch V ca dung dch HNO
3
.

147
Gii
a. Tng s mol kh trc khi phn ng:
n
1
= n
2
N
+ n
2
H
=
PV 200.56
500
22, 4
RT
.273
273
= = mol
n
2
N
=
1
5
n
1
=
500
5
= 100 mol
n
2
H
= 400 mol
N
2


+ 3H
2
2NH
3

x 3x 2x
vi x = n
2
N p
Tng s mol kh sau phn ng:
n
2
= n
2
N d
+ n
2
H
d
+ n
3
NH
= 100 x + 400 3x + 2x = 500 2x
V cng V, T nn ta c:
2 2
1 1
P n 90
P n 100
= =
n
2
= 500 . 0,9 = 450 mol
n
2
= 500 2x = 450 2x = 50 mol
x = 250 mol
n
3
NH
= 2x = 50 mol
Hiu sut phn ng :
Do t l N
2
: H
2
= 1 : 4 so vi t l theo phng trnh phn ng l 1
: 3, ta dng thiu N
2
nn hiu sut tnh theo n
2
N

H =
2pu
2bd
N
N
n .100
n
=
25.100
100
= 25%
b.
1
2
n
3
NH
= 25 mol
Gi V l th tch dung dch NH
3



148
n
3
NH
trong V lt
=
3
V.10 .0, 907.25
100.17
= 25 mol
V =
17
9, 07
= 1,874 lt
c. Vi hiu sut 80%, 25 mol NH
3
to ra
0,8 . 25 = 20 mol HNO
3

Gi V l th tch dung dch HNO
3
67%
n
3
HNO
trong V lt dd
3
HNO
67%
=
3
V' .10 .1, 4.67
100.63
= 20 mol
V = 1,343 lt
d. Al phn ng vi HNO
3

Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
x 4x x
8Al + 30HNO
3
8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O + 15H
2
O
8y
3
10y y
Vi x = n
NO
; y = n
2
N O

n
Al
= x +
8y
3
=
4,5 0,5
27 3
=
3x + 8y = 0,5 (1)
M =
30x 40y
x y
+
+
= 2 . 16,75 = 33,5
3,5x = 10,5y x = 3y (2)
(1),(2) x =
1, 5
17
mol ; y =
0, 5
17
mol

149
V
NO
=
1, 5
17
. 22,4 = 1,9764 lt
V
2
N O
=
0, 5
17
. 22,4 = 0,6588 lt

3
HNO
6 5 11
n 4x 10y 0, 647
17 17 17
= + = + = =

mol
V
dd
3
HNO
=
1343.0, 647
43, 45
20
= ml

Bi 6:
Cho mt khi Ag vo 50 ml dung dch HNO
3
5M th Ag tan ht v khi
lng dung dch tng thm 6,2 gam. Bit rng phn ng ch tp ra NO hay
NO
2
.
a. Tnh khi lng Ag s dng. Cho bit nng HNO
3
gim trn
50% sau phn ng trn.
b. Trung ha HNO
3
d bng NaOH va . C cn dung dch, em
nung n khi lng khng i. Tnh khi lng ca A.
c. Ha tan A trong nc v em in phn. Tnh th tch kh thu c
(ktc) khi in phn vi cng I = 19,3A trong thi gian 2000s.
Gii
a. Xt 2 trng hp:
Ag phn ng to NO
3Ag + 4HNO
3
3AgNO
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Ag phn ng to NO
2

Ag + 2HNO
3
AgNO
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
Gi a = n
Ag s dng



150
tng khi lng ca dung dch
Trng hp (1): m
Ag tan
m
NO
= a . 108 -
a
3
. 30 = 98a = 6,2
Trng hp (2): m
Ag tan
m
2
NO
= 108a 46a = 62a
Ta rng trong trng hp (2) c 1 mol Ag th tiu th 2 mol
HNO
3
nhiu hn so vi trng hp (1), vi 1 mol Ag ch tiu th
4
3

mol HNO
3
.
Vy l trng hp (2)
62a = 6,2 a = 0,1 mol
m
Ag
= 0,1 . 108 = 10,8 gam
Kim chng rng nng %HNO
3
gim trn 50% sau phn ng
to NO
2
.
n
3
HNO
b
= 5 . 0,05 = 0,25 mol
n
3
HNO
p
= 2 . a = 0,2 mol
%HNO
3
phn ng

0, 2.100
80% 50%
0, 25
= >
Nu phn ng cho ra NO
98a = 6,2 a = 0,0633 mol
n
3
HNO
p
=
4a 4.0, 0633
0, 0844mol
3 3
= =
%HNO
3 p
=
0, 0844.100
33, 76% 50%
0, 25
= <

151
b. S mol HNO
3
d
0,25 0,2 = 0,05 mol
Trung ha bng NaOH ta thu c 0,05 mol NaNO
3
. Dung dch
cha 0,1 mol AgNO
3
v 0,05 mol NaNO
3
.
Khi nung ta thu c mt cht rn A
AgNO
3
Ag + NO
2
+
1
2
O
2

0,1 0,1
NaNO
3
NaNO
2
+
1
2
O
2
0,05 0,05
Vy A gm 0,1 mol Ag v 0,05 mol NaNO
2

m
A
= 0,1 . 108 + 0,05 . 69 = 14,25 gam
c. Khi ha tan A trong nc ch c NaNO
2
tan
in phn, catot H
2
O b in phn
2 2
2H O 2e H 2OH

+ +
n
H
=
It 19, 3.2000
0, 4mol
96500 96500
= =
n
2
H
=
2
H
0, 4
0, 2mol V 0, 2.22, 4 4, 48
2
= = = lt
Bi 7:
Nung nng mui A(NO
3
)
2
trong 1 bnh kn c V = 11,2 lt (bnh khi u
trng khng) cho n khi phn ng hon ton cn li 1 cht rn B cn nng
16 gam. p sut trong bnh khi l 1,1 atm (27,3
0
C).


152
a. Xc nh kim loi A v thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn hp
kh trong bnh.
b. Thm vo 16 gam cht rn B mt kim loi C c ha tr I, sau
cho tc dng vi HNO
3
d. Phn ng to ra 5,6 lt kh NO
2
(ktc)
v hn hp tng 2 mui c khi lng 80,1 gam. Xc nh kim
loi C v khi lng C dng.
c. Nung 1 hn hp X gm A(NO
3
)
2
v CNO
3
(A, C l 2 kim loi trn)
trong bnh c V = 11,2 lt (bnh khi u trng khng). Sau khi
nung v a v 0
0
C th p sut trong bnh l 1,3 atm. Hn hp
kh trong bnh tan trong nc to ra 0,5 lt dung dch axit 1M.
Tnh khi lng mui nitrat.
Gii
a. A(NO
3
)
2
AO + 2NO
2
+
1
2
O
2

a a 2a
1
2
a
Vi a =
( )
3
2
A NO
n
Tng s mol kh (NO
2
+ O
2
)

a 1,1.11, 2
2a
22, 4
2
.(273 27, 3)
273
+ =
+
= 0,5
a = 0,2 mol
m
AO
= 0,2(A + 16) = 16 A = 64
Vy A l Cu.
b. Gi b = n
Cu

CuO + 2HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
0,2 0,2

153
C + 2HNO
3
CNO
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
b b
n
2
NO
= b =
5, 6
22, 4
= 0,25 mol
Ta c:
3 2
Cu( NO )
m +
3
CNO
m = 80,1

3
CNO
m = 80,1 0,2 . 188 = 42,5 gam
0,25(C + 62) = 42,5 C = 108
Vy C l kim loi Ag.
Khi lng Ag :
m
Ag
= 0,25 . 108 = 27 gam
c. Gi c =
3 2
Cu(NO )
n , d =
3
AgNO
n trong hn hp X.
Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuO + 2NO
2
+
1
2
O
2

c 2c
1
2
c
AgNO
3
Ag + NO
2
+
1
2
O
2

d d
1
2
d
Tng s mol kh:

c d 5c 3d
2c d
2 2 2 2
+ + + = +


154

5c 3d 1, 3.11, 2
0, 65
22, 4
2
.273
273
+
= =
5c + 3d = 1,3 (1)
Khi ha tan hn hp gm NO
2
v O
2
trn vo nc ta thu c
HNO
3

2NO
2
+
1
2
O
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3

Ta rng vi (2c + d) mol NO
2
ch cn
n
2
O
=
1
4
2
NO
n =
2c d c d
4 2 4
+
= + mol
S mol O
2
hin c l :
c d c d
2 2 2 4
+ > +
Vy d O
2
v ton th NO
2
bin thnh HNO
3

n
3
HNO
= 2c + d = 0,5 (2)
T (1) v (2) c = 0,2 mol
d = 0,1 mol

3 2
Cu( NO )
m = 0,2 . 188 = 37,6 gam

3
AgNO
m = 0,1 . 170 = 17 gam
Bi 8:
Cho 30 gam hn hp bt Al v Mg vo 2 lt dung dch HNO
3
. Hai kim
loi tan ht v khng c kh bay ra. Thm 200ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo
dung dch ng thi un nh cho n khi kh ngng thot ra thu c kh
B v dung dch keo A.

155
t chy hon ton B trong O
2
d c Pt xc tc ri cho sn phm chy
( loi ht O
2
d) tc dng ht vi nc trong bnh kn khng c O
2
ta thu
c dung dch C v kh D khng mu. Cho C phn ng ht vi Cu thu c
0,9184 lt kh D.
Thm 270 ml dung dch HNO
3
0,2M vo dung dch keo A th c th
dung dch ny va bin dung dch keo thnh dung dch trong sut. Sau
thm tip dung dch KOH n khi c lng kt ta ln nht. Lc kt ta
ri em nung n khi lng khng i thu c 52,4 gam cht rn.
a. Cho bit tn gi ca D v B.
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
ban u.
Gii
a. Gi a = n
Al
, b = n
Mg

M
hh
= 27a + 24b = 30 (1)
Vi HNO
3
, phn ng khng to ra kh.
Vy
3
NO

b kh to ra NH
3
, kh ny mi trng axit to ra
NH
4
NO
3
.
8Al + 30HNO
3
8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NH
4
NO
3
+ 9H
2
O
a
30a
8
a
4Mg + 10HNO
3
4Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
b
10b
4
b
Thm NaOH (n = 0,2 . 2 = 0,4 mol) vo dung dch cha HNO
3
d,
3 mui nitrat, ta c cc phn ng:



156
HNO
3
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+ H
2
O (I)
z z
Vi z = n
3
HNO
d

NH
4
NO
3
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O (II)
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NaOH Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaNO
3
(III)
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NaNO
3

(IV)
Ch : Phn ng (1) xy ra trc tin, 3 phn ng sau xy ra
ng thi nn ch c 1 phn NH
4
NO
3
, Al(NO
3
)
3
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
tc
dng to thnh dung dch keo A cha cc hidroxit.
Khi t NH
3
(kh B) trong O
2
d vi Pt xc tc, ta c:
3NO
2
+
7
2
O
2
2NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Khi NO
2
tc dng vi H
2
O to HNO
3
theo phng trnh phn ng
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO
Khi D l NO
HNO
3
vi Cu
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
n
NO
=
0, 9184
0, 041
22, 4
= mol
n
3
HNO
= 4 . 0,041 = 0,164 mol

2
NO
n =
3
2
n
3
HNO
=
3
2
. 0,164 = 0,246 mol

157
n
3
NH
=
2
NO
n = 0,246 mol
4 2 4
( NH ) SO
n = 0,246 mol
Sau khi thm 0,27 . 0,2 = 0,054 mol HNO
3
vo dung dch keo A,
dung dch tr thnh trong sut vy 0,054 mol HNO
3
ny dng
ha tan Al(OH)
3
v Mg(OH)
2
.
Nu gi x =
3
Al(OH)
n , y =
2
Mg(OH)
n (x = a, y = b v ch c 1 phn
Al(OH)
3
v Mg(OH)
2
kt ta), ta c theo 2 phng trnh (III) v
(IV) :
n
NaOH
= (3x + 2y) mol
ha tan Al(OH)
3
v Mg(OH)
2
cn s mol HNO
3
l :
Al(OH)
3
+ 3HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
x 3x
Mg(OH)
2
+ 2HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O
y 2y
Vy n
3
HNO
= 3x + 2y = n
NaOH

Vy n
NaOH
dng kt ta Al(OH)
3
v Mg(OH)
2
bng 0,054mol.
Khi thm KOH co dung dch trong sut, lc c lng kt ta ln
nht, ton th Al(OH)
3
v Mg(OH)
2
kt ta v sau khi nung ta
c
a
2
mol Al
2
O
3
v b mol MgO.

2 3
Al O MgO
102a
m m 40b
2
+ = +
51a + 40b = 52,4 (2)
T (1) v (2) a = 0,4 mol ; b = 0,8 mol
b. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3



158
0,4 mol NaOH dng :
Trung ha z mol HNO
3
d
To ra 0,246mol NH
3

Kt ta Al(OH)
3
, Mg(OH)
2

0,4 = z + 0,246 + 0,054 z = 0,1 mol
S mol HNO
3
tc dng vi Al, Mg :

30a 10b 30.0, 4 10.0,8
3,5
8 4 8 4
+ = + = mol
Vy nu k thm 0,1 mol HNO
3
d
3,5 + 0,1 = 3,6 mol

3
HNO
3, 6
C 1,8M
2
= =
Bi 9:
Cho hn hp X c to thnh bi 2 nguyn t. Ly 3,6 gam X cho tc
dng vi HNO
3
c un nng thu c dung dch A. Pha long A bng nc
ct ri chia dung dch thu c thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Thm vo phn 1
lng d dung dch NH
3
, sau phn ng lc, ra kt ta c to thnh, nung
nng nhit cao ti khi c khi lng khng i, thu c 1,2 gam cht
rn oxit ca mt kim loi. ha tan hon ton lng oxit cn dng 30 ml
dung dch HNO
3
1,5M ( phn ng khng gii phng ra kh no). Thm vo
phn 2 lng d dung dch BaCl
2
long, thu c 6,99 gam kt ta trng
khng tan trong HNO
3
con d trong dung dch A. Xc nh cng thc phn t
ca X, bit rng cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton.
Gii
t cng thc phn t ca oxit thu c sau khi nung l M
2
O
n
(n l ha
tr ca M).

159
M
2
O
n
+ 2nHNO
3
2M(NO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
O (1)
Theo (1) ha tan (2M + 16n) gam oxit cn 2n mol HNO
3

Theo u bi ha tan 1,2 gam oxit cn 0,03 . 1,5 = 0,045 mol
HNO
3

T , ta c:
1, 2 0, 045
M 18, 667n
2M 16n 2n
= =
+

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M 18,667 37,33 56 74,68 93,35 112,02 130,69 149,36
Fe Cd
Vi n = 3; M = 56 : Fe: ng. Oxit l Fe
2
O
3
.
Vi n = 6; m = 112 : Cd : loi, v Cd khng c ha tr 6. Vy trong
X c cha Fe.
Dung dch thu c sau khi ha tan X trong HNO
3
c nng to kt
ta trng vi Ba
2+
, kt ta khng tan trong axit d, n chnh l
BaSO
4
v trong X c cha S. X c to thnh bi Fe v S: X =
Fe
x
S
y
m
Fe trong X
=
1, 2
.56.2 0,84
160
= gam
m
S trong X
=
6, 99
.32 0, 96
233
= gam

0,84 0, 96
x : y : 0, 015: 0, 03 1: 2
56 32
= = =
Vy CTPT ca X l FeS
2
: pirit st.
Bi 10:


160
Ha tan ht 4,08 gam hn hp A gm kim loi v oxit ca n ch c tnh
bazo trong lng va V ml HNO
3
4M thu c dung dch B v 0,672 lt kh
NO duy nht (ktc). Thm vo B lng d dung dch NaOH lc, ra kt ta.
Nung kt ta nhit cao n khi c khi lng khng i thu c m gam
cht rn C. Ly 1 gam C, ha tan ht n phi dng lng va l 25 ml
HCl 1M.
1. Xc nh kim loi v oxit ca n trong A. Tnh % theo khi lng
mi cht.
2. Tnh V v m.
Gii
Kim loi M + oxit ca n
3
HNO
dd B M(NO
3
)
n
+ NO
M
n+
+ nOH
-
M(OH)
n

2M(OH)
n

0
t
M
2
O
n
+ nH
2
O
M
2
O
n
+ 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
O
(2M +16)g 2n mol
1 gam 0,025 . 1 = 0,025mol
Ta c :
1 0, 025
2M 16n 2n
=
+

Suy ra : M = 32n
n = 1 M = 32 (loi)
n = 2 M = 64 (Cu)
n = 3 M = 96 (loi)
n = 4 M = 128 (loi)
1. Vy kim loi l Cu. Oxit ca n c th l Cu
2
O hoc CuO

161
a. Trng hp Cu + Cu
2
O
t s mol ca kim loi Cu l x v s mol oxit ca n l y
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (1)
x
8
3
x
2
3
x
3Cu
2
O + 14HNO
3
6Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 7H
2
O (2)
y
14
3
y
2
3
y

64x 144y 4, 08
2 2 0, 672
x y 0, 03
3 3 22, 4
+ =

+ = =


Gii h ta c:
x = 0,03 mol Cu : 47,06%
y = 0,015 mol Cu
2
O : 52,94%
S mol HNO
3
ha tan A:

8.0, 03 14.0, 015
0,15
3 3
+ = mol
Th tch HNO
3
4M dng:
V =
0,15
0, 0375
4
= l hay 37,5 ml
b. Trng hp Cu + CuO:
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
x
8
3
x
2
3
x


162
CuO + 2HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
x =
3
2
. 0,03 = 0,045 mol

4, 08 0, 045.64
y 0, 015
80

= = mol

%Cu : 70,59
%CuO: 29, 41


S mol HNO
3
: 0,45 .
8
3
+ 0,015 . 2 = 0,15 mol
Th tch HNO
3
dng: V =
0,15
4
= 0,0375 l
2. Tnh m:
Trong c 2 trng hp s mol CuO thu c sau khi nung
Cu(OH)
2
l 0,06mol; m = 0,06 . 80 = 4,8 gam.
Bi 11:
Ha tan hon ton 2,16 gam mt oxit kim loi X trong dung dch HNO
3

2M (long) thu c dung dch A v 0,224 lt NO (ktc).
a) Xc nh oxit X. Tnh th tch HNO
3
2M t nht phi dng ha
tan 2,16 gam oxit .
b) Vit PTPU biu din dy bin ha sau:


Gii
+HCl, O
2
d + CO d, t
0
cao
+ O
2
d, t
0
cao
1 2 3
X X X X
t
0


163
a) HNO
3
l cht oxi ha mnh, Oxit X ca kim loi ha tr m (M
2
O
m
) l
cht kh v n kh HNO
3
thnh NO. Gi s oxit kim loi ha tr m b
oxi ha thnh ion kim loi ha tr n, n > m.
Phng trnh phn ng ha tan:

0, 22
1
0, 22
=
(6M + 48m) gam oxit gii phng ra 2(n m) mol NO
2,16 gam oxit gii phng ra 0,01 mol NO
T d, ta c:
2,17 0, 01
6M 48m 2(n m)
=
+
(1)
T (1) ta c:
4, 32n 4,8m
M
0, 06

=
1. Nu m = 1 n = 2 M = 64 = Cu Oxit Cu
2
O
2. Nu m = 2 n = 3 M = 56 = Fe Oxit FeO
Nu m = 3 n = 4 M = 48 loi
Tnh th tch HNO
3
ha tan oxit X.
Vi Cu
2
O:

2 3 3 2 2
3Cu O 14HNO 6Cu(NO ) 2NO 7H O + + |+
S mol HNO
3
cn ha tan 2,16g Cu
2
O:
2,16 14
0, 07mol
144 3
=
3
HNO 2M
1000
V 0, 07 35ml
2
= =
Vi FeO:
3 3 3 2
3FeO 10HNO 3Fe(NO ) NO 5H O + + +
3
HNO 2M
1000 2,16 10
V 50ml
2 72 3
= =
b) Cc phng trnh phn ng ca dy bin ha:


164
* Vi Cu
2
O:
2 2
1
Cu O O 2CuO
X X
+

0
t
2
1 2
2Cu CO Cu CO
X X
+ +

2 2 2
2 3
2Cu O 4HCl 2CuCl 2H O
X X
+ + +

* Vi FeO:
0
t
2 2 3
1
4FeO O 2Fe O
X X
+

2 3 2
1 2
Fe O 3CO 3Fe 3CO
X X
+ +

2 2 2 2
2 3
1
2Fe O 6HCl 2FeCl 2H H O
2
X X
+ + + | +

Bi 12:
Cho 220 ml dung dch HNO
3
tc dng vi 5 gam hn hp Zn v Al.
Phn ng gii phng ra 0,896 lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N
2
O. Hn hp
kh c t khi hi so vi hidro l 16,75. Sau khi kt thc phn ng em lc,
thu c 2,013 gam kim loi. Hi sau khi c cn cn thn dung dch A th thu
c bao nhiu gam mui khan? Tnh nng HNO
3
trong dung dch ban
u.
Gii
Khi kim loi ha tr III (Al) v kim loi ha tr II (Zn) tc dng vi HNO
3

gii phng kh NO:
M + 4HNO
3
M(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O (1)

3M + 8HNO
3
3M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (2)

165
Th theo cc ptpu, khng ph thuc vo ha tr ca kim loi, s mol
3
NO

to
mui lun lun bng 3 s mol kh NO gii phng ra.
Khi kim loi ha tr III v ha tr II tc dng vi HNO
3
gii phng ra kh
N
2
O:
8M + 30HNO
3
8M(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O + 15H
2
O (3)
4M + 10HNO
3
4M(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
O + 5H
2
O (4)
Cng theo cc ptpu, khng ph thuc vo ha tr ca kim loi, s mol
ca
3
NO

to mui lun lun bng 8 ln s mol kh N
2
O.
Do , nn bits s mol kh NO v kh N
2
O gii phng ra ta tnh c
s mol
3
NO

to mui vi kim loi.
t s mol NO l x, s mol N
2
O l y:

0,896
x y 0, 04
22, 4
30x 44y
16, 75 2 33, 5
0, 04

+ = =

= =


Gii h ta c:
x = 0,03 mol
y = 0,01 mol
S mol
3
NO

to mui kim loi: 0,03 . 3 + 0,01 . 8 = 0,17 mol
Theo u bi, lng axit ht, lng kim loi tan trong axit to mui:
5 2,013 = 2,987
Khi lng mui = khi lng kim loi tan ra + khi lng
3
NO

to
mui
M = 2,987 + 0,17 . 62 = 13,527 gam
S mol HNO
3
trong 220 ml dung dch HNO
3
:
0,17 + 0,03 + 0,01 . 2 = 0,22


166

3
HNO
C =
0, 22
1
0, 22
= mol/lt

Bi 13: Cho 21.52 gam hn hp A gm kim loi M ha tr 2 v mui nitrat ca
kim loi vo bnh knh dung tch khng i l 3 lt (khng cha khng kh)
ri nung bnh n nhit cao phn ng xy ra hon ton, sn phm thu
c l oxit kim loi ha tr 2. Sau a bnh v 54.6
0
C th p sut trong
bnh l p. Chia cht rn trong bnh sau phn ng thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
-Phn 1 phn ng va ht vi 2/3 lt dung dch HNO
3
0.38M c kh NO
-Phn 2 phn ng va ht vi 0.3 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
0.2M (long) c
dung dch B.
a. Xc nh khi luwowbngj nguyn t ca M
b. Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A
c. Tnh p sut
(Trch Nhng bi ton bin lun ca Nguyn nh )
Gii
a. Gi a v b l s mol ban u ca M(NO
3
)
2
v M. V sn phm nung l
oxit nn ta c phn ng nhit phn ca M(NO
3
)
2

M(NO
3
)
2
2MO + 4NO
2
+ O
2

a a 2a 0.5a
0.5a mol O
2
sinh ra s phn ng tip vi M to MO. Do cht rn sau
khi nung tc dng c vi HNO
3
gii phng kh, chng t M cn d sau khi
nung. Vy 0.5a mol oxi phn ng ht vi M theo phng trnh :
2M + O
2
2MO
a 0.5a a
Cht rn sau phn ng gm 2a mol MO v (b-a) mol M. Chia lm 2
phn bng nhau nn mi phn c a mol MO v (a-b) mol M.
Cc phn ng phn I:
MO + 2HNO
3
M(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O

167
a 2a
3M + 8HNO
3
3M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
1/2(b-a) 4/3(b-a)
Suy ra: 2a + 4/3(b-a) = 0,38 . 2/3 = 0,76/3
Rt ra a + 2b = 0,76/2 = 0,38 (1)
Gi s M l kim loi hot ng ng trc H trong dy in ho kim
loi, cc phn ng ca phn II:
MO + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2
O
a a
M + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2

(b-a) (b-a)
Suy ra : a+1/2(b-a) = 0,2 .0,3 = 0,06
Rt ra : a+b=0,12 (2)
Nhng h (1),(2) cho a = -0,14 v l. Vy M phi l kim loi ng
sau H (khng phn ng c vi H
2
SO
4
long)
Do phn II ch c phn ng :
MO + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2
O
a a a
=> a = 0,06
(1) => b = 0,16
Nh vy hn hp ban u c 0,06 mol M(NO
3
)
2
v 0.16 mol M, suy
ra:
0,06(M + 124) + 0,16M = 21,52
=> M = 64 => l Cu
b. Lng Cu trong A = 0,16 . 64 = 10,24 g
Vy %Cu =
52 , 21
24 , 10
= 47,5%


168
% Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 100% - 45,7% = 52,5%
c. Sau khi nung, bnh cha 2a = 0,12 mol NO
2

Vy P = atm
V
nRT
07 , 1
3
) 6 , 54 273 ( 082 , 0
=
+
=

Bi 14: Cho mt th tch khng kh (cha 80% nito v 20% oxi v th tch )
cn thit i qua bt than ng t nng thu c kh than A ch cha cacbon
oxit v nito. Trn kh than A vi mt lng khng kh gp i lng cn thit
t chy cacbon oxit c hn hp kh B. t kh B c hn hp kh D
trong nito chim 79.47% th tch.
b. Tnh hiu sut phn ng t chy cacbon oxit
c. Tnh lng nhit (theo kj) ta ra khi t chy 1 m
3
kh than A ( ktc) ,
bit rng lng nhit ta ra khi t chy hon ton 1 mol cacbon oxit l
284.24 Kj
d. Tnh % ca th tch cc kh trong D
e. Tnh t khi ca hn hp kh D so vi kh than A
Gii
1. Theo gi thit lng khng kh v than ch cn va gy phn
ng, nn n gin trong tnh ton ta c th cho lc u c 1 mol C c
nung thnh CO theo phn ng :
C +
1
2
O
2
CO (1)
(1) cho thy 1 mol C cn
1
2
mol O
2
c km theo 2 mol N
2
ca khng
kh, sau khi chy ta thu c kh than A ch gm 1 mol CO v 2 mol N
2
, tc l
3 mol hn hp .
Phn ng chy ca kh than A trong khng hkis
CO +
1
2
O
2
CO
2

N
2
: khng chy
Theo (2) mun t chy 1 mol CO ch cn
1
2
O
2
ca khng kh, nhng
mun cho phn ng chy xy ra hon ton ngi ta phi dng 1 lng oxi
gp i tc l a mol O
2
kem thoa 4 mol N
2
ca khng kh. Nh vy trc khi

169
nt la hn hp kh gm 1 mol CO, 2 + 4 = 6 mol N
2
v 1 mol O
2
=> tng s
mol l 8 mol B.
Tuy nhin nu nt la khng ng cch hoc yu la phn ng chy
cng khng t 100%
Tht vy, gi 0 < x 1 l s mol CO tham gia phn ng chy th theo
(2) s cn
2
x
mol O
2
bin i v to ra x mol CO
2
. R rng l phn ng chy
lm gim tng s mol 1 lng hn hp l :
( )
2 2
x x
x x + = mol
Vy sau khi chy tng s mol kh cn li l ( 8
2
x
) mol trong vn
c 6 mol N
2
. Theo gi thit , ta c :
0,7947 0,9
8
2
x
x
x
= =

mol CO tham gia phn ng .


Vy hiu sut phn ng chy l h% =
0,9
.100% 90%
1
=
2. 1m
3
= 1000dm
3
= 1000 l
S mol CO cha trong 1 m
3
kh B :
100 1
.
22,4 8
mol CO
Do theo gi thit vi hiu sut chy 90% th nhit lng to ra l :

1000.0,9.284,24
1427,5
22.4.8
= kJ
3. Tng s mol cc kh trong Dung dch l :
n
D
= 8 8 0,45 7,55
2
x
= = mol
Thnh phn % them th tch hay theo mol ca cc kh trong Dung
dch :
%CO
2
=
0,9.100
% 11,92%
7,55
=
%CO =
(1 0,9).100
% 1,32%
7,55

=


170
%N
2
= 79,4%
%O
2
= (100 11,92 1,32 79,47)% 7,29% = (ng vi 1-
0,45 = 0,55 mol O
2)
4. Ta c khi lng mol phn t trung bnh ca D l :
M
D
=
6,28 0,9.44 0,1.28 32(1 0,45)
30,2
7,55
+ + +
=
V CO = N
2
= 28 => khi lng mol phn t trung bnh ca A:
M
A
= 28
Vy d
D/A
=
30,2
1,078
28
=

Bi 15: Hn hp kh A gm cacbon oxit v khng kh (4/5 th tch l N
2
v 1/5
th tch l O
2
). Bit rng 3.2 lt hn hp A 47
0
C v 2.5 atm cn nng 8.678
gam
1.Tnh thnh phn % th tch kh trong hn hp A
2.Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 20 lt cha 1 mol hn hp A v mt t bt
CuO. t nng bnh mt thi gian phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau
a nhit bnh v 27.3
0
C, p sut trong bnh lc l P. Nu cho kh
trong bnh sau nhn ng li t t qua nc vi trong d th thu c 30
gam kt ta
a.Tnh p sut P, bit dung tch ca bnh khng i, th tch cht rn
khng ng k
b.Ho tan cht rn cn li trong bnh sau phn ng bng axit nitric
d thu c hn hp kh NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi H
2
bng 21.
Tnh th tich hn hp kh ktc.
(Trch Phng php gii ton ho v c ca Nguyn Phc Ho Tn)
Gii
1.Theo gi thit ta c s mol hn hp A:
n
A
=
2,5.3,2.273
0,3047
22.4(273 47)
pV
RT
= =
+
mol

171
Vy khi lng mol phn t trung bnh ca A l:
M
A
=
8,678
28,48
0,3047
A
m
n
= =
Gi x, (vi 0 < x < 1) l % theo V ca O
2
th 4x l % theo V ca N
2
v
(1-5x) l % ca CO
Ta c phng trnh theo khi lng mol phn t trung bnh ca hn
hp A :
M
A
= 28,48 32 28.4 28(1 5 ) 0,12 x x x = + + = hay 12% O
2
v
% N
2
= 12.4=48%
V %CO = (100 48 12 ) = 40%

2. a. R rng l 1mol kh A c 0,12mol O
2
, 0,48 mol N
2
, v 0,4 mol CO.
Khi nung bnh c th xy ra hai phn ng nh sau :
CuO + CO Cu + CO
2
(1)
CO +

1
2
O
2
CO
2
(2)
Nu cho kh nung (sau hai phn ng (1) v (2) li t t qua
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d th ch c CO
2
b hp th theo phn ng :
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
Theo gi thit v (3) ta c :
n
CO2
= n
CaCO3
=
30
0,3
100
=
Theo (1) v (2) ta thy ngay rng 0,4 mol CO tham gia ht th
d theo phn ng no cng to ra 0,4 mol CO
2
. Nhng thc t ch c 0,3 mol
CO
2
< 0,4 mol => CO cn d , m phn ng xy ra hon ton nn CuO v O
2

ht:
Mt khc, (1) khng lm gim s mol kh, (2) lm gim tng s
mol kh O
2
phn ng ht=> gim tng s mol kh = s mol oxit tham gia
phn ng = 0,12 mol
Vy tng s mol kh sau phn ng l : n
sau
= 1 0,12 = 0,88
(mol)


172
p sut P sau phn ng :
0,88.22,4.(273 27,3)
1,084
20.273
s s
n RT
V
+
= =
atm
b. Theo (1) , (2) s mol CO thamgia c (1) v (2) = n
CO2
= 0,3 mol
CO trong c 0,12 . 2 = 0,24 mol CO tham gia phn ng (2) v 0,3 0,24 =
0,06 mol CO tham gia (1)
Theo (1) => n
Cu
= 0,06mol
Khi ho tan 0,06 mol Cu vo HNO
3
ta c hn hp kh NO
2
v
NO c
M = 2d
H
= 2 .21 = 42
Gi y l s mol NO
2
trong 1 mol hn hp th (1- y) l s mol NO
. Ta c phng trnh :
M = 42 = 46y + (1 y) 30 (4)
(4) => y = 0,75 mol NO
2
v 0,25 mol NO
=> t l mol NO
2
: NO = 0,75 : 0,25 = 3 : 1
V t l mol gia NO
2
: NO xc nh nn ta ch cn vit mt
phng trnh phn ng v phi cho trc ch s mol NO
2
l 3, ch s mol NO
l 1 . Sau dng phng php tng gim s oxi ho iu chnh cc ch
s , c khi ch s ca NO
2
v NO c th thay i nhng phi lun ng t l
3:1
Ta vit phn ng tm thi nh sau:
Cu + HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 3NO
2
+ NO + H
2
O
Sau cn bng thnh
3Cu + 10HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 3NO
2
+ NO + H
2
O
(5)
(5) => 3 mol Cu phn ng sinh ra (3+1) = 4 mol hn hp kh nn
0,06 mol Cu phn ng sinh ra
4
.0,06
3
mol hn hp kh = 0,08 mol hn hp
(NO, NO
2
)
Vy th tch hn hp kh l:
V = 0,08 . 22,4 = 1,702 lt (dktc)

173

Bi 16: Cho m
1
gam hn hp gm Mg v Al vo m
2
gam dung dch HNO
3

24%. Sau khi cc kim loi tan ht c 8.96 lt hn hp kh gm NO, NO
2
, N
2
bay ra (ktc) v c dung dch A.Thm mt lng O
2
va vo X, sau
phn ng c hn hp kh Y.Dn Y t t qua dung dch NaOH, c 4.48 lits
hn hp kh Z i ra (ktc). T khi ca Z i vi H
2
bng 20. Nu cho dung
dch NaOH vo A c lng kt ta ln nht thu c 62.2 gam kt ta
a. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc
b. Tnh m
1,
m
2
. Bit lng HNO
3
ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit
c. Tnh C% cc cht trong dung dch
(Trch Cc bi ton ho hc chn lc trung hc ph thng ca Ng Ngc An)
Gii
S mol hn hp X :
8,96
22, 4
=0,4 mol
Khi cho O
2
vo hn hp X :
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
S mol hn hp khng i n
X
= n
Y.
dn Y vo dung dch NaOH .
2NO
2
+ 2 NaOH NaNO
3
+ NaNO
2
+H
2
O
S mol ca NO
2
v N
2
khng tc dng l :
4, 48
22, 4
=0,2
Vy s mol NO l : 0,4-0,2 =0,2
Hn hp Z c M =20.2 =40 gm NO
2
v N
2
c s mol bng 0,2. Gii ra
ta c s mol ca NO
2
bng 0,15 mol, s mol ca N
2
l 0,05 mol.
a) phng trnh phn ng ca Al v Mg vi dung dch HNO
3
Mg 2e

= Mg
2+

s mol e nhng: 2x
x mol x mol
Al - 3e = Al
3+
s mol e nhng 3y


174
y mol y mol
S mol e m
5
N
+
nhn :
5
N
+
+ 3e
2
N
+
(NO) S mol e nhn 0,2 .3 = 0,6
0,2 0,2
5
N
+
+ 4e
1
2
N
+
O S mol e nhn :0,3 .4=1,2
0,3 0,15
2
5
N
+
+ 5e
0
2
N S mol e nhn : 0,1.5=0,5
0,1 0,05
b) V khng c s mol cc cht tham gia phn ng , nn d phn ng
xy ra nh th no nhng vn c s bo ton electron.

e
n

nh n =2,3 mol =
e
n

nhng
Ta c phng trnh 2x + 3y = 2,3
Lng kt ta l Mg(OH)
2
v Al(OH)
3

n
Mg(OH)2
= x n
AL(OH) 3
= y

2x 3y 2,3
58x 78y 62,2
+ =

+ =

0,4
0,5
x mol
y mol
=


m
1
= (0,4 .24) + (0.5 .27) = 23,1 gam
Tnh s mol HNO
3
quy ra khi lng dung dch
5
N
n
+
kh : 0,2+ 0,3+ 0,1 = 0,6
5
N
n
+
trong 2 mui Mg(NO
3
)
2
v Al(NO
3
)
3


175
0,8 mol 1,5 mol
5
N
n
+

= 0,6 + 0,8 + 1,5 = 2,9 mol


N
HNO3
dng l 2,9 mol m
HNO3
= 182.7 gam
m
2
: 761,25 + (761,25 .0,2) = 913,5 gam

Bi 17: Oxi ho hon ton 5.6 lt kh NH
3
( 0
0
C, 1520mmHg) c xc tc
ngi ta thu c kh A, oxi ho A thu c kh B mu nu. Ho tan ton b
kh B vo 146ml H
2
O vi s c mt ca oxi to thnh dung dch HNO
3
.
a. Tnh nng phn trn ca dung dch axit
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
bit t khi ca dung dch l 1.2
(Trch Cc bi ton ho hc chn lc trung hc ph thng ca Ng Ngc An)
Gii
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

0
t
4NO + 6H
2
O (1)
A mol a mol
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
(2)
a mol a mol
4 NO
2
+2 H
2
O + O
2
4HNO
3
(3)
a mol 0,5a mol a mol
n
NH3
= n
NHO3
=
1520
.5,6
760
22,4
=0,5 mol
m
HN03
=63.0,5=31,5
a, C% HNO
3
=
31,5.100%
18,2%
31,5 146.1 4,5
=
+

Th tch dung dch HNO
3
=
(31,5 146) 4,5
144,17 0,144
1,2
ml lit
+
= =


176
b,
| |
3
HNO =
0,5
3,47
0,144
M =
Bi 18: C 2 bnh cha dung dch HNO
3
long, cng nng , cng th tch.
Ngi ta cho vo bnh th nht mt lng kim loi M, vo bnh th hai mt
lng kim loi N. C hai kim loi u tan hon ton v hai bnh u thot ra
kh duy nht NO v c th tch bng nhau cng iu kin (nhit , p
sut).Sau ngi ta lm hai th nghim sau:
- Nu lm th nghim 1: Mc ni tip hai bnh ri in phn th thy
khi lng kim loi bm catot bnh th nht so vi bnh th hai
lun l 27/14
- Nu lm th nghim 2: Trn 2 bnh li. ri in phn cho n khi
khi lng cc in cc khng i na th thy tiu hao mt in
lng 7720 Coulomb v hiu s khi lng hai in cc l 6.56
gam
a. Tnh khi lng ban u ca mi kim loi, xc nh tn kim loi
M,N.Bit rng in phn in cc c vch ngn, in cc tr khi
lng cc in cc bng nhau v tt c cc qu trnh hiu sut l 100
%
b. Trc hki in phn ngi ta cho vo dung dch vi git qu tm, qu
tm khng i mu trong qu trnh in phn mu ca qu tm c thay
di khng?V sao?
(Trch Cc bi ton ho hc chn lc trung hc ph thng ca Ng Ngc An)
Gii
a, Gi M l khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi M, m l ho tr ca kim
loi M, m l khi lng kim lai bo vo catot v cng l khi lng ho tan.
Gi N l khi lng ca nguyn t ca kim loi N, n l ho tr ca kim
loi N, n l khi lng kim loi bm vo catot v cng l khi lng ho tan.
3M + 4m HNO
3
3M(NO
3
)
m
+ m NO +2m H
2
O
3M gam m mol
m gam
'
3
mm
M

3N +4n HNO
3
3N(NO
3
)n

+ n NO +2n H
2
O
3N gam n mol

177
n
'
3
nn
N

- Theo u bi sau phn ng th tch kh c gii phng bng nhau
trong cng iu kin tc l s mol NO bng nhau.
Ta c :
'
3
mm
M
=
'
3
nn
N
(a)
- Khi cho dng in qua 2 bnh mc ni tip th in lng qua hai
bnh l nh nhau, khi ng kim loi gii phng hai in cc c t l:
' 27
' 14
m
n
=
- Khi trn 2 bnh, ri in phn n khi lng in cc khng i v
hiu s khi lng 2 in l 6,56 gam tc l tng khi lng kim loi c
gii phng v bng 6,56 gam.
- Khi in phn 2 bnh ring l th lng in tiu th 2 bnh l nh
nhau 2 bnh mc ni tip, v khi trn 2 bnh ri in phn hon ton th lng
in tiu th 2 bnh ban u. Do lng in gii phng mi kim loi l
7720
3860
2
coulomb =
- Ta tnh khi lng ban u cc kim loi nh sau :

' ' 6,56
' 27
' 14
m n
m
n
+ +


Gii h phng trnh 2 n ta c: m=4,32g , n =2,24g.
Gheo (a)
'
3
mm
M
=
'
3
nn
N

'
'
m
n
=
27
14
Mn
Nm
= (b)
- Theo nh lut Faraday:
m=
27 3860 ' 96500
14 9650 3860
M M m
m m
=


178
Thay m vo ta c:
4,32.96500
108
3860
M
m
= =
M= 108m
Nu m=1 M=108(Ag)
m=2 M=216 (loi)
m=3M=324(loi)
Thay M=108 vo (b) ta c :
108 27
.1 14
n
N
=
N=56n
Nu n=1N =56 (loi v Fe khng c ho tr 1)
n=2 N=112 (cd)
n=3 N=169 (loi)
VY hai kim loi l Ag v Cd.
b, Mu qu tm i thnh mu hng v dung dch sau in phn cho
axit HNO
3

2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O
dpdd
2Ag + 2 HNO
3
+
1
2
O
2

Cd(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
dpdd
Cd + 2 HNO
3
+
1
2
O
2
BI TP T GII
Cu 1: hy lp thnh mt dy bin ha ri vit phng trnh theo dy:
Ag
3
PO
4
, Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
, H
3
PO
4
, P
2
O
5
, P, PH
3
, Ca
3
P
2
v Na
3
PO
4

Cu 2: Qung cha hm lng 35% Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
. tnh hm lng P
2
O
5
trong 10 tn
qung trn.
Cu 3: bng phn ng ha hc hy nh bit cc cht sau:

179
Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
, Na
2
S v Na
3
PO
4

Cu 4: Cho 40g dung dch NaOH 10% tc dng vi 10g H
3
PO
4
39,2%. Tnh khi
lng mui to thnh.
Cu 5: Phn kali KCl sn xut c t qung sinvinit thng ch cha 50% K
2
O.
Tnh hm lng % ca KCl trong phn bn
Cu 6: Phn ln suphephotphat kp thc sn xut c thng ch cha 40% P
2
O
5
.
Tnh hm lng % ca Ca(HPO
4
)
2
trong phn .
Cu 7 Trn ln 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M vi 50ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M. Tnh
nng mol/l ca mui trong dung dch thu c.
Cu 10: T 6.2 kg c th iu ch c bao nhiu kg H
3
PO
4
gi s hiu sut cc giai
on ln lc l 70% v 90%.
Cu 11: Vit phn ng xy ra khi qut que dim.
Cu 12: Nhit phn 29,78g hn hp gm An(NO
3
)
3
v AgNO
3
c 8,4 lt hn hp
kh ktc v cht rn A.
a) vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) Tnh phn trm cc cht trong hn hp u.
c) Nu cho cht rn trn tc dng vi HNO
3
(l) th thu c bao nhiu lt kh
NO(ktc)
Cu 13: Hon thnh cc chuyn ha sau:
a. Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ +
0
2
1200 , C SiO
A
+
o
t Ca,
B
+HCl
C
+
o
t O
D
b. Qung photphorit Photpho iphtpho pentaoxit axit phophoric
amoni photphat axit photphoric canxi photphat
c. H
2
PO
4
-
+ ? HPO
4
2-
+ ? HPO
4
2-
+ ? H
2
PO
4
-
+ ?
Cu 14: Hy lp thnh mt dy bin ha ri vit phng trnh theo dy:
Ag
3
PO
4
, Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
, H
3
PO
4
, P
2
O
5
, P, PH
3
, Ca
3
P
2
v Na
3
PO
4
Cu 15: Qung cha hm lng 35% Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
. tnh hm lng P
2
O
5
trong
10 tn qung trn.
Cu 16: bng phn ng ha hc hy nhn bit cc cht sau: Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
,
Na
2
S v Na
3
PO
4



180
Cu 17: Cho 40g dung dch NaOH 10% tc dng vi 10g H
3
PO
4
39,2%. Tnh
khi lng mui to thnh.
Cu 18: Phn kali KCl sn xut c t qung sinvinit thng ch cha 50%
K
2
O. Tnh hm lng % ca KCl trong phn bn
Cu 19: Phn ln suphephotphat kp thc sn xut c thng ch cha
40% P
2
O
5
. Tnh hm lng % ca Ca(HPO
4
)
2
trong phn .
Cu 20: Trn ln 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M vi 50ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M.
Tnh nng mol/l ca mui trong dung dch thu c.
Cu 21: T 6,2 kg c th iu ch c bao nhiu kg H
3
PO
4
gi s hiu sut
cc giai on ln lc l 70% v 90%.
Cu 22: t chy hon ton 6,2g photpho trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to
thnh tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 32%, to thnh mui Na
2
HPO
4

a. Vit phng trnh phn ng
b. Tnh khi lng NaOH cn dng
c. Tnh nng phn trm ca mui trong dung dch thu c.
Cu 23: trung ha hon ton dung dch thu c khi thy phn 4,54g
photpho halogenua cn dng 55ml dung dch NaOH 3M. Xc nh cng thc
ca phtpho trihalogen , bit rng phn ng thy phn to ra hai axit, trong
c axit H
3
PO
3
l axit hai nc.
Cu 24: Thm 6g P
2
O
5
vo 25ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
6,0%( d=1,03g/ml). Tnh
khi lng phn trm ca H
3
PO
4
trong dung dch thu c.
Cu 25: Nhn bit HCl, HNO
3
v H
3
PO
4

Cu 26: Cho dung dch cha 11,76g H
3
PO
4
vo dung dch cha 16,80g
KOH. Tnh khi lng mui thu c v phn trm ca dung dch sau phn
ng.
Cu 27: T khng kh than v nc, cc cht vo c cn thit vit phn ng
iu ch NH
4
NO
3
Cu 28: Hon thnh cc phn ng sau v cn bng:
a. Fe + HNO
3
(, nng)
b. HNO
3
(l) + Fe NO
c. HNO
3
(l) + Al N
2
O
d. P + HNO
3
NO
2
+ H
3
PO
4

e. Cu + HNO
3
(l) NO + N
2
O

181
f. Zn + HNO
3
khng c kh
g. Cu
2
S + HNO
3
(l) Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + CuSO
4
+ ?
h. FeS + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+NO + H
2
SO
4
+ ?
Cu 29: Hon thnh cc chuyn ha sau:
a.NH
3
A
o
t CuO

+ .
(kh)
3
, , , 2
NH
xt p t H

+

+ xt t O
o
. ,
2
C
+
2
O
D
+ + O H O
2
E
H G
t NaO

+
( rn)
2 3
) 4 (
) 3 (
2
) 2 ( ) 1 (
) (NO Cu Y NO NO
Z
O H X
X X

+
+ +
+ +

b. N
2
3 4
) 9 (
) 8 (
2
) 7 ( ) 6 ( ) 5 (
2
NO NH Y NO NO M
M
O H X
X X H

+
+ +
+ + +

c.
NO N NH NO NO HNO NO Cu CuO Cu
1
2
3 , 2
4 5
2
7 , 6
3
8
3
9 10
) (

Cu 30: Cho 13,5 gam nhm tc dng va vi 2,2 lt HNO
3
, phn ng to
mui nhm v mt hn hp kh NO v N
2
O. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch
HNO
3
. Bit rng t khi ca hn hp kh i vi H
2
l 19,2.
Cu 31: Trnh by phng php ha hc phn bit: NH
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
,
NH
4
Cl, Na
2
SO
4
.
Cu 32: Ha tan hon ton 12,4 gam hn hp A gm Fe v Cu bng dung
dch HNO
3
d thu c 3,36 lt kh NO( sn phm kh duy nht) iu kin
tiu chun v dung dch B.
a) Tnh phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
b) Tnh khi lng mui trong B.
c) Tnh th tch dung dch HNO
3
0,2M dng.
Cu 33: Ha km trong dung dch HNO
3
long d, thu c dung dch A v
hn hp kh N
2
v N
2
O. Sau phn ng kt thc, thm NaOH d vo dung dch
A, thy c mi khai bay ra. Hy vit cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 34: t chy hon ton 4,4g mt sunfua kim loi c cng thc MS( M l
kim loi c ha tr +2 v + 3 trong cc hp cht) trong lng oxi d. Cht rn
thu c sau phn ng c ha tan trong mt lng va dung dch
HNO
3
37,8%. Nng phn trm ca mui trong dung dch thu c l
41,7%.
a. Xc nh cng thc ca sunfua kim loi
b. Tnh khi lng dung dch HNO
3
dng


182
Cu 35: Cht kh A c mi khai, phn ng vi kh clo theo hai cch khc nhau
sau y, ty theo iu kin phn ng.
1. Trong trng hp d kh A th xy ra phn ng sinh ra cht rn C v kh D.
8A + 3Cl
2
6C + D
2. Trong trng hp d kh Cl
2
th phn ng sinh ra kh D v kh E
2A + 3Cl
2
D + 6E
Cht rn C mu trng, khi t b phn hy thun nghch, bin thnh cht A v
cht E. Khi lng ring ca D l 1,25g/ml(ktc). Hy xc nh A,B,C v D,
vit phng trnh phn ng
Cu 36: Phn kali clorua sn xut t qung xinvinit thng ch ng vi 50%
K
2
O. Tnh hm lng % ca KCl trong phn bn trn.
Cu 37: Tnh khi lng H
2
SO
4
65% dng iu ch c 500kg
supephotphat kp?
Cu 38: Tnh khi lng NH
3
v dung dch HNO
3
45% iu ch 100kg
phn m NH
4
NO
3
?
Cu 39: Cho 1,98gam (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
tc dng ht vi dd NaOH thu c mt
sn phm kh. Ha tan kh ny vo dd cha 5,88g H
3
PO
4
. Tnh khi lng
mui thu c.
Cu 40: Mt lng 8,32g Cu tc dng va vi 240ml dung dch HNO
3
, cho
4,928 lt kh (ktc) hn hp gm 2 kh l NO vag NO
2
bay ra.
a. Tnh s mol mi kh
b. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch axit ban u
Cu 41: Cho 60g mt kim loi nhm IIA khi tc dng hon ton vi Nit to
thnh cht rn( nitrua). Cht rn ny tc dng vi nc to thnh NH
3
v
hirxit kim loi. Oxi ha kh ny bng O
2
khng kh 900
o
C c xc tc, thu
c 21,96 lt(ktc) kh khng mu. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ha ny l 98%.
Xc nh tn kim loi.


183
Trc nghim tng hp
BI TP TRC NGHIM 1
1. Khi nim no sau y l khc loi?
A. ng v. B. Th hnh.
C. Cng thc phn t. D. n cht.
2. Cho s biu din chu trnh ca cacbon trong t
nhin:
Quan st s v cho bit nhn nh
no sau y l ng nht? L-ng CO
2

trong khng kh -c iu tit bi:
A. cy xanh.
B. cn bng ho hc gia CO
2
, CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
trong
n-c bin.
C. hn ch s dng cc nhin liu ho thch theo cng
-c quc t.
D. c A, B v C u ng.
3. Hiu ng nh knh l hin t-ng Tri t ang m dn
ln, do cc bc x c b-c sng di trong vng hng ngoi
b gi li, m khng bc x ra ngoi v tr. Cht kh no
sau y l nguyn nhn gy ra hiu ng nh knh?
A. H
2
. B. N
2
.
C. CO
2
. D. O
2
.
4. Hu qu ca vic Tri t ang m dn ln l hin
t-ng bng tan hai cc. Cc ni bng x-a kia, nay ch
cn l cc chm bng
Xem nh:


184
Hy la chn nhng nh h-ng c th xy ra khi Tri t
m ln, trong s cc d bo sau:
A. Nhiu vng t thp ven bin s b nhn chm trong
n-c bin.
B. Kh hu Tri t thay i.
C. C nhiu trn bo ln nh- bo Katrina.
D. A, B, C u ng.
5. Kim c-ng v than ch l cc dng th hnh ca nguyn
t cacbon. Kim c-ng cng nht trong t nhin, trong khi
than ch mm n mc c th dng sn xut li bt ch
6B, dng k mt. iu gii thch no sau y l ng?
A. Kim c-ng c cu trc tinh th dng t din u,
than ch c cu trc lp, trong khong cch gia
cc lp kh ln.
B. Kim c-ng c lin kt cng ho tr bn, than ch
th khng.
C. t chy kim c-ng hay than ch nhit cao u
to thnh kh cacbonic.
D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.
6. Cacbon v nh hnh -c iu ch t than g hay go
da c tn l than hot tnh. Tnh cht no sau y ca
than hot tnh gip cho con ng-i ch to cc thit b
phng c, lc n-c?
A. t chy than sinh ra kh cacbonic.
B. Hp ph cc cht kh, cht tan trong n-c.
C. Kh cc cht kh c, cc cht tan trong n-c.
D. Tt c cc ph-ng n A, B, C.

185
7. Khi xt v kh cacbon ioxit, iu khng nh no sau
y l sai?
A. Cht kh khng mu, khng mi, nng hn khng kh.
B. Cht kh ch yu gy ra hiu ng nh knh.
C. Cht kh khng c, nh-ng khng duy tr s sng.
D. Cht kh dng cha chy, nht l cc m chy
kim loi.
8. Cht kh cacbon monoxit c trong thnh phn loi kh
no sau y?
A. Khng kh.
B. Kh t nhin.
C. Kh m du.
D. Kh l cao.
9. Ma ng, khi mt in l-i quc gia, nhiu gia nh
phi s dng ng c iezen pht in, phc v nhu cu
thp sng, chy tivi...Ti sao khng nn chy ng c
iezen trong phng ng kn cc ca? Bi v
A. tiu th nhiu kh O
2
sinh ra kh CO
2
l mt kh
c.
B. tiu th nhiu kh O
2
, sinh ra kh CO l mt kh
c.
C. nhiu hirocacbon ch-a chy ht l nhng kh c.
D. sinh ra kh SO
2
.



186
10. Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau, phn ng no sai?
A. 3CO + Fe
2
O
3

o
t
3CO
2
+ 2Fe
B. CO + Cl
2
COCl
2

C. 3CO + Al
2
O
3

o
t
2Al + 3CO
2
D. 2CO + O
2

o
t
2CO
2
11. Hp th hon ton 2,24 lit CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch
n-c vi trong c cha 0,075 mol Ca(OH)
2
. Sn phm thu
-c sau phn ng gm:
A. Ch c CaCO
3
.
B. Ch c Ca(HCO
3
)
2
C. C CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2

D. Khng c c hai cht CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
12. Mt cc thu tinh ng khong 20ml n-c ct. Cho mt
mu giy qu tm vo cc n-c, mu tm khng thay i.
Sc kh cacbon ioxit vo cc n-c, mu giy chuyn sang
mu hng. un nng cc n-c, sau mt thi gian mu qu
li chuyn thnh mu tm. Gii thch no sau y l ng?
A. N-c ct c pH = 7.
B. Dung dch axit H
2
CO
3
c pH < 7.
C. Axit H
2
CO
3
khng bn, khi un nng phn hu thnh
CO
2
v n-c.
D. A, B, C u ng.
13. Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 16 lit cha hn hp CO,
CO
2
v O
2
d-. Th tch O
2
nhiu gp i th tch CO. Bt
tia la in t chy hon ton hn hp, th tch kh
trong bnh gim 2 lt (cc th tch kh trong bnh -c
o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Thnh phn %

187
theo th tch ca CO, CO
2
v O
2
trong hn hp ban u l
gi tr no sau y:
A. 25%, 50% v 25%. B. 15%, 30% v 55%.
C. 20%, 40% v 40%. D. 25%, 25% v 50%.
14. Cho 24,4g hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi
dung dch BaCl
2
. Sau phn ng thu -c 39,4g kt ta. Lc
tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu -c m(g) mui clorua.
Vy m c gi tr l:
A. 2,66g B. 22,6g C. 26,6g D.
6,26g
15. Cng thc phn t CaCO
3
t-ng ng vi thnh phn ho
hc chnh ca loi no sau y:
A. . B. vi.
C. mi. D. t ong.
16. Tn gi cht no sau y cha CaCO
3
trong thnh phn
ho hc?
A. lmit. B. Ccnalit.
C. Pirit. D. Xierit.
17. Xt cc mui cacbonat, nhn nh no sau y l ng?
A. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u tan trong n-c.
B. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u b nhit phn to ra
oxit kim loi v cacbon ioxit.
C. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u b nhit phn, tr
mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim.
D. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u khng tan trong n-c.
18. Cho cc ion v cht sau:


188
1. HCO
3
-
2. K
2
CO
3
3. H
2
O 4. Cu(OH)
2

5. HPO
4
-
6. Al
2
O
3
7. NH
4
Cl 8. HSO
3
-

Theo Bronsted, cht, ion l-ng tnh l:
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 4, 5, 6
C. 1, 3, 5, 6, 8
D. 2, 4, 6, 7
19. Hin t-ng xy ra khi trn dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vi dung
dch FeCl
3
l:
A. Xut hin kt ta mu nu.
B. C cc bt kh thot ra khi dung dch.
C. Xut hin kt ta mu lc nht.
D. A v B ng.
20. Cht no d-i y gp phn nhiu nht vo s hnh
thnh m-a axit?
A. Cacbon ioxit.
B. L-u hunh ioxit.
C. Ozon.
D. Dn xut clo ca hirocacbon.
21. Xt cc cp cht no sau y:
1. CH
3
COOH + CaCO
3
2. C
17
H
35
COONa + H
2
SO
4

3. CO
2
+ dd NaCl 4. C
17
H
35
COONa + Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Cp khng xy ra phn ng ho hc l cp no trong s
sau:

189
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
22. B tng ct thp l loi vt liu xy dng rt quan
trng, c ng dng rt rng ri. L do no khin cho vic
ng dng b tng ct thp tr nn ph bin trong cng
nghip xy dng ?
A. Thp v b tng c h s gin n nhit bng nhau.
B. B tng ct thp l loi vt liu xy dng rt
bn.
C. B tng ct thp l loi vt liu xy dng rt t
tin.
D. A, B u ng.
23. Cht no sau y khng phi l nguyn liu ca cng
nghip sn xut xi mng ?
A. t st. B. vi.
C. Ct. D. Thch cao.
24. Thu tinh l cht rn c cu trc v nh hnh. Tnh
cht no sau y khng phi l ca thu tinh?
A. Trong sut.
B. Khng c im nng chy c nh.
C. Cho nh sng mt tri i qua, nh-ng gi li bc x
hng ngoi.
D. Thu tinh rn, do.
25. Cng nghip silicat l ngnh cng nghip ch bin cc
hp cht ca silic. Ngnh sn xut no sau y khng
thuc v cng nghip silicat?
A. Sn xut gm (gch, ngi, snh, s).
B. Sn xut xi mng.


190
C. Sn xut thu tinh.
D. Sn xut thu tinh hu c.
26. Boxit nhm c thnh phn ch yu l Al
2
O
3
ln cc tp
cht l SiO
2
v Fe
2
O
3
. lm sch Al
2
O
3
trong cng nghip
c th s dng cc ho cht no sau y:
A. Dung dch NaOH c v kh CO
2
.
B. Dung dch NaOH c v axit HCl.
C. Dung dch NaOH c v axit H
2
SO
4
.
D. Dung dch NaOH c v axit CH
3
COOH.
27. Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau, phn ng no sai?
A. SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4

+ 2H
2
O
B. SiO
2
+ 4HCl SiCl
4

+ 2H
2
O
C. SiO
2
+ 2C
o
t
Si
+ 2CO
D. SiO
2
+ 2Mg
o
t
2MgO
+ Si
28. Cho cc oxit: SiO
2
, CaO, Fe
2
O
3
, CuO, Al
2
O
3
. phn
bit tng oxit trn, ch -c dng mt thuc th trong s
cc cht sau:
A. Dung dch NaOH.
B. H
2
O.
C. Dung dch HCl.
D. Cc ph-ng n trn u sai.
29. Ng-i ta th-ng dng ct (SiO
2
) lm khun c kim
loi. lm sch hon ton nhng ht ct bm trn b mt

191
vt dng lm bng kim loi c th dng dung dch no sau
y?
A. Dung dch HCl.
B. Dung dch HF.
C. Dung dch NaOH long.
D. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
.
H-ng dn tr li v p s
1. A 6. D 11. C 16. D 21. A 26. B
2. D 7. D 12. B 17. C 22. C 27. D
3. D 8. C 13. B 18. A 23. C 28. C
4. D 9. B 14. C 19. D 24. C 29. D
5. D 10. A 15. B 20. C 25. B


BI TP TRC NGHIM 2

1. Cacbon phn ng c vi nhm cht no sau y:
A. Fe
2
O
3
, Ca, CO
2
, H
2
, HNO
3
c, H
2
SO
4
c.
B. CO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Ca, CaO, HNO
3
c, H
2
SO
4
c.
C. Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, CO
2
, HNO
3
c, H
2
SO
4
c.
D. CO, H
2
O, CaO, HNO
3
c, H
2
SO
4
c.
2. SiO
2
(silic ioxit) phn ng c vi tt c cc cht no sau y:
A. Mg, C, HF, Na
2
CO3, NaOH.
B. C, NaOH, MgO.
C. Mg, CO
2
, MgCO
3
, HCl.
D. MgO, C, Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH.
3. Trong mng tinh th ca than ch c (cc) loi lin kt:


192
A. Lin kt cng ha tr
B. Lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr
C. Lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt Van der Waals.
D. Lin kt ion.
4. 3MgO.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O l cng thc ca khong vt no?
A. Xecpentin
B. Magiezit
C. Fenspat
D. Magiesilixua
5. Cho mt t dung dch phenolphtalein vo dung dch NH
3
long ta thu c
dung dch A. Cho vo dung dch A mt t dung dch th mu ca dung
dch A thay i nh th no?
A. Khng i mu
B. Mu hng nht dn ri mt i
C. Mu hng m hn
D. Mu hng chuyn sang mu vng
6. Cht no sau y c thnh phn phn trm khi lng Silic cao nht?
A. Thy tinh thng
B. Cao lanh
C. Fenspat
D. Xecpentin
7. Cng thc ca khong vt olomit v fenspat l:
A. CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
; .CaO.6SiO
2

B. CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
; .Al
2
O
3
.6SiO
2

C. MgCO
3
; Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O
D. MgCO
3
, .Al
2
O
3
.6SiO
2

8. Loi than no sau y khng c trong thin nhin?
A. Than ch
B. Than cc
C. Than antraxit
D. Than nu
9. Cho cc cht sau:
(1) Magie oxit
(2) Cacbon

193
(3) Acid flohidric
(4) Natri cacbonat
(5) Magie cacbonat
(6) Natri hidroxit
(7) Magie
Silic phn ng vi tt c cc cht trong nhm no sau y:
A. (1), (2), (3), (4), (5).
B. (2), (6), (7).
C. (2), (3), (6), (7).
D. (1), (2), (4), (6).
10. Kim cng v than ch l cc dng th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon. Kim
cng cng nht trong t nhin, trong khi than ch mm n mc c th dng
sn xut li bt ch 6B, dng k mt. iu gii thch no sau y l
ng?
A. Kim cng c cu trc tinh th dng t din u, than ch c cu trc
lp, trong khong cch gia cc lp kh ln.
B. Kim cng c lin kt cng ho tr bn, than ch th khng.
C. t chy kim cng hay than ch nhit cao u to thnh kh
cacbonic
D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.
11. Ma ng, khi mt in li quc gia, nhiu gia nh phi s dng ng
c iezen pht in, phc v nhu cu thp sng, chy tivi...Ti sao khng
nn chy ng c iezen trong phng ng kn cc ca? Bi v:
A. Tiu th nhiu kh O
2
sinh ra kh CO
2
l mt kh c.
B. Tiu th nhiu kh O
2
, sinh ra kh CO l mt kh c.
C. Nhiu hirocacbon cha chy ht l nhng kh c.
D. Sinh ra kh SO
2
.
12. S l vt liu cng xp, c mu trng, g ku. Phi liu sn xut s
gm:
A. Cao lanh, fenspat, thch anh, mt s oxit kim loi.
B. t st, ct, men, thu tinh
C. Canxi aluminat, canxi silicat, oxit kim loi.
D. Bt samt, CaO, SiO
2
, t st.
13. Silic phn ng c vi cc cht no sau?
A.O
2
, C, F
2
, Mg, HCl, NaOH.
B.O
2
, C, Cl
2
, Mg, NaOH, HF.


194
C.O
2
, C, F
2
, Mg, HCl, MgCO
2
.
D.O
2
, C, Cl
2
, Mg, HBr, NaOH.
14. Trong nhm IVA:
A. Tnh kim loi gim dn t Pb n C.
B. Ngoi kh nng to lin kt cng ho tr vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn
t khc, cc nguyn t cacbon silic gecmani cn c th hin lin kt vi
nhau to thnh mch.
C. Gecmani va th hin tnh kim loi va c phi kim.
D. Sn, Pb l kim loi nn tuy c 4 electron lp ngoi cng nhng ch c 2
electron ho tr.
Tm cu sai.
15. Lm sch dung dch HNO
3
c ln HCl bng dung dch cht no sau y :
A. BaCl
2

B. Ba(NO
3
)
2

C. CaCl
2

D. AgNO
3


16. Cng thc ng ca magi photphua l :
A. Mg
3
P
2

B. Mg
2
P
2
O
7

C. Mg
3
P
4

D. Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2

17. C 4 dung dch ng trong 4 l mt nhn : (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, NH
4
Cl , Na
2
SO
4
,
HNO
3
, c th dng thuc th no sau y phn bit 4 dung dch trn :
A. Dung dch AgNO
3

B. Dung dch NaOH
C. Dung dch BaCl
2

D. Dung dch Ba(OH)
2

18. T NH
3
iu ch HNO
3
qua bao nhiu giai on :
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
19. Cho 0,3 mol NaOH tc dng vi 0,2 mol H
3
PO
4
mui thu c l :
A. Na
3
PO
4
, NaHPO
4


195
B. NaH
2
PO
4
, NaHPO
4
, Na
3
PO
4

C. NaH
2
PO
4
, NaHPO
4

D. Na
3
PO
4

20. Cho kim loi Cu vo dung dch HNO
3
c thy hin tng :
A. Dung dch khng mu c kh mu nu bay ra
B. C kh mu nu bay ra, dung dch c mu xanh
C. Dung dch c mu xanh, c kh mi khai bay ra
D. Dung dch khng mu, c kh khng mu bay ra
21. iu kin thng photpho c hot ng ha hc mnh hn nit v :
A. Nguyn t photpho c m in nh hn nit
B. Nguyn t photpho c obitan 3d cn trng, nguyn t nit th khng
c
C. Lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t photpho km bn hn lin
kt ga cc nguyn t trong phn t nit
D. Photpho trng thi rn, nit trng thi kh
22. Dung dch NH
3
c mu khi c ha tan vi dung dch phenolphtalein :
A. Dung dch mt mu khi un nng
B. Dung dch c mu m hn khi un nng
C. Dung dch mt mu khi thm dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vo
D. Dung dch khng i mu khi un nng
23. Mnh no sau y l khng ng :
A. Tt c mui nitrat u tan
B. Tt c mui amni u tan
C. Mui amni clorua khng c tnh thng hoa
D. Khi nhit phn mui amni thu c kh amniac
24. Thuc n en l hn hp ca cc cht :
A. KNO
3
, C , S
B. KClO
3
, C
C. KClO
3
, C , S
D. KNO
3
, S
25. phn bit 3 axit HCl , HNO
3
, H
3
PO
4
ng ring trong 3 l mt nhn c
th dng thuc th :
A. Dung dch AgNO
3
, Cu
B. Cu
C. BaCl
2



196
D. Qi tm
26. Phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng Pb vi HNO
3
c , tng cc h s
cn bng phn ng l :
A. 20
B. 8
C. 18
D. 10
27. Trong phng th nghim , kh NH
3
c th iu ch bng cch :
A. un nng mui amni vi Ca(OH)
2

B. Nhit phn mui amni
C. un nng hn hp NH
4
Cl vi NaNO
3

D. Tng hp N
2
v H
2
nhit , p sut , xc tc thch hp
28. phng b nhim c CO , ngi ta s dng mt n vi cht hp
ph l :
A. CuO v MnO
2

B. Cuo v than hot tnh
C. CuO v MgO
D. Than hot tnh
29. Silic phn ng c vi nhm cht no sau y :
A. O
2
, C , F
2
, Mg , HCl , NaOH
B. O
2
, C , F
2
, Mg , NaOH
C. O
2
, C , F
2
, Mg , HCl , KOH
D. O
2
, C , Mg , NaOH , HCl
30. Cho dung dch cc mui NH
4
HCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
c cng nng
mol. Sp xp cc dung dch ny theo th t tng dn :
A. (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
< NH
4
HCO
3
< Na
2
CO
3

B. NH
4
HCO
3
< (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
< Na
2
CO
3

C. Na
2
CO
3
< NH
4
HCO
3
< (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

D. (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
< Na
2
CO
3
< NH
4
HCO
3

31. So snh tan trong nc ca CH
4
, CO
2
v SO
2
. Sp xp theo th t
tan tng dn
A. CH
4
< SO
2
< CO
2


197
B. CH
4
< CO
2
< SO
2

C. CO
2
< SO
2
< CH
4

D. SO
2
< CO
2
< CH
4

32. Trong cc n cht c to thnh bi cc nguyn t nhm cacbon. Cc kim loi
l:
a. C v Si b. Sn v Pb
c. Si v Ge d. Si v Sn
33. iu no sau y khng ng i vi phn ng gia cacbon monoxit v
oxi:
a. Ta nhit c. Km theo s gim th tch
b. Thu nhit d. Khng xy ra nhit thng.
34. Tnh oxi ha ca cacbon th hin phn ng no?
a. C + O
2
CO
2
c. C + CuO Cu + CO
2

b. 3C + 4Al Al
4
C
3
d. C + H
2
O CO + H
2

35. loi kh CO
2
c ln trong hn hp CO ta dng phng php no sau
y:
a. Cho qua dung dch HCl
b. Cho qua dung dch H
2
O
c. Cho qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2

d. Cho hn hp qua Na
2
CO
3

36. Cacbon phn ng vi dy no sau y:
a. Na
2
O, NaOH v HCl
b. Al, HNO
3
v KClO
3

c. Ba(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
v CaCO
3

d. NH
4
Cl, KOH v AgNO
3

37. T lnh dng lu c mi hi, ta c th cho vo t lnh mt t cc than g
(xp) kh mi hi l do.
a. Than g c th hp th mi hi
b. Than g tc dng vi mi hi bin thnh cht khc
c. Than g sinh ra cht hp th mi hi
d. Than g sinh ra mi khc hp th mi hi.


198
38. T mt tn than cha 92% cacbon c th thu c 1460m
3
kh CO(ktc)
theo s sau: 2C + O
2
2CO . Hiu sut phn ng l:
a. 80% b. 85% c. 70% d. 75%
39. Kh CO khng kh c kh no sau y:
a. CuO b. CaO c. Al
2
O
3
d. c b
v c
40. Kh CO
2
khng th dp tt m chy cht no sau y:
a. Magie b. Cacbon c. Photpho d. Metan
41. Khi xc kh CO
2
vo nc v cho vo vi got qu tm th qu c mu
gi:
a. Xanh b. Tm c. d. Ma hng
42. Ha tan mui cacbonat vo nc c dung dch A. pH ca dung dch A
l:
a. 7 b. < 7 c. > 7 d. Khng xc
nh
43. Thi kh CO
2
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d th mui thu c l:
a. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
b. CaCO
3
c. C a v b d. Khng
xc nh.
44. Thi kh CO
2
d vo dung dch NaOH ta thu c mui g?
a. Na
2
CO
3
c. c hai mui
b. NaHCO
3
d. khng xc nh
45. loi b kh SO
2
c ln kh CO
2
c th dng ha cht no sau y:
a. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
b. CuO
c. dd Brom d. Dung dch NaOH
46. tch kh CO
2
ra khi hn hp vi HCl v hi nc, c th cho hn hp
ln lc qua cc bnh ng:
a. NaOH v H
2
SO
4
c b. Na
2
CO
3
v P
2
O
5

c. H
2
SO
4
c v KOH d. NaHCO
3
v P
2
O
5
47. Tm cu sai trong cc cu sau:
a. dd mui Na
2
CO
3
c pH>7 b. dd mui Na
2
CO
3
c pH =
7
c. dd mui Na
2
SO
4
c pH = 7 d. dd KOH c pH > 7

199
48. Sc 1,12 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) va 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M. Khi lng
kt ta thu c l:
a. 78,8g b. 98,5g c. 5,91g d. 19,7g
49. Cho 455g hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim hai chu k
lin tip tc dng ht vi HCl 1M va to ra 1,12lt CO
2
(ktc)
1. Hai kim loi trn l:
a. Li v Na b. Na v K c. K v Rb d. Rb v Cs
2. Th tch HCl cn dng l:
a. 0,05lit b. 0,1lit c. 0,2 lit d. 0,15lit
50. Sc 2,24lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 400ml dung dch A cha NaOH 1M v Ca(OH)
2

0,01M thu c kt ta c khi lng l:
a. 10g b. 0,4g c. 4g d. 12,6g
51. Cho hn hp gm CuO, MgO, PbO v Al
2
O
3
qua than nung nng thu
c hn hp rn A. Cht rn A gm:
a. Cu, Al, MgO v Pb b. Pb, Cu, Al v Al
c. Cu, Pb, MgO v Al
2
O
3
d. Al, Pb, Mg v CuO
52. Oxit cao nht ca cacbon c cng thc l:
a. CO b. C
2
O
3
c. CO
2
d. C
2
O
4

53. Cho 115g hn hp ACO
3
, B
2
CO
3
v R
2
CO
3
tc dng ht HCl d th thu
c 0,896 lt CO
2
(ktc). C cn dd sau phn ng thu c cht rn c khi
lng l:
a. 120g b. 115,44g c. 110g d. 116,22g
54. C hin tng g xy ra khi nh t t ti d dung dch NaOH vo dung
dch Ba(HCO
3
)
2
?
a. Khng c hin tng g
b. C kt ta trng xut hin khng tan trong NaOH d
c. C kt ta trng xut hin trong tan NaOH d
d. C si bt kh khng mu thot ra.
55. Thnh phn chnh ca qung olmit l:
a. CaCO
3
.Na
2
CO
3
b. MgCO
3
.Na
2
CO
3

c. CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
d. FeCO
3
.Na
2
CO
3

56. Thuc Nabica dng cha bnh d dy cha cht no sau y:


200
a. NaHCO
3
b. Na
2
CO
3

c. CaCO
3
d. MgCO
3

57. Loi than no dng lm cht n khi lu ha cao su, sn xut mc in, xi
nh dy:
a. Than ch b. Than cc
c. Than g d. Than mui
58. Trong cc phn ng ha hc cacbon th hin tnh g:
a. Tnh kh b. Tnh oxi ha
c. Va kh va oxi ha d. Khng th hin tnh kh v oxi ha.
59. Dung dch A lm qu tm ha xanh, cn dung dch nc ca B khng lm
i mu qu tm. Trn hai dung dch li th xut hin kt ta. A v B l:
a. NaOH v K
2
SO
4
b. K
2
CO
3
v Ba(NO
3
)
2

c. KOH v FeCl
3
d. Na
2
CO
3
v KNO
3

60. Cho kh CO
2
tan vo nc ct c pha vi git qu tm. Mu qu dung dch
chuyn thnh:
a. Xanh b. Tm
c. d. Khng mu
Sau khi un nng dung dch mt thi gian th mu qu dung dch l:
a. Xanh b. Tm
c. d. Khng mu
61. trong phng th nghim CO
2
c iu ch bng cch:
a. Nung CaCO
3
b. Cho CaCO
3
tc dng HCl
c. Cho C tc dng O
2
d. Tt c cc phng n trn.
62. V sao ngi ta khng dng CO
2
dp cc m chy ca kim loi c
tnh kh mnh nh( Mg. Al, Ca...)
a. Do khng th dp tc c
b. Do CO
2
tc dng vi cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh
c. Do sau phn ng to ra oxi cung cp cho qu trnh chy
d. Cu A v C ng
63. Cho 5,6 lt CO
2
(ktc) i qua 164ml dd NaOH 20%(d=1,22) thu c dd X.
C cn dd X th thu c bao nhiu gam mui:

201
a. 26,5g b. 15,5g c. 46,5g d. 31g
64. Cho t t dd Na
2
CO
3
n d vo dung dch HCl thu c dd c pH l:
a. 7 b. <7 c. > 7 d. Khng xc nh
65. Kh hon ton 24g hn hp CuO v Fe
2
O
3
c t l mol l 1:1 cn 8,96 lt
CO(ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca CuO v Fe
2
O
3
trong hn hp l:
a. 33,33% v 66,67% b. 66,67% v 33,33%
c. 40,33% v 59,67% d. 59,67% v 40,33%
66. Khi cho kh CO i qua hn hp CuO, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Al
2
O
3
v MgO, sau
phn ng cht rn thu c l:
a. Al v Cu b. Cu, Al v Mg
c. Cu, Fe, Al
2
O
3
v MgO d. Cu, Fe, Al v MgO
67. Cho kh Co kh hon ton hn hp gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
thy c 4,48
lt kh CO
2
(ktc) thot ra. Th tch kh CO(ktc) tham gia phn ng l:
a. 1,12lt b. 2,24 lt
c. 3,36 lt d. 4,48 lt
68. S oxi ha cao nht ca Silic th hin hp cht no trong cc cht sau
y:
a. SiO b. SiO
2
c. SiH
4
d. Mg
2
Si
69. khc ch ln thy tinh ngi ta da vo phn ng no sau y:
a. SiO
2
+ Mg 2MgO + Si b. SiO
2
+ 2MaOH Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2

c. SiO
2
+ HF SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O d. SiO
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2

70. Phn ng no dng iu ch silic trong cng nghip.
a. SiO
2
+ 2Mg Si + 2MgO b. SiO
2
+ 2C Si + 2CO
c. SiCl
4
+ 2Zn 2ZnCl
2
+ Si d. SiH
4
Si + 2H
2

71. sn xut 100kg loi thy tinh c cng thc Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2
cn phi
dng bao nhiu kg natri cacbonat, vi hiu sut l 100%.
a. 22,17kg b. 27,12kg
c. 25,15kg d. 20,92kg
72. Natri silicat c th c to thnh bng cch no sau y:
a. un SiO
2
vi NaOH nng chy
b. Cho SiO
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH long


202
c. Cho K
2
SiO
3
tc dng vi NaHCO
3

d. Cho Si tc dng vi dung dch NaCl
73. Nghin thy tinh loi thng thng ri cho vo nc pha vi git qy
tm, th nc c mu g:
a. Mu tm b. Mu
c. Mu xanh d. khng mu
74. C hn hp gm Si v Al. Hn hp ny phn ng c vi dy cc dung
dch no sau y:
a. HCl, HF b. NaOH KOH
c. Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
d. BaCl
2
v AgNO
3

75. Silic phn ng vi dy cht no sau y:
a. CuSO
4
, SiO
2
H
2
SO
4
(l)
b. F
2
, Mg, NaOH
c. HCl, Fe(NO
3
)
2
, CH
3
COOH
d. Na
2
SiO
3
, Na
3
PO
4
, NaCl
76. Cc silicat c thnh phn CaO 73,7%, Sio
2
26,3% v CaO 65,1% SiO
2

34,9%. Trong mi cht silicat trn 1mol SiO
2
kt hp vi bao nhiu mol CaO
a. 3 v 2 mol CaO
b. 2 v 3 mol CaO
c. 3 v 1,5mol CaO
d. 2,8 v 2 mol CaO
77. Cho cc axit sau H
2
CO
3
(1), H
2
SiO
3
v HCl, dy c sp xp ng theo
th t tng dn tnh axit l:
a. 1<2<3 b. 2<1<3
c. 3<2<1 d. 2<1<3
BI TP TRC NGHIM 3

1. Trong phn t HNO
3
c cc loi lin kt l
A. lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt ion.
B. lin kt ion v lin kt phi tr.
C. lin kt phi tr v lin kt cng ho tr.

203
D. lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt hiro.
2. Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng HNO
3
, thu c V
lt (ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
) v dung dch Y (ch cha 2 mui v axit
d). T khi ca X so vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 3,36. B. 2,24. C. 5,60. D. 4,48.
3. HNO
3
tinh khit l cht lng khng mu, nhng dung dch HNO
3
lu thng ng
sang mu vng l do.
A. HNO
3
tan nhiu trong nc.
B. khi lu th HNO
3
b kh bi cc cht ca mi trng.
C. dung dch HNO
3
c tnh oxi ha mnh.
D. dung dch HNO
3
c ho tan mt lng nh NO
2
.
4. Cc tnh cht ho hc ca HNO
3
l
A. tnh axit mnh, tnh oxi ha mnh v tnh kh mnh.
B. tnh axit mnh, tnh oxi ha mnh v b phn hu.
C. tnh oxi ha mnh, tnh axit mnh v tnh baz mnh.
D. tnh oxi ha mnh, tnh axit yu v b phn hu.
5. HNO
3
ch th hin tnh axit khi tc dng vi cc cht thuc dy no di y?
A. CaCO
3
, Cu(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
2
, FeO. B. CuO, NaOH, FeCO
3
, Fe
2
O
3
.
C. Fe(OH)
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, NH
3
. D. KOH, FeS, K
2
CO
3
, Cu(OH)
2
.
6. Khi cho hn hp FeS v Cu
2
S phn ng vi dung dch HNO
3
d s thu c dung
dch cha cc ion
A. Cu
2+
, S
2-
, Fe
2+
, H
+
, NO
3
-
. B. Cu
2+
, Fe
3+
, H
+
, NO
3
-
.
C. Cu
2+
, SO
4
2-
, Fe
3+
, H
+
, NO
3
-
. D. Cu
2+
, SO
4
2-
, Fe
2+
, H
+
, NO
3
-
.
7. HNO
3
ch th hin tnh oxi ha khi tc dng vi cc cht thuc dy no di y?
A. Mg, H
2
S, S, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe(OH)
2
. B. Al, FeCO
3
, HI, CaO, FeO.
C. Cu, C, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe(OH)
2
, SO
2
. D. Na
2
SO
3
, P, CuO, CaCO
3
, Ag.
8. Khi cho Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long thu c Mg(NO
3
)
2
, H
2
O v
A. NO
2
. B. NO. C. N
2
O
3
. D. N
2
.
9. Ho tan hon ton 24,3g Al vo dung dch HNO
3
long d thu c V lt hn hp
kh (ktc) gm NO v N
2
O c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 20,25. Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,72. B. 2,24. C. 8,96. D.
11,20.
10. Ho tan 62,1g kim loi M trong dung dch HNO
3
2M (long) c 16,8lt hn hp
kh X (ktc) gm 2 kh khng mu, khng ho nu ngoi khng kh. T khi ca X so
vi H
2
l 17,2. Kim loi M l


204
A. Fe. B. Cu. C. Zn. D. Al.
11. Ho tan hon ton 5,94g kim loi R trong dung dch HNO
3
long thu c 2,688lt
(ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N
2
O c t khi so vi H
2
l 18,5. Kim loi R l
A. Fe. B. Cu. C. Mg. D. Al.
Dng cho cu 12, 13, 14: Hn hp X gm FeS
2
v MS c s mol nh nhau (M l kim
loi c ho tr khng i). Cho 6,51g X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
d,
un nng thu c dung dch A v 13,216 lt hn hp kh B (ktc) c khi lng l
26,34 gam gm NO
2
v NO. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch BaCl
2
d thu c m gam
kt ta.
12. Kim loi M l
A. Mg. B. Zn. C. Ni. D. Ca
13. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20,97. B. 13,98. C. 15,28. D. 28,52.
14. Phn trm khi lng ca FeS
2
trong X l
A. 44,7%. B. 33,6%. C. 55,3%. D. 66,4%.
15. Cho 6g hp kim Mg v Al vo dung dch HNO
3
c, ngui, d thu c 4,48 lt
kh NO
2
(ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca Al trong hp kim l
A. 40%. B. 60%. C. 80%. D. 20%.
16. Ho tan hon ton 0,9 gam kim loi M bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,28 lt kh
N
2
O

(ktc). Kim loi M l
A.Fe. B. Al. C. Cu. D. Mg.
17. Ba dung dch axit m c: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
ng trong ba l b mt nhn.
Thuc th duy nht c th nhn c 3 axit trn l
A. CuO. B. Cu. C. dd BaCl
2
D. dd
AgNO
3
.
18. Ho tan hon ton m gam Cu trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh
NO v NO
2
(ktc) c t khi hi i vi H
2
l 16,6. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,32. B. 3,90. C. 4,16. D. 6,40.
19. Nung m gam Fe trong khng kh, thu c 104,8g hn hp A gm Fe, FeO,
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO
3
d, thu c dung dch B
v 12,096 lt hn hp kh C gm NO v NO
2
(ktc) c t khi so vi He l 10,167. Gi
tr ca m l
A.78,4. B. 84,0. C. 72,8. D. 89,6.
20. t chy 5,6g bt Fe nung trong bnh O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO v Fe. Ho tan hon ton hn hp A bng dung dch HNO
3
thu
c Vlit hn hp kh B (ktc) gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi H
2
l 19. Gi tr ca
V l
A. 0,672. B. 0,224. C. 0,896. D. 1,120.

205
Dng cho cu 21, 22, 23: Cho a gam hn hp A gm Mg, Al vo b gam dung dch
HNO
3
24% thu c 8,96 lt hn hp kh X gm NO, N
2
O, N
2
(ktc) v dung dch
B. Thm mt lng O
2
va vo X, sau phn ng c hn hp Y. DnY t t qua
dung dch NaOH d thu c 4,48 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi hi so vi H
2
l
20. Nu cho dung dch NH
3
d vo B th thu c c 62,2 gam kt ta.
21. Phn trm th tch ca NO trong X l
A. 50%. B. 40%. C. 30%. D. 20%.
22. Gi tr ca a l
A. 23,1. B. 21,3. C. 32,1. D. 31,2.
23. Gi tr ca b l
A. 761,25. B. 341,25. C. 525,52. D. 828,82.
24. Nhit phn hon ton 4,7 gam mui nitrat ca kim loi M thu c 2 gam cht
rn. Cng thc ca mui l.
A. Pb(NO
3
)
2
. B. Fe(NO
3
)
2
. C. Cu(NO
3
)
2
. D. AgNO
3
.
25. Trong phng th nghim c th iu ch HNO
3
t
A. NaNO
3
rn v H
2
SO
4
c. B. NaNO
3
rn v HCl c.
C. NaNO
2
rn v H
2
SO
4
c. D. NH
3
v O
2
.
26. Cho 2,91 gam hn hp X gm Mg, Cu, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
long
thu c 1,12 lt kh NO (ktc) v dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
th thu c lng kt ta ln nht l m gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,31. B. 5,46. C. 3,76. D. 4,32.
27. Cho 25,9 gam hn hp X gm Mg, Al, Fe
2
O
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3

long thu c 6,72 lt kh NO (ktc). Nu cho 25,9 gam X tc dng ht vi O
2
th thu
c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 28,3. B. 40,3. C. 29,5. D. 33,1.
28. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S v axit HNO
3
(va
), thu c dung dch X (ch cha 2 mui sunfat) v kh NO duy nht. Gi tr ca a
l
A. 0,06. B. 0,04. C. 0,075. D. 0,12.
29. Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht
hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d) thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) kh NO (l sn phm
kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,62. B. 2,32. C. 2,22. D. 2,52.
30. Trong phng th nghim, ngi ta iu ch HNO
3
t
A. NH
3
v O
2
. B. NaNO
3
v HCl c.
C. NaNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c. D. NaNO
2
v H
2
SO
4
c.
31. Cng thc ho hc ca magie photphua l:


206
A. Mg
2
P
2
B. Mg
3
P
2
C. Mg
5
P
2
D. Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2

32. Trong phng trnh phn ng H
2
SO
4
+ P H
3
PO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O. H s ca P l:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5
33. Cho pht phin vo nc ta c dung dch c mi trng g?
A. Axit B. Baz C. Trung tnh D. Khng xc nh
34. Thuc th dng bit: HCl, HNO
3
v H
4
PO
3

A. Qu tm B. Cu C. dd AgNO
3
D. Cu v AgNO
3

35. Trong dung dch H
3
PO
4
c bao nhiu ion khc.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. v s
36 Ha tan 1mol Na
3
PO
4
vo H
2
O. S mol Na
+
c hnh thnh sau khi tch ra khi
mui l:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
37. Ha cht no sau y iu ch H
3
PO
4
trong cng nghip:
A.Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
v H
2
SO
4
(l) B. Ca
2
HPO
4
v H
2
SO
4
()
C. P
2
O
5
v H
2
SO
4
D. H
2
SO
4
(c) v Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

38. Khi cho a mol H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi b mol NaOH, khi b= 2a ta thu c mui na
sau y:
A. NaH
2
PO
4
B. NaH
2
PO
4

C. Na
3
PO
4
D. NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
3
PO
4

39. Trn 50 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M vi V ml dung dch KOH 1M thu c mui
trung ha. Gi tr ca V l.
A. 200ml B. 170ml C. 150ml D.
300ml
40. Cho Cu tc dng vi Hno
3
c to ra mt kh no sau y:
A. Khng mu B. Mu nu
C. Khng ha tan trong nc D. C mi khai
41. Nhit phn KNO
3
thu c cc cht no sau y:
A. KNO
3
, NO
2
v O
2
B. K, NO
2
, O
2

C. KNO
2
, NO
2
v O
2
D. KNO
2
v O
2

42. Phn ln c nh gi bng hm lng no sau y:
A. P B. P
2
O
3

C. P
2
O
5
D. H
3
PO
4

43. Phn bn no sau y c hm lng nit cao nht:
A. NH
4
Cl B. NH
4
NO
3


207
C. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
D. (NH
4
)
2
CO
44. Kim loi no sau y phn ng vi nit iu kin thng.
A. Li B. Na C. Mg D.
Al
45. Cng thc ha hc ca m mt l l:
A. NH
4
Cl B. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

C. NH
4
NO
3
D. NaNO
3

46. Trong cc cu sau cu no sai:
A. NH
3
c th hin tnh oxi ha
B. Tt c cc mui amoni u d tan trong nc.
C. C th dng dung dch kim c nhn bit mui amoni vi cc mui
khc
D. iu kin thng nit hot ng ho hc hn phtpho
47. Cho 300 ml dung dch NaOH 1M tc dng vi 200ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M. Mui
thu c sau phn ng l:
A.NaH
2
PO
4
B. NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4


C. Na
2
HPO
4
v Na
3
PO
4
D. Na
3
PO
4

48. Cho cc cht FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
, CuO, FeS. S cht tc dng c vi HNO
3

gii phng kh NO l:
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
49. Dng thuc th phng n no nhn bit c mui nitrat?
A. Cu, H
2
SO
4
B. Cu, NaOH
C. Fe v KCl D. Cu v HCl
50. Trong phng th nghip lm kh kh NH
3
ngi ta dng ha cht no sau y:
A. H
2
SO
4
c B. CaO
C. P
2
O
5
D. CuSO
4

51. Kh N
2
tc dng vi dy cht no sau y:
A. Li, CuO v O
2
B. Al, H
2
v Mg
C. NaOH, H
2
v Cl
2
D. HI, O
3
v Mg
52. Khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
65% dng iu ch c 500kg supephotphat kp
l:
A. 677kg B. 700kg
C. 650kg D. 720kg
53. Dung dch no sau y khng ha tan c Cu kim loi:


208
A. dd HNO
3
B. dd hn hp NaNO
3
+ HCl
C. dd FeCl
3
D. dd FeCl
3

54. iu ch HNO
3
trong phng th nghim, ha cht no sau y c chn lm
nguyn liu chnh:
A. NaNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c B. N
2
v H
2

C. NaNO
3
, N
2
, H
2
v HCl D. AgNO
3
v HCl
55. Cho Fe(III) oxit tc dng vi axit nitric th sn phm thu c l:
A. Fe(NO
3
)
2
, NO v H
2
O B. Fe(NO
3
)
2
, NO
2
v H
2
O
C. Fe(NO
3
)
2
, N
2
D. Fe(NO
3
)
3
v H
2
O
56. Kh N
2
c ln kh CO
2
, c th dng cht no sau y loi b CO
2
.
A. Nc Br
2
B. Nc vi trong
C. Dung dch thuc tm D. Nc clo
57. Cho 2mol axit H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi dung dch cha 5 mol NaOH th sau phn ng
thu c mui no:
A. NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4
B. Na
2
HPO
4
v Na
3
PO
4

C. Na
3
PO
4
, NaH
2
PO
4
v NaH
2
PO
4
D. Na
3
PO
4

58. Ha tan 14,2g P
2
O
5
trong dung dch 250g H
3
PO
4
9,8%. Nng dung dch axit
H
3
PO
4
mi l:
A. 5,4% B. 14,7% C. 16,8% D. 17,6%
59. Cho dung dch KOH n d vo 50ml (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
1M. un nng nh, thu c
th tch kh thot ra (ktc) l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 0,112 lt D. 4,48 lt
60. iu ch 2 lt NH
3
t N
2
v H
2
vi hiu sut 25% th th tch N
2
cn dng
iu kin tiu chun l:
A. 8 lt B. 2 lt C. 4 lt D. 1 lt
61. Trong phng th nghim N
2
tinh khit c iu ch t:
A. Khng kh B. NH
3
v O
2

C. NH
4
NO
2
D. Zn v HNO
3

62. Dng 56m
3
NH
3
iu ch HNO
3
. Bit rng ch c 92% NH
3
chuyn ha thnh
HNO
3
, khi lng dung dch HNO
3
40% thu c l:
A. 36,22kg B. 362,2kg
C. 3622kg D. Kt qu khc
63. Khi lng qung photphorit cha 65% Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
cn ly iu ch 150kg
photpho l. Bit rng trong qu trnh iu ch c 3% P b hao ht.

209
A. 1,189 tn B. 0,2 tn
C. 0,5 tn D. 2,27 tn
64. Phn m ure thng cha 46% N. Khi lng kg ure cung cp 70 kg N l:
A. 152,2 B. 145,5
C. 160,9 D. 200,0
65. Mt nguyn t R c hp cht kh vi hidro l RH
3
. Oxit cao nht ca R cha
43,66% khi lng R. Nguyn t R l:
A. Nit B. Phtpho
C. Vanai D. Mt nguyn t khc
66. em nung nng Cu(NO
3
)
2
mt thi gian, ngui, em cn li thy khi lng
gim 54g. Khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
b nhit phn l:
A. 50g B. 49g
C. 94g D. 98g
67. Cho HNO
3
m c vo than nung c kh bay ra l:
A. CO
2
B. NO
2

C. Hn hp kh CO
2
v NO
2
D. khng c kh no bay ra
68. Nhng kim loi no sau y khng tc dng vi HNO
3
c ngui:
A. Fe v Al B. Cu, Ag v Pb
C. Zn, Pb v Mn D. Fe
69.Phn lan supehotphat n c thnh phn ho hc l:
A. Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v Ca
3
(PO
4
)
3
B. Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
C. Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
D. Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

70. a tn m cn than hng vo bnh ng KNO
3
nhit cao th c hin tng
no ?
A. Tn m tt ngay B. Tn m chy sng
C. Khng c hin tng g D. C ting n
71. Cho phn ng sau: N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k) AH<0. Cn bng trn
chuyn dch theo chiu thun khi no:
a. Gim nng nit
b. ly NH
3
ra khi h
c. tng p sut v gim nhit
d. b v c ng


210
72. Khi cho HNO
3
(l) tc dng vi Cu thu c kh NO. tng h s cn bng
l:
a. 12 b. 27 c. 20 d. 21
73. Trong phng th nghim ngi ta iu ch nit t cht no?
a. NH
3
NO
4
b. NH
4
NO
3
c. NH
4
NO
2
d. HNO
3

74. Trong cng nghip nit iu ch t:
a. HNO
3
b. khng kh c. CO
2
d.
NH
4
NO
3

75. Khi cho Mg tc dng vi HNO
3
to kh A ha nu ngai khng kh. A l kh
no:
a. NO
2
b. NO c. N
2
O d.
NH
3

76. Phn ng no sau y vit sai( khng k h s cn bng)
a. Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuO + NO
2
+ O
2
b. AgNO
3
Ag + NO
2
+ O
2

c. Ca(NO
3
)
2
Ca(NO
2
)
2
+ O
2
d. Al(NO
3
)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ NO +
O
2

77. nhn bit mui nitrat ta c th dng:
a. dng qu tm b. kim loi Cu
c. Dng Cu + H
2
SO
4
d. AgNO
3

78. Dung dch NH
3
c th ha tan c Zn(OH)
2
l do:
a. Zn(OH)
2
l mt hiroxit lng tnh
b. Zn(OH)
2
l mt baz t tan
c. NH
3
l mt cht c cc l l mt baz yu
d. Zn(OH)
2
c kh nng to phc vi NH
3

79. Mui amoni l cht in li thuc loi no:
a. Yu b. Trung bnh c. Mnh d. Khng
xc nh
80. Dng 4,48 lt kh NH
3
(ktc) s kh c bao nhiu gam CuO:
a. 48g b. 12g c. 6g d. 24g
81. Vng kim loi c th phn ng vi:
a. dd HCl c b. HNO
3
long

211
c. HNO
3
m c d. nc cng toan
82. Phn ng HNO
3
vi FeO to ra kh No. Tng h s cn bng l:
a. 22 b. 16 c. 20 d. 12
83. Kh no sau y khng to ra khi cho HNO
3
tc dng kim loi:
a. NO b. NO
2
c. NH
3
d. N
2
O
5

84. Khi nhit phn Mg(NO
3
)
2
ta thu c:
a. Mg(NO
3
)
2
, NO v O
2
b. Mg(NO
2
)
2
, NO
2
v O
2


c. Mg(NO
3
)
2
, NO
2
v O
2
d. MgO, NO
2
v O
2

85. Cho 3,2 gam Cu tc dng vi HNO
3
, th tch kh NO
2
thu c ktc l:
a. 2,24 lt b. 0,1 lt c. 4,48lt d. 2 lt
86. Khi cho HNO
3
c tc dng vi C nung nng, kh bay ra l:
a. CO
2
b. NO
2
c. CO
2
v NO
2
d. NH
3

87. Hin tng no xy ra khi cho kim loi Cu vo HNO
3
c, nng.
a. Khng c hin tng
b. Dung dch c mu xanh v c kh khng mu bay ra
c. Dung dch c mu xanh v kh mu nu bay ra
d. Dung dch mu xanh v kh khng mu bay ra v ha nu ngoa
khng kh
88. Cu no sau y sai khi ni v mui nitrat?
a. u tan trong nc b. u l cht in li mnh
c. u khng mu d. u km bn vi nhit.
89. Thuc th dng nhn bit 3 dd HCl, HNO
3
v H
3
PO
4
:
a. Qu tm b. Cu c. dd AgNO
3
d. Cu v
AgNO
3

90. Cp cht no sau y tn ti trong dung dch:
a. Axit nitric v ng nitrat b. ng (II) nitrat v
amoniac
c. amoniac v km nitrat d. bari hiroxit v axit
photphoric
91. Hin no xy ra khi dn kh NH
3
vo bnh cha kh Clo:


212
a. Khng c hin tng g
b. NH
3
bc chy to ngn la mu vng
c. NH
3
bc chy v to ta ngn la c khi trng
d. NH
3
bc chy v to ra ngn la mu nu.
92. Nu ton b qa trnh iu ch HNO
3
c hiu sut l 80% th 1 mol NH
3

s thu c mt hm lng HNO
3
l:
a. 63kg b. 50,4g c. 78,75g d. 43,7g
93. Khi c sm st trong kh quyn cht no c to ra:
a. CO b. H
2
O c. NO d.
NO
2
94. Cng dng no sau y khng phi l ca HNO
3
:
a. Dng iu ch phn m b. Dng sn xut thuc
n
c. Lm dc phm d. Dng lm thuc thuc ty

95. Trong phng th nghim HNO
3
iu ch t:
a. NaNO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
b. NaNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(l)
c. NaNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
() d. b v c
96. Cho dd KOH n d vo 50ml dd (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
1m. un nh, thu c th
tch kh thot ra ktc l:
a. 22,4 lt b. 1,12lt c. 0.112 lt d. 4,48 lt
97. Cho 1,5 lt kh NH
3
(ktc) qua ng 16g CuO nung nng thu c cht rn
X. Th tch dung dch HCl 2M tc dng ht vi X l:
A 1 lt b. 0,1 lt c. 0,01 lt d. 0,2 lt
98. Cn bao nhiu gam HNO
3
c th iu ch c 6,72 lt kh N
2
O(ktc)
khi cho Al tc dng vi HNO
3
a. 18,9g b. 189g c. 1,89g d. 45,8g
99. Khi t kh NH
3
trong clo, khi trng bay ra l:
a. NH
4
Cl b. HCl c. N
2
d. Cl
2

100. Mt oxit NO
x
c cng thc trong N chim 30,43% v khi lng.
Cng thc ca oxit nit l:
a. NO b. NO
2
c. N
2
O
3
d. N
2
O
5


213

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