MC LC

mc Trang

GII THIU V M UN ...................................................................................... 3 CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN ....................................... 5 BI 1 THIT B PHN NG .................................................................................. 7 1.1. VAI TR CA THIT B PHN NG TRONG CH BIN DU KH ............. 8 1.2. THIT B PHN NG CRACKING XC TC CN TNG SI ................... 11 1.3. THIT B REFORMING VI B PHN TI SINH XC TC LIN TC ..... 42 1.4. CC THIT B PHN NG KHC ............................................................... 75 1.5. CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................. 93 BI 2 THIT B TRAO I NHIT ...................................................................... 95 2.1. VAI TR THIT B TRAO I NHIT V I TNG NGHIN CU ..... 96 2.2. THIT B TRAO I NHIT KIU NG CHM .......................................... 97 2.3. THIT B TRAO I NHIT C MT TRAO I NHIT CAO .......... 110 2.4. TN DNG NHIT V VN TIT KIM NNG LNG .................... 139 2.5. LA CHN THIT B TRAO I NHIT................................................... 147 2.6. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................ 150 BI 3 THIT B V H THNG KH NN ......................................................... 152 3.1. H THNG CP KH NN ......................................................................... 152 3.2. H THNG CP KH NI-T ...................................................................... 169 3.3. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................ 175 BI 4 THIT B X L LM SCH SN PHM ............................................... 177 4.1. MC CH QU TRNH LM SCH ......................................................... 178 4.2. TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH X L ..................................................... 178 4.3. CC QU TRNH X L IN HNH TRONG CH BIN DU KH ........ 184 BI 5 THIT B CHNG CT ........................................................................... 229 5.1. VAI TR THIT B CHNG CT V I TNG NGHIN CU .......... 230 5.2. NGUYN L QU TRNH CHNG CT DU M .................................... 231 5.3. CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG THIT B CHNG CT .......... 244 5.4. CC QU TRNH CHNG CT IN HNH ............................................. 273 5.5. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................ 294 BI 6 THIT B HP PH, HP TH ............................................................... 295 6.1. NGHA QU TRNH TRONG CH BIN DU KH ................................ 295 6.2. HP TH TRONG CH BIN DU KH .................................................... 296

6.3. QU TRNH HP PH TRONG CH BIN DU KH ............................... 299 6.4. CC QU TRNH IN HNH TRONG CH BIN DU KH .................... 307 6.5. VN HNH ................................................................................................. 322 6.6. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................ 326 CC BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO V GII QUYT VN .................. 327 TR LI CC CU HI V BI TP ............................................................... 329 I. PHN NNG CAO V M RNG. ................................................................ 329 II. PHN CU HI V BI TP TRONG BI ................................................... 333 CC THUT NG CHUYN MN ................................................................... 383 TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................... 384

GII THIU V M UN
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un vn hnh thit b tt th mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng l phi hiu bit c nguyn l hot ng v cu to ca my mc, thit b. M un ny c nhim v cung cp cho hc vin cc kin thc c bn v nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca cc thit b c bn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Phn ln cc thit b ny l chuyn dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh cha c cp, hoc cha gii thiu chi tit trong cc chng trnh m hc vin c hc trc m un ny. Mt s t dng thit b c cp m un khc s c cp su hn trong m un ny vi cc dng thit b c th s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh (c bit l cc thit b phn ng, thit b trao i nhit). M un ny cng l c s hc vin tip cn mn hc v thc tp vn hnh trn h thng m phng (Simulation) v bo dng thit b my mc. Mc tiu ca m un M un nhm o to cho hc vin c kin thc, k nng v thit b c bn c s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh nhm hnh thnh k nng vn hnh thit b cho hc vin. Hc xong m un ny hc vin phi c nng lc: - M t c nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca cc thit b c bn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh; - M t c qu trnh cng ngh xy ra trong thit b; - M t c chc nng nhim v ca cc thit b ph ca h thng thit b nh bm, my nn, thit b truyn nhit,...; - Vn hnh c mt s thit b c trong phng th nghim nh: Thit b Cracking, Reforming, thit b chng ct p sut thng v p sut chn khng,... - M t c mt s hng hc, s c thng xy ra i thit b v phng php khc phc. Mc tiu thc hin ca m un Hc xong m un ny hc vin phi c nng lc: M t c nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca cc thit b c bn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh; M t c qu trnh cng ngh xy ra trong thit b;

M t c chc nng nhim v ca cc thit b ph ca h thng thit b nh bm, my nn, thit b truyn nhit. Vn hnh c mt s thit b c trong phng th nghim nh: Thit b Cracking, Reforming, thit b chng ct p sut thng v p sut chn khng,... Bit phng hng khc phc c mt s hng hc, s c thng

xy trong khi vn hnh thit b. Ni dung chnh ca m un Bi 1: Thit b phn ng Bi 2: Thit b trao i nhit Bi 3: Thit b v kh h thng kh nn. Bi 4: Thit b x l lm sch sn phm. Bi 5: Thit b chng ct. Bi 6: Thit b hp th, hp ph.

CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN

1: Hc trn lp v: - Cu to nguyn l hot ng ca cc my mc thit b c bn c s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Nguyn l cu to ca thit b chnh trong cng nghip ch bin du kh Mt s cc s c v bin php khc phc.

2: T nghin cu ti liu lin quan n thit b ch bin du kh. 3: Tho lun (hc nhm) di s hng dn ca gio vin. 4: Thc tp vn hnh mt s thit b ch bin du kh ti phng th nghim 5: Tham quan, thc tp ti mt s c s ch bin du kh

YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN
V kin thc - M t c nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca cc thit b phn ng chnh trong ngnh ch bin du kh: Thit b Cracking xc tc cn tng si, Reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc, thit b x l,... - M t c nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca mt s thit b trao i nhit c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. - M t c nguyn l vn hnh, cu to ca thit b v h thng cp kh nn. - M t c nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca mt s thit b lm sch sn phm chnh s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. - M t c nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca thit b chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. - M t c nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca thit b hp ph/hp th trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. V k nng - c v hiu c cc bn v s cng ngh (PFD) mt phn cc bn v ng ng, dng c o lng (P&ID) ca mt s cng ngh chnh s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. - M t c mt s s c my mc thit b v bin php khc phc. - Vn hnh c mt s thit b trong phng th nghim ca trng. - Nhn bit c cc thit b, h thng thit b my mc s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh trong thc t. V thi - Tham gia y cc bui ging l thuyt ca gio vin. - Tch cc nghin cu, tm hiu cc ti liu tham kho. - Chp hnh ng quy nh an ton trong phng th nghim v tham quan cc c s sn xut.

BI 1. THIT B PHN NG M bi: HD I1

Gii thiu Thit b phn ng l mt trong nhng nhng thit quan trng nht trong cng nghip ch bin du kh c v ngha kinh t v k thut. Vn hnh cc thit b phn ng l mt nhim v quan trng v i hi nhiu k nng ca cn b vn hnh. vn hnh tt c thit b phn ng th cn phi c hiu bit tt v qu trnh cng ngh xy ra trong thit b, c im cu to ca thit b cng nh ch hot ng. Bi hc ny s cung cp cho hc vin nhng kin thc c bn v nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca cc thit b chnh trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin c nng lc: - M t c vai tr v c im ca cc dng thit b phn ng c bn s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, - M t c thit b phn ng tng si: Thit bi phn ng cracking xc tc cn tng si v thit b ti sinh xc tc; - M t c dng thit b phn ng c lp xc tc chuyn ng: Thit b phn ng phn xng Reforming vi h thng ti sinh xc tc lin tc; - M t c thit b phn ng lp xc tc c nh: Thit b phn ng phn xng ISOMER, x l Naphtha bng Hydro (NHT), x l LCO bng Hydro (LCO-HDT),... - Thc hin c vn hnh c mt s thit b trong phng th nghim.. Ni dung chnh Bi hc bao gm cc ni dung chnh sau: 1. Gii thiu chung: Mc ch, nhim v ca cc loi thit b phn ng, cc dng thit b phn ng; 2. Cng ngh v Thit b xc tc tng si:Thit b Cracking xc tc cn tng si v thit b ti sinh xc tc (Phn xng FCC/RFCC). 3. Cng ngh v Thit b Reforming xc tc vi b phn ti sinh xc tc lin tc (Phn xng CCR). 4. Cc thit b phn ng khc: Thit b phn ng ISOMER, x l LCO bng Hydro (LCO-HDT); x l Naphtha bng Hydro (NHT)..

1.1. VAI TR CA THIT B PHN NG TRONG CNG NGHIP CH BIN DU KH 1.1.1. Vai tr v ngha ca cc thit b phn ng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh Du th chim mt v tr quan trng trong ngun nng lng ca th gii, tuy nhin, du th cha qua ch bin khng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Nu du th ch c ch bin bng phng php vt l thng thng (chng luyn, trch ly, hp th,...) th sn phm thu c ch c mt phn p ng c cht lng hng ho thng phm (du diesel, du ho, nhin liu phn lc v du t l), do vy hiu qu kinh t em li khng cao. Xut pht t yu cu ngy cng cao ca th trng nhin liu v ho du i t du th m ngi ta ngy cng quan tm n vn ch bin du th c chuyn ho ho hc. Cc sn phm thu c t qu trnh chuyn ho ho hc c cht lng v c gi tr kinh t cao hn so vi nguyn liu ban u. Ngy nay, ch c thng qua phng php ch bin ho hc mi c th sn xut ra lng sn phm du kh p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca th trng v p ng c yu cu ngy cng cao v cht lng cng nh yu cu bo v mi trng. Thit b phn ng l phng tin thc hin cc chuyn ho ho hc trong ch bin du kh thc hin mc tiu trn. Thit b phn ng l tri tim trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh thc hin nhim v bin cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t thp thnh cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao hn, p ng c yu cu a dng ho sn phm ca th trng v yu cu ngy cng kht khe v bo v mi trng. Ngoi ra, cc thit b phn ng cn ng vai tr quan trng l to ra cc sn phm trung gian lm nguyn liu cho sn xut cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao hn nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t. p ng c yu cu ngy cng cao ca th trng v c s lng v cht lng, cc thit b phn ng s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh cng khng ngng c pht trin hon thin c v cng ngh v kt cu. 1.1.2. Cc dng thit b phn ng c bn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh s dng nhiu dng thit b phn ng khc nhau. C nhiu phng php phn chia thit b phn ng nh cn c vo qu trnh phn ng c s dng hay khng s dng xc tc, kiu chuyn ng ca xc tc trong l phn ng, c s dng thit b khuy trn hay khng s dng,... Thc t trong cng nghip ch bin du kh th hu ht cc thit b phn

ng u s dng xc tc nn trong khun kh gio trnh ny ch cp v gii thiu dng thit b phn ng c s dung xc tc. Vi cc thit b phn ng c s dng xc tc, ngi ta cn c vo c im chuyn ng ca xc tc trong l phn ng phn ra mt s dng chnh sau: - Thit b phn ng kiu tng si (xem hnh H-1.2) - Thit b phn ng c lp xc tc chuyn ng lin tc (xem hnh H-1.3, H1.4). - Thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh (xem Hnh H-1.1). - Nhng kiu thit b phn ng c cu to c bit (xem Hnh H-1.5, H-1.6) Cc dng thit b phn ng c bn c s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh m t mt cch n gin trong cc hnh v H-1.1, H1.2, H-1.3, H1.4,H-1.5 v H-1.6. Chi tit ca cc loi thit b phn ng c ng dng c th trong cng nghip ch bin du kh s c trnh by cc mc sau ca bi hc ny.

Hnh H-1.1 Thit b phn ng lp m xc tc vi nh

Hnh H-1.2 Thit b phn ng kiu tng si

Hnh H-1.3 Thit b phn ng kiu lp xc tc chuyn ng

Hnh H-1.4 Thit b phn ng kiu lngc tc quay

Thit b phn ng kiu tng si l thit b phn ng trong cc ht xc tc c kch thc rt nh di tc ng ca dng nguyn liu chuyn ng hnh thnh lp gi lng (tng si) to iu kin tt cho qu trnh phn ng din ra v nng cao hiu sut thu hi sn phm.

Hnh H-1.5 Thit b phn ng kiu rn lng Hnh H-1.6 Thit b phn ng xc tc c nht cao kiu vch ngn Thit b phn ng c lp xc tc chuyn ng lin tc l dng thit b phn ng trong cc ht xc tc cng chuyn ng nh dng nguyn liu nhng ng lc khng do dng nguyn liu to ra v khng hnh thnh lp gi lng, thng thng dng nguyn liu v dng xc tc chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau. Loi thit b phn ng ny cho php tun hon ti sinh xc tc lin tc duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc nng cao cht lng sn phm v hiu sut phn ng. Thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh l dng thit b phn ng trong cc ht xc tc c lp t c nh trn mt lp m gi l m xc tc. Trong thit b phn ng kiu ny nguyn liu i qua lp xc tc v xy ra phn ng. Xc tc sau mt thi gian hot ng s mt hot tnh, ngi ta tm dng hot ng thit b trong mt thi gian ti sinh. Thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh thch hp cho cc qu trnh m hot tnh ca xc tc tng i bn theo thi gian, chu k ti sinh tng i di. Kiu thit b phn ng ny n gin, nhng hot ng khng lin tc do phi ngng ti sinh xc tc, v vy, ch thch hp vi nhng qu trnh m chu k ti sinh xc tc tng i di. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, thit b phn ng tng si in hnh l l phn ng trong phn xng Cracking xc tc cn tng si (RFCC), thit b phn ng c lp xc tc chuyn ng lin tc l thit b Reformning vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc (CCR), thit b c lp xc tc c nh l cc l phn ng

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ca cc phn xng x l Naphtha bng Hydro,... Chi tit ca cc thit b phn ng ny c trnh by cc mc di y. 1.2. THIT B PHN NG CRACKING XC TC CN TNG SI 1.2.1. Gii thiu chung Trong cng ngh ho ni chung cng nh cng ngh ch bin du kh ni ring a s cc phn ng c s tham gia ca xc tc th mc tip xc v lun chuyn sn phm khi cc tm phn ng gi mt vai tr quan trng quyt nh cht lng sn phm, hiu sut phn ng chnh. Thit b xc tc tng si ra i nhm p ng yu cu ny. in hnh thit b xc tc tng si l thit b phn ng ca phn xng Cracking xc tc cn (FCC, RFCC). Phn xng Cracking xc tc cn c ngha quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip lc ho du. Trong Nh my lc ho du, phn xng Cracking xc tc cn c xem nh l tri tim ca Nh my. Du th sau khi c phn tch ti thp chng ct p sut thng(CDU) v p sut chn khng(VDU) thu hi mt s sn phm th lng cn cn li ca qu trnh chng ct ny chim ti khong 50% khi lng du th ch bin c gi tr kinh t v c ng dng thp. Nu khng ch bin tip s lng cn ny th s khng th em li hiu qu kinh t cho Nh my v c bit l khng th p ng c nhu cu ca th trng nhin liu ca ton cu ng thi lm gia tng lng kh thi nh knh do hiu sut s dng du th thp. Phn xng Cracking xc tc cn c nhim v b gy cc phn t hydrocacbon mch di c gi tr thp thnh cc hydrocacbon mch ngn hn c gi tr kinh t cao hn (ch yu l cc phn on Xng, Diesel v LPG). Ngoi ra, phn xng Cracking cn c ngha quan trng l sn xut ngun olefine lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip ho du (propylene,...) v cc qu trnh sn xut cu t pha xng c tr s Octan cao (Alkyl ho, polyme ho). 1.2.2. Qu trnh cng ngh 1.2.2.1. S v qu trnh cng ngh Cracking xc tc cn tng si a. S cng ngh Phn xng Cracking xc tc cn tng si v c bn bao gm cc hng mc thit b chnh: - Thit b phn ng xc tc tng si; Thit bi ti sinh xc tc; Thp chng ct; B phn thu hi v x l kh; Cc thit b ph tr.

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S cng ngh c n gin ho ca cng ngh Cracking xc tc cn c th hin trn hnh v H-1.7. y l s cng ngh in hnh c s dng rng ri hin nay trong cng nghip lc ho du. Qu trnh lun chuyn cc dng cng ngh trong phn xung c m t cc mc di y. Trong l phn ng Nguyn liu c np vo bnh cha nguyn liu tch mt s cn bn v n nh dng nguyn liu trc khi a vo thit b phn ng. Nguyn liu t bnh cha s c bm qua hng lot cc thit b trao i nhit gia nguyn liu v cc dng sn phm nng i ra t l phn ng, thp chng ct nng t t nhit ca nguyn liu ti gi tr thch hp ng thi lm lnh cc dng sn phm ti gii hn nhit ti u nhm tn dng ngun nhit tha gim chi ph vn hnh. Dng nguyn liu ban u ny sau c th c ho trn vi cc phn on chng ct nng HCO (Heavy Cycle Oil), phn on chng ct nh LCO (Light Cycle Oil) v du cn (Decant Oil) thnh dng nguyn liu hn hp a vo thit b phn ng. Ty theo thit k, cng ngh c th p dng m nguyn liu trc kh a vo thit b phn ng s c gia nhit ti nhit thch hp tng ng bng l gia nhit. Hn hp nguyn liu s c phun vo ng phn ng (Riser) cng vi xc tc nhit cao (xc tc c a tun hon t thit b ti sinh xc tc sang). Nh nhit cao ca xc tc nguyn liu s bay hi khi tip xc vi xc tc nng v cng chuyn ng theo phng thng ng. Cc phn ng cracking s ng thi xy ra trong lng ng phn ng. Khi n cui ng phn ng, xc tc nhanh chng c tch ra khi hydrocacbon nh cu to c bit ca phn cui ng phn ng. B phn ny to ra s chuyn hng chuyn ng t ngt ca dng hn hp xc tc sn phm phn ng, hoc to ra m men quay khc nhau gia hydrocacbon v xc tc. Mt h thng cc xyclone c b tr v tr thch hp tch xc tc cun theo dng sn phm phn ng trnh hin tng ti tip xc kh hydrocacbon v xc tc to ra cc phnng khng mong mun. Sau khi c tch khi xc tc, sn phm phn ng s c a n thp chng ct phn tch ra cc phn on khc nhau thu hi sn phm. Xc tc sau phn ng c tp trung v pha di ca l phn ng ri a qua vng sc hi tch phn hi hydrocacbon cn bm trn xc tc. Vng sc hi ny c cu to c bit, ty theo tng cng ngh c th (s c cp mc cu to thit b) nhm tch trit hi hydrocacbon trn xc tc bng cch to

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ra dng chuyn ng ngc chiu gia xc tc v hi. Xc tc sau khi c tch hi hydrocacbon bm theo s c a sang thit b ti sinh xc tc. Qu trnh ti sinh xc tc Xc tc sau khi i qua vng sc hi c a sang thit b ti sinh xc tc nh van chuyn xc tc (Slide Valve). Van chuyn xc tc hot ng t ng da trn mc xc tc trong l phn ng. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh ti sinh xc tc l t coke bm trn b mt ht xc tc khi phc b mt hot tnh ca ht xc tc. Ty thuc vo hm lng cn cc bon (CCR), hm lng cc kim loi nng (Ni, V,...) trong nguyn liu v cng ngh cracking p dng m thit b ti sinh xc tc c th chia lm ti sinh mt bc hoc hai bc. Qu trnh ti sinh xc tc din ra nh sau: Khng kh c my nn ti p sut nht nh v phi trn theo t l chy thch hp vi nhin liu ri a vo y ca thit b ti sinh (xem hnh H-1.9). t c hiu qu t coke cao v ng u, kh nn c a vo bung t qua mt h thng phn phi. Ty theo bn quyn cng ngh p dng m h thng phn phi ny c cu to khc nhau. Mt trong dng phn phi khng kh trc khi vo bung t c minh ha trong hnh H-1.10. Khng kh a vo tc thch hp to thnh lp xc tc gi lng nhm to iu kin ho trn khng kh v xc tc tt hiu qu t coke bm trn b mt ht xc tc c tt. trnh hin tng tun hon xc tc cha c ti sinh sang l phn ng, v tr ca np xc tc cha ti sinh t l phn ng sang thit b ti sinh v ca ly xc tc tun hon sang thit b phn ng c b tr xa nhau.

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14

Hnh H1.7 S cng ngh qu trnh cracking

Hnh 1.8 Hnh nh tng th phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si trong nh my lc du

A-Kh hn hp C-Xc tc nng E- Khng kh

B-Xc tc D-Bung t

Hnh H-1.10 B phn phn phi khng kh trong thit b ti sinh

Hnh H-1.9 Thit b ti sinh xc tc Ty theo cng ngh p dng, mi Nh bn quyn c nhng b quyt ring khc phc hin tng ny. Thng thng, xc tc cha ti sinh v xc tc ti sinh c phn chia bng cc ngn khc nhau. Xc tc sau khi ti sinh c chuyn ti ngn cha xc tc ti sinh (xem hnh H1.9). Xc tc ti

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sinh c chuyn ti thit b phn ng qua van chuyn xc tc c bit (Slide Valve), ti y xc tc tip xc vi nguyn liu ti u vo ca ng phn ng v hon thnh mt chu k tun hon ca xc tc. Van vn chuyn xc tc iu khin t ng da trn nhit ca l phn ng. tng hiu qu ca qu trnh t coke v iu chnh nhit ca xc tc trc kh vo l phn ng, mt phn xc tc sau khi ti sinh c tun hon qua bung t ti sinh. Mt s cng ngh p dng h thng lm ngui xc tc bn ngoi (Catalyst Cooller) iu chnh nhit ca xc tc sau ti sinh. Mc d c ti sinh lin tc nhng bn ca xc tc khng phi l vnh cu, v vy, hot tnh ca xc tc s b gim dn theo thi gian hot ng, mt phn khc b h hi c hc (mi mn, v do va p,...) do cn phi thng xuyn iu chnh cht, s lng xc tc trong h thng bng cch b sung lng xc tc hao ht v rt bt lng xc tc lo ho ra ngoi h thng. Sn phm kh chy ca qu trnh t coke a ra ngoi h thng ti sinh bao gm hn hp kh qu trnh chy (CO2, CO v H2O) v mt lng xc tc cun theo dng kh chy. gim bt lng xc tc b hao ht v bo m tiu chun mi trng cc thit b Xyclone s cp v th cp c lp t ngay trong thit b ti sinh tch cc ht xc tc cun theo dng kh chy. Cc ht xc tc c a tr li khoang cha xc tc ti sinh cn kh thi c thu v khoang cha trung gian (Plenum Chamber) trc khi i tip sang thit b tch xc tc bc ba tch tip cc ht xc tc nh ra khi dng kh thi. Dng kh thi ny c nhit cao v cha kh c nhit tr cao (CO) c th c tn dng lm nhin liu cho ni hi tn dng nhit (CO Boiler). Trong thit b tn dng nhit ny, kh CO trong dng kh thi s c t chy hon ton thnh CO2 p ng c tiu chun mi trng v hm lng CO trong kh thi. Lng nhit ca dng kh thi v lng nhit chy ca kh CO s cung cp nhit cho ni hi sn xut hi cao p phc v cho nhu cu ni ti trong Nh my tit kim chi ph vn hnh nng cao hiu qu kinh t. Kh thi sau tip tc c a qua h thng x l tch bi c hc (bng b lc tnh in) v cc thit b x l kh SOx (bng thit b kh kh SOxDeSOx), kh NOx (bng thit b kh kh NOx-DeNOx) nu nh hm lng cc kh ny trong dng kh thi vt qu ch tiu cho php ca tiu chun mi trng v kh thi p dng ti ni xy dng phn xng. Trong thit b chng ct thu hi sn phm Sn phm sau phn ng c a n thp chng ct chnh, ti y cc sn phm sau cracking c phn chia tch v ly ra cc v tr ring bit ca

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thp ct. Xng cracking (Naphtha nh) v cc cu t nh hn c ly ra nh thp v a sang b phn thu hi v x l kh. Ti y hydrocacbon li c phn chia tip thnh cc dng khc nhau: - Dng kh nh (C2-) c a ti h thng kh nhin liu nh my (phc v cho cc l gia nhit trong ni ti Nh my); - Phn on ct C3/C4 cha nhiu olefine (propylene v butene) c th s c a n b phn thu hi propylene, butene lm nguyn liu cho ho du hoc cho phn xng Alkyl ho hoc polime ha; Phn on Naphtha nh cng vi Naphtha nng c s dng lm cu t pha xng sau khi c x l, t l xng cracking chim trong xng thng phm tng i ln (khong 50-60% th tch). Ngoi dng kh nh v phn on Naphtha t thp chng ct chnh cn tch ra cc dng sn phm khc: - Dng Naphtha nng (ty vo thit k c th dng ny cng c th c ct cng vi phn on Naphtha nh). - Dng du nh LCO (Light Cycle Oil). - Dng du nng HCO (Light Cycle Oil). - Dng du cn c tch ra y thp. Ty theo iu kin hot ng v cng ngh p dng, cc dng du ny s c a mt phn quay li l phn ng. Trong nhiu thit k, thp chng ct cng ch tch dng LCO m khng tch dng du nng HCO. Trong cm thu hi v x l kh Kh hydrocacbon cn cha c ngng t t bnh cha sn phm nh ca thp chng ct chnh c thu v my nn (wet gas compressor) ho lng phn kh cha ngng t. Naphtha trong bnh cha sn phm nh cng c chuyn sang thp phn tch s b (trong cm thit b thu hi x l kh). Trong cm thit b ny (xem s cng ngh hnh H-1.11) cc dng sn phm c tch ra: - Xng cracking n nh c tch ra em i x l tip trc khi em pha trn xng thng phm; - Kh ho lng c tch ra (C3/C4) ri a i x tip thu hi LPG thnh phm hoc tch olefine lm nguyn liu cho ho du hoc cho qu trnh Alkyl ho hoc polime ha; - Dng kh nh (C2-) c a ti h thng thu gom kh nhin liu nh my (phc v cho cc nhu cu tiu th kh nhin liu trong ni ti Nh my).

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Trong mt s phn xng cracking cm x l kh bng amine cng c lp t trong phn xng gim bt hm lng kh H 2S trc kh em x l tip bng cc phng php khc.
4. Thp hp th 8. My nn

b. Qu trnh cng ngh Nguyn liu v qu trnh chuyn ha

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1.Bnh cha trung gian 5Thp sc

Hnh h 1.11 S cng ngh cm thit b thu hi, x l kh

2. Bnh cha cao p 6. Thp DEBUTANIZER

3.Thp tch s b 7. Bnh cha LPG

Nguyn liu v sn phm ca qu trnh cracking xc tc cn c tm tt hnh v minh ha di y (Hnh H-1-12). Nguyn liu ca qu trnh cracking l cn chng ct p sut thng, cn chng ct p sut chn khng, phn on chng ct trung bnh (Distillate) ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng, coke ho v cc loi du thi trong Nh my lc ha du. Tuy nhin, nguyn liu chnh ca qu trnh cracking l cn chng ct p sut thng (cng ngh RFCC) v phn on du chng ct chn khng (cng ngh FCC) Sn phm thu c ca qu trnh cracking theo trnh t t sn phm nh ti sn phm nng l: Kh nhin liu (C2-), kh ho lng (LPG), xng cracking (FCC Naphtha), du diesel cracking (LCO) v du cn (Decant Oil). Cc sn phm ca qu trnh cracking sau c em i x l, ch bin tip thu cc cu t pha trn cc sn phm cui (LPG, xng thng phm, du Diesel thng phm, du t l,...) hoc lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh cng ngh khc (Alkyl ho, polime ha, thu hi propylene,...).

Hnh H-1.12S tm tt nguyn liu v sn phm qu trnh cracking Xc tc Cng nh cc phn ng khc cn c s tham gia ca xc tc, xc tc ca qu trnh cracking gip lm tng tc ca qu trnh nh lm gim nng lng hot ha ca phn ng. Trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny khng i su vo phn tch tnh cht, cu trc ca xc tc cracking m ch nu mt cch khi qut nhng tnh cht v yu cu i vi xc tc cho qu trnh cracking xc tc tng si. to c lp tng si trong thit b phn ng, thun li cho phn ng xy ra, ht xc tc ca qu trnh cracking xc tc tng si c kch thc rt nh (trung bnh 60 ). Mi ht xc tc cracking thng thng gm cc thnh phn: xc tc (Zeolit), cht mang v ph gia. Xc tc cracking cn phi t c cc yu cu c bn sau:

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- Hot tnh xc tc cao; - chn lc cao; - Tng hiu sut thu hi xng; - Thu c xng cracking c tr s Octan cao; - Sn phm kh v coke to ra thp; - C bn c, bn nhit cao; - t nhy cm vi cc cht gy ng c xc tc; - D ti sinh v hiu sut ti sinh cao Cc cht gy ng c cho xc tc cracking l cc kim loi nng: Vanadium (V); Nickel (Ni); st (Fe) v ng (Cu). Cc kim loi ny lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc, cht lng v hiu sut thu hi sn phm chnh v ph hy cht mang xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh. Trong thc t vi mi cng ngh p dng, vic s dng loi xc tc no s do Nh bn quyn cng ngh quyt nh (ch nh nh cung cp). Cc phn ng Cc phn ng chnh xy ra trong qu trnh cracking c th tm tt nh sau: - Vi Paraffines: dng nguyn liu ny trong iu kin c tham gia ca xc tc nhanh chng b b gy to thnh cc sn phm hydrocacbon c mch cc bon C3+ l ch yu, cn lng sn phm hydrocacbon c mch cc bon C3- to ra rt t. Ngc li, khi Paraffines mch di b b gy th sn phm to ra ch yu l cc mch Iso-paraffines trong khi lng hydrocacbon c mch cc bon C10+ to ra li rt t. Phn ng b gy Paraffines c m t n gin nh di y: Paraffines Olefine + Olefine Paraffines Olefine + Paraffines - Vi Naphthens: dng nguyn liu ny trong iu kin c tham gia ca xc tc nhanh chng b b gy to thnh C3/ C4 , phn ng xy ra ti mch vng ca Naphthens hoc ti mch nhnh (ch vi mch nhnh t C4 tr ln). Phn ng b gy Naphthens c m t n gin nh di y: Alkylnaphthens Olefine + Olefine - Vi Olefine: dng nguyn liu ny v nguyn tc cha t trong nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking (ch c trong iu kin nguyn liu pha trn t mt phn du thi c ngun gc t sn phm cracking), Olefine ch yu to ra trong qu trnh cracking v sau li tip tc tham gia phn ng th cp. Phn ng b gy Olefine c m t n gin nh di y: Olefine Olefine + Olefine

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- Vi Aromactic: Chui hydrocacbon thm c b gy mt cch chn lc to thnh cc hydrocabon thm ring bit v olefine. Alkylaromactic Aromactic + Olefine c. Tnh cht v ng dng sn phm qu trnh cracking Sn phm thu c t qu trnh cracking bao gm: sn phm kh (bao gm LPG v kh nhin liu); xng cracking; phn on diesel (LCO) v du cn. Tnh cht c bn v hiu sut thu hi cc sn phm qu trnh cracking c th tm tt nh sau: Sn phm kh Kh thu c t qu trnh cracking chim khong t 10-20% nguyn liu em ch bin (theo% khi lng) ty theo nguyn liu v mc ch s dng cc sn phm cracking. Trong kh nhin liu (C2-, H2,..) chim khong 4-6% nguyn liu, LPG chim khong 14-16% nguyn liu. Sn phm kh c tch thnh kh nhin liu (C2-, H2 lm kh nhin liu s dng cho cc l t, l gia nhit trong nh my) v kh ha lng LPG (C3, C4). Do qu trnh cracking sn sinh nhiu tp cht c hi di dng kh nh H2S, NH3 nn kh nhin liu v LPG cn c em i x l trc khi s dng. Vi sn phm LPG c th c bn trc tip nh ra th trng hoc tip tc ch bin tch thnh phn Olefines (Propylene v Butene) lm nguyn liu cho ha du v qu trnh Alkyl ha, polime ha. Xng cracking Xng cracking (hay cn c gi vi tn khc l FCC Naphtha) chim mt t l ln trong c cu sn phm cracking t 35-55% khi lng nguyn liu cracking ty theo ch cng ngh (ti a diesel, ti a xng hay nguyn liu cho ha du). Thng thng vi cng ngh v xc tc hin ti, Nh my lc ha du nh hng sn sut nhin liu th xng cracking thu c t qu trnh cracking c xem l sn phm chnh v chim khong 50-55% khi lng nguyn liu. Xng cracking c c im l nhit si thp, cha nhiu olefine. Xng cracking c tr s octan tng i cao (87-92 RON), tuy nhin, do nhng quy nh v cht lng xng ngy cng cao nn xng cracking khng c em bn ngay nh l sn phm cui cng m cn c pha trn vi nhiu cu t khc (reformate, isomate, naphtha nh, C4,...) thu c xng thng phm. Do hm lng olefine v tp cht c hi cho mi trng v ng c (ch yu l lu hunh) trong xng cao, v vy xng thng phm sau pha trn t tiu chun cht lng th xng cracking vn phi em i x l trc kh pha

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trn. Thng thng xng cracking c em i x l bng hydro tch tp cht c hi v no ha mch olefine gip xng n nh hn v p ng c yu cu v tng lng lu hunh trong xng (lng lu hunh trong xng c xu hng ngy cng gim). Phng php x l xng cracking bng hydro c u im l gii quyt mt cch trit cc im yu ca sn phm ny cng nh ca xng thng phm v hm lng olefine v tng lng lu hunh trong xng. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l u t thit b tng i cao v tr s octan gim cht t sau khi x l. V vy, trong iu kin tiu chun v tng hm lng lu hunh trong xng cha qu ngt ngho, xng cracking c th x l bng phng php ngt ha (x l kim hoc merox) gim hm lng mercaptan trong xng (cht gy hi cho ng c v mi trng). Phn on Diesel nh (LCO) Hiu sut v cht lng thu hi phn on diesel nh ca qu trnh cracking ph thuc nhiu vo tnh cht nguyn liu, xc tc v ch vn hnh ca thit b phn ng (ti a diesel, ti a xng hay ti a nguyn liu cho ha du,...). Phn on sn phm ny c n nh -xy ha, n nh mu km v ch s Cetan thp (khong 25-35) v vy thng c s dng nh l cu t pha trn Diesel v du t l. pha trn Diesel cao cp th LCO thng phi c x l bng hydro (phn xng LCO- Hydrotreating). Hiu sut thu hi LCO khong 15-35% khi lng nguyn liu ban du ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu v ch vn hnh l phn ng cracking. Du nng (Decant Oil) Sn phm nng cui cng thu c t qu trnh cracking l phn on du nng (Decant Oil). Du cracking nng c t trng tng i cao (0,89-1,05) ty theo nguyn liu v ch vn hnh. Du cracking nng c s dng pha trn du t l thng phm (Fuel Oil). Ch tiu ch yu cn t c l nhit ng c, t trng, hm lng lu hunh v nhit tr. Hiu sut thu hi du cracking nng khong 6-10% khi lng nguyn liu ty theo ch vn hnh ca l phn ng. 1.2.2.2. Cc bn quyn cng ngh cracking xc tc tng si v kiu thit b V nguyn tc, cng ngh Cracking xc tc s dng c thit b phn ng c xc tc chuyn ng hoc thit b phn ng xc tc kiu tng si. Tuy nhin, trong thc t ch l phn ng kiu tng si c s dng rng ri. Ty theo cng ngh (theo Nh bn quyn) v nguyn liu s dng m thit bi phn ng v ti sinh xc tc c cu to khc nhau.

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Cc Nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh cho cng ngh cracking xc tc cn ln hin nay trn th gii l cc Cng ty: Axens (tp on IFP Php), UOP (Hoa k), Kellogg Brown&Root (Hoa k), ExxonMobil (Hoa k), Stone &Webster (Hoa k)... C nhiu kiu phn chia kiu thit b cracking nhng ch yu da trn s b tr tng i gia l phn ng v thit b ti sinh xc tc. Theo nh ngha phn chia ny, c hai dng thit b phn ng c bn: - Kiu l phn ng v thit b ti sinh tch bit b tr song song nhau (sideby-side): Theo m hnh ny, l phn ng v thit b ti sinh c b tr ring bit t v tr ln cn nhau (Xem hnh H1-13A, H-1-13B v H1-13E). - Kiu l phn ng xp chng (stack hoc Orthoflow): Theo m hnh ny l phn ng c b tr trn nh ca thit b ti sinh xc tc (Xem hnh H-113C v H-1-13D).

Hnh H-1.13 A. Thit b phn ng kiu xp chng (Cng ngh Stone&Webster) Kiu thit b phn ng cracking tng si b tr song song in hnh l cc Nh bn quyn Axens (Php) v UOP (Hoa k). Kiu thit b phn ng dng xp chng (stack hoc Orthoflow): l cc Nh bn quyn Kellogg Brown & Root (Hoa k), UOP (Hoa k); ExxonMobil (Hoa k), Stone &Webster (Hoa k). Mi mt cng ngh c b quyt ring nng cao hiu qu qu trnh cracking v tng ng l mt kiu thit k thit b ring bit. Mi cng ngh v dng thit b ny c nhng u im ring. Trong mi dng thit b ny li c phn thnh cc nhm khc nhau theo cu to ca ng phn ng (Riser) v c bit l theo dng thit b ti sinh xc tc.

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Hnh H-1.13B Thit b phn ng kiu song song (Cng ngh UOP)

Hnh H-1.13 C Thit b phn ng kiu xp chng (Cng ngh UOP)

Hnh H-1.13E Thit b phn ng kiu song song (Cng ngh IFP/Axens) B phn ti sinh xc tc ty theo cng ngh p dng (v ty thuc vo nguyn liu ch bin) m c chia thnh mt s dng: thit b ti sinh xc tc mt bc v thit b ti sinh xc tc hai bc (xem hnh H-1.14 v H-1.15), thit b ti sinh c lm ngui xc tc (catalyst Cooler) v khng c h thng lm ngui xc tc.

Hnh H-1-13D Thit b phn ng kiu xp chng (Cng ngh Kellogg)

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Hnh H-1.14 Thit b phn ng vi ti

Hnh H-1.15-Thit b phn ng vi ti

sinh xc tc mt bc (cng ngh UOP) sinh xc tc hai bc (cng ngh UOP) i vi nguyn liu cha t cn cc bon (CCR) v t kim loi nng (Vanadium, st, ng v Niken) th thng thng ch s dng thit b ti sinh xc tc mt bc, ngc li vi nguyn liu ch bin cha nhiu cn cc bon v hm lng kim loi nng ln th thng phi s dng thit b ti sinh xc tc hai bc nhm mc ch tng hiu qu qu trnh t coke v gim lng xc tc tiu hao. Mt s cng ngh a vo h thng lm ngui xc tc bn ngoi nhm mc ch kim sot nhit qu trnh ti sinh xc tc trnh hin tng qu nhit lm h hi xc tc. Thit b lm ngui xc tc ngoi cn c mc ch iu chnh nhit xc tc i vo thit b phn ng gi tr ti u. 1.2.3. Cu to thit b v nguyn l hot ng Nh cp cc mc trn, mc d c nhiu cng ngh khc nhau, tuy nhin, qu trnh Cracking xc tc cn v c bn bao gm cc b phn chnh cu thnh phn xng nh sau: - Thit b phn ng tng si - Thit bi ti sinh xc tc, - Thp chng ct, - B phn thu hi v x l kh, - Cc thit b ph tr (h thng tn dng nhit, x l kh thi,...)

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Cu to chi tit mt s thit b, chi tit quan trng ca qu trnh cracking xc tc cn c trnh by trong cc mc di y.

Hnh H-1.17 thit b ti sinh xc tc vi h thng lm mt xc tc (Kellogg)

Hnh H-1.18-S thit b ti sinh xc tc vi h thng lm mt xc tc (UOP) 1.2.3.1. Thit b phn ng Nh trnh by trn, hin nay trn th gii c nhiu Nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh cho qu trnh Cracking xc tc cn tng si (FCC hoc RFCC), tng ng vi mi mt Nh bn quyn cng ngh ny c mt kiu cu to thit b khc nhau. S cng ngh v cu to thit b ca tng cng ngh ny rt khc nhau ngay c khi c cng dng b tr thit b (song song hay xp chng). Tuy nhin v c bn, thit bi phn ng tng si u c im chung v cu to bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:

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- Bnh phn ng (Reactor Vessel) hay cn gi l Bnh phn tch xc tc v sn phm phn ng (Disengager); - ng phn ng (Riser); - B phn sc xc tc (catalyst stripping Section); - Cc Cyclone tch xc tc; - Cc thit b ph (Van chuyn xc tc, h thng np liu,...) S cu to chung ca mt thit b phn ng cracking xc tc tng si c m t chi tit trong cc hnh v H-1.19, H-1-21 v m phng bng hnh nh trong hnh v H-1.20.

Hnh H-1.19-S cu to thit b phn ng cracking xc tc cn tng si (kiu xp chng) a. ng phn ng (Riser) ng phn ng c vai tr quan trong trong thit b phn ng cracking xc tc cn tng si, quyt nh hiu sut, cht lng sn phm v mt phn chi ph vn hnh ca qu trnh cracking. Ton b cc phn ng cracking xy ra trong giai on nguyn liu v xc tc tip xc vi nhau trong ng phn ng. ng phn ng l ng hnh tr nm theo phng thng ng, pha di c b phn y xc ln theo v trn xc tc chuyn ng theo phng thng ng dc ng. Do lc y ca kh nng v nguyn liu, mt lp gi lng gia xc

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tc v nguyn liu (tng si) s dn hnh thnh trong ng. Ngay sau phn gia tc cho xc tc u ng, ngi ta b tr cc u np nguyn liu v tr thch hp thun li cho phn ng xy ra. Cc u np nguyn liu c cu to v v tr t thch hp m bo nguyn liu trc khi vo ng phn ng c trn s b v khi vo ng phn ng pha trn tt vi pha xc tc hnh thnh lp tng si. Phn cui ca ng phn ng c gn b phn c bit nhanh chng tch sn phm phn ng ra khi xc tc nhm ngn chn hin tng ti tip xc gia xc tc v sn phm phn ng to ra cc phn ng ph khng mong mun lm gim hiu sut thu hi sn phm v cht lng sn phm.

Hnh H-1.20-Hnh nh m phng cu to thit b phn ng cracking xc tc cn tng si (kiu xp chng) Xc tc ti sinh c nhit cao chuyn t thit b ti sinh qua van vn chuyn xc tc c bit (Slide Valve) vo u ng phn ng. Ti y xc tc

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c trn u v y ln theo phng thng ng nh hi v "kh nng" (xem hnh H-1.22 v H-1.23). Vng ny c chc nng gia tc cho cc ht xc tc chuyn ng t vn tc ban u thch hp sau ho trn vi nguyn liu c tt tc hnh thnh lp gi lng trong ng phn ng. Tc chuyn ng ca hn hp phn ng v chiu di ca ng phn ng c Nh bn quyn thit k gi tr ti u nhm t hiu sut thu hi v cht lng sn phm cao nht theo mc ch ti u t ra. Ty theo cng ngh p dng m ng phn ng c v tr v cu to khc nhau tuy chng c cng nguyn tc hot ng ging nhau. Cu to ca mt trong nhng dng ng phn ng s dng hin nay c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.22, cu to nguyn l hot ng hnh thnh lp tng si c m phng trong hnh v H-1.23 v H-1.24

Hnh H-1.21-S cu to thit b phn ng cracking xc tc cn tng si (kiu b tr song song)

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1. Kh (hoc nguyn liu) nng. 2. Xc tc ti sinh 3. Vng to gia tc ban u 4. u np liu 5. Vng trn nguyn liu xc tc

Hnh H-1.22. B phn trn s b v phn tn xc tc

Hnh H-1.23 Vng trn s b v np nguyn liu

Hnh H-1.24 Qu trnh hnh thnh lp gi lng v cc vng trong ng phn ng Hiu sut ca qu trnh cracking ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng tip xc gia nguyn liu v pha xc tc. Qu trnh hnh thnh lp gi lng v phn vng hot ng ca ng phn ng c minh ha trong hnh v H-1-24. Nu nguyn liu v xc tc tip xc vi nhau tt th hiu sut thu hi sn phm cao v gim lng coke to thnh trn b mt xc tc. Chnh v vy m vic b tr v tr u phun nguyn liu v cu to u phun c cc Nh bn quyn quan tm v lin tc ci tin. Vic tip xc tt nht gia nguyn liu v xc tc t c khi xc tc v nguyn liu hnh thnh lp gi lng (tng si).

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1. Nguyn liu) nng; 3. Xc tc

u np liu Hnh h-1.25 Cu to u np nguyn liu Kh nng trn gia xc tc v nguyn liu cn ph thuc vo phng thc

2. Hi 4. ng phn ng

Hnh h-1.26 Cu to v v tr lp

v phn tn ca nguyn liu khi a vo ng phn ng. Chnh v vy, ngi ta phi thit k u np nguyn liu vo l phn ng c cu to c bit trn u gia nguyn liu v hi trc khi a vo ng phn ng (xem hnh H-1.25) ng thi nguyn liu phi c phn b vo dng xc tc di dng cc ht nh. hiu qu qu trnh pha trn c cao, cc u np nguyn liu phi c b tr thch hp, mt trong kiu s b tr u phun nguyn liu c trnh by hnh H-1.26. Cu to v b tr cc u np liu ca thit b cracking a ra trong ti liu ny ch l cc v d in hnh, trong thc t cc Nh bn quyn cng ngh c thit k ring v pht trin lin tc theo thi gian. b. Bnh phn ng Bnh phn ng c chc nng phn tch sn phm phn ng v xc tc chnh v vy n thng c gi vi mt tn khc na l bnh tch pha xc tc v sn phm phn ng (Disengager). Cu to tng qut bnh phn ng c m t trong hnh v H-1.19 v H-1.21. Bnh phn ng thng c thit k l hnh tr y cn, nh chm cu, bn trong cha phn cui ng phn ng, cc Cyclone tch xc tc. Phn y cn ca bnh phn ng cha xc tc sau khi c tch ra t sn phm phn ng. So vi ng phn ng th bnh phn ng c knh thc to hn gp nhiu ln v do vy thi gian lu ca sn phn ng trong thit b cng ln hn. y l mi trng thun li cho cc phn ng khng chn lc, cc phn ng b gy tip olefine khng n nh to ra coke v

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kh kh. Do vy, trnh hin tng ti tip xc gia xc tc v sn phm hydrocacbon sau phn ng l nhim v quan trng nhm gim bt cc phn ng khng mong mun xy ra lm gim hiu sut thu hi v cht lng sn phm. tch xc tc ra khi sn phm mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu, ngi ta lp mt b phn c bit thc hin nhim v ny, thng c hai dng thit k: - Ngay phn nh ca ng phn ng c lp t mt b phn phn tch c bit (ty theo tng nh bn quyn cng ngh) tch s b xc tc. Sn phm phn ng c ko theo mt lng xc tc nht nh c a ngay vo h thng cyclone tch tip xc tc ra khi dng sn phm. Xc tc ri xung pha di v thu v y cn ca bnh phn ng. - Cc Cyclone phn tch c lp t lin vi u ra ca ng phn ng. Xc tc v sn phm phn ng c tch ra nhanh chng trong h thng cyclone ny. nng cao hiu qu phn tch, gim bt lng xc tc ko theo sn phm h thng cyclone nhiu bc s c lp t (thng l hai bc). Bnh phn ng c cu to a dng ph thuc vo cng ngh p dng v nguyn liu ch bin. Ngoi cc bnh phn ng trnh by trn, hnh H-1.27 a ra mt s dng bnh phn ng khc ang c ng dng trong thc t.

Hnh H-1.27Mt s dng bnh phn ng vi kt cu khc nhau (kellogg)

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c. B phn sc xc tc Xc tc sau khi tch ra khi sn phm phn ng c thu v phn y cn ca bnh phn ng. Cc ht xc tc b bao ph mt phn bi coke, hydrocacbon v mt phn hydrocacbon hp th trong ht xc tc. Chnh v vy, cn thit phi tch hydrocacbon trn b mt ht xc tc v mt phn hydrocacbon hp ph trong ht xc tc tng hiu sut thu hi sn phm v gim c nhit qu trnh ti sinh xc tc. Vng sc hi tch hydrocacbon trong xc tc l phn hnh tr tip ni vi bnh phn ng, pha di c b tr mt hoc hai vng phn phi hi t pha di i ln. Pha trn cc vng phn phi hi l b phn nh hng chuyn ng cho xc tc i t trn xung. Mc ch ca b phn ny to ra dng xc tc v dng hi i ct cho nhau nhiu ln nhm tng cng tip xc pha tch hydrocacbon bm dnh trn ht xc tc c tt hn.

1. Hi; Hnh H-1.28a. Nguyn l cu to vng sc hi xc tc

2. Xc tc;

3 Hi v hydrocacbon; 4. Bnh phn ng

Hnh H-1.28b. M phng hot ng vng sc hi xc tc Nguyn l hot ng v cu to ca b phn sc hi xc tc c m t trong hnh H-1.28 A, H-1.28 B. Xc tc sau khi qua khi vng sc hi s tch c phn ln lng hydrocacbon bm trn ht xc tc. Xc tc sau khi sc hi c chuyn sang thit b ti sinh qua van chuyn xc tc c bit. 1.2.3.2.Thit b ti sinh xc tc

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Qu trnh cracking sn sinh ra cc bon (dng cc) bm ng trn b mt cc ht xc tc v nhanh chng lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc. duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc mc chp nhn c th cn phi tin hnh t cc bm trn b mt ca ht xc tc bng khng kh. Ngy nay, tt c cc phn xng cracking u p dng qu trnh cracking ti sinh xc tc lin tc. Theo m hnh ny, xc tc lin tc c lun chuyn t l phn ng ra thit b ti sinh v sau li a quay tr li l phn ng. Trong qu trnh phn ng v lun chuyn, mt phn xc tc b hao ht s c b sung bng lng xc tc mi. Cc ht xc tc c kch thc rt nh rt d b ph hu c hc v ho hc trong qu trnh ti sinh nu nh ch cng ngh ca qu trnh ti sinh khng thch hp. Ty theo cng ngh v tnh cht ca du th m mi mt phn xng cracking c kiu dng thit b ti sinh khc nhau nh: ti sinh xc tc mt bc, ti sinh xc tc hai bc, ti sinh c tun hon lm mt xc tc, ti sinh khng tun hon lm mt xc tc. Nhn chung, bt c cng ngh cracking no nu nh hm lng cn cc bon (Conradson carbon) v kim loi nng (Niken, Vanadium) trong du ln th cn thit b ti sinh xc tc hai bc nng cao hiu qu ti sinh v hn ch hin tng ph hu xc tc. Thit b ti sinh xc tc bao gm cc b phn chnh nh sau: - Bnh ti sinh (mt bc hoc hai bc) - B phn phn phi khng kh; - Thit b lm mt v tun hon xc tc ti sinh. - H thng tch xc tc ko theo kh thi (Cyclone) Cu to chung ca thit b ti sinh c m t trong hnh v H-1.19 v H1.21. Nguyn l hot ng v cu to cc b phn s c trnh by cc phn di y. a. Bnh ti sinh xc tc Bnh ti sinh xc tc c chc nng chnh l to mi trng thc hin qu trnh t coke bm trn b mt xc tc. Thng thng, bnh ti sinh xc tc c chia lm hai ngn, ngn th nht l vng t coke, ngn th hai dng cha xc tc ti sinh trc khi a tun hon li thit b phn ng. i vi thit b ti sinh xc tc hai bc th ngn th hai ng thi l bung t coke bc hai. Thit b ti sinh xc tc c nhiu dng khc nhau ty theo cng ngh v nguyn liu ch bin. Thit b ti sinh xc tc c chia thnh cc dng chnh: - Thit b ti sinh mt bc; - Thit b ti sinh hai bc;

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- Thit b ti sinh c b phn lm mt v tun hon xc tc (Catalyst Cooler) Thit b ti sinh xc tc mt bc c s dng khi thit b phn ng cracking ch bin nguyn liu c hm lng cn cc-bon v hm lng kim loi nng (Ni, V, Cu,..) khng cao. M hnh thit b ti sinh mt bc c m t trong cc hnh H-1.14, H-1.21. Thit b ti sinh xc tc hai bc c s dng khi thit b phn ng cracking ch bin nguyn liu c hm lng cn cc-bon v hm lng kim loi nng (Ni, V, Cu,..) cao. M hnh thit b ti sinh hai bc c m t trong cc hnh H-1.13A, H-1.13E, H-1.15. Vic kim sot nhit ca xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh c ngha quan trng trong vic tun hon xc tc to iu kin phn ng ti u, m bo hiu sut chuyn ho ti u, gim lng kh kh v cc phn ng khng mong i. Chnh v vy, mt s Nh bn quyn cng ngh thit k thm mt h thng lm ngui xc tc tun hon bn ngoi bung t coke kim sot nhit ca qu trnh ti sinh v nhit xc tc trc khi a vo thit b phn ng. M hnh thit b ti sinh c thit b lm mt xc tc tun hon ngoi c m t trong cc hnh H-1.17,H-1.19. b. B phn phn phi kh khi phc b mt hot ng ca xc tc cn phi tin hnh t coke bm trn b mt ht xc tc. Qu trnh t coke c thc hin nh khng kh nn ho trn cng nhin liu a vo bung t hiu qu qu trnh t coke cao, xc tc sau ti sinh khi phc li c hot tnh mc chp nhn c th vic phn phi khng kh t v xc tc gi mt vai tr quan trng.

Hnh h-1.29a. H thng phn phi khng kh kiu dn xng c

Hnh h-1.29b. H thng phn phi khng kh kiu hnh nm

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1. Khng kh 2.Xc tc 3. Hi v nc 4. Nc ni hi

Hnh h-1.30b. M phng b phn Hnh h-1.30a. H thng lm mt v tun lm mt v tun hon xc tc hon xc tc khng kh phn phi u trong lp xc tc, pha di ca bung t ti sinh c h thng ng phn phi kh c bit. Mt s dng phn phi kh c m t trong cc hnh H-1.29A v H-29B. Nh h thng phn phi kh ny m khng kh vo bung t ti sinh c phn phi ng u trong lp xc tc. c. Thit b lm mt v tun hon xc tc Nhit ca qu trnh ti sinh xc tc ni chung cng nh nhit ca xc tc sau khi ti sinh (trc khi a vo l phn ng) c nh hng ln n cht lng ca xc tc ti sinh, lng xc tc tun hon, hiu sut thu hi sn phm. Vic iu khin c nhit xc tc sau ti sinh cho php iu khin c t l nguyn liu/xc tc ty thuc vo nhit l phn ng yu cu, loi nguyn liu, nhit nguyn liu v loi xc tc s dng. Thit b lm mt v tun hon xc tc l mt dng thit b trao i nhit c cu to c bit (xem hnh v H-1.30A). Thit b ny bao gm mt v hnh tr bn trong c lp chm ng cho php nc lm mt chy qua, nc a vo mt ngn trc khi phn phi vo cc ng trao i nhit. Nc sau khi trao i vi xc tc nng s

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chuyn thnh hi v thu gom vo ngn u thit b ri chuyn ra ngoi (xem hnh v H-1.30B). hiu qu lm mt xc tc c tt hn, mt h thng sc xc tc bng khng kh c lp t tng cng khuy trn pha xc tc. Xc tc sau khi lm mt i ra pha y ca thit b, thu gom vo ng vn chuyn xc tc tun hon li bung t ti sinh. Nh s chuyn ng tun hon ny ca xc tc m nhit ca bung ti sinh xc tc c iu chnh mt cch linh hot v nh iu khin c nhit ca xc tc trc khi chuyn sang thit b phn ng. S cu to tng qut v kt cu thit b ti sinh c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.30A. d. H thng tch xc tc Trong qu trnh ti sinh xc tc, mt lng kh thi ln c to thnh c nhit cao (khong 6500C-7800C ty thuc vo dng thit b v cng ngh), tc chuyn ng ln ko theo cc ht xc tc v bi xc tc. trnh hao ht xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh v m bo tiu chun mi trng v lng cht rn l lng trong kh thi, vn t ra l cn phi tch cc ht xc tc ko theo dng kh thi. tch cc ht xc tc ra khi dng kh, trong thit b ti sinh xc tc ca phn xng cracking, hin nay, ngi ta s dng cc cyclone kh. tng hiu qu thu hi xc tc, h thng cyclone hai bc c s dng trong thit b ti sinh xc tc.

Hnh H-1.31 H thng cyclone tch xc tc Cc Cyclone ny cng ch tch c cc ht xc tc c kch thc trung bnh, cha b v hoc mi mn trong qu trnh phn ng v ti sinh, mt phn xc tc c kch thc nh vn b cun theo dng kh thi cn tip tc phi tch ra bng cc thit b phn chia pha rn lng c bit. Kh thi sau khi tch cc ht rn xc tc ko theo s c x l tip gim cc thnh phn kh c hi

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(SOx v NOx) p ng tiu chun mi trng v kh thi. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny khng trnh by cu to cc thit b phn tch v x l mi trng c bit cng nh cc thit b tn dng nhit sn xut hi trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn. Cu to v b tr cc cyclone tch xc tc c trnh by trong hnh H-1.31. 1.2.4. Vn hnh 1.2.4.1. Gii thiu chung Vn hnh thit b l mt trong nhng k nng c bn v quan trng nht i vi hc vin sau khi hon thnh chng trnh o to ngh vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh. Do c th ca ngnh ngh v iu kin thc t, qu trnh hnh thnh k nng vn hnh thit b phi c bt u t trong giai on o to v hon thin dn trong qu trnh lm vic. Trong qu trnh vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh, k nng khi ng l phc tp v quan trng nht mc d cng vic ny khng phi thng xuyn phi thc hin. hc vin nm c ni dung v trnh t cc cng vic cn phi tin hnh khi khi ng mt thit b cracking xc tc cn trong thc t cng nh trong phng th nghim ln, phn ny ca gio trnh s gii thiu cho hc vin mt cch khi qut v cng vic ny. Khi ng phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si v c bn gm cc bc sau: - Kim tra thit b trc khi khi ng; - ui kh v th kn h thng thit b; - Khi ng my nn khng kh (Blower) v th kn h thng ti sinh xc tc; - Chy tun hon nguyn liu trong thp chng luyn; - Np xc tc vo h thng; - Chy tun hon xc tc; - Np nguyn liu vo l phn ng; - iu chnh cc thng s cng ngh theo thit k; - Kim tra cht lng sn phm a phn xng vo vn hnh n nh y l nhng bc c bn, cc bc ny c th tin hnh c lp vi nhau hoc c khi phi tin hnh ng thi. Di y trnh by chi tit ni dung ca cc bc vn hnh. 1.2.4.2. Cc bc c bn khi ng thit b cracking xc tc tng si a. Kim tra thit b trc khi khi ng

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Trc khi tin hnh cng vic khi ng thit b phi tin hnh cng tc kim tra. Cng vic kim tra bao gm: - Phi m bo tt c cc bu lng, mt bch c xit cht, cc tm chn cch ly c lp t hoc d b ng v tr; - Cc phin lc c lp t cc ni cn thit v ng chiu; - Cc van, thit b o lng iu khin c lp ng chiu, cc van iu khin t ng m bo lp ng chiu v chuyn sang ch vn hnh tay; - Cc thit b quay m bo ng chiu v ch bi trn ng; - Cc van an ton c kim tra, cn chnh v c chng ch; - Cc thit b an ton phng chng chy n, pht hin r r c kim tra m bo vn hnh tt. b.ui kh v th kn h thng thit b - ui khng kh phn cp nguyn liu v b phn thp chng ct bng hi nc trong khong thi gian 1 gi; - Nng p sut h thng ln 1,52Kg/cm2; - a kh Ni-t vo h thng v gi h thng p sut d bng kh Ni-t ng thi nh k tho nc ngng ra khi h thng; - Kim tra hm lng kh xy trong h thng; c Khi ng my nn khng kh (Blower)v th kn h thng ti sinh xc tc - Kim tra h thng bi trn, bt kn my nn; - Chuyn tt c cc van (Slide v Plug Van) v ch vn hnh tay; - M cc van x kh ca h thng ti sinh tit din 100%, van chuyn xc tc tit din 60%; Khi ng my nn; Tng lu lng dng kh ti thit b ti sinh v t ch t ng; ng bt cc van kh thi ca h thng ti sinh xc tc nng p sut thit b ti sinh ln 1Kg/cm2 v th kn ton b h thng ti sinh; Tng p sut h thng ti sinh ti p sut ti a ca my nn v tin hnh th kn ln th 2; M van vn chuyn xc tc (Slide v Plug Van) kh nn t b phn ti

sinh chuyn sang thit b phn ng; - M van x kh ti nh thp chng ct to dng kh chy qua thit b phn ng; d. Si nng h thng

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- Si m h thng thit b bng khng kh my nn trc khi khi ng l gia nhit; - Khi ng l gia nhit cng sut ti thiu; - Tng nhit ca b phn ti sinh ln 3400C v gi nhit ny trong 1gi; - Tng nhit ca b phn ti sinh ln 6500C, nhit ca thit b phn ng ln 3400C v gi h thng nhit ny t nht trong 2gi; - Tin hnh th kn h thng; - Thay khng kh trong b phn phn ng bng kh Ni-t, a hi vo cc vng phn phi hi. e. Chy tun hon nguyn liu trong thp chng luyn - Np LCO (Light Cycle Oil) hoc LGO (Light Gas Oil) vo bnh cha nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking (Feed Surge Drum); - M van chuyn nguyn liu sang thng thp chng ct (main Fractionator) b qua b phn phn ng bng ng ng dnh ring cho khi ng; - t mc iu khin cho mc cht lng y thp thp v bnh cha sn phm nh; - Tin hnh chy tun hon nguyn liu trong thp chng ct; - Gim mc cht lng trong y thp ti mc ti thiu, dng qu trnh tun hon v gim lng hi sc vo thp; - Tho m ngn cch gia thp chng luyn v b phn thit b phn ng; - Khi ng bm hi lu sn phm nh; - ng cc van x kh trn nh thp chng, xit cht mt bch va tho tm ngn cch v tng p sut thp chng ct bng kh Ni-t hoc kh nhin liu; f. Np xc tc vo h thng - a xc tch t phu cha xc tc (Spent Catalyst Hopper) vo thit b ti sinh bc v gi nhit thit b ti sinh khng vt qu 3700C; - Khi lng xc tc vt qu mc u cp nhin liu khong 500mm c th cp du vo thit b ti sinh vi lu lng ti thiu; - iu chnh lu lng du nhit thit b ti sinh t 6500C; - Tng chnh lch p sut gia thit b ti sinh bc 1 v bc 2 ln 0,7Kg/cm2 v m van chuyn xc tc t ti sinh bc 1 sang bnh ti sinh bc 2; - Khi lng xc tc (trong bnh ti sinh bc 2) vt qu u cp nhin liu khong 500mm c th cp du vo thit b ti sinh vi lu lng ti thiu;

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- iu chnh lu lng du nhit thit b ti sinh bc 2 t 6500C; - Np lng xc tc vo thit b ti sinh theo thit k v duy tr nhit 6500C; g. Chy tun hon xc tc - Duy tr nhit ca thit b ti sinh 6500C v khng kh mc 50% lu lng thit k; - Tng lu lng kh vn chuyn xc tc (t ti sinh bc 1 ln bc 2) ti gi tr thit k; - t cc van vn chuyn xc tc (Slide Valve) ch t ng; - M van lun chuyn xc tc 20%; - Lun chuyn dn dn xc tc sang thit b phn ng cho n khi nhit vng sc vt qu 3700C, khi nhit vng sc xc tc t 4800C t mc iu khin t ng cho nhit vng ny gi tr thit k; - Tip tc tun hon xc tc t thit b ti sinh sang thit b phn ng cho ti khi nhit ra khi ng phn ng t gi tr thch hp (thng thng ti thiu 5100C); h. Np nguyn liu vo l phn ng - Khi ngng tun hon xc tc tin hnh np nguyn liu vo thit b phn ng; - Thay kh ni-t trong thit b phn ng bng kh nhin liu; - t cc van lun chuyn xc tc ch vn hnh tay; - M van cp nguyn liu v ch iu khin t ng, tho nc ngng cc u cp nguyn liu; i. iu chnh cc thng s cng ngh theo thit k - Tng lu lng dng nguyn liu ti 70% gi tr thit k; - iu khin nhit bnh ti sinh xc tc bc 1 trong khong 6507000C; - B sung cc cht ph gia chng n mn vo nguyn liu; - Tng lu lng dng nguyn liu ti gi tr thit k; Kim tra cht lng sn phm a phn xng vo vn hnh n nh - Ly mu v kim tra cht lng xc tc sau ti sinh; - Np xc tc mi b sung v rt xc tc qua s dng ra ngoi; - Ly mu sn phm y thp chng ct xc nh hm lng xc tc ko theo v cht lng sn phm; - Ly mu kh thi t l ti sinh thay t l pha trn kh t;

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- Hiu chnh cc thng s cng ngh a phn xng cracking v ch vn hnh n nh. 1.2.5. Cu hi v bi tp 1. Hy cho bit cch phn loi cng ngh cracking xc tc tng si, cc Nh bn quyn cng ngh chnh km theo cng ngh ny? 2. Nguyn nhn lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc v nguyn tc qu trnh ti sinh xc tc; 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b phn ng xc tc tng si; 4. Gii thch l do cn phi tch xc tc ra khi sn phm phn ng khi hn hp xc tc v sn phm phn ng va ra khi ng phn ng, m t cu to b phn tch xc tc; 5. Hy gii thch vai tr ca vng sc xc tc v mt s cu to ca vng sc xc tc; 6. Trong ng phn ng mt hn hp phn ng tng hay gim theo chiu cao ca ng phn ng 7. M t thnh phn ca xc tc qu trnh cracking xc tc cn tng si; 8. Cc hp cht gy ng c xc tc cracking; 9. M t cc phn ng din ra trong qu trnh cracking; 10. Ti sao cn phi phn phi kh trong h thng ti sinh xc tc, m t cu to mt s kt cu phn phi kh in hnh; 11. Khi no cn phi s dng thit b ti sinh xc tc hai bc, mt bc? 12. Trnh by cc bc c bn khi ng phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si; 1.3. THIT B REFORMING VI B PHN TI SINH XC TC LIN TC 1.3.1. Gii thiu Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, thit b phn ng vi lp xc tc chuyn ng c s dng tng i rng ri. in hnh thit b c lp xc tc chuyn ng l thit b phn ng phn xng Reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc (CCR). Phn xng Reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc c ngha quan trng trong cng nghip lc ho du nhm gia tng gi tr sn phm ch bin v a dng ho sn phm. Mc ch ca phn xng Reforming l chuyn phn on Naphtha c tr s Octan thp thnh sn phm (reformate) c tr s octane cao, y l cu t quan trng pha xng cao cp khi nh my nh hng sn sut nhin liu v cho sn phm l nguyn liu ho du (Benzen, Toluen, Para-xylene) khi phn xng c thit k nh hng cho mc ch

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sn xut nhin liu v ho du. Qu trnh reforming c vai tr c bit quan trng trong sn xut xng, v vy, hu ht cc Nh my lc du hin nay u u t phn xng ny. Nghin cu nm vng qu trnh cng ngh, cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b ca phn xng reforming c xem nh l bc ban u quan trng gip hc vin hnh thnh kin thc, k nng phc v cho cng tc vn hnh sau ny. 1.3.2. Qu trnh cng ngh 1.3.2.1. S v qu trnh cng ngh Phn xng Reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc (CCR) v c bn bao gm cc hng mc chnh: - L phn ng; - Thit bi ti sinh xc tc lin tc; - Thp chng ct v n nh sn phm; - B phn thu hi v x l kh. S cng ngh c n gin ho ca phn xng reforming c m t trong hnh H-1.32. y l s cng ngh in hnh c s dng rng ri hin nay trong cng nghip lc ho du. Qu trnh lun chuyn cc dng cng ngh trong phn xung c m t cc mc di y. a. S cng ngh Phn xng Reforming xc tc c th dng ti sinh xc tc theo m hoc ti sinh xc tc lin tc. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y cc Nh my lc ha du mi hoc nng cp u s dng qu trnh ti sinh xc tc lin tc do cng ngh ny c nhiu u im trong vn hnh v nng cao hiu qu kinh t. Trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny ch trnh by thit b phn ng reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc (Continuous Catalyst Regeneration-CCR). Vi thit b ti sinh xc tc ny cc l phn ng ca phn xng Reforming c th hot ng lin tc m khng phi dng ti sinh xc tc. S cng ngh khi qut ca qu trnh reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc lin tc c m t trong cc hnh v H-1.32A,H-1.32B. Thuyt minh cho cc ng dng cng ngh ca qu trnh reforming theo s cng ngh ny s c trnh by trong cc mc di y.

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Hnh h-1.32b Hnh nh phn xng reforming Trong l phn ng Nguyn liu trc khi np vo l phn ng c trn vi kh hydro tun hon v sau c gia nhit ti nhit thch hp (khong 515-550 0C). Tuy nhin, cn lu , nhit ny ty thuc vo cng ngh p dng v loi nguyn liu. Nhit ca hn hp nguyn liu ny c nng ln nh thit b trao i nhit gia nguyn liu v sn phm sau phn ng. Sau khi ra khi thit b trao i nhit, nguyn liu c a vo l gia nhit tip tc nng nhit hn hp ti gi tr thch hp cho phn ng xy ra l phn ng u tin. Hn hp nguyn liu phn ng vi nhit thch hp c a vo bnh phn ng u tin. Ty theo tnh cht ca nguyn liu v yu cu cht lng sn phm m s lng l phn ng yu cu c s khc nhau (thng thng s l phn ng t 3 n 4). Do a s cc phn ng chnh trong qu trnh reforming l phn ng thu nhit, v vy, hn hp phn ng khi ra khi l phn ng th nht li c a qua l gia nhit nng ti nhit thch hp cho qu trnh chuyn ha tip theo. Qu trnh tng t lp li vi cc l phn ng tip theo cho n l phn ng cui cng (xem s dng cng ngh trong hnh v H1.32 v H-1.33). Khi nguyn liu chuyn ng qua lp xc tc trong l phn ng trong iu nhit v p sut thch hp, cc cu t trong nguyn liu s thay i cu trc bin i thnh cc sn phm (hydrocacbon thm, Isome ha) c tr s octan cao. Trong l phn ng xc tc di chuyn t trn xung pha di v tch ra l phn ng cui cng, nguyn liu s i theo hng ngc chiu vi chuyn ng ca xc tc to ra kh nng tip xc tt gia xc tc v nguyn liu.

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Sn phm phn ng t l phn ng cui cng s c lm ngui nh trao i vi dng nguyn liu a vo l phn ng u tin. tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit tn dng ngun nhit tha ngi ta s dng loi thit b trao i nhit c cu to c bit (vi Nh bn quyn UOP s dng dng thit b PAKINOX). Hn hp sn phm phn ng sau tip tc c lm mt bng thit b trao i nhit khng kh ri a ti bnh phn tch cao p. Ti thit b tch cao p, sn phm lng v kh kh (ch yu l H2) c tch ra thnh hai pha ring bit. Kh kh mt phn ln c a tun hon tr li trn vi nguyn liu ri quay li l phn ng nh my nn kh tun hon. Mt phn kh kh c nn ti p sut thch hp, x l tp cht trc khi chuyn ti cc h tiu th khc (ch yu l cc thit b x l bng hydro v mt phn d tha cho h thng kh nhin liu ca Nh my).

Hnh H-1.33 S cng ngh dng nguyn liu trong l phn ng Sn phm hydrocacbon ngng t c a ti cc bnh ti tip xc kh kh ri a ti thp n nh. Trong b phn phn tch v n nh sn phm chnh Sn phm lng ngng t tch ra t h thng phn tch cao p c a ti thp n nh (Stabilizer). Ti thp chng ct ny, sn phm lng c phn chia thnh hydrocacbon nh phn nh (LPG) v Reformate n nh y thp. Sn phm LPG tng i sch c th chuyn thng b cha sn phm LPG hn hp hoc ti b phn thu hi x l kh tch ring bit C 3, C4 (ty theo tng thit k c th). Thp chng ct c duy tr di p sut thch hp m bo s hot ng n nh ca thp (m bo lng sn phm nh ngng t ln cho qu trnh hi lu).

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Trong thit b ti sinh Xc tc sau khi tham gia phn ng hot tnh b gim v nhiu l do nh b coke bao ph, tm hot tnh kim loi (Pt) b gim (do hin tng kt t),... v vy xc tc cn phi c ti sinh. i vi thit b reforming c lp xc tc c nh th sau thi gian hot ng 2-3 nm th cn phi ti sinh li xc tc v sau khong 2 n 3 ln ti sinh th phi thay th xc tc mi. Thit b phn ng reforming vi b phn ti sinh xc tc lin tc (dng thit b phn ng c lp xc tc chuyn ng) th xc tc c ti sinh lin tc v tun hon li l phn ng. Nh thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc ny m cho php l phn ng hot ng vi iu kin tng i n nh theo thi gian nh l xc tc mi. Trong khun kh ti liu ny ch cp n dng thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc, mt dng thit b s dng ph bin hin nay. Qu trnh ti sinh v vn chuyn tun hon xc tc c m t trong hnh v H-1.34.

Hnh H-1.34. S cng ngh ti sinh v tun hon xc tc lin tc Xc tc di chuyn lin tc t l phn ng th nht v tch ra khi l phn ng cui cng ri thu vo bnh thu gom xc tc (Catalystic Collector), xc tc sau li chuyn sang bnh cha c bit (Lift Engager) t dng dng kh tun hon (hydrogen) chuyn xc tc ti bnh tch kh v cc ht bi xc tc bm theo (Disengager Hopper). Trong bnh tch xc tc ny, xc tc c sc bng kh tun hon phn loi v tch cc ht xc tc nh cun theo dng kh tun hon v Bnh thu gom bi xc tc b tr ngay trong phn xng. Cc ht xc tc tc c kch thc ln s thu v y bnh phn tch ri t chy xung thp ti sinh nh trng lc. Qu trnh ti sinh xc tc lin tc v c bn c th chia thnh bn giai on chnh:

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- Giai on t coke trn b mt xc tc - Giai on oxyclo ha, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v iu chnh hm lng clo.. - Giai on sy kh; - Giai on kh bng hydro. Trong bn bc ti sinh xc tc nu trn th ba bc u thc hin trong thp ti sinh xc tc, bc th t thc hin trong phu cha xc tc sau sy (LOCK HOPPER). Vng t Coke Xc tc trc tin c t coke bm trn b mt, qu trnh ny c thc hin ti vng t cc trn nh ca thp ti sinh. T trn bnh phn tch xc tc, xc tc chy xung khoang tr c tit din l hnh vnh khn cc tng ngn c dng li gi xc tc chuyn ng pha trong nhng cho php dng khng kh c cha -xy chuyn ng xuyn qua to phn ng chy. Khng kh nng ti sinh xc tc c cha -xy chuyn ng theo hng tm t bn ngoi vo pha bn trong ca lp m xc tc c hnh vnh khn. Hn hp kh chy c tun hon nh mt my nn kh mt phn c thi ra ngoi. my nn kh hot ng trong bn kh tun hon t trong bung t c lm ngui trc khi a vo my nn. Xc tc s c t cc trong qu trnh chuyn ng t trn xung di, chiu di ca vng t v tc c chuyn ng ca xc tc c tnh ton sao cho khi xc tc ra khi vng t coke th lng coke b t phi t yu cu cho qu trnh ti sinh. Qu trnh t Coke c m t trong hnh v H-1.35.

Hnh H-1.35 S cng ngh & thit b vng t coke

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Vng oxyclo ha, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v iu chnh hm lng clo Qu trnh -xy ho, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v hiu chnh hm lng clo trong xc tc (gi tt l qu trnh oxyclo ho) c thc hin ti vng -xy/clo ho nm ngay pha di vng t coke. Xc tc di chuyn t trn xung, khi nng c cha clo hu c a t pha di ln tip xc vi xc tc. Ti y qu trnh -xy ho, phn tn kim loi v hiu chnh hm lng clo xy ra.. Khng kh t pha vng sy i ln c tch ra, gia nhit ti nhit thch hp v c b sung thm lng clo thch hp ri a vo vng phn ng. Vng sy Qu trnh sy xc tc thc hin trong vng sy ca thit b ti sinh. Vng sy xc tc nm pha di vng oxyclo ho. Trong vng ny, xc tc i t pha trn xung di dng lp m hnh tr, kh sy nng i t pha di ln. mang hi m t xc tc theo, tc nhn sy s dng l khng kh. qu trnh sy t ti u, khng kh sy trc khi vo vng sy c t nng nh mt thit b gia nhit. Vng kh kim loi trn xc tc Qu trnh kh kim loi trn xc tc (thng l Pt) c thc hin trong vng kh. Vng kh nm trn nh ca bnh cha v kh xc tc sau vng sy kh (LOCK HOPPER). Kh hydro s c s dng kh kim loi trn xc tc. Trong vng kh, xc tc chuyn ng t trn xung, kh kh nng chuyn ng qua lp xc tc t di ln. Kh hydro s dng cho qu trnh kh phi c tinh khit nht nh, v vy thng thng mt thit b lm sch kh hydro c lp t trong phm v ca h thng ti sinh xc tc nhm phc v cho mc ch ny. Xc tc sau khi kh v phn tn kim loi thu gom xung pha di bnh cha, mt phn chuyn ti bnh cha v vn chuyn xc tc (Lift Engager). Xc tc t bnh cha c bit ny s c vn chuyn ti vng sc (Surge Zone) pha trn l phn ng s 1 nh h thng kh p sut cao. Xc tc s chy t bnh cha vng sc xung bnh phn ng th nht, th hai,... cho n bnh phn ng cui cng ri c tch ra v thu v bnh thu gom xc tc (catalystic Collector) hon thnh mt chu trnh tun hon khp kn. Mt s phn xng Reforming mi thit k, xy dng th vng kh c b tr sau bnh Lock Hopper v c t ngay trn nh ca l phn ng s 1 (vi thit k c y l vng sc), cc qu trnh khc cng tng t nh vi cc thit k trc. Trong b phn tch kh kh (Net Gas)

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Kh kh giu hydro t b phn l phn ng a sang vng phn tch pha cn ko theo nhiu hydrocacbon c a ti bnh phn tch cao p. Mt phn kh kh tch ra nh bnh tch c cho tun hon li l phn ng nh my nn tun hon, phn kh cn li c nn tip ti p sut gp i p sut bnh phn tch. Kh nn ny c ti tip xc vi hydrocacbon t binh ti tip xc bc hai a sang. Hn hp kh kh v hydrocacbon c a vo bnh ti tip xc bc mt. Ti bnh ti tip xc bc1: kh kh s li tch ra khi pha lng trong bnh ri li c nn nh my nn bc hai, hydrocacbon lng thu v y bnh ri a ti thp n nh (Debutanizer). Kh nn t my nn bc hai li c tip xc vi hydrocacbon lng t y bnh phn tch, sau hn hp c lm ngui ri a vo bnh ti tip xc bc hai. Ti bnh ti tip xc bc hai: kh kh c tch ra nh ca bnh ti tip a i x l tip cn cht lng hydrocacbon c a tr li tip xc vi kh i ra my nn bc mt. S h thng ti tip xc tch kh kh c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.36. Nh h thng tch ti tip xc nhiu bc phn ln reformat v LPG c tch ra khi dng kh kh nh dng kh kh c tinh khit cao (hm lng kh H2), hiu sut thu hi sn phm reformat c ci thin.

Hnh h-1.36. S cng ngh b phn tch kh kh (net gas) b. Qu trnh cng ngh

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Nguyn liu Nguyn liu ca qu trnh reforming l phn on Naphtha nng t phn xng chng ct p sut kh quyn (HSR), Naphthas (c nhit si trong khong 82-1900C) v phn on Naphtha nng ca qu trnh hydrocracking. nguyn liu p ng c yu cu ca l phn ng th nguyn liu phi c x l trc bng hydro trong phn xng NHT (Naphtha Hydrotreater) nhm loi b cc tp cht, cc cht gy ng c xc tc nh kim loi, cc hp cht xy, nc, ni-t v cc hp cht lu hunh. Ngoi chc nng lm sch nguyn liu, phn xng x l Naphtha bng hydro cn hiu chnh phn on ct ph hp yu cu cho qu trnh reforming. Cht lng ca sn phm ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu. Tnh cht ca nguyn liu c nh gi s b da trn thnh phn ca bn nhm hydrocacbon chnh l: Parafins, Olefins, Naphthenes v Aromactics (PONA). thun tin cho vic nh gi tnh cht ca nguyn liu trong thc t ngi ta gi tt l ch s PONA v ly ch s ny nh gi cht lng, m t thnh phn chnh ca nguyn liu. Nhm hydrocacbon Parafins v Naphthenes tham gia hai dng phn ng vng ha v isome ha to ra cc cu t hydrocacbon c tr s octan cao. Nu s dng nguyn liu cha nhiu parafins c khi lng phn t thp th khuynh hng phn ng cracking to ra butan v hydrocacbon nh l cao, do vy, hiu sut thu hi v cht lng sn phm s khng cao. Ngc li, nu trong nguyn liu cha nhiu phn on hydrocacbon c nhit si cao (trn 204 0C) th cc thnh phn ny d b b gy to coke bm trn b mt xc tc. l nhng phn tch mang tnh l thuyt. Trong thc t thit k, vn hnh phn xng reforming hin nay, thng thng nguyn liu c xem l t yu cu cho qu trnh reforming cn phi p ng c tiu chun cng ngh sau y: Bng 1.1. Bng tiu chun cng ngh cho qu trnh reforming Thng s T trng Khong nhit si Hm lng lu hunh tng (max) Hm lng Ni-t tng (max) Hm lng Clo tng (max) Ch (max) n v o (0C) ppm-Kl ppm-Kl ppm-Kl ppb-Kl Yu cu 0,72-0,75 80-145 0,5 0,5 0,5 20

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Thng s Asene (max) ng (max) Nc (max) Xc tc

n v o ppb-Kl ppb-Kl ppm-Kl

Yu cu 1 5 2

Tt c cc xc tc cho cng ngh reforming c s dng thng dng hin nay trn th gii u cha Platinium kim loi (Pt) trn nn cht mang l xt nhm (Al2O3) hoc hn hp xt nhm v xt silic (Al2O3-SiO2). Nhng loi xc tc th h mi hu ht c b sung thm thnh phn rhenium (Re) cng vi platinium to cho xc tc kh nng bn vng, n nh hn v c th hot ng c iu kin p sut thp hn. Xc tc Pt/ Al 2O3 l loi xc tc hai chc nng (lng chc), trong Pt mang chc nng xy ha kh xc tin cc phn ng hydro v dehydro ha, Al2O3 c tnh a xt, ng vai tr thc y cc phn ng isome ha, hydrocracking. Hot tnh ca xc tc ph thuc vo din tch b mt, th tch l xp v hm lng ca Pt, Clo trong xc tc. Hot tnh ca xc tc cn b nh hng bi cc tp cht c hi cha trong nguyn liu nh: cc hp cht lu hunh, hp cht cha Ni-t, nc v mt s kim loi (ch, asen). Chnh v vy, nguyn liu ca qu trnh reforming cn phi c sch cao, trc khi a ti l phn ng nguyn liu thng phi c x l bng hydro. Hot tnh ca xc tc s gim trong qu trnh vn hnh do coke bm trn b mt, hin tng kt t ca cc ht kim loi (Pt) v mt thnh phn Clo trong xc tc. Hot tnh ca xc tc c th c khi phc bng qu trnh t coke, phn tn li kim loi v hiu chnh hm lng Clo trong xc tc. i vi dng thit b reforming hot ng ti sinh bn lin tc th khong t 6-24 thng cn phi tin hnh ti sinh xc tc mt ln (ty thuc vo cht lng xc tc, nguyn liu). Hot tnh ca xc tc s b gim trong qu trnh hot ng, v vy, iu kin vn hnh cng phi thay i cho ph hp (tng nhit phn ng khi tui xc tc cao). Xut pht t nhng i hi trn ca thc t m cng ngh reforming ti sinh xc tc c lin tc a vo s dng khc phc hin tng khng n nh iu kin phn ng v nng cao cht lng sn phm, hiu qu kinh t. Cc phn ng Qu trnh reforming c s dng thay i cu trc phn t Naphtha c tr s Octan thp thnh sn phm reformate c ch s Octane cao nh s dng xc tc cha Platinum hoc hn hp Platinium v Rhenium. Tr s Octan ca Naphtha nng c tng ln nh cc qu trnh: Dehydro ha cc

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Naphtenes to hydrocacbon thm (aromactics), dehydro ha hydrocacbon dn xut vng nm cnh (Alkylcyclopentanes) (aromactics), Isome ha v hydrocracking. thnh hydrocacbon thm

Cc phn ng chnh xy ra trong qu trnh reforming bao gm: Phn ng dehydro ha y l phn ng thu nhit ln c tc phn ng nhanh nht trong cc phn ng din ra trong qu trnh reforming lm gim nhit ca hn hp phn ng ban u. Chnh v vy m gia cc l phn ng cn c l t trung gian nng nhit ca hn hp phn ng ti gi tr thch hp nhm duy tr iu kin phn ng v tng tc ca qu trnh. Cc phn ng dehydro ha li bao gm cc phn ng: - Dehydro ha Naphtenes thnh hydrocacbon thm (aromactics):

- Dehydro ha hydrocacbon dn xut vng nm cnh (Alkylcyclopentanes) thnh hydrocacbon thm (aromactics):

- Dehydro ha ng vng parafins thnh hydrocacbon thm (aromactics):

tng hiu sut thu hi sn phm hydrocacbon thm bng cc gii php: - Tng nhit phnn ng; - Gim p sut phn ng; - Gim lu lng dng; - Gim t l mol hydro/hydrocacbon. Phn ng isome ha

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Cc phn ng isome ha parafins v cyclopentan to ra cc sn phm c tr s octane thp hn so vi hydrocacbon thm. Cc phn ng isome ha bao gm: - Phn ng isome ha parafins thnh isoparafins - Phn ng isome ha alkylcyclopentanes thnh cyclohexanes v sau chuyn ho thnh Benzen:

Phn ng hydrocracking Phn ng hydrocracking l phn ng ta nhit to ra cc sn phm lng nh v kh. Cc phn ng hydrocaracking c tc tng i chm v vy thng xy ra vng cui ca thit b phn ng. y l nhm phn ng khng mong mun v vy cn to iu kin phn ng v nguyn liu hn ch ti a qu trnh ny. Cc phn ng chnh din ra nh sau:

C10H22 +

H2

c. Tnh cht sn phm v ng dng Sn phm thu c t qu trnh reforming bao gm xng c tr s octan cao (reformate), hydrocacbon thm (Benzen; p-xylene; Toluen) kh hydro v mt lng nh LPG. Ty theo mc ch c th ca phn xng (ch sn xut nhin liu hay sn xut kt hp nhin liu v nguyn liu cho ha du) m t l xng c tr s octan cao hay cc sn phm hydrocacbon thm c xem l sn phm chnh v iu chnh t l ph hp. Xng reforming (reformate) Ty theo nguyn liu s dng, xng reforming c tr s octan cao (khong 100-105 RON) l thnh phn quan trng pha xng cao cp. Xng reforming thng c khng ch c thnh phn olefins khng qu 2%TT, Naphthens khng qu 10%TT cn li l iso-parafins v aromactics. Hydrocacbon thm

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Ngoi xng reforming vi Nh my lc ha du c sn xut cc sn phm ha du (cc loi s si tng hp, dung mi...) th phn xng reforming cn c chc nng quan trng l sn xut cc hp cht thm lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ny. Cc hydrocacbon thm nhn c t qu trnh reforming l Benzen, Toluen v Xylen (thng gi tt ba sn phm ny l BTX). T Bezen s iu ch nguyn liu sn xut si polyamit, capron. T PXylene iu ch PTA (Pure Tetraphtalic Acide) lm nguyn liu sn xut si tng hp polyeste. thu sn phm BTX c tinh khit cao p ng yu cu lm nguyn liu cho ha du, th s phn xng reforming bnh thng phi b sung thm cm thit b tch BTX. Kh kh giu Hydro Mt trong sn phm ph nhng rt quan trng trong qu trnh reforming l kh kh (net gas) c cha hm lng kh hydro cao. Kh hydro mt phn c a tun hon tr li l phn ng phn cn li c nn tip ln p sut cao qua h thng ti tip xc nhiu bc thu kh c tinh khit cao. Kh kh cha nhiu hydro s c em i x l tip tch tp cht c hi (clo, lu hunh,...) ri a ti cho mc ch s dng khc. Phn ln lng hydro thu c t qu trnh reforming s dng cho cc qu trnh x l bng hydro nh LCO Hydrotreater, VDO Hydrotreater, FCC Naphtha Hydrotreater, Naphtha Hydrotreater (NHT),... Vi Nh my lc ha du s dng nguyn liu sch t phn xng x l hydro th lng hydro thu c t qu trnh reforming phc v cho nhu cu ny. Trong trng hp Nh my nhiu phn xng x l bng hydro, lng hydro t qu trnh reforming c th khng p ng nhu cu ni ti th cn phi xy dng thm phn xng sn xut hydro. Chnh v vy kh hydro t qu trnh reforming ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tit kim chi ph u t phn xng sn xut hydro v nng cao hiu sut thu hi ton b nh my (do khng phi dng hydrocacbon sn xut kh hydrro). Kh ha lng (LPG) Trong qu trnh reforming mt lng nh kh ha lng c to ra do qu trnh cracking, kh ny tng i sch c a thng ti b cha LPG sn phm hoc a ti phn xng thu hi x l kh. 1.3.2.2. Cc bn quyn cng ngh a. Gii thiu chung C rt nhiu bn quyn cng ngh cho qu trnh reforming nh: Cng ngh Plateforming ca UOP; Powerforming ca ExxonMobil; Ultraforming ca

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Amoco; Catalystic Reforming ca Englhard; magnaorming ca ARCO, Rheniforming ca Chevron v Reforming ca Axens (trc y l IFP). Mi cng ngh c mt ng dng v c im ring tuy nhin c th chia thnh hai dng cng ngh: cng ngh ti sinh xc tc lin tc v cng ngh ti sinh xc tc bn lin tc. Hin nay trn th gii ph bin s dng loi ti sinh xc tc lin tc do c nhng u im ni bt. Ngoi ra qu trnh reforming c chia thnh hai loi theo kt cu thit b phn ng: loi c cc l phn ng xp chng (stack) v loi xp song song (side-by-side). Cng ngh reforming hin nay c hai Nh bn quyn chim th phn ln l UOP (Hoa k) v Axens (Php). Cng ngh ca UOP i din cho dng l phn ng kiu xp chng. Cng ngh ca Axens i din cho dng l phn ng xp song song. Cc dng thit b phn ng reforming ang c s dng ch yu hin nay c trnh by trong cc hnh v H-1.37 A, B, C.

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57

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Hnh H-1.37c. S cng ngh reforming phi hp b. u vit ca qu trnh reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc Kiu cng ngh reforming vi h thng ti sinh xc tc lin tc (do vy c dng xc tc chuyn ng trong thit b phn ng) c mt s u im so vi cng ngh reforming c lp m xc tc c nh: - Cho php hot ng iu kin khc nghit hn to ra xng c tr s octan cao; - Xc tc c ti sinh lin tc cho php l phn ng hot ng p sut thp v tc kh tun hon thp, do vy hiu sut thu hi sn phm reformate v kh hydro ti a vi chi ph ph tr mc ti thiu. - Cc l phn ng c xp chng ln nhau (xem hnh H-1.37B) do vy yu cu din tch mt bng lp t t. Chi ph ng ng cng ngh thp; - Gia l phn ng v thit b ti sinh d dng c lp vi nhau, cho php ngng thit b ti sinh bo dng mt cch c lp m khng lm gin on hot ng ca l phn ng (tuy nhin thi gian ngng cng ch gii hn trong thi gian nht nh); - Sn phm kh hydro thu c lin tc v c thnh phn n nh; - Kh nng hot ng mm do hn cho php ti u hot ng phn xng v x l s c d hn m khng cn ngng phn xng. 1.3.3. Cu to thit b v nguyn l hot ng

59

Qu trnh reforming bao gm cc b phn chnh: - Thit b phn ng; - Thit b ti sinh xc tc; - Thit b phn tch v n nh sn phm (bao gm tch kh kh v thp chng luyn) Mc d c nhiu dng thit b reforming khc nhau, tuy nhin trong khun kh gio trnh ny ch trnh by cu to thit b ca cng ngh reforming c h thng ti sinh xc tc lin tc (lp xc tc chuyn ng). V y l cng ngh tin tin c p dng ph bin trn th gii hin nay, mt khc, Vit nam cng ngh ny s c p dng cng ngh ny trong cc Nh my lc ha du. 1.3.3.1.Thit b phn ng B phn thit b phn ng bao gm cc thit b chnh: - L phn ng; - Thit b gia nhit.

Hnh H-1.38. Cu to chung l phn ng (kiu xp chng) a. L phn ng

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L phn ng ca qu trnh reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc c xp chng ln nhau (ty theo nguyn liu m s l phn ng khc nhau, nhng thng thng c t 3 ti 4 l phn ng trong mt phn xng reforming). Theo kt cu ny, xc tc chy t pha trn xung ln lt qua cc l phn ng ri tch ra y l phn ng cui cng ri thu v bnh thu gom xc tc trc khi chuyn ti bnh lu tr v vn chuyn xc tc (Lift Engager). Nguyn liu phn ng c a vo tng l phn ng ni tip nhau, qua mi l phn ng hn hp nguyn liu li c a ra khi l gia nhit b sung (do a s cc phn ng trong qu trnh reforming l phn ng thu nhit). Trong tng l phn ng, nguyn liu v xc tc chuyn ng theo hng cho dng. Cu to chung ca l phn ng xp chng c m t trong hnh H-1.38. Cc l phn ng reforming c cu to tng t nhau vng phn ng ch c khc nhau v th tch thit b do c im ca cc giai on phn ng khc nhau v do yu cu v kt cu. Cc l phn ng u tin c khc bit i cht v kt cu do yu cu np xc tc ban u v thu gom xc tc. Cu to bn trong ca mt l phn ng reforming c m t trong hnh v H-1.39.

Hnh H-1.39 Cu to bn trong l phn ng reforming

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L phn ng reforming l bnh hnh tr, gia l ng trung tm thu hi dng sn phm sau phn ng. St v ngoi ca l phn ng l khe vn chuyn, phn phi nguyn liu i vo vng phn ng. gia ng trung tm v khe phn phi nguyn liu l lp m xc tc chuyn ng lin tc ng thi l vng din ra phn ng khi nguyn liu tip xc vi xc tc. Trong l phn ng xc tc di chuyn t trn xung pha di l phn ng nh trng lc, cn nguyn liu chuyn ng vung gc (hoc cho) vi dng xc tc. Hn hp nguyn liu v sn phm phn ng c thu v ng trung tm ri a ra ngoi gia nhit b sung ri a vo l phn ng k tip. b. Thit b gia nhit

Hnh H-1.40 Thit b trao i nhit nguyn liu hn hp/sn phm phn ng (packinox)Gia nhit cho nguyn liu phn ng gm hai phn: Gia nhit trc khi a vo l phn ng v gia nhit trung gian gia cc cc l phn ng. y ch cp thit b gia nhit trc khi a vo l phn ng v cc l gia nhit trung gian c cu trc tng t nh cc l gia nhit khc c cp cc phn khc ca chng trnh hc. tn dng nhit ca hn hp phn ng c nhit cao i ra t l phn ng cui cng ( nng nhit cho hn hp phn ng), mt thit b trao i nhit c lp t thc hin nhim v ny. Nu s dng cc dng thit b trao i nhit kiu truyn thng (nh ng chm) th yu cu b mt trao i nhit rt ln v thit b trao i nhit chim gi

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khng gian ln nhng hiu sut thu hi nhit khng cao. nng cao hiu sut thu hi nhit nhng vn m bo kch thc thit b khng qu ln mt thit b trao i nhit c bit kiu tm bn c thit k ring cho mc ch ny Hin nay, Nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh ch yu cho qu trnh reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc l UOP (Hoa k) thng a vo s dng thit b gia nhit nguyn liu hn hp (nguyn liu lng v kh) i cng vi bn quyn cng ngh (thng c gi l PACKINOX). V nguyn tc, PACKINOX l thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn kt cu hn. Ton b phn tm bn c t trong v hnh tr. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit hn hp ny c m t trong hnh v H-1.40. Chi tit nguyn l hot ng ca dng thit b dng tm bn s c trnh by trong bi hc khc ca gio trnh ny (Thit b trao i nhit).

Hnh H-1.41- S cu to v hot ng b phn ti sinh xc tc 1.3.3.2. B phn ti sinh xc tc

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Thit b b phn ti sinh xc tc bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: - Thp ti sinh; - Bnh cha v kh xc tc sau sy (Lock Hopper); - Cc thit b ph (bnh tch bi xc tc, cc bnh vn chuyn xc tc). S cu to v nguyn tc hot ng cc thit b chnh ca b phn ti sinh xc tc c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.41. a. Thp ti sinh xc tc Thp ti sinh l thit b trong qu trnh ti sinh chnh ca xc tc din ra: t coke, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc, iu chnh hm lng clo v sy kh xc tc. Tng ng vi cc qu trnh ny thp ti sinh xc tc c phn ra cc vng: - Vng t coke; - Vng oxyclo ha, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v iu chnh hm lng clo. - Vng sy.

Hnh H-1.42 S cu to nguyn l hot ng thp ti sinh xc tc

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Trong s cng ngh ca b phn ti sinh xc tc, thp ti sinh xc tc t ngay sau bnh tch bi xc tc trong thp ny c phn thnh cc vng c chc nng khc nhau nh m t trn. S nguyn l cu to v vn hnh thp ti sinh xc tc c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.42. Ti sinh xc tc l khu vc cn yu cu v an ton vn hnh rt cao do trong khu vc ny ng thi s dng cc loi kh khi kt hp vi nhau d gy chy n (kh hydro v xy, hi hydrocac bon). V vy, thp ti sinh xc vng c s dng kh -xy c cch ly vi cc vng khc bng kh nitt cao p (xem hnh v H-1.42). Vng t coke Cc thng s cng ngh quan trng nht trong vng t coke cn phi c kim sot m bo cht lng xc tc ti sinh l: - Tc tun hon xc tc; - Hm lng xy trong vng t coke; - Hm lng coke bm trn xc tc. Cc thng s cng ngh ny c mi quan h cht ch v nh hng ln nhau trong qu trnh vn hnh. Vic kim sot vng t coke din ra rt quan trng, nu qu trnh t coke xy ra vng oxyclo ho hoc vng sy s gy hu qu xu cho xc tc v thit b. Trong thc t, nhn vin vn hnh ch iu khin c hai thng s cng ngh ca vng t coke l: Tc tun hon xc tc v hm lng xy trong vng t. Xc tc ra khi vng t coke phi c hm lng coke khng ln hn 0,2% khi lng. m bo hiu qu t coke cao th hm lng xy trong vng t coke gi vai tr quan trng. Hm lng xy trong vng t coke c kim sot bng h thng t ng (kt hp gia u o hm lng xy v van x kh). Hm lng kh xy thch hp cho qu trnh t coke vo khong 0,50,8%mol. Hm lng Hxy trong kh t cao s lm nhit vng t cao gy tc hi xu cho xc tc v thit b. Ngc li, nu hm lng xy thp th qu trnh t coke din ra chm hn v coke khng c t hon ton trong vng. Mc d hm lng coke trn xc tc nh hng ti ch vn hnh ca b phn ti sinh xc tc nhng thng s ny ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin vn hnh ca b phn thit b phn ng. Hm lng coke hnh thnh trn b mt xc tc ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Tc np liu, yu cu s octan ca xng sn phm, cht lng nguyn liu, tc tun hon, p sut phn ng v tc tun hon xc tc. Trong khong vn hnh bnh thng ca thit b hm lng coke bm trn xc tc sau l phn ng khong 37%coke.

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Nhit ca vng t coke l thng s quan trng biu th hiu qu qu trnh t coke. Nhit vng t coke ph thuc vo cc yu t: hm lng xy a vo, tc tun hon xc tc, lng coke v tc kh t. Nhit ti a cho php vng t coke vo khong 590 0C. S cu to v nguyn hot ng ca vng t coke trnh by trong hnh v H-1.35. Vng oxyclo ha, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v iu chnh hm lng clo Nh phn tch trn, trong qu trnh phn ng xc tc b mt mt phn hot tnh do coke bm, hin tng kt t kim loi trn xc tc v mt hm lng clo. V vy, cn phi thc hin mt s bin php khi phc hot tnh ca xc tc. Xc tc sau khi qua vng t coke c a ti vng oxyclo ha, phn tn kim loi v iu chnh hm lng clo. Vng ny nm trong thp ti sinh ngay pha di vng t coke. Vng oxyclo ha c nhim v phn tn li cc tm kim loi trn xc tc b dnh kt li trong qu trnh phn ng v hiu chnh hm lng clo trong xc tc. Qu trnh phn tn kim loi v hiu chnh hm lng clo trong xc tc tng i phc tp. C th tm tt s lc qu trnh ny nh sau:

Hnh H-1.43 Cu to nguyn l hot ng vng oxyclo ho v phn tn kim loi Kim loi (Pt) c trn xc tc trc ht b -xy ho bng -xy c mt trong dng kh to thnh lin kt sau c clo ho to thnh lin kt gia Pt-OCl2 v hiu chnh thnh phn clo trong nn xc tc (thnh phn AlCl2). Nh c

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cc lin kt ny m cc phn t Pt c phn tn ra b mt xc tc vi kch thc nh hn. Hm lng Clo trong xc tc sau qu trnh ny cng c hiu chnh ph hp vi yu cu. Tuy nhin, vo cui giai on ny th Platinium kim loi mc d c phn tn nh ra trn b mt ht xc tc nhng vn cn gi lin kt vi cc nguyn t clo, v vy, cn phi tch tip lin kt clo vi Platinium tr v dng kim loi ban u. Cng vic ny s c thc hin vng kh ngoi thp ti sinh. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca vng oxyclo ho c trnh by trong hnh H-1.43 Vng sy l mt phn ca thp ti sinh ngay di vng t coke pha trn c dng hnh cn phn di c dng hnh lng tr, pha ngoi c thit b gia nhit v b phn b sung clo vo dng kh. Kh nng i t vng sy ln c tch ra ngoi thp ti sinh b sung clo v gia nhit ti nhit thch hp cho phn ng -xy ho. Vng sy Nc cng l mt trong nhng tp cht nh hng ti hot tnh ca xc tc, v vy, xc tc cn phi c sy kh trc khi a tun hon tr li l phn ng. Tc nhn sy c s dng l khng kh. Khng kh c a t bn ngoi vo vng sy ca thp ti sinh. Trc khi vo vng sy khng kh c lm kh bng my sy v c gia nhit tng ng lc qu trnh sy. Khng kh sy v dng xc tc chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau trong vng sy. Xc tc chuyn ng t trn xung di tc ng ca lc trng trng, khng kh sy c thi t di ln v c tch ra khi thp ti sinh cui vng sy ri a sang vng oxyclo ho. Vng sy cng l mt b phn trong thp ti sinh, c cu to ngoi hnh tr bn trong phn thnh hai ngn. Ngn cha v phn phi khng kh sy v ngn cha xc tc chuyn ng t vng trn xung. Ngn cha xc tc pha trn c dng hnh cn pha di l mt tr trn. Ngn cha kh sy gm hai vng: vng cha kh trc khi sy v kh sau khi sy. Ngn cha khng kh sy c hai ca, mt ca dn ti vng oxyclo ho, mt ca khc c ni van x ra ngoi mi trng khng kh trong trng hp cn thit nhm iu chnh p sut trong thit b v lu lng kh chuyn sang vng oxyclo ho . S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca vng sy c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.44.

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Hnh H-1.44 Cu to nguyn l hot ng vng sy xc tc b. Bnh cha v kh xc tc sau sy (Lock Hopper) tr Platinium kim loi trn xc tc v trng thi ban u th cn phi tin hnh kh lin kt gia kim loi v clo. kh lin kt ny, trong thc t, ngi ta s dng kh hydro sn c trong phn xng reforming. Kh Hydro tham gia phn ng to ra HCl v H2O tr platinium v dng kim loi t do trn nn ht xc tc. Vng kh kim loi c thc hin phn trn ca bnh cha v kh xc tc sau sy (Lock Hopper). V mt kt cu, bnh cha ny c th t ngay di thp ti sinh (theo thit k c) hoc b tr ngay trn nh ca thit b phn ng (theo thit k mi). S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca vng kh c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.45. Vng kh kim loi trn xc tc l tr trn v kp chia vng kh thnh hai khoang: khoang cha v phn phi kh (kh giu Hydro), khoang cha xc tc. Pha bn ngoi c lp t mt thit b gia nhit kh trc khi i vo vng kh. Trong vng kh, xc tc chy t pha trn xung nh tc dng ca lc trng trng v chnh lch p sut, kh c i t pha di ln, sau khi ra khi vng kh kh c tch ra khi thit b v chuyn ti thit b thu hi. Xc tc i qua vng kh c khi phc hot tnh v c chuyn tng m quay tr li thit b phn ng. Tc tun hon xc tc ph thuc vo ch hot ng ca l phn ng, tnh cht nguyn liu, loi xc tc v yu

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cu cht lng sn phm. Xc tc sau khi ti sinh s c chuyn vo bnh cha v vn chuyn xc tc c cu to c bit (Lift Engager). ng lc ca qu trnh vn chuyn xc tc t thit b ti sinh sang thit b phn ng l kh hydro c p sut cao.

Hnh H-1.45 Cu to nguyn l hot ng vng kh xc tc c. H thng cch ly H thng cch ly c nhim v cch ly mi trng ca thp ti sinh vi mi trng ca cc vng khc trong khu vc ti sinh xc tc. Nguyn nhn cn phi cch ly mi trng ca thp ti sinh vi cc vng khc l mi trng ca thp ti sinh cha kh -xy trong khi cc vng cn li ca b phn ti sinh li cha hydro hoc hydrocacbon. Nu cc mi trng ny tip xc vi nhau s to ra mt nguy ln cho vic hnh thnh hn hp gy chy n m hu qu kh lng ht c. thc hin c mc tiu c lp vng thp ti sinh xc tc, ngi ta s dng kh tr (Nit) cao p v h thng van iu khin to ra mt vng m ngn chn kh nng thm nhp ln vo nhau ca cc mi trng trong b phn ti sinh. Trong b phn ti sinh c hai khu vc cn phi c cch ly: - Vng gia thp ti sinh (Regeneration Tower) v bnh tch bi xc tc (Disangaging Hopper); - Vng gia thp ti sinh (Regeneration Tower) v vng kh (Reduction Zone) ca bnh cha v kh xc tc (Lock Hopper). 1.3.4. Vn hnh

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1.3.4.1 Gii thiu chung Vn hnh thit b l mt trong nhng k nng c bn v quan trng nht i vi hc vin sau khi hon thnh chng trnh o to ngh vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh. Tuy nhin, do c th ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh Vit nam cn cha pht trin, mi quan h gia o to trong Nh trng v cc c s sn xut cn cha c cht ch th k nng vn hnh khng th hon thin ngay trong giai on o to Nh trng m cn phi c rn luyn trong thc t. hc vin c kin thc v vn hnh thit b trong thc t cng nh trong phng th nghim, trong phn ny ca gio trnh gii thiu cc bc c bn khi ng phn xng reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc. Qu trnh khi ng phn xng reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc v c bn gm cc bc sau: - Chun b khi ng; - ui kh v khi ng thp chng ct trong phn xng x l Naphtha (NHT) v thp n nh Debutanizer. Chn khng v ui kh thit b phn ng Chn khng v ui kh b phn ti tip xc kh kh; Nng p sut thit b phn ng v ti tip xc kh kh bng kh hydro; Tun hon kh hydro v si m thit b phn ng Np liu vo l phn ng; t ch hot ng cho thit b phn tch; iu chnh hot ng ca thp chng ct; iu chnh n nh ch vn hnh.

y l nhng bc cng vic c bn, cc bc ny c th tin hnh c lp vi nhau hoc phi tin hnh ng thi. Di y trnh by chi tit ni dung ca cc bc khi ng thit b reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc trong thc t v l mu tham kho cho vn hnh h thng th nghim ln. 1.3.4.2. Cc bc c bn khi ng thit b reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc a. Chun b khi ng khi ng thit b cn phi tin hnh cc cng vic kim tra sau: - Kim tra m bo tt c cc tm bt kn c tho, cc van an ton c lp t kim nh; - Kim tra m bo tt c cc thit b nng lng, ph tr sn sng phc v cho khi ng;

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- Cc thit b o lng iu khin sn sng hot ng; - Cc bm phi c th bng cht lng thch hp trc khi khi ng phn xng - Tin hnh th kn ton b h thng bng khng kh hoc Ni t, nu khng c hin tng r r th gi p sut h thng trong vng 1 gi, nu p sut khng gim qu 2 psig th t yu cu. b. ui kh v khi ng thp chng ct trong phn xng x l Naphtha (NHT) v thp n nh Debutanizer - Tin hnh ui kh trong cc thit b chng ct bng hi. Nu cc thit b ny c th p tnh. Nu thit b cha c th p tnh th cn phi tin hnh ui kh bng kh tr (thng s dng kh ni t) cho ti khi khng cn -xy trong thit b (nh hn 0, 3%); - Tip tc nng p sut hi ti gii hn cho php v an ton ca thit b ng thi tin hnh x kh ra im cao nht ca thit b, tho hi ngng t ra im thp nht ca thit b. Ngng x kh nu khng kh trong thit b ht v nng nhit ca thp ln xp x nhit ca hi. Gim t ngt p sut trong h thng ti p sut ca kh quyn v ui hi ra khi h thng bng kh tr hoc kh nhin liu; - Nu nh h thng c ui kh bng Ni-t th kh Ni-t c a vo im thp nht ca thit b v x kh thi ra im cao nht ca thit b. Tt c ng ng np liu, hi lu,... u phi c ui kh. Qu trnh ui kh tip tc cho ti khi kh x ra t nh thp chng ct v bnh ngng t nh khng cn cha xy; - Trc khi khi ng thp chng ct, cn nng p sut ca thp chng ti gi tr thit k bng kh nhin liu; - Np Naphtha vo thp chng ct ca phn xng NHT (Stripper) ni vi thp chng ct ca phn xng Reforming (b qua cc l phn ng bng cc van cch ly v cc ng ng ring phc v cho khi ng). Khi lng cht lng t ti mc cho php y thp th bt u khi ng thit b gia nhit y. - Tip tc a dng Naphtha vo cc thp chng ct ti chng no lng lng theo thit k. - Bt u cho hi lu sn phm nh khi mc cht lng bnh ngng t nh t mc yu cu; - Kim tra ton b cc my bm v thit b o lng trc khi a nguyn liu vo l phn ng.

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c. Chn khng v ui kh thit b phn ng - ng tt c cc van x kh v van x y trong h thng thit b phn ng. Cch ly bnh Lock Hopper s 1 vi thit b phn ng; - Ni my ht chn khng vi bnh phn tch ca h thng thit b phn ng. - Ht chn khng phn thit b phn ng, chn khng ti thiu t 600mmHg, ng kn cc van ni ti thit b phn ng; - Khi chn khng t c gi tr ln nht, ng van ni vi my ht chn khng v gi h thng di p sut chn khng khong 1 gi. Nu h thng kn, chn khng s khng i hoc bin i rt t sau 1 gi; - Ph v chn khng ca h thng bng kh Ni-t p sut d 0,35Kg/cm2. Kh Ni-t c a vo t u y ca my nn kh tun hon. - Lp li qu trnh ht chn khng v ph chn khng bng kh Ni-t p sut d 0,35Kg/cm2; - Ht chn khng phn thit b phn ng ti thiu t 600mmHg sau gim chn khng xung 0,1Kg/cm2 bng kh hydro. d. Chn khng v ui kh b phn ti tip xc kh kh ng kn ton b cc van x kh v van x y b phn ti tip xc kh kh; - Cch ly ton b b phn ti tip xc vi cc b phn khc, cc thit b o lng v my nn cng c cch ly; - Ni h thng vi my ht chn khng cho ti khi chn khng h thng t 600mmHg, ng van ni vi my ht chn khng, gi h thng di p sut chn khng ny khong 1 gi; - Ph v chn khng h thng bng Ni-t, nng p sut ti p sut d 0,35Kg/cm2. Tt c cc ng ng ni cng cn phi c ui bng kh Ni t. - Lp li qu trnh ht chn khng v ph chn khng bng kh Ni-t ti p sut d 0,35Kg/cm2; - Ht chn khng h thng ln th ba v ph v chn khng bng kh hydro tng t nh i vi b phn thit b phn ng; - M cc van v h thng cch ly ni b phn thit b phn ng vi b phn ti tip xc kh kh; - M thng tt c cc ng ni ca cc dng c o lng, iu khin b phn thit b phn ng v b phn ti tip xc; e. Nng p sut thit b phn ng v ti tip xc kh kh bng kh hydro

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- Nng t t p sut ca h thng thit b phn ng v ti tip xc kh kh ln 7,0Kg/cm2 tng ng p sut lm vic ca h thng hoc p sut ring phn ti thiu ca hydro. - Khi p sut h thng tng ln tin hnh kim tra kn h thng mt ln na. f. Tun hon kh hydro v si m thit b phn ng - Trc ht phi kim tra m bo my nn kh tun hon c ui kh bng Ni-t v sau bng hydro; - M van thch hp ui kh ti vng kh ca thit b ti sinh v bnh thu gom xc tc; - Kim tra my nn, bnh phn tch sn phm; - Khi ng my nn kh tun hon theo hng dn vn hnh ca Nh sn xut; - Dng kh tun hon thi qua thit b gia nhit nguyn liu, cc l gia nhit trung gian theo iu kin hot ng thc, khi ng cc u t nng nhit ca l phn ng ln 3700C vi tc khong 300C/gi ng thi khi ng cc my nn kh kh ( b phn ti tip xc) theo s tay hng dn vn hnh ca nh ch to; g. Np liu vo l phn ng - Kim tra nguyn liu m bo ph hp vi nguyn liu thit k v kh nng ca thit b phn ng; - Khi ng h thng cp nguyn liu t b cha vo b phn phn ng; - Khi nhit vo l phn ng t 3700C bt u np nguyn liu vo l phn ng lu lng bng 1/2 lu lng thit k. Ngng dng tun hon nguyn liu qua b phn chng ct (b qua thit b phn ng); - iu chnh l gia nhit duy tr nhit vo cc l phn ng trong khong 370-4000C cho ti khi bnh phn tch sn phm bt u hot ng bnh thng; - iu chnh tc np liu nhanh chng t c tc th tch (LHSV) t ti thiu l 0,75 h-1; - iu khin m bo t l phn mol hydro/hydrocacbon khng di mc thit k trong qu trnh np nguyn liu vo l phn ng, t l ny s c duy tr khi kh hydro bt u to ra v p sut ca h thng c n nh; h. t ch hot ng cho thit b phn tch - Khi sn phm phn ng ngng t t ti mc thch hp trong bnh phn tch sn phm bt u khi ng bm y thit b phn tch, khi ng cc thit b o lng iu khin mc bnh phn tch;

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- Khi hot ng ca cc thit b phn tch c thit lp hot ng bnh thng th c th tng nhit ca nguyn liu vo l phn ng ln; - Trong qu trnh tng nhit nguyn liu vo l phn ng c th tng tc np liu theo bc hai gi mt ln ti tc np liu thit k; i. iu chnh hot ng ca thp chng ct - Ngay khi dng hydrocacbon ti b phn chng ct, bt u khi ng hot ng ca thp chng. Thp chng lc ny c si m v ch hi lu 100% sn phm nh, v vy, cng vic cn phi lm iu chnh ch hot ng ca thp l hiu chnh dng hi lu v cng sut thit b gia nhit y. - Kim tra m bo sn phm phn ng khng quay vng li thit b phn ng; iu chnh n nh ch vn hnh - Nu nguyn liu dng khi ng phn xng khng p ng tiu chun theo thit k cn phi c thay th ngay bng nguyn liu khc p ng yu cu; - Khi m ca kh tun hon di 200pmm phn mol, H2S di 2pmm khi lng v hm lng lu hunh trong nguyn liu nh hn 0,5ppm khi lng th c th tng nhit vo thit b phn ng ln ti khong 4930C; - Ti nhit vo thit b phn ng gi tr 4930C, kim tra s thay i ch s octane so vi bin thin ca nhit . Hiu chnh lng hp cht clo b sung, nhit phn ng, m bo bin thin ca ch s octan t yu cu t ra; - Khi m ca kh tun hon nh hn 20pmm phn mol cn b sung nc vo nguyn liu duy tr hm lng nc thch hp trong kh tun hon. - iu chnh cc thng s cng ngh v gi tr thit k n nh hot ng ca ton b h thng. 1.3.5. Cu hi 1. 2. 3. 4. Thit b reforming xc tc vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc thuc dng thit b phn ng kiu g? Mc ch ngha ca qu trnh reforming trong ngnh cng nghp ch bin du kh. Trnh by nguyn liu, xc tc v sn phm qu trnh reforming xc tc. Trnh by cc nguyn nhn lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc reforming v cc gii php ti sinh.

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5. 6. 7. 8.

Trnh by cc dng thit b reorming, u im ca qu trnh reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc. Cc thit b chnh trong qu trnh reforming xc tc lin tc, vai tr ca cc thit b. Trnh by s cng ngh b phn thit b phn ng. Trnh by s cng ngh b phn ti sinh xc tc.

9. Trnh by s cng ngh b phn ti tip xc kh kh. 10. Trnh by s nguyn l cu to v hot ng l phn ng. 11. Trnh by nguyn l cu to thp ti sinh xc tc. 12. Trnh by nguyn l cu to v hot ng bnh cha v kh xc tc. 13. Trnh by l do cn phi cch ly mi trng thp ti sinh vi cc mi trng ca cc b phn khc trong phn xng reforming. 1.4. CC THIT B PHN NG KHC 1.4.1. Gii thiu chung Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, ngoi hai dng thit b phn ng c cp (thit b phn ng c lp xc tc chuyn ng v thit b phn ng tng si) c vai tr quan trng i vi qu trnh ch bin nng cao gi tr sn phm cn c cc dng thit b phn ng khc na nh thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh, thit b phn ng c bit (ch yu trong lnh vc ha du) cng ng vai tr rt quan trng v c s dng tng i rng ri. Cc thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh c s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh m tiu biu l cc thit b Isome ho, x l bng hydro nh: Qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro (NHT); phn xng x l GO bng hydro (GOHDT), phn xng x l LCO bng hydro (LCOHDT), phn xng x l phn on chng ct chn khng bng hydro (VDO-HDT),... Cc thit b phn ng c cu to c bit nh thit b phn ng qu trnh tng hp polypropylene, PET,... Trong khun kh ca bi hc, cc dng thit b phn ng ny s ch cp mc khi qut m khng qu i vo chi tit v c nhiu dng c th ring bit khng th gii thiu ht c. Mt s thit b c bit s c gii thiu mt phn bi hc khc (cc thit b x l). 1.4.2. Thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh 1.4.2.1. Gii thiu Thit b phn ng kiu lp xc tc c nh l mt bnh phn ng trong c cha cc ht xc tc rn trn mt lp m c nh. Thng thng, dng thit b phn ng ny s dng xc tc c kch thc khng ng nht, pha

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phn ng l dng kh hoc dng lng (khng cha thnh phn ng pha vi xc tc). Dng thit b phn ng lp xc tc c nh c u im l c cu to n gin, d dng bo dng, ti sinh xc tc. Tuy nhin, thit b phn ng dng ny cng c mt s nhc im l: iu kin phn ng khng n nh theo thi gian do xc tc b mt hot tnh dn trong qu trnh hot ng, tn tht p sut ca dng chy qua lp xc tc ln, hot ng ca thit b khng lin tc (thit b phi dng hot ng khi ti sinh xc tc). khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta s dng thit b phn ng c nhiu lp xc tc hoc nhiu thit b hot ng song song nhau khng phi dng hot ng ca h thng khi mt thit b phn ng ngng ti sinh xc tc. Kiu b tr mi ny cho php gi iu kin phn ng tng i n nh mc chp nhn c ng thi vn m bo kt cu thit b n gin. 1.4.2.2. Qu trnh cng ngh s dng l phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh a. Cc cng ngh s dng thit b phn ng lp m xc tc c nh Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, phn ln cc qu trnh x l bng hydro u c s cng ngh tng i ging nhau v u s dng thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh. C th lit k mt lot cc qu trnh x l bng hydro s dng thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh: Qu trnh x l Naphtha (NHT), x l phn on Gas Oil (GO- HDT), x l du diesel cracking (LCO-HDT), x l xng cracking (FCC NHT),... Ngoi qu trnh x l s dng thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nh Isome ha, hydrocracking, reforming ti sinh xc tc bn lin tc... cng s dng thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh. a s cc qu trnh s dng thit b phn ng lp xc tc c nh trong cng nghip lc ha du c s cng ngh n gin ho nh m t hnh v H-1.46.

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Hnh H-1.46. S cng ngh thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh Theo s cng ngh ny, h thng bao gm cc hng mc thit b chnh sau: - L phn ng lp m xc tc c nh; - L gia nhit nguyn liu trc khi vo l phn ng; - Thit bi phn tch cao p; - Thit b chng ct n nh sn phm v tch cc phn on; - My nn kh tun hon. Ty theo cng ngh c th m cc thit b phn ng c khc nhau i cht v loi xc tc s dng trong l phn ng, kt cu c kh v cu to ca phn thp tch. Cc qu trnh c s cng ngh nh m t hnh H-1.46 l cc qu trnh isome ha, reforming (ti sinh xc tc bn lin tc), qu trnh hydrocracking v cc qu trnh x l bng hydro nh: qu trnh x l Naphtha (NHT), x l phn on Gas Oil (GO- HDT), x l du diesel cracking (LCOHDT), x l xng cracking (FCC NHT),... b. Cu to chung thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh Thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh trong thc t c kch thc, kt cu c kh khc nhau. Tuy nhin, tt c u c c im cu to chung nh trong hnh v H-1.47. Cc l phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh thng c dng hnh tr, mt trong c ph mt lp hp kim c bit c kh nng chu nhit v chng li c mi trng phn ng khc nghit. Lp ph ny cho php ngn cch v ca l phn ng tip xc trc tip vi mi trng phn ng tng tui th ca thit b v gim chiu dy ca thit b. Cc phn kim loi tip xc vi mi trng

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nhit cao c mt ca hydro s c ch to bng cc hp kim chu c nhit v hin tng gy gin kim loi ca hydro. u vo ca l phn ng c b phn phn phi nguyn liu trc khi qua lp m xc tc nhm tn dng ti a th tch hu ch ca xc tc, trnh to ra cc "vng cht" trong thit b. C nhiu phng php phn phi nguyn liu ty theo tng cng ngh c th v trng thi pha ca nguyn liu. H thng phn phi nguyn liu ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tng thi gian lu trong thit b phn ng v gim c tn tht p sut ca dng phn ng khi i qua lp m. kim sot v iu khin nhit ca qu trnh phn ng v qu trnh ti sinh xc tc, trong lp m xc tc ngi ta b tr mt s u o nhit , s lng u o ph thuc vo tng cng ngh v iu kin c th.

Hnh h-1.47. Cu to chung thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh gi lp xc tc trn m n nh, thng thng lp di cng v mt trn cng ca lp m xc tc ngi ta xp lp m bng gm (ceramic). Lp m ny c chc nng chnh l gi n nh xc tc trong lp m, tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp n cng c thit k ng vai tr nh l mt h thng phn phi dng chy ca hn hp phn ng qua lp m. 1.4.2.3. Mt s qu trnh in hnh

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Nh phn tch, trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, nhiu qu trnh cng ngh tng i quan trng u s dng thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh. Tuy nhin, do s qu trnh cng ngh s dng dng thit b ny tng i nhiu v cu to thit b khng qu phc tp nn trong phm vi ca gio trnh ny s ch cp n mt s qu trnh in hnh s dng thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh. a. Qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro Mc ch Naphtha l nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming v ng phn ho. Qu trnh reforming xc tc, ng phn ho naphtha nh (isome ho) ny yu cu nguyn liu c sch tng i cao trnh lm ng c xc tc. V vy, nguyn liu phi c x l trc khi chuyn vo thit b phn ng cc qu trnh reforming v isome ha. Qu trnh cng ngh Naphtha t phn xng chng ct p sut thng (CDU) sau khi c n nh s chuyn sang phn xng x l bng hydro lm sch cc tp cht c hi cho xc tc. i vi Nh my lc du c lp t ng thi c hai phn xng reforming v ng phn ho Naphtha nh th phn on Naphtha sau khi x l c tch ra lm hai phn on Naphtha nng v Naphtha nh. Naphtha nh c chuyn ti phn xng ng phn ho Naphtha nh (Isomer) cn Naphtha nng c chuyn ti phn xng reforming (CCR). Trong phn ny ca gio trnh ch cp phm vi hp cng ngh x l Naphtha bng hydro, nguyn tc c bn ca qu trnh x l bng hydro s c trnh by chi tit hn trong bi hc khc ca m un ny. Nguyn liu Naphtha t phn xng chng ct p sut thng, v v,y qu trnh x l hydro ch yu l loi cc tp cht lu hunh, hp cht ni-t v hp cht -xy cha trong Naphtha m khng c chc nng lm no ha nguyn liu. Nguyn liu t b cha hoc t phn xng CDU c a vo b cha nguyn liu. Bnh nguyn liu c chc nng n nh dng v tch nt phn on nh cn ko theo. Nguyn liu sau c trn vi dng kh hydro (gm c kh tun hon v mi b sung) c gia nhit ti nhit thch hp trc khi a vo l phn ng. Hn hp sn phm sau l phn ng c lm mt ri a vo bnh phn tch. Ti bnh phn tch, phn hydrocacbon lng c ly ra y bnh ri a sang thp sc, kh kh (cha hydro) c my nn tun hon tr li l phn ng cng nguyn liu mi. Kh hydro phc v cho phn

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ng c ly t phn xng reforming. Sn phm Naphtha a vo thp sc tch ra hydrocacbon nh (LPG). Phn on Naphtha c ly ra y thp ri a tip sang thp chng ct khc tch thnh phn on Naphtha nh v nng. Cc phn ng chnh din ra trong l phn ng l: - Phn ng kh cc hp cht lu hunh: Kh mercaptan: RSH + H2 RH + H2S Kh sulfides: R2S + H2 2RH + H2S - Phn ng kh cc hp cht Ni-t: Kh Pyridine: C5H5N + 5H2 C5H12 + NH3 - Kh hp cht -xy: Kh peoxides: C7H13OOH + 3H2 C7H16 + H2O S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro c m t trong hnh v H-1.48. Thit b chnh Qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro bao gm cc phn thit b chnh sau: - B phn Thit b phn ng (vi kiu c lp m xc tc c nh). - B phn phn tch v n nh sn phm. - Cc thit b ph. B phn Thit b phn ng bao gm: bnh cha nguyn liu, l phn ng, gia nhit. B phn tch sn phm bao gm cc thit b chnh: Bnh tch, thp sc tch cc hydrocacbon nh (C4-) ra khi Naphtha. Cc thit b ph bao gm: My nn tun hon, cc thit b trao i nhit, bm.

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c. Qu trnh Isome ho Mc ch Naphtha nh l mt phn on chng ct du th p sut kh quyn (C 582 C) c ch s octan rt thp (khong 58-65 RON), hm lng benzene tng i ln. Trc y, Naphtha nh c s dng pha xng m khng cn phi ch bin tip. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y khi nhu cu v xng cht lng cao l rt ln vi hm lng benzen trong xng yu cu ngy cng thp th vn ch bin Naphtha nh bng cng ngh isome ho c t ra cng ln. Trong cn bng vt cht tng th mt Nh my lc du, nu khng ch bin phn on Naphtha nh th t l xng c tr s octan cao rt thp v hm lng benzene trong xng tng i cao do khng p ng c yu cu ca th trng. Qu trnh ng phn ha Naphtha nh (isome ha) cho php nng cao cht lng ca xng v do nng cao hiu qu kinh t. Qu trnh cng ngh Qu trnh isome ha l qu trnh cng ngh nhm chuyn cc hydrocacbon dng paraffins mch thng thnh cc paraffins mch nhnh c tr s octan cao hn. Ngoi ra, qu trnh isome ha cn chuyn ha cc hp cht c hi vi mi trng, sc khe con ngi nh aromactics, benzen thnh cc dng hydrocacbon khc khng c hi. c bit, vi cc Nh my lc du khng u t phn xng thu hi, x l benzen trong xng nu khng u t phn xng isome ha th kh c th gim hm lng benzen trong xng (thng phm) xung di 1% th tch trong iu kin ch pha trn xng bng cc cu t ni ti trong nh my. S cng ngh ca qu trnh isome ho c a ra hnh v H-1.49. M t qu trnh Naphtha nh sau khi c loi b tp cht (ti phn xng x l bng hydro) c cht lng a ti phn xng isome ha. Nguyn liu c sy kh loi nc (hm lng nc trong nguyn liu yu cu <0,00001% khi lng). Nguyn liu sau c trn vi dng kh hydro tun hon v mt phn b sung t phn xng reforming (kh hydro trc khi trn vi nguyn liu cng c sy loi nc). Hn hp nguyn liu c gia nhit bng cc thit b trao i nhit tn dng nhit cao ca sn phm phn ng v sau c gia nhit tip bng l gia nhit (s dng hi trung p) ti nhit thch hp cho phn ng (nhit phn ng thch hp trong khong 952050C). gi hot tnh v tnh chn lc ca xc tc, mt lng hn hp clo hu c lin tc c trn vo nguyn liu trc khi vo l phn ng.
0

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Qu trnh isome ho s dng hai l phn ng ni tip nhau khng tun hon hn hp phn ng v kh hydro (LeadLag Reactor). Hn hp ra khi l phn ng c qua mt dy cc thit b trao i nhit tn dng nhit cao ca hn hp phn ng gia nhit cho nguyn liu. Sn phm phn ng sau a sang thp n nh (Stabilizer) tch cc khi hydrocacbon nh (C1C4), hydro v HCl ra khi sn phm nh thp v a i x l tip bng dung dch kim. Dng sn phm n nh tch ra y thp ri c a ti thp tch nhexan (De-Isohexanizer). Ti thp De-Isohexanizer, thnh phn n-hexan c tr s octan thp (26 RONC) c tch ra gia thp cho quay li l phn ng ch bin tip, cc thnh phn cn li c tch ra y v nh thp ri ho trn vi nhau thnh sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh isome ho. Nguyn liu Nguyn liu ca qu trnh isome ho l phn on Naphtha nh (C 5-820C) thnh phn ch yu l hydrocacbon C5/C6 v mt lng nh butan, n-C7. Tnh cht c trng, thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu v sn phm tng ng thu c ca qu trnh isome ho c trnh by tm tt trong bng 1-1 di y. Bng 1-2. Thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu v sn phm qu trnh isome ho Cc cu t Iso-pentane Normal pentane 2,2-Dimethybutane 2,3-Dimethybutane 2-Methypentane 3-Methypentane Normal hexane Tng Xc tc Xc tc s dng cho cng ngh isome ho hin nay c nhiu loi, tuy nhin, loi xc tc s dng ph bin hin nay l xc tc Platinium (Pt) vi cht mang khc nhau (cht mang c th l mt s loi -xyt kim loi, zeolit). Xc tc cho qu trnh isome ho c th ti sinh c, tui th xc tc khong 3-4 nm hoc hn ty thuc vo loi xc tc. a s cc loi xc tc ang s dng hin Hm lng trong nguyn liu (% khi lng) 22 33 1 2 12 10 20 100 Hm lng trong sn phm (% khi lng) 41 12 15 5 15 7 5 100

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nay cn b sung mt lng nh clo duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc. Trong mi trng phn ng, clo s chuyn ho thnh HCl, chnh v vy, nguyn liu cn phi c loi b nc v cc hp cht -xy nhm hn ch hin tng n mn thit b v ph hu xc tc. Phn ng Qu trnh isome ho xy ra cc phn ng chuyn ho cc paraffins mch thng thnh cc paraffins mch nhnh, chuyn ho cc hp cht Benzen, Aromactics thnh cc dng hydrocacbon khc. Cc phn ng chnh ca qu trnh isome ho c th c tm tt nh sau: Phn ng isome ho: n-Pentane i-Pentane (62 RONC) n-Hecxane (26 RONC) (92 RONC) 2,2-Dimethybutane v 2,3-Dimethybutane (96 RONC) (84 RONC) n-Hecxane

Phn ng kh Benzen v Aromactics: Benzen c-Hecxane methyl-cyclo-Pentane

(120 RONC) (84 RONC) (96 RONC) (26 RONC) Cc phn ng trn u l cc phn ng to nhit, sn phm ph thuc vo iu kin cn bng nhit ng. iu kin nhit thp thch hp cho to ra cc sn phm mong mun. Ngoi cc phn ng chnh k trn, trong l phn ng cn xy ra mt s phn ng cracking to ra cc sn phm kh lm gim hiu sut thu hi sn phm chnh. Do cc phn ng cracking nn dn n hin tng to coke trn b mt xc tc, khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta to mi trng hydro trong l phn ng. Trong thc t iu kin cng ngh thch hp cho qu trnh isome ho (vi cc xc tc thng dng hin nay) nh sau: Nhit phn ng trong khong 952050C, p sut 1734Kg/cm2, t l phn mol hydro/hydrocacbon 0,05:1, vn tc th tch (LHSV) trong khong 12h-1. Sn phm v ng dng Tnh cht sn phm ca qu trnh isome ho ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: tnh cht nguyn liu ban u, loi xc tc v thi gian s dng, vn tc th tch (LHSV), nhit v p sut phn ng. Phn on pentane trong sn phm isomerate c khong 75-80% khi lng iso-pentane, phn on hexane c khong 86-90% khi lng iso-hexane. Vi s cng ngh khng tch v quay vng n-paraffins (n-pentane v n-hexane) th tr s octane t khong 8284 RON, nu c n-pentane v n-hexane c tch v cho quay vng li l phn

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ng th tr s octane ca sn phm c th t ti 87- 93 RON. Sn phm isomerate khng cn cha benzen, olefins v aromactics v vy l cu t pha xng l tng. Vi thnh phn Isomerate c c, Nh my lc du c th t pha c xng cht lng cao m khng cn phi nhp cu t t bn ngoi. Tnh cht c bn sn phm qu trnh isome c a ra bng 1-2 di y: Bng 1-3 Tnh cht sn phm qu trnh isome ho TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thit b S nguyn l hot ng v cu to thit b qu trnh isome ho c a ra trong hnh v H-1.49. Theo s nay qu trnh isome ho gm cc thit b chnh sau: - B phn thit b phn ng; - B phn n nh sn phm thu gom x l kh; - B phn phn tch cc cu t; - Cc thit b ph. B phn thit b phn ng gm cc thit b chnh sau: Hai l phn ng kiu m xc tc c nh t ni tip nhau, cc thit b trao i nhit. B phn n nh sn phm thu gom x l kh bao gm mt thp n nh (Stabilizer) tch cc cu t nh (C4-) ra khi sn phm v thp x l kh nh bng kim. B phn thit b ph khc nh my sy nguyn liu, my sy hydro,... d. Qu trnh x l phn on chng ct trung bnh (Gas Oil/Light Cycle Oil) bng hydro Mc ch Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, yu cu v cht lng nhin liu trong c diesel ngy cao. Hm lng cc cht c hi i vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng (Aromactics, lu hunh, hp cht Ni-t, Olefins) trong nhin liu diesel c quy nh trong cc tiu chun cht lng ngy cng gim, thm ch vi mt s quc gia tin ti sn phm khng cn lu hunh (Sulfur free). Tuy nhin, a s du th hin nay u cha hm lng cc tp cht ln (c bit l C5+ T trng Aromactics Benzen Olefins Sulfur (max) p sut hi bo ho (C5+) Tnh cht n v o RON % TT lng % TT lng % TT lng ppm Kg/cm2 Gi tr 82-93 0,65-0,66 0 0 0 1 0,75-0, 83

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lu hunh), v vy, cc phn on nhn c sau cc qu trnh ch bin pha trn Diesel u cha nhiu tp cht. Cc tp cht ny cn phi c loi b sn xut c Diesel thng phm p ng c yu cu ca th trng. Mc ch ca qu trnh x l phn on chng ct trung bnh (Middle Distillate) l loi b cc tp cht c hi (hp cht lu hunh, hp cht ni-t, hp cht cha -xy), v no ho cc olefins lm cho sn phm c n nh mu v n nh xy ho tt hn. Nguyn liu sau khi c x l s l cu t tt pha Diesel cht lng cao. Qu trnh cng ngh V nguyn l, qu trnh x l phn on chng ct trung bnh tng t nh qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro. Tuy nhin, do qu trnh x l phn on trung bnh c nhiu thnh phn l sn phm ca qu trnh cracking cha nhiu olefins, v vy, ngoi chc nng loi cc tp cht c hi, qu trnh x l phn on trung bnh bng hydro cn phi bo ho olefins tng n nh -xy ho. S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l phn on trung bnh c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.50 M t qu trnh Nguyn liu t b cha hoc a trc tip t cc phn xng CDU, VDU v FCC ti bnh cha nguyn liu ca phn xng x l phn on trung bnh bng hydro (sau y gi tt l GO-HDT). Bnh cha nguyn liu c chc nng n nh dng chy tch mt s tp cht ko theo. Nguyn liu t bnh cha sau c bm ti b phn thit b phn ng. Ti b phn ny, nguyn liu c trn vi dng kh hydro ri a qua cc thit b trao i nhit nng nhit ca nguyn liu ti gi tr thch hp trc khi a vo l phn ng. Hn hp sn phm sau khi i ra khi l phn ng c trao i vi dng nguyn liu c nhit thp lm ngui sn phm v tng nhit ca nguyn liu. Dng sn phm phn ng sau c a ti thit b phn tch cao p nng. Ti thit b tch cao p, hydrocacbon lng c tch ra y bnh ri a ti thp chng ct, kh hydrocacbon, hydro v mt s tp cht c tch ra nh sau c lm mt, ngng t mt phn ri a ti bnh tch ngui. Ti bnh tch ngui hydrocacbon ngng t c a ti thp chng ct, kh khng ngng c my nn tun hon tr li l phn ng cng nguyn liu. Nguyn liu Nguyn liu ca qu trnh x l GO/LCO l phn on chng ct trung bnh t cc phn xng chng ct p sut kh quyn (bao gm phn on nng v

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nh), phn xng chng ct p sut chn khng v phn on du nh tun hon (Light Cycle Oil) ca qu trnh cracking xc tc cn. Xc tc Xc tc cho qu trnh x l bng hydro rt a dng ty theo dng nguyn liu v mc ch qu trnh. Nhn chung, xc tc cho qu trnh x l bng hydro l cc kim loi Cobalt (Co), Molybdenum (Mo), Nikel (Ni) Vnphram (W), trn nn cht mang -xit nhm v cc loi xt kim loi. Xc tc c s dng ph bin nht hin nay cho qu trnh x l GO l xc tc Ni-Mo/Al2O3 v CoMo/Al2O3 do cc xc tc ny chng t c chn lc cao, d ti sinh v kh nng chu cc cht gy ng c xc tc cao. Nu mc ch loi b hp cht Ni-t v no ho cc olefins l chnh th xc tc gm cc thnh phn Ni-Mo-Co/Al2O3 hoc Ni-Mo/Al2O3 c hiu qu cao hn, ngc li khi mc ch loi b lu hunh l chnh th s dng xc tc CoMo/Al2O3 thch hp hn v gim lng hydro tiu th. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng tt c cc loi xc tc ny u c kh nng loi b cc hp cht lu hunh v Ni-t. Ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu ban u v mc ch qu trnh m loi xc tc c th c s dng. Ngoi thnh phn ca xc tc, cu trc ca xc tc cng nh hng ln ti hot tnh ca xc tc. Xc tc cho qu trnh x l GO/LO c s dng ph bin hin nay c tui th trung bnh khong 56 nm v sau 23 nm vn hnh cn phi c ti sinh. Vic ti sinh xc tc c th tin hnh ti ch hoc chuyn ti thit b ti sinh xc tc chuyn dng. Phn ng Tng t nh qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro, qu trnh x l GO bao gm cc qu trnh kh cc hp cht lu hunh, ni-t, hp cht cha xy v no ha olefins. Cc qu trnh ny c thc hin qua cc phn ng chnh sau: - Phn ng kh cc hp cht lu hunh: Kh mercaptan: R-SH + H2 R-H + H2S Kh sulfides: R-S-R + H2 R-H-R + H2S Kh disulfides: R-S-S-R + 3H2 R-H + R-H + 2H2S - Phn ng kh cc hp cht Ni-t: Kh Pyridine: C5H5N + 5H2 C5H12 + NH3 Kh hp cht -xy: Kh hp cht -xy (peoxides): C7H13OOH + 3H2 C7H16 + H2O Phn ng bo ho cc Olefins (no ho): Bo ho Olefins: RCH=CHR + H2 R CH2=CH2R

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Bo ho Diolefins: RCH=CHCH=CHR + 2H2 RCH2CH2CH2CH2R Kh cc hp cht Halogen: RCl + H2 RH + HCl

Ngoi cc phn ng chnh trn qu trnh x l phn on GO bng hydro cn xy ra phn ng cracking cc hydrocacbon nng theo phn ng: R R + H2 R H + R H iu kin cng ngh thch hp cho qu trnh x l GO bng hydro l: nhit trong khong 3303700C; p sut tin hnh trong khong 6075Kg/cm2, tc th tch dng (LHSV) trong khong 24h-1. Tnh cht sn phm v ng dng Sn phm ca qu trnh x l GO/LCO l phn on chng ct trung bnh c cht lng tt pha trn Diesel thng phm cao cp. Phn on ny sau khi c x l bng hydro loi b c cc tp cht c hi cho sc kho v mi trng (hp cht lu hunh, Ni-t v cc hp cht cha -xy), cc Olefins v Aromactics c bo ho. Do vy, sn phm Diesel c pha trn bng phn on ny ngoi vic p ng c cc ch tiu quan trng khc cn m bo c n nh mu, n nh -xy ho cao trong qu trnh tng tr, vn chuyn. Hm lng lu hunh trong sn phm sau x l c th t di 10ppm khi lng, hm lng Ni-t c th t di 150ppm khi lng Thit b Qu trnh x l GO/LCO bng hydro c cha thnh hai b phn chnh: - B phn thit b phn ng; - B phn n nh v phn tch sn phm B phn phn ng bao gm: Bnh cha nguyn liu, l gia nhit nguyn liu, l phn ng, bnh phn tch cao p v thp p, my nn kh tun hon v cc thit b trao i nhit. B phn n nh v phn tch sn phm bao gm: thp chng ct tch hydroccbon nh ra nh v GO ra y thp. GO y thp cn cha nc v vy n c em i sy chn khng tch nc (Phn thit b sy khng trnh by trong s ).

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1.4.3. Cc thit b phn ng c bit Ngoi cc dng thit b phn ng c nguyn l hot ng, cu to in hnh nh trnh by trong cc phn trn th trong cng nghip ch bin du kh cn c cc dng thit b c bit nhiu khi ch p dng duy nht cho mt cng ngh hay mt qu trnh. i vi cc dng thit b ny, hc vin s c o to ring chuyn su khi tham gia vn hnh cc thit b ny trong thc t. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny ch gii thiu khi mt s dng thit b phn ng tng i ph bin trong cng nghip ch bin hin nay. 1.4.3.1. Thit b phn ng kiu lp mng (Film reactor) Thit b phn ng kiu lp mng p dng cho qu trnh m hn hp tham gia phn ng u trng thi lng, cc cht lng ny c sc cng b mt khc nhau, kh nng ha tan vo nhau thp. Thit b ny c pht trin xut pht t quan im hiu sut phn ng qu trnh s cao hn nu hn hp phn ng c trn u hn.

Hnh H-1.51 Hnh nh thit b phn ng kiu mng trn u hn hp phn ng, mt cht tham gia phn ng c rt chy u trn mt b cc si kim loi song song. Cht lng chy trn tng si kim loi ny thnh mt lp rt mng. Cht tham gia phn ng khc cng c a vo thit b phn ng v chy pha ngoi ca lp cht lng to ra ban u. Trong qu trnh chy t trn xung di dc theo si kim loi, hai lp cht lng ny tip xc vi nhau ti mt phn pha. B mt tip xc ny lun thay i do hai cht lng c tc khc nhau. B mt tip xc ca hai cht lng tham gia phn ng lin tc c thay i, nh vy, qu trnh phn ng din ra vi tc v hiu sut cao hn. Khi cc cht lng chy xung ht chiu di ca b si kim loi th hn hp phn ng s c a sang bnh phn tch. Ti bnh phn

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tch, cc cht lng phn thnh hai lp khc nhau v a ra ngoi theo cc ng khc nhau. Dng thit b phn ng ny c s dng ch yu trong qu trnh x l sn phm bng kim kh thnh phn lu hunh trong cc sn phm kh ha lng, xng, nhin liu phn lc. Bn quyn cng ngh cho dng thit b phn ng ny l ca Cng ty Merichem (Hoa k). Chi tit cu to dang thit b c trnh by chi tit ti bi hc khc (Thit b x l lm sch sn phm) ca gio trnh ny. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b phn ng kiu mng c trnh by trong cc hnh v H-1.51 v H-1.52.

Hnh H-1.52. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b phn ng kiu mng 1.4.3.2. Mt s dng thit b phn ng khc Cc dng thit b phn ng c bit ch p dng ring bit cho tng cng ngh c th. Trong lnh vc ho du thm ch mt qu trnh cng ngh nhng mi nh bn quyn li p dng kiu thit b phn ng khc nhau. a. Thit b phn ng kiu ng Mt s thit b phn ng kiu ng vi b khuy trn thu lc (dng bm khuy tun hon) nng cao kh nng trn hn hp phn ng v kh nng trao i nhit. Dng thit b ny thng dng cho cc phn ng d pha, phn ng to nhit ln. Mt s cng ngh ho du p dng kiu thit b phn ng ny nh qu trnh tng hp polypropylene,... Thit b phn ng kiu ng c u im v mt trao i nhit nhng chim nhiu khng gian hn so vi l phn ng c cng th tch. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca mt l phn ng kiu ng c a ra trong hnh v H-1.53. y l s cng ngh p dng trong qu trnh tng hp polypropylene.

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Hnh H-1.53 Thit b phn ng khuy trn kiu ng b. Thit b phn ng kiu nm ngang c thit b khuy. Thit b ny thch hp cho qu trnh phn ng d pha c s tham gia ca pha rn. Trong qua trnh phn ng, cc ht rn d b lng ng xung, v vy cn phi c s khuy trn lin tc m bo s tip xc tt gia cc pha tham gia phn ng. Thit b phn ng kiu ny thch hp cho qu trnh phn ng c nht cao, hot ng lin tc.

Hnh H-1.54 Thit b phn ng khuy trn kiu nm ngang 1.5. CU HI V BI TP 1. Trnh by tm tt vai tr ca thit b phn ng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh.

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2.

Cc dng thit b phn ng c bn s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh v k tn mt s cng ngh in hnh c p dng dng thit b ny.

3.

Trnh by cu to nguyn l hot ng ca thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh, nu mt s ng dng c th ca dng thit b phn ng ny trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Trnh by s cng ngh qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro s dng l phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh. Trnh by cc thit b chnh trong cng ngh x l Naphtha bng hydro. Trnh by tnh cht nguyn liu v ng dng sn phm qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro. Trnh by cc phn ng chnh din ra trong qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro, iu kin ch cng ngh thch hp trong l phn ng. Trnh by s cng ngh qu trnh Isome ho s dng l phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh. Trnh by cc thit b chnh trong cng ngh Isome ho.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. Trnh by tnh cht nguyn liu, xc tc v ng dng sn phm qu trnh Isome ho. 11. Trnh by cc phn ng chnh din ra trong qu trnh isome ho, iu kin ch cng ngh thch hp trong l phn ng. 12. Vai tr ca thp De-isohexanizer trong s cng ngh qu trnh isome ho Naphtha nh. 13. Trnh by s cng ngh qu trnh x l GO bng hydro s dng l phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh. 14. Trnh by cc thit b chnh trong cng ngh x l GO bng hydro. 15. Trnh by tnh cht nguyn liu, xc tc v ng dng sn phm qu trnh x l GO bng hydro. 16. Trnh by cc phn ng chnh din ra trong qu trnh x l GO bng hydro, iu kin ch cng ngh thch hp trong l phn ng. 17. Hy cho bit l do cn phi x l phn on GO bng hydro nu dng phng php ngt ho (sweetening) c c khng? 18. Lit k mt s dng thit b c bit s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, ng dng ca cc thit b ny.

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BI 2. THIT B TRAO I NHIT M bi: HD I2

Gii thiu Thit b trao i nhit c ngha quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh v n chim mt t trng tng i ln trong tng u t thit b Nh my. V mt k thut v cng ngh, cc thit b trao i nhit c vai tr v cng quan trng trong vic duy tr nhit ca cc dng cng ngh, l phn ng cc gi tr thch hp nhm p ng cc yu cu v cht lng sn phm v an ton vn hnh. Cc thit b trao i nhit cn ng vai tr c bit trong vic gim chi ph vn hnh ca Nh my v vn bo v mi trng nh kh nng tn dng cc ngun nhit thi, do gim c lng nhin liu tiu th v ngun thi vo mi trng. Do nhng c th ring, trong cng nghip ch bin du kh s dng nhiu loi thit b trao i nhit, mt s thit b thm ch c thit k, ch to ch cho mt s mc ch s dng duy nht. Trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny ch trnh by su hn v cc thit b trao i nhit c dng ph bin trong cng nghip lc ho du m khng i vo tt c cc dng thit b trao i nhit chung c cp gio trnh Qu trnh v Thit b cng ngh ho hc. Gio trnh ny cng tp trung vo cc thit b cha c cp trong gio trnh Qu trnh v Thit b cng ngh ho hc. Mt s thit b trao i nhit cn t c cp trong cc chng trnh o to cng s cp trong khun kh bi hc " Thit b trao i nhit" ca m un ny. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin c nng lc: M t c mc ch v ng dng ca cc dng thit b trao i nhit c bn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. M t c cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit ng chm, chng loi v mc ch s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. M t c cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn (c mt b mt trao i nhit cao), chng loi v mc ch s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. M t c cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc, chng loi v mc ch s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh.

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Hiu c nguyn tc c bn tn dng nhit v tit kim nng lng trong nh my lc ho du, phng php la chn thit b. Nhn bit c kiu dng thit b trao i nhit trong thc t v vn hnh

c mt s thit b trong phng th nghim. Ni dung chnh Gii thiu chung: Vai tr ca thit b trao i nhit trong cng nghip ni chung v cng nghip ch bin du kh ni ring. ng dng ca cc dng thit b trao i nhit. Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm: Nguyn l, cu to mt s kiu dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn (c mt b mt trao i nhit cao nh dng khung bn, tm bn hn kn,...): Nguyn l, cu to mt s kiu dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc: Nguyn l, cu to mt s kiu dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh.

Nguyn tc tn dng nhit v tit kim nng lng trong cc Nh my lc ho du. - Phng php la chn mt s thit b trao i nhit. 2.1. VAI TR THIT B TRAO I NHIT V I TNG NGHIN CU 2.1.1. Vai tr thit b trao i nhit Nh cp, thit b trao i nhit c vai tr quan trng i vi hot ng ca Nh my ch bin du kh. Thit b trao i nhit gp phn iu chnh ch cng ngh ca cc qu trnh nhm m bo cht lng sn phm v an ton vn hnh. Ngoi ra, thit b trao i nhit cn gp phn trc tip hoc gin tip gim chi ph vn hnh ca Nh my nh kh nng tn dng nhit tha t cc qu trnh cng ngh. Cng nh kh nng tn dng nhit m gim c lng tiu hao nng lng chung ton Nh my v qua khng ch gim chi ph vn hnh m cn gp phn tch cc vo hot ng bo v mi trng. 2.1.2. Phm vi v i tng nghin cu Nh cp, hin nay trong cc ngnh cng nghip s dng nhiu loi thit b trao i nhit khc nhau nh: dng ng lng ng, ng chm, xoy lc, tm bn (c mt b mt trao i nhit cao), lm mt bng khng kh, thit b ngng t, thit b bay hi,... Tuy nhin, trong bi hc ny ch cp n cc dng thit b c s dng rng ri nht trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh nhng cha c gii thiu hoc gii thiu y trong trong cc gio

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trnh khc ca chng trnh hc tp. Gio trnh ny cng s khng i su vo phn tch c s l thuyt ca qu trnh truyn nhit m ch tp trung vo cc dng thit b, cu to, nguyn l hot ng v ng dng ca cc thit bi trao i nhit s dng trong thc tin v phng php la chn cc thit b ny ph hp yu cu. Cc dng thit b trao i nhit s dng ph bin trong cng nghip ch bin du kh s c trnh by trong cc mc di y ca bi hc ny. 2.2. THIT B TRAO I NHIT KIU NG CHM 2.2.1. Gii thiu Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm l mt trong nhng dng thit b trao i nhit c s dng rng ri nht trong tt c cc ngnh cng nghip, c tnh c ti 60% s thit b trao i nhit hin nay trn th gii l thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm. Thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm c khong p dng rt rng, gn nh mi cng sut, trong mi iu kin hot ng t chn khng n siu cao p, t nhit rt thp n nhit rt cao v cho tt c cc dng lu th nhit , p sut khc nhau pha trong v ngoi ng. Vt liu ch to thit b trao i nhit ng chm ch ph thuc vo iu kin hot ng, v vy cho php thit k p ng c cc yu cu khc nh rung, kh nng s dng cho cc lu th c nhng tnh cht ng cn, cht c nht cao, c tnh xm thc, tnh n mn, tnh c hi v hn hp nhiu thnh phn. Thit b trao i nhit ng chm c th c ch to t vt liu l cc loi kim loi, hp kim cho ti cc vt liu phi kim vi b mt truyn nhit t 0,1m2 n 100.000m2. Tuy nhin, thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm c mt nhc im l b mt trao i nhit tnh trn mt n v th tch ca thit b thp so vi cc dng thit b trao i nhit kiu mi, v vy, cng mt b mt trao i nhit nh nhau, thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm thng c kch thng ln hn nhiu. Trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh, thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c s dng tng i rng ri nhiu qu trnh khc nhau v c s dng phi hp vi cc thit b trao i nhit kiu khc. 2.2.2. Phn loi Thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm c chia thnh nhiu dng khc nhau. C nhiu phng php phn chia nh cn c vo kiu dng cu to, dng chy ca khoang u (Tube Side Channel) hoc cn c vo cu to, kiu phn b dng chy trong v (Shell) ca thit b trao i nhit. Theo tiu chun ca hi cc Nh ch to thit b trao i nhit Hoa k (TEMA), thit b trao i

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nhit dng ng chm cn c theo c im ca phn v ngoi (Shell), v kiu dng chy c chia thnh cc dng chnh sau y:

Hnh H-2.1 Cc dng c bn ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm 2.2.3. Nguyn l hot ng, cu to v ng dng 2.2.3.1 Nguyn l hot ng Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm da trn nguyn l trao i nhit gin tip gia hai lu th chuyn ng bn trong v bn ngoi ng trao i nhit. tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit, ngi ta to ra chiu chuyn ng ca lu th trong v ngoi ng theo phng vung gc hoc cho dng. Ty theo ng dng c th m b tr kiu dng chy khc nhau (vn ny s c cp trong trong phn cu to thit b). phn phi lu th trong v ngoi ng ngi ta to ra hai khoang phn phi lu cht trong v ngoi ng khc nhau. Lu cht chy ngoi ng c cha trong v tr (Shell) cn lu cht chy trong lng ng c cha khoang u v trong lng ng. Ton b b ng c t trong v tr. S nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c minh ha trong hnh v H-2.2 A, H-2.2 B.

Hnh H-2.2a. S nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit ng chm

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Hnh H-2.2 B S minh ha nguyn l hot ng tng qut thit b trao i nhit ng chm 2.2.3.2. Cu to chung thit b trao i nhit ng chm Trong khi c rt nhiu kiu dng khc nhau nhng s cc b phn chnh ca thit b trao i nhit li c rt t khc bit. Cc b phn chnh ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c m t trong cc mc di y. S cu to chung ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c m t trong hnh v H2.3.

Hnh H-2.3- Cu to chung thit b trao i nhit ng chm a. ng trao i nhit ng trao i nhit l thnh phn c bn ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm, b mt ca ng trao i nhit chnh l b mt truyn nhit gia lu th chy bn trong ng v bn ngoi ng. Cc ng trao i nhit c th c gn vo mt sng bng phng php nong ng hay phng php hn. ng trao i nhit thng c lm bng ng hoc thp hp kim, trong mt s ng dng, c bit ng trao i nhit c th c ch to t hp kim Niken, Titanium hoc hp kim nhm.

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ng trao i nhit c th l ng trn hoc ng c tng cng b mt bng cc cnh (Fin Tube- nh dng thit b trao i nhit khng kh) khi mt lu cht c h s truyn nhit thp hn rt nhiu so vi lu cht kia. Vi kt cu ng ny c tng b mt trao i nhit so vi dng ng trn t 2 ti 4 ln cho php b li h s truyn nhit pha ngoi ng. b. Mt sng ng (Tube Sheet) Cc ng c nh v c nh nh c gn cht vo cc l trn mt sng. ng gn vo mt sng bng phng php lm bin dng ng (nong ng) hoc phng php hn ty theo dng vt liu ch to ng v mt sng v iu kin hot ng ca thit b. Hnh dng mt mt sng v ng truyn nhit in hnh nh m t trong hnh v H-2.4

Hnh H-2.4 Mt sng ng

Hnh H-2.5 Mt sng ng kp

Mt sng ng thng l mt tm kim loi phng hnh trn, c khoan l (theo mt kiu b tr thch hp) v soi rnh c nh ng, lp vng m, bu lng mt bch v cc thanh tm chia dng,... Trong qu trnh gia cng, cn phi m bo mi ni gia ng v mt sng phi kn trnh r r trn ln hai lu th trong v ngoi ng. Trong nhng trng hp c bit, hai lu cht trao i nhit khng c php trn ln vo nhau do r r, ngi ta thit k mt sng kp ngn nga hin tng ny. Theo thit k ny, phn khng gian gia hai mt sng c thng vi mi trng bn ngoi, khi xy ra r r s nhanh chng c pht hin. Kt cu ca thit b ng chm vi mt sng kp c minh ha trong hnh v H-2.5. Trong trng hp ngay c lu cht r r ra pha ngoi cng khng cho php c trn ln vo nhau th s dng loi 3 mt sng ni tip nhau. Khi , nu cc lu cht r r l cc ha cht c hi hoc qu him th cn phi c thu hi v x l ng quy trnh. Ngoi cc yu cu v kt cu c kh nu trn, mt sng ng cn phi p ng c yu cu chng n mn vi c lu cht trong v ngoi ng. Vt liu ch to mt sng ng phi c tnh cht in ha tng ng vi vt liu ch to ng v khoang cha lu cht chy pha trong lng ng (Tube-side) nhm gim

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thiu hin tng n mn in ha do khc bit vt liu ch to cc b phn ca thit b gy ra. c. V v ca lu cht vo/ra (Shell and Shell-Side Nozzles) V thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm (Shell) n gin ch l mt b phn cha lu cht pha ngoi ng trao i nhit. Ca lu cht l ni a lu cht trao i nhit pha ngoi ng vo v ra khi thit b. V thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm thng c tit din hnh trn c ch to t thp tm. Cc thit b trao i nhit c kch thc ln c ch to t thp c hm lng cc bon thp nu iu kin cho php gim gi thnh, vt liu hp kim cng c s dng khi thit b hot ng trong mi trng n mn v nhit cao. Ti ca vo ca lu cht, thng c mt tm chn dng t ngay st di ca vo (xem hnh v minh ha H-2.6). Mc ch ca tm chn dng l chuyn hng chuyn ng ca dng lu th vo c vn tc ln c th nh hng ti phn u ca ng trao i nhit. Cc nh hng ca dng c vn tc ln p trc tip vo phn u ng trao i nhit l gy ra cc hin tng si mn c hc, hin tng kh xm thc v gy rung ng thit b. khng gian lp t tm chn v khng lm tn tht p sut dng chy ln do vic lp tm chn gy ra, mt s ng v tr ny c th c loi b dnh khng gian thch hp b tr lp t.

Hnh h-2.6. Tit din v v s b tr tm chn dng thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm d. Khoang u v u a cht lng vo/ra pha trong ng (Tube-Side Channel and Nozzles) Khoang u v cc u dn lu cht pha trong ng vo/ra n gin l kim sot dng lu cht chy pha trong lng ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm. Do nguyn tc b tr cc cht lng chy pha trong ng thng l cc cht c tnh n mn cao hn, v vy, khoang u v u dn lu cht thng c ch to t vt liu hp kim. gim chi ph ch to, c th ch

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trng mt lp hp kim bn ngoi cc b phn ny m khng cn thit phi ch to ton b chi tit bng hp kim. e. Np Lp ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm l tm hnh trn (c th l mt chm cu) c lp vi mt bch ca khoang u bng bu lng. Np c th c tho d dng kim tra ng trao i nhit hoc v sinh, bo dng thit b nh k m khng lm nh hng ti chm ng. f. Tm chia khoang (Pass Divider) Tm chia khoang c s dng khi thit b trao i nhit ng chm thit k vi s khoang ng t 2 tr ln. Khng c nguyn tc chung cho vic b tr tm chia khoang nhng phi m bo c mt s tiu ch sau: c gng m bo s lng ng mi khoang l nh nhau gim thiu chnh p gia cc khoang (gim c hin tng r r gia cc khoang), m bo b mt chu nn thch hp lp t vng m, khng qu gy kh khn cho vic ch to v khng lm nh hng nhiu n chi ph ch to, vn hnh v bo dng. Mt s dng b tr tm chia khoang c minh ha trong hnh v H-2.7. g. Vch ngn (Baffles) Vch ngn c hai chc nng chnh: - Chc nng quan trng nht ca vch ngn l to thnh c cu nh v ng trao i nhit v tr thch hp khi lp t cng nh khi vn hnh v gi cho b ng khng b rung do s chuyn ng xoy ca lu cht. - nh hng chuyn ng ca lu cht pha ngoi ng chuyn ng qua li theo phng vung gc vi chm ng lm tng vn tc chuyn ng ca lu cht v h s truyn nhit. Hnh dng ph bin nht ca vch ngn l hnh vin phn (xem hnh v H2.8), cc vch ngn ny l tm trn, phn ct i phi nh hn bn knh hnh trn ban u nhm m bo rng vng chng ln nhau gia cc vch ngn gn nht phi cha t nht mt hng ng trao i nhit. Nu thit b c thit k vi dng lu th dng lng chuyn ng ngoi ng th phn ct ca vin phn thng trong khong 20-25% ng knh, cn lu th l dng kh lm vic p sut thp th phn ct khong 40-45% ng knh nhm gim ti a tn tht p sut ca dng chy trong thit b. Khong cch gia hai vch ngn k tip phi c la chn sao cho din tch dng chy t do qua ca s gia vch ngn v v ngoi phi xp x bng tit din dng chy vung gc chm ng to ra gia hai vch ngn lin tip. Vi dng chy vn tc ln, cu hnh vch ngn n thng gy tn tht p sut

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ln, v vy cu hnh vi vch ngn kp s c s dng trong trng hp ny. Cu hnh b tr vch ngn kp cho php gim tc cc b do gim c tn tht dng chy pha ngoi ng.

Hnh H-2.7- Mt s s b tr tm chia khoang

B ng y tit din Dng hnh vin phn n Hnh H -2.8a-Mt s kiu hnh dng v cch b tr vch ngn, chm ng thng dng (dng hnh vin phn n)

B ng y tit din Hnh H -2.8b-Mt s kiu hnh dng v cch b tr vch ngn, chm ng thng dng (dng hnh vin phn kp)

Dng hnh vin phn kp

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Dng hnh vin phn n

B ng khng y tit din

Hnh H -2.8c-Mt s kiu hnh dng v cch b tr vch ngn, chm ng thng dng (dng hnh n b ng khng y tit din) Kiu vch ngn, cch b tr vch ngn v chm ng s lm thay i tc cc b v hng dng chy ngoi ng. Mt s s dng chy tng ng vi kiu v cch b tr vch ngn thng dng c minh ha trong hnh v H-2.9.

A-Dng chy trong v vch ngn n

B-Dng chy trong v vch ngn kp

C-Dng chy trong v vch ngn n, b ng khng y tit din Hnh H-2.9- S dng chy tong ng vi b tr vch ngn h. Cu to v ng dng mt s dng thit b trao i nhit ng chm Cu to chung ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c trnh by trn, tuy nhin, ty theo ng dng c th m cc b phn ca thit b c kt cu khc nhau. Di y trnh by cu to cc loi thit b trao i nhit ng chm c s dng ph bin nht hin nay theo phn loi ca tiu chun TEMA. Cc dng thit b ny c m t trong hnh H-2.10, s b v cu to v ng dng ca tng dng ny c tm tt nh di y: - Loi c hai khoang cho dng chy trong ng vi mt u ng di chuyn t do (floating head): s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch ln (hnh H-2.10A) Loi c chm ng c nh vi hai dng chy (cho lu th ngoi ng): c s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch khng ln, tc lu th pha ngoi ng cn c kim sot mc thp (hnh H-2.10B).

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Loi c chm ng c nh vi vnh b gin n nhit (hnh H-2.10C): Loi ny c lp t theo phng thng ng, s dng cho trng hp hai lu th c nhit chnh lch ln, thng dng cho qu trnh ngng t .

Loi c hai khoang cho dng chy trong ng vi mt u ng di chuyn t do (floating head) (hnh H-2.10D): Loi ny v nguyn l cng tng t nh loi m t trong hnh H-2.10A c s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch ln . Tuy nhin, loi ny c kt cu khc i cht so vi dng m t trong hnh H-2.10A. Phn u ng di chuyn t do nm hn bn ngoi v thit b, c bt kn bng hp m, do vy khng s dng c trong iu kin lu th chy trong ng c p sut cao.

Loi c ng trao i nhit hnh ch U vi hai khoang lu th chy ngoi ng (hnh H-2.10E): Loi ny c s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch ln, tc lu th chy ngoi ng cn c tng tc ( tng hiu qu truyn nhit, gim cn ng kt). Loi m un (Kettle) (hnh H-2.10F): Loi ny thng c s dng gia nhit hoc trao i nhit c qu trnh ngng t.

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Hnh H-2.10-Cu to mt s thit b trao i nhit ng chm thng dng 2.2.4. Mt s vn k thut lu Trong qu trnh s dng, hng lot cc vn v k thut ny sinh cn phi c gii quyt nhm p ng yu cu v bn thit b, tin cy hot ng. Cc vn k thut chnh cn phi gii quyt khi thit k, ch to thit b bao gm: ng sut nhit gy ra do nhit khng ng u gia cc b phn, ng sut d c hc, vn n nh v vn mi mn c hc. 2.2.4.1. ng sut nhit a. t vn Cc lu th chuyn ng trong thit b trao i nhit thng c nhit khc nhau tng i ln, v vy m nhit ca cc b phn, chi tit ca thit b trao i nhit tip xc vi cc lu th ny cng khc xa nhau,c bit l gia cc ng trao i nhit v v thit b. Nhit ca cc b phn, chi tit trong thit b khc nhau, do , gin n nhit ca cc phn ny cng khc nhau. iu ny dn n s di chuyn tng i gia cc b phn so vi v tr ban u v sinh ra cc ng sut d cc b. Cc chi tit c chiu di ln l v v ng trao i nhit b nh hng ca nhit cng ln. ng sut nhit cng ln khi nhit gia hai b phn ny c chnh lch cng ln. Trong mt s trng hp, hu

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qu ca ng sut nhit c th gy ra l v bnh s b un cong hoc cc ng trao i nhit s b tut ra khi mt sng ng. Vi dng thit b c chm ng gn c nh (nh hnh H-2.10-C, D) d b tn hi do ng sut hit gy ra. Chnh v vy, theo kinh nghim, vi cc thit b trao i nhit c chm ng gn c nh, nu nhit u vo ca hai lu th khc nhau ln (trn 100 0F) th khng c s dng. Vn t ra l cn phi c kt cu, gii php k thut khc phc ng sut nhit do s gin n nhit khng ng u gia chm ng v v thit b. Di y trnh by mt s gii php k thut c p dng trong thc t gim ng sut nhit gy ra. b. Mt s gii php in hnh Vnh b gin n nhit trn v bnh. Gii php thng p dng khc phc vn gin n nhit khng ng u l to ra mt vnh b gin n nhit trn v ca thit b trao i nhit (xem hnh H-2.10C). Tuy nhin, kt cu ny ch thch hp vi cc thit b trao i nhit c kch thc nh v v bnh hot ng trong iu kin p sut thp. ng hnh ch U Mt gii php khc khc phc hin tng gin n nhit khng u gia chm ng v v thit b trao i nhit l s dng ng trao i nhit hnh ch U (xem hnh H-2.10E). Kt cu ny cho php chm ng v thn thit b gin n mt cch c lp nhau v nh khng gy ra ng sut d do s co ko gia cc b phn ny. Tuy nhin, kt cu ny c mt s hn ch nh khng cho php thay th mt cch ring r cc ng trao i nhit, khng v sinh c on cong ca ng khi bo dng (ngoi tr cc ng pha ngoi cng), iu ny khng th chp nhn trong mt s ng dng. u ng t do gii quyt vn gin n nhit khng ng u, kt cu chm ng mt u c ngom cht cng v thit b cn u kia ca chm ng c th t do c a vo s dng. Ty tng ng dng c th m c nhiu kiu kt cu khc nhau (xem hnh H-2.10A, D, F) p ng c ng thi cc yu cu khc ngoi yu cu v gii quyt ng sut nhit. Kt cu n gin nht ca thit b kiu ny l mt sng ng pha u t do v mt bch u ng phi nh c th chuyn ng t do trong lng v thit b. Kt cu kiu ny cho php d dng lm sch lng ng v thay th cc ng mt cch c lp m khng cn phi a chm ng ra kh v thit b. Tuy nhin, kt cu ny c nhc im l s ng trong thit b b gim i so vi thit b khc c cng ng knh v (do din tch b mt trao i nhit tng ng

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s b gim i) do phi dnh khng gian cho bch u t do. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta a ra dng kt cu khc vi u t do t pha ngoi v nhng li c t trong mt u cha cch ly mi trng bn ngoi (hnh H 2.10A). Vi kt cu kiu ny, s lng ng s khng b mt i tuy nhin kt cu phc tp hn v gi thnh thit b v th s cao hn i cht. Mt s dng thit b c u di chuyn t do vi khoang u ng hon ton nm bn ngoi v ng c a vo s dng (hnh H-2.10D). bt kn, gia u th ni ca chm ng v v c mt hp m. Dng kt cu ny c u im ch c mt kt cu khoang u. Tuy nhin, n c nhc im l d b r r lu cht ra mi trng bn ngoi nu thit b hot ng iu kin p sut cao. 2.2.4.2. Cc vn khc Ngoi vn ng sut nhit mt s vn khc cn phi gii quyt trong qu trnh thit k v vn hnh thit b trao i nhit ng chm. Cc vn ny c cp chi tit trong cc phn di y. a. Vn n nh Mt trong vn ht sc lu trong thit k c kh ca thit b trao i nhit ng chm l hin tng gy rung ng ng trao i nhit do dng lu cht a vo thit b. Hu qu ca hin tng rung ng ng l rt nghim trng. S rung ng ca ng n n hin tng l cc vch ngn dn dn s ct t ng ti v tr tip xc, cc ng va p ln nhau dn n nong dn khi sng ng, ng sut bn mi vt qu gii hn cho php, b ng s dn b lng lo v y nhanh qu trnh n mn. Hin tng rung ng ca ng l do lc tc ng khng u nhau theo thi gian vo ng. C nhiu lc tc ng vo ng, tuy nhin, thng thng l do ng nng ca dng lu th chuyn ng vung gc vi chm ng gy ra. Bnh thng, cc rung ng ny khng gy ra tc hi i vi thit b. Tuy nhin, khi cc rung ng ny xy ra tn s gn vi tn s dao ng ring ca thit b th s xy ra hin tng cng hng dn n hin tng dao ng mnh ca cc ng trao i nhit. Hin nay, c nhiu tin b trong vic nghin cu rung ng ca thit b, song nhng c s khoa hc xc nh chnh xc cu hnh ca thit b trnh hin tng rung cn cha c hon thin. V vy, trong thc t ch c hai gii php hiu qu gii quyt vn ny l tng cng cng cho chm ng ti mc ti a c th (gim khong cch gia cc vch ngn) v gi tc dng chy mc thp. b. Vn mi mn c hc

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Mt vn c kh khc cn quan tm khi thit k, vn hnh thit b trao i nhit ng chm l hin tng bo mn kim loi thnh ng trao i nhit do ma st ca dng lu th chuyn ng ct ngang ng. Hin tng bo mn xut hin ng thi v thc y qu trnh n mn do qu trnh bo mn ph hu lp bo v ngoi ca kim loi. Tc qu trnh bo mn ph thuc vo mt s yu t: kim loi ch to ng, tc v khi lng ring ca lu th, tnh cht ho hc ca lu th v hnh dng ca thit b. Chnh v vy m hin tng bo mn thng xy ra nghim trng cc v tr u vo ca lu th, cc v tr ng b un cong, b ct. gim thiu nh hng ca hin tng ny trong thit k v vn hnh khng c tc vt qu tc ti hn, la chn kim loi ch to ph hp vi tnh cht ca lu th. 2.2.5. B tr dng chy trong thit b V nguyn tc, hai lu th tham gia qu trnh trao i nhit trong thit b ng chm c th b tr chy pha trong hay pha ngoi ng u c th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, vic la chn dng chy ca cc lu th nh hng nhiu n yu t kinh t, v vy, ngi ta da vo mt s tiu ch lm c s b tr dng chy ca lu th trong thit b: 2.2.5.1. p sut cao Nu mt trong hai lu th c p sut cao th lu th ny c b tr chy trong lng ng trao i nhit. Nh cch b tr ny, ch c ng v phn bt kn lin quan n dng chy trong ng c thit k chu c p sut cao, cn v thit b c thit k iu kin t khc nghit hn. Trong khi , nu b tr dng lu th c p sut cao hn chy ngoi ng th ton b phn v c kch thc ln s phi c thit k chu p sut cao dn n chi ph ch to s cao hn. 2.2.5.2. n mn Tnh n mn ca lu th quyt nh s la chn vt liu ch to thit b nhiu hn l vn thit k c kh. Cc hp kim chng n mn thng t hn so vi cc kim loi thng, v vy, lu th c tnh n mn c b tr chy pha trong ng v thit b khng phi ch to bng vt liu chng n mn, nh gim uc chi ph ch to thit b. 2.2.5.3. ng cn Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc cht cn bn trong lu th s ng cn li trn thnh thit b lu th i qua. Lp cn ny s lm gim hiu qu qu trnh truyn nhit ca thit b, v vy, t giai on thit k cn phi c gii php

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gim thiu nh hng ca hin tng ng cn. Mt s gii php c a ra trong thc t: - Gim thiu kh nng ng cn bng cch khng vng cht trong thit b, tng tc dng chy; C kt cu d dng trong v sinh lp cn bng cch b tr dng lu th d ng cn chy pha trong ng, pha v c cc ca ra v thu cn nu lu th c kh nng ng cn cao chy pha ngoi ng. Tng thi gian phc v ca thit b bng cch b tr nhiu thit b ni tip

hoc song song. 2.2.5.4. H s truyn nhit thp Nu mt lu th vn c h s truyn nhit thp (cc cht kh p sut thp hoc cht lng c nht cao) th lu th ny thng c b tr chy pha ngoi ng trong mt s trng hp c th s dng ng c cnh tng cng b mt nh gim c kch thc thit b v gi thnh ch to. 2.3. THIT B TRAO I NHIT C MT B MT TRAO I NHIT CAO 2.3.1.Gii thiu Vn tng hiu qu qu trnh truyn nhit ca thit b trao i nhit p ng c cc yu cu thc t v k thut, gim c chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v c kch thc nh gn l mt trong hng nghin cu c cc nh nghin cu v cc nh ch to quan tm. Nhng nm gn y, cc thit b trao i nhit c mt b mt trao i nhit cao (compact heat exchanger) vi nhiu dng kt cu khc nhau c a vo s dng rng ri thay th cc thit b trao i nhit truyn thng (thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm) v ang pht huy c hiu qu nh nhng u im ni bt. Thit b trao i nhit c mt b mt trao i nhit cao in hnh l cc dng: thit b trao i nhit kiu tm (Plate Heat Exchanger), thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc (Spiral Heat Exchanger), thit b trao i nhit kiu tm v (Plate and Shell), thit b trao i nhit Packinox v cc dng thit b c bit khc. Cc dng thit b ny s c trnh by trong cc mc di y. 2.3.2. Cc dng thit b trao i nhit c mt b mt trao i nhit cao Thit b trao i nhit c mt b mt trao i nhit cao c chia thnh nhiu dng c cu to nguyn l hot ng khc nhau. Di y trnh by cc dng c bn ang c s dng ph bin hin nay. 2.3.2.1. Thit trao i nhit kiu khung bn a. Gii thiu

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Thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn hin nay c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip v ng th hai v th phn thit b trao i nhit ni chung. Tuy nhin, trong cng nghip ch bin du kh dng thit b ny cng c s dng tng i khim tn do mt s c im v cu to. Thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn nhn bn ngoi c kt cu nh l mt my lc p khung bn, bao gm nhiu bn mng c dp gn ni c p st vo nhau, gia cc tm trao i nhit hnh thnh khng gian cc lu th chy qua. Cc lu th thng c b tr chy ngc chiu nhau tng hiu qu qu trnh truyn nhit. Nh kt cu ny m thit b c b mt trao i nhit tng i ln khi c cng kch thc vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng. u im ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn l khng ging vi cc dng thit b trao i nhit truyn thng v cc dng thit b trao i nhit khc, thit b dng ny c th cho php tng b mt truyn nhit thit b mt cch d dng trong qu trnh s dng m khng cn phi sa cha nng cp.Mt trong ng dng ca thit b trao i nhit khung bn trong thc t c minh ha trong hnh H-2.11.

Hnh H-2.11. Thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng Thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn v c bn c th chia thnh hai phn chnh: - Phn khung; - Phn b mt trao i nhit. S cu to chung ca thit b c trnh by trong hnh v H-2.12A v minh ha qua hnh nh trong hnh H-2.12B. Phn khung

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Phn khung thit b c nhim v nng ton b cc tm trao i nhit, lng cht lng cha trong thit b, to ra kt cu nh v v p cht cc tm trao i nhit vo nhau thnh mt khi cc tm trao i nhit vng chc khng cho cc lu th r r ra bn ngoi. Khung thit b bao gm cc chi tit chnh sau: u c nh, u di ng, khung , cc thanh v nh v tm trao i nhit pha di v pha trn, cc thanh bu lng xit cht cc tm trao i nhit p st vo nhau.

Hnh h-2.12a S cu to thit b trao i nhit khung bn

Hnh H-2.12B-nh minh ha cu to thit b trao i nhit khung bn Phn b mt trao i nhit B mt trao i nhit bao gm nhiu tm kim loi mng c dp gn xp lin nhau. Chiu ca cc gn dp trn cc tm trao i nhit khng c hng

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ng nht trnh to ra cc vng cht v hn ch ti a hin tng ng cn. Cc tm kim loi dp gn ny cu thnh mt tm trao i nhit. Cc tm trao i nhit c ghp li vi nhau to thnh khng gian rng gia hai tm. Lu th i trong cc khe hp ny v qu trnh truyn nhit xy ra qua b mt cc tm trao i nhit ny. cc lu th khng trn ln vo nhau v r r ra mi trng gia hai tm trao i nhit ca thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn c mt vng m bt kn. Cu to ca tm trao i nhit c m t trong hnh H2.13 A, B, C, D.

Hnh H-2.13- Cu to tm trao i nhit Cc tm trao i nhit c kp cht li vi nhau thnh mt khi nh mt bn di ng (u di ng), tm c nh (u c nh) v cc thanh bu lng. Ton b khi cc tm trao i nhit c treo trn thanh v nh v ca phn khung thit b. Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn l to ra cc dng chy ca cc lu th ngc chiu nhau trong trn b mt ca cc tm trao i nhit tng cng qu trnh truyn nhit. Cc tm trao i nhit khi p cht vo nhau hnh thnh cc khe hp cho cc lu th i xen k nhau. Trong mt thit b trao i nhit c th b tr mt dng chy n (hng chy ca mt lu th trong thit b khi i qua cc tm ch theo mt hng xem hnh

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H-2.16 A) hoc dng chy kp (dng chy ca lu th trong thit b c th phn thnh nhiu hng-xem hnh H-2.16 B). Theo mi hng chy ca mt lu th li bao gm nhiu dng song song nhau. S nguyn l hot ng chung ca thit b trao i nhit v dng chy ca cc lu th trong thit b trao i nhit dng khung bn c minh ha trong cc hnh v H-2.14, H-2.15 v H-2.16.

Hnh H-2.14. S nguyn l hot ng tng qut ca thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn

Hnh H-2.15A. S dng chy trn tm trao i nhit (dng chy u)

Hnh H-2.15B. S dng chy trn

tm trao i nhit (dng chy khng u)

Hnh H-2.16B. S b tr dng Hnh H-2.16A S b tr dng chy chy trong thit b (dng chy kp) trong thit b (dng chy n) Dng chy ca cc lu th trn b mt tm trao i nhit c th c phn b ng u (hnh H-2.15A) hoc cng c th c phn b khng u nhau (hnh H-2.15B) ty thuc vo kh nng ng cn ca cc lu th. c. Phm vi p dng

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ng dng Thit b trao i nhit khung bn c khong ng dng rng ri c bit l qu trnh gia nhit v lm mt nh: Qu trnh trao i nhit pha lng- lng Qu trnh ngng t; Qu trnh bay hi.

Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh thit b ny c s dng lm mt sn phm Kerosene, Isoparaffin,... iu kin hot ng Gii hn iu kin hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit khung bn c s khc bit i cht gia cc nh ch to. Tuy nhin thng thng nhit vn hnh thit b trong khong-350C-+ 2000C. p sut hot ng c th t ti 14Kg/cm2 (trong iu kin th p ti 40Kg/cm2). Din tch trao i nhit ca mt tm dao ng trong khong 0,02 m2 n 4,45 m2. Lu lng ca lu th c th t ti 3500m 3/gi i vi thit b tiu chun v c th t ti 5000m 3/gi cho thit b c hai ca dn lu th vo (cho 1 lu th). d. So snh vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng

Hnh H-2.17. So snh kch thc thit b So vi thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c cng cng sut truyn nhit, thit b trao i nhit dng khung bn c kch thc nh gn hn. V d, vi cng mt cng sut trao i nhit, thit b tm bn cn b mt trao i nhit l 200m2 vi kch thc di x rng x cao tng ng l 3mx1mx2m th thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm cn mt din tch trao i nhit tng ng l 600m2 vi chiu di ca v l 5m ng knh 1,8m cng thm mt khong khng gian cn thit cho di chuyn chm ng khi bo dng thit b. Hnh H-2.17 minh ha cho u vit v mt kch thc ca thit b khung bn. so thit b kiu ng chm.

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Ngoi u im v kch thc nh gn, thit b trao i nhit khung bn cn c u im l c khi lng nh hn, tn tht p sut dng chy qua thit b cng thp hn so vi thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm. Thit b trao i nhit khung bn cn c kh nng thay i din tch trao i nhit nhanh chng bng cch thay i s lng tm trao i nhit. Tuy nhin, so vi thit b trao i nhit ng chm, thit b trao i nhit khung bn c nhc im l khong p sut lm vic khng cao do bt kn bng m. Do bt kn bng m nn khng thch hp vi mt s lu th. 2.3.2.2 Thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn a. Gii thiu Nh trnh by trn, thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn c nhiu u im, song nhc im ln nht ca thit b ny l s dng vng m bt kn gia cc tm trao i nhit dn n phm v s dng ca thit b b thu hp mt phn (khng s dng trong iu kin p sut, nhit cao, mi trng c th n mn vng m). Vn vng m mt chng mc no cng l mt khu yu ca thit b trao i nhit ng chm v thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc. Thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn ra i nhm khc phc nhc im ny ca cc loi thit b trao i nhit thng dng c s dng vng m bt kn trong khi vn gi c u im ca cc dng thit b ny. Kt cu lp ghp ca dng thit b ny hon ton s dng bu lng cho php nhanh chng tho, lp thit b bo dng, sa cha v kim tra. Do c nhiu u im, thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Hnh dng ca mt thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn in hnh nh trong hnh H-2.18.

Hnh-H2.18 Hnh dng thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng V nguyn tc, qu trnh trao i nhit trong thit b kiu tm bn hn vn c thc hin qu cc tm kim loi mng dp gn ni nh dng khung bn. Tuy nhin, im khc bit ln nht l cc tm trao i nhit trong thit b ny

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c hn kn vi nhau to thnh cc khoang chy cho lu th trao i nhit m khng s dng vng m bt kn gia cc tm trao i nhit. S cu to chung ca thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn c minh ha hnh v H-2-19.

Hnh H-2.19- S nguyn l hot ng v cu to chung thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn Theo s cu to ny, thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn bao gm cc phn chnh sau y: - Phn khi li trao i nhit; - Phn khung; - Cc ph kin. Phn khi li trao i nhit Phn khi li trao i nhit c xem l tri tim ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn. Phn ny bao gm: - Khi tm trao i nhit (bao gm cc tm trao i nhit c xp xp theo mt trnh t, p cht li v hn trn thit b hn c bit c chnh xc cao); Tm ph trn v pha di khi tm trao i nhit; Thanh lt ngoi tr (Column Liner)

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Khi tm trao i nhit c cu to bi nhiu tm kim loi dp gn p st mt cch chnh xc vo nhau ri hn mp cc tm li cc v tr thch hp to ra cc khoang ring bit cho hai lu th tham gia qu trnh trao i nhit. Trong thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn hn kn, cc khoang hp to ra gia cc tm trao ii nhit c kt cu hai lu th tham gia qu trnh trao i nhit chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi nhau (xem hnh H-2.19). B rng ca khe hp to ra gia cc tm trao i nhit vo khong 5mm. Khi cc tm trao i nhit sau c ph pha trn v pha di bng mt tm kim loi phng ri sau gn vo bn thanh lt ngoi tr . Tm ph c nhim v bo v cc tm trao i nhit pha ngoi cng v cch ly phn li trao i nhit vi cc b phn khc. Cc thanh lt tr c nhim v l kt cu trung gian gn phn li trao i nhit vo khung v l vch ngn khoang gia cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit trong thit b. Cc thanh lt tr c gn vo li trao i nhit bng phng php hn c bit. Cu to chi tit ca phn li trao i nhit v trnh t lp t cc b phn c a ra hnh v H-2.20A v H-2.20B.

Hnh H-2.20A. Cu to cc tm trao i nhit v phn li Phn khung

Hnh H-2.20 B-Cu to phn li trao i nhit

Phn khung ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn gm cc b phn chnh sau: - Np y pha trn; - Np y di; - Tr ; - Cc np cnh bn; - Cc ph kin. Cu to chi tit ca phn khung thit b c minh ha trong cc hnh v H-2.21 A, H-2.21 B v H-2.19. Np y

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Np y pha trn v pha di l tm kim loi dy, bn cnh c khoan cc l bt bu lng, vt cy . Cc np ny c nhim v cng cc b phn khc hnh thnh b khung vng chc ca thit b. Hai np pha trn v pha di l im ta np cc tr . Np y pha trn v pha di cn c chc nng l bc tng ngn khoang cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit trong thit b.

Hnh H-2.21A-Cu to khung (phn ct v lp trn, di) Tr

Hnh H-2.21B-Cu to khung (cc np cnh v ca dn lu th vo/ ra)

Trong thit b c bn tr kim loi bn gc. Tr c kt cu chu lc v c hnh dng c bit lp kht vi thanh lt tr ca li trao i nhit (thanh lt tr v cc tr c ch to m bo ci c v m st vo nhau). Dc theo chiu di ca tr ngi ta khoan cc l (c ren) lp cc bu lng lin kt tr v cc np cnh bn ca thit b. Cc tr c nhng chc nng chnh sau: - Cng cc cc np y trn, np y di v cc np cnh bn hnh thnh b khung thit b v cc khoang dn cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit trong thit b; - L kt cu chnh nh v v gn cht li trao i nhit vo khung thit b. S cu to v lp rp cc tr c minh ha trong hnh v H-2.21A. Np cnh bn C bn np cnh bn trong thit b trao i nhit tm, bn hn kn. Np cnh bn l nhng tm kim loi dy, dc theo mp c khoan l lp bu lng gn kt vi tr v np pha trn, pha di. Hai trong s np cnh bn c gn thm cc ca vo/ra thit b ca cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit. Np cnh bn c nhng chc nng chnh sau: - Cng cc cc np trn, di v cc tr hnh thnh b khung thit b v cc khoang dn cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit trong thit b;

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Cng vi tr to thnh kt cu gn cht li trao i nhit vo khung thit b. S cu to v lp rp cc np cnh bn c minh ha trong hnh v

H-2.21B. Cc ph kin Ngoi cc b phn chnh k trn, thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c cc ph kin nh: - Bu lng lin kt khung ; Thanh y thit b; m bt kn (pha ngoi); Mc cu vn chuyn thit b.

Cc ph kin ny l mt phn to nn kt cu thit b v gip vic vn chuyn lp t thit b c d dng. y cn lu , vic s dng m bt kn khng mu thun vi vic gii thiu thit b hon ton khng s dng vng m cc mc trn, vng m cp y l thuc np cnh bn ca khung thit b ch khng phi m bt kn gia cc tm trao i nhit. Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn l to ra cc dng chy vung gc vi nhau ca hai lu th tham gia qu trnh trao i nhit trong cc khe hp lin k. Qu trnh trao i nhit c thc hin qua bc tng kim loi mng (b dy ca tm trao i nhit). Cc khe hp dn cc lu th c b tr xen k nhau v hnh thnh nh cc tm trao i nhit mng p cht v lin kt li vi nhau bng phng php hn c bit to chnh xc cao. nng cao hiu qu qu trnh trao i nhit v gim thiu lng cn ng trn thnh thit b, dng chy ca cc lu th trong li trao i nhit c phn ra nhiu ngn v dng chy trong tng ngn ny o chiu lin tc nh cc vch ngn dng lp t gia cc cnh bn v li trao i nhit. Mi mt ngn bao gm nhiu khe hp song song nhau, s khe trong mt ngn c chia tng i ng u nhau. Trong thc t, mt s kiu thit b tm bn hn kn phn b dng chy ca cc lu th ngc chiu nhau, cu to ny tng i phc tp khng gii thiu trong khun kh gio trnh ny. Nguyn l hot ng v dng chy trong thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c minh ha trong cc hnh v H-2.19 v H-2.22.

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Hnh h-2.22. S nguyn l hot ng v b tr dng trong thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c. Phm vi p dng ng dng Thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c khong ng dng rng ri c bit l qu trnh gia nhit v lm mt nh: - Qu trnh trao i nhit pha lng-lng - Qu trnh ngng t c km theo hoc khng km theo qu trnh lm mt; - Qu trnh bay hi; - Gia nhit y thp (reboiler). Thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c ch to hot ng c trong c iu kin hon ton chn khng, trong mi trng cc tc nhn lnh. Ch hot ng Ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c mt cht khc bit gia cc nh ch to, tuy nhin, a s u c th hot ng trong mi trng nhit ln ti 4000C v p sut ti 35Kg/cm2. Thng thng, thit b trao i nhit dng ny c ch to vi b mt trao i nhit t 1,5m2 n 300m2. Thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn thng c thit k thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit pha lng-lng kiu dng chy n vung gc nhau. d. So snh vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng

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So vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng, thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c kch thc nh gn hn, hiu qu qu trnh truyn nhit cao hn, lng lu cht trong thit b t, d dng kim tra ,v sinh, sa cha,... So vi thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn: Thit b trao i nhit tm bn khng chim c u th so vi thit b trao i nhit tm bn trong iu kin hot ng nhit , p sut thp v khi vn tng thch ca vng m bt kn vi cc lu cht trao i nhit khng gp vn . Tuy nhin, khi hot ng di nhit v p sut cao v mi trng khng ph hp vi vng m bt kn th thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn s hon ton chim u th. 2.3.2.3. Thit bi trao i nhit tm hn c bit (Alfarex) a. Gii thiu

Hnh H-2.23-Thit b trao i nhit tm hn alfaex Thit b trao i nhit tm hn c bit kiu Alfarex v nguyn tc hot ng cng tng t nh thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn. C hai dng thit b ny u khng s dng m bt kn gia cc tm trao i nhit, kt cu pha ngoi lin kt bng bu lng. im khc bit chnh gia hai thit b ny l li trao i nhit v hng chuyn ng ca cc lu th trong thit b. Li trao i nhit ca thit b ny gm cc tm kim loi dp nh hnh p li cht v hn li vi nhau hnh thnh cc ng trao i nhit chy bn trong. Cc lu cht tham gia trao i nhit trong thit b chuyn ng theo hng ngc chiu nhau, nh vy hiu qu trao i nhit trn mt n v b mt trao i nhit tng ti 20% so vi chuyn ng cho dng. Do c cu to tng i ging vi thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn, mc ny ch trnh by cc im khc bit chnh ca thit b m khng i su trnh by chi tit cu to thit b. Thit b trao i nhit tm hn c bit kiu Alfarex c hnh dng nh m t trong hnh H-2.23.

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b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng Thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex cng bao gm cc b phn chnh: - Li trao i nhit; Khung thit b; Cc ph kin. Nh trnh by, thit b ny ch c phn li trao i nhit khc bit so vi

thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn nn trong phm vi by hc ny ch gii thiu chi tit kt cu phn li trao i nhit m khng trnh by v cu to phn khung thit b. Li ca thit b trao i nhit c b mt ct ngang nh m t trong hnh H2.24. Li trao i nhit gm cc tm kim loi mng c dp nh hnh v p li vi nhau ri hn li bng phng php hn c bit c chnh xc cao ph hp vi cc bn mng (hn laser). Cc bn kim loi nh hnh sau khi hn li vi nhau s hnh thnh cc ng nh dn lu th chy xen k nhau trong li trao i nhit. Hai lu th tham gia trao i nhit t ng phn phi s i vo cc ng nh theo hng ngc chiu nhau.

Hnh H-2.24 Cu to li trao i nhit c. Phm vi p dng ng dng Thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: trong lnh vc khai thc du kh (ngoi khi), trong cng nghip lc ha du, trong nh my in, cng nghip lnh, thc phm,... Ch hot ng Thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex c thit k hot ng trong khong nhit t-500C n +3500C iu kin p sut ti 40Kg/cm2. Thit b

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c thit k c th cho php dng lu th trao i nhit vi cng sut ln ti 800m3/gi. d. So snh vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng Thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex ch cn 20% din tch mt bng v 20% khi lng so vi thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c cng cng sut. Do c thit k dng chuyn ng ca cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau nn thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex vi b mt trao i nhit nh hn khi c cng cng sut nh nhau, v vy cho php gim c chi ph ch to. Lng lu th cha trong thit b kiu ny cng thp hn so vi cc dng thit b trao i nhit truyn thng, v vy cho php iu khin cng ngh chnh xc hn v vic vn hnh cng m bo an ton hn khi cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit l cc cht c hi hoc c nguy c chy n cao. 2.3.2.4. Thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm bn v ng Bavex a. Gii thiu Thit b trao i nhit kiu hn phi hp tm bn v ng Bavex c ch to ti Vng quc Anh di bn quyn ca Bavaria Anlagenbau GmbH. Thit b trao i nhit ny l mt trong vi dng thit b trao i nhit kiu hn kn c c v tr ng k trong th trng thit b trao i nhit thay th thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm truyn thng. c bit l nhng lnh vc m iu kin cng ngh khng cho php s dng thit b trao i nhit dng khung bn c vng m bt kn. u im ni bt ca thit b trao i nhit dng ny l hot ng c p sut cao v di nhit rng. Hnh dng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu hn phi hp tm bn v ng Bavex nh trong hnh H-2.25.

Hnh H-2.25-Thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm v ng

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Hnh H-2.26-S cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm v ng b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng Cng nh cc thit b trao i nhit kiu hn khc, thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm v ng gm cc phn chnh: - Phn li trao i nhit; Phn v thit b. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm v ng c minh ha trong hnh v H-2.26. Phn li trao i nhit Phn li trao i nhit ca thit b trao i nhit dng hn kt hp kiu tm bn v ng v nguyn tc cng ging nh cc dng thit b trao i nhit dng hn khc c cu to t cc tm kim loi mng c dp nh hnh, p cht li ri hn li vi nhau hnh thnh cc khoang cha lu th tham gia trao i nhit. Tuy nhin, im khc bit ca thit b ny l phn li trao i nhit c thit k v ch to tn dng c u im ca c dng thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn v ng chm. Trong li trao i nhit ngi ta to ra hai dng khe hp cc lu th trao i nhit chy qua thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit. Mt khe hp c hnh dng nh l ng trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm v khe hp cn li c hnh dng l mt bn hp nh cc thit b trao i nhit tm bn khc (chnh v vy thit b trao i nhit ny cn c gi vi tn khc l thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn hn lai ghp-Hybrid Welded Plate Heat Exchanger).

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H-2.27A Hnh dng tm trao i nhit p nh hnh

H-2.27B B hai tm trao i nhit c hn hai mp i din

H-2.27 C-Kt cu li trao i nhit to ra mt li trao i nhit c cu to c bit nh vy, cc tm kim loi trc khi ghp li vi nhau c dp nh hnh (thng c hnh dng nh hnh H-2.27A) ri c hn hai mp i din thnh tng i mt vi nhau hnh thnh khe hp kiu bn mng (xem hnh H-2.27B). Cc tm kim loi ny thng c b rng khong 350mm v c chiu di ti 16m. B i tm kim loi c hn hai mp i din ny li c ghp vi nhau thnh mt khi ri c hn vi nhau bng phng php hn plasma cc v tr thch hp. Sau khi lp ghp v hn li vi nhau, cc khoang ng dn lu th trao i nhit s c hnh thnh xen vi cc bn mng (xem hnh H-2.27C). Phn khng gian c dng bn mng c b rng t 0,2mm1mm cn cc ng c ng knh t 6mm11,1mm. Phn v thit bi V thit b trao i nhit dng hn kt hp kiu bn v ng n thun cha li trao i nhit v dn dng chy vo li trao i nhit ,v vy khng c cu to c bit. V c lm bng kt cu hn hoc bt bch ty thuc vo iu kin c th. Nguyn l hot ng Thit b trao i nhit dng hn Bavex hot ng trn nguyn l trao i nhit gia hai lu th chuyn ng cho dng nhau, mt lu th chy trong lng "ng" v mt lu th chuyn ng trong mt "bn mng" (xem hnh H-2.27 C), nh vy thit b trao i nhit ny tn dng c nhng u im ca c thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn v thit b kiu ng chm. Dng chy trong " bn

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mng" l dng chy n khng phn ngn, dng chy trong "ng" c chia thnh nhiu ngn nh tm phn dng. Nh tm phn dng, trong thit b dng chy trong "ng" di chuyn rc rc theo chiu ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca dng trong "bn mng" (xem hnh H-2.26). Nh c kt cu c bit v dng chuyn ng cc lu th ct cho nhau nhiu ln hiu qu trao i nhit ca thit b trao i nhit dng hn Bavex t c rt cao. c. Phm vi p dng ng dng Thit b trao i nhit dng hn kt hp kiu bn v ng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ni chung cng nh trong cng nghip ch bin ni ring. Cc lnh vc ch yu c s dng l: Tn dng ngun nhit thi; Thit b siu lnh (trong sn xut ni-t lng, bo qun kh ha lng); Cc lu th trao i nhit c tnh n mn cao;

Thit b lm mt nc tun hon bng nc bin (rt quan trng i vi cc Nh my lc ha du t cnh bin). Ch hot ng Ty thuc vo kim loi ch to tm trao i nhit m thit b trao i nhit dng hn kt hp kiu bn v ng c th hot ng iu kin nhit t2000C ti +9000C. p sut hot ng dng chy pha khe hp c th t ti 60Kg/cm2 ty thuc vo tnh cht vt liu, b dy v kiu nh hnh ca tm trao i nhit. d. So snh vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng Thit b trao i nhit dng hn kt hp kiu bn v ng c kch thc nh gn ch bng khong 40% th tch ca thit b trao i nhit ng chm c tnh nng trao i nhit tng ng. H s trao i nhit gia hai lu th dng lng-lng c th t ti 5000 W/m2 0C. 2.3.2.5. Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc a. Gii thiu Thit k ca thit b trao i nhit xoy lc t c nhng iu kin l tng cho mt qu trnh trao i nhit nh t c tnh cht dng chy tng i ng nht cho tt c cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit trong thit b. Thit k, ch to thit b trao i nhit xoy lc truyn thng tng i n gin, phn trao i nhit c qun t hai tm kim loi xung quanh mt li hnh thnh hai knh c hnh xon c xung quanh tm thit b. Cc knh dn lu th thng c hn kn trnh trn ln hai lu th tham gia trao i nhit. Ch

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 hot ng ca thit b c ti u ho bng cch thay i b rng ca knh dn lu th. B rng ca knh dn lu th trong khong 5mm n 30mm. Thng thng, thit b trao i nhit ny c thit k vi mt np y c bt kn bng vng m, nh np ny c th m thit b d dng phc v cho v sinh, bo dng thit b. Mt trong dng thit b trao i nhit xoy lc c minh ha hnh H-2.28.

Hnh H-2.28-Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng Nguyn l hot ng Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc hot ng theo nguyn l trao i nhit ngc dng. Hai lu th tham gia trao i nhit c b tr chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau trong cc knh hnh xoy trn c. Trong , mt lu th chuyn ng t pha tm thit b ra pha ngoi cn lu th khc chuyn ng t pha ngoi vo tm thit b ri i ra khi thit b np hay y thit b ty thuc vo kt cu c th. Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc c kh nng t lm sch. Vi kt cu knh dn lu th nhn, cong u lm cho xu th ng cn trn thnh tm trao i nhit rt thp. Bt k v tr no trn knh dn nu xut hin hin tng ng cn cc b s dn n tit din ca knh gim i v do tc ca lu th qua tit din ny tng ln. Khi tc dng chy tng ln s t co sch lp cn ng trn thnh knh dn. Kh nng t lm sch cho php gim c chi ph vn hnh thit b, c bit khi thit b c lp t theo phng nm ngang. Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit c m t trong hnh v H-2.29. Cu to chung thit b Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc bao gm cc phn chnh sau: - Phn li trao i nhit;

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Thn thit b.

Hnh H-2.29-S nguyn l hot ng thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc

Hnh H-2.30 Cu to li i nhit Cu to li trao i nhit Li trao i nhit ca thit b dng xoy lc c qun t hai tm kim loi mng phng, cc kim loi ny phi c kh nng gia cng ngui v c th hn c nh thp cc bon, thp khng r, titanium v thp hp kim trong trng hp thit b lm vic trong mi trng c tnh n mn cao (xem hnh H-2.30). Thn thit b Thn thit b trao i nhit gm c: V cha li trao i nhit, np y v chn thit b. Cc phn trn ch l cu to chung ca mt thit b trao i

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nhit kiu xoy lc. Song trong thc t, ty theo ng dng c th m cu hnh ca thit b trao i nhit xoy lc c th khc nhau i cht. Cc mc di y s trnh by cu hnh ca mt s dng thit b xoy lc c bn ang c s dng trong thc t. Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc c mt s dng cu hnh in hnh sau: Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc c dng chy ca cc lu th ngc chiu Trong thit b dng ny, lu th c nhit cao hn s c a vo ng tm thit b ri chy ngc ra pha ngoi theo rnh xon c, cn lu th c nhit thp hn c a vo t pha v ngoi ca thit b ri chy theo rnh xon c vo ng tm thit b v i ra ngoi. Cu to ca dng thit b ny c m t chi tit trong hnh H-2.31.

Hnh H-2.31- Cu to thit b xoy lc dng chy hai lu th hon ton ngc chiu

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Hnh H-2.32- Cu to thit b xoy lc vi hai lu th chy cho dng

Hnh H-2.33- Cu to thit b xoy lc dng chy hn hp trnh r r lu th gia cc vng xon c v hin tng " ngn mch " dng chy, np ca thit b c vng m bt kn. Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc vi hai lu th chy cho dng Trong thit b trao i nhit dng ny, mt lu th chuyn ng trong cc knh h theo hng song song vi trc ca li trao i nhit (thng l theo phng thng ng). Lu th khc th chuyn ng trong knh kn theo chiu

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xon c t pha ngoi v thit b vo ng trung tm thit b ri a ra ngoi cnh bn ca v thit b. Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc dng ny c s dng cho qu trnh bay hi hoc ngng t. S nguyn l hot ng v cu to ca thit b ny c m t trong hnh H-2.32. Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc vi dng chy hn hp Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc dng ny c thit k cho cc lu th l hn hp ca lng-hi hoc lng-kh. Trong thit b trao i nhit dng ny, dng lu th c nhit cao hn c a vo np trn ca thit b ri chy cho dng qua thit b trao i nhit (tng hp hai chuyn ng xoy quanh tm v chuyn ng dc trc) ri i ra khi thit b pha cnh bn. Lu th khc c nhit thp hn th chuyn ng trong knh kn theo chiu xon c t pha ngoi v thit b vo ng trung tm thit b ri a ra ngoi thit b pha y. Do kiu dng chy phi hp theo c hai phng dc trc v tip tuyn v vy c gi l thit b trao i nhit xoy lc vi dng chy hn hp. S nguyn l hot ng v cu to ca thit b ny c minh ha trong hnh H2.33. c. Phm vi p dng ng dng Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc khng ch gii hn s dng thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit hai lu th lng-lng m cn c thit k cho c qu trnh trao i nhit khc pha nh lng-hi hoc lng-kh. Kiu thit k ca thit b trao i nhit xoy lc thch hp cho cc lu th c khuynh hng d b ng cn hoc c ln cc ht rn bn trong lu th (dng huyn ph). Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh thit b trao i nhit thng c s dng tn dng nhit ca cc dng kh thi, trong qu trnh sn xut PVC, trong cc phn xng x l nc thi kim sot nhit nc thi. Ch hot ng Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc thng thng c th hot ng nhit ti 4000C (gii hn bi kh nng vt liu vng m bt kn np y thit b), trong mt s thit k c bit (khng s dng vng m), thit b c th hot ng nhit ti 8500C. Cc thit b trao i nhit xoy lc c bn c thit k hot ng iu kin p sut ti 15Kg/cm2, trong mt s trng hp c bit, thit b c th c thit k hot ng di p sut ti 30Kg/cm2. d. So snh vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng

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Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc c nhiu u im so vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng kiu ng chm: - Ch dng chy ti u c hai pha ca b mt trao i nhit; Phn b vn tc trong knh ng u khng c vng cht; Phn b nhit ng u khng c im qu nng hoc qu lnh; Hiu qu trao i nhit cao vi h s truyn nhit cao hn; Thi gian v th tch lu thit b thp; Nh kt cu np y, c th d dng m thit b d dng kim tra, v

sinh v bo dng. Tuy nhin, so vi thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn cng cng sut th thit b thit b trao i nhit xoy lc yu cu din tch trao i nhit ln hn, nhng so vi thit b ng chm th din tch trao i nhit thp hn. V d, vi cng mt cng sut nh nhau, thit b xoy lc cn 90 m 2 din tch b mt trao i nhit th thit b trao i nhit khung bn ch cn 60 m2 trong khi thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm cn ti 125 m2. 2.3.2.6. Thit b trao i nhit phi hp kiu tm bn v ng chm (Plate and Shell Heat Exchanger) a. Gii thiu

Hnh H-2.34 Thit b trao i nhit phi hp tm bn v ng chm Thit b trao i nhit phi hp kiu tm bn v ng chm kt hp c nhng u im ca c hai dng thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn v kiu ng chm trong khi vn gi c hnh dng bn ngoi ca thit b trao i nhit chng mc no ging nh thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm. Thit b trao i nhit dng ny bao gm mt v hnh tr bn trong lp cc tm trao i nhit c hn kn vi nhau tng i mt. Hnh dng ca thit b trao i nhit phi hp kiu tm bn v ng chm c minh ha trong hnh H-2.34.

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b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng Nguyn l hot ng Thit b trao i nhit phi hp tm bn v ng chm hot ng theo nguyn l trao i nhit gia hai lu th chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau. Mt lu th chuyn ng pha trong bn mng v mt lu th chuyn ng pha bn ngoi v thit b. Dng lu th chuyn ng pha trong bn mng ging nh trong thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn, cn dng lu th chuyn ng pha v c chiu chuyn ng v phn dng nh trong thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm. hnh thnh khng gian cho lu th chuyn ng pha bn mng, hai tm kim loi hnh trn c dp gn ni sau hn mp li vi nhau hnh thnh knh kn cha lu th. Lu th th hai chuyn ng pha v s i vo phn khng gian gia cc cp a hn kn. Qu trnh truyn nhit thc hin ti b mt ca cc a trao i nhit. Dng lu th chy pha v thit b cng c phn dng nh thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm tng hiu qu qu trnh truyn nhit. Thng thng, lu th c nhit cao hn s c b tr chy pha trong bn mng (a trao i nhit) cn lu th c nhit thp hn th c b tr chuyn ng pha v. S nguyn l hot ng v cu to thit b trao i nhit phi hp tm bn v ng chm c minh ha trong hnh H-2.35.

Hnh H-2.35- S cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b trao i nhit phi hp tm bn v ng chm Cu to Thit b trao i nhit phi hp tm bn v ng chm bao gm hai phn chnh: - Phn li trao i nhit (tm bn); - Phn v. S cu to ca thit b ny c minh ha trong hnh H-2.35.

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Phn v Phn v thit b trao i nhit ny bao gm hai b phn chnh: Phn thn hnh tr di c np kn hai u v cc vch ngn dng. V thit b c chc nng chnh: - Cha v nh hng dng lu th chuyn ng pha v; - Cha li trao i nhit. V thit b c th l kt cu hn hoc gn mt bch nhm thun li cho vic v sinh thit b phn v. Phn li trao i nhit Li trao i nhit c cu to t nhiu cp a trao i nhit hnh trn hn kn vi nhau tng i mt. Mi cp a hn kn ny to ra mt khoang cho lu th chy trong bn mng. Khi cc cp a ny c ghp st li gn nhau s hnh thnh khe hp cho lu th pha v i qua. Cc lu th chuyn ng qua cc khe hp pha trong bn mng v pha ngoi bn mng (pha v) qu trnh trao i nhit s din ra. Mt ng phn phi lu th chy pha trong bn mng v mt ng thu gom lu th ny sau khi trao i nhit c hn cng cng vi cc cp a trao i nhit hnh thnh kt cu li trao i nhit vng chc. tng cng qu trnh trao i nhit, ngi ta lp thm cc vch ngn dng chy ca lu th chy pha v. Cc vch ngn dng ny chia li trao i nhit thnh tng vng khc nhau. Nhn chung, khong cch gia cc vch ngn dng c b tr sao cho s a trao i nhit gia cc vch ngn bng nhau. S cu to ca li trao i nhit c minh ha hnh H-2.35. c. Phm vi p dng ng dng Thit b trao i nhit kt hp tm bn v ng chm c s dng cho cc lu th c tnh n mn cao nh a-xit m cc thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn truyn thng khc c s dng vng m bt kn khng dng c. Thit b trao i nhit ny cn c kh nng chng li c cc sung v nhit v p sut nh cng v kt cu vng chc ca thit b. Thit b trao i nhit kt hp tm bn v ng chm c s dng cho cc qu trnh cng ngh sau: - Gia nhit; - Lm mt (bao gm c trong cng ngh siu lnh); - Tn dng nhit thi; - Qu trnh bay hi v ngng t. Ch hot ng

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Khong hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kt hp tm bn v ng chm rt rng v trong iu kin cng ngh tng i khc nghit. Thit b ny c th hot ng trong iu kin nhit n 900 0C v p sut ti 100Kg/cm2. d. So snh vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng Vi cng din tch b mt trao i nhit v cng sut truyn nhit, thit b trao i nhit kt hp tm bn v ng chm c kch thc nh hn so thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm do mt b mt truyn nhit v th tch ring ca thit b ny cao hn. Thit b trao i nhit ny ch chim khong 20-30% din tch cn thit cho lp t so vi thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c cng sut tng ng. 2.3.2.7. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in a. Gii thiu Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in l mt kiu thit b trao i nhit c mt b mt trao i nhit cao, chu c n mn v c kh nng hot ng iu kin p sut ti vi trmKg/cm2, iu kin nhit trong khong t ch siu lnh cho ti vi trm 0C. Thit k ca thit b trao i nhit ny th hin s phi hp cht ch gia cc cng ngh ch to tin tin vi tiu chun ch to rt kht khe. Thit b trao i nhit dng ny c trin vng thay th cc thit b truyn thng hoc nhng ni m cc thit b truyn thng khng th p ng c. Cng ging nh mt s dng thit b trao i nhit tm bn c mt b mt trao i nhit cao, thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in khng ch n thun l mt thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn m cn ng thi c th tch hp mt vi chc nng ca thit b khc nh: thit b phn ng, thit b chuyn khi v khuy trn. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c Heatric a vo s dng thng mi ln u tin vo nm 1985 ti Australia, hin nay, thit b ny c sn xut v ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc, mt trong kiu thit b ny c hnh dng nh trong hnh H-2.36. b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng Nguyn l hot ng. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in hot ng trn nguyn l trao i nhit gin tip gia hai lu th chuyn ng trong cc ng dn nh. Thit b ny c cu to t cc bn hp kim phng vi ng i ca cc dng lu th c khc bng my khc quang ha trn cc tm kim loi ny. Qu trnh ch to ny tng t nh cng ngh ch to mch in ca bo mch in t (chnh v vy m thit b trao i nhit c kiu ny c gi vi ci tn thit b trao i

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nhit kiu bo mch in). T cc tm kim loi c khc ny s hnh thnh cc ng i ca cc lu th trao i nhit

HNH H-2.36 Hnh dng thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in Cu to Cng ging nh cc thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn khc, thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in bao gm cc b phn chnh: - Li trao i nhit; - V thit b. Li trao i nhit Li trao i nhit c cu to t cc bn kim loi hp kim mng c khc ng i cho dng lu th (xem hnh minh ha H-2.37A). Cc bn khc rnh ny c xp chng ln nhau gn kt thnh mt li trao i nhit c, hon ton bng kim loi vng chc m khng cn m hoc bt c vt liu kt dnh no. Kiu sp xp c bit cc bn kim loi cho php cc tm kim loi lin kt vi nhau n mc lin kt t c c bn tng ng nh kim loi ca tm trao i nhit. Tit din ca li trao i nhit c minh ha hnh H2.37B. Ty thuc vo cng sut thit b m ngi ta s hn cc khi li trao i nhit li vi nhau cho ti khi t b mt trao i nhit cn thit. Sau cc ng gp v u dn lu th s c hn vo li trao i nhit. Li trao i nhit s c t trong mt v cha. Nh c phng php gia cng ng dn cc lu th c bit m cho php mm do cao trong thit k cng sut, thy lc v c kh ca thit b bi v chi ph thay i dng c gia cng gia cc dng kt cu khc nhau ca tm trao i rt thp. K thut gia cng ng dn cc lu th trn cc tm trao i nhit cho php to ra nhng knh dn c kch thc t 0,5 ti 2,0mm. V thit b V thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c chc nng n gin l cha li trao i nhit, bo v li trao i nhit bn trong v to u phn phi lu th

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vo cc ng dn dng lu th bn trong li trao i nhit. Hnh dng ca v a dng ty thuc vo hnh dng ca li trao i nhit v yu cu kt cu c kh v nhng yu cu ca tng ng dng c th.

Hnh H-2.37A- Cu to ca mt bn hp kim c khc rnh bng my khc quang ha c. Phm vi p dng ng dng

Hnh H-2.37B- Cu to ca li trao i nhit (mt ct ngang)

Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in th hin c nhng u im khi s dng iu kin nhit , p sut v mi trng n mn cao, ni m khng cho php s dng cc thit b trao i nhit tm bn truyn thng khc. Nh trnh by, thit b trao i nhit kiu ny c kt cu hn do vy kh nng d r v nhng tr ngi gp phi v tng thch gia lu th v thit b c gim thiu. Nh nhng u im ny v kt cu ng nht cho php thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in hot ng nhng iu kin nhit , p sut v mi trng khc nghit. Nh thit k v kt cu c bit m thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c ng dng rt a dng: c th dng cho nhiu dng lu th khc nhau t pha lng n pha kh hoc hn hp hai pha, cu hnh b tr dng chy t mt ngn cho n nhiu ngn, chiu dng chy cc lu th t kiu ngc chiu cho n cng chiu, cho dng hoc phi hp cc kiu dng chy ny vi nhau. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh thit b ny c s dng lm thit b trao i nhit kiu nguyn liu/dng sn phm nng ( tn dng nhit), cc qu tng hp nhin liu, qu trnh x l nc, cc qu trnh thu hi hi nhin liu v lm mt cc my nn trong cng ngh bin kh,... Ch hot ng

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Do c kt cu c bit, thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c kh nng chu p rt ln. Thit b c th lm vic iu kin tiu chun l 200Kg/cm2 v hon ton c th hot ng trong khong p sut t 300500Kg/cm2. Thit b ny cng c th hot ng trong di nhit rt rng, t ch nhit siu lnh (-2000C) cho n +9000C. Gii hn trn ca nhit ph thuc vo vt liu ch to v p sut lm vic ca thit b. d. So snh vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng Vi mt b mt trao i nhit cao thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c kch thc nh hn tng i nhiu so vi thit b trao i nhit truyn thng (ng chm) c cng sut tng ng. Thng thng, vi cng cng sut trao i nhit nh nhau, li trao i nhit ca thit b ny nh hn 5 n 10 ln so vi kch thc b ng ca thit b trao i nhit ng chm. Tng ng khi lng ca thit trao i nhit ng chm cng nng hn so vi thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in cng cng sut t 57 ln. So snh v kch thc ca hai kiu thit b ny c minh ha trong hnh H-2.38 (trong hnh ny cc thit b c cng sut l 2.350KW, thit b trao i nhit bo mch in c b mt trao i nhit l 600m2).

Hnh H-2.38. So snh thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch vi thit b ng chm 2.4. TN DNG NHIT V VN TIT KIM NNG LNG TRONG NH MY LC HO DU 2.4.1. t vn Tit kim nng lng tiu th ngy nay khng ch c ngha v kinh t m cn c ngha quan trng i vi vn bo v mi trng. S dng nng lng cng nhiu cng ng ngha vi vic thi cng nhiu cc cht thi gy hiu ng nh knh vo kh quyn. Vic ct gim nng lng tiu th vi mt s quc gia cng nghip pht trin l nhim v bt buc. Trong cng nghip lc ha du c rt nhiu ngun kh thi v cc sn phm trung gian c nhit cao cn phi c lm ngui trc khi thi vo mi

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trng hoc a v b cha. Nh vy, khng nhng gy lng ph ngun nng lng (cc ngun nhit cao) m cn mt thm nng lng cho qu trnh lm ngui cc dng c nhit cao ny. Nu nh cc ngun nhit cao ny c tn dng s c ngha ng k v kha cnh kinh t v bo v mi trng. Ngoi ngun nng lng ca cc dng c nhit cao c th tn dng c, trong Nh my lc ha du cn tn ti mt s ngun kh thi cha mt s cu t c hi vi mi trng (CO, kh hydrocacbon nh) cn phi c loi b trc khi thi vo mi trng. Tuy nhin c im lu l cc kh ny khi t chy s ta ra mt nng lng ng k v sn phm chy l nhng cht khng c hi hoc t c hi hn. Nu nh ngun thi ny c tn dng s gp phn tit kim c nng lng tiu th ng thi c tc dng bo v "kp" mi trng. Ngun nng lng ca cc dng c nhit cao v cc dng kh thi c cha cc cu t sinh nng lng khi chy cng l i tng cn c tn dng trong Nh my lc ha du. Ngoi gii php tn dng nng lng t cc dng c nhit cao v cc dng kh thi c cha cc cu t c nhit tr cao, trong thc t tit kim nng lng tiu th mt gii php khc cn phi c p dng l iu chnh ch hot ng ca thit b trong nh my ch ti u. Mt s nguyn tc tit kim nng lng s c trnh by di y. 2.4.2. Mt s nguyn tc tit kim nng lng 2.4.2.1. Cc nguyn tc tit kim nng lng trong nh my lc ho du Trong nh my lc ho du c nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau hot ng iu kin nhit p sut tng i cao, v vy, vn tit kim nng lng cng v cng a dng. Tuy nhin, c mt s phng n chnh di y. a Ci thin ch hot ng ca my mc thit b Ch hot ng ca my mc, thit b nh hng n nng lng tiu th ca ton b nh my. gim nng lng tiu th, mt s nguyn tc chnh c xem xt, p dng: - Gim t l dng hi lu trong cc thp chng ct; - Gim lng hi sc; - Gim p sut vn hnh thit b; - Gim t l H2/hydrocacbon; - iu chnh ch hot ng ca cc tua bin, my nn; - iu chnh t l hn hp kh t ph hp; b. Ci thin thit b v xc tc

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Kt cu ca thit b, xc tc c nh hng tng i nhiu ti nng lng tiu th, v vy tit kim nng lng th vn ci thin thit b hin ang s dng v xc tc l vn cn t ra. Cc bin php chnh l: Thay i xc tc hiu sut qu trnh cao hn, tiu hao nng lng, ph tr thp hn; Thay cc h thng bm, h thng chn khng; Thay i cch b tr h thng thit b trao i nhit tn dng nhit mt cch hiu qu hn;

- Ci thin lp cch nhit, bo n gim nhit mt mt. Bn cnh gii php nu trn, tit kim nng lng tiu th cn tng cng cc hot ng duy tu, bo dng thit b v nh k ty ra cn bm trong cc thit b trao i nhit . c. u t mi v p dng cng ngh mi Cng ngh pht trin khng ngng, s cng ngh nh my cng nh cc my mc, thit b sau mt thi gian vn hnh nhanh chng b lc hu, dn n vic tiu hao nng lng cao hn so vi my mc mi. V vy, vic s dng cc my mc thit b mi v chnh sa s cng ngh l mt trong nhng gii php tit kim nng lng tiu th. Tuy nhin, vic u t mi i hi chi ph cao, do cn phi so snh li ch em li quyt nh, tr khi cc thay i ny l bt buc do yu cu bo v mi trng hoc cht lng sn phm. 2.4.3. Mt s v d in hnh v tit kim nng lng 2.4.3.1.Thay i ch hot ng ca thit b Nh cp trn, ch hot ng ca my mc, thit b nh hng n tiu th nng lng c bit l cc thit b c cng sut ln s dng nhiu dng nng lng khc nhau. Trong nh my lc du, phn xng chng ct du th l mt v d, cng sut ch bin ca phn xng ny trung bnh khong t 6-10 triu tn du th /nm vi lng nng lng tiu th (in, hi nc, du t) l rt ln. tit kim nng lng tiu th mt gii php c p dng l gim p sut ti vng sc ca thp chng ct chnh xung gii hn cho php. Vic gim p sut vng sc ca thp chng ct dn n thay i mt lot cc thng s cng ngh ca thp ct v l gia nhit theo xu hng gim c nng lng tiu th. C th nh sau: - Gim nhit vng sc xung (khong 80C); - Gim nhit nguyn liu ra khi l gia nhit (khong 120C);

141

Hnh H-2.39-Tit kim nng lng trong phn xng chng ct du th Do nhit vng sc v nhit nguyn liu vo thp gim xung ng k dn n lng nhin liu tiu hao trong l gia nhit cng gim ng k v lng hi nc sc y thp cng gim. Vi mt phn xng chng ct du th cng sut khong 110.000thng/ngy th nng lng tit kim c khong 1700m3 du nhin liu quy i mt nm. Gii php v cc v tr c th tit kim c nng lng tiu th trong phn xng chng ct du th c minh ha hnh H-2.39. 2.4.3.2. Tn dng nhit ca dng cng ngh c nhit cao Mt hin tng ph bin trong cng nghip ch bin du kh l nguyn liu trc khi vo cc l phn ng, cc thp chng ct thng c nhit thp hn iu kin cng ngh yu cu. V vy, trc cc thit b ny phi lp t l t hoc thit b gia nhit nng nhit ca dng nguyn liu ti gi tr cn thit. Trong khi sn phm i ra t l phn ng, cc thp chng ct ny li c nhit cao cn phi c lm ngui. Qu trnh lm ngui ny tiu th thm mt lng nng lng. Vn tn dng cc dng cng ngh c nhit cao gia nhit dng nguyn liu c nhit thp thng thng cng c t ra ngay trong giai on thit k ban u. Tuy nhin, thng vic tn dng cha c trit , v vy, cn phi c nhng bin php tn dng ngun nhit nhiu hn na.V d in hnh cho vic tn dng dng cng ngh c nhit cao gia nhit nguyn liu l cc qu trnh x l lu hunh bng hydro. Trong thit k truyn thng trc y, cc phn xng ny cng tnh n vic tn dng dng nhit cao i ra t l phn ng, tuy nhin, theo thit

142

k ny th vic tn dng nhit cn cha tht trit v cha c s phi hp gia phn thit b phn ng v phn thp chng luyn. V vy, tn dng c nhiu hn na ngun nhit tha v gim ti a nng lng tiu th cho qu trnh lm mt sn phm i ra t thp chng ct, cc thit b trao i nhit c lp t b sung tn dng nhit nng ca dng sn phm i ra t thit b phn ng gia nhit cho dng nguyn liu trc khi vo l phn ng. Thit b gia nhit y thp chng ct c loi b v thay vo l mt thit b trao i nhit tn dng nhit lng ca dng sn phm i ra t l phn ng. Cc thit b trao i nhit cng c lp t b sung trn ng ra ca dng sn phm y thp chng ct tn dng nhit tha ng thi gim nng lng tiu hao cho qu trnh lm mt sn phm. S minh ha cho vic tn dng ngun nhit t cc dng c nhit cao trong cc phn xng x l lu hunh bng hydro c minh ha trong cc hnh H-2.40A v H-2.40B.

Hnh H-2.40A-Tn dng ngun nhit tha trong phn xng x l lu hunh bng hydro (trc khi ci thin) Nh c cc thit b trao i nhit lp t b sung (hnh H-2.40B) m hiu qu tn dng nhit c ci thin ng k v do vy tit kim c nng lng, ph tr tiu hao. Kt qu thu dc sau khi p dng gii php ny l ng khch l: tit kim c khong 2,8lt nhin liu tiu hao cho 1m3 nguyn liu a v l phn ng v tng ng lng nc lm mt gim i 1,5 tn cho mi 1m3 nguyn liu.

143

Hnh H-2.40B-S tn dng ngun nhit tha trong phn xng x l lu hunh bng hydro (sau khi ci thin) 2.4.3.3. Tn dng dng kh thi c cha cu t c nhit tr v nhit cao Nh cp, trong cng nghip ch bin du kh tn ti cc dng kh thi c nhit cao v cha cu t c nhit tr chy cao. Tn dng c ngun nng lng ny khng ch c ngha v mt kinh t m cn gp phn bo v mi trng. Dng kh dng ny in hnh l dng kh thi t thit b ti sinh xc tc phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si. Nhit dng kh thi t phn xng ny trung bnh vo khong 7007800C (ty thuc vo cng ngh v tnh cht du th). Trong dng kh thi cn cha mt lng ln kh CO c hi nhng li cho nhit lng cao khi t chy. Dng kh ny l i tng l tng cho vic tn dng sn xut hi nc cao, trung p v chy cc tua bin kh pht in. S nguyn l tn dng dng kh thi t thit b ti sinh xc tc cn tng si c minh ha trong hnh H-2.41. Theo s nguyn l ny, kh thi c nhit cao i ra t thit b ti sinh xc tc c a vo turbine kh cng vi turbin hi pht in s dng ni ti trong nh my. Dng kh thi ny sau khi qua turbine kh s c a sang ni hi tn dng nhit (Waste Heat Boiler and CO Boiler). Ti y dng kh vn c nhit cao giu kh mono cacbon (CO) ny c phi trn vi khng kh v b sung thm nhin liu (ty thuc vo cn bng nhit lng) thnh hn hp chy c nhit cao sn xut hi phc v cho nhu cu ni ti nh my. Nh vy, vi s cng ngh ny, dng kh thi khng ch c tn dng v nng

144

lng nhit m cn c tn dng c ngun nhit tr ca cu t trong dng thi (kh CO). Nh c ngun nng lng c ti sinh m nng lng tiu hao ton nh my s c gim bt.

Hnh H-2.41-S nguyn l tn dng nhit dng kh thi t t thit b ti sinh xc tc qu trnh cracking xc tc cn tng si 2.4.3.4. Tn dng dng kh thi t cc l t c nhit cao Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh c rt nhiu qu trnh cng ngh s dng l t gia nhit nguyn liu (chng ct du th, qu trnh x l lu hunh bng hydro,...). Trong cc thit k trc y phn ln cc dng kh thi ny khng c tn dng (xem hnh H-2.42) hoc tn dng khng trit (gia nhit sn xut hi nc qu nhit). Ngun nhit cao ny nu khng c tn dng khng ch gy thit hi v kinh t m cn nh hng xu n mi trng khng kh. Trong nhng nm gn y, do sc p cnh tranh v gi c v do nhng yu cu v bo v mi trng m cc ngun kh thi t l t c mt s nh my lc ha du trn th gii xem xt, tn dng ngun nhit cao ny gia nhit cho khng kh trc khi a vo phi trn bung t ca chnh cc l t ny. Khng kh trc khi a vo l t c nhit cao s gip hiu sut chy cao hn, gim c nhin liu tiu hao v trong mt s trng hp gim lng cht c hi hnh thnh trong qu trnh chy (NOx, SOx).

145

Hnh H-2.42-Cc ngun kh thi l t khng c tn dng tn dng ngun nhit t cc dng kh thi l t nh m t trong hnh H-2.42, mt thit b trao i nhit khng kh c lp t thc hin vic trao i nhit. Ngoi ra cng bc dng kh, mt qut ht v mt qut y cng c lp t b sung. S cng ngh tn dng nhit t cc l t c m t trong hnh H-2.43. Vi nhit dng kh thi hn hp t hai l t gi nh l 4400C, nhit khng kh mi trng l 150C th nhit khng kh a vo bung t sau khi i qua thit b gia nhit s t vo khong xp x 400 0C trong khi nhit dng kh thi vo kh quyn gim xung cn 1200C so vi nhit trc khi tn dng nhit l 4400C. Nhng li ch thu c t vic tn dng nhit dng kh thi nhit cao t cc l t nh m t trong hnh H-2.43 l: - Nhit kh thi gim i c 3200C (t 4400C xung cn 1200C), nh khng cn cc bin php th cp (h nhit ) x l dng kh ny trc khi thi vo mi trng; - Hiu sut nhit ca cc l t tng ln 15% (t 71% ln 86%) nh nhit khng kh phi trn bung t cao hn; - Nhin liu tiu hao cho cc l t ny gim ng k. Nh vy vic tn dng ngun nhit t dng kh thi ca l t khng ch mang li hiu qu kinh t m cn gp phn tch cc vo vic gim cc cht thi gy hiu ng nh knh vo kh quyn.

146

Hnh H-2.43-S cng ngh tn dng ngun nhit cao t dng kh thi ca cc l t 2.5. LA CHN THIT B TRAO I NHIT 2.5.1. Yu cu chung Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca ngi thit k khi tnh ton mt qu trnh trao i nhit p ng c yu cu c th l vic cn nhc la chn dng thit b trao i nhit s c s dng mt cch hp l nht. Trong a s cc ngnh cng nghip trc y, thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm thng c cn nhc s dng trc tin do h thng cc tiu chun p dng cho thit b ny tng i hon thin (cc tiu chun TEMA v ASME). Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, vn nng cao hiu sut ca cc thit b trao i nhit ng thi phi gim thiu gi thnh ca thit b l nhng tiu ch quan trng trong qu trnh thit k thit b. V vy, cc dng thit b trao i nhit khc ngy cng c ch xem xt, s dng. c bit, trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh, ni c rt nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau vi nhng iu kin ch cng ngh khc nhau th nhu cu v a dng ha s dng thit b trao i nhit nng cao hiu qu qu trnh trao i nhit, nng cao tin cy h thng, tit kim chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh l mt nhu cu mang tnh khch quan. C nhiu tiu ch la chn dng thit b trao i nhit, tuy nhin v c bn cc tiu ch chnh c xem xt bao gm: - Yu cu v nhit v thy lc; - Tnh tng thch ca vt liu ch to; - tin cy vn hnh;

147

Vn bo dng; p ng nhng quy nh v an ton, sc khe v mi trng; Gi thnh thit b.

Bt k mt thit b trao i nhit no c la chn phi c kh truyn c lng nhit vi cng sut xc nh theo yu cu vi khong nhit vo/ ra ca cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit dao ng trong mt gii hn cho php. ng thi, tn tht p sut trong thit b phi nm trong gii hn cho php c xc nh bi iu kin cng ngh hay yu t kinh t. Thit b ny phi c kh nng chu c ng sut sinh ra do chnh lch p sut v nhit gia cc lu th v gia cc chi tit khc nhau ca thit b. Vt liu la chn ch to thit b phi chu c tnh n mn. Khuynh hng ng cn trong thit b phi c nh gi xc nh chu k lm v sinh thit b. Trong iu kin cc cht trao i nhit c tnh c hi cao th thit b trao i nhit c la chn phi c kh nng loi b hoc gim ti a nh hng ti sc khe con ngi v mi trng nu thit b r r hoc xy ra s c. Thit b trao i nhit c la chn phi p ng c y yu cu ca cc tiu chun an ton. Cc c s ban u quyt nh la chn s b dng thit b s c trnh by di y. 2.5.2. La chn s b Cc tiu ch c bn la chn s b kiu, dng thit b trao i nhit m ngi thit k cn phi xem xt cho cc ng dng c th c trnh bnh trong bng 2-1 di y. Trong bng ny cung cp cc thng tin v gii hn nhit , p sut hot ng ca cc dng thit b trao i nhit v di b mt trao i nhit cc thit b ny ca cc nh ch to v cung cp thit b c sn trn th trng (cc thit b ny thng c ch to chun ha tr khi c yu cu ring). Tuy nhin, cng cn lu rng, b mt trao i nhit khng phi l iu kin tin quyt cho vic la chn v c th b tr cc thit b hot ng song song nhau p ng yu cu v b mt trao i nhit (phng n ny c th pht sinh thm chi ph ng ng v cc ph kin). Bng ny cng cung cp thng tin v vn tng thch gia lu th tham gia trao i nhit v cc phn ca thit b lin quan n r r v kh nng gy s c. Bng 2-1. Mt s tiu ch la chn s b kiu thit b trao i nhit
Kiu thit b Khong p sut (MPa) Khong nhit , 0 C Din tch b mt trao i nhit, m2 Vn tc lu th (ngoi/trong ng), m/s Gii hn lu th c im chnh

148

ng lng ng ng chm Tm bn c vng m Tm bn hn kn

30 (v); 140 (ng)

-100+ 600

0,2520

Lng (23)/(23) Kh (1020)/(1020) Lng (12)/(23) Kh (510)/(1020) Lng (12)/(12) Kh (510)/(510) Lng (12)/(12) Kh (510)/(510) Lng (12)/(12) Kh (510)/(510) Lng (23)/(23) Kh (510)/(510)

Vt liu ch to Vt liu ch to Vt liu vng m Vt liu ch to, khng ng cn Vt liu ch to Vt liu ch to Vt liu ch to, khng n mn Vt liu ch to

Kch thc nh, m un Nhiu kiu Gi thnh/m2 thp P gia lu th <3Mpa Cho nht v n mn cao t bo dng Mt cao, T thp Cho mc ch thi nhit

30

-200+ 600

31000

0,12,5

-25+175

12500

> + 400

12500

Xoy lc Xoy lc dng ng Mt trao i nhit cao Lm mt bng khng kh

n + 300

10200

50

+ 350

150

310

-270+ 800

1030.000

Kh (25)/(25)

C th thay i

C th thay i

620.000

Lng (23)/(23) Kh (36)/(510)

Vi nhiu dng thit b trao i nhit, vic la chn vt liu ch to ch ph thuc vo vic t nng hay lm ngui cc lu th. Nhn chung, thit b trao i nhit no cn yu cu vng m ngn chia hai lu th th gii hn p dng ca thit b ny nm chnh kh nng tng thch ca vng m vi cc lu th. Vi cc dng thit b vic m thit b kim tra v v sinh gp tr ngi (cc dng thit b hn kn, thit b c mt b mt trao i nhit cao) th khng nn s dng cho cc lu th va c tnh n mn va d b ng cn. Trong trng hp c nhiu dng thit b trao i nhit cng p ng c cc tiu ch v cng sut truyn nhit, ch thy lc yu cu, chng t c s tng thch vi cc lu th, khng gp phi cc vn nghim trng trong bo dng v vn an ton sc khe v mi trng th vic dng thit b c la chn s ch yu da trn tiu ch kinh t (gi thit b, chi ph vn hnh, bo dng,...).

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2.6. CU HI V BI TP 1. 2. 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm; Trnh by nguyn tc phn loi thit b trao i nhit ng chm; Hy cho bit l do mc d thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c mt b mt trao i nhit khng cao nhng vn c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ni chung v trong cng nghip ch bin du kh ni ring; Trnh by mc ch ca cc vch ngn trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm, kt cu ca mt s kiu vch ngn dng v ng dng ca cc kiu ny; Trnh by cu to v ng dng ca mt s kiu thit b trao i nhit theo phn loi ca tiu chun TEMA; Nguyn nhn gy ng sut nhit trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm, trnh by cc gii php khc phc ng sut nhit, u nhc im ca cc 7. gii php ny; Trnh by nguyn nhn gy rung ng chm ng, cc gii php trnh hin

4.

5. 6.

tng ny; 8. Cc hng hc c th xy ra do hin tng rung ng chm ng? 9. Hy trnh by mt s nguyn tc b tr dng chy trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm; 10. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn; 11. Trnh by cu to thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn; 12. Trnh by ng dng v phm vi ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn; 13. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn; 14. Trnh by cu to thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn; 15. Trnh by ng dng v phm vi ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn; 16. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn c bit Alfarex; 17. Trnh by ng dng v phm vi ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn c bit Alfarex; 18. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm bn v ng Bavex;

150

19. Trnh by cu to thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm bn v ng Bavex; 20. Trnh by ng dng v phm vi ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm bn v ng Bavex; 21. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc; 22. Trnh by cu to thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc; 23. Trnh by ng dng v phm vi ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc; 24. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit phi hp kiu tm bn v ng chm; 25. Trnh by cu to ca thit b trao i nhit phi hp kiu tm bn v ng chm; 26. Trnh by ng dng v phm vi ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit phi hp kiu tm bn v ng chm; 27. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in; 28. Trnh by ng dng v phm vi ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit 29. 30. 31. 32. kiu bo mch in; Trnh by cc nguyn tc c bn tit kim nng lng tiu th trong nh my lc ha du; Trnh by li ch mang li khi tn dng nhit lng ca cc dng cng ngh c nhit cao; Trnh by li ch mang li khi tn dng dng kh thi c nhit cao v cha cu t c nhit tr cao; Trnh by li ch mang li ca vic tn dng dng kh thi l t c nhit cao; 33. Trnh by cc tiu ch c bn la chn s b thit b trao i nhit;

151

BI 3. THIT B V H THNG KH NN M bi: HD I3

Gii thiu Trong cc nh my cng ngh ni chung cng nh trong cng nghip ch bin du kh ni ring, kh nn gi mt vai tr quan trng trong vn hnh nh my (l ng lc cho cc van iu khin t ng bng kh nn) cng nh trong bo dng my mc thit b. Trong vn hnh bnh thng, kh nn c s dng vn hnh cc van iu khin bng kh nn v ngun ng lc cho mt s dng c sa cha nh. Trong giai on bo dng, kh nn c s dng trong vic thi sc, ra ng ng,... nh my vn hnh an ton, h thng kh nn v cht lng ca kh nn phi t c cc yu cu ca cc thit b tiu th. Ngoi H thng kh nn, trong cc nh my ch bin du kh cn c h thng cung cp kh ni-t m bo vn hnh an ton Nh my v phc v cho cng tc bo dng v giai on khi ng Nh my. H thng kh ni-t c vai tr c bit quan trong i vi mt s qu trnh cng ngh ca nh my lc du. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin c nng lc: - M t c mc ch, cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng cp kh nn iu khin v kh nn cng ngh. - M t c vai tr, mc ch v cu to H thng thit b cp kh Ni-t trong cng nghip lc ho du. - C kh nng nhn bit c kiu dng thit b trong thc t. - Thc hin vn hnh mt s thit b trong phng th nghim. Ni dung chnh S cng ngh v cu to thit b H thng cp kh nn. S cng ngh v cu to thit b H thng cp kh Ni-t. Cc thit b tiu th kh nn v kh Ni-t trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. 3.1. H THNG CP KH NN 3.1.1. Vai tr h thng kh nn Kh nn c vai tr quan trng trong vn hnh nh my cng ngh ni chung cng nh trong cng nghip ch bin du kh ni ring. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, kh nn cn c ngha c bit quan trng hn do

152

nhng c th ring: kh nng chy n cao, nhiu cht c hi nn phn ln qu trnh u c iu khin t ng. iu khin t ng cc van trong cng nghip ch bin du kh c th dng m t in hay bng kh nn, tuy nhin, van c iu khin bng kh nn c mt s u im, thm ch mt s van ngng khn cp bt buc phi dng kh nn. Cht lng ca kh nn v tin cy ca h thng ny, v vy, ng mt vai tr khng nh trong vic m bo an ton vn hnh nh my. Ngoi chc nng cung cp kh nn cho qu trnh iu khin t ng, kh nn trong cc nh my ch bin du kh cn phc v mt s qu trnh cng ngh, lm ng lc cho mt s dng c sa cha nh v trong giai on khi ng, bo dng nh my. 3.1.2. H thng kh nn H thng kh nn trong Nh my lc ha du c chia thnh hai b phn, b phn sn xut kh nn v h thng phn phi kh nn ti cc h tiu th trong nh my. Di y trnh by cu to nguyn l hot ng ca cc b phn ny. 3.1.2.1. B phn sn xut kh nn Kh nn phc v trong nh my l khng kh c nn ti p sut thch hp cho mc ch s dng (thng thng kh nn c p sut t 7-11Kg/cm2). Ngoi yu cu v p sut, khng kh nn phc v cho mc ch iu khin cn phi p ng c cc yu cu v cht lng m ch yu l yu cu v hm lng nc trong kh nn.

Hnh H-3.1. S h thng sn xut kh nn

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S nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca h thng kh nn trong Nh my lc ha du c m t trong hnh H-3.1. Theo s ny, b phn sn xut kh nn bao gm cc thit b chnh: Cc my nn kh; Bnh cha kh t; Bnh sy kh;

- Bnh cha kh kh. a. Nguyn l hot ng Khng kh c cc my nn nn ti p sut thch hp (thng thng t 711Kg/cm2), c lm mt ri a ti bnh cha kh t. Mt phn hi nc trong khng kh c ngng t v tch ra, tuy nhin, lng hi nc trong khng kh nn vn cao, v vy, cn phi tip tc c tch ra khi kh nn cho ti khi t yu cu v m cho php. Khng kh sau c a ti bnh sy kh, ti y lng hi nc c tch tip ti gii hn yu cu, cc ht rn ln trong khng kh cng c tch ra y. Khng kh sau khi sy kh c a ti bnh cha kh nn, bnh cha kh nn c chc nng bnh n p sut cung cp cho cc h tiu th v l ngun d tr kh nn trong trng hp cc my nn gp s c hoc h thng phi ngng hot ng hon ton do mt in. b. Cu to My nn kh vic cung cp kh nn c lin tc vi tin cy cao trong thc t s my nn thng c b tr l ba (3) vi cng sut mi my p ng 100% cng sut kh nn theo thit k, cc my nn hot ng theo nguyn tc: 1 my hot ng, mt my d phng v mt my ang trong giai on bo dng. Theo nguyn tc hot ng ny, kh nng ngng hot ng hon ton ca h thng kh nn do s c my nn l rt thp, nu my nn ang hot ng gp s c, my d phng ngay lp tc c a vo hot ng, ng thi my ang trng thi bo dng c a vo trng thi d phng. Ty theo cng sut kh nn yu cu, my nn la chn c th l my nn kiu trc vt hoc my nn ly tm. Thng thng nu cng sut my nn nm trong di cng sut thng dng ca cc nh ch to th my nn trc vt s c u tin la chn do my nn trc vt c nhiu u im nh n nh cao, hot ng m du,... Trong trng hp cng sut my nn ln khng nm trong di cng sut thng dng ca cc nh ch to th my nn l tm thng c xem xt la chn. Di y trnh by cu to ca mt s dng my nn hay c s dng.

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Hnh H-3.2. My nn kiu trc vt

Hnh H-3.3A Cu to bn trong my nn kiu trc vt

Hnh H-3.3B-Minh ha cu to bn trong my nn kiu trc vt

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Hnh H-3.4-Cm my nn kiu trc vt lp t hon chnh

Hnh H-3.5A- Nguyn l cu to bn trong my nn ly tm

Hnh H-3.5B- Minh ha cu to bn trong my nn ly tm

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Hnh H-3.6-Hnh nh my nn ly tm lp t hon chnh My nn trc vt l dng my nn th tch c cu trc l tng hot ng trong iu kin kh nn c ln bi bn hoc lng cun theo. My nn trc vt cho php a cc cht lm mt, cht ra sch vo dng kh nn do vn tc dng thp. Tui th ca my nn trc vt c th t ti 20 nm vi 3 nm u hot ng lin tc khng s c. My nn trc vt c th l dng my nn mt cp hoc nhiu cp ty vo p sut yu cu. B phn dn dng c th l m t in hoc tuabin hi. My nn kiu trc vt c nhiu u im so vi mt s kiu my nn khc trong di cng sut v p sut lm vic ca n. Mt s u im ca my nn kiu trc vt so vi my nn kiu pt-tng: - Khng c b phn chu tc dng ca ng sut mi do phi hot ng lin tc(xc mng pt-tng, van) do vy t phi bo dng. - Khng c b phn dao ng lch tm v vy my t rung ng hn nh chi ph cho nn mng cng t hn. - Kh nng phc v cao, t ti 99%. Mt s u im ca my nn kiu trc vt so vi my nn kiu ly tm: - Kh nn c th cha bi (cho php ti 300mg/m3) hoc git lng (iu m my nn khc dng nh khng cho php); - Vn tc u ra thp v vy cho php a cht lng vo dng vi mc ch lm mt hoc ra sch; - Lu lng th tch ca ht my dng nh khng i khi t s nn thay i do vy khng gy ra hin tng xung; C p ng rt tt gia mc ti v nng sut tiu th: 50% lu lng tng ng 50% vn tc v tiu th nng lng bng 50%;

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Hot ng di vn tc cng hng th nht ca trc quay v vy

khng gy ra hin tng rung ng nguy him khi my vt qua vn tc cng hng ny. Bnh cha kh nn t Bnh cha kh t c chc nng cha kh nn c lm mt t my nn kh a ti. Thng thng, hai bnh cha kh nn t mi bnh c sc cha bng 100% cng sut ca h thng. Hai bnh cha ny hot ng theo nguyn tc mt bnh hot ng, mt bnh trng thi d phng. Thit k theo nguyn tc ny m bo thng xuyn bo dng/sa cha c bnh cha cng nh m bo cng tc thanh tra nh k bt buc m khng nh hng n hot ng lin tc ca h thng. Cc bnh cha kh t l cc bnh tr ch to bng thp cacbon. Bnh sy Qu trnh sy kh nn tch hi nc hot ng theo nguyn l sy lnh. Khng kh nn s c lm lnh ti nhit nht nh (ty thuc vo yu cu tch m ra khi kh nn). Mc ch tch hi nc ra khi kh nn l trnh hin tng ngng t hi nc trn ng ng gy n mn ng ng. Khi trong kh nn c cha hi nc, trong qu trnh hot ng nu nhit mi trng xung thp cng vi tn tht p sut cc b, nhit kh nn gim t ngt dn n hin tng ngng t nc trong lng ng. Nc ngng t trong ng ng khng ch lm n mn thit b m cn nh hng n chnh xc hot ng ca cc thit b iu khin bng kh nn. V vy, mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca kh nn iu khin l nhit im sng (Dew point), nhit ny ty thuc vo iu kin kh hu ni t nh my. Vi cc vng n i nhit im sng ca kh nn yu cu ti-400C, vi vng xch o v nhit i, nhit im sng c th c quy nh cao hn (t-150C n +50C). V nguyn tc, nhit im sng ca kh nn cng thp th cng tt tuy nhin chi ph u t cho thit b sy v ch ph vn hnh cng cao, v vy cn hi ha gia cht lng v hiu qu kinh t. tch nc c hiu qu, trc mi bnh sy ngi ta lp t mt b lc tch du ko theo nhm trnh hin tng to nh tng trong b phn by nc. Bnh sy ngoi nhim v tch m cn c nhim v tch cc ht rn trong kh nn. Nhm thc hin nhim v ny, sau mi bnh sy, mt thit b lc ht rn c lp t tch cc ht rn v cc cn bn dng rn khc ko theo dng kh nn. Cc ht rn c kch thc ln hn 3 m s b loi ra khi kh nn.

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Tng lng cc cht rn trong kh nn sau khi ra khi bnh sy khng c php vt qu 0.1 g/m3. Thng thng, h thng sn xut kh nn trong nh my lc ha du c hai bnh sy, mi bnh c thit k 100% cng sut. Cc bnh sy ny cng hot ng theo nguyn tc mt hot ng v mt ch d phng. Cht lng kh nn i ra khi bnh sy c kim tra bng u phn tch nhit im sng ni vi trung tm iu khin bng h thng DCS. Bnh cha kh nn kh Kh nn sau khi c lm kh v lm sch c a ti bnh cha kh kh. Bnh cha kh kh c nhim v bnh n p sut cung cp cho cc h tiu th v d tr kh nn iu khin trong trng hp khn cp (mt in hoc cc my nn gp s c dng hot ng hon ton). Ty theo quan im v m bo an ton hot ng m th tch bnh cha kh nn c xc nh vi cng sut cha m bo duy tr hot ng cc thit b cc thit b s dng kh nn trong vng 10 ti 20 pht. Thng thng, h thng kh nn c hai bnh cha, mi bnh cha c dung tch m bo 100% cng sut iu kin hot ng bnh thng. Nh vy m c th sa cha hay thanh tra nh k mt bnh cha m h thng vn hot ng bnh thng. 3.1.2.2. H thng phn phi Kh nn t bnh cha kh nn kh s c phn phi ti cc h tiu th qua mng li ng ng trong hng ro Nh my. Kh nn c hai mc ch s dng: s dng cho thit b iu khin v cho cc mc ch s dng khc. Trong hai mc ch s dng ny, kh nn iu khin s c u tin hn so kh nn cng ngh cho cc mc ch s dng khc. Trong trng hp tng nhu cu cc loi kh nn trong nh my ti mt thi im no vt qu kh nng p ng ca h thng kh nn th h thng iu khin t ng ca nh my s ng van cp kh nn cho mng li kh nn cng ngh. H thng ng ng phn phi kh nn trong ton nh my c thit k sao cho tn tht p sut ti v tr xa nht ca h thng khng vt qu gi tr cho php (thng thng gi tr tn tht p sut cho php khong 10% p sut u y ca my nn). 3.1.2.3. Mt s yu cu a. Cht lng kh nn Kh nn p ng c yu cu ca cc h tiu th, c bit l cc thit b iu khin cn phi t c ch tiu cht lng v: - Nhit im sng (dew point);

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p sut cp; Nhit ; Lng cht rn l lng.

Yu cu v nhit im sng ca kh nn ph thuc ch yu vo iu kin kh hu ti v tr xy dng nh my (ph thuc vo nhit thp nht trong nm) v mt phn ph thuc vo yu cu ring ca thit b iu khin. Nhn chung vi cc vng c nhit trung bnh trong ma ng thp th nhit im sng ca kh nn c th yu cu ti -400C, vi vng c nhit trung bnh ma ng cao hn c th yu cu nhit im sng cao hn (30400C so vi vng n i) ty vo iu kin v tiu chun thit k c th. p sut hot ng ca kh nn trong cc nh my ch bin du kh thng thng quy nh trong khong 78Kg/cm2. Nhit kh nn cho php dao ng trong khong 1045 0C. b. m bo cung cp kh nn lin tc Kh nn c ngha quan trng i vi hot ng bnh thng cng nh trong trng hp khn cp ca nh my lc ha du v vy m bo hot ng lin tc ca h thng l mt trong nhng yu cu hng u. Trong hot ng bnh thng nu h thng kh nn gp s c khng cung cp c kh nn m bo cht lng th khng th thc hin c nhiu qu trnh iu khin t ng dn n nhng hu qu nghim trng khng lng ht c. Trong nhng tnh hung khn cp phi dng nh my, nu kh nn khng cung cp th khng th thc hin c cng vic ngng nh my theo ng yu cu an ton phng chng chy n v d dn n thm ha. Do khi thit k h thng kh nn, s lng my nn kh c tnh ton mc kh c th xy ra s c cng mt lc tt c cc my, v vy, nguy c ngng h thng hon ton do my nn l kh xy ra. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn tim tng dn n ngng h thng cp kh nn l mt in ton b nh my trong cc trng hp bt kh khng, trong trng hp ny ngi ta a ra mt s gii php khc phc nh sau: Ngun in d phng Trong nh my ch bin du kh, do c th cng ngh phc tp, nhiu tim nng gy chy n v vy yu cu v an ton vn hnh v an ton phng chng chy n c t ln hng u. Mt trong nhng bin php nng cao an ton vn hnh v phng chng chy n l b tr thm ngun in d phng v mt ngun in cho trng hp khn cp. Ngun in d phng thay th tc thi ngun in chnh nu ngun in chnh b mt nhm m bo nh my

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hot ng lin tc. i vi mt nh my ch bin du kh nu phi ngng hot ng khng ch gy thit hi ln v kinh t m cn tim n nguy c mt an ton trong qu trnh ngng my mc thit b chnh v vy vic m bo ngun in cung cp lin tc cho nh my l nhim v quan trng. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp bt kh khng (thin tai) c th xy ra tnh hung cc ngun in cp cho nh my k c ngun d phng cng b mt th cn phi c mt ngun in (ngun khn cp) cp cho mt s nhu cu ti thiu phc v cho vic ngng nh my an ton. H thng kh nn l mt trong nhng h tiu th c tnh ton c cp in trong trng hp khn cp. Trong trng hp khn cp xy ra, dng nh my an ton th ngun kh nn phi m bo cho mt s thit b an ton vn hnh trong khong 20-30 pht. Nu cc bnh cha khng c thit k thi gian d phng th mt my nn phi c ni vi ngun in khn cp cung cp kh nn p ng yu cu. Tr kh nn d phng Mt la chn khc m bo ngun kh nn cung cp cho nh my trong trng hp khn cp l d tr kh nn cung cp cho nhu cu trong trng hp xy ra s c mt in, hay s c nghim trng phi dng hot ng ton nh my. Ngun kh nn d tr c cha trong cc bnh cha kh nn kh. Cc bnh cha ny c thit k c cng sut cha cung cp cho nhu cu s dng cc thit b an ton trong khong thi gian thch hp. 3.1.2.4. Van iu khin bng kh nn Cc van iu khin bng kh nn l cc h tiu th kh nn chnh trong nh my ch bin du kh. Cht lng kh nn i hi cao cng l do phi p ng yu cu ca cc van iu khin kh nn ny. a. Nguyn l hot ng van iu khin kh nn Nguyn l hot ng ca van iu khin kh nn rt n gin: Kh nn a vo mt bn ca mng p sut to ra p lc, ty theo cn bng gia p lc ca kh nn v lc cng ca l so trong van m trc van s chuyn ng tnh tin theo hng ng hay m van thc hin qu trnh iu khin. iu khin hot ng ca van, ngi ta iu khin p sut kh nn cp vo pha trc mng p sut. Di tc dng ca p lc kh nn, trn mng p sut v lc n hi ca l so, cung van s di chuyn ti mt v tr nht nh. Mi mt p sut kh nn cp vo van s tng ng vi mt v tr ca cung van v nh iu tit c dng chy theo mun. S nguyn l hot ng v cu to mt van iu khin kh nn in hnh c minh ha trong hnh H-3.7. v H-3.8.

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Hnh H-3.7. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca van iu khin bng kh nn b. Cu to van iu khin kh nn Van iu khin kh nn chia thnh hai phn: B phn chp hnh (Actuator) v phn van c kh. B phn chp hnh B phn chp hnh bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: Mng p sut, a mng p sut, cung van, l so, b phn hin th hnh trnh ca cung van v cc ph kin khc. Mng p sut c gn pha trong mt bung kn, mng p sut phn chia bung ny thnh hai ngn, mi ngn c p sut khc nhau. Mc chnh p sut gia hai ngn ty thuc vo trng thi kh nn cung cp vo mt trc ca mng p sut. Mc chnh p s to thnh mt lc hng theo dc trc ca cung van (ng thi cng l trc ca l so). Pha di ca mng p sut c mt a mng p sut, a ny c nhim v mng p sut v

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l c cu trung gian tip nhn p lc trn mng p sut v lc n hi ca l so v sau cng cung van di chuyn ti v tr cn bng gia hai lc ny. a mng cn l im trn ca l so. L so trong van iu khin kh nn c chc nng to ra lc cn bng vi p lc kh nn to ra hnh trnh chuyn ng ca cung van theo mc ch iu khin. Pha cui ca cung van l bch ni cung van vi trc phn van c kh. B phn hin th hnh trnh ca cung van s cho bit trng thi ng m ca van. Phn thn van c kh V nguyn tc, phn thn van c kh c cu to v nguyn l hot ng nh van bnh thng khc, ngoi tr cc kt cu c bit kt ni vi b phn chp hnh ca van. Cu to ca van c cp trong cc gio trnh khc v vy khng c m t chi tit trong gio trnh ny.

Hnh H-3.8. Hnh dng bn ngoi ca van iu khin kh nn 3.1.2.5. H thng kh nn cc b a. t vn Trong nh my lc ha du, ngoi h thng kh nn chung cp theo mng li cn c nhng h thng cp kh nn cc b phc v cho nhng yu cu s dng ring bit. L do cn c h thng kh nn ring bit c nhiu, tuy nhin ,c th lit k mt s nguyn nhn chnh: - Yu cu v cht lng kh nn khc bit nhiu so yu cu cht lng kh nn cho thit b iu khin, v vy nu dng chung mt h thng s dn

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n tng chi ph sn sut (do yu cu kh nn iu khin cao, chi ph u t h thng ln nu gp c cc yu cu kh nn ny vo s tng ng k ph u t v chi ph vn hnh). Cht lng kh nn khng yu cu cao, lng s dng ln; H tiu th ni qu xa mng ng phn phi, nu xy dng tuyn ng ti s tng chi ph v khng m bo p sut cung cp.

Trong nh my lc ha du h thng cp kh nn cc b in hnh l h thng kh nn cung cp cho thit b ti sinh xc tc trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si, h thng kh nn trong h thng x l nc thi, h thng kh nn cc khu b cha xa nh my,... b. H thng kh nn cho qu trnh ti sinh xc tc cracking xc tc cn tng si Gii thiu Nh trnh by bi 1, qu trnh cracking xc tc cn tng si lin tc l mt trong nhng qu trnh cng ngh quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Qu trnh cng ngh ny cn c s tham gia ca xc tc nng cao hiu sut thu hi v cht lng sn phm. Xc tc tham gia phn ng b mt dn hot tnh do b coke che ph b mt hot ng ca ht xc tc. khi phc hot tnh ca xc tc (qu trnh ti sinh xc tc) th cn phi loi b coke bm trn b mt ht xc tc. Phng php n gin v hiu qu nht loi b coke bm trn b mt xc tc l tin hnh t coke nhit thch hp khng lm h hi xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh. Qu trnh t coke c thc hin trong thit b ti sinh xc tc, ty theo cng ngh p dng v tnh cht ca du th m s dng thit b ti sinh mt bc hay ti sinh hai bc. Trong thit b ti sinh, khng kh cng vi nhin liu c phi trn theo t l chy thch hp ri a vo bung t qua h thng dn phn phi kh. Kh cp vo thit b ti sinh c cung cp bi my nn ring, thng thng my nn ny c dn ng bi tuc bin hi. S cng ngh ca h thng kh nn cc b trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si c m t trong hnh v H-3.9.

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Hnh H-3.9- S cng ngh h thng kh nn cc b trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si lin tc Cu to v nguyn l hot ng V nguyn tc, my nn kh s dng cp khng kh nn cho thit b ti sinh c th dng l loi my nn kh kiu hng trc hoc my nn ly tm (trong thc t my nn kiu hng trc thng c s dng hn do c kh nng iu khin c p sut v cng sut my). My nn kiu hng trc c hnh dng ngoi lp t trong phn xng cracking nh trong hnh H-3.10.

Hnh H-3.10- Hnh nh my nn hng trc lp t trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si

Hnh H-3.11- Cu to my nn hng trc, mt ct ngang

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Hnh H-3.12A- Hnh nh cu to bn trong my nn hng trc (rotor v stator)

Hnh H-3.12B-Hnh nh cu to bn trong my nn hng trc Mt cch khi qut, my nn hng trc c th c phn chia thnh cc phn chnh nh sau: - Phn R-to (Rotor); - Phn Stato (Stator); - V my v cc b phn ph. R-to ca my nn hng trc: R-to ca my nn hng trc l mt b phn quan trng nht ca my nn hng trc. y chnh l b phn to ra kh nng nn kh t p sut thng ti cc mc p sut cao hn. Cu to ca b phn ny tng i phc tp gm nhiu b phn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, v c bn c th chia r to my nn thnh cc phn chnh: - Trc r-to; - Cnh nn hng trc; - Vnh nn ly tm; Kt cu gn cnh nn vi trc; Cc chi tit ph. S cu to ca R-to my nn hng trc c m t trong hnh H3.13 v minh ha bng hnh nh thc trong hnh H-3.12A. -

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Hnh H-3.13- Cu to r-to my nn hng trc

Hnh H-3.14- Cu to cnh nn v lp t trn trc r-to Trc r-to c nhim v truyn chuyn ng v to kt cu gn cc cnh nn. Trc my nn c kch thc khng ng u do yu cu kt cu c kh v c bit l do yu cu v kch thc ca cnh nn hng trc khc nhau dc theo chiu di trc r-to. Cnh nn hng trc: Cnh nn hng trc c bin dng cnh v c lp t v tr thch hp to ra dng kh nn chuyn ng theo hng dc trc. to hiu qu tt cho qu trnh nn v hiu sut my nn cao, kch thc (ng knh) v nghing ca cnh nn hng trc thay i dc theo chiu di trc r-to. Bin dng v cch thc lp t cnh nn hng trc ca my nn c m t trong hnh H-3.14. Vnh nn ly tm: Vic kt hp cc cnh nn hng trc v cnh nn ly tm cho php nng cao c p sut nn ca my nn, v c bit l trnh c hin tng nghn u nn do p sut nn thp. Vnh nn ly tm c lp vo giai on nn cui cng khc phc tnh trng nghn u nn (hin tng ny hay xy ra nu ch s dng cc cnh nn hng trc). y l mt trong nhng ci tin ng k my nn hng trc ca mt s hng sn xut

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my nn ni ting nh MANTURBO (c). Vnh nn ly tm c kt cu nh cnh nn ca my nn ly tm.

Hnh H-3.15- ng cong c tuyn v ch lm vic ca my nn hng trc

Hnh H-3.16- Bin thin p sut ca my nn hng trc Vic a thm vnh nn ly tm s cho php m rng khong hot ng ca my nn hng trc do thay i c gii hn p sut nghn ca y my nn. Nh vnh nn ly tm, p sut ca y my nn tng ng k giai on nn cui cng (xem hnh H-3.15 v H-3.16). Stato my nn hng trc Stato ca my nn c chc nng cng vi r-to my nn to dng kh ng ph hp cho qu trnh nn. thc hin c nhim v ny, stato c lp mt tang trng trn gn cc cnh nn tnh (xem hnh H-3.12 A, H-3.17 v H-3.18).

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Hnh H-3.17- Cu to stator vi tang lp vnh nn hng trc tnh

Hnh H-3.18- Cu to vnh nn hng trc tnh Tang trng lp cc cnh nn tnh c kt cu c th thay i c nghing ca cnh nn nh c th iu chnh c ch hot ng ca my nn ph hp vi iu kin lm vic. V my nn V my nn c chc nng l kt cu c kh lp t r-to v stato. V my cn c nhim v to ra cc khoang ht v khoang y ca my nn, gn cc ca ht v ca y ni vi ng ng cng ngh. 3.2. H THNG CP KH NI-T 3.2.1. Vai tr h thng Nit Kh Ni-t c vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, c bit l i vi cc Nh my lc ho du. Kh Ni-t l mt dng kh tr thch hp cch ly cc mi trng hot ng c kh nng gy chy n nu cc mi trng

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ny tip xc vi nhau, cch ly cc sn phm d b -xy ho vi mi trng khng kh. Ngoi ra, kh Ni-t cn c s dng rng ri trong giai on chun b khi ng nh my, sa cha v bo dng my mc, ng ng nh dng ui khng kh ra khi thit b. Kh Ni-t trong nh my c cung cp thnh mng li ng ng ti cc h tiu th di dng kh c p sut thp (khong 711Kg/cm2). 3.2.2. Cc phng php sn xut kh ni t Hin nay, sn xut Ni-t v c bn vn i t ngun Ni-t trong khng kh t nhin. Qu trnh sn xut Ni-t i t khng kh cho n nay c cc phng php chnh sau y: - Phng php ho lng khng kh ri chng luyn truyn thng; Phng php hp ph phn t (Pressure Swing Adsorption-PSA); Phng php mng lc phn t (hp ph) kt hp k thut siu lnh

(molecular sieve adsorption and Cryogenic air separation). 3.2.2.1. Phng php ho lng khng kh Theo phng php sn xut Ni-t truyn thng, khng kh c nn ti p sut cao v lm mt thu hi khng kh dng lng ri tin hnh chng ct tch ring bit cc thnh phn kh Ni-t, kh -xy v kh Cacbonic dng lng. Phng php ny c u im l cho php sn xut c ng thi nhiu loi kh c tinh khit cao, ph hp cng sut ln. Tuy nhin, sn xut Ni-t theo phng php ny u t ln do cc thit b lm vic p sut cao, gi thnh sn phm cao nu nh mc ch ch thu hi Ni-t. 3.2.2.2. Phng php hp ph phn t Phng php hp ph phn t da vo kh nng hp ph chn lc di p sut ca mt s cht tch Ni-t ra khi khng kh. Phng php ny c u im l n gin, h thng hot ng p sut khng cao. Tuy nhin, phng php ny ch sn xut c Ni-t trng thi kh m khng sn xut c Ni-t trng thi lng v vy khng ph hp vi yu cu ca nh my ch bin du kh (nhu cu kh Ni-t khng ging nhau mt thi im v vy cng sut h thng thng thit k mc trung bnh, ti cc thi im nhu cu cao th cn c Ni-t lng d tr cho nhu cu gia tng t bin ti mt s thi im). 3.2.2.3. Phng php lc phn t kt hp k thut siu lnh Theo phng php ny, khng kh c nn ti p sut thch hp (khong 714Kg/cm2) ri a qua mt sng lc phn t (hp ph) tch kh CO2 v

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hi nc ra khi kh nn. Kh nn sau c lm lnh ti nhit rt su nh k thut siu lnh tch Ni-t c tinh khit cao ra khi hn hp. Phng php sn xut Ni-t ny hin nay c s dng ph bin trong nh my lc du nh nhng tnh nng u vit: - Sn xut c c Ni-t lng v kh ph hp yu cu s dng; - H thng hot ng p sut thp; Gi thnh sn phm thp hn. S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng sn xut ni-t bng phng php

mng lc phn t kt hp k thut siu lnh c trnh by trong mc di ca bi hc ny. 3.2.3. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng 3.2.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng sn xut Ni-t c m t trong hnh H-3.19. Theo s cng ngh ny, khng kh c cc my nn kh nn ti p sut thch hp sau c lm mt ti nhit ca khng kh mi trng nh h thng lm mt ca my nn. Khng kh nn sau khi lm mt tip tc c h nhit xung khong 200C ri a ti thp hp ph phn t. Ti y, kh cc cacbonic v hi m c tch ra khi khng kh nh cc mng lc phn t. Cc thp hp ph ny lm vic theo nguyn tc gin on, mt hot ng v mt trng thi ti sinh. Khng kh sch sau tip tc c a n ti thit b trao i nhit vi dng sn phm lnh i ra t thp phn tch siu lnh. Khng kh nn sau thit b trao i nhit trng thi gn ngng t. Khng kh lnh c a vo thp phn tch siu lnh, y Ni-t v -xy c phn tch ra ring bit do c nhit ngng t khc nhau. Kh -xy lng c tch ra y thp, kh Ni-t ngng t mt phn nh thp v cho hi lu li thp siu lnh. -xy lng c nhit thp y thp c em trao i nhit vi kh Ni-t i ra nh thp siu lnh thu hi Ni-t lng. Phn kh Ni-t khng ngng t c a ti h thng phn phi. Mt phn kh Ni-t ngng t c a ti b cha Ni-t lng d phng cho nhng giai on cao im s dng ni-t vt qu cng sut tc thi ca h thng sn xut. iu ny rt quan trng i vi cc h tiu th c bit m cn phi c cung cp n nh v c d phng cao (nh nhu cu cp cho phn xng Reforming ti sinh xc tc lin tc).

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3.2.3.2. Cu to H thng cung cp Ni-t bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: - B phn sn xut kh Ni- t tinh khit; - B phn tng tr; - B phn phn phi. a. B phn sn xut Ni-t B phn sn xut Ni-t bao gm cc thit b chnh: My nn kh vi h thng lm mt, thp hp ph phn t, thit b trao i nhit v thp phn tch siu lnh. Dng my nn s dng cho h thng sn xut Ni-t do nh thit k v nh cung cp thit b trn gi quyt nh ph hp vi di cng sut v p sut yu cu. Tuy nhin, my nn thng c s dng l dng my nn kiu ly tm hoc trc vt. Cc my nn ny thng km theo cc dn ngng t lm mt kh nn xung nhit xp x nhit khng kh mi trng. Thp hp ph phn t c b tr lm vic gin on, v vy, trong h thng thng b tr hai thp hot ng theo nguyn tc mt thp hot ng v mt thp ti sinh. Thp ny c chc nng gi phn t kh cacbonic v hi nc khng cho i qua lp mng lc hoc lp hp ph lp t bn trong thp. Sau mt thi gian hot ng, lng kh cacbonic v hi nc gi li tng i nhiu lm bo ho lp m, thp s c ti sinh bng cch thi ngc bng kh -xy i ra t thp siu lnh. Gia thp hp ph phn t v thp phn tch siu lnh, cc thit b trao i nhit c lp t nhm lm lnh khng kh nn ( tch kh cacbonic v hi nc) bng kh -xy lng c nhit thp i ra t y thp phn tch siu lnh. Cc thit b trao i nhit ny lm vic theo nguyn tc trao i nhit gin tip, dng chy ngc chiu. Cc thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in hoc dng tm bn hn kn s c s dng cho mc ch ny. Thp phn tch siu lnh l mt trong hai thit b trung tm ca b phn sn xut Ni-t. V nguyn tc, thp phn tch siu lnh hot ng gn nh mt thp chng ct bnh thng phn tch Ni-t v -xy lng ra y thp v nh thp. im c bit ca thp ny l h thng "siu lnh" chuyn hn hp kh Ni-t v -xy t trng thi kh sang trng thi lng. Kh -xy c nhit ngng t thp s ngng t v thu v y thp cn Ni-t s thot ra nh thp v ngng t mt phn thnh trng thi lng. b. B phn tng tr v bay hi

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Cc dng kh ho lng thu c t thp phn tch siu lnh ch c kh Nit c thu lm sn phm cn -xy lng vi tinh khit khng cao s em i trao i nhit (lm lnh khng kh trc khi a vo thp siu lnh v ngng t kh Ni-t) ri thi li mi trng. Phn kh Ni-t khng ngng t c a ti h thng phn phi. Ni-t lng ngng t nh thp siu lnh mt phn c chuyn v bnh cha phn cn li cho hi lu li thp. Vic d tr Ni-t ho lng l yu cu bt buc v l do an ton vn hnh v l do kinh t i vi Nh my lc ho du. Nhu cu s dng kh Ni-t khng ging nhau ti mi thi im, nu xy dng h thng thit b vi cng sut p ng c nhu cu s dng ln nht ca nh my th khng cn phi u t h thng d tr kh. Tuy nhin, cng sut d ca h thng rt ln dn n lng ph v cng sut d tha thi im hot ng bnh thng. Gii php k thut hp l hay c s dng trong cc nh my lc ho du l xy dng mt h thng sn xut kh Ni-t vi cng sut hp l p ng c nhu cu s dng bnh thng v cng thm mt cng sut d lm d phng cho cc nhu cu khng thng xuyn khc. Ni-t c d tr di dng lng, khi nhu cu tiu th tng t bin s c a ti thit b bay hi cp Ni-t b sung cho h thng phn phi. Thit b bay hi c nhim v chuyn Ni-t t trng thi lng sang trng thi kh nh thit b bay hi iu kin nhit mi trng. m bo an ton vn hnh, h thng tng tr v bay hi Ni-t c chia thnh hai h thng ring bit. Mt h thng cung cp cho cc nhu cu bnh thng (nh ui kh, cch ly cc cht d xy ho,...) v mt h thng cung cp cho cc nhu cu c bit i hi kh nng cung cp kh lin tc ng cht lng yu cu (cc h thng cch ly mi trng d chy n nh h thng ti sinh xc tc ca phn xng Reforming) c. H thng phn phi Kh Ni-t t thit b bay hi v thp phn tch s c a ti mng li phn phi Ni-t trong Nh my. Vi cc h tiu th quan trng nh phn xng Reforming, h thng cp Ni-t c thit k tch bit vi mng li cung cp chung ton nh my. Khi nh my hot ng ch bnh thng, Ni-t cp cho cc h tiu th l Ni-t th kh thu t thp siu lnh. Khi p sut h thng gim (nhu cu tiu th vt qu lng kh cung cp) th h thng bay hi s cp Ni-t b sung t cc bnh d tr vo h thng b p phn thiu ht. Nit c cp ti cc h tiu th bng mng li ng ng. d. Cc h tiu th chnh

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Kh Ni-t c tiu th ch yu cho cc mc ch cch ly mi trng nh trong phn xng ti sinh xc tc, cc khu b cha sn phm trung gian v sn phm cui d b -xy ho. Trong giai on chy th nh my, mt lng ln Nit c s dng vi mc ch ui kh ra khi thit b, ph mi trng chn khng (vi cc Nh my ch bin du kh, cc thit b ch bin du tuyt i khng c mt ca -xy bn trong thit b nhm trnh nhng thm ha chy n xy ra. V vy, trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh cc Nh my lc ho du, cc phn xng ph tr ni chung v phn xng sn xut Ni-t ni ring thng phi c hon thnh trc phc v cho cc mc ch trn. Cc b cha cc cht d b -xy ho pha trn b mt c ph mt lp kh Ni-t nhm ngn cn s tip xc ca -xy vi cc cht ny, c bit l cc sn phm cracking. 3.2.3.3. Cht lng kh Ni-t yu cu Ni-t s dng trong cc Nh my ch bin du kh vi t cch l kh tr, v vy, cht lng ca n phi t c tiu chun cht lng nht nh trnh nh hng n hot ng chung ca nh my. Thng thng thnh phn kh Ni-t cung cp phi t c tiu chun nh sau: Bng 3-1-Thnh phn kh Ni-t Thnh phn Nitrogen Carbon Monoxide (CO) -xy Carbonic (CO2) Chlorine Hydrocarbons Nc Hydrogen Kh tr khc n v o (% vol min) ppm vol max ppm S lng 99.7 20 10 20 1 5 5 20 phn cn li

Kh Ni-t cp ti cc h tiu th thng phi c p sut trong khong t 7,511Kg/cm2. 3.3. CU HI V BI TP 1. 2. Trnh by vai tr ca h thng kh nn trong nh my ch bin du kh; Trnh by s cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng kh nn;

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3.

Nu cc loi my nn thng c s dng trong h thng sn xut kh nn trong nh my ch bin du kh, u nhc im ca my nn kiu trc vt;

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Nu cu to ca h thng kh nn trong cc nh my lc ha du; Nu cc yu cu c bn cht lng khng kh nn iu khin; Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca van iu khin bng kh nn Trnh by l do cn cc h thng nn kh cc b; M t s cng ngh h thng cp kh nn cc b trong phn xng

cracking xc tc cn tng si; 9. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my nn hng trc; 10. Hy cho bit l do phi a thm mt vnh nn ly tm vo giai on nn cui cng ca my nn kiu hng trc. 11. Trnh by vai tr ca kh Ni-t trong hot ng nh my ch bin du kh; 12. Hy cho bit c cc phng php sn xut Ni-t thng c s dng hin nay, u nhc im ca cc phng php ny trong cng nghip ch bin du kh; 13. Trnh by s v m t qu trnh cng ngh sn xut kh Ni-t bng phng php mng lc hp ph phn t v k thut siu lnh; 14. Trnh by cu to h thng sn xut Ni-t, chc nng ca cc thit b trong h thng; 15. Trnh by cc h tiu th Ni-t chnh trong nh my ch bin du kh, cht lng ca kh Ni-t;

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BI 4. THIT B X L LM SCH SN PHM M bi: HD I4

Gii thiu Trong du th thng cha mt lng cc cht c hi vi mi trng, sc kho con ngi v my mc, thit b nh cc hp cht Lu hunh, hp cht Ni-t, hp cht -xy, Benzen v mt s kim loi nng. Mt s tp cht khng ch nh hng n mi trng m cn nh hng n cc qu trnh cng ngh. nh hng ln nht ca cc tp cht c hi vi cc qu trnh cng ngh l gy ra hin tng ng c xc tc. Chnh v vy m vn lm sch cc sn phm (bao gm c sn phm trung gian v sn phm cui cng) l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng trong cc nh my ch bin du kh. Ngy nay, do nhng yu cu v bo v mi trng ngy cng kht khe, cc tiu chun v cht lng cc sn phm du m cng ngy cng quy nh kht khe v hm lng cc tp cht c hi i vi mi trng v con ngi th vai tr ca cc thit b x l cng c quan tm nghin cu, pht trin. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin c nng lc: - M t c mc ch ngha ca vic l sch sn phm. - M t c cc cng ngh l sch sn phm v ng dng ca cc phng php. - M t v v c s nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca mt s thit b lm sch: Thit b lm sch kh ho lng (LPG), thit b lm sch Kerosene (KTU), thit b lm sch RFCC Naphtha (NTU),... - Thc hin cc bc vn hnh mt s h thng thit b th nghim. Ni dung chnh Mc ch, ngha ca ca qu trnh lm sch sn phm v cc cng ngh x l. Tng quan v cc phng php lm sch; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b x l Kerosne (KTU) bng phng php ngt ho (sweetening). Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b x l RFCC Naphtha (NTU) bng phng php ngt ho (sweetening). Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b x l LPG (LTU) bng phng php ngt ho (sweetening). Thc tp v lm th nghim.

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4.1. MC CH QU TRNH LM SCH 4.1.1. Mc ch Mc ch qu trnh lm sch cc sn phm trung trung gian v sn phm cui cng trong cng ngh ch bin du kh l loi cc cht gy c hi i vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng ra khi cc sn phm du kh. Ngoi ra, qu trnh lm sch cn l buc chun b nguyn liu cho mt s qu trnh cng ngh m s c mt ca mt s tp cht s nh hng n hiu sut, cht lng sn phm qu trnh v tui th ca xc tc, thit b. Vi mt s qu trnh, s c mt ca mt s tp cht (hp cht cha lu hunh, ni-t, kim loi nng,...) s lm ng c xc tc, v vy, nguyn liu trc khi a vo cc l phn ng phi c x l loi b tp cht ny. Mt s qu trnh lm sch (x l bng hydro) cn c tc dng gip cho cc sn phm c n nh trong qu trnh tng tr, vn chuyn do cc thnh phn olefins trong sn phm ny c no ho v cc hp cht cha -xy c loi b. Vic loi b tp cht ra khi cc sn phm du kh khng ch c ngha v mt mi trng m cn c ngha kinh t chung cho ton x hi, mt s tp cht (Lu hunh, Ni-t) c mt trong nhin liu s lm gim tui th thit b s dng do to ra cht n mn trong qu trnh chy. 4.1.2. Xu hng pht trin Do tiu chun v bo v mi trng ngy cng kht khe, cc ngun gy nhim mi trng ngy cng c kim sot cht ch, c bit l cc ngun nhin liu ho thch nh than v du la. Cc tiu chun v cht lng cc sn phm du kh c xu th ngy cng quy nh gim cc cht gy nhim mi trng v sc kho con ngi c trong sn phm. Vi Khu vc chu u thm ch s tin ti cc ngun nhin liu chnh (Xng, Diesel) khng cn cha hp cht lu hunh na (Sulfur free). Cc cht gy c hi vi con ngi nh Benzen, cc cht Aromactics cng ngy cng c gim thiu ti gii hn cho php trong sn phm. 4.2. TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH X L Trong cng nghip ch bin s dng nhiu phng php lm sch khc nhau, tuy nhin, hai phng php c s dng ph bin nht l phng php x l bng hydro v phng php ngt ho (c s dng kim hoc khng s dng kim). 4.2.1. X l bng Hydro 4.2.1.1. Gii thiu

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Qu trnh x l bng hydro l phng php ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin du kh mc d u t thit b, xy dng cho qu trnh ny tng i ln v ko theo tng nhu cu s dng kh hydro trong ton nh my. Phng php x l bng hydro c nhiu u im hn so vi cc phng php x l khc: Cht lng sn phm thu c sch hn, cc tp cht b x l trit hn. Khc vi mt s phng php khc ch x l c mt s loi tp cht nht nh (v d ch lu hunh hoc Ni-t), phng php x l bng hydro c th x l c hu ht cc tp cht v ng thi ci thin c hiu sut thu hi sn phm. Sn phm c x l bng phng php ny hon ton loi b tp cht khi dng sn phm ch khng ch chuyn ho tp cht t dng c hi cao sang dng t c hi hn v vn tn ti trong sn phm (v d nh vi tp cht lu hunh, phng php ngt ho ch chuyn lu hunh t dng mercaptan sang dng disulfite ch khng c tch hon ton ra khi dng sn phm dn n tng lng lu hunh trong sn phm vn khng i). Nh c im ny m phn ln cc nh my lc du ngy nay s dng cng ngh x l bng hydro lm sch cu t pha xng mi c th p ng c ch tiu v tng lng lu hunh trong xng ngy cng ngt ngho. Qu trnh x l hydro cn gip sn phm sau khi c x l c n nh -xy ho, n nh mu cao hn nh loi cc tp cht cha -xy v qu trnh no ho. Tuy nhin, phng php x l bng hydro cng i lc gy ra mt s nh hng tiu cc ti cht lng sn phm, v d nh lm gim tr s Otane ca Naphtha cracking. 4.2.1.2. Qu trnh cng ngh a. S cng ngh Cc qu trnh x l bng hydro v nguyn tc c s cng ngh tng t nhau (s cng ngh in hnh c n gin ho nh hnh H-4.1). Theo s cng ngh ny, nguyn liu trc khi a vo l phn ng c nng ti nhit phn ng thch hp (ty thuc vo tng loi nguyn liu c th). L phn ng l dng thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh. Cc phn ng lm sch s xy ra di tc dng ca xc tc. Sn phm sau phn ng c lm ngui ri a ti thit b phn tch cao p tch pha lng v pha kh. Phn hydrocacbon lng c a ti thp chng ct tch sn phm hydrocacbon nh ra nh thp v sn phm n nh ra y thp.

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Hnh H-4.1-S cng ngh in hnh qu trnh x l bng hydro b. Qu trnh cng ngh Trong qu trnh x l bng hydro di s c mt ca xc tc xy ra nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau: Qu trnh kh lu hunh (Hydrodesulphurization), qu trnh kh Ni-t (Hydrodenitrification), qu trnh no ho (Hydrogen saturation), qu trnh kh cc hp cht -xy (Hydrodeoxygenation) v qu trnh hydrocracking. Mc ch ca qu trnh kh lu hunh v kh ni-t l kim sot cc cht gy nhim trong sn phm du kh v loi b nhng hp cht gy cn tr cho mt s qu trnh cng ngh (gy ng c xc tc) ra khi nguyn liu. Qu trnh kh cc hp cht -xy v no ha nhm n nh sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun. Qu trnh hydrocracking l qu trnh ph xy trong qu trnh x l bng hydro, tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny gip ci thin hiu sut thu hi sn phm. Cc phn ng c th xy ra trong qu trnh x l hydro c th tm tt nh sau: Qu trnh kh lu hunh Kh mercaptan: R-SH + H2 R-H + H2S Kh sulfides: R-S-R + H2 R-H-R + H2S Kh disulfides: R-S-S-R + 3H2 R-H + R-H + 2H2S Kh Thiophene:

Qu trnh kh ni-t Kh Pyridine: C5H5N + 5H2 C5H12 + NH3 Qu trnh kh hp cht -xy

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Kh hp cht -xy (peoxides): C7H13OOH + 3H2 C7H16 + H2O Kh Phenol:

Qu trnh no ha Bo ho Olefins: R CH = CH R Qu trnh kh cc hp cht Halogen RCl + H2 RH + HCl Qu trnh hydro cracking hydrocacbon nng theo phn ng R R + H2 R H + R H Khc vi cc phng php x l khc, phng php x l bng hydro cc hp cht lu hunh u chuyn v dng kh H2S v c tch ra khi sn phm. Kh ny sau c thu hi v phn xng thu hi x l lu hunh nhm gii quyt mt cch trit tng lng lu hunh trong sn phm. 4.2.2. X l bng phng php ngt ho 4.2.2.1. Gii thiu Phng php ngt ha l phng php s dng kim (NaOH) hoc dng mi trng kim nh vi s c mt ca xc tc tch hp cht lu hunh (dng H2S) ra khi sn phm hoc chuyn lu hunh t dng hot tnh (Mercaptans) sang dng khng hot tnh (disulfides). Phng php ny cng dng kt hp kh mt s axit c trong nguyn liu, sn phm. Tuy nhin, phng php ngt ha ch c s dng ch yu lm gim hm lng H 2S v Mercaptans trong sn phm m t lm thay i tng lng lu hunh trong sn phm v khng x l c cc tp cht khc. Phng php ny c s dng kh mi sn phm v c ng dng khi ch c nhu cu gim hm lng lu hunh dng c hi m khng quan tm nhiu n tng lng lu hunh trong sn phm cng nh cc tp cht khc. Cng ngh ny ch yu s dng trong cc s cng ngh ch bin du ngt hoc khi sn phm khng yu cu qu kht khe v tng hm lng lu hunh, hm lng olefins v n nh mu. X l bng phng php ngt ho li c chia thnh hai dng cng ngh: Cng ngh s dng kim v cng ngh khng s dng kim. 4.2.2.2. Cng ngh khng s dng kim a. c im cng ngh
H2

R CH2 CH2 R
2H 2

Bo ho Diolefins: RCH=CHCH=CHR

RCH2 CH2CH2CH2R

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Phng php ngt ho khng s dng kim (Caustic-free Technology) da trn qu trnh -xy ho mercaptans (thiols) c s tham gia ca xc tc trong mi trng ammonia. Cng ngh ny do UOP pht trin v c ng dng tng i rng ri. Phng php x l ny c mt s u im: Mi trng lm vic khng c tnh n mn, nhit lm vic gn nhit mi trng , p sut lm vic thp, v vy, vt liu ch to thit b c th s dng thp cacbon cho php gim chi ph u t; Vn hnh thit b d dng, chi ph vn hnh thp; Hiu qu x l cao; Gim c lng kim thi vo mi trng v gim bt c chi ph lin quan n vn x l lng kim thi.

Hnh H-4.2- S cng ngh ngt ho khng s dng xt b. Qu trnh cng ngh S cng ngh c n gin ho ca qu trnh x l lu hunh khng s dng kim (NaOH) c m t trong hnh H-4.2. Theo s ny, nguyn liu trc khi vo bnh phn ng c trn vi khng kh, dung dch Ammonia v ph gia. Hn hp nguyn liu v khng kh c a vo thit b

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phn ng. Thit b phn ng l dng thit b c lp m xc tc c nh. Di tc dng ca xc tc, trong iu kin mi trng kim yu (ammonia) qu trnh kh mercaptans xy ra theo phn ng: 4 RSH + O2 2 RSSR + 2 H2O Sn phm sau khi ngt ho bng phng php ny c hm lng mercaptans thp hn 5ppm. 4.2.2.3. Cng ngh s dng kim a. c im cng ngh Qu trnh ngt ho c s dng kim (NaOH) da trn kh nng "trch ly" hp cht Mercaptans t cc dng hydrocacbon ca dung dch kim v sau b -xy ho thu hp cht disulfides. Cng ngh ngt ho bng dung dch kim l cng ngh truyn thng c nhiu nh cng ngh nghin cu, pht trin thnh bn quyn. Tuy nhin, hin nay ch c Merichem (Hoa k) v UOP (Hoak) l nhng cng ty ang chim u th v cung cp bn quyn cho cc phn xng x l vi cng ngh ny. Cng ngh x l khng s dng kim c p dng tch Mercaptans t cc dng kh (C3, C4), hn hp LPG v Naphtha. i vi cc hydrocacbon nh nh C3, C4 v LPG th ch cn x l bng phng php "trch ly" cng c th t c cht lng theo yu cu m khng cn c bt k mt bc x l tip theo no khc na.Tuy nhin, vi cc nguyn liu khc nh pentanes, Naphtha nh, Naphtha t phn xng cracking cha Mercaptans c khi lng phn t cao hn th c th cn phi hp gia phng php " trch ly" bng kim v phng php ngt ho khc. Phng php x l ny c nhiu u im: Mi trng lm vic khng c tnh n mn, nhit lm vic gn nhit mi trng , p sut lm vic thp, v vy, vt liu ch to thit b c th s dng thp cacbon cho php gim chi ph u t. Vn hnh thit b n gin ch hot ng n nh khng mt nhiu nhn lc vn hnh thit b; chi ph vn hnh thp do chi ph xc tc, ph tr thp; Hiu qu x l cao; b. Qu trnh cng ngh S cng ngh c n gin ho qu trnh x l Mercaptans c s dng xt (NaOH) c m t trong hnh H-4.3. Theo s ny, nguyn liu c cha Mercaptans c a vo pha di ca thp phn ng, dung dch kim c a vo t pha nh ca thp . Khi nguyn liu v dung dch kim

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tip xc vi nhau, Mercaptans c tch ra khi nguyn liu bng phn ng sau: RSH + NaOH NaSR + H2O Cn bng phn ng nghing v chiu thun khi khi lng phn t Mercaptans v nhit qu trnh thp. Sn phm c x l c tch ra nh thp. Dung dch kim c cha Mercaptans ly ra y thp phn ng. Dng hydrocacbon c b sung thm xc tc v trn vi dng khng kh ri a vo thit b -xy ho. Ti thit b -xy ho ny, Mercaptans b xy ho thnh dng dissulfide hydrocacbon (dissulfide oi) khng ho tan trong nc theo phn ng: 4 NaSR + O2 + 2 H2O 2 RSSR + 4 NaOH Hn hp i ra t thit b -xy ho c a sang thit b phn tch disfulfide, y khng kh d c tch ra v x vo v tr an ton bn ngoi mi trng, cn hn hp hydrocacbon disfulfide v dung dch kim c phn chia tip thnh hai pha ring bit. Hydrocacbon disfulfide c a ti thit b x l tip hoc lm nhin liu ni ti trong nh my. Dung dch kim d c b sung thm v quay vng li thp tch Mercaptans.

Hnh H-4.3- S cng ngh x l s dng kim Cht lng ca sn phm sau khi x l bng phng php trch ly kim c th m bo p ng yu cu nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh Alkyl ho, Isome ho cng nh hm lng cc hp cht lu hunh trong xng. 4.3. CC QU TRNH X L IN HNH TRONG CNG NGHIP CH BIN DU KH

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4.3.1. Phm vi nghin cu Nh trnh by cc phn trn, qu trnh lm sch sn phm trong cng nghip ch bin du kh s dng ch yu cng ngh x l bng hydro v cng ngh ngt ho. Tuy nhin, a s cc cng ngh x l bng hydro c cp tng i k v c cng ngh v thit b trong bi thit b phn ng, v vy trong khun kh ca bi hc ny ch tp trung gii thiu ch yu v cc qu trnh x l p dng cng ngh ngt ho. Di y trnh by cc qu trnh cng ngh x l in hnh ang s dng rng ri trong thc t. 4.3.2. X l kh ha lng (LPG) 4.3.2.1. t vn Cc kh ha lng C3, C4 hoc hn hp kh ha lng c sn sinh ra trong Nh my ch bin du kh l dng hydrocacbon nh cha nhiu hp cht lu hunh nh H2S, Mercaptans, Carbonyl Sulfide (COS). Cc hp cht lu hunh cha trong sn phm du m gy ra mi, n mn my mc thit b, gy nhim trong qu trnh chy. c bit cc tp cht ny gy ra nhng hin tng mt hot tnh xc tc nu cc hydrocacbon ny c em ch bin tip. Chnh v vy m vic loi cc tp cht lu hunh ra khi kh ha lng l mt trong yu cu khch quan. x l cc hp cht lu hunh cha trong kh hydrocacbon ha lng, trong thc t thng s dng cng ngh x l bng kim (NaOH). Hin nay, Merichem v UOP l cc nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh chnh cho qu trnh ny. 4.3.2.2. Qu trnh cng ngh a. S cng ngh S cng ngh qu trnh x l LPG bng kim c m t trong hnh H4.4. y l s m phng theo cng ngh x l ca Merchem (Hoa k). Theo s ny, LPG cha x l c a qua thit b lc ri a vo nh thit b tip xc bc mt, ti y LPG tip xc vi dung dch kim v xc tc. Trong qu trnh tip xc, cc hp cht lu hunh s tham gia phn ng vi kim theo cc phn ng nh m t di y: - Phn ng hydrogen sulfide (H2S) vi kim: H2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H2O Phn ng Mercaptans vi kim: RSH + NaOH RSNa + H2O Phn ng ca Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) vi kim: COS + 4NaOH Na2S + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

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Qu trnh tch Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) ra khi LPG phc tp hn cc tp cht lu hunh khc v chia thnh hai giai on (xem c ch phn ng phn di). thc y qu trnh kh COS, xc tc cn phi c trn vo cng vi dung dch kim phn ng bc mt gia COS v NaOH to ra H2S v CO2 v sau H2S v CO2 li phn ng tip vi NaOH to ra Na2S, Na2CO3 v tch ra khi LPG chuyn vo pha kim long. Phn LPG c x l c tch khi hn hp i vo thit b phn tch bc mt. Ti thit b phn tch bc mt, LPG c phn tch vi dung dch NaOH v i ra phn nh ca thit b bc mt sang thit b tip xc bc hai. Do cc phn ng tch Mercaptans v Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) xy ra vi tc chm hn, v vy, tch cc tp cht ny mt cch trit th phi b tr hai bc phn ng. LPG sau khi x l mt phn thit b x l bc mt s c a sang thit b x l bc hai. Ti y, phn Mercaptans v Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) cn li trong LPG cha phn ng s tip tc tham gia phn ng v tch ra khi LPG. Qu trnh cng ngh xy ra nh sau: Dung dch kim s chy dc theo cc si dy kim loi t trn xung nh trng lc v lc ko ma st ca dng hydrocacbon ri i thng vo pha dung dch kim y bnh phn tch pha. Ti mi bnh phn tch bc mt v bc hai, dung dch kim ny c a tun hon li thit b tip xc ti s dng. Tuy nhin, hm lng kim trong dung dch b tiu hao qua mi ln tun hon v vy cn phi b sung dung dch mi m bo duy tr iu kin phn ng ti u. Xc tc phn ng ca qu trnh cng b tiu hao qua cc vng tun hon v vy cng thng xuyn c b sung. hiu qu tip xc pha gia dung dch kim v hydrocacbon c tt, tt c cc dng xc tc, dung dch kim b sung u phi a qua thit b lc tch cc ht rn ko theo trc khi a vo thit b tip xc. Nng ca dung dch kim v nng ca xc tc b sung phi c tnh ton v kim sot m bo rng sau khi ha trn vi dng dung dch tun hon th hn hp dung dch kim phi cha hm lng kim v xc tc thch hp cho iu kin phn ng loi b cc hp cht lu hunh trong pha hydrocacbon. thc hin c nhim v ny, cc bm cung cp xc tc v kim b sung l cc bm nh lng c h thng iu khin dng t ng m bo ng t l dng pha trn.

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Hnh H-4.4-S cng ngh x l LPG bng kim b. C ch phn ng tch cc tp cht Qu trnh tch hydrogen sulfide (H2S) v Mercaptans Dng hp cht lu hunh hot tnh mang tnh a-xt thng cha trong hydrocacbon nh (LPG) l Mercaptans v hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Cc hp cht ny s tham gia phn ng vi kim (NaOH) v c tch ra khi pha hydrocacbon. Qu trnh tch cc hp cht ny din ra theo cc phn ng ha hc sau: - Phn ng hydrogen sulfide (H2S) vi kim: H2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H2O Phn ng Mercaptans vi kim: RSH + NaOH RSNa + H2O Trong hai phn ng trn, phn ng hydrogen sulfide (H2S) vi kim din ra vi tc rt nhanh nu trong dung dch cn tn ti hm lng kim. Phn ng gia Mercaptans vi kim din ra vi tc chm hn v hiu sut phn ng cao hn nu nh hm lng kim cha trong dung dch cao hn hm lng kim cn thit cho phn ng. Chnh v vy, cn phi iu khin qu trnh v hm lng kim trong dung dch sao cho hm lng kim d sau phn ng khng qu thp. Do tc phn ng tch Mercaptans chm nn thng thng phi b tr hai bc phn ng. Qu trnh tch Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)

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Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) l mt tp cht hay tn ti trong hydrocacbon nh nh kh ha lng. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, COS c mt trong hydrocacbon khng ch lm bn sn phm m cn gy mt hot tnh ca xc tc nhiu qu trnh cng ngh, v vy cn phi tch n ra khi cc sn phm v bn thnh phm trnh cc nh hng xu ca tp cht ny. tch COS ra khi LPG ngi ta thng dng xc tc Monoethanolamine (MEA) tng tc qu trnh (COS c th t thy phn khng cn xc tc nhng tc phn ng rt chm). Vi s c mt ca xc tc, COS s b thy phn thnh CO 2 v H2S theo phn ng ha hc sau: COS + H2O CO2 + H2S Trong mi trng kim, H2S s li nhanh chng phn ng vi NaOH to thnh Natri sulfide v nc theo phn ng nh m t mc trn. Cn kh cacbonic s phn ng vi NaOH to thnh cacbonat natri theo phn ng sau: CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2 O Nh vy, qu trnh x l COS c th c m t qua phn ng thu gn nh sau: COS + 4NaOH Na2S + Na2CO3 + 2H2O Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut qu trnh C nhiu yu t nh hng n hiu sut qu trnh tch cc tp cht lu hunh ra khi LPG, tuy nhin, cng theo quy lut thng thng, c ba thng s cng ngh chnh nh hng n qu trnh l nhit , p sut tin hnh qu trnh v nng dung dch kim. hiu qu qu trnh tch cc tp cht lu hunh cao cn phi xc nh cc gi tr ti u cho cc thng s ny. Nhit v p sut Nhit tin hnh qu trnh nh hng ti kh nng ha tan ca Na 2S vo dung dch kim, v vy cn phi xc nh nhit thch hp. V nguyn tc, kh nng ha tan ca Na2S vo dung dch ph thuc nhiu vo hai thng s: nng ban u ca NaOH trong dung dch v nhit u vo ca hn hp dung kim v hydrocacbon. Chnh v vy, khi thit k v vn hnh cn xem xt ng thi c hai yu t ny xc nh ch hot ng. Thng thng, vi nng dung dch kim l 14% khi lng th nhit thc hin qu trnh vo khong 400C. Nhit ca qu trnh c kim sot bng nhit ca nguyn liu hydrocacbon. trnh hin tng kt tinh hnh thnh cc ht rn trong dung dch th nhit qu trnh khng c h thp hn 15- 200 C (ty thuc vo nng NaOH trong dung dch).

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V nguyn tc, p sut t nh hng n qu trnh tch cc tp cht lu hunh ra khi LPG. Tuy nhin, mt im quan trng l p sut hot ng qu trnh lun lun phi cao hn p sut bay hi ca hydrocacbon trnh hin tng hnh thnh hai pha (kh v lng) gy hu qu xu ti hiu sut qu trnh. p sut hot ng ty thuc vo tnh cht nguyn liu x l, thng thng vi LPG p sut hot ng h thng vo khong 17-20Kg/cm2. Nng NaOH trong dung dch v tc dng Tc dng dung dch kim c nh hng ti hiu qu qu trnh tch cc hp cht lu hunh v cht lng ca sn phm. Tc dng ca dung dch kim cng cao th hiu qu tch tp cht cng cao. Tuy nhin, tc dng kim cao li nh hng ti hm lng kim ko theo vo pha hydrocacbon gy bn sn phm sau khi x l. Vic xc nh gi tr dng ti u l kh khn v l b quyt ca cc nh bn quyn. Gi tr ny c xc nh theo iu kin c th khi vn hnh thit b. Tuy vy, d ch vn hnh no vn c mt lng kim nht nh ko theo sn phm LPG x l. tch cc ht lng dung dch kim ko theo, ngi lp t mt h thng lc c bit (Coaleser) tch cc ht lng ko theo ny v thu v pha dung dch kim y thit b phn chia. H thng lc c thit k dng dch kim ko theo khng vt qu 1ppm tnh theo nng Na+. Bn cch vn tc dng, nng NaOH trong dung dch kim cng nh hng nhiu n hiu qu v tc qu trnh tch tp cht lu hunh trong LPG. Vi mc ch tch H2S v Mercaptans l chnh, nng dung dch kim thch hp vo khong 14% khi lng. Dung dch kim sau khi tham gia phn ng thch hp vo khong 10% khi lng (c tnh n c hin tng pha long do tham gia phn ng v nc ko theo trong nguyn liu). 4.3.2.3. Thit b x l LPG Thit b chnh ca qu trnh x l LPG bng kim tng i n gin, bao gm cc thit b sau: - Thit b tip xc bc mt; - Thit b phn chia bc mt; - Thit b tip xc bc hai; - Thit b phn chia bc hai v thit b lc; - Cc thit b ph: My bm xt tun hon, cc my bm nh lng,... Vic b tr hai bc tip xc v phn tch pha nhm nng cao hiu qu qu trnh v p ng c tiu chun cht lng sn phm sau x l v hm lng

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lu hunh. L do b tr thit b hai bc nh trnh by l tc phn ng qu trnh tch Mercaptans v COS tng i chm. a. Thit b tip xc t vn . Qu trnh tch cc tp cht ra khi hydrocacbon bng dung dch kim lin quan n qu trnh chuyn khi ca cc tp cht t hydrocacbon sang pha dung dch kim. Tc chung ca qu trnh tch cc tp cht quyt nh bi vn tc ca qu trnh chuyn khi ca cc tp cht t hydrocacbon sang pha dung dch kim. Tc qu trnh chuyn khi c m t bng hm s: V = KFC Trong : V l tc chuyn khi; K h s chuyn khi; F din tch b mt tip xc pha; C hiu nng ca cc tp cht ti b mt phn pha, C l ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi. Trong ba yu t c lp c nh hng ti tc ca qu trnh th ch c th thay i c hai thng s l h s chuyn khi K v b mt tip xc pha F cn ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi C ph thuc vo tnh cht ca dng hydrocacbon cn x l khng th thay i c. Trong hai yu t c th thay i nng cao c tc qu trnh chuyn khi th vic tng tc chuyn khi bng h s chuyn khi K rt phc tp. V vy, tng tc qu trnh chuyn khi ngi ta thng tp trung vo vn tng b mt tip xc pha F. Trong thc t, ngi ta c rt nhiu gii php tng cc b mt tip xc pha bng cc dng thit b nh thp m, thp a, thit b trn tnh,... tng b mt tip xc gia hai pha, cc phng php truyn thng l to ra s phn tn ca mt pha ny vo pha khc cng nhiu cng tt. B mt ca cc git lng ca pha phn tn chnh l b mt chuyn khi gia hai pha. Cc ht lng ca pha phn tn cng nh v c hnh dng cu th b mt chuyn khi tnh trn mt n v th tch cng ln v y c xem l nguyn tc tng b mt chuyn khi truyn thng. Tuy nhin, vic tng b mt chuyn khi theo nguyn tc ny li gy kh khn cho giai on phn tch pha sau ny. Ht phn tn cng nh, c bit khi phn tn di dng nh tng th cng gy kh khn cho vic phn tch hai pha. Vic phn tn qu nhiu cc ht nh ca pha phn tn cn gy ra hin tng ko theo pha phn tn vo pha kia (trong trng hp x l LPG th dung dch kim v xc tc s ko theo sn phm lm

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nh hng ti cht lng). khc phc nhng nhc im v mu thun ny ca phng php tng b mt tip xc pha truyn thng, cc nghin cu gn y a ra mt nguyn tc mi cho thit b to b mt chuyn khi. Nguyn l hot ng Nh trnh by, tng b mt chuyn khi bng phng thc truyn thng l to ra tht nhiu cc ht lng cng nh cng tt phn tn vo pha khc gy ra nhiu tr ngi cho vic phn chia pha sau kh x l v vn ko theo ca pha phn tn lm nh hng cht lng sn phm. Nhng kh khn ny t ra mt thch thc cho cc nh nghin cu tm ra mt phng thc mi tng b mt chuyn khi gia hai pha m khng gy ra nhng tr ngi nh cc phng php truyn thng. Trong qu trnh nghin cu, cc nh cng ngh (Merichem-Hoa k) pht hin ra rng nu mt cht lng, v d nh nc thm vo b mt rn, do sc cng b mt gia cht lng v cht rn, cht lng s t bm vo b mt vt rn. Nu nh mt git cht lng vo mt si dy kim loi nh th cht lng s c xu hng chy dc b mt si dy v dng li khi t ti mc nht nh. Nu nh cho mt cht lng th hai chuyn ng pha ngoi tip xc vi cht lng thm trn b mt si dy th cht lng bm trn si dy cng s chuyn ng theo phng chuyn ng ca cht lng th hai do lc ma st b mt. Tuy nhin, do sc cng b mt to ra gia cht lng th nht v si dy s gi cht lng th nht bm li b mt si dy m khng b ko theo cht lng th hai hon ton. Tng hp ca hai lc ma st gia hai cht lng v lc cng b mt gia b mt rn v cht lng lm cho cht lng th nht chuyn ng dc theo si dy vi vn tc khc vi vn tc cht lng th hai. Nh qu trnh ny m ngi ta thy rng b mt tip xc pha ca hai cht lng trn mt n v th tch tng ln rt nhiu. Mt khc b mt tip xc pha lun c thay i do tc chuyn ng ca hai cht lng khc nhau lm tng ng lc qu trnh chuyn khi. Da trn nguyn l ny, Nh bn quyn cng ngh v x l Merichem pht trin mt dng thit b trn tnh (hay cn gi l thit b tip xc- Contactor) p ng c yu cu v tng b mt chuyn khi cho cc qu trnh x l lu hunh trong cng nghip ch bin du kh (khng ch p dng ring cho x l LPG) nhng khng gy kh khn cho qu trnh phn tch pha. Cu to ca thit b dng ny s c trnh by mc di y. Cu to thit b tip xc Thit b tip xc (thit b trn) c cu to nh m t trong hnh H-4.5. Thit b tip xc c ba phn chnh:

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Phn thn thit b; Phn u thit b; Phn b si dy kim loi.

Thit b tip xc c lp vo pha trn ca bnh phn tch to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phn tch. Phn u ca thit b to khoang phn phi cho cc pha cht lng theo ng vai tr (cht lng bm trn b mt si dy v cht lng i pha ngoi). Phn thn ca thit b l ng hnh tr ch n thun bo v phn li b kim loi v to kt cu gn thit b tip xc vi bnh phn tch.

Hnh H-4.5 Cu to thit b tip xc Phn b dy kim loi thc s l tri tim ca thit b. B dy kim loi c to thnh t rt nhiu cc si dy kim loi nh dung dung dch kim thm t trn b mt. Hydrocacbon lng (LPG) chy bao bc pha ngoi mi si dy theo nh nguyn l hot ng trnh by mc b phn trn. Chiu di ca b dy kim loi c tnh ton m bo thi gian tip xc pha thc hin qu trnh trao i cht ti u v vic phn chia pha c thun li, hn ch hin tng ko theo. Sau khi ra khi thit b tip xc, hn hp chy vo thit b phn chia pha di. Do kt cu c bit nn khi va ra khi thit b tip xc hai pha hydrocacbon v kim c tch ra khi nhau. Phn ko theo ca mi pha s tip tc phn chia trong thit b phn chia. Thit b tip xc bc mt v bc hai c cu to tng t nhau v vy s khng trnh by ring bit cu to tng thit b ring bit.

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u im ca thit b tip xc kiu mi Thit b tip xc theo nguyn l hot ng mi c mt s u im so vi cc thit b trn theo phng php truyn thng: To ra c b mt tip xc pha cho qu trnh chuyn khi trn mt n v th tch cht lng cao hn. To ra b mt tip xc pha c hiu qu trao i cht cao do khong khong di chuyn ngn, tip xc pha tt v b mt tip xc lun c thay i do tc chuyn ng ca hai cht lng khc nhau v hin tng ma st t. B mt phn chia pha t c ln m khng cn phi phn tn cc pha ln vo nhau nh trnh c hin tng ko theo ti a. Do khng phn tn pha vo nhau nn gim mnh thi gian lu trong thit b phn tch pha v do gim c kch thc thit b; Gim c nng lng chi ph cho qu trnh phn tn cc pha vo nhau; T l cc pha cho php khong rng hn do vy hiu qu qu trnh chuyn khi t c cao hn; Gim c chi ph u t ban u v chi ph vn hnh do kch thc thit b nh gn hn, t phi bo dng (khng c thit b chuyn ng) v tiu ph nng lng thp hn; hot ng linh hot, cho php ci thin ch hot ng v thay i cng sut vn hnh, nng cp ci to vi chi ph u t thp; Lng dung dch kim nhn chung s dng t hn do thit b cho php nng NaOH trong dung dch cao hn;

- H s phc v c th t ti 100%. b. Thit b phn tch Thit b phn tch pha hot ng theo nguyn l trch ly hai pha lng khng ho tan vo nhau v c khi lng ring khc bit nhau tng i ln. Do pha hydrocacbon v pha dung dch kim khng ho tan vo nhau iu kin hot ng ca qu trnh v khi lng ring ca hai pha ny tng i khc xa nhau nn qu trnh phn tch hai pha theo nguyn l trch ly c th p dng c. Bnh phn tch l dng thit b phn tch kiu nm ngang. Kch thc thit b c tnh ton thi gian lu trong thit b ln cho qu trnh phn tch xy ra hiu qu p ng c tiu chun cht lng sn phm LPG v tp cht. Cu to ca thit b phn chia bc mt v bc hai tng i ging nhau ch khc nhau v thit b lc (Coaleser) c lp trong thit b phn tch bc hai

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nhm tch nt cc ht kim lng ko theo sn phm LPG m khng th tch c bng phng php trch ly thng thng. Cu to ca thit b phn chia c m t trong cc hnh H-4.6A v H-4.6B .

Hnh H-4.6A Cu to thit b phn chia bc 1

Hnh H-4.6B Cu to thit b phn chia bc 2 4.3.2.4. Cht lng sn phm Cht lng ca LPG sau khi x l theo phng php ny thng phi t cc ch tiu cht lng chnh sau: - Hm lng Mercaptans (RSH) quy i theo lu hunh khng vt qu 15ppm khi lng; - Hm lng lu hunh tng ti a: 50ppm khi lng; - Hm lng H2S ti a: 0,5ppm khi lng; - Hm lng Cacbonyl Sulfur (COS) ti a: 0,5ppm khi lng - Hm lng kim ko theo (tnh theo Natri) ti a: 1ppm khi lng; 4.3.2. 5. Vn hnh a. Chun b cho khi ng ln u

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Cng tc chun b cho khi ng thit b x l LPG bao gm cc cng vic sau: Kim tra m bo tt c cc van x y ng, ng ng dn dung dch kim thng sut, cc tm chn cch ly c tho hoc lp ung quy nh; ui kh h thng bng kh tr, lu kh s dng ui kh khng c s dng kh CO2; m bo h thng LPG c cch ly hon ton vi thit b (cc van

ni c ng cht); - m bo h thng cp dung dch kim v nc kh khong c cch ly vi thit b; b. Np dung dch kim vo h thng Bc np dung dch kim vo thit b gm cc cng vic sau: M van a dung dch kim vo phin lc v u thit b tip xc bc 1; M van mc dng cao nht dung dch kim t thit b x l bc mt chuyn sang thit b x l bc hai. Gi mc dung dch kim trong thit b phn tch mc hot ng cao nht; Kch hot h thng iu khin mc cc bnh phn tch bc hai khi ng bm dung dch kim tun hon t bnh phn tch bc hai v cc thit b tip xc bc mt. Vo giai on ny c th nng p sut h thng ln nh kh Ni-t. Kch hot h thng iu khin mc thit b phn tch bc mt. Gim mc cht lng trong bnh phn tch cht lng bc hai bng cch bm tun hon sang thit b tip xc bc mt. Tip tc a dung dch kim vo thit b thit b phn tch bc hai ln na ti mc cao nht, sau li khi ng bm tun hon chuyn dung dch kim sang bnh phn tch bc mt. ng kn ton b van cp dung dch kim vo h thng. M van cung cp nc vo bnh phn tch bc hai ti mc cao nht, sau khi ng bm chuyn nc sang bnh phn tch bc mt cho ti khi mc nc bnh phn tch bc mt mc thp nht. Lp li cp nc vo bnh phn tch bc hai v gi nc mc cao nht v ng kn h thng van cp nc; Tip tc tun hon h thng vi lu lng thch hp trong khong thi gian 8 ting lm t ton b cc si dy kim loi trong thit b tip xc.

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Dng bm tun hon sau khong 8 gi hot ng; Mc cht lng trong thit b phn tch c duy tr mc trung bnh vi nng trong khong 14 n 20 w%.khi lng. Nu mc cht

lng thp cn m van b sung bng nc. c. Np LPG vo h thng Trc khi np LPG vo h thng phi kim tra m bo rng trong h thng khng cn khng kh. Cc bc cng vic np LPG vo thit b bao gm: - M van a LPG vo h thng qua cc li lc, m h thng cn bng p duy tr p sut h thng khong 11Kg/cm2. M van a LPG t t vo thit b phn tch bc mt; X kh ti cc im x ca thit b phn tch bc mt bc hai v qua

cc van x bnh phn tch; - in y cc bnh trong h thng bng LPG; d. Khi ng h thng Sau khi hon thnh cc bc chun b v th nghim bt u tin hnh khi ng h thng. Khi ng h thng bao gm cc cng vic sau: Vi h thng kim Khi ng bm tun hon dung dch kim thit b x l bc mt; Khi ng bm tun hon dung dch kim thit b x l bc hai; Duy tr tun hon dung dch kim c hai bc x l lu lng tun hon thch hp; H thng iu khin mc - Kch hot v t mc iu khin t ng cho cc bnh phn tch; - Bt u b sung dung dch kim cho h thng; H thng cp LPG - M t t van cung cp LPG cho h thng. m bo tc m van lu lng dng chy t khng (0) cho n t lu lng ln nht. Thi gian thc hin ti thiu trong khong l 10 pht trnh hin tng sc thu lc cho thit b tip xc. - iu chnh tc dng LPG qua thit b gi tr thch hp; - iu chnh h thng iu khin p sut duy tr h thng p sut trong khong 11Kg/cm2. 4.3.3. X l Kerosen 4.3.3.1. t vn Phn on Kerosene c tch ra t thp chng ct du th p sut thng c cha nhiu tp cht nh a-xt Naphthenic, hp cht lu hunh

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(Mercaptans) lm nh hng cht lng sn phm. Nu phn on Kerosene ny c s dng lm nhin liu phn lc th yu cu v hm lng cc tp cht n mn cng rt kht khe hn na, v vy cc tp cht ny cn phi c loi b. x l cc hp cht lu hunh cha trong phn on ny, ngi ta c th s dng s dng cng ngh x l bng hydro hoc phng php ngt ho (c dng kim (NaOH) hoc khng dng kim). Tuy nhin, nu nguyn liu khng cha nhiu lu hunh th a s cc s cng ngh hin nay s dng cng ngh ngt ho x l Kerosene, trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny cng ch gii thiu cng ngh x l ny. 4.3.3.2. X l Kerosene bng kim a. Qu trnh cng ngh S cng ngh Tp cht trong phn on Kerosene ch yu l Mercaptans v axit Naphthenic. A-xt Naphthenic cn phi loi b trnh gy n mn ng thi hn ch vic phn ng vi NaOH to thnh dng nh tng gy kh khn cho qu trnh x l tip theo. Mercaptans s c tch ra khi Kerosene theo nh nguyn l c trnh by phn tng quan cc phng php x l. Cng ngh x l Kerosene bng kim v nguyn tc bao gm cc qu trnh cng ngh chnh sau: - Qu trnh tch A-xt Naphthenic; - Qu trnh tch Mercaptans; - Qu trnh ra cc tp cht cun theo bng nc; - Qu trnh sy kh bng mui v Qu trnh lc bng t st loi b cc ht rn lng cun theo v hp ph mt s cht to mu, mi cho sn phm; S cng ngh in hnh qu trnh x l Kerosene bng kim c m t trong hnh H-4.7. Theo s cng ngh ny, Kerosene cha x l c a qua cc phin lc tp cht rn ri a vo u thit b tip xc ca h thng thit b kh a-xt Naphthanic. Ti y, Kerosene chy t pha trn xung, Naphthenic khuych tn sang pha dung dch kim, v phn ng gia Naphthenic v kim xy ra (xem phn ng phn di). Dng Kerosene sau khi c x l s chuyn vo thit b phn tch. Do khng c s phn tn cc pha vo nhau nn Kerosene d dng tch ra khi dung dch vi hm lng kim ko theo rt nh. Pha dung dch kim chuyn ng dc theo cc si dy nh trng lc v lc ko (ma st) ca dng hydrocacbon v i xung lp dung dch kim pha y ca

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bnh phn tch pha. Dung dch kim ny li c bm tun hon li thit b tip xc. T l dng tun hon ny ty thuc vo yu cu cht lng sn phm, tnh cht ca nguyn liu ban u. Dung dch kim tun hon thng xuyn c b sung t thit b -xy ho Mercaptans. Dung dch kim cha mui a-xt Naphthenic c a ti phn xng trung ho kim x l phn kim d v mui Naphthenic. Kerosenen sau khi x l Naphthenc c chuyn ti thit b x l Mercaptans. Trc khi i vo thit b ny, dng hydrocacbon c trn vi khng kh nn trong mt thit b trn tnh cung cp -xy cho qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans. Hn hp Kerosene v khng kh a vo thit b tip xc. Thit b tip xc l thit b tip xc kiu si nh s dng trong qu trnh tch a-xt Naphthenic. Kerosene v dung dch kim chuyn ng t trn xung di, ti y Mercaptans khuych tn sang pha dung dch kim v phn ng -xy ho xy ra trong pha ny. Sn phm ca qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans l du Disulfide (Disulfide Oils-DSO) khng ho tan trong nc v vy s khuych tn ngc tr li pha hydrocacbon. Khi chy n cui thn b si dy, Kerosene tch ra khi thit b tip xc i vo pha hydrocacbon pha trn trong thit b phn tch. Do khng c s phn tn pha nn Kerosene cha t dung dch kim ko theo. Kerosen sau khi x l i ln pha trn qua lp m cacbon c cha xc tc. Lp m cabon cha xc tc ny c nhim v -xy ho nt cc Mercaptans c khi lng phn t nng hn vi tc phn ng chm hn. Lp m cacbon ny cn c chc nng tch cc ht dung dch kim ko theo pha hydrocacbon. Trong khi , dung dch kim tip tc chy theo chiu di b si xung lp dung dch kim pha di y thit b phn tch. Dung dch kim ny s c bm tun hon li thit b ti tip xc ti s dng li, mt phn cung cp li thit b tch Naphthenic. Sau khi ra khi thit b -xy ho Mercaptans, Kerosene c chuyn ti thit b ra bng nc. Mc ch ca thit b ny l tch kim ko theo hydrocacbon bng cch ho tan vo nc. Kerosene c a vo thit b tip xc cng vi nc, ti y kim ko theo trong Kerosene s ho tan vo nc v tch ra khi pha hydrorocacbon. Di tc dng ca trng lc v lc ko theo, nc ra s chy dc theo si dy v i vo lp nc ra pha y. Kerosene tch ra khi thit b tip xc i vo pha hydrocacbon pha trn thit b phn tch pha v i ra ngoi ti thit b sy bng mui. Nc ra s c bm tun hon li thit b tip xc nh h thng bm tun hon. Nc ra c s dng l nc kh khong hoc nc ngng. kim sot hm lng kim trong nc ra, nc sch thng

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xuyn c b sung. Nc ra s c a ti h thng x l nc thi chung ca nh my. Thit b sy bng mui c chc nng tch cc ht nc t do bm theo v lng nc bo ho trong dng hydrocacbon do qu trnh ra v cc giai on x l trc sinh ra. Kerosene i vo pha y thit b sy chy ngc ln pha m mui pha trn v thot ra nh thit b. Nc ko theo v nc bo ho trong hydrocacbon s bm vo cc ht mui trong m v to thnh dung dch nc mui chy xung pha y thit b v c tho nh k ra ngoi. Do qu trnh ho tan, m mui s b dn ph hu, v vy, sau mt thi gian nht nh phi thay m mui mi. Giai on x l cui cng l lc bng t st. Mc ch ca qu trnh x l ny l tch nt cc ht rn cn li trong hydrocacbon, tch hi m, cc cht to bt, cc tp cht to nh tng v cc tp cht hot ng b mt. Lc Kerosen bng t st l cng on x l cui cng Kerosene t c tiu chun cht lng sn phm, c bit khi Kerosene c s dng l nhin liu phn lc.

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C ch cc qu trnh cng ngh v cc yu t nh hng Qu trnh tch a-xt Naphthenic Mc ch ca qu trnh tch A-xt Naphthanic sn phm Kerosene sau khi x l p ng c tiu chun v ch tiu n mn tm ng. Mt khc, nu khng tch a-xt ny ra khi sn phm s gy kh khn cho qu trnh x l khc c s dng kim do a-xt ny phn ng vi kim to thnh mt dng nh tng cn tr qu trnh cng ngh. Qu trnh tch A-xt Naphthenic xy ra theo phn ng ha hc sau: R-COOH + Na OH RCOONa + H2O Trong trng hp nguyn liu c cha t hm lng Naphthenic th c th b qua cng on x l ny. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh tch Naphthenic l: nng dung dch kim, tc tun hon, nhit v p sut tin hnh qu trnh. Nng dung dch kim v tc tun hon Qu trnh tch a-xt Naphthenic cng s dng thit b tip xc kiu si nh thit b tip xc s dng trong x l LPG. Tc tun hon ca dng dung dch kim cng cao th hiu sut tch Naphthenic cng cao. Tuy nhin, tc dung dch kim cao s dn n mt cn bng gia lc ma st v sc cng b mt do lm tng lng dung dch kim ko theo gy nhim bn sn phm. Nh trnh by, mt trong nhng kh khn ca qu trnh tch Naphthenic l s hnh thnh th nh tng rt bn khi Naphthenic tip xc vi dung dch kim. Nh tng ny gy cn tr qu trnh chuyn khi v nh hng ti cc qu trnh cng ngh pha sau. Vic hnh thnh lp nh tng ny c lin qua mt thit n nng kim trong dung dch. Nng dung dch kim cng cao th cng d dng hnh thnh lp nh tng ny. V vy, nng kim trong dung dch cn phi c hn ch mc thch hp (thc t tch Naphthenic hm lng kim trong dung dch khng nn vt qu 5 0Be). Mt nguyn tc chung cho vic xc nh nng dung dch kim cho x l Naphthenic l nng Naphthenic trong Kerosene cng cao th nng dung dch kim cng thp hn ch ti a qu trnh hnh thnh nh tng trong thit b. Nhit v p sut Qu trnh tch Naphthenic khng chu nh hng qu nhiu vo yu t nhit v p sut. Nhit cao lm gim hiu sut tch Naphthenic, nhng nhit qu thp s y mnh qu trnh hnh thnh nh tng gia cc mui Natri vi dung dch kim khi Naphthenic tip xc vi dung dch ny. Thng thng nhit tin hnh qu trnh khng c thp hn 15 0C.

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Qu trnh tch Mercaptan Qu trnh tch Mercaptans t Kerosene khc vi tch mercaptans t LPG l khng ch chuyn Mercaptan sang dng mui Natri m phi tin hnh -xy ho chuyn Mercaptan thnh dng disulfide hydrocacbon (disulfide oils DSO) bn vng hn. -xy ho Mercaptans, khng kh c trn vo Kerosene ngay trc khi a vo thit b trn (thit b tip xc). Khi dung dch kim tip xc vi Kerosene trong thit b tip xc Mercaptans s c tch ra khi Kerosenen chuyn vo pha dung dch kim. Ti pha kim xy ra phn to ra Natri mercaptides (NaSR): RSH + NaOH RSNa + H2O xy trong khng kh t pha Hydrocacbon ng thi cng khuych tn vo dung dch kim, ti y, phn ng xy ho Natri mercaptides xy ra to DSO theo phn ng sau: 4 RSNa + O2 + 2 H2O 2RSSR + 4NaOH tng tc phn ng ca qu trnh v hiu sut phn ng, ngi ta s dng xc tc cho phn ng ny. Xc tc thng s dng l Cobalt phthalocyanine. DSO to thnh sau phn ng -xy ho l mt cht khng ho tan trong mi trng nc, v vy cht ny khuych tn ngc tr li pha hydrocacbon. Nh vy, tng lng lu hunh cha trong hydrocacbon khng thay i sau khi x l Kerosene bng phng php s dng kim m ch chuyn hp cht lu hunh t dng hot tnh (Mercaptans) sang dng khng hot tnh (DSO). Qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans trong Kerosene vi s tham gia ca xc tc c m t rt gn bng phn ng sau: 4RSH + O2 2RSSR + 2H2O T cc phn ng ca qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans thy rng: qu trnh ny khng tiu tn NaOH, ton b NaOH tham gia phn ng ban u s c hon nguyn sau qu trnh -xy ho. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans l: nhit , tc dng dung dch kim v p sut tin hnh qu trnh. Nhit Nhit tin hnh qu trnh cng cao th cng y nhanh tc phn ng qu trnh -xy ho nhng li lm gim hiu qu qu trnh tch Mercaptans t Kerosene vo dung dch kim. Nhit tin hnh qu trnh thp thun li cho qu trnh tch Mercaptans, tuy nhin, lm gim hiu sut qu trnh -xy ho v lm tng kh nng to nh tng nu nh trong pha Kerosene cn tn ti mt

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lng Naphthenic. Nhit ca mi trng phn ng khng c thp hn 150C. p sut p sut ti thiu thc hin qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans trong Kerosene thng vo khong 1,31,5Kg/cm2 khi lng khng kh a vo dng Kerosene gp khong 1,5 ln ng lng yu cu cho phn ng ton phn xy ra. p sut ti thiu cho qu trnh m bo lng -xy ti thiu ho tan vo Kerosene thun li cho qu trnh -xy ho. Khi p sut h thng cng cao lng -xy ho tan cng ln. Tc dng dung dch kim Tc ca dng dung dch kim c nh hng n hiu sut qu trnh xy ho. Tc dng kim cng cao th cng thc y qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans. Tuy nhin, tc dng kim cao dn n hin tng ko theo gy kh khn cho qu trnh phn tch pha sau ny v c th nh hng n cht lng sn phm, c bit l khi lu lng dng hydrocacbon cao. Ty theo iu kin c th m quyt nh u tin cho la chn no. Nu cn tng tc v hiu qu qu trinh -xy ho th cn tng tc dng kim cn vn kim ko theo sn phm s gii quyt bng cc thit b lc. Qu trnh ra bng nc Sau kh -xy ho, tch Mercaptans v loi b cc tp cht ko theo, Kerosenen c a ti thit b ra sch bng nc. Qu trnh ny nhm mc ch loi b lng NaOH cn nm trong pha hydrocacbon. Dung mi tch kim ra khi Kerosene l nc do nc c kh nng ho tan NaOH tt. Qu trnh ra sn phm cng c thc hin trong thit b tip xc si. Sau khi ra khi thit b -xy ho, Kerosene cn cha khong 5ppm NaOH, lng NaOH ny cn phi c loi b p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm. Nc s dng ra kim bm theo Kerosene l nc kh khong hoc nc ngng c tinh khit cao nhm tng hiu qu qu trnh ra. Lu lng ca dng nc ra tun hon c xc nh trn c s hm lng NaOH cha trong Kerosene v yu cu hm lng NaOH cha trong nc ra khng vt qu 500ppm khi lng. Nhit Nhit qu trnh ra nh hng rt ln n qu trnh tch NaOH ra khi Kerosene. Nhit thc hin qu trnh cao s tng hiu qu qu trnh tch NaoH. Tuy nhin, nhit cao cng lm tng hm nc ko theo Kerosene. Lng nc ko theo sn phm cng nhiu s cng lm gim tui th ca cc

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thit b x l pha sau (thit b sy bng mui, thit b lc bng t st). Chnh v vy, cn phi xc nh mt nhit thch hp dung ho cc mc ch qu trnh. Thc t, nhit thc hin qu trnh ra sn phm thng c khng ch trong ln cn 400C. p sut p sut khng thc s nh hng nhiu ti qu trnh ra sn phm. p sut c xc nh trn c s m bo theo yu cu thu lc dng chy (tn tht p sut, tc dng chy) m khng cn quan tm vic nh hng ca n ti qu trnh. Qu trnh sy bng mui Kerosene sau khi ra khi thit b ra bng nc s ko theo mt lng nc t do cn phi loi b p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm (c bit khi Kerosene c dng lm nhin liu phn lc). Nc ko theo s c loi b trong thit b sy bng mui, qu trnh tch nc da trn nguyn tc ng lc ho tan gia mui v nc tng i ln. Qu trnh sy bng mui khng ch tch nc t do ko theo m cn gim nc ho tan trong Kerosene xung di mc bo ho. Qu trnh lc bng t st Kerosene sau khi ra khi thit b sy bng mui c a ti thit b lc bng t st. Ti y cc tp cht cn li sau cc qu trnh x l nh cc ht rn, nc, cc cht to bt, nh tng v cc hp cht b mt tip tc c gi li lp vt liu lc nhm p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm. b. Cu to thit b Qu trnh x l Kerosene bng kim bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: Cm thit b tch a-xt Naphthenic; Cm thit b -xy ha Mercaptans; Cm thit b ra; Thit b sy kh bng mui; Thit b lc bng t st. Cm thit b tch a- xt Naphthenic

Cm thit b tch a-xt Naphthenic bao gm cc thit b: Thit b tip xc, thit b phn tch pha v cc thit b ph nh bm, li lc,... Nguyn l hot ng, cu to ca thit b tip xc v thit b phn tch pha tng t nh thit b tip xc v phn tch pha s dng trong qu trnh x l LPG bng kim (xem hnh H-4.5 v H-4.6A) v vy trong phn ny khng trnh by cu to ca cc thit b ny na.

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Cm thit b -xy ha Mercaptans Cm thit b -xy ha Mercaptans bao gm cc thit b chnh: Thit b tip xc, thit b phn tch, v cc thit b ph khc nh thit b trn xc tc, thit b trn kh, cc my bm, my nn kh, h thng iu khin,... Cu to ca cc thit b chnh ca cm thit b -xy ha Mercaptans c m t trong hnh H4.8. Thit b chnh bao gm mt thit b tip xc kiu si v thit b phn tch kiu thng ng. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b tip xc c trnh by cc mc trn. Thit bi phn tch c cu to c bit so vi dng thit b kiu nm ngang. Thit b phn tch trong cm thit b -xy ha Mercaptans c lp thm mt lp m cacbon bn trong cha xc tc xy ha ht cc Mercaptans c khi lng phn t ln hn cn cha trong Kerosene (cc hp cht ny c tc tham gia phn ng -xy ha chm hn nn khng b tch ra v xy ha ht trong thit b tip xc). Thit b tip xc c lp chng ln pha trn ca thit b phn tch, mt phn thit b tip xc c nhng trong thit b phn tch to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phn tch v tit kim din tch lp t thit b.

Hnh H-4.8-Cu to cm thit b -xy ha mercaptans Thit b ra bng nc Thit b ra Kerosen bng nc c chc nng tch kim ko theo m bo khng cn vt kim cha trong sn phm chnh. thc hin c mc ch ny thit b tip xc dng si v thit b phn tch nm ngang c s dng. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b ny tng t nh cc thit b x l LPG v thit b tch Naphthenic trnh by cc phn trn ca gio

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trnh. Nc c s dng lm dung mi tch lng kim cn bm theo Kerosene. Trong thit b tip xc, nc v pha hydrocacbon chy t trn xung di kim s ha tan vo nc v tch ra khi pha hydrocacbon i xung lp nc pha di thit b phn tch. Nc ra s c tun hon li thit b tip xc. Nc sch (nc kh khong hoc nc ngng t) c b sung lin tc m bo hm lng NaOH trong nc ra khng vt qu 500ppm khi lng. Thit b sy bng mui Kerosene sau khi c ra bng nc t nhiu s ko theo mt lng nc t do nht nh v mt hm lng nc bo ha trong sn phm ny. p ng c tiu chun cht lng sn phm v hm lng nc t do v nc bo ha, cn phi c bin php tch lng nc ny ra khi sn phm. Thit b sy bng mui c s dng thc hin nhim v ny. Thit b sy mui l mt thit b hnh tr ng, bn trong c cc lp m bng mui c kch thc ht ln. Lp m mui ny l cc by thu nc t do trong sn phm v gim nc bo ha trong sn phm. Nc bm vo cc ht mui ng thi ha tan mt phn lp m to thnh dung dch mui chy xung pha y thit b v c tho ra nh k. Cu to ca thit b sy bng mui c minh ha trong hnh H-4.9.

Hnh H-4.9- Cu to thit b sy bng mui Thit b lc bng t st

Hnh H-4.10- Cu to thit b lc bng t st

Kerosene sau khi i qua mt lot cc qu trnh x l, lng tp cht ha hc v c hc c gim ti cc gii hn theo tiu chun cht lng sn phm. Tuy nhin, trong thc t qu trnh hot ng ca h thng thit b c nhng lc mt n nh tm thi vt qu tm kim sot v gy ra nh hng v cht lng lng. d phng nhng trng hp bt thng ny v nng

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cao tnh linh ng ca h thng x l, thit b lc bng t st c lp t vi nhim v l ca gc cui cng iu chnh cht lng sn phm p ng yu cu. Thit b lc bng t st hot ng va theo c ch thit b lc chiu su va theo c ch hp ph. Lp m t st c nhim v tch cc tp cht c hc ko theo, m trong sn phm, cc cht to bt v cc cht hot ng b mt. Thit b lc bng t st l mt bnh tr ng, chm v y hnh cu, bn trong c lp m cha t st. Pha thn c ca ngi np t st v tho t st khi t chu k cn thay th. 4.3.3.3. X l Kerosene bng cng ngh khng s dng kim X l cc sn phm hydrocacbon ni chung cng nh Kerosene bng kim ni ring c nhng u im nht nh l cng ngh n gin, tuy nhin cng ngh x l ny cng gp phi nhng vn v gii quyt lng kim thi tng i ln sau qu trnh x l. Chnh v vy m mt s Nh cng ngh pht trin cng ngh x l Kerosene khng x dng kim, trong in hnh l Nh bn quyn cng ngh UOP. Cng ngh ny cng ch thc s khng s dng kim khi nguyn liu cha tp cht a-xt Naphthenic thp. Nu hm lng Naphthenic cao th nguyn liu vn phi x l Naphthenic bng dung dch kim trc khi a vo x l theo cng ngh ny. a. Qu trnh cng ngh Nguyn l qu trnh Phng php x l Kerosene khng s dng kim (Caustic-free Technology) da trn qu trnh -xy ho mercaptans (thiols) c s tham gia ca xc tc trong mi trng ammonia. Kerosen c a vo thit phn ng -xy ha Mercaptans, vi s c mt ca xc tc trong mi trng ammonia, qu trnh tch Mercaptans xy ra v to ra hp cht lu hunh dng khng hot tnh bn vng hn (disulfides) theo phn ng: 4RSH + O2 2RSSR + 2H2O Hp cht disulfides to thnh sau phn ng vn tn ti trong Kerosene, v vy cng nh phng php x l bng kim, phng php x l ny khng lm thay i tng hm lng lu hunh trong sn phm m ch lm gim hm lng lu hunh hot tnh cao (Mercaptans) trong Kerosene.

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Hnh H-4.11- S cng ngh x l kerosene khng dng kim S cng ngh S cng ngh x l Kerosene khng s dng kim (NaOH) c m t trong hnh H-4.11. ng v hnh thc bn ngoi, s cng ngh ny c cc dng thit b c chc nng nh s s l Kerosene bng kim, ch khc nhau v cu to bn trong v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b -xy ha Mercaptans v s ny khng c thit b x l Naphthenic. Theo s cng ngh ny, Kerosene trc khi a vo thit b -xy ha c trn cng vi nc, khng kh v ammonia. Trong thit b -xy ha Mercaptans, vi s c mt ca xc tc trong mi trng kim nh (ammonia) phn ng -xy ha Mercaptans xy ra. Hn hp sau qu trnh -xy ha c a vo thit b phn tch pha. Ti y, Kerosene c tch ra pha trn v a ti thit b ra bng nc, cn dung dch nc ammonia c tch ra y a i x l. Kerosene sau khi ra khi thit b phn tch pha t nhiu cha mt lng nc ammonia keo theo cn phi tch khi sn phm. Nc c s dng lm dung mi tch ammonia nh kh nng ha tan tt. Trong thit b ra, Kerosene c a t di ln, nc ra chy t trn xung, trong qu trnh tip xc, dung dch ammonia s chuyn sang pha nc thu v pha y thp, Kerosene sau khi ra c tch ra nh thp ri a sang thit b sy bng mui. Ti thit b sy bng mui, nc t do ko theo Kerosene trong qu trnh ra v x l trc c tch ra nh kh nng ht m ca mui. Trong qu trnh ht m, mui s b ha tan dn, nc mui c

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thu v y thp v tho ra nh k. Kerosene sau khi sy c a ti thit b lc bng t st. Ti y, cc tp cht c hc, cc cht to bt, hi m cn li v cc cht hot ng b mt c tch ra ln cui p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm. Nu nguyn liu Kerosene cha nhiu a-xt Naphthenic th mt thit b x l Naphthenic s c lp t loi b a xt ny trc khi a vo h thng x l. b. Cu to thit b Cng ngh x l Kerosene khng s dng kim (NaOH) bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: - Thit b phn ng -xy ha Mercaptans; Thit b phn tch pha; Thit b ra bng nc; Thit b sy bng mui;

- Thit b lc bng t st. Ngoi tr Thit b phn ng -xy ha Mercaptans, cc thit b khc cng c cu to v nguyn l hot ng tng t nh cc thit b tng ng trong cng ngh x l Kerosene bng kim. Di y s m t khi qut cu to, nguyn l ca cc thit b ny. Thit b phn ng -xy ha Mercaptans Thit b phn ng -xy ha Mercaptans l thit b phn ng kiu ng c lp m xc tc c nh. Thit b ny n gin ch l mt tr trn pha trong lp mt lp m xc tc qu trnh -xy ha Mercaptans xy ra. m xc tc phi c kt cu kh nng tip xc hn hp phn ng vi lp m c tt nhm tng hiu qu qu trnh -xy ha. tng tc qu trnh, mt lng ph gia c a vo cng nguyn liu tng hot tnh ca xc tc. Khi i qua lp m xc tc, trong mi trng kim nh (ammonia) -xy c mt trong khng kh s xy ha Mercaptans trong Kerosene v li trong pha hydrocacbon. Thit b phn tch Thit b phn tch c nhim v phn tch pha hydrocacbon v pha dung dch ammonia thnh hai pha ring bit. Thit b ny l thit b phn tch nm ngang hot ng theo nguyn tc trit hn hp hai cht lng khng ha tan vo nhau c khi lng ring khc nhau. Thi gian lu ca thit b ln gim ti a lng tp cht ko theo sn phm. Do c khi lng ring nh hn, pha Kerosene s c tch ra pha trn v a sang thit b ra bng nc. Pha

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dung dch nc ammonia c tch ra pha y thit b ri a ti h thng x l nc chua trong nh my. Thit b ra bng nc Thit b ra Kerosene bng nc c chc nng ra sch cc tp cht ammonia ko theo v a xt Naphthenic ha tan trong sn phm bng nc. Thit b ny hot ng theo nguyn l ca thp hp th. Nc c phun t trn xung, Kerosene i t pha di ln, trong qu trnh tip xc, dung dch ammonia v A xt Naphthenic s khuych tn sang nc v c tch ra y thp. Nc ra c bm tun hon li thit b phn tch pha, Kerosene sau khi ra c a ti thit b sy bng mui. Thit b ra bng nc l mt thp hp th hnh tr nh cc dng thp hp th khc. Thit b sy bng mui Thit b sy bng mui c nhim v tch lng nc t do ko theo Kerosene p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm v hm lng nc t do. Thit b hot ng da trn nguyn l hp ph hi m ca mui. Thit b sy bng mui l thp tr bn trong c mt lp m mui. Kerosene c cha nc t do i t pha di ln trn qua lp m mui. Hi m trong Kerosene s bm li trn b mt cc ht mui. Nc ngng t trn b mt cc ht mui dn ha tan mt phn m mui v chy xung pha y thp. Nc mui s c tho ra nh k. Kerosene i ra nh thp v c a ti thit b lc bng t st. Thit b lc bng t st Cng ging nh thit b lc bng t st trong cng ngh x l Kerosene bng kim, thit b lc bng t st trong s cng ngh x l Kerosene khng s dng kim c chc nng tch nt cc tp cht c hc, hi m, cc tp cht to bt, cc cht hot ng b mt v cc hp cht hu c kim loi (cc hp cht ca ng) c nh hng ti cht lng sn phm (c bit l nguyn liu phn lc) ra khi sn phm. Thit b lc bng t st l trm gc cui cng m bo cht lng sn phm. Thit b lc bng t st hot ng theo nguyn tc l thit b lc b su v ng thi theo nguyn tc hp ph. Thit b l mt thp hnh tr thng ng, pha trong c mt lp m bng t st. Kerosene i vo t pha trn, cc tp cht b dn tch ra khi pha hydrocacbon nh kh nng lc v hp ph ca t st. Kerosene sau khi lc c tch ra pha di ri a ti b cha. t st sau mt thi gian s dng s b bo ha cn phi c thay th nh k. Chu k thay th ty thuc vo tp cht trong nguyn liu. Lp lc t st cn c thay th khi cc ch

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tiu cht lng sn phm v mu (saybolt), n nh nhit, dn in,... khng t yu cu sau khi ra khi lp lc t st. thay th t st pha cnh thit b b tr cc ca ngi. c. Mt s u im ca cng ngh khng s dng kim Cng ngh x l Kerosene khng s dng kim c mt s u im: - Mi trng thc hin qu trnh x l khng c tnh n mn cao, nhit v p sut thp v vy thit b c ch to t thp cacbon thng cho php gim c chi ph u t ban u; Khng gp phi vn x l lng kim d tng i ln sn sinh trong qu trnh do khng dng kim; Chi ph vn hnh thp do gi ca xc tc, ho phm, nng lng s

dng thp; - Thit b vn hnh tng i n gin. 4.3.3.4. Cht lng sn phm Cht lng Kerosene sau khi x l thng thng t c nh sau: - Hm lng Mercaptans tnh theo lu hunh ti a: 20% khi lng; - Ch s a-xt trung ho ti a: 0,015 mgKOH/g; - Hm lng nc t do trong sn phm: Khng pht hin; - Ch tiu n mn tm ng ti a: 1. 4.3.3.5. Vn hnh thit b Vn hnh thit b x l Kerosene c trnh by di y p dng cho cng ngh x l bng kim. Cng tc khi ng h thng thit b l cng vic kh khn nht trong vn hnh, v vy phn ny ca gio trnh s ch tp trung ch yu vo cc bc khi ng thit b. a. Chun b cho khi ng Cng tc chun b cho khi ng thit b x l Kerosene bao gm cc cng vic sau: - Kim tra m bo tt c cc thit b c lp t ng; - Kim tra m bo tt c cc bm, m t c bi trn thch hp; - m bo cc van iu khin c lp ng; - Cc van an ton c lp t ng v tr v c kim tra; - Cc van mt chiu lp ng chiu; Cc thit b lc c lp ng kiu li; Kim tra m bo tt c cc van x y ng, ng ng dn dung dch kim thng sut, cc tm chn cch ly c tho hoc lp ung quy nh;

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b. Lp t m cacbon Mt m than hot tnh s c lp t vo thit b -xy ha Mercaptans v hot bng ha xc tc (MEA) trc khi khi ng thit b. Lp m ny cng ng mt vai tr qua trng trong qu trnh lm ngt ha v tch cc tp cht, v vy, cn phi c lp t thch hp. Cc bc tin hnh cng vic bao gm: - Kim tra tt c cc chi tit bn trong thit b -xy ha m bo lp ng. ng tt c cc van vo thit b v cc ca ngi pha di; Lp t phu cha v li gi than hot tnh, cc li gi lp than phi t trn lp kt cu m. Tin hnh np than vo lp m; Ghi chp li khi lng, th tch than np vo thit b; Np lp than ti chiu cao thch hp ri ngng li; Thay h thng phn phi dung dch kim, tho ca ngi pha trn ra; M tt c cc van v cc tm bt kn ca bm tun hon ti u phn phi kim. T t a nc vo thit b. Khi ng bm tun hon nc v kim tra phn phi dng trong cc mt ct ca thit b. Tng t t lu lng ca bm ti khi phn phi dng trong thit b t c tt nht. Tip tc in y thit b bng nc bng cch ny cho ti khi mc nc t ti nh ca ng thy bo mc; Dng cp nc vo h thng nhng tip tc cho bm tun hon nc qua h thng phn phi kim trong vng 24 gi bo ha m cacbon bng nc. Sau 24 gi tun hon nc, tip tc in y thit b bng nc v kim tra gin n ca lp m cacbon. Nu cacbon cha bo ha nc c th ni trong nc.

Dng bm tun hon v tho nc ra khi thit b bng ng x y, kim tra nc x nu khng cha cacbon th qu trnh lp t thch hp. ng cc ca ngi pha trn cng v xit cht bu lng. c. Thm m cacbon bng xc tc Lp m cacbon bon c vai tr quan trng, m ny khng ch c chc nng tch cc tp cht ko theo m cn c chc nng l lp m xc tc xy ha tip cc thnh phn Mercaptans c phn t nng vi tc phn ng chm. Cc cng vic tin hnh thm xc tc cho lp m m t di y p dng cho lp m mi: - in y thit b bng dung dch MEA/nc 1,6% th tch cho ti khi t ti mc ng chy trn pha trn h thng phn phi kim;

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Tun hon dung dch xc tc bng bm qua h thng phn phi kim, kim tra nng MEA trong dung dch; Duy tr lu lng tun hon ng thi a dung dch xc tc vo thit b qua ng phn phi kim t pha trn xung qua lp m cacbon v i ra y ri c bm tun hon tr li h thng phn phi kim. Tun hon dung dch xc tc cho ti khi dung dch chuyn dn sang ma xanh da tri. Mu xanh chng t lp m cacbon ang c bo ha bng lp xc tc. Sau khi lp m cacbon bo ha xc tc tip tc tun hon dung dch cho ti khi mu ca dung dch khng thay i. Nu mu dung dch bin mt th cn b sung xc tc vo h thng v tun hon lin tc trong vng 4 gi. Kim tra dung dch, nu mu khng

thay i th dng bm tun hon; Tho dung dch xc tc ra khi thit b vo h thng du thi hoc h thng x l ph hp; in thit b bng nc ra dung dch xc tc MEA, mc nc t ti ng chy trn th ngng li. M bm tun hon nc qua h thng

phn phi trong thi gian 2 gi; d. Kim ha m cacbon-xc tc m cacbon c thm xc tc, tuy nhin, lp m c hot tnh cho qu trnh -xy ha cn phi c hot ha bng dung dch kim. Cc bc kim ha lp m cacbon- xc tc bao gm: - Ni ng cp dung dch xt 250B vo thit b -xy ha. m bo rng tt c cc van ni thit b c ng kn, cc tm chn c tho b. Trong khi np xt vo h thng, ng thi x nc cn trong thit b. Kim tra nng xt trong nc x. Khi nc x y c cha xt th ng van x y li. Khi dung dch xt t c chiu cao cn thit trong thit b th ng van cp dung dch xt, m van trn ng tun hon v khi ng bm tun hon dung dch t y ti b phn phn phi. Tun hon bm vi lu lng ln nht trong vng 12 gi sau dng bm, ng van ng tun hon li; Pha long nng xt t 250B xung khong 6,6% khi lng trong thit b bng cch x bt dung dch xt trong thit b v b sung thm nc. ui kh trong h thng bng kh ni-t sau ng van x kh;

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Tin hnh tun hon dung dch xt qua thit b tip xc. nh k kim tra mc dung dch trong thit b, nu dung dch di mc cho php th b sung dung dch vo thit b. Tun hon dung dch xt vi lu lng ti

a ca bm t nht 8 ting trc khi a nguyn liu vo h thng; Trong khi tun hon dung dch trong thit b tin hnh kim tra hot ng ca bm v cc thit b lc. Nu cc li lc b tc nghn cn phi

c lm sch trc khi bt u khi ng h thng. Sau 8 ting tun hon dng bm v chun b khi ng h thng; e. Np mui vo thit b sy Cng vic np mui vo thit b sy gm cc bc cng vic chnh sau: - Phi m bo trong thit b khng cn hydrocacbon, cc iu kin mi trng m bo yu cu an ton cho thc hin cng vic; M ca ngi np ct, si to lp cho m mui; ct m phi c kch thc theo yu cu thit k v c y ti mc yu cu (khong 30cm t mt tip gip y v thn tr); Lp t ng phn phi Kerosene vi cc l phn phi hng xung pha di; Tip tc thm lp ct dy khong 30cm na ri gt phng mt; ng ca ngi pha di, tin hnh np mui vo thit b t ca ngi pha trn cng; mui vo thit b vi mc cao ti a l khong 6,6m k t y thit b. Kch thc ht mui phi tiu chun (thng thng ht mui c ng knh trung bnh 3-6mm); Trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng khng c mc m mui

gim qu nhiu (thng thng khong ht m mui ti a cho php trong khong 3,6m t ca ngi pha trn cng); - Lp li ca ngi pha trn nh thit b. Tin hnh ht chn khng thit b nu cn thit theo quy trnh khi ng ca Nh my; f. Np t st vo thit b lc h thng c th khi ng c, cn phi tin hnh np t st vo thit b lc v thng thng t st khng cung cp km theo thit b. Cc bc cng vic chnh np t st bao gm: Phi m bo trong thit b khng cn hydrocacbon, cc iu kin mi trng m bo yu cu an ton cho thc hin cng vic; ng ca ngi di v m ca ngi pha trn np t st. t st phi p ng c tiu chun v thnh phn v kch thc ht;

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Tin hnh np t st vo thit b. Mc t st trong thit b ph hp vi thit k ca nh bn quyn. Thng thng chiu cao ca m t st phi t ti mc di bch lp ca ngi pha trn l 1,2m;

Lp t b phn phn phi sao cho dng chy hng ln pha trn; Lp ca ngi pha trn li nh c. Tin hnh ht chn khng h thng nu cn thit theo yu cu khi ng nh my; g. Khi ng h thng Khi ng h thng c bt u t thi im nguyn liu (Kerosene v dung dch kim c a vo cha trong thit b. Cc bc chnh khi ng h thng bao gm: - Kim tra mc dung dch kim (6,6% khi lng) trong thit b tch Naphthenic, thit b -xy ho Mercaptans v mc nc trong thit b ra c ph hp khng. Tin hnh hiu chnh mc cht lng trong cc thit b ny ti gi tr ph hp. Kim tra cc thit b lc, tin hnh v sinh nu cn thit; Tin hnh a xc tc vo dung dch kim theo cc bc: + Lc u cc bnh cha xc tc m bo xc tc ho tan u khng b lng ng trong cc thit b tng tr, + hn hp xc tc vo ng np xc tc. ng np xc tc phi c cha y nc trnh s thm nhp ca khng kh vo bn trong h thng; + Chy bm tun hon thit b -xy ho, Duy tr tc tun hon dung dch kim trong thit b -xy ho gi tr thch hp; M van cung cp nc, dung dch kim 250B vo h thng pha trn trc khi b sung vo cc thit b, tin hnh pha long dung dch kim ti gi tr thch hp cho qu trnh x l trong cc thit b; Bt bm tun hon thit b ra bng nc v duy tr lu lng tun hon thch hp. Tin hnh b sung nc cho h thng; Khi ng bm tun hon dung dch kim trong thit b tch a-xt Naphthenic v duy tr tc tun hon gi tr thch hp. M cc van thch hp dung dch kim tun hon t thit b -xy ho sang. M van thu gom dung dch kim sau khi x l Naphthenic i x l tip; ui kh h thng bng kh tr. Khng s dng CO2, thng thng kh ni-t c s dng;

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T t a Kerosene vo h thng ng thi m cc van x kh ti cc v tr cao nht ca thit b v h thng; iu chnh h thng van p sut ra h thng trong khong thch hp (thng trong khong 80 psig); Khi ng my nn cung cp kh cng ngh cho h thng. Tin hnh cp kh vo thit b trn kh. Duy tr tc cp kh gi tr thch hp;

- H thng x l Kerosene bt u i vo hot ng bnh thng. 4.3.4. X l RFCC Naphtha 4.3.4.1. t vn Trong cn bng vt cht Nh my lc du, phn on Naphtha t phn xng cracking xc tc cn (RFCC Naphtha) thng chim ti 50% tng lng cc cu t pha xng thng phm ca nh my, v vy cht lng ca phn on Naphtha ny nh hng ln n cht lng xng thng phm. Phn on RFCC Naphtha thu c t qu trnh cracking v vy cha nhiu tp cht hnh thnh trong qu trnh b gy mch cacbon. Cc tp cht cha trong Naphtha l hp cht lu hunh (hydro sulfur-H2S, Mercaptans), Phenol (ROH) lm nh hng cht lng xng thng phm nu nh phn on ny khng c x l tch cc tp cht ny. x l cc tp cht cha trong phn on ny ngi ta c th s dng s dng cng ngh x l bng hydro hoc phng php ngt ho (c dng kim (NaOH) hoc khng dng kim). Ty theo yu cu v cht lng xng, tnh cht nguyn liu m ngi ta p dng cng ngh x l no. 4.3.4.2. X l Naphtha bng kim a. Qu trnh cng ngh S cng ngh. Cng ngh x l Naphtha bng phng php ngt ho thc cht ch lm thay i dng ca hp cht lu hunh m t lm thay i tng lng lu hunh trong hydrocacbon. Phng php ny cng ch loi c tp cht lu hunh v Phenol m khng x l c cc tp cht khc. Tuy nhin, do c im ca Naphtha cracking cha tp cht lu hunh l chnh v cng ngh tng i n gin, u t thp nn cng ngh ny vn c p dng rng ri. S cng ngh qu trnh x l phn on FCC Naphtha c m t trong hnh v H-4.12. Theo s ny, Naphtha cha x l c a qua thit b lc loi b cc ht rn ko theo c kch thc ln hn 300 m. Trc khi i vo thit b tip xc, dng hydrocacbon c trn thm khng kh nh b trn kh lng lp t trn ng ng.

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Hnh H-4-12- S cng ngh x l naphtha bng kim Sau khi trn vi khng kh, Naphtha c a vo thit b tip xc. Ti y, hn hp Naphtha, khng kh cng dung dch kim c ho trn vo nhau v cng chy xung pha di thit b. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng xung pha di, cc tp cht H2S, Mercaptans s c tch ra khi pha hydrocacbon chuyn vo pha dung dch kim. Ti y, qu trnh xy ho din ra to ra Na2S2O3 v DSO (RSSR). Pha hydrocacbon sau khi ra khi thit b tip xc tch ra khi pha dung dch kim i vo lp phn pha pha trn ca thit b phn tch. Pha dung dch kim tip tc chy theo b si dy i xung pha di thit b phn tch. Trong thit b phn tch pha, pha hydrocacbon c tch ra pha trn, pha dung dch kim tch ra pha di ca thit b. tch cc ht kim cn ko theo pha hydrocacbon, trong thit b phn tch pha, ngi ta lp t mt lp m cacbon loi b tp cht ny. Dung dch kim pha di thit b phn tch c bm tun hon mt phn tr li thit b tip xc. Dung dch kim thng xuyn c b sung bng dung dch kim mi b p lng kim tham gia phn ng. Mt phn dung dch kim sau x l c a ti thit b trung ho kim trong nh my. Vic rt dung dch kim ra khi thit b phn tch pha theo tng m m khng thc hin lin tc. Mc cht lng trong thit b phn tch phi mc ti thiu cho php. Dung dch kim c thay th khi hm lng NaOH trong dung dch thp hn 4% khi lng. Khi b sung dung dch kim mi ng thi cng b sung xc tc vo dung dch ti t l thch hp cho phn ng -xy ho. Nc

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v dung dch kim c cp vo thit b qua h thng bm chuyn dng. chng hin tng ng cn khi qu trnh bo qun trong b cha, ngi ta a vo pha hydrocacbon mt lng cht chng -xy ho. C ch qu trnh cng ngh v cc yu t nh hng C ch qu trnh Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh x l Naphtha bng kim l chuyn hp cht Mercaptans v dng disulfides khng gy mi cho sn phm. Ngoi ra, qu trnh x l cn loi b mt s tp cht khc nh hydro sulfur (H2S) v Phenol. Trong qu trnh tip xc gia pha hydrocacbon v dung dch kim trong thit b tip xc, cc tp cht H2S v Mercaptans (RHS) c tch t pha hydrocacbon sang pha dung dch kim to thnh cc hp cht sodium mercaptide (NaSR) v Natri sulfide (Na2S). Tip -xy cha trong pha hydrocacbon khuych tn vo pha kim xy ho tip cc hp cht va to ra thnh cc dng hp cht bn vng hn. Phn ng -xy ho NaSR v Na2S xy ra vi s tham gia ca xc tc. Natri sulfide Na2S b -xy ho to thnh Natri thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) cn NaSR th -xy ho thnh dng disulfide oil (DSO) khng ho tan trong dung dch nc. Do kh nng ho tan trong dung dch nc khc nhau Na 2S2O3 li pha dung dch kim cn DSO s khuych tn tr li pha hydrocacbon. Chnh v nguyn nhn ny m x l Naphtha bng kim ch lm thay i dng hp cht ca lu hunh m t lm thay i tng lng lu hunh cha trong hydrocacbon. Cc phn ng ho hc din ra trong qu trnh tch H2S v Mercaptans (RHS) t pha hydrocacbon din ra nh sau: 2H2S + 4NaOH 2Na2S + 4H2O 2RSH + 2NaOH 2RSNa + 2H2O Qu trnh -xy ho tip theo din ra theo phn ng sau: 2Na2S + 2O2 + H2O Na2S2O3 + 2NaOH 4 RSNa + O2 + 2 H2O 2RSSR + 4NaOH T cc phn ng trn cho thy qu trnh x l H2S v Mercaptans c th tm tt bng cc phn ng thu gn sau: 2 H2S + 2 O2 + 2 NaOH Na2S2O3 + 3 H2O 4 RSH + O2 2RSSR + 2 H2O Phn ng tch H2S v xy ho hp cht ny din ra vi tc cao hn so vi phn ng tch v -xy ho Mercaptans. Cc Mercaptans c khi lng phn t nh th tc phn ng din ra nhanh hn s vi cc phn t nng. Qu trnh -xy ho s hon nguyn li mt phn lng kim tiu th giai on trc (qu trnh -xy ho Na2S ch hon nguyn 50% s s NaOH

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tiu th, qu trnh -xy ho RSH hon nguyn 100% lng NaOH tiu th). im lu l qu trnh xy ho to ra mt lng nc lm long pha dung dch kim, v vy sau mt thi gian cn phi thay th dung dch kim bng dung dch mi m bo nng thch hp cho phn ng xy ra p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm. Do trong khng kh c cha lng CO2 , v vy mt lng NaOH s b tiu hao theo phn ng: 2 NaOH + CO2 Na2 CO3 + H2O

Tuy nhin, tc khng kh np vo nguyn liu khng nhiu, v vy, lng NaOH tiu hao cho qu trnh ny khng qu ln v Na2CO3 to thnh cng khng nh hng ti cht lng sn phm v qu trnh tch tp cht. Nu trong pha hydrocacbon c cha Phenol th hp cht ny s b x l theo phn ng: ROH + NaOH NaOR + H2O Phn ng kh phenol s din ra cho ti im cn bng. Phn ng tch Phenol khng lm nh hng n qu trnh tch v -xy ha Mercaptans cng nh H2S do tnh a xt ca cc hp cht ny cao hn nhiu so vi Phenol. Cc yu t nh hng Nng ca NaOH Dung dch kim s dng cho qu trnh -xy ha c dng theo m. Nng dung dch kim ban u thch hp l khong 20 0 B, do khng c dung dch kim b sung lin tc nn dung dch kim s b long dn do lng nc to ra trong qu trnh -xy ha v do b tiu hao mt phn vo phn ng tch H 2S v mt s phn ng ph khc. Nu nng NaOH trong dung dch kim xung qu thp th hiu qu tch Mercaptans khng cao, hm lng Mercaptans trong sn phm s dn tng ln. Nng NaOH trong dung dch ti thiu t 4% khi lng. Khi nng kim thp cn phi tin hnh thay th bng dung dch mi. Mt phn dung dch kim c loi b v a ti thit b trung ha kim trong nh my. Dung dch kim mi s c b sung bng dung dch c nng cao hn nng cao nng NaOH trong thit b. Qu trnh thay th dung dch kim khng lm gin on hot ng chung ca ton b h thng. Dung dch kim trc tin c ly ra ti mc thp nht cho php trong khi qu trnh x l vn tip tc c thc hin. Lng dung dch kim ly ra lp tc c b sung bng dung dch kim mi ti mc cht lng hot ng bnh thng ca thit b. Thi gian cho mt chu k thay dung dch ty

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thuc vo hm lng H2S v CO2 c trong nguyn liu Naphtha. Lng tp cht ny cng nhiu th thi gian phc v ca mt m kim cng ngn. Lu lng dng Hydrocacbon v tc tun hon dung dch kim V nguyn tc, tc tun hon dung dch kim cng cao th tc tch Mercaptans cng cao. Tuy nhin, tc dng kim cng cao th cng lm tng lng dung dch kim ko theo pha hydrocacbon gy kh khn cho vic phn tch sau ny. Vn quan trng l cn phi xc nh vn tc tun hon dung dch kim ti u tng ng vi cng sut x l Naphtha. Gi tr ti u thng c xc nh trong khi vn hnh th nghim thit b. tng tnh linh ng ca thit b x l, cng sut ca cc my bm cn c thit k lp t vi cng sut d so vi yu cu hot ng bnh thng. Xc tc Xc tc gi vai tr quan trng trong vic thc y tc -xy ha Mercaptans thnh dng disulfides (DSO), nng xc tc trong dung dch kim thch hp thng vo khong 200-300ppm khi lng. Trong qu trnh hot ng, xc tc s b dn mt hot tnh hoc mt mt nh b ko theo sn phm, v vy, cn phi tin hnh b sung xc tc lin tc cho dung dch kim. Xc tc c b sung hng ngy, khi lng ty thuc vo nguyn liu, gi tr ti u c xc nh khi vn hnh. Tc np khng kh Lng khng kh np vo Naphtha, v nguyn tc, khng nh hng nhiu n qu trnh ngt ha. Tuy nhin, khng nn lng kh qu d trong Naphtha so yu cu cho qu trnh -xy ha. Lng khng kh d qu nhiu di p sut ca h thng c th hnh thnh cc ti kh trong thit b tip xc nh hng xu n hot ng ca thit b ny. Ngoi ra, lng kh d qu nhiu dn n tiu hao NaOH trong dung dch kim (do phn ng CO2 vi NaOH) v mt mt sn phm ti b tng tr. Tc np khng kh vo Naphtha da vo lu lng dng Naphtha cn x l, hm lng tp cht H2S, Mercaptans,... cha trong nguyn liu. Np nc b sung Trong qu trnh hot ng, nng dung dch kim b chi phi bi hai yu t: kh nng pha long dung dch do qu trnh -xy ha Mercaptans v kh nng c c do pha hydrocacbon hp th nc trong dung dch. Nh bit, qu trnh -xy ha Mercaptans gii phng nc lm long dung dch kim, trong khi dung dch li b c dc li do hydrocacbon kh c khuynh hng hp th nc. Nu tc qu trnh hp th nc vt qu tc pha long th

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dn n hin tng dung dch mt dn nc v hu qu l nng dung dch kim s tng dn. Khi nng NaOH v cc mui ha tan khc trong dung dch tng ln s lm tng nht ca dung dch lm nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh v tng lng tp cht ko theo pha hydrocacbon. khc phc hin tng ny, nc sch lun c b sung iu chnh hm lng NaOH trong dung dch ph hp cho qu trnh hot ng. Nhit v p sut p sut ti thiu cho h thng l khong 8Kg/cm2. p sut ti thiu c quy nh nhm m bo lng khng kh ha tan trong Naphtha thc hin qu trnh -xy ha din ra thun li. Tn tht p sut trong thit b khng c vt qu 0,7Kg/cm2, nu vt qu gi tr ny s nh hng nghim trng n hiu qu ca qu trnh do nh hng n vic phn phi dng khng ng u. Nhit tin hnh qu trnh cng cao cng thun li cho qu trnh -xy ha (ngt ha), tuy nhin, nhit cao li lm gim qu trnh tch Mercaptans t pha hydrocacbon sang pha dung dch kim. Nhit v nng dung dch kim l nhng thng s cng ngh qua trng cn phi c gim st v iu chnh trong qu trnh hot ng. Nhit dung dch khng c thp hn 150C v nng dung dch khng vt qu 10 0 B trnh kt tinh ht rn trong dung dch. b. Cu to thit b H thng x l Naphtha cracking (RFCC Naphtha) bng kim bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: - Thit b tip xc; Thit b phn tch pha; Cc thit b ph: ng np xc tc, thit b trn kh, my nn kh, cc my bm,... Thit b tip xc Thit b tip xc s dng trong cng ngh x l Naphtha bng kim l thit b tip xc kiu si nh trong cc qu trnh x l LPG v Kerosene bng kim. Thit b tip xc cng c gn chng ln thit b phn tch pha to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh cng ngh v tit kim din tch lp t. Nguyn l hot ng ca dng thit b ny c trnh by cc mc trn ca gio trnh ny (cng ngh x l LPG bng kim) v vy khng cp thm. Cu to ca thit b tip xc uc m t trong hnh v H-4.13.

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Thit b tip xc v bn cht l mt dng thit b phn ng c bit c nhim v tch Mercaptans v H2S ra khi Naphtha v thc hin -xy ho cc cht c hi ny v dng khng c hi v c lin kt bn vng hn. Thit b phn tch pha Thit b phn tch pha l dng thit b hot ng theo nguyn l phn tch hn hp cc cht lng khng ho tan vo nhau c khi lng ring khc nhau. Cc cht lng ny c phn thnh cc lp ring bit, trnh t ca cc lp ph thuc vo khi lng ring v cc lp ny c tch ra ngoi theo cc ng khc nhau. Trong thit b phn tch pha, pha hydrocacbon c khi lng ring nh hn c tch ra lp trn ca thit b, cn pha dung dch kim c khi lng ring ln hn c tch ra pha y thit b. Thit b phn tch pha s dng trong x l Naphtha bng kim l dng thit b nm ngang. Thit b c kch thc thch hp vi thi gian lu ln cho qu trnh phn tch pha din ra mt cch trit . Tuy nhin, d thi gian lu thit b ln th vn c mt lng kim nht nh ko theo pha hydrocacbon. Mt khc, nu thit b c thi gian qu ln dn n kch thc thit b ln v do u t tn km hn nhng hiu qu tch cc tp cht cha hn p ng c yu cu v cht lng sn phm. Chnh v vy, gim thiu kch thc ca thit b v tng cng hiu qu tch cc tp cht ko theo pha hydrocacbon, mt lp m cacbon c lp t bn trong thit b phn tch pha tch nt cc ht dung dch kim kp theo. iu khin mc cht lng trong thit b, thit b phn tch b tr cc ng ng lp t ng thu quan st mc cht lng v ni vi cc cm bin iu khin mc. Do thit b c cha mt lng hydrocacbon tng i ln, v vy, pha nh ca thit b c ng ng lp van an ton x hydrocacbon vo h thng ct uc trong trng hp cn thit. Pha di y thit b hng lot cc ca x y, ca tun hon dung dch kim v ca ly dung dch kim khng t tiu chun v nng NaOH i x l (chuyn ti thit b trung ho). Cu to chi tit ca thit b phn tch pha c m t trong hnh v H-4.13.

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Hnh H-4.13- Cu to thit b tip xc v phn tch pha 4.3.4.3. X l Naphtha khng s dng kim Nh tho lun, qu trnh x l cc sn phm hydrocacbon bng kim ni chung c nhng u im nht nh l cng ngh n gin, tuy nhin, cng ngh x l ny cng gp phi nhng vn kh khn trong vic gii quyt lng kim thi tng i ln sau qu trnh x l. Lng kim thi ln khng ch nh hng n chi ph vn hnh, hiu qu kinh t m cn t nhiu nh hng n mi trng. Chnh v vy m mt s Nh cng ngh pht trin cng ngh x l Naphtha cracking (RFCC/FCC Naphtha) khng s dng kim. Trong s cc Nh cng ngh ny, Nh bn quyn cng ngh UOP c xem l c cng ngh tin phong. Cng ngh x l Naphtha khng dng kim l dng cng ngh Merox do UOP pht trin kim sot hm lng Mercaptans trong Naphtha v trong xng. Cng ngh Merox khng s dng NaOH nh s dng loi xc tc c bit c hot tnh cao v h thng thit b hot ho xc tc. Nh vy m qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans ch cn thc hin trong mi trng kim rt yu (ammonia). Cng ngh x l Naphtha khng s dng NaOH ny c th p dng x l Naphtha nh, Naphtha nng v kh. a. Qu trnh cng ngh Nguyn l qu trnh Phng php x l Naphtha khng s dng kim (Caustic-free Technology) da trn qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans (thiols) c s tham gia ca xc tc trong mi trng ammonia. Naphtha c a vo thit phn ng -xy ha Mercaptan vi s c mt ca xc tc trong mi trng ammonia. Trong

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thit b ny, qu trnh xy ho Mercaptans xy ra v to ra hp cht lu hunh dng khng hot tnh, bn vng hn (disulfides) theo phn ng: 4RSH + O2 2RSSR + 2H2O Hp cht disulfides to thnh sau phn ng vn tn ti trong Naphtha, v vy cng nh phng php x l bng kim, phng php x l ny cng khng lm thay i tng hm lng lu hunh trong sn phm m ch lm gim hm lng lu hunh hot tnh cao (Mercaptans) trong hydrocacbon. S cng ngh S cng ngh qu trnh x l Naphtha khng s dng kim c m t trong hnh H-4.14. Theo s cng ngh ny, Naphtha cha x l c trn cng vi dung dch nc ammonia, khng kh v ph gia trc khi a vo thit b phn ng. Hn hp nguyn liu v dung dch ammonia khi i qua lp m xc tc s xy ra qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans theo phn ng nh trinh by phn trn to ra disulfides. Hn hp hydrocacbon v nc ammonia i ra khi lp m xc tc v thu v pha di ca thit b phn ng. Naphtha c x l tch ra ring bit nh mt lp m cacbon, cn dung dch nc ammonia c thu gom v bnh cha pha di y thit b phn ng ri c bm ti thit b x l nc chua trong nh my.

Hnh H-4.14 S cng ngh x l naphtha khng s dng kim (NaOH) b Cu to thit b Thit b x l Naphtha khng s dng kim c cu to rt n gin, ch bao gm mt thp phn ng v mt bnh thu gom dung dch ammonia. Thit b phn ng

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Thit b phn ng l tri tim trong s cng ngh x l Naphtha khng s dng kim. Thit b phn ng s dng trong cng ngh ny l thit b phn ng kiu ng c lp m xc tc c nh. Xc tc s dng trong cng ngh ny l Merox N0 21 do UOP pht trin. y l loi xc tc c hot tnh cao v vy qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans ch cn thc hin trong mi trng kim yu (ammonia). Pha di ca thit b phn ng ngi ta lp mt lp m cacbon phn tch ring bit pha hydrocacbon v dung dch ammonia. Bnh thu gom dung dch ammonia V lng dung dch ammonia tng i t nn cn phi c thit b thu gom trc khi chuyn ti thit b x l nc chua. Thit b thu l bnh hnh tr c kch thc ph hp thu gom lng cht lng vn chuyn bng bm. c. Mt s u im phng php khng s dng kim Cng ngh x l Naphtha khng s dng kim c mt s u im: Mi trng thc hin qu trnh x l khng c tnh n mn cao, nhit v p sut thp, v vy, thit b c ch to t thp cacbon thng cho php gim c chi ph u t ban u; Khng gp phi vn x l lng kim d tng i ln sn sinh trong qu trnh x l, do vy, cho php gim c chi ph vn hnh, nng cao hiu qu kinh t v t nhiu gp phn bo v mi trng; Chi ph vn hnh thp do gi ca xc tc, ho phm, nng lng s dng thp; Do qu trnh -xy ho thc hin trong mi trng kim yu (ammonia) nn ch mt lng nh phenol b -xy ho, v vy, khng lm gim tr s Octan ca Naphtha (Phenol c tr s Octan cao);

- Thit b vn hnh tng i n gin. 4.3.4.4. Cht lng sn phm Ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu ban u, cht lng xng thng phm v tnh cht ca cc cu t pha xng khc m cht lng ca Naphtha sau x l c nhng yu cu khc nhau. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, Naphtha sau khi x l ti thiu phi p ng c cc yu cu sau: Hm lng Mercaptans (RHS) tnh theo lu hunh: 5ppm khi lng; 1ppm khi lng; 1

- Hm lng NaOH tnh theo Na+: - Ch tiu n mn tm ng: 4.3.4.5. Vn hnh thit b

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Vn hnh thit b x l Naphtha c trnh by di y p dng cho cng ngh x l bng kim. Cng tc khi ng h thng thit b l cng vic kh khn, phc tp nht trong vn hnh i hi ngi vn hnh phi c k nng vn hnh tt. V vy, phn ny ca gio trnh s ch tp trung ch yu vo cc bc khi ng thit b. a. Chun b khi ng Trc khi tin hnh chy th thit b cn tin hnh cng tc kim tra, hiu chnh ln cui vic khi ng h thng khng gp phi s c. Cng tc chun b bao gm cc cng vic chnh: - Kim tra m bo rng tt c cc van x y, van ni vo thit b c ng kn; Tin hnh ui khng kh ra khi h thng. Kh tr s c s dng ui khng kh, khng s dng kh CO2; Kim tra m bo rng cc van chn ng ng dn hydrocacbon vo thit b c ng kn; Kim tra m bo tt c cc ng ni tt van iu khin c

ng kn, cc controller c chuyn v ch chnh tay v t ch van ng; - Cch ly hon ton cc bm kim; - Cc li lc phi c tho ra v sinh sch s; b. Np Naphtha v dung dch NaOH vo h thng M t t van cp Naphtha qua thit b lc in y h thng x l. Naphtha c a vo y thit b phn tch pha v cho chy ra pha nh thit b. iu chnh h thng duy tr p sut dng Naphtha ra khi thit b. p sut h thng duy tr trong khong 2Kg/cm2 trong sut qu trnh in y h thng bng Naphtha. X kh trong h thng qua cc van x cc im cao nht ca thit b phn tch pha v thit b tip xc. ng van cp Naphtha vo h thng khi Naphtha in y h thng. M van cp dung dch kim vo ca ht ca bm tun hon kim; Cp kim vo thit b phn tch pha ti mc thch hp; M cc van ni thng ng ng tun hon dung dch kim t bnh phn tch ti thit b tip xc; Ngng cp dung dch kim vo h thng, bt u khi ng bm tun hon dung dch kim t thit b phn tch pha ti thit b tip xc. Tin hnh tun hon dung dch kim lin tc trong khong thi gian 24

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gi. Gia khong thi gian ny, tm ngng tun hon kim tra hot ng ca cc bm; B sung hoc tho bt dung dch kim trong h thng iu chnh mc cht lng trong thit b. C sau mi 8 gi tm ngng tun hon dung dch kim kim tra cc li lc ca ht ca bm loi b cn bn;

Sau 24 gi tun hon, ngng bm tun hon, lm v sinh cc thit b lc v chun b khi ng thit b; c. Khi ng h thng Khi ng thit b c bt u t khi nguyn liu (Naphtha) v dung dch kim c a vo cha trong h thng mc ph hp. Cc bc c bn khi ng thit b x l Naphtha bng kim bao gm: - Hiu chnh li mc dung dch kim trong thit b ti mc thch hp nu mc cht lng cao hoc thp hn so yu cu vn hnh; M van cp nguyn liu Naphtha vo h thng, tc np nguyn liu vo h thng phi chm trnh hin tng sc thu lc cho thit b

tip xc; - Khi ng bm chuyn Naphtha x l v kho cha; - Bt u a khng kh trn vo Naphtha trc khi a vo thit b tip xc, iu chnh tc kh trn thch hp nh van iu khin; T thi im ny, h thng x l Naphtha bt u bc vo giai on vn hnh bnh thng. 4.3.5. Cu hi v bi tp 1. 2. Hy cho bit mc ch qu trnh lm sch sn phm, cc tp cht chnh tn ti trong cc sn phm du m; Hy cho bit cc cng ngh c bn lm sch sn phm trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, u nhc im ca tng gii php cng ngh ny; Trnh by c im cng ngh x l bng hydro, cc qu trnh loi tp cht chnh; Trnh by c im cng ngh x l c s dng kim, cc qu trnh kh tp cht chnh; Trnh by c im cng ngh x l khng s dng kim, cc qu trnh kh tp cht chnh; Cc tp cht chnh cn loi b cha trong kh ha lng (LPG), c ch loi b cc tp cht ny. Trnh by s cng ngh x l LPG.

3. 4. 5. 6.

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7. 8. 9.

Trnh by cc yu t chnh nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh loi tp cht LPG bng kim. Hy lit k cc thit b chnh ca cng ngh x l LPG bng kim; Hy cho bit nhc im ca phng php tng b mt tip xc pha truyn thng trong qu trnh x l. Trnh by tm tt nguyn l hot ng ca thit b tip xc da trn nguyn tc phn tn mi;

10. Cc tp cht chnh cn loi b cha trong phn on Kerosene, c ch loi b cc tp cht ny bng kim. Trnh by s cng ngh x l Kerosene bng kim; 11. Trnh by cc yu t chnh nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh loi tp cht trong Kerosene bng kim; 12. Hy lit k cc thit b chnh trong s cng ngh x l Kerosene bng kim; 13. Cc tp cht chnh cn loi b cha trong phn on Naphtha cracking, c ch loi b cc tp cht ny bng kim. Trnh by s cng ngh x l Naphtha bng kim; 14. Trnh by cc yu t chnh nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh loi tp cht trong Naphtha cracking bng kim; 15. Hy lit k cc thit b chnh trong s cng ngh x l Naphtha cracking bng kim; 16. Mc ch ca qu trnh ra Kerosene bng nc sau khi ra khi thit b xy ho trong cng ngh x l Kerosene bng kim; 17. Mc ch ca qu trnh sy Kerosene bng mui, nguyn l hot ng ca qu trnh ny; 18. Mc ch ca qu trnh lc Kerosene bng t st. Nguyn l hot ng ca qu trnh; 19. Hy cho bit mc ch ca cc lp m cc bon lp t trong thit b phn tch pha ca thit b x l Naphtha, LPG bng kim; 20. Hy cho bit ti sao c th thc hin c qu trnh xy ho Mercaptans cha trong pha hydrocacbon trong thit b phn ng qu trnh cng ngh x l Naphtha khng s dng kim (NaOH).

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BI 5. THIT B CHNG CT M bi: HD I5

Gii thiu. Du th v cc sn phm du m l hn hp ng nht ca nhiu cu t. Mi mt cu t hay mt khong cc cu t c mt ng dng khc nhau. Vic phn chia cc cu t ny thnh cc phn on ring bit cho cc mc ch s dng l mt cng vic quan trng trong cng ngh ch bin du kh. phn chia cc cu t (hay mt khong cc cu t) ra thnh cc sn phm ring bit v nguyn tc c nhiu gii php cng ngh nh: chng luyn, hp th, trch ly,... Tuy nhin, phng php chng luyn vn l phng php phn chia hn hp ng nht kinh t v hiu qu nht c p dng trong lnh vc ch bin du kh. Qu trnh chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh rt phc tp v c nhiu c th ring. Nguyn l ca qu trnh chng ct c cp trong phn chuyn khi ca gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b, tuy nhin cc ti liu ny mi ch gii thiu nguyn l chung p dng cho cc qu trnh chng ct n gin, c bit, cha cp n cu to cc thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Trong khun kh ca bi hc ny s gii thiu nguyn tc chng luyn v cu to ca thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Vi mc ch gip hc sinh tip cn gn hn vi thc t, mt s qu trnh chng ct quan trng cng s c cp ti. Mc tiu thc hin. Hc xong bi ny hc vin c nng lc: M t c cu to chung thp chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh M t c s cng ngh, cu to thp chng luyn p sut thng, M t c s cng ngh, cu to thp chng luyn p sut chn khng. M t c s , cu to thp chng ct trong mt s phn xng Cracking v mt s phn xng khc nh Reforming, NHT, CCR. M t c cc phng thc iu khin cc thng s cng ngh trong thp chng luyn. Nhn bit c cc dng a, thp chng luyn trong thc t. Vn hnh c thit b chng luyn trong phng th nghim .

229

Ni dung chnh: Nguyn l hot ng, cu to chung ca thp chng luyn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh; Cc dng thp chng luyn dng a v dng m; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct du th p sut kh quyn; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct chn khng; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng cracking; Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct trong mt s cng ngh quan trng: Reforming, X l Naphtha bng hydro.

- Nguyn l iu khin hot ng ca thp chng luyn. 5.1. VAI TR THIT B CHNG CT V I TNG NGHIN CU 5.1.1. Vai tr thit b chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh Thit b chng ct gi mt vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Hu ht cc qu trnh phn tch hn hp lng ng nht ra thnh cc phn on trong cc qu trnh cng ngh u s dng phng php chng ct. Khi u cho mi qu trnh ch bin du th l qu trnh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Du th khi qua thit b chng ct p sut kh quyn, cc phn on du m mi c tch ra thnh cc sn phm (Kerosene, phn on Diesel-LGO) hoc sn phm trung gian lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo nh cn chng ct, phn on Naphtha, LPG,... Vi cc qu trnh ch bin quan trng khc (cracking xc tc, reforming, isome ho v cc qu trnh x l bng hydro), sau khi thc hin qu trnh ch bin ho hc, hn hp hydrocacbon u phi c a ti thit b chng ct phn chia thnh cc phn on khc nhau. 5.1.2. i tng nghin cu Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh chng ct c cp t nhiu trong gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho, tuy nhin, trong cc chng trnh ny cha cp n c th qu trnh chng ct cc sn phm du m. Du m l hn hp ca hng ngn cu t, v vy, qu trnh chng ct du m v cc phn on du m rt phc tp v c nhng c th ring bit cn phi c nghin cu, tm hiu pht trin thm ngoi cc kin thc chung v chng luyn. Mt khc, hc vin c kin thc v l thuyt v thc hnh th cn phi c hc tp tng qu trnh c th v c nguyn l hot ng v cu to thit b nhm h tr cho vic hnh thnh k nng vn hnh sau kh kt thc

230

chng trnh o to. T nhng phn tch trn v mc tiu o to, trong phm vi ca bi hc ny s tp trung vo nguyn l v cu to thit b c trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. 5.2. NGUYN L QU TRNH CHNG CT DU M 5.2.1. Tnh cht du th c c s cho tnh ton, thit k cng ngh v la chn thit b chng ct trc ht cn phi hiu c nhng tnh cht c bn ca nguyn liu v cc thng s c bn ca nguyn liu l c s cho vic tnh ton la chn thit b. Cc tnh cht ho l l cc tnh cht quan trng phc v cho tnh ton thit b chng ct, tnh cht ho hc ca du gip cho tnh ton cc qu trnh ch bin ho hc tip theo. 5.2.1.1. Tnh cht ho l a. Thnh phn Du th khng phi l n cht m l hn hp ca hng ngn cc hp cht khc nhau. Cc hp cht ny ch yu l s kt hp gia hydro v nguyn t cacbon hnh thnh cc cu t gi l hydrocacbon t dng n gin nh kh m tan (CH4) n cc dng phc tp nh C85H60. Tnh cht quan trng ca du th l tng cu t cha trong n c nhit si khc nhau trong cng iu kin p sut v nh hin tng vt l ny m chng c phn tch ra ring bit bng phng php chng ct. b. ung cong chng ct ng cong chng ct l mt trong nhng s liu quan trng ca du th, qua ng cong chng ct phn nh tnh cht ho l quan trng ca mi loi du m. ng cong chng ct biu th mi quan h gia nhit v phn trm th tch (hoc khi lng) du th bay hi (tch lu). ng cong chng ct l c s quan trng cho thit k thp chng ct phn chia cc cu t ra cc phn ring bit. ng cong chng ct c thc hin trong phng th nghim bng cch tin hnh gia nhit cho mt lng du th cha trong cc chu nhit (hoc thit b chng ct chuyn dng) cc nhit khc nhau. ng vi mi nhit tin hnh o tng lng cht lng bay hi. T s liu thu c tin hnh v ng cong quan h gia nhit v th tch cht lng bay hi tch lu nhit tng ng. S minh ha qu trnh th nghim v xy dng ng cong chng ct c m t trong hnh v H-5.1 v H-5.2. c. Phn on Nh bit, du m gm rt nhiu cc hp cht ho hc c tnh cht l ho khc nhau. Mt nhm cc hp cht phc v cho mt mc ch s dng no

231

 c gi l mt phn on (hay cn gi l khong ct). Cc phn on hay khong ct l tn gi chung ca tt c cc cu t c nhit si nm gia khong hai gi tr nhit no . Cc gi tr nhit ny c gi l im ct. Cc phn on in hnh cha trong du th v nhit khong ct nh trong bng 5-1 di y. Bng 5.1. Cc phn on in hnh ca du th TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phn on Bu tan v cc cu t nh hn (C4-) Naphtha nh Naphtha nng Kerosene Diesel (Gas Oil) Cn chng ct Khong nhit (0C) < 35 C5+ - 80 80170 170230 230370 > 370

Ty theo tng loi du m thnh phn ca cc phn on khc nhau. Du th nh c cc phn on Naphtha nh, Naphtha nng v Kerosene nhiu hn cn du th nng th c cc phn on Diesel v cn nhiu hn. Cc cu t c khi lng cng nng th cng c nhit si cng cao. Trc y, cc Nh my lc du thng ch bin du nh v em li li nhun cao hn u t t v bn thn du th cha nhiu cu t c gi tr kinh t cao. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, ngun du th gim st v gi du ngy cng tng cao th ch bin du nng li c nhiu u th do gi du nng thp hn tng i nhiu so vi du nh. iu ny t ra thch thc ln cho cc Nh my lc du xy dng trc y trong cuc cnh tranh. d. Hm lng lu hunh Hm lng lu hunh trong du th rt khc nhau gia cc loi du. Hm lng lu hunh trong du th l mt trong tnh cht quan trng quyt nh gi tr du th. Do lu hunh l tp cht c hi nn hm lng lu hunh nh hng nhiu n cht lng du th. Hm lng lu hunh trong du th ln lm gim gi tr ca du do phi u t cho qu trnh ch bin nhiu hn (ch yu l cc phn xng x l) v vn bo v mi trng gp phi nhiu kh khn khi m bo hm lng cc hp cht lu hunh c hi trong kh thi. Lu hunh cha trong du th khng phi dng n cht m dng cc hp cht (nh H2S, Mercaptans, COS,...). Phng php x l cc tp cht ny c trnh by bi 4 ca gio trnh ny. Cn c vo hm lng lu hunh trong du th m ngi ta chia du th thnh loi du ngt (Sweet Crude), du

232

chua (Sour Crude) v du trung gian gia ngt v chua. Du ngt l cc du c hm lng lu hunh khng ln hn 0,5% khi lng, cn du chua l du cha hm lng lu hunh khng nh hn 2,5% khi lng. Du th c hm lng lu hunh nm trong khong trn l du trung gian (gia ngt v chua). Trong cc nh my ch bin du kh, khi tng lng lu hunh thi ra mi trng vt mc cho php (c bit l khi ch bin du chua) th kh chua (cha hp cht lu hunh nh H2S, SO2) s c a ti phn xng thu hi lu hunh lm sch kh thi v thu hi lu hunh nguyn cht nh l mt sn phm ph.

Hnh H-5.1 S th nghim xy dng ng cong chng ct

Hnh H-5.2. ng cong chng ct im si thc 5.2.1.2. Thnh phn ho hc v phn loi du m Nh trnh by, du m l hn hp phc tp cu thnh t hng ngn cc cu t khc nhau, mi mt loi du c thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ha l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, v bn cht, cc loi du u c c im chung l

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thnh phn hydrocacbon chim ch yu (khong 60-90% tng khi lng), phn cn li l cc hp cht cha lu hunh, ni-t, -xy, cc cht nha, asphanten v cc phc c kim. a. Thnh phn Hydrocacbon Hydrocacbons l phn chnh ca du m. Cc hydrocacbons ny li bao gm nhiu nhm khc nhau nh: Parafins, Naphthens, Aromactics (trong du m khng cha Olefins, Olefins hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin) Nhm Parafins Parafins l loi hydrocacbon ph bin nht trong du m. Thnh phn parafins c nhn dng theo quy lut: trong phn t hydrocacbon, cc nguyn t cacbon ni vi nhau bng lin kt n, cc lin kt khc c bo ha bng nguyn t hydro. Cng thc chung cho cc cu t thnh phn nhm parafins l CnH2n+2. Parafin n gin nht l Metan (CH4), tip theo l hng lot cc hp cht nh ethan, propane, butane (iso-butane v mch thng), pentane,... Khi nguyn t cacbon trong phn t hydrocacbon ln hn ba th mt s hydrocacbon c cc lin kt khc nhau phn t khc nhau. Cc nguyn t cacbon khng ch lin kt vi nhau dng mch thng m cn lin kt thnh cc mch nhnh n hoc nhnh kp to ra cc dng ng phn c tnh cht nhiu khi khc xa hydrocacbon khc cng loi. V d, s octan thc nghim (MON) ca n-octane ch l 17 trong khi s octane ca iso-octane l 100. S lng cacbon trong phn t cng nhiu th kh nng to ra cc dng ng phn cng ln. V d butane c hai ng phn, pentane c ba ng phn, octane c ti mi by cu trc ng phn, khi s nguyn t cacbon tng ln 18 (cetane) th s ng phn ln ti 60533. Trong du th c phn t parafins cha ti 70 nguyn t cacbon vi s ng phn rt cao. Nhm Naphthenes (Cycloparafins) Cc parafins mch vng trong tt c cc lin kt cn li ca nguyn t cc bon u c bo ho bng nguyn t hydro gi l naphthene. C rt nhiu dng naphthene tn ti trong du m, tuy nhin, cc naphthene c khi lng phn t thp (nh cyclopentane, cyclohexane) thng thng khng c xem nh l nhng cu t ring bit, trong thc t nhm cu t ny c phn loi bng khong nhit si. Mt s dng cu trc phn t ca Naphthenes in hnh c trnh by di y:

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Cyclopentane

Methyl-cyclopetane

Dimethylcyclopentane

Cyclohexane

1,2 Dimethylcyclohexane

Methyl-cyclohexane

Decalin Nhm Aromactics Nhm cc hp cht aromantics c tnh cht l ho khc rt xa cc hp cht parafins v naphthenes. Cc hydrocacbon dng ny cha mt mch vng benzene khng bo ho nhng rt n nh. Tuy cc lin kt ca cc nguyn t cacbon khng bo ho hon ton nhng cc hp cht aromactic lun c tnh cht nh l mt hp cht bo ho cc lin kt. Mt s dng in hnh ca aromactic thng gp trong du c trnh by di y:

Benzene

Toluene

Ethylbenzene

Ortho-xylene

Para-xylene Nhm Olefins

Meta-xylene

Naphthalene

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Nh cp phn trn, v nguyn tc, olefins khng tn ti trong du th, tuy nhin, trong qu trnh ch bin (c bit l qu trnh cracking) to ra olefins. Cc hp cht olefins c cu trc tng t nh cc hp cht parafins. Tuy nhin, trong phn t ca hp cht olefins t nht c hai nguyn t cacbon c lin kt i. Cng thc ho hc chung ca nhm hp cht ny l C nH2n. Trong ch bin du kh, nhm cc cht olefins l nguyn liu quan trng cho ha du. b. Thnh phn phi hydrocacbon Ngoi cc hp cht hydrocacbon, trong du m cn cha cc hp cht khc (cn gi l cc thnh phn phi hydrocacbon). Cc thnh phn phi hydrpcacbon ch yu l cc hp cht ca lu hunh, ni-t, cc cht cha -xy, kim loi v cc cht nha, asphanten. Cc hp cht lu hunh Ngoi hydrocacbon, trong tng lng cc cht phi hydrocacbon th hp cht lu hunh thng cha mt t l ln nht (c khi ti trn 2% khi lng). Cc hp cht lu hunh chnh cha trong du m v cc sn phm l H2S, Mercaptan (R-S-H), Sulfure (R-S-R), Disulfure (R-S-S-R) v Thiophen (lu hunh trong mch vng). Mt s dng hp cht Thiophen c cu trc phn t nh di y:

Lu hunh c mt trong du th cng nhiu cng lm du xu i do gy kh khn cho qu trnh ch bin v bo v mi trng. Cc cht cha ni-t Cc hp cht cha ni-t thng c rt t trong du m v cc sn phm du m. Hm lng ni-t c trong du cao l iu khng mong mun i vi cc nh ch bin. Cc hp cht hu c ca ni-t gy ng c xc tc ca cc qu trnh ch bin du kh rt mnh v gy ra hin tng n mn my mc, thit b. Khi hm lng ni-t trong du cao hn 0,25% khi lng th cn phi c yu cu x l c bit trc khi ch bin. Cc dng hp cht ca ni-t thng gp trong du l:

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Cc cht cha -xy Cc hp cht cha -xy tn ti trong du th thng di dng axit, phenol, xeton, ete, este... Trong s cc hp cht cha -xy th phenol v axit l ng ch hn c do cc hp cht ny nh hng n mt s qu trnh cng ngh cng nh sc kho, an ton mi trng. Cc hp cht ny thng tn ti trong cc phn on c nhit si trung bnh (Kerosene) v cao (Gas Oil). Dng axit thng gp v cn x l l axit naphthenic (R-COOH). Mt s dng phenol thng gp trong du m v cc sn phm du l cc loi di y:

Cc cht nha v asphantene Nha v asphantene l hp cht ca cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, S c phn t lng rt ln. C nha v asphantene u c c im chung l khng tan trong nc c t trng ln hn 1. V cu trc phn t, nha v asphantene u c cu trc h vng ngng t cao. Cc hp cht ny nm tp trung cc phn on nng nh cn chng ct kh quyn, cn chng ct chn khng. Tuy nhin, gia cn v nha vn c nhng c im ring. Nha thng c phn t lng thp hn so vi asphantene. Nha cha trong du m d b xy ho chuyn thnh dng asphantene, chnh v vy m asphantene c phn t lng cao hn. C nha v asphanten c trong du th nhiu u khng tt do hiu sut thu hi sn phm nh (c gi tr cao) thp, qu trnh ch bin phi u t nhiu hn. S c mt ca cc hp cht ny cn gy ng c xc tc nh hng n hiu sut, cht lng sn phm ca qu trnh ch bin. Mc du vy, nu trong du c hm lng nha v asphantene cao li l nguyn liu tt sn xut nha ng. Cc dng hp cht khc

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Ngoi cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon nu trn, trong du cn cha mt lng nc nht nh. Nc cha trong du th vn d tn ti ngay trong du th t trong qu trnh hnh thnh du v b nhim bn trong qu trnh khai thc. Nc trong du th thng tn ti di dng nh tng. v ho tan cc mui hu c v v c lm nhim bn du. V vy, trc khi ch bin, du th phi c tch mui v nc (vn ny s c cp trong phn chng ct du th p sut kh quyn). c. Phn loi du th C nhiu phng php phn loi du th nh cn c vo thnh phn ho hc, cn c vo tnh cht vt l. Phn loi theo thnh phn ho hc Vic phn loi du m theo thnh phn ho hc cng ty thuc vo cc c quan nghin cu du th a ra cc tiu chun phn loi khc nhau (Vin du Hoa k-API, Vin du m Php- IFP, Vin du m Nga,...). Tuy nhin, im chung ca phng php phn loi ny l cn c vo thnh phn ho hc ca du th l parafins, naphthenic, aromactic chia ra cc loi du khc nhau. Phn loi theo bn cht vt l Phng php phn chia du th theo bn cht vt l l da trn t trng ring ca du th, chia du thnh cc du: nng, du trung bnh v du nh. Thng thng du nh c t trng <0,830, du trung bnh c t trng trong khong 0,830 ti 0,884, du c t trng > 0,884 c coi l du nng. Trong thc t tnh ton cng ngh cng nh giao dch ngi ta thng s dng n v o 0API (theo tiu chun ca vin du m Hoa k) thay cho t trng. Quan h gia t trng ring v 0 API c biu th qua biu thc di y: 141,5 o API 131,5 d Trong d l t trng ring ca du iu kin tiu chun. 5.2.2. Nguyn l 5.2.2.1. t vn Du th khng phi l n cht, hay hn hp ca mt vi hp cht ho hc m l hn hp ca hng ngn hn hp ho hc, v vy, vic phn chia cc hp cht ho hc ny hay mt khong cc hp cht ny (mt phn on) bng phng php chng ct l rt phc tp. Nguyn l ca qu trnh chng ct cng c cp gio trnh khc. Tuy nhin, trong cc gio trnh ny mi ch cp n nguyn l chng ct hai cu t l chnh. Chnh v vy, cn thit phi cp nguyn l chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du do du th v

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phn on c nhng c im ring nh gm rt nhiu cu t, d chy n. Do nhng c im ring ny m cu to ca cc thp chng ct cng c nhiu im khc bit so vi cc thp chng ct s dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc. 5.2.2.2. Cc khi nim hiu c nguyn l qu trnh chng ct du m v cc sn phm du cn phi hiu mt s khi nim c nh ngha ring trong cng ngh lc ho du. y cng l cc thng s cng ngh c bn cn c xc nh trong qu trnh thit k cc thit b chng ct. a. im ct i vi cc nh cng ngh v thit k thit b chng ct th im ct l mt trong nhng thng s cng ngh quan trng. Cc nhit m ti cc sn phm chng ct c phn chia ra thnh cc phn on khc nhau gi l cc im ct. Vi mi phn on (hay cn gi l khong ct), gi tr nhit m ti sn phm (phn on) bt u si gi l im si u (Initial Boiling PointIBP). Nhit m ti ton b (100%) sn phm bay hi gi l im si cui (End Point-EP). V vy, mi mt sn phm (phn on hay khong ct) c hai im ct l im si u v im si cui. Nh vy, vi hai phn on k tip nhau ti im ct ca hai phn on ny, im si cui ca phn on nh hn cng chnh l im si u ca phn on nng hn. V d vi hai phn on Naphtha v Kerosene, im si cui ca phn on Naphtha cng l im si u ca phn on Kerosene. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, hiu qu qu trnh phn tch khng phi lc no cng t ng theo l thuyt, v vy m im si cui ca phn on nh hn v im si u ca phn on nng k tip c th khng trng nhau. V d nh hnh H-5.3 Khong chng ln gia hai phn on phn nh hiu qu ca qu trnh chng ct. y l mt thng s quan trng m cc nh thit k v ch to phi bo m (guarantee) cho ngi s dng. minh ha r hn v khong chng ln nhit si u v nhit si cui gia cc phn on chng ct ngi ta xy dng ng cng biu th mi quan h gia nhit si v phn th tch phn on bay hi ti nhit (khng phi tng th tch phn bay hi tch ly). Cc ng cng ny vi khong chng ln c minh ha hnh H-5.4. T th minh ha ny ta thy r c khong chng ln nhit im si u v si cui gia cc phn on. Khong chng ln ny cn c kim sot cht ch trong thit k thit b chng ct m bo cht lng ca cc phn on.

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Hnh H-5.3 Khong chng ln ng cong chng ct hai phn on k tip nhau

Hnh H-5.4 Khong chng ln im si u v im si cui hai phn on k tip nhau b. Xc nh im ct Xc nh im ct ca cc phn on l vic lm ht sc quan trng ca nh thit k. im ct c nh hng ln ti hiu sut thu hi v cht lng ca cc phn on. Ty theo tnh cht ca du, mc ch ca nh my (cc sn phm cn sn xut, cc loi sn phm cn u tin, cht lng sn phm yu cu) m xc nh im ct cc phn on chng ct cho ph hp. V d, vic chn im ct gia hai phn on Naphtha nng v Naphtha nh, nu chn

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nhit im ct l 700C cho php thu hi c nhiu phn on Naphtha nng hn, do vy cho php tng c s Octan ca xng ton nh my (do Naphtha nng l nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming). Tuy nhin, vic chn nhit ct thp th trong Naphtha nng cha nhiu tin t to thnh Benzene trong qu trnh reforming. Nu nh Nh my c sn xut BTX (Benzen, Toluen, Xylene) th la chn ny l ph hp, song nu nh mc ch ca nh my ch sn xut nhin liu l chnh m li khng c u t phn xng ng phn ha Naphtha nh (Isome ha) th hm lng benzene trong xng thnh phm thng cao. Trong trng hp ny, gim hm lng benzene trong xng ngi ta thng tng nhit im ct gia hai phn on Naphtha nng v Naphtha nh ln khng thp hn 800C. Ngoi nhng nh hng su xa ti cc qu trnh ch bin v cht lng sn phm cui cng nh v d trn, vic thay i nhit im ct nh hng trc tip ngay n cht lng ca tng phn on nh t trng, nhit im ng c,... Chnh v vy, xc nh nhit im ct l vic lm ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh thit k nh my lc ha du i t ngun du th. Vic xc nh nhit im ct phi c nh gi mt cch tng th v kinh t k thut v mi trng.

Hnh H-5.5 Nguyn l phn tch cc cu t c nhit si khc nhau 5.2.2.3. Nguyn l qu trnh chng ct du a.Nguyn l Nguyn l chung

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Phn tch cc cu t trong du th cng da trn nguyn tc s khc nhau v nhit si ca cc cu t ny trong cng iu kin. Tuy nhin, c mt iu may mn l a s cc sn phm du kh cng khng phi l n cht m l tp hp ca nhiu cu t c nhit si nm trong khong nht nh (mt phn on), v vy, khng phi phn tch hng ngn cc cu t thnh cc sn phm ring bit (mt iu khng kh thi trong thc t) m ch cn tch du th thnh mt s phn on nht nh. Qu trnh chng ct tch cc phn on c thc hin trong cc thp chng ct. Qu trnh phn tch c thc hin cc a (thp a) hay b mt tip xc (thp m). Cc cu t nng c nhit chuyn pha (bay hi hay ngng t) cao hn so vi cc cu t nh c xu hng d b ngng t hn, khi ngng t, cc cu t ny gii phng ra mt lng nhit lm cc cu t nh hn bay hi. Qu trnh c tip din nh vy lm cho cc cu t nh hn s tng dn pha phn trn ca thp. Hnh H-5.5 minh ha qu trnh phn tch cc cu t c nhit si khc nhau qua hin tng trao i nhit gia cc cu t trong thp chng ct. Tuy nhin, khc vi qu trnh chng ct hn hp hai cu t, qu trnh chng ct du m v cc sn phm trung gian bao gm nhiu cu t v phn on nn sn phm qu trnh chng ct s c ly ra khng ch nh v y thp m cn c ly ra mt s v tr thch hp. Vn ny s c cp su hn v nguyn l v cu to thp chng ct. S nguyn l chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, qu trnh chng ct u l qu trnh lin tc. Thit b chng ct l cc thp chng ct (ct chng ct). S nguyn l hot ng chung ca cc thp chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin c n gin ho nh minh ha trong hnh H-5.6. Theo s chng ct ny, sn phm thu c khng ch l sn phm nh v sn phm y nh cc qu trnh chng ct thng thng m cn c ly ra gia thn thp. Cc sn phm ly ra thn thp cc a c cu to c bit. thu hi c cht lng sn phm ph hp, hn hp sau khi ly ra thn c a vo mt thp sc ph tch phn hydrocacbon c khong nhit si nm ngoi gii hn sn phm nh tch. Ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu, ng dng c th m ngi ta thit k cc a thu hi cc sn phm gia thp.

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Hnh H-5.6 Nguyn l chng ct trong ch du kh Qu trnh hot ng ca thp c th tm tt nh sau: Nguyn liu trc khi a vo thp c nng ti nhit thch hp nh h thng thit b trao i nhit v l t. Ti a tip liu cc cu t c nhit si thp s bay hi v ngng t cc a pha trn thp. Phn cc cu t nng hn, c nhit si cao hn s chy xung phn chng ca thp (stripping section). phn tch cc cu t nh cn cha trong phn nng, y thp thng lp t mt thit b gia nhit trc tip hay gin tip ty thuc vo ng dng c th. iu khin nhit ca thp, dc theo thn thp ngi ta b tr cc bm tun hon ly pha lng t trong thp ra lm ngui khi cn thit, nhm mc ch tch cc phn on nm trong cc khong nhit si ph hp vi im ct thit k. Sn phm nh sau khi ngng t c hi lu mt phn tr li thp nhm iu chnh hot ng ca thp ph hp. Cc sn phm ly ra t mt thp ny c th tip tc c a sang thp khc phn tch tip thnh cc phn on nh hn hoc tch trit cc tp cht.

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b. Mt s nguyn tc c bn trong chng ct du m Vic thit k, vn hnh thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh mc d khng cn l bn quyn na, tuy nhin, vn cn l nhng cng vic kh khn. Mt s nguyn tc c bn cn c lu trong thit k v vn hnh thit b chng ct c tm tt nh sau: - p sut nh hng ti nhit si ca cc cu t, p sut cng cao nhit si ca cc cu t cng cao. Trong cng iu kin cng ngh nh nhau, nu p sut thp tng ln th cc sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct s nh hn. Nu nhit nguyn liu vo qu thp th lng cu t bay hi a tip liu s thp v phn khng bay hi s chy xung phn chng ca thp. Nu nhit y thp qu thp, sn phm y s nh v nhiu hn. Nu nhit nh thp qu cao th sn phm nh s cng nng hn v do vy lng sn phm cng nhiu. Nhit du nng bay hi cao hn so vi du nh. Hi do h thng gia nhit y ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sc cc cu t nh cha trong pha lng cc a bay hi. Gim nhit gia nhit y s lm gim lng hi trong thp v gim nhit ca thp. Tng nhit lng thit b gia nhit y s lm tng lu lng hi trong thp v tng nhit cc a chng ct. Kt qu l cc cu t trn cc a s nng hn. Tng lng hi lu s lm tng lng cht lng trong cc a. Kt qu l nhit nh thp s gim i, sn phm nh s nh hn. Tuy nhin,

nh hng ca dng hi lu chm hn. Trong cc thit k thp chng ct s dng trong ch bin du kh hin nay, iu khin nhit ca cc a v do iu khin c cht lng sn phm chng ct ngi ta lp t thm cc h thng bm tun hon. Cc bm ny ly cht lng t trong thp ra ngoi iu chnh nhit ri a quay tr li thp. Trong mt s thit k mi, phng php truyn thng dng dng hi lu iu chnh nhit nh thp khng cn c s dng trong vn hnh bnh thng m thay vo l s dng phng php bm tun hon (ng hi lu ch c s dng trong giai on khi ng thit b). 5.3. CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG THIT B CHNG CT Thit b chng ct s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh l cc thp chng ct. Trong cng nghip ch bin, hu nh khng s dng cc qu trnh

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chng ct n gin hay chng gin on (cc qu trnh chng ct ny c gii thiu gio trnh Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho). Trong khun kh ca bi hc ny ch gii thiu cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thp chng ct (ct chng ct) s dng trong ch bin du kh. 5.3.1. Phn loi Phn chia dng thit b chng ct cn c ch yu vo cu to chi tit bn trong ca thp chng ct. V c bn, vic phn chia thp da trn cch thc, cu to ca b phn to b mt chuyn khi. Thp chng ct c chia thnh cc loi sau: - Thp chng ct kiu a; - Thp chng ct kiu m. Ty theo cu to c th m cc dng ny li chia thnh nhiu dng khc nhau nh thp a chp, thp a li, thp m c cu trc ng nht, thp m c cu trc khng ng nht. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng c th ca cc loi thp ny s c cp cc phn di y ca bi hc ny. 5.3.2. Cu to thp chng ct 5.3.2.1. Thp a a. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung Cu to chung Thp chng ct dng a l mt ct hnh tr thng ng bn trong lp cc a trao i cht v trao i nhit. Mi a l mt bc chuyn khi thc t. C nhiu dng thp a nhng tt c c c im chung l qu trnh chuyn khi c thc hin trn cc a lp trong thp. Cu to chung ca thp chng ct kiu a vi cc dng a khc nhau c minh ha trong hnh H-5.7. Thp chng ct ng v mt cng ngh c chia lm hai phn: on chng v on luyn. on chng tnh t a tip liu ti y thp. on luyn t a tip liu ti a trn cng. ng v mt c kh, thp chng ct bao gm cc b phn chnh: V thp, a chng ct, cc ng chy truyn. Nguyn l hot ng Nguyn tc hot ng chung ca thp a l to ra trn b mt a mt lp cht lng cho pha hi i t pha di ln. Khi pha hi v pha lng tip xc nhau trn a cc qu trnh trao i nhit v trao i cht din ra. Cc cu t d bay hi hn s tch ra khi pha lng chuyn vo pha hi trn b mt ca a, cn cc cu t c nhit si cao hn s ngng t li hoc gi nguyn trng thi lng v chy xung a pha di (theo ng chy truyn hay qua cc l trn a ty thuc vo kt cu).

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Hnh H-5.7- Cu to chung thip chng ct dng a (mt ct ngang) Trn cc a, ngi ta c cc l v mi l ny c lp mt chi tit gi l chp. Mc ch ca chi tit ny l to ra cc bong bng hi i xuyn qua lp cht lng pha trn ca a. Vic to cc bt bong bng i qua lp cht lng l mt giai on quan trng trong qu trnh trao i nhit v chuyn khi gia cc pha v gia cc cu t. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, pha kh trong bong bng c nhit cao s truyn nhit cho pha lng qua b mt phn chia pha (mt ca cc bong bng). Kt qu l nhit ca bong bng s gim i mt cht v do mt s hydrocacbon pha hi trong bong bng s ngng t chuyn t trng thi hi sang trng thi lng. Trong khi mt s hydrocacbon trong pha hi ngng t th mt s hydrocacbon nh cha trong pha lng li

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chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi hi. Hi hydrocacbon sau khi i qua lp cht lng trn mt a, mt phn hydrocacbon nng s b ri li trong cht lng v phn cn li di chuyn ln a pha trn. Qu trnh c nh vy tip din v pha hi c thnh phn hydrocacbon ngy cng nh i cho ti a cui cng trn nh thp ch cn li cc hydrocacbon rt nh. Phn hydrocacbon ny s c ngng t thit b ngng t pha ngoi thp v c hi lu mt phn tr li thp. Do qu trnh ngng t ca hi trn mt a tch t dn li ngi ta phi thit k mt ng ng dn cht lng xung a pha di. ng ny c gi l ng chy truyn. Trong qu trnh lun chuyn gia pha lng v pha hi, mt s cu t bay hi t mt a pha di ln trn ri li ngng t thnh pha lng ri chy ngc li qua ng chy truyn qua mt s a. Vng tun hon ny c th lp li mt vi ln v nh cc phn on hydrocacbon c tch ra. tch cc phn on ra gia thn thp ngi ta thit k mt s a c bit a cc phn on ny ra ngoi thp. Tng lng lng rt ra thn thp, y v nh thp phi cn bng vi lng nguyn liu a vo m bo thp lm vic n nh. Nguyn l qu trnh phn tch cc cu t trong thp c minh ha trong hnh H-5.8. b. Cu to mt s b phn Trong cng iu kin nh nhau, hiu qu lm vic ca thp chng ct ph thuc ch yu vo kt cu v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc chi tit bn trong: chp to bong bng, kt cu a, ng chy truyn,... Cu to cc b phn bn trong ca thp c minh ha bng hnh nh trong hnh H-5.9.

Hnh H-5.8- Nguyn l qu trnh chuyn khi trong thp

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Hnh H-5.9- Cu to cc chi tit bn trong thp Cu to ca chi tit mt s b phn ny s c trnh by di y. Cc dng a v cu to Trong thp dng a, theo cu to ca b phn to bong bng m thp chng ct dng a li c phn chia ra thnh nhiu dng thp khc nhau nh: thp a l, thp a chp, thp a van,... Cc dng thp truyn thng c s dng trc y l a chp. Trong nhng nm gn y do yu cu v hiu qu qu trnh chng ct v gim gi thnh ch to, nhiu dng a mi c nghin cu v pht trin a vo s dng nh cc dng a van, a Ballast, Flexible,... a chp dn c thay th bng cc loi a c cu to n gin, nh hn v tng ng l r tin hn nh cc dng a van, a l,...Tuy nhin, mi loi a u c nhng u, nhc im nht nh. Khng c loi a no hon ton tt hoc hon ton xu. Mt khc mi mt dng a c ng dng i vi mt loi nguyn liu nht nh. V d a chp mc d c cu to phc tp gi thnh cao, hiu qu qu trnh chuyn khi khng phi cao nht nhng c th dng c hu ht trong cc ng dng. Loi a van cu to n gin hiu qu cao, tuy nhin, do c b phn chuyn ng, v vy i lc xy ra hin tng kt lm nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca thp. Thp a l c cu to n gin (vi kch thc l trong khong t 3mm-15mm), tuy nhin, loi thp ny vn xy ra hin tng pha lng chy trc tip qua cc l trn a lm tc nghn dng hi hoc lm gim lu lng hi t di i ln v do vy lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca thp. Trong thc t, vic la chn loi a no cho thp chng ct ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh bn cht ca nguyn liu ch bin, hiu qu phn tch v yu cu v tn tht p sut trong thp.

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a chp a chp l loi a truyn thng s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin du kh cng nh trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc. a chp c u im l khong ng dng rng ri t chng ct du th ti cc phn on khc. a chp c kh nng hot ng n nh vi cc thay i ca lu lng dng lng/hi trong thp. Tuy nhin, dng a ny cu to phc tp nhiu chi tit nng n do ko theo gi thnh cao. Cu to in hnh v nguyn l hot ng ca a chp c minh ha trong hnh v H-5.10. Vi cu to ny, nu tng din tch b mt tip xc pha lng-hi th cng phi tng tit din ca ng chy truyn mt cch tng ng m bo cn bng lng lng, hi vo ra, bay hi-ngng t. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nh bn quyn v cc dng a chng ct c nhiu ci tin v kt cu ca a chp tuy nhin dng a ny vn t cho vi cc dng a khc. Chnh v vy m trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, cc qu trnh yu cu c hiu sut qu qu trnh cao vi chi ph u t hp l th cc dng a khc ngy cng c s dng nhiu thay th a chp.

Hnh H-5.10- Cu to thp a chp a chp l dng a tng i thng dng v cng c gii thiu gio trnh khc, v vy, trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny khng i su thm chi tit cu to ca chp. a van a van l dng a chng ct tng t nh loi a chp, tuy nhin, ti cc v tr lp chp c thay th bng chi tit c th ng m l hi cc mc khc nhau. C rt nhiu loi van a, tuy nhin, nguyn l hot ng chung ca loi van a l cc van s ng m mt v tr ty thuc vo lu lng ca dng hi t di ln. Nh nguyn tc hot ng ny m thp hot ng tng i n nh hn ch hin tng lng ko theo dng hi do tc qu ln hoc hin tng sc thp. Nguyn l hot ng v cu to chung in hnh ca mt van a c minh ha trong hnh H-5.11 v cu to ca mt vi dng a van

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in hnh khc c m t trong hnh H-5.12. Mt s c im chnh ca a van: C kh nng hot ng khong rng ch hot ng ca thp. Loi a ny c bit c nh gi cao nh kh nng duy tr c hiu qu lm vic ngay c khi hot ng di cng sut thit k (trong ch bin du kh vic m bo hot ng mc di cng sut l yu cu bt buc m bo hot ng linh ng ca nh my, c bit l trong giai on khi ng v khi gp s c). Lp cht lng pha trn a n nh, vy hn ch hin tng ko theo lng ln a pha trn lm nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh phn tch. Nng lng dng hi i qua van c s dng mt cch c hiu qu ci thin qu trnh tip xc lng-hi. Tr lc cc b do cc van gy ra cho dng chy pha lng trn a khng qu ln (thm ch khng cn ng k khi pha hi ch mc 20% thit k), v vy, m chnh b mt cht lng gia cc phn ca a c gim thiu. Nh c im ny m hiu qu lm vic ca cc vng trong a ng u. D ch bin bt c nguyn liu no th ton b a c s dng do vy ch mt phn nh vng cht c th xut hin. Kiu a ny c kt cu vng chc, nh v khng t. Thit k v vn hnh loi a ny n gin, v vy, sai st xy ra khng ln hoc nhng nh hng t cc sai st ny khng qu nghim trng.

Hnh H-5.11A- Van trng thi ng

Hnh H-5.11B- Van trng thi m mt phn

Hnh H-5.11C- Van trng thi m hon ton

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Hnh H-5.12- Hnh dng mt s dng a van

Hnh H-5.13- Hnh nh kt cu tng th ca a van lp t trong thp chng ct Dng a c bit (Ballast v Flexi) Kt cu ca mt s dng a ny nh m t trong hnh H-5.14. V nguyn tc, cc dng a ny l dng ci tin van a. m ca van dng ny c iu chnh t ng ph hp vi tc dng kh v hi trong thp. nghing ca lp cht lng chy trn a cng thp hn so vi van a, v vy m c th cho php tng lu lng dng kh v hi trong thp ti 20-30%. Vi kt cu c bit, a chng luyn dng ny cho php thp hot ng rt n nh, thm ch lu lng dng kh/hi thp. Mt s c im chnh ca dng a ny l: - Tn tht p sut l rt nh, do vy, tng tn tht p sut trong thp nh ph hp vi qu trnh chng ct chn khng. - C th hot ng thch hp vi cng sut cao hn nhiu so vi a van; - C kh nng phn tch cc cu t tt nh to iu kin chuyn khi tt v s hot ng n nh. - Hiu qu hot ng cao cng sut thp m bo gim thiu ti a lng sn phm khng t cht lng trong giai on khi ng thp. linh ng cao cho php hot ng trong khong rng cng sut ch bin vi tiu th nng lng mc ti thiu. Hot ng vi hiu sut cao ngay c iu kin 5-10% di gii hn thp bt u xy ra hin tng sc, nh vy m c th tng cng sut

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hiu dng ca thp, cho php tn dng mt cch hiu qu thp chng ct v cc thit b ph. Hiu sut hot ng cao iu kin cng sut trung bnh cho php ci thin c cht lng sn phm, gim c t l hi lu v do cho php gim c nng lng, ph tr tiu th hoc gim c s lng a trong thp. Thit k c kh ca cc phn tai, chn mc (b phn nh hng cho b phn chuyn ng ca van) gn nh loi b hon ton hin tng kt ca b phn chuyn ng. Thi gian ngng thp gim ng k do kh nng thu hi cht lng nhanh.

Hnh H-5.13 Cu to mt s dng a ballast v flexi

Hnh H-5.14. Hnh nh kt cu tng th a ballast lp t trong thp chng ct ng chy truyn v cc s kt cu a chng Ngoi kiu kt cu b phn to b mt tip xc pha (cc chp, van to bong bng), s b tr mt a chng c nh hng nhiu ti hiu qu hot ng ca thp. S b tr ca thp ch yu ph thuc vo cch thc b tr cc dng chy trn b mt ca cc a. Cch thc b tr cc dng chy trn a c lin quan n s lng cc ng chy truyn. Trong thp chng ct, ng chy tryn c nhim v a cht lng a pha trn xung a pha di v

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khng cho php pha hi i qua ng ny. Vic b tr cc ng chy truyn c ngha quan trng i vi hot ng ca thp mc d khng phi l mt b phn to ra tip xc pha. Vic b tr s ng chy truyn, kt cu ng chy truyn nh hng ti s dng chy trn a chng, din tch b mt hiu dng ca a do nh hng gin tip ti hiu sut v kch thc ca thp chng ct. S b tr a chng ct v ng chy truyn Trong thc t, ty thuc vo tnh cht nguyn liu ch bin, cng sut ch bin m kch thc ca thp s c thit k khc nhau p ng yu cu. Vi cc thp chng ct c kch thc nh th c th ch c mt dng chy ca cht lng trn mt a. Tuy nhin, vi cc thp chng ct c kch thc ln th vic b tr dng chy trn mt a l vn quan trng v c nh hng nhiu ti hot ng ca thp v hiu qu chng ct. ng knh thp chng cng ln th hiu sut lm vic gia cc vng trn a cng khc nhau nu nh vic phn b dng chy khng tt. Vic phn b dng chy trn a khng tt dn n s khc nhau v mc cht lng ( nghing cht lng trn a cng ln nu kch thc a cng ln) v s ng nht ca thnh phn cht lng trn a. gii quyt vn ny, cc nh thit k a ra nhiu kiu phn b dng chy trn mt a khc nhau ty theo iu kin c th (kch thc thp, nguyn liu ch bin,...) nhm hn ch ti a s khc bit gia cc vng trn mt a. Vic b tr cc chi tit trn mt a thch hp cho php nng cao hiu qu phn tch. Hiu sut s dng din tch cao cho php gim c kch thc thit b v s lng a trong thp chng ct v m bo c s hot ng linh hot ca thp. Mt s cch b tr a chng ct c m t trong hnh v H-5.15 v minh ha bng hnh nh trong hnh H-5.16, H-5.17.

A-kiu dng chy n trn a

B-kiu hai dng chy trn a

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C-kiu ba dng chy trn a

Dkiu bn dng chy trn a

Hnh H-5.15. Mt s kiu b tr a v cc ng chy truyn

Hnh H-5.16. Hnh minh ho s b tr a chng kiu dng chy n

Hnh h -5.17. Hnh minh ho s b tr a chng kiu nhiu dng chy T cc hnh v cho thy: c rt nhiu cch b tr dng chy cht lng trn mt a, t mt dng chy n cho ti 3, 4, 5, 6 dng chy ca cht lng trn mt a. Tng ng vi mi kiu dng chy ca cht lng trn mt a c mt s b tr a v cc ng chy truyn khc nhau. Trong thit k truyn thng trc y, phn mt a pha di ng chy truyn thng l phn a cht

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khng lp t chp hoc van dn n gim hiu sut s dng din tch a. tng din tch s dng hu ch ca a v ca ton thp, mt s thit k hin nay trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, phn din tch di cc ng chy truyn cng c s dng vi mt kt cu c bit nh minh ha trong hnh H5.18.

Hnh H-5.18. S b tr a chng phn di ng chy tryn Cu to v hnh dng mt s loi ng chy truyn ng chy truyn vi chc nng vn chuyn cht lng t a pha trn xung a pha di, tuy nhin, nu cc ng chy truyn khng c thit k thch hp v kch thc, hnh dng s nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca thp chng v hiu qu s dng din tch b mt a chng. Nu kch thc ca ng chy truyn khng thch hp s dn n hin tng cht lng khng chy kp gy hin tng sc thp hoc lng cht lng trong ng khng lm ng chy truyn tr thnh ng i tt ca hi. Tt c cc hin tng ny u dn ti s hot ng khng bnh thng ca thp chng ct. Ty theo quan im thit k, nguyn liu ch bin, v tr lp t, cng sut ca thp chng,... m ng chy truyn c hnh dng v cu to khc nhau. Hnh dng v cu to ca mt s dng ng chy truyn c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin du kh c m t khi qut trong cc hnh v H-5.19. Tng dng ng chy truyn c ng dng v tr v loi a nht nh. Cc dng ng chy truyn m t trong cc hnh H-5.19A, B, C, E, F G, H thch hp cho v tr ng chy truyn cnh thn thp v thng thp c cng sut ch bin ln. Dng ng chy truyn ny c dng hnh mng (nhiu khi cn gi tn khc l mng chy truyn). Cc ng chy truyn c tit din hnh ng trn (hnh H-5.19D) thng dng cho thp chng ct c cng sut khng ln lm v ch c mt dng chy n trn mt a. Dng ng chy truyn c tit din trn, hnh

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ng c th dng cho thp c cng sut ln bng cch s dng nhiu ng, tuy nhin, gii php ny phc tp v hiu qu s dng din tch a chng ct thp. Mt s dng ng chy truyn ch p dng mt s a v tr c bit. V d, hnh dng v kt cu ng chy truyn m t trong cc hnh H-5.19K, L ch dng cho cc a chng cui cng gn y thp, ng chy truyn c kt cu nh m t trong hnh H-5.19I ch p dng cho cc a m v tr , mt phn on c rt ra gia thp ly sn phm hoc iu chnh hot ng ca thp. Cc ng chy truyn dng mng hp (hnh H-5.19 J) thng s dng cc v tr gia a chng ct. Hnh dng ca mt s dng ng chy truyn v s b tr mt a chng vi cc ng chy truyn c minh ha trong hnh H5.20.

A-ng chy truyn Hnh cong u

B-ng chy truyn vi kt cu tm chy trn ring bit

C-ng chy truyn hnh cong khng u

D-ng chy truyn hnh ng trn

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E-ng chy truyn tm chn nghing

F-ng chy truyn tm chn thng

G-ng chy truyn tm chn bc thang

H-ng chy truyn c a bt kn

I-ng chy truyn c a thu gom cht lng ly ra ngoi

J-ng chy truyn dng mng hp

K-ng chy truyn cnh t b phn thu gom cht lng

L-ng chy truyn trung tm t b phn thu gom cht lng

Hnh H-5.19. Hnh dng v cu to mt s ng chy truyn trong thc t

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Hnh H-5.20. Hnh nh mt s dng ng chy truyn v s b tr a Vic thit k a chng ct c nhiu phng php, tuy nhin, vic phn chia dng chy trn a v s ng chy truyn thng da trn nguyn tc tng din tch ng chy truyn theo yu cu c phn chia ra nhiu ng khc nhau (a c ng knh ln c chia ra nhiu dng chy), da trn lu lng cht lng chy v din tch hot ng ca vng cht lng chy qua. Din tch vng hot ng trn mi dng chy thng c phn b sao cho cn bng nhau, do vy chiu di ca vch chy trn cng phi c iu chnh tng ng tc dng chy qua ca chy trn mi ng chy truyn l nh nhau. Vic khng ch tc cht lng cc ca chy trn ging nhau nhm m bo mc cht lng cc vng trong a tng i ng nht nh hiu qu hot ng ca cc vng trn a chng l tng i ging nhau. V thp V thp l mt tr trn c ch to t thp cacbon pha trong c trng hp kim chng n mn (ty thuc vo nguyn liu ch bin). V c chc nng chnh l to kt cu c kh lp t a chng ct v cc ph kin bn trong. Ngoi ra, v thp cn c chc nng to khng gian ring bit vi mi trng bn ngoi, iu ny c bit quan trng i vi qu trnh chng ct du th v cc sn phm do kh nng chy n cao. Khc vi thp s dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc, v thp chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh thng c hn kn, hn ch ti a cc mi ni bng bch nhm trnh hin tng r r. Dc theo thn thp, ngi ta b tr cc ca ngi phc v cho cng tc lp t, bo dng thit b.

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Cc thit b ph Thp chng ct ngoi ct chng ct ra, hot ng c cn mt s cc thit b h tr nh thit b gia nhit nguyn liu trc khi ua vo thp chng ct, thit b gia nhit y v thit b ngng t sn phm nh. 5.3.2.2. Thp m a. Gii thiu Ngoi dng thp a, trong ch bin du kh ngi ta cn s dng dng thp m. Thp m c mt s u im ni bt so vi thp a trong mt s ng dng. Nh tn tht p sut thp, hiu sut chuyn khi cao hn so thp a truyn thng m dng thp ny c s dng ch yu trong chng ct chn khng v p sut thp. Nhng nghin cu gn y khc phc c mt s nhc im ca cc loi m truyn thng v hin tng thm t khng u lp m, khuynh hng phn b dng cht lng khng u trong thp, do vy m cc thp m ngy cng c s dng nhiu hn trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung Nguyn l hot ng Thp m hot ng da trn nguyn l bay hi v ngng t lin tc ca cc cu t dng lng thm t trn b mt vt rn.Trong qu trnh bay hi v ngng t lin tc ny, cc cu t c nhit bay hi thp hn s i ln pha trn nh thp chng ct cn cc cu t c nhit bay hi cao hn s tch ra dn phn di thp. tng cng b mt chuyn khi, m c ch to theo nhng kt cu c bit. C hai dng m l dng m c kt cu theo quy lut (structured packing) v dng m sp xp hn n khng theo quy lut (random packing). Cu to ca m l nhn t quyt nh hiu qu hot ng ca thp. Cu to ca cc loi m s c gii thiu mt mc ring ca bi hc ny. Cu to chung Thp m in hnh c cu to nh m t trong hnh H-5.21. V hnh thc bn ngoi v kt cu c kh, cc ng vo ra thp m cng c cu to nh thp chng ct dng a, ch khc nhau v kt cu cc chi tit bn trong thp. V mt cng ngh, thp chng ct dng m cng chia thnh on chng v on luyn. on chng t y thp ti v tr tip nguyn liu, on luyn t v tr tip liu ti mt trn cng ca m. Mt thp m in hnh bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: - V thp;

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Cc lp m; B phn phn phi cht lng; B phn thu gom cht lng;

- Cc chi tit m; - Cc thit b ph: Thit b ngng t, gia nhit y. Cu to chi tit ca cc chi tit quan trng ca thp m s c trnh by trong cc mc di y. c. Cu to mt s b phn ca thp m Lp m

Hnh H-5.21. Cu to chung thp chng ct dng m Cc loi m trc y thng gp phi mt s tr ngi trong ng dng l hin tng thm t cht lng v phn b dng chy khng u trong thp dn n hiu sut chuyn khi thp. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y cc dng m c cc nh bn quyn (Koch-Glitsch, Sulzer, Norton) nghin cu pht

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trin nhm p ng c cc yu cu ca thc t v cc tiu ch: nng cao hiu sut qu trnh chuyn khi, h gi thnh ch to, chu c mi trng lm vic khc nghit, d bo dng, kt cu nh,... Nh khuynh hng pht trin ny m cc loi m mi c a ra s dng khng ch c ci thin v kt cu nng cao hiu sut qu trnh chuyn khi m cn c thay th bng cc loi vt liu mi ph hp vi cc ng dng c th v c bit l cho php gim c gi thnh m. Hin nay, trong thc t ngi ta s dng hai loi m chnh: loi m c kt cu, v loi m xp hn n. Cu to ca tng dng ny s c trnh by cc phn di y. m c kt cu m c kt cu c s dng rng ri trong ch bin du kh c bit l qu trnh chng ct chn khng v p sut thp. Loi m ny thng c ch to thnh tng khi, cc tm mng (sau cun thnh lp) hoc c ch to chuyn bit theo ng knh ca thp.

Hnh H-5.22A. m kim loi l sn Hnh H-5.22B. Dng m tm li xut theo ng knh thp m dng c kt cu in hnh thng c cu trc hnh hc gm nhiu tm rt mng (thng l tm kim loi) c dp nhn, sp xp theo trt t song song nhau vi kch thc v hnh dng ph hp vi kch thc v hnh dng ca thp chng ct. n gin cho qu trnh ch to v c bit l cht lng v hi trong m c ng u, b dy ca tng lp m ny c hn ch mc thch hp. Khi cc lp m ny c xp vo trong thp, cc lp k tip nhau c chiu nghing vi nhau 900C. Mc ch ca vic thay i chiu nghing ca cc lp m l nhm mc ch phn b li hng chuyn ng ca cc dng cht lng v hi trong thp cho ng u cng nh tng cng tip xc cc pha lng /hi. Trong tng lp m cng phn thnh hai hng dng chuyn ng khc nhau. Nguyn l hot ng chung ca dng m ny c minh ha trong hnh H-5.23. Loi m ny c ci thin nhiu

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 v tr tip xc gia hai lp trnh hin tng tn tr cht lng b mt tip xc v gim c tn tht p sut cc b ca pha hi ti im tip xc nh tng c cng sut ca thp (xem hnh H-5.24).

Hnh H-5.23. Cu to chung v nguyn l hot ng ca lp m

Hnh H-5.24. Cu to mt dng m v kt cu v tr tip xc gia cc lp m Cc lp m xp trong thp chim ti 60-70% th tch ca thp, phn khng gian cn li l dnh cho b tr cc chi tit khc nh h thng thu gom v ti phn phi cht lng, h thng phn phi lng, b phn phn tch pha (lng ko theo hi),... Hiu sut ca thp m, s bc l thuyt hay s bc chuyn khi thc t tng ng ca lp m phi xc nh trn thc nghim khng xc nh c bng l thuyt. Hiu sut ca loi thp m khng ch ph thuc vo kiu dng kch thc ca m m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu ch bin, ng knh thp v p sut lm vic. Chnh v vy, vic thit k thp m mt cch chnh xc cn phi c cc s liu thc nghim cho mi loi m c th. m ri (xp hn n) Ngoi dng m c kt cu, thp m cn c mt dng kt cu m khc l dng m ri. Lp m trong thp c hnh thnh nh xp ngu nhin cc

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phn t m ri khng theo mt quy lut nht nh. phn loi thp, i khi ngi ta cn c vo dng m m chia thp m thnh hai loi: thp m c kt cu v thp m vi lp m ri. m ri c th c ch to t nhiu vt liu khc nhau nh gm s, kim loi v cht do. Cc m truyn thng thng c ch to t gm s, cc loi m th h mi thng c ch to t kim loi v cht do. Cc loi m truyn thng thng dy trong khi cc m th h mi thng mng hn, b mt ring (din tch mt m trn mt n v th tch thp) ln nh gim c kch thc thp tng hiu sut qu trnh chng ct v gim c khi lng thp mt cch ng k. Cc m mi pht trin thng c ch to bng kim loi v cht do. Tuy nhin, khng c loi vt liu ch to no hon ton chim u th trong tt c cc ng dng. Cc m truyn thng ch to t gm rt nhy cm i vi mi trng c kim v axit HF. Trong khi m kim loi th kh nng thm t b mt m vi mt s cht lng km v kh nng b n mn cao. m ch to bng cht do nh hn d lp t, tn tht p sut trn mt bc chuyn khi l thuyt thp, gi thnh thp, khng lo ngi v hin tng n mn m. Tuy nhin, m cht do li gp vn thm t nh m kim loi v c bit kh nng chu nhit cao. Mt s v d v hnh dng v cu to m ri c trnh by trong hnh H5.25.

Hnh H-5.25A. Mt s dng m truyn thng lm t gm

Hnh H-5.25B. Mt s dng mi lm bng kim loi

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Hnh H-5.25C. Mt s dng m bng cht do Cc loi m ri ny c sn xut vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau. ng vi mi loi m, nh sn xut s cung cp cc c tnh k thut phc v cho la chn v thit k thp. B phn phn phi cht lng Nh cp, mt trong nhng nhc im ca thp m truyn thng l hin tng phn b pha lng khng u gia cc phn trong thp dn n hiu qu hot ng ca thp thp. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng: cht lng v hi phn b khng u trong thp m (thm ch c vng b kh) lm nh hng ln n hiu qu lm vic ca thp. S lng a tng ng thc t (bc chuyn khi tng ng) ca thp m s gim t l thun vi hiu qu phn phi lng trong thp (xem hnh H-5.26) Hin tng phn b cht lng khng u trong thp ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: kt cu ca m, kch thc ca thp, hiu qu lm vic ca b phn phi,... Kt cu ca m ngy cng c ci thin khc phc hin tng ny. Tuy nhin, b phn phn phi lng nh hng khng t ti hiu qu phn phi cht lng v do nh hng ti hiu qu hot ng ca thp. ci thin hiu qu hot ng ca thp, b phn phn phi cht lng trong thp chng ct dng m ngy cng c quan tm nghin cu v hon thin. Trong thp m, mi mt tng m (gm nhiu lp m) u c mt h

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thng phn phi lng pha trn. Ty thuc vo c im thit k v khong cch cn thit pha hi tch khi lp m m h thng ny c lp t trong khong t 0- 200mm so vi mt trn ca lp m. Mt h thng phn phi lng tt phi t c cc yu cu sau: - Cht lng phn phi ng nht; - Hot ng c trong khong cng sut thp thch hp; Lm tn tht p sut pha hi nh; C kh nng chng li hin tng tc nghn v ng cn;

- Thi gian lu cht lng thp; - Phi hp c tnh nng ti phn phi cht lng cho cc m tip theo. Mi yu t ny c nhng nh hng ring bit ti hot ng ca thp, cc ch tiu ny l ch cn hng ti ca cc nh sn xut thp m ci tin h thng phn phi lng ca mnh. Mt h thng phn phi l tng s phn phi lng u trn mi n v din tch b mt m. V mt l thuyt, t c iu ny cn phi c v tn s dng phn phi.

Hnh H-5.26. nh hng ca phn phi cht lng n hot ng thp m iu ny hon ton bt kh thi trong thc t vi trnh cng ngh hin ti. H thng phn phi trong thc t ca cc nh bn quyn ch t ti mt gii hn mang tnh kh thi hn da trn cc tiu ch: - Cc u phn phi cht lng c phn b theo mt s ng nht; - Cc u phn phi phi m bo hot ng lin tc;

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Cc u phn phi phi c t ti mt v tr thch so vi v thp;

- Hn ch ti a s khc bit lu lng gia cc u phn phi. Da trn tiu ch ny, cc h thng phn phi c pht trin. Mt s dng h thng phn phi ang s dng trong thc t c m t trong hnh H-5.27.

H-5.27A. H thng phn phi dng ng Hnh xng c

H-5 27B. H thng phn phi kt hp hp v ng xng c

H-5.27C. H thng phn phi dng mng

H-5.27D. H thng phn phi dng mng c u ng phn phi

H-5.27E. H thng phn phi dng ng chy trn

H-5.27F. H thng phn phi dng mng Hnh rng ca

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H-5.27G. H thng phn phi hp

H-5.27H. H thng phn phi dng ng

Hnh H-5.27. Cu to mt s dng ng phn phi lng trong thp chng ct dng m B phn thu gom cht lng Nh trnh by trn, mt trong nhng nhc im ca thp m l hin phn b dng lng v hi khng ng u gia cc vng trong thp, c bit l nhng v tr cch xa nh m. Mc d cc loi m th h mi ci thin c rt nhiu nhc im ny, tuy nhin, vi cc thp c chiu cao ln v ng knh rng th vn phi phn phi li dng lng hi trong thp. Mt khc, do kt cu v nguyn l hot ng (v d on tip liu) cng yu cu cn phi thu gom cht lng v ti phn phi li. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta thit k tch hp h thng thu gom v phn phi cht thnh mt h thng duy nht. Thng thng, cc h thng thu gom lng c thit k c th lp t bng cch a cc chi tit qua ca ngi, hn ch lp bng mt bch gia thn thp. H thng thu gom cht lng phi t hiu qu cao, kt cu n gin nhng khng c lm nh hng nhiu n tn tht p sut pha hi. Mt s dng h thng thu gom cht lng trong thp m c trnh by trong hnh v H-5.28. H thng thu gom cht lng dng a (m t trong hnh H-5.28A) thng c s dng thu gom v rt mt phn hay ton b cht lng ra pha ngoi thp. Tuy nhin, dng thu gom ny thch hp nht cho vic thu v cp lng cho mt h thng ti phn phi lng hay mt a pha di. Dng thu gom lng ny c thit k rt linh ng ty thuc vo yu cu ng dng c th. Mt s c im k thut ng ch ca h thng thu gom dng a l c th p dng cho mi kch thc thp chng ct, th tch cht lng thu gom ln c th lp t mt ng ng chy truyn. H thng thu gom cht lng dng hnh mng (m t trong hnh H-5.28B) thng c s dng thu mt phn hay ton b cht lng ra ngoi. Loi thu gom ny c s dng thch hp trong mi trng lm vic m vn gin

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n nhit l vn gy kh khn cho vic s dng cc dng thu gom cht lng khc. H thng ny thng c p dng cho cc thp c ng knh ln hn 1000mm vi mt s c tnh k thut ch yu: din tch thong (cho hi i) chim khong 25-40%. Vi loi thit b thu gom dng ny cn hn ch ti a vic lp t bng phng php hn ti hin trng. H thng thu gom m t trong hnh H-5.28C c s dng thu gom cht lng v rt ra ngoi hoc ti phn phi li lp m tip theo. Loi ny thng c la chn cho h thng thu gom cht lng gia cc lp m do tn tht pha hi qua h thng thu gom ny thp. Ngoi ra dng thu gom cht lng ny cng c s dng ti v tr tip nguyn liu do nguyn liu a vo thp c th ha ln vi pha lng thu gom vnh khuyn ca h thng thu gom m khng cn mt ng ng dn nguyn liu ring. Do c khong ng dng rng ri nn h thng thu gom cht lng dng ny nhiu v tng ng c nhiu kiu kt cu chi tit khc nhau ty thuc vo ng dng c th. Cc kt cu m t trong bi hc ny ch l mt kiu in hnh.

Hnh H-5.28A. H thng thu cht lng dng a

Hnh H-5.28B. H thng thu cht lng dng mng

Hnh H-5.28C. H thng thu cht lng dng chevron Kt cu m

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 cc lp m t ng v tr trong thp cn c mt kt cu lp m. C hai yu t cc k quan trng cn phi c xem xt trong thit k b phn m: B phn m phi c kh nng gi c lp m di iu kin hot ng ca thp khng b nh hng bi hnh dng, kch thc ca m, nhit thit k, chiu dy lp m, lng cht lng lu gi, vt liu ch to, n mn cho php, cc ti trng ph khc trn lp m v tnh trng khng n nh ca thp. Phi c t l din tch t do ln cho php khng khng hn ch cc dng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca lng t trn xung, hi t di i ln nhm gim thiu tn tht p sut cc b.

Mt s dng kt cu b phn c m t trong hnh H-5.29. Cc dng m m t trong hnh H-5.29A, B c thit k dng cho loi m c kt cu cn dng m m t trong hnh H-5.29C, D c thit k dng cho loi m ri. a m (nh m t trong hnh H-5.29A c s dng trong cc thp c lp m mng v vn s dng khng gian hiu qu l mt yu t cn c xem xt. Dng a ny thng c s dng cho cc lp m mng trong thp chng ct du p sut kh quyn v thp chng ct p sut chn khng. Kt cu m kiu vung (hnh H-5.29B) c tng din tch mt thong rt ln v ng nht cho php cht lng v hi i qua khng gii hn (trong phm vi cng sut ca thp), v vy, khng lm nh hng ti cng sut ca m. Loi kt cu m ny p dng cho mi di ng knh thp v mi dng m (c kt cu). Vi thp c ng knh nh c mt bch thn thp, a m c th ch to mt kt cu duy nht, nhn chung kt cu m kiu ny c ch to gm nhiu phn v lp t thc hin bng cch a tng phn qua ca ngi ca thn thp.

Hnh H-5.29A. B phn dng a dng cho m c kt cu

Hnh H-5.29B. B phn dng vung dng cho loi m c kt cu

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Hnh H-5.29C. B phn kiu a dng cho loi m ri ti trng nh

Hnh H-5.29D. B phn vi din

tch mt t do cao cho loi m ri Kiu a m ri ti trng nh (hnh H-5.29C) c thit k v s dng

cho cc loi thp m c ng knh nh v lp m c khi lng khng ln lm. Loi a ny c ch to t thp cn. Np gi m Trong qu trnh hot ng, c bit l trong giai on khi ng thp, thng gp nhng bin ng bt thng v p sut dn n hin tng x lch lp m khi v tr ban u nh hng n kt cu lp m. khc phc tnh trng ny, pha trn lp m ngi ta thng lp thm mt tm chn (np gi m) c nh lp m gii hn v v tr thch hp. Ty theo loi m m cc tm ngn ny c yu cu v kt cu khc nhau. - - i vi m c kt cu: Np gi m c s dng khi lp m c kh nng b x dch v tr khi gp nhng bin ng bt thng v ch hot ng ca thp. Tuy nhin, vi cc thp hot ng vi tn tht p sut thp, t l sc thp thp v khng d xy ra hin tng sung p trong thp th khng cn thit phi lp t np gi m. i vi thp m c kt cu th yu cu v np gi m khng qu kht khe, v vy, trong mt s trng hp, b phn phn phi v m pha trn kim lun vai tr ca np gi cho lp m tip theo. Cu to v hnh dng ca mt s dng np m cho lp m c kt cu c minh ha trong hnh H-5.30A, B. Loi c kt cu nh hnh H-5.30A c thit k cho cc thp c ng knh ln khng xy ra nhiu cc hin tng sc thp hoc khng mt n v ch cng ngh. Thng thng, kiu m ny c thit k tch hp vi b phn phi, phn m pha di, cn phn phn phi lng c gn pha trn nh tit kim c khng gian v vt liu ch to. Np gi m c kt cu hnh xng c (hnh H-5.30B) ph hp vi tt c kch thc ca thp, hn ch ti a nh hng ti cc dng lng hi trong thp. Dng np gi

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ny c thit k i km vi cc loi m c kt cu dng tm mng hoc li kim loi. Cng c th lp t tch hp dng np gi m ny vi h thng phn phi.

Hnh H-5.30A. Np gi m kt hp vi b phn phn phi

Hnh H-5.30B. Np gi m hnh xng c

Hnh H-5.30C. Np gi m kiu li vi lp m c cng sut cao -

Hnh H-5.30D. Np gi m kiu li

- i vi m ri: Np gi m lun c yu cu s dng i vi loi m ri trong iu kin d xy ra hin tng to lp tng si pha trn cng ca lp m do tc dng hi trong thp to ra. i vi dng m ri khi xy ra hin tng bt thng hoc thp b sc th tn tht p sut s tng ln nhanh chng khng th kim sot c, khi hin tng to lp tng si trn nh lp m thng xy ra. Tuy nhin, iu

kin to lp tng si trn pha nh m l rt kh tnh ton v d on v vy gii php d phng tt nht l lp t mt b phn hn ch hin tng ny. Trong thc t ngi ta c hai gii php: lp t np ngn hoc mt kt cu chng sung ng. Gii php n gin nht hay c s dng l lp t np ngn m pha nh lp m. Cu to v hnh dng ca mt s dng np m cho lp m ri c minh ha trong hnh H-5.30C, D. Cc np gi m ny, ty theo ng dng c th m c th c gn cng vo thn thp hoc di chuyn t do trn b mt m. 5.3.2.3. So snh cc loi thp chng ct v phng hng la chn Trong qu trnh thit k, mt vn lun c t ra l la chn kiu thp no cho thp chng ct. Khng c mt loi thp no c u im hon ton trong mi ng dng. Mi loi c nhng u nhc im ring, ty tng ng

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dng c th m xem xt la chn. c c s cho vic la chn dng thp, di y trnh by mt cch khi qut u nhc im ca hai loi thp m v thp a theo quan im ca Max S.Peters, Klaus D. Timmerhaus v Ronald E. West: - Hiu qu ca mt bc chuyn khi i vi cc thp m phi da trn th nghim thc t vi mi kiu m c th. Hiu sut ny khng ch ph thuc vo hnh dng kch thc ca m m cn ph thuc vo mt lot cc yu t khc nh tc dng cht lng, tnh cht ca nguyn liu, ng knh thp, p sut lm vic v mc phn tn ca cht lng trn b mt m. Do vic phn tn cht lng ng u trong thp m kh khn, vic thit k s dng thp a c coi l tin cy hn v s dng h s an ton thp hn khi m t l tc chuyn khi pha lng vo pha hi l thp. Thp a c th c thit k hot ng trong mt khong rng tc dng lng trong thp m khng xy ra hin tng sc thp. Thp a c u tin la chn trong trng hp cn phi lm ngui gia chng ly nhit ca pha lng. Cht lng c th c a ra trao i nhit bn ngoi thp. Nu cht lng cn chng ct c cha cc ht rn phn tn th s dng thp chng ct dng a s c u tin la chn do thp a d dng lm v sinh hn. Tng khi lng kh ca thp chng dng a thp hn so thp chng dng m c thit k cng cng sut ch bin. Tuy nhin, tng trng lng thp t (k c cht lng cha trong thp) ca hai dng thp l tng t nhau. Khi s thay i nhit bin i trong mt bin rng trong qu trnh hot ng, thp a thng c la chn do s gin n nhit d lm hng lp m. Cc d liu, thng tin phc v cho thit k thp a thng c sn v c tin cy cao hn so vi thp m. Thp m thng c la chn nu cht lng em ch bin c khuynh hng d to bt. Thp dng m ri nhn chung khng c thit k vi ng knh ln hn 1,5 m v ng knh ca thp a thng mi nhn chung him khi nh hn 0,67 m.

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Thp m thng c gi thnh r v d ch to hn so vi thp a khi nguyn liu ch bin c tnh n mn cao. Lng cht lng cha trong thp m thng t hn rt nhiu so vi thp a. Vi cng cng sut ch bin thp m c th c tn tht p sut thp hn so thp a. Mt khc, vi kt cu ca thp m kh nng mt n nh ca v thp trong iu kin chn khng thp, thp m l tng cho qu trnh chng ct chn khng.

Trn y ch l nhng nh gi chung, la chn dng thp no cho mt ng dng c th cn phi xem xt nhiu kha cnh kinh t, k thut v vn mang tnh cht tin quyt la chn ph hp. Di y s gii thiu c th mt s qu trnh chng ct trong cng ngh lc ha du. 5.4. CC QU TRNH CHNG CT IN HNH 5.4.1. Chng ct du th p sut kh quyn 5.4.1.1. Gii thiu chung Nu nh qu trnh cracking c v nh l tri tim ca nh my lc du th phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn (Crude Distillation Unit CDU) c xem nh ca vo chnh ca ngi nh. S ch bin ca nh my gn nh c tch hp ngay trong thit k thp chng ct du th bi l cc phn on tch ra t thp chng ct s l sn phm trc tip hay l nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ch bin tip theo nh hng nhiu bi thit k v hot ng ca thp chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. 5.4.1.2. Mc ch ca phn xng Mc ch ca phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn l phn tch du th thnh cc phn on theo cc ng dng tng ng. Thng thng cc phn on c tch ra t phn xng ny l: Kh ho lng (LPG), phn on naphtha (mt s phn xng chng ct du th c thit k tch phn on ny thnh hai phn on ring naphtha nng v naphtha nh), phn on kerosene, phn on diesel nh (LGO), phn on diesel nng (HGO) v cn chng ct (residue). Mt s phn on tch ra t phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn c th c coi l sn phm cui cng hoc l cu t pha trn (sau khi c x l tp cht thch hp) m khng cn phi ch bin tip nh phn on Kerosene (sn phm thng mi l du ho v nhin liu phn lc), phn on diesel (l sn phm thng mi diesel hoc l cu t pha trn diesel), phn on diesel nng c th c s dng lm cu t pha diesel,

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du t l hoc a i ch bin tip. Mt s phn on cn phi c a i ch bin tip nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca nh my, trong , c bit l cn chng ct l nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking. Cc phn on naphtha nng c a i reforming, phn on naphtha nh c a i ng phn ho thu cu t pha xng c cht lng cao.

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Hnh H-5.30. S cng ngh phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn vi mt thp chng ct chnh

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5.4.1.3. S cng ngh a. S cng ngh S cng ngh ca phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn nhn chung khng c s khc bit nhiu, mc d nguyn liu du th rt khc nhau. Cc phn xng chng ct du th thng ch c khc bit mt cht phn tch cc phn on nh (t naphtha tr ln). Mt s s cng ngh in hnh ca phn xng ny c trnh by trong cc hnh H-5.30 v H-5.31. Mi mt s c mt u im nht nh. Tuy nhin, s cng ngh m t trong hnh v H-5.30 thng c s dng thit k cc nh my mi hin nay. S ny ph hp ch bin nhiu loi du t nng n nh, song vi s mt thp thp chng ct chnh ny, thp chng ct s phi lm vic ch nng nhc hn. S cng ngh phn xng chng ct nh m t trong hnh H-5.31 thng s dng cho cc nh my thit k trc y ch bin du th c thnh phn nh cao (c bit l LPG v naphtha nh) v cha nhiu kh hydrosulfide (H2S) c tnh n mn cao. b. M t qu trnh Theo cc s cng ngh nu, du th sau khi c tch nc b cha c bm ti thit b trao i nhit tn dng dng sn phm nng c nhit cao hoc cc dng du rt ra t thp chng ct chnh ( iu khin nhit thp). Du th t c nhit nht nh s c b sung thm nc sch ri a vo thit b trn tnh trc khi a vo thit b tch mui. Mc ch ca vic b sung thm nc v khuy trn l ho tan mui cha trong du vo nc sau tch nc cha mui ra thit b tch mui. Du th sau khi c b sung nc s c a vo thit b tch mui. Ti thit b tch mui, hn hp du th v nc dng nh tng c ph v. Du th v nc c tch lm hai pha ring bit. Du th kh mui c tch ra v a i ch bin tip. Nc cha mui mt phn tun hon li thit b tch mui, phn cn li c a ti h thng x l nc thi ca nh my. Du th sau khi c tch mui s c gia nhit tip nh cc thit b trao i nhit tn dng cc dng sn phm i ra t thp chng ct chnh (nh Kerosene, LGO, HGO v cn chng ct). Nu s cng ngh ca phn xng c s dng thp tch s b th du th dc a vo thp chng ct s b trc. Ti thp chng ct s b, cc thnh phn hydrocacbon nh nh methane, ethane, propane, buthane v hydrosulphure (H2S) c tch ra nh thp. Mt phn phn on naphtha nh cng ko theo sn phm nh thp chng ct s b. Du th sau khi c tch s b cc thnh phn nh c a ti l gia nhit

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 nng nhit thch hp ph hp cho qu trnh chng ct (nu s khng s dng thp chng ct s b th du th sau khi tch mui v a qua hng lot cc thit b trao i nhit s c a ti l gia nhit ny). Sau khi i qua l gia nhit, nhit ca du th s tng ln mc thch hp cho qu trnh chng ri c a vo a tip liu ca thp chng ct. Trong thp chng ct chnh, cc phn on chnh nh naphtha nng, kerosene, GO nh, GO nng c tch ra thn thp, c lm sch thm cc ct sc bn cnh thp chng ct chnh ri a ti cc b cha trung gian. Phn on nh (naphtha nh) c tch ra nh thp cn phn on cn c tch ra y thp. Cc dng sn phm t thp chng ct chnh c nhit cao c em i trao i nhit vi du th trc khi lm ngui tip nh cc thit b trao i nhit bng khng kh hoc nc lm mt. iu khin nhit lm vic ca thp nhm nng cao hiu qu qu trnh phn tch p ng tiu chun sn phm ca tng phn on, pha di y thp chng c b phn gia nhit bng hi thp p qu nhit v dc thn thp b tr cc im rt cht lng ra bn ngoi iu chnh nhit cht lng sau a quay li thp chng. Mt s phn on cha c tch ra khi nhau (LPG v naphtha nh) s c a ti thp n nh (Stabilizer), ti y cc hydrocacbon nh (C1, C2) a ti h thng kh nhin liu nh my, LPG c tch ra a ti h thng thu gom v x l kh, naphtha nh c tch ra y thp a i x l tip. Nu ton b phn on naphtha (c naphtha nng v naphtha nh) v cc hydrocacbon nh c tch ra cng nhau nh s cng ngh hnh H-5.30 th hn hp ny s c a ti cc thp ph phn tch ring bit thnh LPG, naphtha nh v naphtha nng. Trc ht hn hp c a ti thp n nh (Stabilizer) tch LPG ra khi naphtha. Phn on naphtha tch ra y thp n nh c a thp tch naphtha (Naphtha Splitter), ti thp tch ny naphtha nh c tch ra nh thp cn naphtha nng c tch ra y thp. Tuy nhin, nu nh trong nh my lc du c c hai phn xng reforming v isome ho th c th thp tch naphtha s c di chuyn sang phn xng x l naphtha bng hydro (NHT) cho ph hp vi qu trnh cng ngh. Naphtha sau khi c x l mi c tch ra thnh hai phn on naphtha nng v naphtha nh nhm trnh u t hai phn xng x l naphtha ring bit. Naphtha nng sau x l l nguyn liu cho qu trnh reforming cn naphtha nh sau khi x l c s dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh isome ho. 5.4.1.4. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng mt s thit b chnh trong phn xng

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a. Thit b tch mui Trong du th thng cha mt lng tp cht di dng mui v kim loi. Cc tp cht ny cn phi tch ra khi du th bi v chng s b ng cn trn b mt trao i nhit ca cc l t v thit b trao i nhit lm gim hiu sut truyn nhit ca cc thit b ny. Ngoi ra, cc tp cht ny cn gy ng c xc tc, hin tng n mn thit b cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Trong qu trnh kh mui, mt lng nc sch c a vo du th ho tan mui trong du vo pha nc v sau tch ring hai pha du v nc ra khi nhau. Mui trong du th c tch ra cng nc. C nhiu phng php tch mui ra khi du th, tuy nhin, trong thc t s dng hai phng php chnh l phng php ho hc v phng php tnh in. Nguyn l qu trnh kh mui Nguyn l hot ng chung ca qu trnh tch mui l b sung nc vo du th to nh tng ho tan ti a mui trong du th sau ph nh tng gia du v nc tch ring bit hai pha du v nc nh m mui trong du th c tch ra. Cc phng php tch mui ch khc nhau v phng php ph nh tng. Phng php ho hc s dng ho cht ph nh tng, cn phng php tnh in dng in trng ph nh tng. Do phng php tnh in c s dng rng ri trong thc t nn di y s ch trnh by chi tit v nguyn l v cu to thit b kh mui bng phng php lng tnh in. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b kh mui S cng ngh chi tit ca thit b kh mui c trnh by trong hnh H5.32. Theo s ny, du th c b sung thm mt lng nc ri i qua mt thit b trn tnh to hn hp nh tng nhm tng mc phn tn ca nc vo du th nng cao hiu qu ho tan mui t du th vo nc. Du th sau khi qua thit b trn tnh c a vo thit b lng tnh in.Thit b lng tnh in da trn nguyn l tch in ca cc ht nc nh trong in trng cao, cc ht nc tch in sau s ht nhau do lc tnh in nhp thnh cc ht nc ln hn v lng xung pha di. Nh qu trnh ny m dung dch nh tng du th v nc b ph v. Du v nc cha mui ho tan c tch thnh hai pha ring bit v a ra khi thit b. to in trng, trong thit b lng tnh in lp hai bn cc c ni vi cc ngun cao p. in p gia hai in cc ti thiu khong 16000 vn c th tch in cho cc ht nc trong nh tng. Lng nc ti u a vo du th trong khong t 3-8% th tch du th, ty thuc vo tnh cht ca du

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th. Nhit ca du th trc khi a vo thit b trn tnh thng trong khong 1301500C. Khi nc sch b sung vo du th, mui cha trong du s chuyn sang cc ht nc phn tn trong du do kh nng ho tan mui ca nc tt hn. Cc ht nc ny khi i qua in trng cao p s b tch in. Cc ht nc b tch in s nhp dn li vi nhau thnh cc ht c kch thc to dn v lng xung pha di do nc c khi lng ring ln hn du th. ngn chn qu trnh bay hi ca cc phn on nh trong du th dn n kh nng pht chy trong iu kin nhit v mi trng cao p, p sut trong thit b lng tnh in c duy tr mc t 9-12Kg/cm2. Du th c kh mui bng phng php ny cho php tch c ti t 90- 95% lng mui, nu hm lng mui trong du cao hoc m bo an ton vn hnh, ngi ta lp hai bc tch mui. Du th c tch mui hai bc cho php gim c 95-99% lng mui ban u. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lng tnh in c m t trong hnh H-5.33.

Hnh H-5.32. S cng ngh thit b kh mui Theo s cu to thit b lng tnh in bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: Bnh lng, in cc cao p, my bin th v cc h thng ng ni vo ra thit b. b. Thp chng ct chnh Thp chng ct chnh l thit b quan trng nht ca phn xng chng ct du th. Thp c nhim v phn chia du th thnh cc phn on khc nhau theo mc ch s dng. S hot ng chung ca thp chng ct chnh nh trnh by trong hnh H-5.34 di y. Nguyn l hot ng chung ca thp chng ct chnh cng ging nh nguyn l trnh by trong mc 2 phn III

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ca bi hc ny. Thp chng ct chnh c th l kiu thp a hoc thp kiu m, tuy nhin s thp dng kiu a chim t l ln hn. Qu trnh hot ng Du th sau khi c gia nhit (thng t 310-3700C ty theo s cng ngh v tnh cht du th) c a vo a tip liu thp chng ct chnh. Ti y, cc cu t c nhit si thp s bay hi ln cc a pha trn ca thp, phn lng s theo ng chy truyn i xung pha di. Nhit vo thp rt quan trng i hot ng ca thp. Nu nhit khng cao th cht lng cc phn on khng m bo, ngc li nu nhit du qu cao s dn n hin tng cracking nhit lm tng cng sut thp t ngt ngoi tnh ton lm nh hng n hiu qu hot ng v cht lng sn phm. Cc cu t hydrocacbon nh s c phn b cng nhiu pha trn ca thp, cc cu t c nhit si cao s dn tp trung cc a pha di thp.

Hnh H-5.33. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bnh kh mui kiu lng tnh in Cc phn on Kerpsene, Go nh, GO nng c rt ra thn thp v a vo cc ct sc tng cao cht lng phn on theo tiu chun cht lng. Phn on naphtha v cc hydrocacbon nh hn c tch ra nh thp, ngng t ri a ti cc thp ng nh v thp tch naphtha phn chia tip thnh cc phn on LPG, naphtha nh, naphtha nng. Tuy nhin, trong mt s s th phn on naphtha nng cng c tch ra thn thp. Cn

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chng ct c tch ra pha y thp sau khi lm ngui s c a ti b cha hoc a trc tip ti phn xng cracking. cung cp nhit cho qu trnh chng luyn v qu trnh chng ct xy ra thun li pha y thp ct chnh c gia nhit bng hi qu nhit thp p. Vic sc hi y thp cn nhm mc ch tch trit cc cu t nh cn cha trong phn lng y thp nng cao hiu sut thu hi cc cu t nh. Ngoi ra, hi dng gia nhit trc tip du th lm gim p sut ring phn ca du th trong pha hi do vy qu trnh chng ct c th tin hnh nhit thp hn. iu khin qu trnh hot ng ca thp chng ct v nng cao hiu sut phn tch, mt phn cht lng pha trn nh thp c cho hi lu li thp, ngoi ra dc theo thn thp ngi ta thit k mt s v tr rt cht lng ra iu chnh nhit ca thp ti cc v tr cc b.

Hnh H-5.34. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ct chng ct chnh Cu to

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Thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn c th s dng c dng thp a v dng thp m. Tuy nhin, dng thp a c dng ph bin hn. Mt thp chng ct chnh thng bao gm khong 40-55 a chng ct (ty thuc vo s cng ngh v tnh cht du th) v cng c chia thnh hai phn: on chng v on luyn. on chng thng c khong 5-7 a, on luyn c khong 35-50 a. Cc kt cu bn trong thp (cc a, chp, ng chy truyn,..) thng c ch to bng thp hp kim hoc thp khng r ty theo tnh cht n mn ca du th. V thp thng c ch to t thp cacbon gim gi thnh, tuy nhin, bo v lp v thp cacbon, pha trong thp c ph hoc trng mt lp hp kim. Cng pha y thp th kh nng n mn cng ln do nhit cao, do vy, lp ph hp kim ny phi dy v c kh nng chu n mn tt hn. Pha y thp c h thng sc hi trc tip, tng hiu qu qu trnh sc nhng nhit hi khng qu cao nh hng ti ch hot ng ca thp. Thng thng hi s dng l hi thp p qu nhit. Cu to chi tit ca cc chi tit bn trong thp (cc loi a, cc loi m, ng chy truyn,...) c trnh by trong mc 2 phn III ca bi hc ny. V thp chng ct chnh c ch to v lp ghp bng phng php hn, vic s dng bch ni thn rt hn ch (ngoi tr trng hp s dng thp m). Vic lp t cc chi tit bn trong thp phi c tnh ton ngay t giai on thit k m bo vic vn chuyn, lp ghp cc chi tit ny thc hin qua ca ngi. Trong thp b tr cc a c cu to c bit vi cc phn cha cht lng ln c th rt cht lng ra khi ngoi thp. 5.4.2. Chng chn khng 5.4.2.1. Gii thiu chung Du th sau khi c phn tch p sut kh quyn thu c cc phn on nh v cn chng ct. i vi mt s loi du nh v sch th cn ny c th a thng ti phn xng cracking xc tc cn. Tuy nhin, vi a s cc loi du th cn ny khng th a thng ti phn xng cracking c m cn phi tch bt cc phn on khng ph hp cho qu trnh cracking. tch tip cc phn on ny cn phi c thc hin nhit tng cao. Khi thc hin chng ct nhit cao s xy ra hin tng cracking nhit to ra cc sn phm khng mong mun. iu ny khng ch lm nh hng ti hot ng ca thit b m cn nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi sn phm chung ca nh my. khc phc vn ny, ngi ta tin hnh chng ct cn du th p sut thp (p sut chn khng), khi nhit si ca cc cu t s gim

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xung nh cc phn on tch ra d dng nhit thp khng xy ra qu trnh cracking. Qu trnh chng ct chn khng thng tin hnh iu kin p sut trong khong t 2540mmHg ( vng tip liu). 5.4.2.2. Mc ch ca phn xng Mc ch ca phn xng chng ct chn khng l tch tip cn chng ct p sut kh quyn thnh mt s phn on ph hp cho cc qu trnh cng ngh ch bin tip theo nh qu trnh sn xut nha ng, qu trnh cracking,... nhng khng lm nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi sn phm. Do qu trnh chng ct din ra p sut chn khng nn nhit qu trnh chng ct thp hn nh hn ch ti a qu trnh cracking nhit ca du. Mt s phn on chng ct chnh c tch ra t phn xng chng ct ny l phn on diesel, phn on chng ct chn khng (VGO) lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking v phn on cn chng ct chn khng dng sn xut nha ng hoc cho pha trn du t l. 5.4.2.3. S cng ngh S cng ngh qu trnh chng ct chn khng c m t trong hnh H-5.35. Theo s cng ngh ny, cn chng ct du th sau khi i qua mt lot cc thit b trao i nhit c a ti l gia nhit nng nhit ca nguyn liu ti gi tr thch hp. Nhit ca nguyn liu a vo thp chng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cn du nh khong nhit si, kh nng to coke,... Nhit nguyn liu sau gia nhit thng thng trong khong t 3804550C. Trong thp chng ct, cc phn on nh v kh khng ngng c tch ra nh thp. Kh khng ngng s c a ti h thng kh nhin liu ca nh my, cc cu t nh ko theo sau ngng t s c tch ra v a v h thng du thi (slop oil) ca nh my ch bin li. Cc phn on chng ct nh (LVGO) v phn on du chng ct chn khng nng (HVGO) c tch ra gia thp. Cc phn on ny s c a i ch bin tip thu hi sn phm c gi tr cao hn. Cn chng ct chn khng c tch ra y thp. Phn on cn chng ct chn khng l nguyn liu cho sn xut nha ng (nu tnh cht cn p ng c yu cu) hoc l cu t pha du t l. nng cao hiu qu qu trnh phn tch, mt phn du ra (washing oil) a tun hon t thp v l gia nhit.

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Hnh H-5.35. S cng ngh qu trnh chng ct chn khng 5.4.2.4. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b chnh Qu trnh chng ct chn khng n gin bao gm cc cm thit b chnh l thp chng ct, l gia nhit v h thng to chn khng. a. Thp chng ct Thp chng ct chn khng thng s dng l thp dng m gim ti a tn tht p sut. Thp chng ct theo ch cng ngh c chia thnh nm vng khc nhau l vng phn on chng ct chn khng nh (LVGO), vng on chng ct chn khng nng (HVGO), vng du ra (wash oil section), vng bay hi (flashing Zone) v vng sc (stripping section). S cu to n gin ha ca thp chng ct chn khng c m t trong hnh H-5.36. Kch thc, cu to cc vng ca thp l khc nhau m bo hot ng thp bnh thng ng thi tit kim chi ph ch to. Vng sc ca thp v vng tch phn on VGO nh thng c ng knh nh hn do lu lng hi thp hn cc vng khc trong thp. chn khng ca thp nh hng

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nhiu n ch hot ng v kch thc ca thp v do nh hng n chi ph u t thit b.

Hnh H-5.36. S nguyn l hot ng v cu to thp chng ct chn khng p sut ti vng bay hi s quyt nh lng hydrocacbon s bay hi ngay v tr tip liu. p sut cng thp th lng hydrocacbon bay hi cng ln ( cng iu kin nhit nguyn liu vo thp l nh nhau), chnh v vy m vic ch to lp t lp m, cc ng ng ni t my ht chn khng ti vng bay hi phi m bo gim ti a tn tht p sut. Vic gim tn tht p sut cho php tit kim c chi ph vn hnh mt cch ng k. p sut hot ng ca thp thp do vy lng hydrocacbon bay hi trn mt n v th tch nguyn liu ln dn n lm tng ng k ng knh thp chng, chnh v vy ng knh thp chng ct chn khng thng ln hn so thp chng ct du th p sut thng. Cu to cc chi tit bn trong thp (m, b phn phi, b thu gom cht lng) c trnh by trong mc 2.2 phn III ca bi hc ny

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(Thp m). Tuy nhin, dng thp s dng trong chng ct chn khng thng s dng loi m c kt cu. Ch chn khng trong thp c to ra v duy tr bi my ht chn khng. b. H thng to chn khng to chn khng cho thp chng ct, ngi ta c th s dng my ht chn kiu vi phun hi (Ejector) vi h thng ngng t Baromet hoc bm chn khng v thit b ngng t gin tip. H thng to chn khng bng vi phun vi thit b ngng t Baromet c gi thnh thp hn v c s dng rng ri trong nhng nm trc y. Tuy nhin, phng php ny lm nhim bn ngun nc thi ln, v vy, hin nay, h thng bm chn khng kt hp vi thit b ngng t gin tip c thay th mc d chi ph u t cao hn. Cng sut v s bc chn khng ph thuc vo chn khng yu cu v tnh cht ca hi. Thng thng, vi p sut vng bay hi ca thp yu cu l 25mmHg th vi h thng ht chn khng kiu vi phun hi th cn phi c ba bc ht chn khng. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng to chn khng c m t trong hnh H-5.37.

Hnh H-5.37. S H thng ht chn khng vi thit b ngng t gin tip c. L gia nhit L gia nhit nguyn liu c cu to tng t nh i vi cc l gia nhit s dng trong cc ng dng khc, v vy, trong khun kh bi hc hc ny khng cp cu to chi tit ca l. Trong phn ny ch gii thiu cc ch hot ng ca l lin quan n hot ng ca thp chng ct L gia nhit nguyn

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liu ca thp chng ct chn khng c ba ch hot ng gn cht vi ch vn hnh v thit k thp. Cc ch ny bao gm: - Ch hot ng "kh": y l ch hot ng vi nhit nguyn liu c gia nhit nhit cao nht. Trong ch hot ng ny, hi nc khng c a vo nguyn liu trc khi vo l gia nhit cng nh dy thp chng ct. Ch hot ng "t": y l ch hot ng m nguyn liu c gia nhit nhit thp nht. Trong ch hot ng ny, hi nc ng thi c a vo nguyn liu u vo l gia nhit v sc y thp chng. Ch hot ng trung gian (ch "m"): y l ch hot ng m nguyn liu c gia nhit nhit trung gian gia hai ch hot ng trn. Trong ch hot ng ny, hi nc ch c a vo nguyn liu u vo l gia nhit m khng c sc y thp chng. Vic thit k l gia nhit v thp chng ct vn hnh cc ch cn phi c xc nh r rng ngay t u da trn c im ca nguyn liu v yu cu vn hnh m bo thit k ng b gia cc thit b trong phn xng. 5.4.3. Cc qu trnh chng ct khc 5.4.3.1. Gii thiu chung Ngoi hai qu trnh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v p sut chn khng c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin du th v l nhng qu trnh chng ct in hnh nht th trong cng nghip ch bin du kh cn s dng thp chng ct phn tch cc phn on nhiu giai on ch bin tip theo nh: qu trnh cracking, qu trnh x l bng hydro, qu trnh reforming,... c im chung ca cc thp chng ct ny l phn tch hn hp sau phn ng thnh cc phn on khc nhau c ng dng ring. Mi mt thp chng ct ny c c im cu to v ch hot ng ring ty vo ng dng c th. Di y s gii thiu mt cch khi qut v cc thp chng ct ny. 5.4.3.2. Thp ct trong qu trnh cracking Cc thp chng ct l mt b phn quan trng cu thnh phn xng cracking bn cnh b phn phn ng v ti sinh xc tc. S cng ngh chung ca qu trnh cracking xc tc vi thit b chng ct c cp trong mc II ca bi 1" Thit b phn ng" ca gio trnh ny. Trong phn ny ch cp su hn v s nguyn l hot ng ca thp chng ct chnh, v

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cu to mt s b phn m khng cp n tng quan qu trnh cng ngh cracking na. a. S cng ngh ca thp chng ct chnh S cng ngh ca phn xng cracking tng i phc tp vi nhiu thp chng luyn ln nh v vi mc ch khc nhau. Trong khun kh ca bi hc ny ch gii thiu thp chng ct chnh (main fractionator). Thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng cracking c s ng dng cng ngh tng i phc tp so vi thp ct du th p sut kh quyn do mi lin h phc tp gia thp chng ct vi l phn ng v b phn thu gom v x l kh trong phn xng. S cng ngh n gin ho ca thp chng ct trong phn xng cracking c m t trong hnh H-5.38. Theo s cng ngh ny, hn hp phn ng sau khi i qua hng lot cc thit b trao i nhit c a vo thp chng ct. Ti y, hn hp sau phn ng cracking c phn chia thnh cc phn on chnh. Naphtha nh v cc cu t hydrocacbon nh c tch ra v ngng t mt phn nh thp. Phn lng c a sang phn xng thu hi kh x l tip. Phn kh cha ngng t c a v ca ht my nn t (Wet Gas Compressor). Phn on naphtha nng c tch ra thn thp ri a qua thp sc lm sch sau c a ti b cha trc khi em i x l. Thng thng, phn on naphtha chim mt t l tng i ln trong tng s sn phm thu hi c sau qu trnh cracking. Phn on du nh tun hon (Light Cycle Oil-LCO) cng c tch ra thn thp chng ct chnh ri a ra thp sc cnh thp. Thp sc c nhim v hiu chnh li khong ct thch hp cho phn on naphtha trc khi a ti b cha (hoc a trc tip ti phn xng ch bin pha sau). Phn on du nng tun hon (Heavy Cycle Oil-HCO) c tch ra thn thp chnh nhm iu khin nhit ca thp v mt phn c s dng lm du ra m khng c xem nh l mt sn phm cui cng. Mt phn du nng tun hon s c a tr li l phn ng tng hiu qu qu trnh cracking. Du cn (Decant oil) c tch ra t y thp chng ct sau khi a qua mt lot cc thit b trao i nhit (thit b tn dng nhit gia nhit cho nguyn liu hoc sn xut hi). Mt phn du cn c a quay tr li l phn ng tng hiu sut thu hi sn phm nh. iu khin nhit ca thp, mt phn cc phn on tch ra c a ti cc thit b trao i nhit nhm iu chnh nhit cht lng sau a quay tr li thp chng ct. Vi mc ch tit kim nng lng, ngun nhit ny thng c s dng gia nhit nguyn liu hoc sn xut hi nc. Ngoi

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ra, dng thit b lm mt bng khng kh cng c u tin s dng trong trng hp iu chnh nhit thp tit kim nc lm mt, gim gi thnh thit b v chi ph vn hnh.

Hnh H-5.38. S thp chng ct chnh trong phn xng cracking (RFCC) b. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thp chng ct chnh Thp chng ct chnh ca phn xng cracking c cu to tng i phc tp. Thp s dng phi hp c dng a v dng m. Phn thp m thng dng cho cc v tr cn rt cc phn on ra khi thp v ti phn phi li lng trong thp. Nhit ca cc dng cht lng ly ra t thp c nhit tng i cao, v vy trong phn xng b tr nhiu thit b trao i nhit v thit b sn xut hi nc t trung p n thp p nhm tit kim nng lng.

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Cu to cc chi tit bn trong thp c trnh by mc 2, phn III ca bi hc ny. 5.4.3.3. Thp chng ct trong phn xng khc Cc thp chng ct trong mt s phn xng cng ngh khc nh reforming, x l naphtha bng hydro, isome ho nhn chung tng i ging nhau v c mc ch v cu to. Cc thp chng ct ny c mc ch duy nht l tch cc sn phm nh c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn ng ra khi sn phm chnh ca qu trnh phn ng. Chnh v vy, cc thp chng ct ny ch c hai dng sn phm: Sn phm nh l kh ho lng v mt phn kh nhin liu, sn phm y l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh phn ng (naphtha, isomerate, reformate). Tng ng vi mc ch trn, cc cc thp chng ct ny c cu to n gin hn, thng khng c cc ct sc bn cnh hay cc bm tun hon cnh thp iu chnh nhit thp. S cng ngh chung ca dng thp ny c m t trong hnh H-5.39.

Hnh H-5.39. S cng ngh cc thp n nh (stabilizer) trong cc phn xng x l naphtha, reorming, isomer

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Cc thp ny c th l thp m (loi kt cu) hoc thp a, cu to bn trong cc dng thp ny nh c trnh by cc phn trn ca bi hc. 5.4.4. Vn hnh 5.4.4.1. Gii thiu chung Vic vn hnh thp chng ct trong cc phn xng m thp chng ct ch l mt trong nhng b phn ca phn xng (cracking, reforming, isomer...) th vn vn hnh thp chng ny c gn lin vi vn hnh chung ton b phn xng. Vn hnh cc phn xng ny trong c thp chng ct c cp trong cc bi hc khc ca gio trnh ny, v vy khng cp n vic vn hnh cc thp dng ny. Trong phn ny ca bi hc s ch gii thiu cc bc vn hnh c bn phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Mt khc, y cng l qu trnh chng ct quan trng v in hnh nht trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Vn hnh thit b l mt trong nhng k nng c bn v quan trng nht i vi hc vin sau khi hon thnh chng trnh o to ngh vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh. Tuy nhin, do c th ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh Vit nam cn cha pht trin, mi quan h gia o to trong nh trng v cc c s sn xut cn cha c cht ch th k nng vn hnh khng th hon thin ngay trong giai on o to trng m cn phi c rn luyn trong thc t.. hc vin c kin thc v vn hnh thit b trong thc t cng nh trong phng th nghim, trong phn ny ca gio trnh gii thiu cc bc c bn khi ng phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Qu trnh khi ng phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v c bn gm cc bc sau: - Chun b khi ng; - ui kh ton b h thng. - Np du vo h thng; - Gia nhit du; - iu chnh ch vn hnh thu sn phm. y l nhng bc cng vic c bn, cc bc ny c th tin hnh c lp vi nhau hoc phi tin hnh ng thi. Di y trnh by chi tit ni dung ca cc bc khi ng thit b chng ct du th p sut kh quyn trong thc t v l mu tham kho cho vn hnh h thng th nghim ln. 5.4.4.2. Cc bc khi ng c bn a. Chun b khi ng khi ng thit b cn phi tin hnh cc cng vic kim tra sau:

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Kim tra m bo tt c cc tm bt kn c tho, cc van an ton c lp t ng v c kim nh; Kim tra m bo tt c cc thit b nng lng, ph tr sn sng phc v cho khi ng; Cc thit b quay c chy th v bi trn ng quy nh; Cc thit b o lng iu khin sn sng hot ng; Cc bm phi c th bng cht lng thch hp trc khi khi ng phn xng;

Cc tm ngn c tho b hoc lp ng v tr iu kin hot ng bnh thng. b. ui kh ton b h thng M van kh ni-t ui kh trong h thng; Ngt ngun cp in cho thit b kh mui trc khi in nc vo bnh lng tnh in; in y thit b kh mui bng nc v ng van cch ly thit b kh mui, m ng i tt qua thit b (bypass) cho n khi bt u tun hon du trong h thng; Thi hi vo h thng (bao gm c ng ng, thit b trao i nhit, l gia nhit n thp chng ct) cho n khi khng kh ui ht ra khi h thng; ng tt c cc van x nc ngng, van x hi d, m van cp ni-t v nhanh chng ng van cp hi, ni-t s thay th hi trong h thng; Duy tr p sut trong h thng ch p sut d ng thi tin hnh tho nc ngng nh k;

Tho nc trong thit b kh mui xung mc 50% v thay th phn nc c rt ra ny bng kh ni-t; c. Np du vo h thng M van a du ra (flushing oil) vo h thng vi vn tc ti thiu thay th nc bn trong. Tip tc np du vo h thng (b qua thit b kh mui v bm du th) ti thit b gia nhit v thp chng ct chnh cho ti khi mc cht lng trong thp chng ct chnh mc hot ng bnh thng. Bm du t y thp chng ct ti tn ng hi ca bm tun hon nh thp (TPA), du chy xung dc theo thn thp, thit lp mc cht lng ti cc a ly cht lng ra thn thp v mc cht lng trong cc ct sc cnh thp chnh.

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Tun hon du ra t y thp chng ct chnh v b cha du th.

Duy tr h thng vi du ra trong vng 3-4 gi ng thi tin hnh tho nc lng ng ti cc v tr thp nht. d. Gia nhit h thng M van a hi thp p i qua b gia nhit hi qu nhit ca l gia nhit du th v x ra ngoi khng kh; Tin hnh tun hon du ra t y thp ti u vo l gia nhit v quay tr li thp chng ct chnh. Bt mt s u t trong l gia nhit nng nhit du tun hon t t ln khong 1000C. Tin hnh tun hon du ra t y thp chng ct chnh ti tn im u ca phn xng (v tr tip nhn du t b cha vo phn xng). Tip tc b qua thit b kh mui v nng nhit ca du tun hon ln khong 1000C. a du th vo h thng bt u t cc thit b trao i nhit (tn dng nhit), vn b qua thit b kh mui v bm du th. y du ra v b cha. Tin hnh tun hon du th vng tun hon ngn t dy thp ti l gia nhit ng thi nng t t nhit du th tun hon ln ti nhit thch hp; Khi ng cc bm rt sn phm cc a gia thp chng ct. Tin hnh tun hon du th vng tun hon di nh tin hnh vi du ra, duy tr du nhit khong 1000C. Chuyn li ch tun hon ngn ng thi iu chnh tng nhit du tun hon ln khong 2700C. Khi ng bm tun hon cnh thp v bm cp du th cp du th vo vi lu lng ti thiu. Chy th thit b kh mui v bm du th, gim tc tun hon v dng hn ch tun hon. Bt u a hi sc vo y thp chng ct v tng dn nhit du ra khi thit b gia nhit. Sc hi vo cc ct sc cnh thp v thit lp mc cht lng trong cc ct sc ny mc thch hp.

Thit lp ch hot ng ca b phn ngng t v thu hi sn phm nh. e. iu chnh ch hot ng thp thu sn phm

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Khi tt c cc thit b trong phn xng ch hot ng bnh thng tin hnh thu cc sn phm cha t tiu chun v cc v tr thch hp: + Kh thi a ti ct uc; + Cc sn phm lng a quay tr li b cha du th. + Cc kh nhin liu a ti ct uc sau a vo h thng kh

nhin liu trong nh my. Khi cc sn phm Kerosen, LGO, HGO t tiu chun cht lng yu cu th a cc sn phm ny v b cha trung gian cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo hoc ti h thng pha trn sn phm cui cng. Cn chng ct c a ti b cha trung gian hoc a thng ti cc phn xng ch bin pha sau nu cc phn xng ny khi ng xong ang ch nguyn liu trc tip t phn xng chng ct p

sut kh quyn. 5.5. CU HI V BI TP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Hy trnh by cc phn on chng ct chnh ca du th v nhit im ct cc phn on ny; Trnh by khi nim im ct, nhit im si u v nhit im si cui trong chng ct du th v cc sn phm du m. Trnh by mt s nguyn tc c bn cn lu trong thit k thp chng ct du th. Phn loi thp chng ct, u nhc im ca tng loi thp. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung ca thp a. Cc loi thp a. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng chung ca thp m. Cc dng m c bn . Trnh by vai tr ca thp chng ct du th p sut kh quyn. Ti sao phi tin hnh chng ct cn p sut chn khng, vai tr ca thp chng ct chn khng trong ch bin du kh? Ti sao phi tin hnh tch mui v kh kim loi khi du th? Trnh by cc phng php chnh kh mui, nguyn l hot ng ca cc phng php ny.

10. Ti sao thp chng ct chn khng li thng s dng loi thp m?

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BI 6. THIT B HP PH, HP TH M bi: HD I6

Gii thiu phn chia h lng khng ng nht, trong qu trnh ch bin du kh, phng php chng luyn c s dng ph bin. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh ch bin, nhiu hn hp cn phi c phn tch bng cng ngh khc nh trch ly, hp ph, hp th. Qu trnh hp ph v hp th trong ch bin du kh c s dng ch yu lm sch sn phm v c bit l dng x l cc cht c hi trong kh thi, nc thi v hydrocacbonnh (LPG) Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin c nng lc: - M t c cu to v vai tr cc thit b hp th, hp ph trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. M t c cc loi tc nhn hp ph, hp th. M t c cu to nguyn l hot ng ca thp hp th H2S bng

Amine v qu trnh ti sinh Amine. - M t c cc thit b hp th, hp ph khc p dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Ni dung chnh Vai tr qu trnh hp th, hp ph trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Cc tc nhn hp ph, hp th s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Thp hp th H2S lm sch LPG bng Amine v qu trnh ti sinh

Amine. - Cc thit b hp ph, hp th khc. 6.1. NGHA QU TRNH HP TH V HP PH TRONG CH BIN DU KH Nh bit, du th v cc sn phm du m trong qu trnh ch bin l hn hp ca nhiu cu t khc nhau. phn chia cc hn hp ng nht ny thnh cc phn on ring bit theo mc ch s dng cng nh tch cc tp cht c hi ra khi sn phm ngi ta phi s dng nhiu qu trnh cng ngh phn tch khc nhau. Qu trnh chng luyn c s dng rng ri phn chia du th ra cc dng sn phm du kh khc nhau, tuy nhin, phng php ny khng thch hp phn tch cc dng hp cht c hi ra khi cc sn phm do gii hn v mt cng ngh hoc nu s dng phng php

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chng luyn s phi u t ln hn. Trong ch bin du kh, c mt lng cc tp cht ln trong cc sn phm, dng kh thi, nc thi (nh H2S, SOX, NOX, phenol...) cn phi c tch ra m bo cht lng sn phm v tiu chun mi trng. tch cc tp cht ny, cng ngh hp th, hp ph c p dng rng ri trong cc nh my. Mt s ng dng c th nh loi b H2S ra khi kh nhin liu trong nh my, tch s b H2S cha trong LPG trc khi em i x l tinh bng cc phng php khc, x l SOX cha trong kh thi ca phn xng RFCC, phenol cha trong nc chua t cc phn xng cng ngh,... Vi cc vai tr nh vy, cng ngh hp th, hp ph ng vai tr quan trng i vi cng nghip ch bin du kh khng ch trong vic m cht lng sn phm m cn trong c lnh vc m bo tiu chun mi trng. 6.2. HP TH TRONG CH BIN DU KH 6.2.1. Gii thiu Bn cnh phng php chng ct, phng php hp th cng c s dng tng i rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin du kh phn chia hn hp kh hoc kh lng. Trong thc t, hp th lun i km vi nh hp th nhm tun hon v ti s dng dung mi gim chi ph vn hnh. L thuyt chung ca qu trnh hp th c cp gio trnh khc ca chng trnh (Gio trnh Qu trnh v Thit b cng ngh ho hc), v vy, trong bi hc ny s khng i su vo l thuyt ca qu trnh hp th m ch nhc li mt s nguyn l chung ca qu trnh v mt s c im ring qu trnh hp th trong ch bin du kh. 6.2.2. Nguyn l qu trnh 6.2.2.1. nh ngha Qu trnh hp th v nh hp th tng t nh qu trnh chng luyn. Qu trnh chng luyn l qu trnh chuyn khi gia pha lng v pha hi trong mi bc chuyn khi trong thp chng luyn. Trong qu trnh hp th, qu trnh chuyn khi xy ra gia pha lng v pha kh trong mi bc chuyn khi ca thp hp th. Qu trnh hp th l qu trnh mt cht ho tan hay mt cu t chuyn t pha kh vo pha lng. Qu trnh nh hp th l qu trnh ngc l,i l qu trnh chuyn cu t t pha lng sang pha kh. Cc thit b hp th thng i km vi cc thit b nh hp th ti sinh dung mi v tch cht b hp th.

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Hnh H-6.1 S nguyn l chung qu trnh hp th v nh hp th kh trong ch bin du kh 6.2.2.2. M t qu trnh. S nguyn l qu trnh hp th v nh hp th p dng trong ch bin du kh c m t trong hnh H-6.1. Theo s nguyn l ny, hn hp kh (cha cc cht cn phi tch ra) c a vo pha di thp hp th. Thp hp th c cu to hon ton nh thp chng ct ngoi tr khng c bnh ngng t v thit b gia nhit y. Kh a vo thp t pha di, dung mi c a vo t nh thp. Ti y, qu trnh tip xc pha din ra, mt s cu t trong pha kh s c hp th chn lc sang pha lng ri i v i xung y thp. Pha lng sau c a sang thit b nh hp th. Kh c loi b tp cht i ra nh thp hp th. Phng php nh hp th thng thng c p dng l phng php tng nhit ca dung mi. Ty theo tnh cht ca kh hp th v ch hot ng thp nh hp th m cu t hp th s thot ra dng kh nh thp hoc ti sinh dng lng nh thp. Dung mi hp th tch ra y thp nh hp th, c lm mt ri cho quay tr li thp hp th hon thnh mt chu trnh khp kn. 6.2.3. Thit b v dung mi hp th 6.2.3.1. Thit b Thit b s dng cho qu trnh hp th v nh hp th rt ging vi thit b s dng cho qu trnh chng luyn ngoi tr thit b gia nhit y v thit b

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ngng t khng cn thit cho qu trnh ny. Qu trnh hp th, v nguyn tc c th tin hnh trong cc dng thp a, thp m, thp phun hay cc dng thit b tip xc khc. Tuy nhin, trong thc t cc dng thp m, thp a hay c dng trong thc t hn c. Cu to cc chi tit bn trong ca thp hp th cng tng t nh mt thp chng luyn. Cu to mt thp hp th c m t trong hnh H-6.2.

Hnh H-6-2 S cu to thp hp th kiu m Hu ht cc thit b hp th hot ng p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn v nhit tng ng nhit mi trng. Ch hot ng ny cho php gim thiu c s bc chuyn khi v lu lng dng ca dung mi v do cho php gim c th tch thit b khi x l cng mt lu lng dng kh nh nhau. Tri li vi qu trnh hp th, qu trnh nh hp th hot

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ng p sut thp v nhit cao gim s bc chuyn khi v khi lng tc nhn nh hp th. Cc cht s dng lm tc nhn nh hp th thng s dng l khng kh, hi nc, kh tr v kh hydrocacbon. 6.2.3.2. Dung mi hp th Dung mi hp th ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh hp th v c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut qu trnh, cht lng sn phm v chi ph vn hnh, u t thit b. V vy, vic la chn dung mi hp th l vn quan trng trong thc t thit k, vn hnh cc thit b hp th. Nhn chung, dung mi s dng cho mt qu trnh hp th phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn sau: - C kh nng ho tan tt cht b hp th, kh nng bay hi thp gim ti a mt mt trong qu trnh hot ng v d dng ti sinh vi tinh khit cao; C nht thp gim tn tht p sut v nng cao tc truyn nhit, chuyn khi trong thp hp th; C kh nng ho tan mang tnh cht chn lc cht b hp th; Khng c hi, khng d chy n, khng gy n mn thit b;

Gi thnh phi r hoc mc chp nhn c, d ti sinh v s dng c nhiu ln. 6.2.4. ng dng trong ch bin du kh Phng php hp th c s dng trong ch bin du kh ch yu l loi b s b tp cht kh c hi trong sn phm nh (LPG) ti gii hn thch hp cho qu trnh x l tinh tip theo (nh x l bng kim,...) v lm sch cc kh nhin liu hoc ti gii hn cho php ca tiu chun mi trng (i vi ngun kh nhin liu). Cc ng dng in hnh ca phng php hp th trong ch bin l qu trnh hp th H2S cha trong LPG bng amine, x l kh chua bng amin, x l SOx trong kh thi bng dung dch Mg(OH)2,... Chi tit cng ngh, thit b ca cc qu trnh ny s c trnh by trong cc mc sau ca bi hc ny. 6.3. QU TRNH HP PH TRONG CH BIN DU KH 6.3.1. Gii thiu So vi qu trnh chng luyn v hp th qu trnh hp ph c s dng t hn v ch yu l cc qu trnh x l nc thi, kh thi ( tch cc cht c hi ra x l ring) v x l nc. 6.3.2. Nguyn l qu trnh 6.3.2.1. nh ngha v nguyn l qu trnh

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Qu trnh hp ph l qu trnh trong phn t, nguyn t, hoc ion kh hay lng khuych tn ti b mt ca cht rn, b ht vo b mt ny v gi y bi lc lin kt phn t yu. Cht lng, kh b ht vo pha rn gi l cht b hp ph. Vt liu rn c gi l cht hp ph. ng dng ca qu trnh hp ph da trn hai kh kh nng hp ph v nh hp ph. Trong a s cc trng hp, lc lin kt gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph yu hn so vi lc lin kt phn t. Chnh v vy cho php qu trnh ti sinh cht hp ph bng cch tng nhit ca cht hp ph hoc gim nng hoc p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph. i khi, ngi ta s dng ng thi c hai bin php ti sinh cht hp ph v thu hi cht b hp ph. Cht hp ph nh c ti sinh nn c th s dng nhiu ln. Qu trnh ti sinh cht hp ph thc hin khi cht hp ph bo ho cht b hp ph. V c bn, c bn s nguyn l cho chu trnh hp ph v nh hp ph. Trong thc t, c th s dng phi hp cc s ny vi nhau ty yu cu c th. Cc s hp ph c bn bao gm: a. S hp ph s dng phng php thay i nhit lun phin S ny hot ng ny da trn nguyn l s ph thuc nng cn bng hm lng cht b hp ph trong pha rn (cht hp ph) vo nhit cht hp ph. Khi nhit cht hp ph thp th nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph cao v ngc li khi nhit cht hp ph cao th nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph trong cht hp ph thp (xem hnh H-6.3). Da vo quy lut ny, nu h nhit th qu trnh hp ph xy ra chiu thun cn ngc li khi tng nhit th qu trnh nh hp ph xy ra. S nguyn l hot ng ca qu trnh hp ph c m t trong hnh H-6.4.

Hnh H-6-3-Nguyn l chu trnh hp ph thay i nhit lun phin

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Hnh H-6-4-S nguyn l chu trnh hp ph thay i nhit lp m lun phin Theo s nguyn l ny, h thng phi c ti thiu hai ct hp ph, mt ct ang hot ng v ct kia ti sinh. ti sinh lp m hp ph, ngi ta s dng chnh hn hp nguyn liu trong c cha cht b hp ph sau khi c nng nhit ti gi tr thch hp. S nguyn l ny thng p dng cho hn hp kh cha nng cht cn hp ph rt nh. Gi s ct hp ph 1 ang lm vic trong khi ct hp ph 2 ang trong giai on ti sinh, qu trnh c m t nh sau: Hn hp c cha cn php ph c a ti ct hp ph s 1 nhit T1. y, tng ng vi nng ca cht b hp ph trong hn hp s c mt nng cn bng t c trong cht hp th l X1 (tng ng p sut ring phn P1). Khi nng cht b hp th bo ho th cn phi tin hnh ti sinh lp m vt liu hp ph. ti sinh lp m, nguyn liu c nng ln nhit T2, tngng vi nhit ny, nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph s l X2 (X1>X2), cht b hp ph s b nh ra v gi tr cn bng. Cht b hp th s c thu hi qua thit b lm lnh, phn cn li ca hn hp a ti dng nguyn liu ti ct hp th ang trong giai on vn hnh. b. S hp ph s dng kh tr nh hp ph S hp ph ny cng tng t nh s hp ph thay i nhit lun phin, ngoi tr vic s dng kh tr tng nhit ca lp m phc v

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cho qu trnh nh hp ph m khng s dng dng nguyn liu nh l tc nhn nh hp ph. Cht b hp ph thng khng c thu hi nu s dng s ny.

Hnh H-6-5-S nguyn l chu trnh hp ph s dng kh tr nh hp ph S cng ngh ca qu trnh hp ph s dng kh tr nh hp ph c m t trong hnh H-6.5. h thng ny hot ng c lin tc yu cu cn phi c ti thiu hai ct hp ph (mt ct hot ng, trong khi ct khc ti sinh). Nguyn liu c cha cht b hp ph c a vo ct hp ph 1, cc cht b hp ph c trong nguyn liu s b gi li trong cht hp ph cho ti khi bo ho (t nng cn bng). Khi cn phi tin hnh ti sinh lp m hp ph. ti sinh lp m hp ph, ngi ta s dng kh tr c nhit cao thi ngc chiu vo lp m. nhit cao, cc cht b hp ph s tch ra khi cht hp ph v cng dng kh tr i ra khi thit b. Khi qu trnh nh hp ph kt thc, ct hp ph s c a vo hot ng tr li bnh thng ng thi tin hnh ti sinh ct hp ph khc. Kh tr s dng ti sinh phi c tnh cht khng b hp ph bi lp m hp ph v khng c cha thnh phn cht b hp ph. Nu lng kh tr cung cp ln v thi gian ti sinh di th cht b hp ph c th c tch hon ton ra khi cht hp ph. Phng php ny

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c u im l thi gian ti sinh lp m hp ph ngn (ch khong vi pht). Tuy nhin, s hp ph ny c nhc im l cng sut khng cao do nhit lp m thng cao. c. S hp ph s dng cht nh hp ph thay th Khc vi s hp ph s dng kh tr, s hp ph ny s dng cht lng hoc kh c kh nng b hp ph bi cht hp ph tng ng vi cht b hp ph nh hp ph. Qu trnh nh hp ph xy ra nh vo ng thi hai yu t: yu t th nht do p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph trong pha kh gim (khi s dng cht nh hp ph l pha kh) hay nng (trong pha lng khi s dng cht nh hp ph l pha lng) thp, yu t th hai l s cnh tranh hp ph gia cht b hp ph v cht nh hp ph. Cc cht nh hp ph s dn th ch ca cht b hp ph trong qu trnh ti sinh lp m hp ph (chnh v vy m gi l s s dng cht nh hp ph thay th). Phng php ny c nhc im l tim tng kh nng lm nhim bn sn phm sau khi hp ph do cht nh hp ph nm trong cht hp ph (trong giai on ti sinh) s b thay th bi cht b hp ph trong qu trnh hp ph. Cht nh hp ph sau khi b thay th bi cht b hp ph s ho vo cng dng sn phm sau hp ph l nguyn nhn lm nhim bn. Nh vy s ny ch thch hp khi, cht nhim bn khng lm nh hng nhiu n cht lng sn phm hoc lng cht nhim bn l rt thp.

Hnh H-6-6-S nguyn l chu trnh hp ph s dng cht nh hp thay th

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Trong qu trnh nh hp ph ng thi xy ra qu trnh nh hp (cht b hp th) v qu trnh hp ph (cht nh hp), v vy, tng lng nhit tiu th v lng nhit sinh ra gn nh cn bng nhau (mt qu trnh to nhit, mt qu trnh thu nhit). iu ny dn n qu trnh nh hp ph gn nh l qu trnh ng nhit, nhit ca lp m hp ph khng tng cao sau khi nh hp ph s lm tng cng sut hp ph so vi cc s hp ph khc. S cng ngh ca qu trnh hp ph thay th c m t trong hnh H-6.6. Theo s ny, cht nh hp th khng cn phi c gia nhit trc khi a vo lp m hp ph. d. S hp ph thay i p sut lun phin (Pressured Swing Adsorption) Mt s hp ph khc cng c s dng ph bin trong thc t l s hp ph thay i p sut lun phin. S ny hot ng da trn nguyn l s ph thuc nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph vo p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph trong pha kh v mi quan h gia p sut ring phn v p sut chung ca hn hp. Khi p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph cao th nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph trong pha rn cng cao v ngc li (xem hnh H-6.7). thc y qu trnh hp ph ngi ta tng p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph trong pha kh, nh hp ph ngi ta gim p sut ring phn ca cht hp ph trong pha kh. Trong thc t, ngi ta thng s dng chnh dng kh sau khi hp ph lm tc nhn nh hp ph bng cch gim p sut ca dng kh ny xung. Khi p sut tng ca hn hp kh gim th p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph cha trong dng kh cng gim do vy qu trnh nh hp s xy ra khi cho dng kh thp p ny i qua lp m hp ph. S nguyn l chu trnh hp ph thay i p sut lun phin c m t trong hnh H-6.8.

Hnh H-6.7 Quan h gia nng cht b hp ph v p sut ring phn

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Hnh H-6-8-S nguyn l chu trnh hp ph thay i p sut lun phin Theo s cng ngh ny, hn hp kh c cha cht b hp ph c a vo ct hp ph 1 p sut cao (p1), ti y qu trnh hp ph xy ra cho ti khi nng cht b hp ph t gi tr nng cn bng tng ng vi p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph trong pha rn (X1). Khi nng t ti gi tr nng bo ho ton b lp m th bt u phi tin hnh qu trnh ti sinh lp m (nh hp ph). Hn hp kh sau khi hp ph c s dng lm tc nhn nh hp ph. Mt lng thch hp dng kh ny c a tr li ct hp ph p sut thp (tng ng p sut ring phn p2). Tng ng vi p sut ring phn trong pha kh thp hn (p2), nng cn bng cht b hp ph tng ng l X2 (X2<X1) v do vy qu trnh nh hp ph xy ra cho ti khi nng cht b hp ph trong pha rn t ti gi tr cn bng mi (X2) th dng qu trnh ti sinh chuyn sang qu trnh hp ph. Dng kh nh hp ph c a vo thit b theo chiu ngc vi chiu dng kh trong giai on hp ph. 6.3.2.2. La chn s h tr cho vic la chn mt s hp ph thch hp, Keller xy dng mt bng ma trn n gin hng dn la chn nhanh mt s hp

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ph m khng cn phi tnh ton s b trc khi a ra la chn. Bng ma trn ny c tm tt trong bng 6-1. Bng 6-1 Bng ma trn la chn s hp ph thch hp. Cht b Cht b hp ph dng kh Thay iu kin cng ngh i nhit lun phin Nguyn liu: kh hoc hi Nguyn liu: lng, hi < 2000C Nguyn liu: lng, hi > 2000C Nng cht b hp ph trong nguyn liu <3% Nng cht b hp ph trong nguyn liu <3-10% Nng cht b hp ph trong nguyn liu >10% Yu cu sn phm c tinh khit cao Kh phn tch cht b hp ph v kh tr Ghi ch (+)- p dng ph hp (-)-Khng p dng c p -C th p dng c 6.3.3. Thit b 0-Rt him khi p dng hoc cha chc chn NA-Khng ng iu kin p dng + 0 + + + p + + + + + + 0 + + 0 + + + Dng kh tr ti sinh Phng php thay th Thay i p sut lun phin + + 0 + + p NA + + + + p hp ph dng lng Thay i nhit lun phin

Thit b hp ph tng i n gin bao gm cc ct hp ph v h thng van cch ly iu khin dng chy qua thit b khi chuyn t ch hot ng bnh thng sang ch ti sinh. Cc ct hp ph l cc bnh tr trn, bn trong lp cc lp m cha cht hp ph. Chiu cao ca lp m c tnh ton m bo hiu qu hp ph v ph hp vi chu k ti sinh. Cu to ca thit b hp ph nhn chung tng i n gin. Ty theo ng dng c th

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m c th c cu to ring bit, cc vn khc bit s c trnh by ring trong cc ng dng c th. 6.3.4. ng dng trong ch bin du kh ng dng ca qu trnh hp ph trong ch bin du kh khng nhiu nh so vi phng php chng ct, tuy nhin phng php ny cng c p cng c p dng trong nhiu qu trnh cng ngh. Nhng ng dng chnh ca qu trnh hp ph trong ch bin du kh l sn xut ngun kh tr (sn xut kh nit), lm sch kh hay ngun nc thi khi mt s cht c hi. Mt trong nhng ng dng in hnh nht ca qu trnh hp ph l s dng ct hp ph than hot tnh tch phenol ra khi ngun nc thi t cc phn xng cng ngh trc khi dng nc thi ny a vo h thng nc thi chung x l nhm nng cao hiu qu qu trnh x l v gim chi ph u t cho h thng x l (nu ho trn ngun nc cha cht thi khc nhau li trc khi c x l ring s b cho tng dng s lm long nng cc cht cn tch dn n kh tch cc tp cht ny v thit b x l s ln hn rt nhiu). Chi tit v cc ng dng ny s c trnh by phn IV ca bi hc ny. 6.4. CC QU TRNH IN HNH TRONG CNG NGHIP CH BIN DU KH 6.4.1. Qu trnh x l kh trong phn xng thu hi kh Trong nh my ch bin du kh (in hnh l nh my lc ho du), mt lng ln hydrocacbon nh c to ra (kh nhin liu v kh ho lng). Ngun kh ny cn phi c thu gom, phn loi theo mc ch s dng nng cao hiu sut thu hi sn phm v hiu qu kinh t. Ngun kh hydrocacbon ny to ra nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau v c tnh cht rt khc nhau. V vy, ngi ta thng phi xy dng mt cm thit b thu gom, phn loi cc ngun kh ny. Trong nh my lc du, cm thit b thu gom kh thng c tch hp trong phn xng cracking do ngun kh ch yu sinh ra t phn xng ny. V c bn, ngun kh hydrocacbon sinh ra c thu gom v phn loi thnh hai loi: kh ho lng (LPG) v kh nhin liu. Tuy nhin, c mt vn l ngun kh ny thng cha lng tp cht c hi cn phi c x l. Phng php v thit b x l ngun kh ny s c trnh by trong cc mc di y. 6.4.1.1. X l kh nhin liu a. t vn Trong qu trnh ch bin, c bit l qu trnh cracking, mt lng tng i ln kh hydrocacbon nh (C2--) c to ra. Ngun kh ny c s dng

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lm kh nhin liu tiu th ni ti trong nh my (cho cc l t, l gia nhit,...). Tuy nhin, ng thi vi vic sn sinh ra ngun kh nhin liu, mt lng kh gy nhim cho mi trng (nh H2S, SOx, NOx,...) cng c to ra (hm lng ty thuc vo bn cht nguyn liu ch bin). Nu hm lng cc kh c hi ny qu nhiu trong kh nhin liu s dn n nng cc cht c hi trong kh thi khng p ng yu cu ng thi gy n mn thit b. i vi ngun kh nhin liu, ngi ta thng chn gii php x l loi tp cht trc khi em t gim thiu hin tng n mn ng ng, my mc thit b. Ngoi ngun kh to ra trong qu trnh ch bin, trong ngnh du kh cn c ngun kh t nhin, kh ng hnh, nu cc ngun kh ny cha nhiu tp cht cng cn phi c x l trc khi s dng. Cc ngun kh t nhin thng sch t khi phi x l (ngoi tr cc trng hp s dng lm nguyn liu), v vy, trong khun kh bi hc ny ch gii thiu phng php x l kh nhin liu sn sinh ra trong cc nh my lc ho du. Phng php c s dng rng ri nht hin nay x l kh nhin liu trong cc nh my ny l phng php hp th. b. S cng ngh v nguyn l qu trnh x l kh nhin liu Nguyn l qu trnh Trong kh nhin liu, kh c hi cn phi x l ch yu l kh H2S. tch bt kh ny ra khi hn hp kh, ngi ta s dng phng php hp th. Dung dch amine c s dng lm dung mi hp th chn lc H2S. Dung dch amine sau c ti sinh s dng tip. Kh H2S c thu hi li x l ring hoc a ti phn xng thu hi v sn xut lu hunh nu lng kh H2S xy dng mt phn xng thu hi lu hunh. S cng ngh S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l kh nhin liu c m t trong hnh H-6.9. Theo s ny, kh nhin liu c a vo mt thp hp th s b. Dung mi s dng hp th trong thp ny l du ra (thng l du LCO ca qu trnh cracking). Ti thp ny, mt phn H2S c hp th vo du ra, tuy nhin, mc ch chnh ca thp ny l thu hi hydrocacbon (t C 3+) cn cha trong kh. Kh sau khi c lm sch s b bng du ra trong thp hp th s b, hn hp kh c lm ngui ri a ti bnh tch du. Bnh tch du c chc nng tch cc ht du ra cn ko theo dng kh v n nh p sut dng kh trc khi vo thp hp th amine. Kh sau khi ra khi thit b tch du c a ti thp hp th bng amine.

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Trong thp hp th amine, dung dch amine ngho H2S c a vo t nh thp chy xung, cn kh nhin liu c a vo t pha di. Qu trnh

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tip xc pha gia dung dch amine v kh nhin liu xy ra trong thp. Dung dch amine s hp th chn lc kh H2S v i xung y thp cn kh nhin liu c tch ra nh thp ri thu gom v h thng kh nhin liu chung ca nh my. Dung dch amine giu H2S c a ti b phn ti sinh Amine. Trong b phn ti sinh amine, dung dch amine giu H2S c a vo mt bnh cha tch hydrocacbon lng v kh cn ko theo. Dung dch amine sau c a qua hng lot cc thit b trao i nhit trc khi vo thp ti sinh amine. Ti thp ti sinh, dung dch amine giu H2S c a vo thp pha trn v chy dn xung y thp. Pha di y thp c thit b gia nhit y cp nhit cho thp. Do nhit dung dch cao kh H2S c tch dn ra khi dung dch. y thp thu c dung dch amine cn cha hm lng rt thp kh hp th v a tun hon tr li thp hp th ti s dng. Lng dung dch amine tht thot trong qu trnh hot ng s c b sung bng dung dch mi t b cha ring bit. Kh H2S tch ra nh thp s c a ti thit b x l hoc phn xng thu hi lu hunh. c. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b Qu trnh x l kh nhin liu gm hai khi thit b chnh l khi cc thit b hp th v khi thit b ti sinh amine. Thit b hp th Khi hp th bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: - Thp hp th s b bng du; - Thp hp th bng amine; - Bnh cha v lc du hp th; - Bnh tch du; - Cc thit b trao i nhit. Thp hp th s b bng du nh cp c nhim v tch bt mt phn kh H2S v hydrocacbon lng ko theo. Dung mi s dng cho qu trnh hp th s b l du trch ra t thp chng ct chnh ca phn xng cracking. Du sau khi hp th s c a tr li thp chng ct ch bin li. Thit b hp th s b bng du thng s dng l dng thp a c khong 2025 bc trao i cht ty thuc vo thit k. Cu to bn trong ca thp ging nh cu to ca thp chng ct trnh by bi 5 ca gio trnh ny. Bnh cha v lc du hp th: Du hp th trc khi a vo thp hp th c a qua mt bnh cha lc cc tp cht ko theo v tch nc ra khi du. Vic lm sch du l cn thit nng cao hiu sut qu trnh hp th v

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trnh hin tng ng cn bn trong thp. Ngoi chc nng lm sch du, bnh tch du cn c ngha bnh n dng chy du hp th trc khi vo thp. Thp hp th amine: y l thit b chnh ca cm thit b ny, phn ln lng kh H2S s b tch ra khi hn hp kh nhin liu nh kh nng hp th chn lc ca dung dch amine. Thit b hp th amine l thit b thp hp th kiu thp (thng l dng a). Cu to bn trong ca thp cng ging nh cu to ca thp chng ct. im khc v cu to bn trong ca thp l b phn thu hi lng cun theo c lp phn nh thp v khng c thit b gia nhit y. Thp ti sinh amine thng c khong 2025 bc chuyn khi ty theo thit k v loi a s dng. Cu to ca cc chi tit bn trong thp c m t chi tit trong bi 5 ca gio trnh ny (Thit b chng ct). V vy, trong bi hc ny ch gii thiu mt s chi tit khc vi thp chng ct ct nh b phn thu hi ht lng ko theo,... B phn thu hi ht lng ko theo v c bn c chia thnh bn loi: Kiu li an (cc loi vt liu khc nhau); Kiu m si;

- Kiu tm chn; - Kiu c cu ly tm (Cyclone). Cu to ca cc dng tch lng ny c minh ha hnh H-6.10. Tuy nhin, ty thuc vo ng dng c th m chng c kt cu, hnh dng v vt liu ch to khc nhau. Ngoi b phn thu hi cht lng khc vi thit b chng ct ( nh thp hp th), mt s b phn khc nh b phn phn phi kh (trong thp hp th kh) cng c thit k thay i so vi thp chng ct cho ph hp vi qu trnh chuyn khi trong pha kh. Mt trong yu cu ca b phn phi kh l m bo kh i vo thp n nh v phn phi ng u trn tit din thp. Mt s dng kt cu b phn phn phi kh c m t trong hnh H-6.11.

m thu hi lng bng li kim loi

Thit b thu hi dng tm

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m thu hi cht lng kiu m si Hnh H-6.10- Cu to mt s dng thit b thu hi lng trong thp hp th kh

Thit b thu hi lng kiu cyclone

B phn phn phi kiu xoy lc B phn phn phi kiu cnh Hnh H-6.11 Cu to mt s dng phn phi kh vo thp hp th kh Thit b ti sinh amine Thit b ti sinh amine c nhim v hon nguyn amine ti s dng nhm gim chi ph vn hnh v thu hi kh chua (H2S) a i x l tip. Thit b ti sinh amine bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: - Thp ti sinh amine; - Bnh cha amine giu H2S; - B cha amine sch. Thp ti sinh Amine Thp ti sinh amine l thit b quan trong nht trong h thng thit b ti sinh amine. Thp c cu to bn trong tng t nh thp chng ct. Thng thng, thp ti sinh l thp dng a, pha di y thp c thit b gia nhit y nng cao nhit dung dch amine giu H2S tch kh H2S ra khi dung dch. Thit b gia nhit y l thit b gia nhit kiu gin tip bng hi nng cao hiu qu qu trnh phn tch v trnh hin tng ha tan ca kh vo hi nc ngng t. Bnh cha Amine giu kh H2S

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Bnh cha amine c nhim v cha dung dch amine giu kh H 2S v tch ht kh nhin liu, hydrocacbon lng ko theo trong dung dch, ng thi bnh n dng chy vo thp ti sinh. Chnh v vy, bnh cha ny c cu to c bit va l thit b trit tch hydrocacbon lng va c chc nng thu hi kh nhin liu nhng khng kh H2S ko theo. Cu to ca bnh cha amine giu kh H2S c m t trong hnh H-6.12. Bnh cha amine giu H2S l bnh tr nm ngang c cc vch ngn thu hi ring dung dich amine v hydrocacbon lng. Pha trn c lp mt ct hp th li H2S ln trong dng kh nhin liu. hp th H2S ngi ta dng mt lp m li kim pha trn c lp mt a phn phi lng. Dung dch hp th l amine (c tch t dng amine a quay li thp hp th). Kh nhin liu tch ra t bnh cha ny c a v h thng thu gom kh nhin liu ca nh my.

Hnh H-6.12 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng bnh cha mamine giu H2S B cha amine sch Trong qu trnh hot ng, dung dch amine b mt mt v cn phi c b sung. Ngi ta chun b dung dch amine c nng ph hp vi ch hp th H2S v cha trong b cha. B cha dung dch amine c cch ly vi khng kh bng mt lp Ni-t trnh s thm nhp ca -xy vo dung dch amine v sau theo vo h thng. B cha amine sch c cu to bnh thng nh mt b cha hydrocacbon lng dng mi hnh cn. 6.4.1.2. X l kh ha lng (LPG) a. t vn Trong qu trnh ch bin, mt s qu trnh nh qu trnh chng ct du p sut kh quyn, cc qu trnh x l bng hydro v c bit l qu trnh cracking mt lng tng i ln kh ha lng (C3, C4) c to ra. a s cc

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ngun LPG u cha mt lng kh gy nhim l H2S, c bit khi ngun du th cha nhiu lu hunh. V nguyn tc, LPG t tiu chun cht lng th ngi ta phi s dng mt s cng ngh x l tinh tch phn ln hm lng lu hunh ra khi LPG. Tuy nhin, cc phng php ny ch yu l tch cc dng tp cht lu hunh dng khc bn vng hn. Mt khc, nu khng tch sm ngun cha H2S s gy n mn ng ng, thit b cho cng on x l tip theo v do chi ph u t cho thit b x l tinh s cao hn nhiu. Chnh v vy m ngi ta phi tin hnh tin hnh tch bt lng tp cht cha trong LPG bng phng php truyn thng l hp th bng amine. Mt l do khc ngi ta cn tch H2S bng phng php hp th amine l phng php ny thch hp thu hi ngun kh chua cng vi ngun kh chua t h thng sc nc chua lm nguyn liu cho phn xng thu hi v sn xut lu hunh. b. S cng ngh v nguyn l qu trnh x l LPG bng hp th Nguyn l qu trnh Cc tp cht trong kh ho lng (LPG) ch yu l cc tp cht lu hunh c hi cho mi trng nh H2S, COS, mercaptan,... x l cc tp cht ny ngi ta c th dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh phng php ngt ho, phng php x l bng hydro, tuy nhin, x l H2S bng phng php ho hc th phng php kh thi nht hin nay vn l dng kim. Nh vy, nu lng H2S ln th phi s dng mt lng kim ln gy nhim mi trng v chi ph ln cho thit b trung ho v x l nc thi. khc phc tnh trng ny, ngi ta phi s dng phng php khc tch bt H2S trc khi em i x l tinh bng phng php ngt ho. Phng php ph bin nht l phng php hp th bng amine. Phng php hp th bng amine da trn kh nng hp th chn lc ca dung dch amine i vi kh H2S cha trong LPG. Nhm nng cao nng cao hiu qu kinh t amine sau khi s dng s c ti sinh s dng li cn H2S c thu hi sn xut lu hunh. S cng ngh S cng ngh qu trnh x l H2S trong LPG bng phng php hp th c m t trong hnh H-6.13. S cng ngh ny tng t s x l kh nhin liu. Tuy nhin, s ny khng s dng thp hp th s b bng du. Mt im khc bit na l dung dch hp ph v LPG u di dng lng. LPG cha H2S c a ti thp hp th t pha di, amine c a vo t pha nh thp. Do s khc nhau v khi lng ring, LPG dch chuyn dn ln nh thp cn dung dch amine chy xung di y thp hp th. Trong qu trnh tip xc, H2S t do hoc ho tan trong LPG s b hp th vo

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amine chy xung y thp. LPG c x l H2S tch ra khi nh thp hp th v chuyn v b cha tch phn amine ko theo. LPG sau khi x l s c a ti phn xng x l tip theo. Dung dch amine giu H2S c a ti b cha amine. Qu trnh ti sinh amine tng t nh i vi cng ngh x l kh nhin liu c trnh by mc 1.1 trn. Trong a s cc nh my th h thng ti sinh amine thng c tch hp thnh mt h thng duy nht tit kim chi ph u t, vn hnh. Cm thit b ti sinh ny thng c t gn ngun tiu th amine ln nht. Phng n ny phi c mt cch b tr mt bng ti u hn ch ti a ng ng dn amine ti cc h tiu th. c. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b Qu trnh x l gm hai khi thit b chnh l khi cc thit b hp th v khi thit b ti sinh amine. Thit b hp th Khi cc thit b hp th bao gm cchng mc thit b chnh sau: - - Thp hp th bng Amine; - - Bnh cha LPG sau hp th; Thp hp th: Thp hp th dng x l LPG l thp dng m c kt cu. Mc ch ca thp l tng cng tip xc pha gia dung dch Amine v LPG tng hiu sut qu trnh hp th kh H2S t dng LPG sang dung dch Amine. Thit b ti sinh Amine Thit b ti sinh Amine trong s x l LPG bao gm cc hng mc thit b chnh sau: - Thp ti sinh Amine; - Bnh cha Amine giu H2S; - B cha Amine sch. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b ny hon ton tng t nh thit b trong s x l kh nhin liu c trnh by trong mc 1.2 trn trong bi hc ny. Tuy nhin, nh cp, cc h thng ti sinh amine trong nh my c th s c tch hp li mt h thng duy nht m bo tnh hot ng ng b ca nh my v gim chi ph u t thit b v chi ph vn hnh. Thit b ti sinh amine phi c thit k m bo dung dch amine sau khi ti sinh th lng H2S cha trong dung dch amine khng c php vt qu 0,02 mole/ mole amine.

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Hnh H-6.13-S cng ngh qu trnh x l H2S trong LPG bng phng php hp th Amine 6.4.1.3. Dung mi hp th Dung mi hp th c vai tr quan trng i vi hiu sut qu trnh hp th, chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh thit b. Nhn chung, dung mi hp th phi p ng c mt s tiu ch quan trng nh c kh nng hp th chn lc, d ti sinh, khng gy n mn my mc, thit b v gi thnh mc cp nhn c. Da trn cc tiu ch ny, dung mi s dng hp th chn lc H 2S trong kh nhin liu v LPG thng l mt dng amine. Dng amine thch hp hay c s dng trong ch bin du kh hp th H2S l Diethanolamine (DEA). Cc nghin cu v l thuyt v qu trnh thc nghim cho thy dung dch Diethanolamine (DEA) 20% khi lng thch hp cho qu trnh hp th lng-lng (gia LPG v dung dch amine). 6.4.2. X l SOX trong kh thi (DeSOx) 6.4.2.1. Gii thiu Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, mt trong vn quan trng cn c quan tm l kim sot ngun kh thi t cc l t m bo tiu chun mi trng v ch tiu cc cht c hi. Cc cht c hi trong ngun kh thi i vi cng nghip ch bin du kh ch yu l SOx, NOx, cc dng bi,... Trong vic x l cc kh SOx c xem l mt trong nhng nhim v quan

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trng trong vic x l kh thi (do trong du th thng cha nhiu lu hunh v vy lng SOx sn sinh nhiu). Ngun kh thi cha nhiu kh SOx ch yu t phn xng cracking xc tc cn (RFCC) v phn xng thu hi lu hunh. Phng php n gin v hiu qu x l ngun kh ny l s dng phng php hp th bng dung dch Mg(OH)2. 6.4.2.2. Nguyn l v s cng ngh a. Nguyn l qu trnh loi SOx Khc vi qu trnh x l kh nhin liu v LPG, kh H 2S c hp th vo dung mi sau c nh hp th x l tip, trong qu trnh x l SOx, cc kh c hi sau khi hp th s phn ng vi dung dch to cc hp cht bn vng v khng c hi i vi mi trng. Dung dch s dng lm cht hp th ng thi l cht tham gia phn ng l dung dch Mg(OH)2. Trc ht, kh SOx trong kh thi c hp th vo dung dch Mg(OH) 2 sau c -xy ha thnh cc hp cht bn vng v khng c hi vi mi trng theo cc phn ng sau: SO2 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO3 + H2 O 2MgSO3 + O2 2 MgSO4 SO3 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 + H2 O Hn hp phn ng (cha Mg SO4) c a ti thit b lc tch MgSO4 khi dng nc thi. b. S cng ngh

Hnh H-6.14- S cng ngh x l SOx (DESOx) bng hp th S cng ngh x l SOx c m t trong hnh H-6.14. Theo s ny, hn hp kh thi c a vo thp hp th. Trong thp hp th, dung

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dch Mg(OH)2 c phn phi chy t trn xung di lp m, kh thi a t pha di ln. Trong thp hp th, kh SOx s hp th vo pha lng trong qu trnh tip xc pha v chy xung y thp. y thp, khng kh nn c sc vo -xy ha dng hp cht lu hunh khng bn vng (MgSO3) thnh dng bn vng hn (MgSO4) theo cc phn ng m t mc 2.2.1 trn. nng cao hiu sut qu trnh, dung dch y s c bm tun hon tr li lp m. Mt phn dung dch y chuyn sang thp -xy ha -xy ha tip cc hp cht lu hunh khng bn vng. Trong thit b xy ha, khng kh nn c a vo y ca thp, phn kh thot ra nh thp c a tun hon tr li pha di lp m,cn hn hp dung dch sau -xy ha c a sang thit b lc tch phn b cha MgSO4 cho mc ch s dng khc. Nc thi c thu gom v h thng x l nc thi ca nh my. Kh thi sau khi qua h thng x l ny s t tiu chun v mi trng v hm lng cc cht SOx. 6.4.2.3. Thit b Qu trnh x l SOx bao gm cc hng mc thit b chnh sau: - B pha trn v cha dung dch Mg(OH)2; - Thp hp th; - Thp -xy ho; - Thit b lc. B pha trn dung dch Mg(OH)2 B pha trn dung dch Mg(OH)2 thng l b cha mi hnh cn, bn trong c b tr h thng cnh khuy pha trn dung dch c nng theo yu cu. Thp hp th Thp hp th l dng thp m kt cu, pha y thp c khoang cha dung dch chy t m xung v dung dch Mg(OH)2 mi c b sung lin tc t b cha. qu trnh -xy ho xy ra thun li, ngay t y thp hp th ny ngi ta b tr h thng sc khng kh vo dung dch. Thp -xy ho y l thp rng, pha di c h thng phn phi kh. Thp -xy ho c nhim v chuyn ho cc hp cht lu hunh dng km bn vng (MgSO 3) sang dng bn vng hn (Mg SO4). Thit b lc

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Thit b lc c nhim v tch v thu hi pha rn kt ta trong hn hp dung dch sau -xy ho (MgSO4). Thng thng dng thit b lc chn khng s c s dng cho mc ch ny. 6.4.3. Sn xut Ni-t 6.4.3.1. Gii thiu Kh ni-t c vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo vn hnh an ton, cht lng sn phm ca nh my. C nhiu phng php sn xut ni-t nh phng php truyn thng (nn khng kh ho lng chng ct phn tch), phng php hp ph phn tch cc thnh phn kh hoc phi hp gia hp ph vi cng ngh siu lnh phn chia cc thnh phn kh trong khng kh. Trong c hai phng php sn xut ni-t phi truyn thng u phi s dng phng php hp ph phn t chn lc. Tuy nhin, phng php hp ph kt hp vi k thut siu lnh sn xut ni-t trong cc nh my ch bin du kh c p dng rng ri hn c v c nhiu u im. Vn sn xut nit c trnh by bi 3 ca gio trnh ny, v vy trong khun kh phn ny ch trnh by kha cnh ng dng ca qu trnh hp ph trong sn xut nit. 6.4.3.2. Nguyn l v s cng ngh a. Nguyn l qu trnh S nguyn l chung qu trnh sn xut ni-t bng phng php hp ph phi hp vi k thut siu lnh c trnh by trong hnh H-3.19 ca gio trnh ny. Theo s ny, khng kh sau khi c nn ti p sut thch hp v lm mt c a ti thit b hp ph kiu ti sinh bng kh tr (hay cn gi l mng lc phn t). Ti thit b ny kh CO2 v hi m c gi li bi lp m hp ph chn lc. Hn hp kh cha ni-t v -xy sau c lm lnh ri a ti thp siu lnh tch -xy ra khi ni-t. b. S cng ngh S cng ngh qu trnh sn xut ni-t c s dng cng ngh hp ph c m t trong hnh H-6.15. Theo s cng ngh ny, khng kh c nn ti p sut thch hp (khong 7-14Kg/cm2) c lm mt, tch cc ht rn l lng ri sau c a ti ct hp ph. S hp ph c p dng cho qu trnh ny l s hp ph s dng kh tr ti sinh (s hp ph c bn th hai). Lp m hp ph c thit k ch hp ph chn lc kh CO 2 v hi m cha trong khng kh nn. Hn hp kh sau khi ra khi ct hp ph cha ch yu l ni-t v -xy. to thun li cho qu trnh phn tch v tit

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kim nng lng, trc khi a vo thp siu lnh, hn hp kh c a qua cc thit b trao i nhit tn dng dng i ra t thp siu lnh c nhit thp. h thng hot ng lin tc, thng thng c t nht hai ct hp th hot ng lun phin nhau (mt ct hot ng v mt ct ang ti sinh). Khi lp m hp ph bo ho th tin hnh ti sinh lp m. Kh giu -xy (mt sn phm ca thp phn tch siu lnh) s c trch mt phn ti sinh lp m. Tuy nhin, kh ny c nhit rt thp, v vy, ngi ta gia nhit bng hi trc khi a vo ct hp ph ti sinh.

Hnh H-6.15 S cng ngh sn xut ni-t trong ch bin du kh s dng ct hp ph phn t 6.4.3.3. Thit b Thit b hp ph phn t trong h thng sn xut ni-t cng rt n gin, gm hai ct hp ph b tr theo s hp ph s dng kh tr ti sinh. Ngoi hai ct hp ph, h thng cn c thit b gia nhit, h thng van v iu khin m bo chuyn dng kh khi cc ct hp ph thay i ch hot ng t hp ph sang nh hp ph hoc ngc li. 6.4.4. X l Phenol 6.4.4.1. Gii thiu Trong qu trnh hot ng, mt lng phenol (ROH) ln trong nc chua c a ti h thng thu gom v x l nc thi ca nh my. Phenol l mt ho cht c hi vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi, v vy, c quy nh rt ngt ngho trong cc tiu chun v nc thi. p ng c tiu chun mi trng v cht c hi trong nc thi, trong tt c c nh my lc ho du

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phi c h thng x l phenol. Hin nay, trn th gii c ba phng php chnh x l phenol trong nc thi l: phng php ho hc, phng php sinh hc v phng php hp ph bng than hot tnh. Ty theo ngun nc thi v quy nh v mi trng v cc yu t kinh t m ngi ta la chn phng php x l ph hp. Ngoi tr phng php ho hc, cc phng php x l khc u cn n qu trnh hp ph m bo cht lng dng nc thi p ng yu cu. 6.4.4.2. Nguyn l v s cng ngh a. Nguyn l qu trnh tng hiu qu qu trnh x l phenol trong ngun nc thi, cc dng nc c cha nhiu phenol c phn loi x l ring trc khi ha trn chung vi dng nc thi khc. Trong cc nh my lc ha du, phenol ch yu cha trong dng nc chua. tch phenol ngi ta dng than hot tnh hp ph phenol ha tan trong nc sau tin hnh ti sinh than hot tnh bng kim nng. Khi tch sang pha lng cha kim phenol s phn ng theo phn ng sau: ROH + NaOH b. S cng ngh NaOR + H2O

S cng ngh x l phenol ty thuc vo hm lng phenol cha trong ngun nc thi v quy nh v hm lng phenol cho php trong tiu chun mi trng ti ni xy dng cng trnh. Vi tiu chun mi trng khng qu kht khe v hm lng phenol, ngi ta thng s dng phng php hp ph bng than hot tnh tch phenol ra khi ngun nc thi sau dng kim ti sinh lp m than hot tnh. Dung dch kim cha phenolate (NaRO) c a ti thit b trung ho x l tip. Ti thit b trung ho kim, phenolate s chuyn ho li thnh phenol v c thu hi ti ch bin, qu trnh hon nguyn phenol xy ra theo phn ng sau: 2 NaOR + H2SO4 2 ROH + Na2SO4 i vi cc quc gia c tiu chun mi trng v nc thi quy nh ngt ngho hm lng phenol th thng s dng phng php sinh hc. Trong trng hp ny lp than hot tnh hp ph cng c s dng tch cc cht c hi khc v hp ph ht vt phenol cn st li cha x l ht trong thit b phn ng sinh hc. S cng ngh ca thit b x l phenol dng ct hp th than hot tnh c m t trong hnh H-6.16. Theo s cng ngh ny, nc thi cha nhiu phenol trc khi a vo h thng x l nc thi chung ton nh my phi c a qua ct hp ph bng than hot tnh. Ti

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y, phenol ho tan trong nc c hp ph vo lp than hot tnh. Khi lp than bo ho phenol, ngi ta tin hnh ti sinh lp m hp ph bng dung dch kim nng 3% khi lng. Di tc dng ca nhit v chnh lch nng phenol trong pha lng v pha rn, phenol s tch khi lp m than hot tnh i vo pha lng. Khi tip xc vi dung dch kim, phenol s chuyn thnh phenolate, do vy, nng phenol trong pha lng lun thp do vy ng lc qu trnh nh hp t hiu qu cao. Hn hp kim cha phenolate sau khi ra khi ct hp ph c a ti thit b trung ho kim bng H2SO4. Ti thit b trung ho phenolate s chuyn ho li v phenol nguyn dng ban u v c thu gom ch bin li. c.Thit b Thit b hp ph phenol trong nc thi bng than hot tnh nhn chung n gin v tng t nh cc thit b hp ph dng ti sinh bng phng php thay i nhit kt hp thay i p sut ring phn (nng trong pha lng). thit b lm vic lin tc p ng yu cu, thng thng phi b tr 2 n 3 ct hp ph ty thuc vo cng sut v chu k ti sinh lp m.

Hnh H-6.16 S cng ngh x l phenol trong nc thi bng hp ph than hot tnh 6.5. VN HNH 6.5.1. Gii thiu chung

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Nh trnh by trn, gia qu trnh hp th v hp ph, qu trnh hp th c ng dng rng ri hn v c nhiu dng thit b phc tp cn phi ch n k nng vn hnh cc thit b ny. Trong s cc thit b hp th, thit b hp th bng amine c s dng trong hu ht cc nh my ch bin du kh x l ngun kh nhin liu. Cc thit b hp th thng phn b ri rc trong nh my cn b phn ti sinh amine thng c tp trung v mt h thng duy nht. Vic vn hnh cc thit b hp th thng c gn lin vi tng phn xng (v d b hp th kh nhin liu v LPG thng nm trong phn xng RFCC). Nh vy, trong thc t, vic vn hnh h thng ti sinh amine thng c coi nh mt h thng c lp i hi k nng vn hnh ring. Xut pht t cc phn tch trn, trong mc ny s ch tp trung vo vn vn hnh h thng ti sinh amine m khng cp n h thng cc thp hp th ( c cp trong cc phn xng khc). Cng tng t nh khi ng cc phn xng khc, qu trnh khi ng phn xng ti sinh amine v c bn gm cc bc sau: - Chun b khi ng; ui kh ton b h thng. Tun hon amine; Chy th thp ti sinh; Tun hon amine ti thp hp th H2S; iu chnh ch vn hnh a h thng v ch vn hnh bnh thng. y l nhng bc cng vic c bn, cc bc ny c th tin hnh c lp vi nhau hoc phi tin hnh ng thi. Di y, trnh by chi tit ni dung ca cc bc khi ng thit b ti sinh amine trong thc t v l mu tham kho cho vn hnh h thng th nghim ln. 6.5.2. Cc bc c bn khi ng 6.5.2.1. Chun b khi ng m bo tt c chi tit bn trong nh tm chn, vch ngn, b phn chng xoy, b phn bt kn dng c o,... c lp t, bt kn ng quy nh v c kim tra; Tt c thit b v ng ng c v sinh, lm sch v tt c mt bch, ca ngi c lp bu lng v lp tm m ng loi. Cc tm cch ly c tho b hoc lp ng v tr; Thp ti sinh amine v h thng tun hon c kh du m;

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Tt c cc thit b lc, ng h o p sut c lp t nhng ni yu cu vi chiu lp t ph hp; Tt c cc van iu khin xc nh l ng chiu v ch iu khin tay; Chiu ca tt c cc van khc v van mt chiu cn kim tra v xc nhn lp t ng; Tt c cc h thng o lng iu khin, ngng khn cp v h thng phng chng chy c cn chnh v th chc nng hot ng; Tt c cc thit b quay c chy th, c bi trn ng cch, cn chnh v m bo chiu quay ng; Cc van an ton c cp chng nhn v lp t ng yu cu; Tt c cc ng x y, x kh khng cn thit cho gia on khi ng cn c ng kn; Tt c h thng nng lng, ph tr ca nh my v ca h thng c chy th v sn sng phc v. H thng ct t kh chua c vn hnh th;

H thng bo ng c kim tra v sn sng hot ng; H thng cc thit b an ton, phng chng chy, cc u d kh c kim tra sng sng hot ng; - D b hoc chuyn i v tr cc tm chn v v tr hot ng bnh thng ti v tr vo ra phn xng v ng ng dn n ct t kh chua; 6.5.2.2. ui kh ton b h thng M van cch ly a kh Ni-t vo ng ng dn ni-t vo phn xng cho ti khi khng cn khng kh trong ng ng. ui khng kh, cn tng gim p sut ni-t nhiu ln. M van a kh ni-t vo tng phn ca thit b ui khng kh (tng gim p sut nhiu ln) cho ti khi hm lng kh -xy thp hn 1% th tch trong dng kh ra khi thit b. Nng p sut ca ton b h thng ti 1Kg/cm2, ng thi kim tra hin tng r r tt c cc van v mt bch.

6.5.2.3. Tun hon amine Chun b pha dung dch amine 20% khi lng (diethanolamine-DEA) trong b pha trn amine sch; Chuyn dung dch amine t b ho trn v b cha amine sch;

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Nng p sut bnh cha amine giu H2S ti p sut lm vic bng kh ni-t; Chuyn dung dch amine t b cha amine sch b sung v bnh cha amine giu H2S; Chuyn dung dch amine t bnh cha amine giu H2S ti thp ti sinh; Khi ng bm tun hon dung dch amine t y thp ti sinh v bnh

cha Amine giu H2S; 6.5.2.4. Chy th thp ti sinh Sau khi thc hin xong cc bc tun hon dung dch amine trn tin hnh chy th thp ti sinh theo cc bc sau: - Chy th thit b ngng t nh thp ti sinh v thit b trao i nhit lm mt dung dch amine ngho H2S. a hi nc vo vn hnh th thit b gia nhit y; Khi nhit trong thp ti sinh tng ln, hi s t y thp i ln v ngng t ri cha vo bnh ngng. Khi lng cht lng ngng t mc nht nh, bt u t mc cho bnh ngng v chun b cho hi lu lng quay li thp; - Tng lu lng hi vo thit b gia nhit y, khi ng bm hi lu lng, thit lp ch s hi lu; 6.5.2.5. Tun hon amine ti thp hp th H2S Khi ng tun hon dung dch amine t t cho tng thp hp th, duy tr mi lin h cht ch vi cc thp hp th s dng ngun amine t phn xng; Khi bt u c ngun amine giu H2S tin hnh iu chnh p sut ca

bnh cha amine giu H2S v thp ti sinh khi cn thit; - Bt u a cht c ch n mn vo h thng; - a cc thit b lc amine vo hot ng; 6.5.2.6. iu chnh ch vn hnh a h thng v ch vn hnh bnh thng Kim tra m bo tt c cc mc cht lng v tr thch hp v nm trong gii hn kim sot; Kim tra tc dng amine v ch s hi lu ca thp ti sinh; Kim tra m bo tt c nhit v p sut mc thch hp; Tin hnh ly mu kim tra nng H2S trong dung dch amine giu H2S v amine ngho H2S. iu chnh lu lng cc dng v hi sc t ch hot ng ti u. Lp li cc bc ny nu cn thit;

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Kim sot nng ca dung dch amine bng cch thng xuyn b sung nc kh khong vo dung dch ti ca ht ca bm hi lu thp ti sinh;

n nh ch hot ng h thng v a v ch vn hnh bnh thng; 6.6. CU HI V BI TP 1. C s khc bit chnh no gia thit b chng ct v thit b hp th? 2. Hy trnh by cc yu cu c bn i vi dung mi hp th 3. nh ngha qu trnh hp ph, trnh by cc s hp ph v nh hp ph c bn. 4. ng dng ca qu trnh hp th trong x l kh nhin liu v kh ho lng l g? Ti sao LPG c x l bng phng php hp th vn phi c x l tinh bng phng php khc? 5. Trnh by cc dng ca thit b thu hi lng ko theo trong thp hp th. 6. Hy nu vai tr ca dung mi hp th trong x l kh nhin liu v LPG, tiu ch la chn dung mi. Loi dung mi thng s dng hp th H2S trong ch bin du kh l g? 7. Hy cho bit ngun kh thi SOx, l do cn phi x l tp cht ny. 8. Hy cho bit nguyn l hp th SOx c khc g so vi cc qu trnh hp th chun khc? 9. Hy cho bit trong s cng ngh sn xut ni-t bng phng php hp th phn t kt hp k thut siu lnh th ct hp ph c chc nng g. Phng php nh hp ph cho cc ct hp ph ny l g? 10. Mc ch ca vic s dng ct hp ph bng than hot tnh trong x l nc thi nhim phenol. Ti sao phi tch phenol ra khi nc thi? Ngoi phng php dng ct hp ph than hot tnh hin nay cn dng phng php no khc s l phenol trong nc thi?

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CC BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO V GII QUYT VN

BI 1 1. Ti sao phi lm ngui xc tc trong l ti sinh, m t thit b lm ngui xc tc; 2. Gii thch ti sao cu to ca cyclone tch xc tc trong bnh phn ng c ng thu xc tc ko di ti tn vng cha xc tc; 3. Hy cho bit cc gii php gim hm lng Benzen trong xng thng phm nu trong sn phm qu trnh reforming (reformate) cha nhiu Benzene? 4. Hy cho bit l do cn phi sy kh nguyn liu v hydro trc khi a vo l phn ng trong cng ngh Isome ho. BI 2 1. Hy cho bit trong trng hp mt dng thit b trao i nhit sn c khng p ng c yu cu b mt truyn nhit trong khi cc yu cu khc hon ton p ng cho ng dng c th th c th c la chn khng? 2. Trnh by l do thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c th lm vic c iu kin p sut cao v khong nhit rt rng. BI 3 1. Hy cho bit l do cn phi sy kh kh nn phc v cho nhu cu cng ngh v iu khin trong cc nh my lc ho du. 2. Hy cho bit l do cn phi lp t bnh d tr kh nn. BI 4 1. Nu trong phn on Kerosene cha mt lng a-xt naphthenic tng i ln th c th p dng cng ngh x l khng dng kim c khng? L do? 2. Trnh by mc ch ca lp m cacbon trong thit b phn tch pha qu trnh x l Kerosene bng kim. BI 5 1. V thp chng ct trong ch bin du kh c im g khc bit so cc ng dng khc. 2. iu khin nhit thp chng ct trong ch bin du kh c dng dng hi lu l ch yu hay cn s dng cc bin php khc. BI 6 1. Hy cho bit gii hn ca phng php hp th bng Amine x l tp cht c hi trong ch bin du kh.

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2. Hy cho bit u im ca phng php dng cht nh hp ph thay th. Ti sao phng php ny c tim nng gy bn sn phm sau hp ph?

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TR LI CC CU HI V BI TP
I. PHN NNG CAO V M RNG. BI 1 1. Nhit ca qu trnh ti sinh xc tc ni chung cng nh nhit ca xc tc sau khi ti sinh (trc khi a vo l phn ng) c nh hng ln n cht lng ca xc tc ti sinh, lng xc tc tun hon, hiu sut thu hi sn phm. Vic iu khin c nhit xc tc sau ti sinh cho php iu khin c t l nguyn liu/xc tc (t l ny ty thuc vo nhit l phn ng yu cu, loi nguyn liu, nhit nguyn liu v loi xc tc s dng). Ngoi ra, nhit ca xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh nh hng ti cht lng ca xc tc (v c bn c hc v hot tnh). Chnh v vy m ngi ta phi tin hnh iu khin nhit ca xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh bng h thng lm mt v tun hon xc tc. Thit b lm mt v tun hon xc tc l mt dng thit b trao i nhit c cu to c bit (trnh by minh ha nh hnh H-1.30A ca gio trnh ny). Thit b ny bao gm mt v hnh tr bn trong c lp chm ng cho php nc lm mt chy qua, nc a vo mt ngn trc khi phn phi vo cc ng trao i nhit. Nc sau khi trao i vi xc tc nng s chuyn thnh hi v thu gom vo ngn u thit b ri chuyn ra ngoi (trnh by minh ha nh hnh H-1.30B ca gio trnh ny). hiu qu lm mt xc tc c tt hn, mt h thng sc xc tc bng khng kh c lp t tng cng khuy trn pha xc tc. Xc tc sau khi lm mt i ra pha y ca thit b, thu gom vo ng vn chuyn xc tc tun hon li bung t ti sinh. Nh s chuyn ng tun hon ny ca xc tc m nhit ca bung ti sinh xc tc c iu chnh mt cch linh hot v qua iu khin c nhit ca xc tc trc khi chuyn sang thit b phn ng. S cu to tng qut v kt cu thit b ti sinh c trnh by trong hnh v H-1.30A. 2. Nh trnh by trong bi hc, hn hp phn ng v xc tc sau khi ra khi ng phn ng cn phi c nhanh chng tch ra khi nhau v hn ch ti a hin tng ti tip xc trnh cc phn ng ph khng mong mun xy ra lm gim hiu sut thu hi sn phm v cht lng sn phm cracking. Chnh v vy m xc tc thu hi trong h thng cyclone c a thng ti vn cha xc tc y thit b phn ng nhm trnh tip xc vi pha hydrocacbon. 3. Xng thng phm l kt qu ca qu trnh pha trn gia nhiu cu t pha xng trong thnh phn reformate ng vai tr tng i quan trng quyt

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nh cht lng ca sn phm. Thnh phn reformate c tr s octane cao, tuy nhin thnh phn ny cng thng cha lng cht c hi benzen cao (nu phn xng khng lp t h thng tch benzene). Khi hm lng benzen cha trong reformate cao s lm hm lng benzene cha trong xng thng phm cao. gim hm lng benzene trong xng, hin nay, ngi ta c nhiu gii php khc nhau, nhng v c bn chia lm hai gii php chnh: X l thu hi benzen trong xng thng phm; X l ngay t ngun sinh benzen.

Nhiu nh my lc du trn th gii p dng gii php thu hi benzen trc tip t xng thng phm. Tuy nhin, gii php ny c nhc im l khi lng x l rt ln. Phng php x l ngay t ngun sinh benzen (ch yu l x l ngun benzen trong reformate) li c chia ra mt vi gii php: - Lp t ct tch benzen trong phn xng reforming thu hi benzen. Benzen thu hi c s lm nguyn liu cho ho du hoc chuyn sang phn xng isome ho chuyn ho thnh dng khc khng c hi. Thc t, khng phi nh my no cng c lp t ct tch benzen hoc phn xng isome ho, v vy, mt gii php khc n gin khc l loi tr cc tin t to benzen ngay trong nguyn liu qu trnh reforming bng cc gii php: Nng cao nhit khong ct gia hai phn on naphtha nh v naphtha nng, lp t ct tch cc tin t to benzen (dehexanizer). 4. a s cc loi xc tc ang s dng hin nay cho cng ngh isome ho u cn b sung mt lng nh clo duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc. Clo b sung thng c trn vo cng nguyn liu di dng hp cht hu c. Trong mi trng phn ng giu hydro, clo s chuyn ho thnh HCl. Nu trong mi trng c tn ti ca nc, HCl s ho tan, y l mt trong hp cht c tnh n mn cao. Chnh v vy, nguyn liu v hydro s dng cho qu trnh phn ng cn phi c sy b nc nhm hn ch hin tng n mn thit b v ph hu xc tc. BI 2 1.Cc nh sn xut thit b trao i nhit thng ch to thit b c mt trao i nhit theo chun ho. Vic thit k ch to thit b nm ngoi khong ny thng gy kh khn cho ch to v gi thnh thit b s t hn. Tuy nhin, khi b mt truyn nhit yu cu ca thit b vt qu khong thng dng ca thit b khng c ngha l khng c s dng loi thit b ny. Trong thc

330

t, tng din tch b mt trao i nhit c th c phn chia cho mt vi thit b lp song song hay ni tip nhau (ty vo yu cu cng ngh, bo dng,..). Nh vy m khi mt thit b trao i nhit khng p ng c b mt truyn nhit yu cu ngi ta c th vn s dng c dng thit b ny bng cch lp nhiu thit b song song hay ni tip nh cp. Mt khc, vic phn chia ra nhiu thit b cho php vn hnh linh ng hn (cho php bo dng mt vi thit b trong khi thit b khc vn hot ng). 2.Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c kt cu hn v tnh cht ca li trao i nhit rt ng nht v vy c kh nng chu c p sut rt cao. BI 3 1. Kh nn trong nh my lc ho du phc cho hai mc ch chnh l s dng lm kh iu khin cc van hot ng bng kh nn v kh nn cng ngh. Kh nn iu khin yu cu v m rt ngt ngho. Nu m trong kh cao, hi nc s ngng ng li trn ng ng v cc thit b iu khin khi nhit mi trng h thp. Nc ng trn ng ng v cc dng c iu khin lm n mn thit b v nh hng ti ch hot ng ca thit b. Chnh v vy, ngi ta phi tin hnh sy kh kh nn. Ty theo iu kin kh hu ni xy dng nh my m yu cu v lm kh kh nn c thit k cc mc khc nhau. V nguyn tc, kh cng ngh khng cn thit phi lm kh nhng do lng kh nn iu khin chim t trng ch yu nn ton b kh nn vn c sy kh n gin cho thit k vn hnh. 2. Bnh d tr kh nn c vai tr tng i quan trng i vi h thng sn xut kh nn cng nh i vi an ton vn hnh nh my c bit l trong trng hp ngng khn cp nh my. Trong hot ng bnh thng, bnh tr kh nn c chc nng bnh n p sut h thng. Trong trng hp c s c bt kh khng, ton b thit b k c cc my nn kh phi ngng hot ng nu khng c bnh cha kh nn d tr s khng duy tr c hot ng ca mt s van ngng khn cp s dn n hu qu kh lng v an ton. Trong nh my lc ho du, m bo an ton, khi ngng khn cp phi c quy trnh dng thit b an ton m vai tr ca cc van iu khin kh nn rt quan trng. Cc van ny cn phi c cp kh nn ng yu cu trong khong thi gian thch hp. BI 4 1. Mc ch ca qu trnh tch a-xt Naphthanic sn phm Kerosene sau khi x l p ng c tiu chun v ch tiu n mn tm ng. Mt khc, nu khng tch a-xt ny ra khi sn phm s gy kh khn cho qu trnh x l khc

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c s dng kim do a-xt ny phn ng vi kim to thnh mt dng nh tng cn tr qu trnh cng ngh. Qu trnh tch a-xt Npthenic xy ra theo phn ng ha hc sau: R-COOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O Trong trng hp nguyn liu c cha t hm lng Naphthenic th c th b qua cng on x l ny. Tuy nhin, khi nguyn liu c cha t hm lng a-xt Naphthenic nu khng tch a-xt Naphthenic trc bng kim th trong giai on x l tip theo a xt ny s phn ng vi kim to ra cc mui natri. Dng mui ny to ra hn hp nh tng rt bn vi dung dch kim ngn cn qu trnh truyn nhit, chuyn khi lm nh hng hiu sut qu trnh v cht lng sn phm. Vic hnh thnh lp nh tng ny c lin quan mt thit n nng kim trong dung dch. Nng dung dch kim cng cao th cng d dng hnh thnh lp nh tng ny. V vy, nng kim trong dung dch cn phi c hn ch mc thch hp (hm lng kim trong dung dch khng nn vt qu 5 0Be). Mt nguyn tc chung cho vic xc nh nng dung dch kim cho x l Naphthenic l nng Naphthenic trong Kerosene cng cao th nng dung dch kim cng thp hn ch ti a qu trnh hnh thnh nh tng trong thit b. 2. Thit b phn tch pha trong cm thit b -xy ha Mercaptans ca qu trnh x l Kerosene bng kim (cng ngh Merichem) c lp thm mt lp m cacbon (bn trong cha xc tc) nhm mc ch xy ha ht cc Mercaptans c khi lng phn t ln hn cn cha trong Kerosene (cc hp cht ny c tc tham gia phn ng -xy ha chm hn nn khng b tch ra v xy ha ht trong thit b tip xc). Ngoi ra, lp m ny cn c chc nng tch cc ht dung dch kim ko theo pha hydrocacbon. Nh lp m ny m cht lng sn phm sau kh x l c tt hn. BI 5 1. Cng nghip ch bin du kh so vi cc cng nghip khc c nhiu im khc bit nh nguyn liu, sn phm cc qu trnh u c nguy c gy chy n cao. V vy, thit b cn hn ch ti ta hin tng r r. Chnh v c im ny m cc thp chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh u c phn v c ch to theo nguyn tc hn ch ti a cc mi ni thn bng bch, mc d nguyn tc tc ny c th gy kh khn nht nh cho lp t kt cu bn trong cng nh sa cha bo dng. 2. Trong cng nghip ch bin hin nay, vic iu khin nhit ca thp khng ch da vo dng hi lu sn phm nh m cn iu khin bng

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phng thc ly cht lng trong thp ra iu chnh nhit . Ngoi ra, vic iu khin hot ng ca thit b gia y cng l mt gii php quan trng. BI 6 1. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, phng php hp th amine thng c s dng x l kh nhin liu, kh hydrocacbon ho lng v cc ngun kh hydrocacbon khc cha H2S. Mc ch ca qu trnh hp th l tch H2S cha trong cc hydrocacbon ny p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm hoc yu cu cht lng nguyn liu cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca phng php x l ny l ch tch c lu hunh dng kh H2S l ch yu m khng c kh nng tch c cc dng tp cht khc nh mercaptans, thiophen, COS,... Phng php hp th ny cng khng x l c cc dng tp cht khc dng khc vi lu hunh nh tp cht ni-t, tp cht cha -xy. 2. Trong s cng ngh s dng cht nh hp ph thay th, qu trnh nh hp ph ng thi xy ra hai qu trnh: qu trnh nh hp (cht b hp ph) v qu trnh hp ph (cht nh hp). V vy, tng lng nhit tiu th v lng nhit sinh ra gn nh cn bng nhau do vy bin thin nhit hu nh khng ng k. iu ny dn n qu trnh nh hp ph gn nh l qu trnh ng nhit, nhit ca lp m hp ph khng tng sau khi nh hp ph. Do vy, s lm tng cng sut hp ph so vi cc s hp ph khc. Tuy nhin, cht nh hp ph sau khi b thay th bi cht b hp ph s ho cng vo dng sn phm sau hp ph l nguyn nhn lm nhim bn sn phm sau hp ph. V vy, s ny ch thch hp khi cht nhim bn khng lm nh hng nhiu n cht lng sn phm hoc lng cht nhim bn l rt thp. II. PHN CU HI V BI TP TRONG BI BI 1 Phn 1 Thit b phn ng Cracking xc tc cn tng si 1. C nhiu kiu phn chia kiu thit b cracking nhng ch yu da trn s b tr tng i gia l phn ng v thit b ti sinh xc tc. Theo nh ngha phn chia ny, c hai dng thit b phn ng c bn: - Kiu l phn ng v thit b ti sinh tch bit b tr song song nhau (side-by-side): Theo m hnh ny l phn ng v thit b ti sinh c b tr ring bit t v tr ln cn nhau (trnh by nh hnh H 1-13A, H1-13B v H 1-13E ca gio trnh).

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Kiu l phn ng xp chng (stack hoc Orthoflow): Theo m hnh ny l phn ng c b tr trn nh ca thit b ti sinh xc tc (Xem hnh H-1-13C v H-1-13D).

Cc Nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh cho cng ngh cracking xc tc cn ln hin nay trn th gii l cc Cng ty: Axens (tp on IFP Php), UOP (Hoa k), Kellogg Brown&Root (Hoa k), ExxonMobil (Hoa k), Stone & Webster (Hoa k)... Kiu thit b phn ng cracking b tr song song (side-by-side) in hnh l cc Nh bn quyn Axens (Php) v UOP (Hoa k). Kiu thit b phn ng dng xp chng (stack hoc Orthoflow) l cc Nh bn quyn Kellogg Brown & Root (Hoa k), UOP (Hoa k); ExxonMobil (Hoa k), Stone &Webster (Hoa k). 2. Trong qu trnh phn ng cracking sinh ra cc bon (dng cc) bm ng trn b mt cc ht xc tc che khut cc tm hot ng ca xc tc v nhanh chng lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc. duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc mc chp nhn c th cn phi tin hnh t cc bm trn b mt ca ht xc tc bng khng kh. Trong qu trnh phn ng v lun chuyn, mt phn xc tc b hao ht s c b sung bng lng xc tc mi. 3. Cu to chung ca mt thit b phn ng cracking xc tc tng si c m t chi tit trong cc hnh v H-1.19, H-1-21 ca gio trnh ny. Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b phn ng tng si l to ra dng kh nguyn liu vi tc ln to lp gi lng gia xc tc v nguyn liu to iu kin cho phn ng din ra nhanh chng hn ch ti a qu trnh to coke trn mt xc tc. 4. iu kin nhit , p sut, thi gian lu trong ng phn ng c tnh ton thch hp cho phn ng cracking to ra cc hydrocacbon mong mun. Khi i ra khi ng phn ng, nu sn phm phn ng v xc tc ti tip xc vi nhau, qu trnh cracking th cp s xy ra to ra cc dng sn phm khng mong mun. V vy, trong thit k v vn hnh ngi ta phi tch xc tc ra khi sn phm phn ng nhanh chng v trnh ti tip xc hai pha ny. Cu to ca b phn tch xc tc trnh by nh cc hnh H-1.21, H-1.27 ca gio trnh ny. 5. Vng sc xc tc c nhim v tch ht cc hi hydrocacbon cn bm trn b mt ht xc tc v mt phn hydrocacbon hp ph bn trong ht xc tc. Mc ch ca vic tch hydrocacbon ra khi ht xc tc l nhm mc ch tng hiu sut thu hi sn phm v gim c nhit qu trnh ti sinh xc tc. tch hydrocacbon ra khi xc tc ngi ta s dng hi nc. nng cao hiu qu qu trnh, ngi ta b tr dng hi v dng xc tc i ngc chiu v cho nhau.

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Vng sc hi tch hydrocacbon ra khi xc tc l phn hnh tr tip ni vi bnh phn ng, pha di c b tr mt hoc hai vng phn phi hi t ph di i ln. Pha trn cc vng phn phi hi l b phn nh hng chuyn ng cho xc tc i t trn xung. Mc ch ca b phn ny l to ra dng xc tc v dng hi i ct cho nhau nhiu ln tng cng tip xc tch hydrocacbon bm dnh trn ht xc tc c tt hn. Cu to mt s dng sc xc tc nh trnh by trong hnh H-1.28 ca gio trnh ny. 6. Qu trnh to lp tng si c hnh thnh dn dn trong ng phn ng, v vy, mt hn hp phn ng trong ng phn ng gim dn theo theo chiu cao ca ng phn ng. 7. to c lp tng si trong thit b phn ng, thun li cho phn ng xy ra, ht xc tc ca qu trnh cracking xc tc tng si c kch thc rt nh (trung bnh 60 ). Mi ht xc tc cracking thng thng gm cc thnh phn: xc tc (Zeolit), cht mang v ph gia. Xc tc cracking cn phi t c cc yu cu c bn sau: - Hot tnh xc tc cao; 8. Cc chn lc cao; Tng hiu sut thu hi xng; Thu c xng cracking c tr s Octan cao; Sn phm kh v coke to ra thp; C bn c, bn nhit cao; t nhy cm vi cc cht gy ng c xc tc; D ti sinh v hiu sut ti sinh cao. cht gy ng c cho xc tc cracking l cc kim loi nng: Vanadium

(V); Nickel (Ni); st (Fe) v ng (Cu). Cc kim loi ny lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc, cht lng v hiu sut thu hi sn phm chnh v ph hy cht mang xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh. 9. Cc phn ng chnh xy ra trong qu trnh cracking c th tm tt nh sau: - Vi Paraffines: dng nguyn liu ny trong iu kin c mt ca xc tc s nhanh chng b b gy to thnh cc sn phm hydrocacbon c mch cc bon t C3+ l ch yu, cn lng sn phm hydrocacbon c mch cc bon C3- to ra rt t. Ngc li, khi Paraffines mch di b b gy th sn phm to ra ch yu l cc mch Iso-paraffines trong khi lng hydrocacbon c mch cc bon C10+ to ra li rt t. Phn ng b gy Paraffines c m t n gin nh di y: Paraffines Olefine + Olefine

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Paraffines -

Olefine

Paraffines

Vi Naphthens: dng nguyn liu ny trong iu kin c mt ca xc tc nhanh chng b b gy to thnh C3/ C4 , phn ng xy ra ti mch vng ca Naphthens hoc ti mch nhnh (ch vi mch nhnh t C4 tr ln). Phn ng b gy Naphthens c m t n gin nh di y:

Alkylnaphthens Olefine + Olefine Vi Olefine: dng nguyn liu ny v nguyn tc cha t trong nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking (ch c trong iu kin nguyn liu pha trn t mt phn du thi c ngun gc t sn phm cracking), Olefine ch yu to ra trong qu trnh cracking v sau li tip tc tham gia phn ng th cp. Phn ng b gy Olefine c m t n gin nh di y: Olefine Olefine + Olefine

Vi Aromactic: Chui hydrocacbon thm c b gy mt cch chn lc to thnh cc hydrocabon thm ring bit v olefine.

Alkylaromactic Aromactic + Olefine 10. Qu trnh t coke c thc hin nh khng kh nn ho trn cng nhin liu a vo bung t. hiu qu qu trnh t coke cao, xc tc sau ti sinh khi phc li c hot tnh mc chp nhn c th vic phn phi khng kh t v xc tc gi mt vai tr quan trng. H thng phn phi kh tt s trnh c hin tng vng cht trong thit b dn n hiu qu t coke khng cao. Vic phn phi kh khng tt lm tng nhit cc b do vy nh hng n cht lng xc tc. Mt s dng cu to c bn h thng phn phi kh l dng hnh xng c, hnh nm,... cc dng phn phi kh c bn cn trnh by theo nh hnh H1.29A v H-1.29B ca gio trnh ny. 11. Vic s dng thit b ti sinh xc tc mt bc hay hai bc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Tuy nhin c mt s tiu ch c bn quyt nh s bc ti sinh nh sau: - Thit b ti sinh xc tc mt bc c s dng khi thit b phn ng cracking ch bin nguyn liu c hm lng cn cc-bon v hm lng kim loi nng (Ni, V, Cu,..) khng cao (hnh dng thit b ti sinh mt bc cn trnh by nh trong cc hnh H-1.14, H-1.21 ca gio trnh ny); Thit b ti sinh xc tc hai bc c s dng khi thit b phn ng cracking ch bin nguyn liu c hm lng cn cc-bon v hm lng

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kim loi nng (Ni, V, Cu,..) cao (hnh dng thit b ti sinh hai bc cn trnh by nh trong cc hnh H-1.13A, H-1.13E, H-1.15. ca gio trnh ny). 12. Khi ng phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si bao gm cc bc c bn sau y - Kim tra thit b trc khi khi ng; ui kh v th kn h thng thit b; Khi ng my nn khng kh (Blower)v th kn h thng ti sinh xc tc; Si nng h thng. Chy tun hon nguyn liu trong thp chng luyn; Np xc tc vo h thng; Chy tun hon xc tc; Np nguyn liu vo l phn ng; iu chnh cc thng s cng ngh theo thit k; Kim tra cht lng sn phm a phn xng vo vn hnh n nh

Tuy nhin cn lu rng cc bc ny c th tin hnh ng thi m khng phi thc hin theo trt t nu trn. Phn 2 Thit b Reforming vi b phn ti sinh xc tc lin tc 1. Thit b reforming xc tc vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc thuc dng thit b phn ng kiu c lp xc tc chuyn ng theo cch chia thit b phn ng c bn nu trong mc 2, phn I, bi 1 ca gio trnh ny. 2. Qu trnh reforming c ngha quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh. Trc ht, qu trnh ny sn xut ra c cu t pha xng (refomate) c tr s Octane cao, t mi c th pha c xng cao cp. Cc cu t pha xng chnh nh RFCC Naphtha, Naphtha nh, Isomerate u c tr s Octane trong khong thng khng qu RON 92, v vy nu, khng c cu t pha xng c tr s cao pha trn thm th khng th sn xut c xng cao cp c tr s Octane RON 95, RON 98. Ngoi ra, qu trnh ny l mt trong nhng qu trnh cung cp nguyn liu c bn cho cng nghip ho du. T sn phm ca qu trnh reforming ngi ta tch ra cc cht Benzen Toluene, P-Xylene (BTX) l nguyn liu cho cc cng ngh ho du quan trong nh sn xut s si, cht ty ra,... 3. Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu ca qu trnh reforming l Naphtha nng. Tuy nhin, trc khi a vo thit b phn ng nguyn liu cn phi c lm sch trong phn xng x l bng hydro (NHT)

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Xc tc: Tt c cc xc tc cho cng ngh reforming c s dng thng dng hin nay trn th gii u cha Platinium kim loi (Pt) trn nn cht mang l xt nhm (Al2O3) hoc hn hp xt nhm v xt silic (Al2O3-SiO2). Nhng loi xc tc th h mi hu ht c b sung thm thnh phn rhenium (Re) cng to cho xc tc kh nng bn vng, n nh hn v c th hot ng c iu kin p sut thp hn. Xc tc Pt/ Al 2O3 l loi xc tc hai chc nng (lng chc), trong Pt mang chc nng xy ha kh xc tin cc phn ng hydro v dehydro ha, Al2O3 c tnh a-xt, ng vai tr thc y cc phn ng isome ha, hydrocracking. Hot tnh ca xc tc ph thuc vo din tch b mt, th tch l xp v hm lng ca Pt, Clo trong xc tc. Hot tnh ca xc tc cn b nh hng bi cc tp cht c hi cha trong nguyn liu nh: cc hp cht lu hunh, hp cht cha ni-t, nc v mt s kim loi (ch, asen). Chnh v vy, nguyn liu ca qu trnh reforming cn phi c sch cao, trc khi a ti l phn ng nguyn liu thng phi c x l bng hydro. Sn phm reforming: Sn phm thu c t qu trnh reforming bao gm xng c tr s octan cao (reormate), hydrocacbon thm (Benzen; p-xylene; Toluen) kh hydro v mt lng nh LPG. Ty theo mc ch c th ca phn xng (ch sn xut nhin liu hay sn xut kt hp nhin liu v nguyn liu cho ha du) m t l xng c tr s octan cao hay cc sn phm hydrocacbon thm c xem l sn phm chnh. 4. Nguyn nhn lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc qu trnh reforming l trong qu trnh phn ng, do coke bm ln cc tm hot ng, hin tng kt t kim loi trn xc tc v mt hm lng clo trong xc tc. V vy, khi phc hot tnh ca xc tc ngi ta phi tin hnh cc bin php nh t coke, phn tn kim loi v iu chnh hm lng clo. 5. Thit b qu trnh reforming c chia lm hai loi, loi c lp m c nh v loi c lp xc tc chuyn ng (ti sinh xc tc lin tc). Hin nay, phn ln cc nh my lc, ho du trn th gii s dng cng ngh reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc. Qu trnh reforming vi thit b ti sinh xc tc lin tc c nhng u im ni bt sau: - Cho php hot ng iu kin khc nghit hn to ra xng c tr s octan cao; Xc tc ti sinh lin tc cho php l phn ng hot ng p sut thp v tc kh tun hon thp, do vy cho hiu sut thu hi sn phm reformate v kh hydro ti a vi chi ph ph tr mc thp.

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Cc l phn ng c xp chng ln nhau do vy yu cu din tch mt bng lp t t. Chi ph ng ng cng ngh thp; Gia l phn ng v thit b ti sinh d dng c lp vi nhau cho php ngng thit b ti sinh bo dng mt cch c lp m khng lm gin on hot ng ca l phn ng. Sn phm kh hydro thu c lin tc v c thnh phn n nh; Kh nng hot ng mm do hn, cho php ti u hot ng phn xng v x l s c d hn m khng cn ngng phn xng.

6. Cc thit b chnh trong qu trnh reforming xc tc lin tc bao gm: - Thit b phn ng; - Thit b ti sinh xc tc; Thit b phn tch v n nh sn phm (bao gm tch kh kh v thp chng luyn)

Thit b phn ng c chc nng bin i cu trc phn t ca cc phn t hydrocacbon thnh cc dng c tr s octane cao v gii phng ra hydro. Thit b ti sinh xc tc c nhim v khi phc hot tnh ca xc tc bng bin php t coke bm trn b mt xc tc, phn tn li kim loi trn ht xc tc v b sung clo cho xc tc. 7. S cng ngh b phn thit b phn ng cn c trnh by nh m t trong hnh H-1.33 ca gio trnh ny. Km theo s ny, cn phi m t ng dng cng ngh. 8. S cng ngh b phn ti sinh xc tc cn c trnh by nh hnh H1.34 ca gio trnh ny. Km theo s ny, cn phi m t ng dng cng ngh. 9. S cng ngh b phn tch kh kh cn c trnh by nh hnh H-1.36 ca gio trnh ny..Km theo s ny, cn phi m t ng dng cng ngh. 10. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca l phn ng cn phi trnh by nh hnh H-138, H-1.39 ca gio trnh ny. L phn ng reforming l bnh hnh tr, gia l ng trung tm thu hi dng sn phm sau phn ng. St v ngoi ca l phn ng l khe vn chuyn, phn phi nguyn liu i vo vng phn ng. gia ng trung tm v khe phn phi nguyn liu l lp m xc tc chuyn ng lin tc ng thi l vng din ra phn ng khi nguyn liu tip xc vi xc tc. Trong l phn ng xc tc di chuyn t trn xung pha di l phn ng nh trng lc, cn nguyn liu chuyn ng vung gc (hoc cho)

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vi dng xc tc. Hn hp nguyn liu v sn phm phn ng c thu v ng trung tm ri a ra ngoi gia nhit b sung ri a vo l phn ng k tip. 11. Nguyn l hot ng v cu to thp ti sinh xc tc cn c trnh by nh hnh H-1.42 ca gio trnh ny. Thp ti sinh l thit b trong qu trnh ti sinh xc tc din ra: t coke, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc, iu chnh hm lng clo v sy kh xc tc. Tng ng vi cc qu trnh ny thp ti sinh xc tc c phn ra cc vng: - Vng t coke; Vng oxy-clo ha, phn tn kim loi trn xc tc v iu chnh hm lng clo. Vng sy.

12. Nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca bnh cha v kh xc tc cn trnh by minh ha theo hnh H-1. 45 ca gio trnh ny. Xc tc sau khi c t coke v clo ho th Pt trn xc tc c phn tn mt phn nhng vn gi lin kt vi clo. tr Platinium kim loi trn xc tc v trng thi t do th cn phi tin hnh kh lin kt gia kim loi v clo. kh lin kt ny trong thc t ngi ta s dng kh hydro. Kh Hydro tham gia phn ng to ra HCl v H2O tr platinium v dng kim loi t do trn nn ht xc tc. V kt cu c kh, vng kh kim loi c thc hin phn trn ca bnh cha v kh xc tc sau sy (Lock Hopper). Vng ny c hnh dng tr trn, v kp chia vng kh thnh hai khoang: khoang cha v phn phi kh (kh giu Hydro), khoang cha xc tc. Pha bn ngoi c lp t mt thit b gia nhit kh trc khi i vo vng kh. Trong vng kh, xc tc chy t pha trn xung nh tc dng ca lc trng trng v chnh lch p sut, kh c i t pha di ln, sau khi ra khi vng kh kh c tch ra khi thit b v chuyn ti thit b thu hi. Xc tc i qua vng kh c khi phc hot tnh v c chuyn tng m quay tr li thit b phn ng. 13. Nguyn nhn cn phi cch ly mi trng ca thp ti sinh vi cc vng khc l mi trng ca thp ti sinh cha kh -xy trong khi cc vng cn li ca b phn ti sinh li cha hydro hoc hydrocacbon. Nu cc mi trng ny tip xc vi nhau s to ra mt nguy ln cho vic hnh thnh hn hp gy chy n m hu qu kh lng ht c. thc hin c mc tiu c lp vng thp ti sinh xc tc, ngi ta s dng kh tr (nit) cao p v h thng van iu khin to ra mt vng m ngn chn kh nng thm nhp ln vo nhau ca cc mi trng trong b phn ti sinh.Trong b phn ti sinh c hai khu vc cn phi c cch ly:

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Vng gia thp ti sinh v bnh tch bi xc tc; Vng gia thp ti sinh v vng kh ca bnh cha v kh xc tc (Lock Hopper).

S nguyn l cu to, nguyn l hot ng v iu khin h thng cch ly cn c minh ha nh hnh H-1.41.ca gio trnh ny. Phn 3 Cc thit b phn ng khc 1. Thit b phn ng c vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Cc nguyn liu th (du th, kh thin nhin,...) cha qua ch bin khng em li hiu qu kinh t cao. Nu cc nguyn liu th ny ch c ch bin bng phng php vt l thng thng (chng luyn, trch ly, hp th,...) th sn phm thu c c nhiu hn ch v c mt cht lng v s lng. Chnh v vy, vn gia tng gi tr ca ngun nguyn liu du kh bng cc cng ngh ch bin khc l nhu cu khch quan. Cc sn phm du kh thu c t qu trnh chuyn ho ho hc c cht lng v c gi tr kinh t cao hn so vi nguyn liu th ban u. Vi nhu cu v cht lng sn phm ngy cng cao, ch c thng qua phng php ch bin ho hc mi p ng c yu ny. Thit b phn ng l phng tin thc hin cc chuyn ho ho hc trong ch bin du kh thc hin mc tiu trn. Thit b phn ng l tri tim trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh thc hin nhim v bin cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t thp thnh cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao hn, p ng c yu cu a dng ho sn phm ca th trng v yu cu ngy cng kht khe v bo v mi trng. Ngoi ra, cc thit b phn ng cn ng vai tr quan trng l to ra cc sn phm trung gian lm nguyn liu cho sn xut cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao hn nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t. 2. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh s dng nhiu dng thit b phn ng khc nhau. C nhiu phng php phn chia thit b phn ng nh cn c vo qu trnh phn ng c s dng hay khng s dng xc tc, kiu chuyn ng ca xc tc trong l phn ng, c s dng thit b khut trn hay khng s dng,... Vi cc thit b phn ng c s dng xc tc, ngi ta cn c vo c im chuyn ng ca xc tc trong l phn ng phn ra mt s dng chnh sau: - Thit b phn ng kiu tng si (minh ha nh hnh H-1.2) - Thit b phn ng c lp xc tc chuyn ng lin tc (minh ha nh hnh H-1.3, H-1.4). - Thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh (minh ha nh hnh H-1.1).

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- Nhng kiu thit b phn ng c cu to c bit (minh ha nh hnh

H-1.5, H-1.6) 3. Cc dng thit b phn ng c bn s dng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh l dng thit b phn ng kiu tng si, dng thit b c lp xc tc chuyn ng, thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh v mt s dng c bit s dng trong cng nghip ho du. Mt s ng dng in hnh cc dng thit b phn ng c bn c th k tn: thit b phn ng kiu tng si c p dng trong cng ngh cracking xc tc cn; thit b phn ng vi lp xc tc chuyn ng c ng dng trong cng ngh reforming; thit b phn ng c lp xc tc c nh c p dng rng ri trong cc cng ngh x l bng hydro (nh x l GO, x l naphtha, x l LCO,..) v qu trnh isome ho. Mt s thit b phn ng c bit c ng dng trong cng nghip ho du, ngt ho cc sn phm,... 4. Thit b phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh c kch thc, kt cu c kh khc nhau ty theo ng dng c th. Tuy nhin, tt c u c c im cu to chung (trnh by hnh v minh ha nh hnh H-1.47 ca gio trnh ny). Cc l phn ng c lp m xc tc c nh thng c dng hnh tr, mt trong c ph mt lp hp kim c bit c kh nng chu nhit v chng li c mi trng phn ng khc nghit. Lp ph ny cho php ngn cch v ca l phn ng tip xc trc tip vi mi trng phn ng tng tui th ca thit b v gim chiu dy ca thit b. Cc phn kim loi tip xc vi mi trng nhit cao c mt ca hydro s c ch to bng cc hp kim chu c nhit v hin tng gy gin kim loi ca hydro. u vo ca l phn ng c b phn phn phi nguyn liu trc khi qua lp m xc tc nhm tn dng ti a th tch hu ch ca xc tc, trnh to ra cc "vng cht" trong thit b. H thng phn phi nguyn liu ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tng thi gian lu trong thit b phn ng v gim c tn tht p sut ca dng phn ng khi i qua lp m. Cc qu trnh cng ngh c ng dng thit b phn ng vi lp m xc tc c nh in hnh l: Cc qu trnh x l bng hydro (Qu trnh x l Naphtha, x l phn on Gas Oil, x l du diesel cracking, x l xng cracking,...), cc qu trnh cng ngh isome ha, hydrocracking, reforming ti sinh xc tc bn lin tc... a s cc qu trnh s dng thit b phn ng lp xc tc c nh trong cng nghip lc ha du c s cng ngh tng t (trnh by hnh v minh ha nh hnh H-1.46 ca gio trnh ny).

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5. S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro trnh by nh hnh H-1.48 ca gio trnh ny. Theo s ny, Naphtha t phn xng chng ct p sut thng (CDU) c chuyn sang phn xng x l bng hydro lm sch cc tp cht c hi cho xc tc. i vi Nh my lc du c lp t ng thi c hai phn xng reforming v ng phn ho Naphtha nh th phn on Naphtha sau khi x l c tch ra lm hai phn on Naphtha nng v Naphtha nh. Naphtha nh c chuyn ti phn xng ng phn ho Naphtha nh (Isomer) cn Naphtha nng c chuyn ti phn xng reforming (CCR). Nguyn liu Naphtha t phn xng chng ct p sut thng v vy qu trnh x l hydro ch yu l loi cc tp cht lu hunh, hp cht ni-t v hp cht -xy cha trong Naphtha m khng c chc nng lm no ha nguyn liu. Nguyn liu t b cha hoc t phn xng CDU c a vo b cha nguyn liu ca phn xng x l Naphtha. Nguyn liu sau c trn vi dng kh hydro ri c gia nhit ti nhit thch hp trc khi a vo l phn ng. Hn hp sn phm sau l phn ng c lm mt ri a vo bnh phn tch. Ti y, phn hydrocacbon lng c ly ra y bnh ri a sang thp sc, kh kh (cha hydro) c my nn tun hon tr li l phn ng cng nguyn liu mi. Sn phm Naphtha a vo thp sc tch ra hydrocacbon nh (LPG). Phn on Naphtha c ly ra y thp ri a tip sang thp chng ct khc tch thnh phn on Naphtha nh v nng. 6. Qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro bao gm cc phn thit b chnh sau: - B phn Thit b phn ng (vi kiu c lp m xc tc c nh). - B phn phn tch v n nh sn phm. - Cc thit b ph. B phn thit b phn ng bao gm: bnh cha nguyn liu, l phn ng, gia nhit. B phn tch sn phm bao gm cc thit b chnh: Bnh tch, thp sc tch cc hydrocacbon nh (C4-) ra khi Naphtha. Cc thit b ph bao gm: My nn tun hon, cc thit b trao i nhit, bm. 7. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh x l naphtha l phn on naphtha t thp chng ct p sut kh quyn. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, nu nh nh my ch lp t phn xng reforming m khng lp t phn xng isome ho th phn xng ny c th ch x l phn on naphtha nng. Sn phm ca qu trnh x l naphtha l cung cp nguyn liu c sch p ng c yu cu cho qu trnh reforming v qu trnh isome ho.

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Cc phn ng chnh din ra trong qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro, c tm tt nh sau: - Phn ng kh cc hp cht lu hunh: Kh mercaptan: RSH + H2 RH + H2S Kh sulfides: R2S + H2 2RH + H2S Phn ng kh cc hp cht Ni-t: Kh Pyridine: C5H5N + 5H2 C5H12 + NH3 Kh hp cht -xy:

Kh peoxides: C7H13OOH + 3H2 C7H16 + H2O 8. S cng ngh ca qu trnh isome ho trnh by nh hnh H-1.49 ca gio trnh ny. Qu trnh isome ha l qu trnh cng ngh nhm chuyn cc hydrocacbon dng paraffins mch thng thnh cc paraffins mch nhnh c tr s octan cao hn. Ngoi ra, qu trnh isome ha cn chuyn ha cc hp cht c hi vi mi trng, sc khe con ngi nh aromactics, benzen thnh cc dng hydrocacbon khc khng c hi. c bit vi cc Nh my lc du khng u t phn xng x l benzen trong xng nu khng u t phn xng isome ha th kh c th gim hm lng benzen trong xng (thng phm) xung di 1% th tch trong iu kin ch pha trn xng bng cc cu t ni ti trong nh my. Nguyn liu sau t phn xng x l c c sy kh ri a ti phn xng isome ho. Ti y, nguyn liu c trn vi dng kh hydro tun hon v mt phn b sung t phn xng reforming. Hn hp nguyn liu c gia nhit bng cc thit b trao i nhit tn dng nhit cao ca sn phm phn ng v sau c gia nhit tip bng l gia nhit ti nhit thch hp cho phn ng (nhit phn ng thch hp trong khong 95 2050C). Qu trnh isome ho s dng hai l phn ng ni tip nhau khng tun hon hn hp phn ng v kh hydro (Lead Lag Reactor). Hn hp ra khi l phn ng c qua mt dy cc thit b trao i nhit tn dng nhit cao ca hn hp phn ng gia nhit cho nguyn liu. Sn phm phn ng sau a sang thp n nh (Stabilizer) tch cc khi hydrocacbon nh (C 1-C4), hydro v HCl ra khi sn phm nh thp v a i x l tip bng dung dch kim. Dng sn phm n nh tch ra y thp ri c a ti thp tch n-hexan (DeIsohexanizer). Ti thp De-Isohexanizer thnh phn n-hexan c tr s octan thp (26 RONC) c tch ra gia thp cho quay li l phn ng ch bin tip, cc thnh phn cn li c tch ra y v nh thp ri ho trn vi nhau thnh sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh isome ho.

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9. Cc thit b chnh trong cng ngh Isome ho. bao gm: B phn thit b phn ng; B phn n nh sn phm v thu gom, x l kh;

- B phn phn tch cc cu t; - Cc thit b ph. B phn thit b phn ng gm cc thit b chnh sau: Hai l phn ng kiu m xc tc c nh t ni tip nhau, cc thit b trao i nhit. B phn n nh sn phm thu gom x l kh bao gm mt thp n nh (Stabilizer) tch cc cu t nh (C4-) ra khi sn phm v thp x l kh nh bng kim. B phn thit b ph khc nh my sy nguyn liu, my sy hydro,... 10. Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu ca qu trnh isome ho l phn on Naphtha nh (C5-82 0C) thnh phn ch yu l hydrocacbon C5/C6 v mt lng nh butan, n-C7. Tnh cht c trng, thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu v sn phm tng ng thu c ca qu trnh isome ho c tm tt trong bng di y. Hm lng Cc cu t Iso-pentane Normal pentane 2,2-Dimethybutane 2,3-Dimethybutane 2-Methypentane 3-Methypentane Normal hexane Tng trong nguyn liu (% khi lng) 22 33 1 2 12 10 20 100 Hm lng trong sn phm (% khi lng) 41 12 15 5 15 7 5 100

Xc tc: Xc tc s dng cho cng ngh isome ho hin nay c nhiu loi, tuy nhin, loi xc tc s dng ph bin hin nay l xc tc Platinium (Pt) vi cht mang khc nhau (cht mang c th l mt s loi -xyt kim loi, zeolit). Xc tc cho qu trnh isome ho c th ti sinh c tui th xc tc khong 34 nm. a s cc loi xc tc ang s dng hin nay cn b sung mt lng nh clo duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc. Sn phm v ng dng: Tnh cht sn phm ca qu trnh isome ho ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: tnh cht nguyn liu ban u, loi xc tc v thi gian s dng, vn tc th tch (LHSV), nhit v p sut phn ng. Phn on pentane trong sn phm isomerate c khong 75-80% khi lng iso-pentane,

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phn on hexane c khong 86-90% khi lng iso-hexane. Vi s cng ngh khng tch v quay vng n-paraffins (n-pentane v n-hexane) th tr s octane t khong 82-84 RON, nu c n-pentane v n-hexane c tch v cho quay vng li l phn ng th tr s octane ca sn phm c th t ti 8793 RON. Sn phm isomerate khng cn cha benzen, olefins v aromactics v vy l cu t pha xng l tng. Vi thnh phn Isomerate c c, Nh my lc du c th t pha c xng cht lng cao m khng cn phi nhp cu t t bn ngoi. Tnh cht c bn sn phm qu trnh isome c a ra bng di y: TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tnh cht C5+ T trng Aromactics Benzen Olefins Sulfur (max) p sut hi bo ho (C5+) n v o RON % TT lng % TT lng % TT lng ppm Kg/cm
2

Gi tr 8293 0,650,66 0 0 0 1 0,750,83

11. Qu trnh isome ho xy ra cc phn ng chuyn ho cc paraffins mch thng thnh cc paraffins mch nhnh, chuyn ho cc hp cht Benzen, Aromactics thnh cc dng hydrocacbon khc. Cc phn ng chnh ca qu trnh isome ho c th c tm tt nh sau: Phn ng isome ho: n-Pentane i-Pentane (62 RONC) (92 RONC) n-Hecxane 2,2-Dimethybutane v 2,3-Dimethybutane (26 RONC) (96 RONC) (84 RONC) Phn ng kh Benzen v Aromactics: Benzen c-Hecxane methyl-cyclo-Pentane n-Hecxane (120 RONC) (84 RONC) (96 RONC) (26 RONC) Cc phn ng trn u l cc phn ng to nhit, sn phm ph thuc vo iu kin cn bng nhit ng. iu kin nhit thp thch hp cho to ra cc sn phm mong mun. iu kin cng ngh thch hp cho qu trnh isome ho (vi cc xc tc thng dng hin nay) nh sau: Nhit phn ng trong khong 952050C, p sut 1734Kg/cm2, t l phn mol hydro/hydrocacbon 0,05:1, vn tc th tch (LHSV) trong khong 1-2 h-1.

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12.

Thp De-isohexanizer trong s cng ngh qu trnh isome ho

Naphtha nh c nhim v tch thnh phn n-hexan c tr s octan thp (26 RONC) ri a quay li l phn ng ch bin tip.Mc ch qu trnh ny l nng cao tr s octan ca isomerate nh nng cao c tr s octan ca xng thng phm. 13. S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l phn on trung bnh cn c minh ha nh hnh H-1.50 ca gio trnh ny. V nguyn l, qu trnh x l phn on chng ct trung bnh tng t nh qu trnh x l Naphtha bng hydro. Tuy nhin, do qu trnh x l phn on trung bnh c nhiu thnh phn l sn phm ca qu trnh cracking cha nhiu olefins, v vy, ngoi chc nng loi cc tp cht c hi, qu trnh x l phn on trung bnh bng hydro cn phi bo ho olefins tng n nh -xy ho. M t qu trnh: Nguyn liu t b cha hoc a trc tip t cc phn xng CDU, VDU v FCC ti bnh cha nguyn liu ca phn xng x l phn on trung bnh bng hydro (sau y gi tt l GO-HDT). Bnh cha nguyn liu c chc nng n nh dng chy tch mt s tp cht ko theo. Nguyn liu t bnh cha sau c bm ti b phn thit b phn ng. Ti b phn ny, nguyn liu c trn vi dng kh hydro ri a qua cc thit b trao i nhit nng nhit ca nguyn liu ti gi tr thch hp trc khi a vo l phn ng. Hn hp sn phm sau khi i ra khi l phn ng c trao i vi dng nguyn liu c nhit thp lm ngui sn phm v tng nhit ca nguyn liu. Dng sn phm phn ng sau c a ti thit b phn tch cao p nng. Ti thit b tch cao p, hydrocacbon lng c tch ra y bnh ri a ti thp chng ct, kh hydrocacbon, hydro v mt s tp cht c tch ra nh sau c lm mt, ngng t mt phn ri a ti bnh tch ngui. Ti bnh tch ngui hydrocacbon ngng t c a ti thp chng ct, kh khng ngng c my nn tun hon tr li l phn ng cng nguyn liu. 14. Qu trnh x l GO/LCO bng hydro c cha thnh hai b phn chnh: - B phn thit b phn ng; - B phn n nh v phn tch sn phm B phn phn ng bao gm: Bnh cha nguyn liu, l gia nhit nguyn liu, l phn ng, bnh phn tch cao p v thp p, my nn kh tun hon v cc thit b trao i nhit.

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B phn n nh v phn tch sn phm bao gm: thp chng ct tch hydroccbon nh ra nh v GO ra y thp. GO y thp cn cha nc, v vy cn c em i sy chn khng tch nc (Phn thit b sy khng trnh by trong s ). 15. Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu ca qu trnh x l GO/LCO l phn on chng ct trung bnh t cc phn xng chng ct p sut kh quyn (bao gm phn on nng v nh), phn xng chng ct p sut chn khng v phn on du nh tun hon (Light Cycle Oil) ca qu trnh cracking xc tc cn. Xc tc: Xc tc cho qu trnh x l bng hydro rt a dng ty theo dng nguyn liu v mc ch qu trnh. Nhn chung, xc tc cho qu trnh x l bng hydro l cc kim loi Cobalt (Co), Molybdenum (Mo), Nikel (Ni) Vnphram (W), trn nn cht mang -xit nhm v cc loi xt kim loi. Xc tc c s dng ph bin nht hin nay cho qu trnh x l GO l xc tc Ni-Mo/Al2O3 v CoMo/Al2O3 do cc xc tc ny chng t c chn lc cao, d ti sinh v kh nng chu cc cht gy ng c xc tc cao. Nu mc ch loi b hp cht Ni-t v no ho cc olefins l chnh th xc tc gm cc thnh phn Ni-Mo-Co/Al2O3 hoc Ni-Mo/Al2O3 c hiu qu cao hn, ngc li khi mc ch loi b lu hunh l chnh th s dng xc tc CoMo/Al2O3 thch hp hn v gim lng hydro tiu th. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng tt c cc loi xc tc ny u c kh nng loi b cc hp cht lu hunh v Ni-t. Ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu ban u v mc ch qu trnh m loi xc tc c th c s dng. Ngoi thnh phn ca xc tc, cu trc ca xc tc cng nh hng ln ti hot tnh ca xc tc. Xc tc cho qu trnh x l GO/LO c s dng ph bin hin nay c tui th trung bnh khong 5-6 nm v sau 2- 3 nm vn hnh cn phi c ti sinh. Vic ti sinh xc tc c th tin hnh ti ch hoc chuyn ti thit b ti sinh xc tc chuyn dng. Tnh cht sn phm v ng dng. Sn phm ca qu trnh x l GO/LCO l phn on chng ct trung bnh c cht lng tt pha trn Diesel thng phm cao cp. Phn on ny sau khi c x l bng hydro loi b c cc tp cht c hi cho sc kho v mi trng (hp cht lu hunh, ni-t v cc hp cht cha -xy), cc Olefins v Aromactics c bo ho. Do vy, sn phm Diesel c pha trn bng phn on ny ngoi vic p ng c cc ch tiu quan trng khc cn m bo c n nh mu, n nh -xy ho cao trong qu trnh tng tr, vn chuyn. Hm lng lu hunh trong sn phm sau x l c th t di 10ppm khi lng, hm lng ni-t c th t di 150ppm khi lng.

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16. Cc phn ng chnh din ra trong qu trnh x l GO bng hydro c tm tt nh sau: - Phn ng kh cc hp cht lu hunh: Kh mercaptan: R-SH + H2 R-H + H2S Kh sulfides: R-S-R + H2 R-H-R + H2S Kh disulfides: R-S-S-R + 3H2 R-H + R-H + 2H2S Phn ng kh cc hp cht Ni-t: Kh Pyridine: C5H5N + 5H2 C5H12 + NH3 Kh hp cht -xy: Kh hp cht -xy (peoxides): C7H13OOH + 3H2 C7H16 + H2O Phn ng bo ho cc Olefins (no ho): Bo ho Olefins: RCH=CHR + H2 RCH2=CH2R Bo ho Diolefins: RCH=CHCH=CHR + 2H2 RCH2CH2CH2CH2R - Kh cc hp cht Halogen: RCl + H2 RH + HCl Ngoi cc phn ng chnh trn qu trnh x l phn on GO bng hydro cn xy ra phn ng cracking cc hydrocacbon nng theo phn ng: RR + H2 RH + RH iu kin cng ngh thch hp cho qu trnh x l GO bng hydro l: nhit trong khong 3303700C; p sut tin hnh trong khong 6075Kg/cm2, tc th tch dng (LHSV) trong khong 24 h-1. 17. Phn on chng ct trung bnh thng cha nhiu tp cht (lu hunh, ni-t), ngoi ra mt s phn on ca qu trnh cracking cng c a ti x l ti phn xng ny. Phn on t phn xng cracking ngoi vic cha nhiu tp cht cn cha nhiu olefins lm gim n nh mu v n nh xy ho. Chnh v vy, phn on ny c cht lng pha trn sn phm diesel cao cp cn phi tin hnh x l loi b cc tp cht ny. Phng php x l thch hp nht loi b c tt c cc dng tp cht ny l x l bng hydro. Phng php ngt ho ch c s dng tch cc tp cht lu hunh khng c kh nng loi b cc dng tp cht khc nh ni-t, olefins, chnh v vy m phng php ny khng thch hp x l phn on chng ct trung bnh. 18. Ngoi dng thit b phn ng kiu tng si, lp xc tc c nh, lp xc tc chuyn ng c s dng ph bin, trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin cn s dng cc dng thit b phn ng c bit khc nh thit b phn ng tip xc

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kiu mng, thit b phn ng kiu ng, thit b phn ng nm ngang c thit b khuy,... Thit b phn ng kiu ng: Mt s thit b phn ng kiu ng vi b khuy trn thu lc (dng bm khuy tun hon) nng cao kh nng trn hn hp phn ng v kh nng trao i nhit. Dng thit b ny thng dng cho cc phn ng d pha, phn ng to nhit ln. Mt s cng ngh ho du p dng kiu thit b phn ng ny nh qu trnh tng hp polypropylene,... Thit b phn ng kiu ng c u im v mt trao i nhit nhng chim nhiu khng gian hn so vi l phn ng th tch. Thit b phn ng kiu nm ngang c thit b khuy: Thit b ny thch hp cho qu trnh phn ng d pha c s tham gia ca pha rn. Cc ht rn d b lng ng, v vy cn phi c s khuy trn lin tc m bo s tip xc tt gia cc pha tham gia phn ng. Thit b phn ng kiu ny thch hp cho qu trnh phn ng c nht cao, hot ng lin tc. Thit b phn ng kiu mng: Thit b phn ng tip xc kiu mng in hnh l dng thit b phn ng tip xc mng b si s dng trong cng ngh x l lu hunh (ngt ha) s dng cng ngh ca Nh bn quyn Merichem (Hoa k). BI 2 1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c minh ha nh trong hnh H-2.2A v H-2.2B. Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm hot ng theo nguyn tc trao i nhit gin tip gia hai lu th chuyn ng bn trong v bn ngoi ng trao i nhit. tng cng hiu qu trao i nhit, ngi ta to ra chiu chuyn ng ca lu th trong v ngoi ng theo phng vung gc hoc cho dng. phn phi lu th trong v ngoi ng ngi ta to ra hai khoang phn phi lu cht trong v ngoi ng khc nhau. Lu cht chy ngoi ng c cha trong v tr (Shell) cn lu cht chy trong lng ng c cha khoang u v trong lng ng. Ton b b ng c t trong v hnh tr. 2. C nhiu phng php phn chia thit b trao i nhit ng chm, tuy nhin trong thc t, cc tiu chun p dng cho sn xut thit b ny (nh TEMA, API...) thng cn c theo cu to v kiu dng chy ca khoang v (Shell), khoang u (Head) phn chia thit b trao i nhit ng chm thnh cc dng khc nhau. 3. Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm mc d c mt trao i nhit khng cao nhng vn c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip ni chung cng nh trong cng nghip ch bin du kh ni ring l nh mt s yu t:

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Thit b ny c kt cu rt a dng lm vic c hu ht cc mi trng lm vic, c bit l cc mi trng c nhit p sut cao m nhiu dng thit b trao i nhit khc khng p ng c.

H thng tiu chun p dng cho thit b trao i nhit ng chm tng i hon thin, thng dng v c chp nhn bi nhiu nh thit k, ch to v vy rt thun li cho qu trnh thit k, ch to. Thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm c kt cu n gin ch to hng lot, gi thnh khng cao;

- Vn hnh, bo dng n gin. 4. Vch ngn dng trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm c mc ch thay i ch chy ca lu th pha ngoi ng ph hp vi ch hot ng v tnh cht ca lu th. Vch ngn cn c tc dng thay i chiu chuyn ng ca lu th ngoi ng nng cao hiu qu qu trnh trao i nhit. V mt c kh, vch ngn c chc nng hnh thnh c cu nh v ng trao i nhit v tr thch hp khi lp t cng nh khi vn hnh v gi cho b ng khng b rung do s chuyn ng xoy ca lu cht. Mt s dng vch ngn thng dng (trnh by nh hnh v H-2.8 A, B, C ca gio trnh). Cc vch ngn n c s dng trong nhng trng hp yu cu v tn tht p sut khng qu quan trng, tc lu th thp. Vch ngn kp c s dng khi yu cu v tn tht p sut trong thit b thp. 5. Cu to ca mt s dng thit b trao i nhit ng chm theo phn loi ca tiu chun TEMA cn trnh by nh cc hnh H-2.10 trong gio trnh ny. Tm tt ng dng ca cc loi ny nh sau: - Loi c hai khoang cho dng chy trong ng vi mt u ng di chuyn t do (floating head) cu to m t nh hnh H-2.10A: s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch ln Loi c chm ng c nh vi hai dng chy (cho lu th ngoi ng), cu to m t nh hnh H-2.10B: c s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch khng ln, tc lu th pha ngoi ng cn c kim sot mc thp . Loi c chm ng c nh vi vnh b gin n nhit c cu to m t nh hnh H-2.10C: Loi ny c lp t theo phng thng ng, s dng cho trng hp hai lu th c nhit chnh lch ln, thng dng cho qu trnh ngng t . Loi c hai khoang cho dng chy trong ng vi mt u ng di chuyn t do (floating head) c cu to m t nh hnh H-2.10D: Loi ny c

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s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch ln. Tuy nhin, loi ny c bt kn bng hp m do vy khng s dng c trong iu kin lu th chy trong ng c p sut cao. Loi c ng trao i nhit hnh ch U vi hai khoang lu th chy ngoi ng c cu to m t nh hnh H-2.10E: Loi ny c s dng cho trng hp nhit gia hai lu th chnh lch ln, tc lu th chy ngoi ng cn c tng tc . Loi m un (Kettle) c cu to m t nh hnh H-2.10F: Loi ny

thng c s dng gia nhit hoc trao i nhit c qu trnh ngng t. 6. Nguyn nhn gy ng sut nhit trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm: Cc lu th chuyn ng trong thit b trao i nhit thng c nhit khc nhau tng i ln, v vy m nhit ca cc b phn, chi tit ca thit b trao i nhit tip xc vi cc lu th ny cng khc xa nhau nhiu, c bit l gia cc ng trao i nhit v v thit b. Nhit ca cc b phn, chi tit trong thit b khc nhau, do , gin n nhit ca cc phn ny cng khc nhau, dn n s di chuyn tng i so vi v tr ban u v sinh ra cc ng sut d cc b. y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra ng sut nhit trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm. khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta a ra cc gii php sau: To vnh b gin n nhit trn v bnh Gii php thng p dng khc phc vn gin n nhit khng ng u l to ra mt vnh b gin n nhit trn v ca thit b trao i nhit (cu to trnh by nh hnh H-2.10C). Tuy nhin, kt cu ny ch thch hp vi cc thit b trao i nhit c kch thc nh v v bnh hot ng trong iu kin p sut thp. ng trao i nhit hnh ch U Mt gii php khc khc phc hin tng gin n nhit khng u gia chm ng v v thit b trao i nhit l s dng ng trao i nhit hnh ch U (cu to m t nh hnh H-2.10E). Kt cu ny cho php chm ng v thn thit b gin n mt cch c lp nhau nh khng gy ra ng sut d do s co ko gia cc phn ny. Tuy nhin, kt cu ny c mt s hn ch nh khng cho php thay th mt cch ring r cc ng trao i nhit, khng v sinh c on cong ca ng khi bo dng, iu ny khng th chp nhn trong mt s ng dng. u ng t do

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 gii quyt vn gin n nhit khng ng u, kt cu chm ng mt u c ngom cht cng v thit b cn u kia ca chm ng c th t do. Kt cu n gin nht ca thit b kiu ny l mt sng ng u t do v mt bch u ng phi nh chuyn ng t do trong lng v thit b. Kt cu kiu ny cho php d dng lm sch lng ng v thay th cc ng mt cch c lp m khng cn phi a chm ng ra kh v thit b. Tuy nhin, kt cu ny c nhc im l s ng trong thit b b gim i so vi thit b khc c cng ng knh v. Mt s dng thit b c u di chuyn t do vi khoang u ng hon ton nm bn ngoi v ng c a vo s dng. bt kn, gia u th ni ca chm ng v v c mt hp m. Dng kt cu ny c u im ch c mt kt cu khoang u. Tuy nhin, n c nhc im l d b r r lu cht ra mi trng bn ngoi nu thit b hot ng iu kin p sut cao. 7. Hin tng rung ng chm ng ca thit b trao i nhit ng chm l do lc tc ng khng u nhau theo thi gian vo ng. C nhiu lc tc ng vo ng tuy nhin, thng thng l do ng nng dng lu th chuyn ng vung gc vi chm ng gy ra. Lc tc ng ny ch tr ln nguy him khi tn s lc tc dng trng vi tn s cng hng ca thit b. 8. Hu qu ca hin tng rung ng ng l rt nghim trng. S rung ng ca ng n n hin tng l cc vch ngn s dn dn s ct t ng ti v tr tip xc. Cc ng va p ln nhau dn n nong dn khi sng ng, ng sut bn mi vt qu gii hn cho php, b ng s dn b lng lo v y nhanh qu trnh n mn. Hin nay nhng c s khoa hc xc nh chnh xc cu hnh ca thit b trnh hin tng rung cn cha c hon thin. V vy, trong thc t ch c hai gii php hiu qu gii quyt vn ny l tng cng cng cho chm ng ti mc ti a c th (gim khong cch gia cc vch ngn) v gi tc dng chy mc thp. 9. Nguyn tc b tr dng chy trong thit b trao i nhit ng chm: V nguyn tc, hai lu th tham gia qu trnh trao i nhit trong thit b ng chm c th b tr chy pha trong hay pha ngoi ng u c th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, vic la chn dng chy ca cc lu th nh hng nhiu n yu t kinh t, v vy, ngi ta da vo mt s thng s lm c s b tr dng chy ca lu th trong thit b: p sut cao Nu mt trong hai lu th c p sut cao th lu th ny c b tr chy trong lng ng trao i nhit. Nh cch b tr ny, ch c ng v phn bt kn

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lin quan n dng chy trong ng c thit k chu c p sut cao cn v thit b c thit k iu kin t khc nghit hn. n mn Tnh n mn ca lu th quyt nh s la chn vt liu ch to thit b nhiu hn l vn thit k. Cc hp kim chng n mn thng t hn so vi cc kim loi thng, v vy, lu th c tnh n mn c b tr chy pha trong ng v thit b khng phi ch to bng vt liu chng n mn nh gim uc chi ph ch to thit b. ng cn Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc cht cn bn trong lu th s ng cn li trn thnh thit b lu th i qua. Mt s gii php c a ra trong thc t gim thiu kh nng ng cn ca lu th: - Khng vng cht trong thit b, tng tc dng chy; B tr dng lu th d ng cn chy pha trong ng, pha v c cc ca ra v thu cn nu lu th c kh nng ng cn cao chy pha ngoi ng. Lu th c h s truyn nhit thp Nu mt lu th vn c h s truyn nhit thp (cc cht kh p sut thp hoc cht lng c nht cao) th lu th ny thng c b tr chy pha ngoi ng trong mt s trng hp c th s dng ng c cnh tng cng b mt nh gim c kch thc thit b, gi thnh ch to. 10. Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn l to ra cc dng chy ca cc lu th ngc chiu nhau trong trn b mt ca cc tm trao i nhit tng cng qu trnh truyn nhit. Cc tm trao i nhit khi p cht vo nhau hnh thnh cc khe hp cho cc lu th i xen k nhau. Trong mt thit b trao i nhit c th b tr mt dng chy n (hng chy ca mt lu th trong thit b khi i qua cc tm ch theo mt hng (trnh by hnh H-2.16 A) hoc dng chy kp (dng chy ca lu th trong thit b c th phn thnh nhiu hng-trnh by minh ha nh hnh H-2.16 B). Theo mi hng chy ca mt lu th li bao gm nhiu dng song song nhau. S nguyn l hot ng chung ca thit b trao i nhit v dng chy ca cc lu th trong thit b trao i nhit dng khung bn cn c trnh by theo cc hnh v H-2.14, H-2.15 v H-2.16 ca gio trnh ny. Dng chy ca cc lu th trn b mt tm trao i nhit c th c phn b ng u (trnh by theo hnh H-2.15A) hoc cng c th c phn

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b khng u nhau (trnh by theo hnh H-2.15B) ty thuc vo kh nng ng cn ca cc lu th. 11. Thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn bao gm cc b phn chnh: - Phn khung; - Phn b mt trao i nhit. Cu to chung ca thit b cn c trnh by nh hnh v H-2.12 A ca gio trnh ny. Cu to c th ca cc b phn tm tt nh sau: Phn khun Phn khung thit b c nhim v nng ton b cc tm trao i nhit, lng cht lng cha trong thit b v to ra kt cu nh v v p cht cc tm trao i nhit vo nhau thnh mt khi cc tm trao i nhit vng chc khng cho cc lu th r r ra bn ngoi. Khung thit b bao gm cc chi tit chnh sau: u c nh, u di ng, khung , cc thanh v nh v tm trao i nhit pha di v pha trn, cc thanh bu lng xit cht cc tm trao i nhit p st vo nhau. Phn b mt trao i nhit B mt trao i nhit bao gm nhiu tm kim loi mng c dp gn xp lin nhau. Chiu ca cc gn dp trn cc tm trao i nhit khng c hng ng nht trnh to ra cc vng cht v hn ch ti a hin tng ng cn. Cc tm kim loi dp gn ny cu thnh mt tm trao i nhit, cc tm trao i nhit c ghp li vi nhau to thnh khng gian rng gia hai tm. Lu th i trong cc khe hp ny v qu trnh truyn nhit xy ra qua b mt cc tm trao i nhit ny. cc lu th khng trn ln vo nhau v r r ra mi trng gia hai tm trao i nhit ca thit b trao i nhit kiu khung bn c mt vng m bt kn. Cu to ca tm trao i nhit c cn c m t theo cc hnh H-2.13A, B, C, D ca gio trnh ny. 12. Thit b trao i nhit khung bn c ng dng ch yu trong cc qu trnh: - Qu trnh trao i nhit pha lng- lng - Qu trnh ngng t; - Qu trnh bay hi. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh thit b ny c s dng lm mt sn phm Kerosene, Isoparaffin,... Gii hn iu kin hot ng Gii hn iu kin hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit khung bn c s khc bit i cht gia cc nh ch to. Tuy nhin thng thng nhit vn

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hnh thit b trong khong-350C-+ 2000C. p sut hot ng c th t ti 14Kg/cm2. Din tch trao i nhit ca mt tm dao ng trong khong 0,02 m 2 n 4,45 m2. Lu lng ca lu th c th t ti 3500m 3/gi i vi thit b tiu chun v c th t ti 5000m 3/gi cho thit b c hai ca dn lu th vo. 13. Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn l to ra cc dng chy vung gc vi nhau ca hai lu th tham gia qu trnh trao i nhit trong cc khe hp lin k. Qu trnh trao i nhit c thc hin qua bc tng kim loi mng. Cc khe hp dn cc lu th c b tr xen k nhau c hnh thnh nh cc tm trao i nhit mng p cht v lin kt li vi nhau bng phng php hn c bit to chnh xc cao. nng cao hiu qu qu trnh trao i nhit v gim thiu lng cn ng trn thnh thit b, dng chy ca cc lu th trong li trao i nhit c phn ra nhiu ngn v dng chy trong tng ngn ny o chiu lin tc nh cc vch ngn dng lp gia cc cnh bn v li trao i nhit. Mi mt ngn bao gm nhiu khe hp song song nhau. Nguyn l hot ng v dng chy trong thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn cn c minh ha nh trong cc hnh v H-2.19 v H-2.22. ca gio trnh ny. 14. Thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn bao gm cc phn chnh sau y: - Phn khi li trao i nhit; - Phn khung; - Cc ph kin. S cu to chung ca thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn hn kn cn c minh ha nh hnh v H-2-19 ca gio trnh ny. Phn khi li trao i nhit c xem l tri tim ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn, phn ny bao gm cc chi tit: - Khi tm trao i nhit (bao gm cc tm trao i nhit c xp xp theo mt trnh t, p cht li v hn trn thit b hn c bit c chnh xc cao); - Tm ph trn v pha di khi tm trao i nhit; - Thanh lt ngoi tr (Column Liner) Phn khung ca thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn gm cc b phn chnh sau: Np y pha trn; Np y di; Tr ; Cc np cnh bn;

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Cc ph kin.

Cu to chi tit ca phn khung thit b cn c c minh ha nh trong cc hnh v H-2.21 A, H-2.21 B v H-2.19 ca gio trnh ny. 15. Thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c khong ng dng rng ri c bit l qu trnh gia nhit v lm mt nh: - Qu trnh trao i nhit pha lng-lng Qu trnh ngng t c km theo hoc khng km theo qu trnh lm mt;

- Qu trnh bay hi; - Gia nhit y thp (reboiler). Thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c ch to hot ng c trong c iu kin hon ton chn khng, trong mi trng cc tc nhn lnh. Phm vi hot ng: Thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn c th hot ng trong mi trng nhit ln ti 4000C v p sut ti 35Kg/cm2. Thng thng, thit b trao i nhit dng ny c ch to vi b mt trao i nhit t 1,5m2 n 300m2. 16. Thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex cng bao gm cc b phn chnh sau y: - Li trao i nhit; - Khung thit b; - Cc ph kin. Thit b ny ch c phn li trao i nhit c kt cu khc bit so vi thit b trao i nhit tm bn hn kn. Li trao i nhit gm cc tm kim loi mng c dp nh hnh v p li vi nhau ri hn li bng phng hn c bit c chnh xc cao ph hp vi cc bn mng (hn laser). Cc bn kim loi nh hnh sau khi hn li vi nhau s hnh thnh cc ng nh dn lu th chy xem k nhau trong li trao i nhit. Hai lu th tham gia trao i nhit t ng phn phi s i vo cc ng nh theo hng ngc chiu nhau. Li ca thit b trao i nhit c b mt ct ngang nh m t trong hnh H-2.24 (cn trnh by hnh minh ha). 17. Thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: trong lnh vc khai thc du kh (ngoi khi), trong cng nghip lc ha du, trong nh my in, cng nghip lnh, thc phm,... Thit b trao i nhit tm hn Alfarex c thit k hot ng trong khong nhit t-500C n +3500C iu kin p sut ti 40Kg/cm2. Thit b

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c thit k c th vn chuyn lu th trao i nhit vi cng sut dng ln ti 800m3/gi. 18. Thit b trao i nhit dng hn Bavex hot ng trn nguyn l trao i nhit gia hai lu th chuyn ng cho dng nhau, mt lu th chy trong lng "ng" v mt lu th chuyn ng trong mt "bn mng" (trnh by minh ha nh hnh H-2.27C trong gio trnh ny) nh vy thit b trao i nhit ny tn dng c nhng u im ca c thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn v thit b kiu ng chm. Dng chy trong " bn mng" l dng chy n khng phn ngn, dng chy trong "ng" c chia thnh nhiu ngn nh tm phn dng. Nh tm phn dng trong thit b, dng chy trong "ng" di chuyn rc rc theo chiu ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca dng trong "bn mng" (trnh by nh hnh H-2.26 trong gio trnh ny). Nh c kt cu c bit v dng chuyn ng cc lu th ct cho nhau nhiu ln hiu qu trao i nhit ca thit b trao i nhit dng hn Bavex t c rt cao. 19. Cng nh cc thit b trao i nhit kiu hn khc, thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm v ng gm cc phn chnh: - Phn li trao i nhit; - Phn v thit b. S cu to v nguyn l hot ng thit b trao i nhit dng hn phi hp kiu tm v ng trnh by nh hnh H-2.26 ca gio trnh ny. 20. Thit b trao i nhit dng hn kt hp kiu tm bn v ng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ni chung cng nh trong cng nghip ch bin ni ring. Cc lnh vc ch yu c s dng l: - Tn dng ngun nhit thi; Thit b siu lnh (trong sn xut ni-t lng, bo qun kh ha lng); Cc lu th trao i nhit c tnh n mn cao; Thit b lm mt nc tun hon bng nc bin (rt quan trng i vi cc Nh my lc ha du t cnh bin). Phm vi v ch hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kiu ny rt rng. Ty thuc vo kim loi ch to tm trao i nhit m thit b trao i nhit dng hn kt hp kiu bn v ng c th hot ng iu kin nhit t-200 0C ti + 9000C. p sut hot ng dng chy pha khe hp c th t ti 60Kg/cm2 ty thuc vo tnh cht vt liu, b dy v kiu nh hnh ca tm trao i nhit. 21. Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc hot ng theo nguyn l trao i nhit ngc dng. Hai lu th tham gia trao i nhit c b tr chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau trong cc knh hnh xoy trn c trong mt lu th chuyn ng

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t pha tm thit b ra pha ngoi cn lu th khc chuyn ng t pha ngoi vo tm thit b ri i ra khi thit b np hay y thit b ty thuc vo kt cu c th.Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc c kh nng t lm sch. Vi kt cu knh dn lu th nhn cong u lm cho xu th ng cn trn thnh tm trao i nhit rt thp. Bt k v tr no trn knh dn nu xut hin hin tng ng cn cc b s dn n tit din ca knh gim i v do tc ca lu th qua tit din ny tng ln. Khi tc dng chy tng ln s t co sch lp cn ng trn thnh knh dn. Kh nng t lm sch cho php gim c chi ph vn hnh thit b c bit khi thit b c lp t theo phng nm ngang. Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit cn trnh by minh ha nh hnh H-2.29 ca gio trnh ny. 22. Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc bao gm cc phn chnh sau: - Phn li trao i nhit; Thn thit b. Li trao i nhit ca thit b dng xoy lc c qun t hai tm kim loi mng phng, cc kim loi ny phi c kh nng gia cng ngui v c th hn c nh thp cc bon, thp khng r, titanium v thp hp kim trong trng hp thit b lm vic trong mi trng c tnh n mn cao (cu to cn trnh by nh hnh H-2.30 trong gio trnh ny). Thn thit b trao i nhit gm c: V cha li trao i nhit, np y v chn thit b. 23. Thit b trao i nhit kiu xoy lc c ng dng cho tt c cc qu trnh trao i nhit lng-lng, lng-hi hoc lng-kh. Thit b ny thch hp cho cc lu th c khuynh hng d b ng cn hoc c ln cc ht rn bn trong lu th. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, thit b trao i nhit thng c s dng tn dng nhit ca cc dng kh thi, trong cc phn xng x l nc thi kim sot nhit nc thi. Thit b trao i nhit xoy lc thng thng c th hot ng ti 4000C, loi thit b khng s dng vng m c th hot ng nhit ti 8500C. Cc thit b trao i nhit xoy lc c bn c thit k hot ng iu kin p sut ti 15Kg/cm2, trong mt s trng hp c bit thit b c th c thit k hot ng di p sut ti 30Kg/cm2. 24. Thit b trao i nhit phi hp tm bn v ng chm hot ng theo nguyn l trao i nhit gia hai lu th chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau, mt lu th chuyn ng pha trong bn mng v mt lu th chuyn ng pha bn ngoi v thit b. Dng lu th chuyn ng pha trong bn mng ging nh

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trong thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn, cn dng lu th chuyn ng phia v c chiu chuyn ng v phn dng nh trong thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm. hnh thnh khng gian cho lu th chuyn ng pha bn mng, hai tm kim loi hnh trn c dp gn ni sau hn mp li vi nhau hnh thnh knh kn cha lu th. Lu th th hai chuyn ng pha v s i vo phn khng gian gia cc cp a hn kn. Qu trnh truyn nhit xy ra ti b mt ca cc a trao i nhit. Dng lu th chy pha v thit b cng c phn dng nh thit b trao i nhit kiu ng chm tng hiu qu qu trnh truyn nhit. minh ha cn trnh by hnh v nh hnh H-2.35 trong gio trnh ny. 25. Thit b trao i nhit phi hp tm bn v ng chm bao gm hai phn chnh: - Phn li trao i nhit (tm bn); Phn v. Cu to phn v: Phn v thit b trao i nhit ny bao gm hai b phn chnh: Phn thn hnh tr di c np kn hai u v cc vch ngn dng. V thit b c chc nng chnh: Cha v nh hng dng lu th chuyn ng pha v; cha li trao i nhit. V thit b c th l kt cu hn hoc gn mt bch nhm thun li cho vic v sinh thit b phn v. Phn li trao i nhit: Li trao i nhit c cu to t nhiu cp a trao i nhit hnh trn hn kn vi nhau tng i mt. Mi cp a hn kn ny s to ra mt khoang cho lu th chy trong bn mng. Khi cc cp a ny c ghp st li gn nhau s hnh thnh khe hp cho lu th pha v i qua. Khi cc lu th chuyn ng qua cc khe hp pha trong bn mng v pha ngoi bn mng (pha v) qu trnh trao i nhit s din ra. Mt ng phn phi lu th chy pha trong bn mng v mt ng thu gom lu th ny sau khi trao i nhit c hn cng cng vi cc cp a trao i nhit hnh thnh kt cu li trao i nhit vng chc. tng cng qu trnh trao i nhit, ngi ta lp thm cc vch ngn dng chy ca lu th chy pha v. Cn trnh by thm s cu to ca thit b nh hnh H-2.35 ca gio trnh ny. 26. Thit b trao i nhit kt hp tm bn v ng chm c s dng cho cc lu th c tnh n mn cao nh axit m cc thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn truyn thng khc c s dng vng m bt kn khng dng c. Thit b trao i nhit kt hp tm bn v ng chm c s dng cho cc qu trnh cng ngh sau: - Gia nhit;

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Lm mt (bao gm c trong cng ngh siu lnh); Tn dng nhit thi; Qu trnh bay hi v ngng t.

Khong hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit kt hp tm bn v ng chm rt rng v trong iu kin cng ngh tng i khc nghit. Thit b ny c th hot ng trong iu kin nhit n 9000C v p sut ti 100Kg/cm2. 27. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in hot ng trn nguyn l trao i nhit gin tip gia hai lu th chuyn ng trong cc ng dn nh. Thit b ny c cu to t cc bn hp kim phng vi ng i ca cc dng lu th c khc bng my quang ha trn cc tm kim loi ny. Qu trnh ch to ny tng t nh cng ngh ch to bo mch in t. T cc tm kim loi c khc ny s hnh thnh nn cc ng i ca cc lu th trao i nhit. 28. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in th hin c nhng u im khi s dng iu kin nhit , p sut v mi trng n mn cao ni m khng cho php s dng cc thit b trao i nhit tm bn truyn thng khc. Nh thit k v kt cu c bit m thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c ng dng rt a dng: c th dng cho nhiu dng lu th khc nhau t pha lng n pha kh hoc hn hp hai pha, cu hnh b tr dng chy t mt ngn cho n nhiu ngn, chiu dng chy cc lu th t kiu ngc chiu cho n cng chiu, cho dng hoc phi hp cc kiu dng chy ny vi nhau. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin du kh, thit b ny c s dng lm thit b trao i nhit kiu nguyn liu/dng sn phm nng ( tn dng nhit), cc qu tng hp nhin liu, qu trnh kh nc, cc qu trnh thu hi hi nhin liu v lm mt cc my nn ch trong cng ngh ch bin kh. Thit b c th lm vic iu kin p sut tiu chun l 200Kg/cm2 v hon ton c th hot ng trong khong p sut t 300500Kg/cm2. Thit b ny cng c th hot ng trong di nhit rt rng, t ch nhit siu lnh (-2000C) cho n +9000C. 29. Cc nguyn tc c bn tit kim nng lng tiu th trong nh my lc ha du bao gm: Ci thin ch hot ng ca my mc thit b Ch hot ng ca my mc, thit b nh hng n nng lng tiu th ca ton b nh my. gim nng lng tiu th, mt s nguyn tc chnh c xem xt, p dng: - Gim t l dng hi lu trong cc thp chng ct;

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Gim lng hi sc; Gim p sut vn hnh thit b; Gim t l H2/hydrocacbon;

- iu chnh ch hot ng ca cc tua bin, my nn; - iu chnh t l hn hp kh t ph hp; Ci thin thit b v xc tc Kt cu ca thit b, xc tc c nh hng tng i nhiu ti nng lng tiu th, v vy, tit kim nng lng th cn phi ci thin thit b v xc tc s dng. Cc bin php chnh l: - Thay i xc tc hiu sut qu trnh cao hn, tiu hao nng lng ph tr thp hn; Thay cc h thng bm, h thng chn khng; Thay i cch b tr h thng thit b trao i nhit tn dng nhit mt cch hiu qu hn; - Ci thin lp cch nhit, bo n gim nhit mt mt. 30. Tn nhit t cc dng cng ngh c nhit cao mang li cc li ch c bn: Gim c nng lng tiu th cho qu trnh gia nhit (cho nguyn liu, dng cng ngh khc) v nng lng cho lm mt dng cng ngh c nhit cao ny. Vic gim tiu hao nng lng khng ch gim c chi ph vn hnh m cn c ngha bo v mi trng to ln do gim c lng kh thi vo mi trng. 31. c im ca dng kh c nhit cao v cha cu t c nhit tr cao l ngoi nhit nng cn cha ngun nng lng c th cung cp nu t chy hn hp ny. Cu t cha trong hn hp ny thng l cc cht c hi i vi con ngi v mi trng (CO, hydrocacbon,..) Chnh v vy, tn dng c ngun nng lng ny khng ch c ngha v mt kinh t m cn gp phn bo v mi trng. tn dng ngun nng lng ny, ngi ta thng dng cc tua bin tn dng nhit kt hp vi vic t hn hp thu ngun nhit t cc cu t trong dng thi. Nh qu trnh ny m cc cht c hi c x l, nhit dng thi gim xung. 32. Vic tn dng nhit ca dng kh thi l t c nhit cao c ngha tng t nh tn dng dng cng ngh c nhit cao l gim chi ph vn hnh v gp phn bo v mi trng. Ngoi ra, vic tn dng ngun nhit ny trnh vic thi mt ngun nhit cao vo mi trng gy ra cc nh hng tiu cc.

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33. C nhiu tiu ch la chn dng thit b trao i nhit, tuy nhin v c bn cc tiu ch chnh c xem xt bao gm: - Yu cu v nhit v thy lc; Tnh tng thch ca vt liu ch to; tin cy vn hnh; Vn bo dng; p ng nhng quy nh v an ton, sc khe v mi trng; Gi thnh thit b.

Bt k mt thit b trao i nhit no c la chn phi c kh truyn c lng nhit vi cng sut xc nh vi khong nhit vo/ra ca cc lu th tham gia trao i nhit dao ng trong mt gii hn cho php, ng thi tn tht p sut trong thit b trong gii hn cho php c xc nh bi iu kin cng ngh hay yu t kinh t. Thit b c la chn phi c kh nng chu c ng sut sinh ra do chnh lch p sut v nhit gia cc lu th v gia cc vng khc nhau. Vt liu la chn ch to thit b phi chu c tnh n mn. Thit b trao i nhit c la chn phi p ng c y yu cu ca cc tiu chun an ton. Cc tiu ch c bn la chn s b kiu, dng thit b trao i nhit m ngi thit k cn phi xem xt bao gm: gii hn nhit , p sut hot ng ca cc dng thit b trao i nhit, tc chy ca cc lu th, gii hn lu th s dng v di b mt trao i nhit ca cc thit b ny thng sn c trn th trng ca cc nh ch to v cung cp thit b. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu rng b mt trao i nhit khng phi l iu kin tin quyt cho vic la chn v c th b tr cc thit b hot ng song song nhau p ng yu cu v b mt trao i nhit. Tm tt cc tiu ch chnh la chn s b dng thit b trao i nhit trnh by nh bng 2.1 ca gio trnh ny. BI 3 1. H thng kh nn c vai tr quan trng trong hot ng ca ca nh my ch bin du kh. Kh nn cung cp cho h thng iu khin t ng nh my (ch yu l cc van iu khin bng kh nn), ng lc cho mt s dng c sa cha. Cc cm kh nn cc b cn cung cp dng cng ngh quan trng cho mt s qu trnh (t coke,...). 2. S cng ngh trnh by nh hnh v H-3.1. Theo s ny, khng kh c cc my nn nn ti p sut thch hp (thng thng t 7-11Kg/cm2), c lm mt ri a ti bnh cha kh t. Mt phn hi nc trong khng kh c ngng t v tch ra. Lng hi nc trong khng kh nn yu cu rt

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thp, v vy, cn phi tip tc tch hi m ra khi kh nn cho ti khi t yu cu v m cho php. Khng kh c a ti bnh sy kh, ti y hi nc tip tc c tch ra khi khng kh nn ti gii hn yu cu. Cc ht rn ln trong khng kh cng c tch ra y trong thit b sy. Khng kh sau khi ra khi thit b sy kh c a ti bnh cha kh nn. Bnh cha kh nn c chc nng bnh n p sut cung cp cho cc h tiu th v l ngun d tr kh nn trong trng hp cc my nn gp s c hoc h thng phi ngng hot ng hon ton do mt in. 3. H thng kh nn trong nh my ch bin du kh thng s dng hai loi my nn l: my nn ly tm v my nn kiu trc vt. Thng thng my nn kiu trc vt c s dng cho h thng kh nn nu cng sut yu cu nm trong di cng sut cc my nn trc vt thng dng ca cc nh sn xut. So vi cc my nn khc nh my nn pt-tng v my nn ly tm my nn trc vt c nhiu u im: So vi my nn kiu pt-tng: - Khng c b phn chu tc dng ca ng sut mi do phi hot ng lin tc (xc mng pt-tng, van), do vy t phi bo dng. - Khng c b phn giao ng lch tm, v vy my t rung ng hn nh chi ph cho nn mng cng t hn. - Kh nng phc v cao t ti 99%. So vi my nn kiu ly tm: - Kh nn c th cha bi (cho php ti 300 mg/m3) hoc git lng (iu m my nn khc dng nh khng cho php); - Vn tc u ra thp v vy cho php a cht lng vo dng vi mc ch lm mt hoc ra sch; Lu lng th tch ca ht my dng nh khng i khi t s nn thay i do vy khng gy ra hin tng sung; C p ng rt tt gia mc ti v nng sut tiu th: 50% lu lng tng ng 50% vn tc v tiu th nng lng bng 50%; Hot ng di vn tc cng hng th nht ca trc quay, v vy, khng gy ra hin tng rung ng nguy him khi my vt qua vn tc cng hng ny.

Tuy nhin, my nn trc vt c nhc im l gi thnh ch to thng cao hn so cc loi my nn ly tm, pt-tng v di cng sut ca my nn trc vt thng thp hn so my nn ly tm.

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4. H thng kh nn thng dng trong nh my lc ha du bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: - Cc my nn kh; Bnh cha nn t; Bnh sy; Bnh cha kh nn kh;

- H thng phn phi. My nn kh vic cung cp kh nn c lin tc vi tin cy cao, trong thc t, s my nn thng c b tr l ba (3) vi cng sut mi my p ng 100% cng sut kh nn theo thit k, cc my nn hot ng theo nguyn tc: 1 my hot ng, mt my d phng v mt my ang trong giai on bo dng. Bnh cha kh nn t Bnh cha kh t c chc nng cha kh nn c lm mt t my nn kh a ti. Thng thng, hai bnh cha kh nn t mi bnh c sc cha bng 100% cng sut ca h thng. Hai bnh cha ny hot ng theo nguyn tc mt bnh hot ng mt bnh trng thi ngh. Thit k theo nguyn tc ny m bo thng xuyn bo dng/sa cha c bnh cha cng nh m bo cng tc thanh tra nh k bt buc m khng nh hng n hot ng lin tc ca h thng. Bnh sy Qu trnh sy kh nn tch hi nc hot ng theo nguyn l sy lnh. Khng kh nn s c lm lnh ti nhit nht nh (ty thuc vo yu cu tch m ra khi kh nn). Mc ch tch hi nc ra khi kh nn l trnh hin tng ngng t hi nc trn ng ng gy n mn ng ng. V vy, mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca kh nn iu khin l nhit im sng (Dew point), nhit ny ty thuc vo iu kin kh hu ni t nh my. Vi cc vng n i nhit im sng ca kh nn yu cu ti-400C, vi vng xch o v nhit i, nhit im sng c th c quy nh cao hn (trong khong- 150C-+50C). V nguyn tc, nhit im sng ca kh nn cng thp th cng tt, tuy nhin, chi ph u t cho thit b sy v ch ph vn hnh cng cao. tch nc c hiu qu, trc mi bnh sy ngi ta lp t mt b lc tch du ko theo nhm trnh hin tng to nh tng trong b phn by nc. Sau mi bnh sy, mt thit b lc ht rn c lp t tch cc ht rn v cc cn bn dng rn ko theo khc. Cc ht rn c kch thc ln hn 3

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m s b loi ra khi kh nn. Tng lng cc cht rn trong kh nn sau khi ra khi bnh sy khng c php vt qu 0.1 g/m3. Thng thng trong mt h thng sn xut kh nn trong nh my lc ha du c hai bnh sy mi bnh c thit k 100% cng sut. Bnh cha kh nn kh Bnh cha kh kh c nhim v bnh n p sut cung cp cho cc h tiu th v d tr kh nn iu khin trong trng hp khn cp. Ty theo quan im v m bo an ton hot ng m th tch bnh cha kh nn c xc nh vi cng sut cha m bo duy tr hot ng cc thit b trong vng 10 ti 20 pht. Thng thng trong h thng kh nn c hai bnh cha, mi bnh cha c dung tch m bo 100% cng sut iu kin hot ng bnh thng. H thng phn phi Kh nn t bnh cha kh nn kh s c phn phi ti cc h tiu th qua mng li ng ng trong hng ro Nh my. Kh nn c hai mc ch s dng: cho dng thit b iu khin v kh nn cng ngh. Trong hai mc ch s dng ny, kh nn iu khin s c u tin hn so kh nn cng ngh . Trong trng hp tng nhu cu cc loi kh nn trong nh my ti mt thi im no vt qu kh nng p ng ca h thng kh nn th h thng iu khin s t ng ng van cp kh cho mng li kh cng ngh. H thng ng ng phn phi kh nn trong ton nh my c thit k sao cho tn tht p sut ti v tr xa nht ca h thng khng vt qu 10% p sut u y ca my nn. 5. Cc yu cu c bn ca kh nn iu khin bao gm: - Nhit im sng; - Lng cc ht rn; - p sut cp; - Nhit kh nn. 6. S nguyn l hot ng ca van nh trong hnh H-3.7. Nguyn l hot ng ca van iu khin kh nn rt n gin: Kh nn a vo mt bn ca mng p sut to ra p lc, ty theo cn bng gia p lc ca kh nn v lc cng ca l so trong van m trc van s chuyn ng tnh tin theo hng ng hay m van thc hin qu trnh iu khin. Mi mt p sut kh nn cp vo van s tng ng vi mt v tr ca cung van v nh iu tit c dng chy theo mun. 7. Trong nh my ch bin du kh, ngoi nhu cu kh nn cho h thng iu khin, nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc cn kh nn vi cng sut ln v khng

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yu cu cht lng kh nn cao, v vy cn phi tch mt s h thng kh nn c yu cu ring thnh h thng cc b. Vic tch ring cc h thng kh nn cho php gim c vn du t v chi ph vn hnh. 8. S cng ngh h thng cp kh nn cc b trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si cn trnh by nh trong hnh H-3.9 ca gio trnh. Kh nn c nn ti p sut thch hp ri a qua thit b gia nhit trc khi a vo bung t ti sinh xc tc. Cc my nn thng s dng l my nn hng trc vi yu cu p sut khng cao lm. My nn kh c dn ng bng tua bin hi . 9. Cu to my nn kh hng trc c m t trong hnh H-3.11 v H-3.12A. My nn hng trc gm cc b phn chnh: Phn R-to; Phn Stato; V my v cc chi tit ph.

My nn kiu hng trc l my nn nhiu cp. ci thin ch hot ng ca my nn, giai on nn cui ngi ta lp thm mt vnh nn ly tm tng p sut u nn. Giai on nn hng trc kh nn tng p nh h thng cnh nn tnh lp trn Stato v cnh nn ng lp trn R-to. nghing ca cnh nn tnh c th iu chnh c nh tang trng lp cnh nn tnh ca Stato. 10. My nn hng trc bnh thng khng c vnh nn ly tm nn p sut u ca nn thp hay xy ra hin tng nghn ca nn nh hng n hot ng chung ca h thng. khc phc hin tng ny, giai on nn cui ngi ta lp thm mt vnh nn ly tm tng p sut u ra ca kh nn. 11. Kh ni-t c vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo vn hnh an ton nh my ch bin du kh. Ni-t c s dng vi t cch l mt kh tr cch ly cc mi trng m khi tip xc vi nhau s gy ra nguy c chy n. Ni-t cn c tch dng bo v cc cht d b -xy ho bng cch to ra mt mi trng ngn cch (trong cc b cha nhin liu v cc sn phm trung gian d b -xy ho). Ngoi ra ni-t cn c s dng ui khng kh ra khi thit b trong giai on chun b chy th v trong qu trnh bo dng my mc, thit b. 12. Hin nay c ba phng php chnh sn xut kh ni-t i t khng kh: Phng php ho lng khng kh ri chng luyn truyn thng; Phng php hp ph phn t (Pressure Swing Adsorption-PSA) Phng php mng lc phn t (hp ph phn t) kt hp k thut siu lnh (molecular sieve adsorption and Cryogenic air separation).

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Phng php nn kh ho lng ri chng luyn c u im l cng sut h thng ln, cho php sn xut c ni-t c cht lng cao. Nhc im ca phng php ny l u t thit b ln, p sut h thng cao v vy vic m bo an ton thit b yu cu rt cao. Phng php hp ph phn t (Pressure Swing Adsorption-PSA): H thng n gin, hot ng p sut thp, tuy nhin, h thng ny ch sn xut c ni-t trng thi kh, v vy khng ph hp nhu cu a dng trong cc nh my ch bin du kh (c bit l nh my lc du). Phng php mng lc phn t kt hp k thut siu lnh (molecular sieve adsorption and Cryogenic air separation): Phng php ny c u im l cho php sn xut c c ni-t c dng kh v dng lng ph hp nhu cu s dng trong nh my ch bin du kh. Tuy nhin, cng ngh sn xut tng i phc tp. 13. S cng ngh qu trnh sn xut ni-t bng phng php mng lc phn t v k thut siu lnh cn c trnh by nh trong hnh H-3.19 ca gio trnh ny. Qu trnh sn xut ni-t bng phng php ny c m t nh sau: Khng kh c nn ti p sut thch hp sau c lm mt nh h thng lm mt ca my nn. Khng kh nn sau khi lm mt tip tc c lm lnh xung khong 200C ri a ti thp hp th phn t. Ti y, kh cacbonic v hi m c tch ra nh cc lp m hp ph phn t chn lc. Cc thp hp ph ny lm vic theo nguyn tc gin on, mt hot ng v mt trng thi ti sinh. Sau , khng kh sch tip tc c a n ti thit b trao i nhit vi dng sn phm lnh i ra t thp siu lnh. Kh nn sau khi ra khi cc thit b trao i nhit ny trng thi gn ngng t. Khng kh c nhit thp c a vo thp siu lnh. y, ni-t v -xy c phn tch ra ring bit do c nhit ngng t khc nhau. Kh -xy lng c tch ra y thp, kh ni-t ngng t mt phn nh thp v cho hi lu li thp siu lnh. Phn kh ni-t khng ngng t c a ti h thng phn phi, mt phn kh ni-t ngng t c a ti b cha ni-t lng. 14. H thng cung cp ni-t bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: - B phn sn xut kh ni-t tinh khit; - B phn tng tr; - B phn phn phi. B phn sn xut Ni-t bao gm cc thit b chnh: My nn kh vi h thng lm mt, thp hp ph phn t, thit b trao i nhit v thp siu lnh.

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B phn ny c chc nng sn xut ra Ni-t hai dng lng v kh m bo ng cht lng yu cu (thnh phn, p sut,...) B phn tng tr v bay hi: B phn ny bao gm bnh cha v thit b bay hi. B phn ny c nhim v tng tr ngun Ni-t lng d phng v cung cp Ni-t cho h thng phn phi trong trng hp nhu cu s dng ni-t tng ln t ngt so vi lng Ni-t dng kh ca h thng cung cp. H thng phn phi: H thng ny c chc nng a kh Ni-t ti cc h tiu th trong nh my ng p sut yu cu. m bo an ton cung cp cho cc h tiu th c bit. 15. Cc h tiu th Ni-t chnh trong nh my ch bin du kh: Kh Ni-t c tiu thu ch yu cho cc mc ch cch ly mi trng nh trong phn xng ti sinh xc tc, cc khu b cha sn phm trung gian v sn phm cui cng d b -xy ho. Trong giai on chy th nh my mt lng ln Ni-t c s dng vi mc ch ui kh ra khi thit b. Cht lng Ni-t phi p ng c cc yu cu di y: Thnh phn Nitrogen Carbon (CO) -xy Carbonic (CO2) Chlorine Hydrocarbons Nc Hydrogen Kh tr khc BI 4 1. Mc ch qu trnh lm sch cc sn phm trung trung gian v sn phm cui cng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh l loi cc cht gy c hi i vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng ra khi cc sn phm du kh. Ngoi ra, qu trnh lm sch cn l bc chun b nguyn liu cho mt s qu trnh cng ngh m s c mt ca mt s tp cht s nh hng n hiu sut, cht lng sn phm qu trnh v tui th ca xc tc, thit b. Vi mt s qu trnh, s c mt ca mt s tp cht (hp cht cha lu hunh, Ni-t, kim loi Monoxide n v o (% vol min) ppm vol max ppm S lng 99.7 20 10 20 1 5 5 20 phn cn li

369

nng,...) s lm ng c xc tc, v vy nguyn liu trc khi a vo cc l phn ng phi c x l loi b tp cht ny. Cc tp cht chnh tn ti trong cc sn phm du m cn phi c loi b l cc hp cht cha lu hunh, hp cht cha Ni-t, cc kim loi nng, cc cht c hi nh Benzen, Phenol,... 2. C nhiu gii php lm sch sn phm du m, tuy nhin cc cng ngh chnh s dng hin nay lm sch sn phm du m l; - Phng php x l bng hydro; Phng php ngt ho. Phng php ngt ho bao gm cng ngh x l dng kim v khng dng kim; Phng php x l bng hydro l phng php x l trit nht cho php loi b c hu ht cc tp cht cha trong hydrocacbon. Sn phm x l theo phng php ny cho php gim c tng lng lu hunh v cc hp cht olefins. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l u t thit b tng i cao, vn hnh phc tp, qu trnh hot ng lin quan n nhiu phn xng h thng trong nh my. Phng php x l bng kim c u im ni bt l thit b n gin, u t thp. Tuy nhin, cng ngh x l ny ch loi c tp cht l hp cht ca lu hunh v cc tp cht di dng a-xt m khng loi c cc tp cht khc. Cng ngh x l ny cng khng lm thay i nhiu tng lng lu hunh trong sn phm (tr trng hp x l LPG) m ch thay i kiu lin kt ca hp cht lu hunh trong sn phm. Mt yu im ca phng php ny l lng cht thi ra mi trng tng i ln. Phng php ngt ho khng s dng kim c u im l thit b n gin, d vn hnh, u t thp, lng cht thi vo mi trng khng ln. Tuy nhin, cng nh phng php ngt ho c s dng kim, phng php ny cng ch x l c cc tp cht cha lu hunh m khng x l c cc dng tp cht khc. 3. Qu trnh x l bng hydro cho php thu c sn phm c cht lng tt hn: sn phm sau x l sch hn, cc tp cht b x l trit hn. Phng php ny cn cho php ci thin c hiu sut thu hi sn phm. Sn phm c x l bng phng php ny hon ton loi b tp cht ra khi dng sn phm m khng ging phng php khc ch chuyn ho dng tn ti ca tp cht. Qu trnh x l hydro cn gip sn phm c n nh -xy ho cao hn nh loi b c cc tp cht cha -xy v no ho cc lin kt i. Tuy nhin, phng php x l bng hydro cng gy ra mt s nh hng khng tt ti

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cht lng sn phm, v d nh lm gim tr s Otane ca Naphtha cracking. Qu trnh x l bng hydro din ra cc qu trnh lm sch chnh sau: Qu trnh kh lu hunh Kh mercaptan: R-SH + H2 R-H + H2S Kh sulfides: R-S-R + H2 R-H-R + H2S Kh disulfides: R-S-S-R + 3H2 R-H + R-H + 2H2S Kh Thiophene:

Qu trnh kh Ni-t Kh Pyridine: C5H5N + 5H2 C5H12 + NH3 Qu trnh kh hp cht -xy Kh hp cht -xy (peoxides): C7H13OOH + 3H2 C7H16 + H2O Kh Phenol:

Qu trnh no ha Bo ho Olefins: RCH=CH R + H2 RCH2=CH2 R Bo ho Diolefins: R CH=CHCH=CHR + 2H2 RCH2CH2CH2CH2R Qu trnh kh cc hp cht Halogen: RCl + H2 RH + HCl Qu trnh cracking hydrocacbon nng theo phn ng RR + H2 RH + RH 4. Cng ngh x l c s dng kim (NaOH) da trn kh nng "trch ly" hp cht lu hunh (mercaptans, H2S) t pha hydrocacbon ca dung dch kim v sau -xy ho thu hp cht disulfides. Cng ngh ngt ho bng dung dch kim l cng ngh truyn thng c s dng tng i rng ri. Cng ngh ngt ha s dng kim ch loi b c cc tp cht lu hunh m khng loi b c cc tp cht khc. Sau khi x l, tng lng lu hunh t thay i. Qu trnh kh tp cht chnh bao gm -xy ha H2S v Mercaptans theo cc phn ng: 2 H2S + 2 O2 + 2 NaOH Na2S2O3 + 3 H2O

371

4 RSH +

O2

2RSSR + 2 H2O

5. Phng php ngt ho khng s dng kim (Caustic-free Technology) da trn qu trnh -xy ho mercaptans (thiols) c s tham gia ca xc tc trong mi trng ammonia. Cng ngh x l ny cng nh cng ngh x l c s dng kim ch loi b c tp cht lu hunh, khng loi b c cc tp cht khc. Sn phm sau khi x l khng thay i tng lng lu hunh. Phng php x l ny c mt s u im: - Mi trng lm vic khng c tnh n mn, nhit lm vic gn nhit mi trng, p sut lm vic thp, v vy vt liu ch to thit b c th s dng thp cacbon cho php gim chi ph u t; Vn hnh thit b d dng, chi ph vn hnh thp; Hiu qu x l cao; Gim c lng kim thi vo mi trng v vn x l lng kim thi. Qu trnh x l tp cht l -xy ha Mercaptans theo phnng: 4RSH + O2 2RSSR + 2H2O 6. Tp cht chnh cha trong kh ha lng l cc hp cht ca lu hunh (H2S, Mercaptans, v Carbonyl Sulfide). x l cc tp cht ny bng phng php ngt ha phi s dng kim. Qu trnh loi cc tp cht ny din ra theo cc phn ng sau: H2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H20 RSH + NaOH RSNa + H20 COS + 4NaOH Na2S + Na2CO3 + 2H20 S cng ngh qu trnh x l LPG cn trnh by nh trong hnh H-4.4 ca gio trnh ny. 7. Cc yu t chnh nh hng ti hiu qu qu trnh loi cc tp cht trong LPG bng kim bao gm: - Nng dung dch kim; - Tc tun hon dung dch kim; - Nhit thc hin qu trnh; - p sut thc hin qu trnh 8. Thit b chnh ca qu trnh x l LPG bng kim tng i n gin, bao gm: Thit b tip xc bc mt; Thit b phn chia bc mt; Thit b tip xc bc hai;

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Thit b phn chia bc hai v thit b lc;

9. Phng php tng b mt tip xc pha truyn thng l tng cng s phn tn ca pha ny vo pha kia vi kch thc ht phn tn cng nh cng tt. Chnh v vy m phng php ny c nhiu nhc im nu p dng trong qu trnh x l hydrocacbon bng kim. C th l: Tng tp cht trong sn phm do hin tng ko theo, tng kch thc thit b phn tch pha hoc phi u t thm thit b lc (m Coaleser) do lm tng u t. Thit b tip xc da trn nguyn tc mi v tng b mt tip xc pha l da trn kh nng thm t ca cht lng trn b mt vt rn nh tng c ng k b mt tip xc pha tnh trn mt n v th tch cht lng. Thit b tip xc kiu mi cn da trn hin tng ma st gia hai cht lng c tc chuyn ng khc nhau s lm thay i b mt phn pha v ko cc lp cht lng cng chuyn ng nhng khng trn ln vo nhau. 10. Tp cht chnh cha trong phn on Kerosene l cc hp cht ca lu hunh (H2S, Mercaptans) v a-xt Naphthenic. Qu trnh loi cc tp cht ny din ra theo cc phn ng sau: 2 H2S + 2 O2 + 2 NaOH Na2S2O3 + 3 H2O 4 RSH + O2 2RSSR + 2 H2O R-COOH + Na OH RCOONa + H2O S cng ngh qu trnh x l Kerosene cn trnh by nh trong hnh H-4.7 ca gio trnh ny. 11. Cc yu t chnh nh hng ti hiu qu qu trnh loi cc tp cht trong Kerosene bng kim bao gm: - Nng dung dch xt; - Tc tun hon dung dch kim; - Nhit thc hin qu trnh; - p sut thc hin qu trnh. 12. Thit b chnh ca qu trnh x l Kerosene bng kim tng i n gin, bao gm: - Cm thit b x l a-xt Naphthenic (bao gm thit b tip xc v thit b phn tch pha); - Cm thit b -xy ho Mercaptans (bao gm thit b tip xc v thit b phn tch pha); Cm thit b ra bng nc (bao gm thit b tip xc v thit b phn tch pha); Thit b sy bng mui;

373

Thit b lc bng t st.

13. Tp cht chnh cha trong phn on Naphtha l cc hp cht ca lu hunh (H2S, Mercaptans) v a-xt Naphthenic. Qu trnh loi cc tp cht ny din ra theo cc phn ng sau: 2 H2S + 2 O2 + 2 NaOH Na2S2O3 + 3 H2O 4 RSH + O2 2RSSR + 2 H2O ROH + Na OH Na OR + H2O S cng ngh qu trnh x l Naphtha cracking cn trnh by nh trong hnh H-4.12 ca gio trnh ny. 14. Cc yu t chnh nh hng ti hiu qu qu trnh loi cc tp cht trong Naphtha bng kim bao gm: Nng dung dch kim; Tc tun hon dung dch kim; T np khng kh vo pha hydrocacbon; Nhit thc hin qu trnh; p sut thc hin qu trnh.

15. Thit b chnh ca qu trnh x l Naphtha bng kim tng i n gin, bao gm: - Thit b tip xc; - Thit b phn tch pha Thit b tip xc c s dng trong qu trnh x l Naphtha bng kim l thit b tip xc kiu b simng do Merichem (Hoa k) pht trin. Thit b phn tch pha l thit b trch ly kiu nm ngang pha bn trong c lp mt mt lp m lc dung dch kim ko theo pha hydrocacbon. 16. Mc ch ca qu trnh ra Kerosene bng nc sau khi ra khi thit b xy ho trong cng ngh x l Kerosene bng kim l ho tan cc ht kim, Naphthenic cn bm theo pha hydrocacbon. Vic loi b cc tp cht ny ngoi vic m bo cht lng sn phm cn nng cao tui th ca cc thit b cng ngh pha sau. 17. Mc ch ca qu trnh sy Kerosene bng mui l tch hm lng nc t do trong pha hydrocacbon nh kh nng ht m mnh ca mui. Trong qu trnh x l, mt lng nc cun theo sn phm cn phi c loi b p ng tiu chun cht lng sn phm v hm lng nc t do (c bit khi Kerosene c s dng l nhin liu phn lc). Nguyn l hot ng: Nh trnh by, nguyn l hot ng ca qu trnh ny l da trn i lc ht m ca mui cao hn so pha hydrocacbon, do vy khi

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dng hydrocacbon i qua m mui th hi m cha trong pha hydrocacbon s bm vo cc ht mui. Hi m trn mt ht mui s hnh thnh nc v ho tan cc mui thnh dung dch chy xung y thit b sy v c tho ra nh k. 18. Mc ch ca qu trnh lc Kerosene bng t st l loi b cc tp cht c hc, cc cht to bt, hi m, cc cht hot ng b mt v cc cc hp cht hu c vi kim loi nng lm nh hng ti cc ch tiu cht lng sn phm. Thit b lc bng t st l ca gc cui cng m bo cht lng sn phm v hiu chnh, b p nhng sai st ca cc qu trnh x l pha trc. Nguyn l qu trnh: Thit b lc bng t st hot ng theo nguyn l va l qu trnh lc b su v l dng thit b hp ph. 19. Mc ch ca cc lp m cacbon lp t trong thit b phn tch pha ca thit b x l Naphtha, LPG bng kim l loi b cc ht dung dch kim ko theo pha hydrocacbon trong qu trnh tip xc. Dung dch kim c chy xung pha dung dch kim pha y thit b phn tch pha. Nh bit, mc d thit b tip xc hot ng theo nguyn tc to b mt tip xc pha c bit, do hn ch ti a s phn tn ca hai pha vo nhau. Tuy nhin, trong thc t khi tc dng chy ca cc pha ln th vn xy ra hin tng cun theo. gim kch thc ca thit b phn tch pha v m bo yu cu v cht lng sn phm, ngi ta lp t mt lp m cacbon bn trong thit b phn tch pha thc hin nhim v ny. 20. Nh bit trong cng ngh x l Naphtha khng s dng kim (NaOH), qu trnh xy ho Mercaptans cha trong pha hydrocacbon c thc hin trong mi trng kim yu (ammonia) m khng cn mi trng kim mnh (NaOH). S d qu trnh -xy ho c th thc hin c trong mi trng kim yu (khng tham gia trc tip phn ng) l v thit b phn ng ca cng ngh ny s dng loi xc tc c hot tnh rt cao (Cng ngh UOP s dng xc tc Merox N0 21) nh vy qu trnh -xy ho Mercaptans din ra m khng cn c mt ca NaOH. BI 5 1. Cc phn on chng ct chnh ca du th v nhit im ct cc phn on ny c trnh by trong bng di dy. Tuy nhin, cn lu nhit im ct ny ch l mang tnh cht tham kho, trong thc t khong ct ny c th thay i trong gii hn nht nh ty thuc loi du.

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TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 2.

Phn on Bu tan v cc cu t nh hn (C4-) Naphtha nh Naphtha nng Kerosene Diesel (Gas Oil) Cn chng ct

Khong nhit (0C) < 35 C5+ - 80 80170 170230 230370 > 370

Khi nim im ct, nhit im si u, nhit im si cui trong

chng ct du th v cc sn phm du m c nh ngha nh sau: Cc nhit m ti cc sn phm chng ct c phn chia ra thnh cc phn on khc nhau gi l cc im ct. Vi mi phn on (hay cn gi l khong ct), gi tr nhit m ti sn phm (phn on) bt u si gi l im si u (Initial Boiling Point-IBP). Nhit m ti ton b (100%) sn phm bay hi gi l im si cui (End Point-EP). 3. Mt s nguyn tc c bn cn c lu trong thit k v vn hnh thit b chng ct du th bao gm: - p sut nh hng ti nhit si ca cc cu t, p sut cng cao nhit si ca cc cu t cng cao. Trong cng iu kin cng ngh nh nhau nu p sut thp tng ln th cc sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct s nh hn. Nu nhit nguyn liu vo qu thp th lng cu t bay hi a tip liu s thp v phn khng bay hi s chy xung phn chng ca thp. Nu nhit y thp qu thp, sn phm y s nh v nhiu hn. Nu nhit nh thp qu cao th sn phm nh s cng nng hn v do vy lng sn phm cng nhiu. Nhit du nng bay hi cao hn so vi du nh. Hi do h thng gia nhit y ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sc cc cu t nh cha trong pha lng cc a chng ct. Gim nhit gia nhit y s lm gim lng hi trong thp v gim nhit ca thp. Tng cng sut thit b gia nhit y s lm tng lu lng hi trong thp v tng nhit cc a chng ct. Kt qu l cc cu t trn cc a s nng hn.

376

Tng lng hi lu s lm tng lng cht lng trong cc a. Kt qu l nhit nh thp s gim i, sn phm nh s nh hn. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca dng hi lu chm hn.

4. Thp chng ct ni chung v thp chng ct trong cng nghip ch bin du kh ni chung c chia thnh hai loi chnh l thp a v thp m. Mi loi thp ny c nhng u, nhc im nht nh. u nhc im ca cc loi thp c tm tt nh sau: - Cc thng s ca m phi da trn th nghim thc t vi mi kiu m c th. Hiu sut chng ct khng ch ph thuc vo hnh dng kch thc ca m m cn ph thuc vo mt lot cc yu t khc nh tc dng cht lng, tnh cht ca nguyn liu, ng knh thp, p sut lm vic v mc phn tn ca cht lng trn b mt m. Thit k s dng thp a c coi l tin cy hn v s dng h s an ton thp hn khi m t l tc chuyn khi pha lng vo pha hi l thp. Thp a c th th c thit k hot ng trong mt khong rng tc dng lng trong thp m khng xy ra hin tng sc thp. Tng khi lng kh ca thp chng dng a thp hn so thp chng dng m c thit k cng cng sut ch bin. Tuy nhin, tng trng lng thp t (k c cht lng cha trong thp) ca hai dng thp l tng t nhau. Khi s thay i nhit bin i trong mt bin rng trong qu trnh hot ng, thp a thng c la chn do s gin n nhit d lm hng lp m. Cc d liu, thng tin phc v cho thit k thp a thng c sn v c tin cy cao hn so vi thp m. Thp m thng c gi thnh r v d ch to hn so vi thp a khi nguyn liu ch bin c tnh n mn cao. Vi cng cng sut ch bin, thp m c th c tn tht p sut thp hn so thp a. Mt khc, vi kt cu ca thp m, kh nng mt n nh ca v thp trong iu kin chn khng thp, thp m l tng cho qu trnh chng ct chn khng.

5. Thp chng ct dng a l mt ct hnh tr thng ng bn trong lp cc a trao i cht. Mi a l mt bc chuyn khi thc t. C nhiu dng thp a nhng tt c c c im chung l qu trnh chuyn khi c thc hin trn cc a. Cu to chung ca thp chng ct kiu a vi cc dng a khc

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nhau c minh ha theo hnh H-5.7 ca gio trnh. Thp chng ct ng v mt cng ngh c chia lm hai phn: on chng v on luyn. on chng tnh t a tip liu ti y thp. on luyn t a tip liu ti a trn cng. ng v mt c kh, thp chng ct bao gm cc b phn chnh: V thp, a chng ct, cc ng chy truyn. Thp a cng c chia thnh nhiu loi cn c vo cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca chp to bt trn mt a. C mt s dng thp a chnh l thp a l, thp chp, thp a van v cc loi thp a c bit (Ballast, Flexi,...). 6. Thp m hot ng da trn nguyn l bay hi v ngng t lin tc ca cc cu t dng lng thm t trn b mt vt rn.Trong qu trnh bay hi v ngng t lin tc ny, cc cu t c nhit bay hi thp hn s i ln pha trn nh thp chng ct cn cc cu t c nhit bay hi cao hn s tch ra dn phn di y thp. tng cng b mt chuyn khi, m c ch to theo nhng kt cu c bit. C hai dng m l dng m c kt cu theo quy lut (structured packing) v dng m sp xp hn n khng theo quy lut (random packing). Thp m in hnh c cu to nh m t trong hnh H-5.21. V hnh thc bn ngoi v v kt cu c kh, cc ng vo ra thp m cng c cu to nh thp chng ct dng a ch khc nhau v kt cu cc chi tit bn trong thp. V mt cng ngh, thp chng ct dng m cng chia thnh on chng v on luyn. on chng t y thp ti v tr tip nguyn liu, on luyn t v tr tip liu ti mt trn cng ca m. Mt thp m in hnh bao gm cc b phn chnh sau: - V thp; - Cc lp m; - B phn phn phi cht lng; - B phn thu gom cht lng; - Cc chi tit m; - Cc thit b ph: Thit b ngng t, gia nhit y. C hai dng m c bn: m c kt cu v m ri. Cu to ca cc loi m ny cn trnh by minh ha nh hnh H-5.22, H-5.24, H-5.25 ca gio trnh. 7. Vai tr ca phn xng chng ct du th: Phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn c nhim v phn tch du th thnh cc phn on theo cc ng dng tng ng. Thp chng ct du th c nhim v phn tch s b

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du th thnh cc phn on cung cp nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Cc phn on chnh c tch ra t phn xng ny l: Kh ho lng (LPG), phn on naphtha, phn on kerosene, phn on diesel nh (LGO), phn on diesel nng (HGO) v cn chng ct (residue). Mt s phn on tch ra t phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn nh LPG, Kerosene, LGO c th c coi l sn phm cui cng hoc l cu t pha trn (sau khi c x l tp cht thch hp). Mt s phn on cn phi c a i ch bin tip nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca nh my. Trong s , c bit l cn chng ct l nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh cracking, reforming, v isome ho. 8. Nh bit, phn on cn chng ct p sut kh quyn c nhit si tng i cao, nu tin hnh chng ct phn on ny p sut thng tch tip cn ra cc phn on th xy ra qu trnh cracking nhit lm nh hng n hot ng ca thp v gim hiu sut thu hi sn phm chung ca ton b nh my. Thp chng ct chn khng c nhim v phn tch phn on cn thnh phn on du chng ct chn khng cho qu trnh cracking (VGO) v cn chn khng cho qu trnh sn xut nha ng,... 9. L do cn phi kh mui trong du th: Trong du th cha mt lng tp cht di dng mui v kim loi. Cc tp cht ny cn phi tch ra khi du th bi v chng s b ng cn trn b mt trao i nhit ca cc l t v thit b trao i nhit lm gim hiu sut truyn nhit. Ngoi ra, cc tp cht ny cn gy ng c xc tc, n mn thit b cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo. C nhiu phng php kh mui, tuy nhin, trong thc t s dng hai phng php chnh l phng php ho hc v phng php tnh in. Nguyn l chung kh mui l b sung nc vo du th khuy trn to nh tng sau ph v nh tng tch nc ho tan mui ra khi du th. Cc phng php tch mui khc nhau ch cch thc ph nh tng. Phng php ho hc s dng ho cht ph nh tng, phng php tnh in dng in trng ph nh tng. 10. t c chn khng trong thp nh yu cu th cn phi c h thng ht chn khng. Ch chn khng ca thp ti v tr tip liu nh hng ln ti ch cng ngh v chi ph vn hnh. Nu tn tht p sut t h thng chn khng ti v tr tip liu cng ln th cng tng chi ph vn hnh thp. Thp m c tn tht p sut thp hn so vi thp a, v vy c s dng rng ri trong qu trnh chng ct chn khng.

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BI 6 1. S khc bit c bn gia thit b chng ct v thit b hp th l thit b hp th khng cn phi c thit b ngng t v thit b gia nhit y nh thit b chng ct. Ngoi ra, thit b hp th thng lun i km vi thit b ti sinh dung mi hp th ti s dng. 2. Dung mi s dng cho mt qu trnh hp th phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn sau: - C kh nng ho tan tt cht b hp th, kh nng bay hi thp gim ti a mt mt cho qu trnh hot ng v d dng ti sinh vi tinh khit cao. C nht thp gim tn tht p sut v nng cao tc truyn nhit, chuyn khi trong thp hp th; C kh nng ho tan mang tnh cht chn lc cht b hp th; Khng c hi, khng d chy n, khng gy n mn thit b; Gi thnh phi r hoc mc chp nhn c, d ti sinh v s dng c nhiu ln.

3. nh ngha: Qu trnh hp ph l qu trnh trong phn t, nguyn t, hoc ion kh hay lng khuych tn ti b mt ca cht rn, b ht vo b mt ny v gi y bi lc lin kt phn t yu. Cht lng, kh b ht vo pha rn gi l cht b hp ph. Vt liu rn c gi l cht hp ph. Cc s hp ph nh hp ph c bn: C bn s hp ph v nh hp ph c bn l: - S hp ph v nh hp ph s dng phng php thay i nhit lun phin: Nguyn l c bn ca s ny l da vo mi quan h gia kh nng hp ph ca cht hp ph v nhit . Khi h nhit lp m qu trnh hp ph xy ra theo chiu thun v ngc li khi tng nhit qu trnh nh hp ph xy ra. Nh c im ny, ngi ta thay i lun phin nhit ct hp ph chuyn ch hot ng gia hp ph v nh hp ph; S hp ph s dng kh tr nh hp ph: Nguyn l hot ng ca s ny da trn mi quan h gia nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph trong pha rn vi p sut ring phn ca n trong pha kh v nhit qu trnh. Nu nhit cng thp, p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph trong pha kh cng cao th nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph trong pha rn cng cao v ngc li. Da vo tnh cht ny ngi ta dng kh tr (thng c nhit cao) nh hp ph.

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S hp ph s dng cht nh hp ph thay th: S ny hot ng da trn nguyn l nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph l bin s ca p sut ring phn trong pha kh v tnh cnh tranh gia cc cht b hp ph c i lc tng ng nhau. Nh tnh cht ny ngi ta s dng cc cht lng hoc kh c i lc hp ph tng cht b hp ph lm cht nh hp ph. Qu trnh nh hp ph xy ra do hai yu t chi phi l p sut ring phn ca cht b hp ph trong pha kh hoc nng ca cht b hp ph trong pha lng v i lc hp ph ca cht nh hp ph. Cht nh hp ph s thay th v tr ca cht b hp ph trong pha rn trong qu trnh ti sinh. S hp ph v nh hp ph thay i p sut lun phin: S hp ph v nh hp ph ny hot ng da trn nguyn tc nng cn bng cht b hp ph trong pha rn ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ca n trong pha kh v p sut ring phn s b gim tng ng khi p sut tng ca hn hp gim. Da vo tnh cht ny khi lp m hp ph bo ho ngi ta tin hnh nh hp ph bng cch a dng kh

vo p sut nh hn nhiu so vi p sut khi thc hin qu trnh hp ph. - Cc s cng ngh tng ng cn c trnh by minh ha theo cc hnh H-6.4; H-6.5; H-6.6; H-6.8 ca gio trnh ny. 4. Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, ngi ta s dng phng php hp th amine x l kh nhin liu chua v kh hydrocacbon ho lng. Mc ch ca qu trnh hp th ny l hp th H2S trong cc hp cht ny thu kh nhin liu v LPG tiu chun s dng hoc lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo. Tuy nhin, phng php x l ny ch tch c lu hunh dng H2S l ch yu, v vy, nu trong nguyn liu (c bit l LPG) cha cc dng tp cht khc nh mercaptan, COS,... th vn phi dng phng php khc (hydro hoc ngt ho) x l cc tp cht ny. 5. B phn thu hi ht lng ko theo trong thp v c bn c chia thnh bn loi: - Kiu li an (cc loi vt liu khc nhau); - Kiu m si; - Kiu tm chn; - Kiu c cu ly tm (Cyclone). Cu to ca cc dng tch lng ny cn c minh ha nh hnh H-6.10 ca gio trnh ny.

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6. Dung mi hp th c vai tr quan trng i vi hiu sut qu trnh hp th, chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh thit b x l kh nhin liu v LPG. Dung mi hp th phi p ng c mt s tiu ch quan trng sau: c kh nng hp th chn lc, d ti sinh, khng gy n mn my mc, thit b v gi thnh mc chp nhn c. Da trn cc tiu ch ny, dung mi s dng hp th chn lc H2S trong kh nhin liu v LPG thng l mt dng Amine. Dng Amine thch hp hay c s dng trong ch bin du kh hp th H 2S l Diethanolamine (vit tt l DEA). Cc nghin cu v l thuyt v qu trnh thc nghim cho thy dung dch Diethanolamine (DEA) 20% khi lng thch hp cho qu trnh hp th lng-lng (gia LPG v dung dch Amine). 7. Cc l t v h thng ti sinh xc tc (c bit l phn xng RFCC) sn sinh ra ngun kh thi cha nhiu thnh phn SOx nht. Nguyn nhn l trong nhin liu v hydrocacbon bm trn xc tc cha cc tp cht lu hunh, khi t chy to ra cc dng kh ny. Kh SOx l mt trong kh c hi i sc khe con ngi v mi trng (gy ma a xt,...). V vy, cc tiu chun mi trng v kh thi thng quy nh ngt ngho v hm lng cht nhim ny trong ngun thi v c kim sot cht ch. 8. Qu trnh hp th SOx khc so vi cc qu trnh hp th chun khc im c bn l dung mi hp th ng thi l cht tham gia phn ng, v vy qu trnh ny khng c thit b ti sinh dung mi, dung mi hp th c b sung mi lin tc. 9. Trong s cng ngh sn xut Ni-t bng phng php hp ph phn t kt hp vi k thut siu lnh th ct hp ph c chc nng loi b kh CO2 v hi nc cha trong kh nn. ti sinh ct hp ph, ngi ta s dng kh O2 tch ra t y thp, kh -xy c gia nhit v thi ngc li lp m hp ph. Kh -xy c s dng nh l kh tr nh hp ph. S hp ph sn xut ni-t tng ng vi s hp ph s dng kh tr nh hp ph trnh by trong gio trnh ny. 10. Mc ch ca vic s dng ct hp ph bng than hot tnh trong x l nc thi nhim phenol l thu lng phenol ho tan trong nc thi sau tin hnh nh hp ph thu hi phenol. Phenol l cht c hi i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi, v vy, cn phi c tch ra khi ngun nc trc kh x ra mi trng. Ngoi phng php s dng ct hp ph than hot tnh, x l phenol trong nc thi, hin nay, ngi ta cng s dng ph bin phng php x l sinh hc v phng php ho hc (phng php -xy ho) nu yu cu hm lng phenol trong nc thi kht khe hn.

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CC THUT NG CHUYN MN

1. Monoethanolamine (MEA) 2. Diethanolamine (DEA) 3. LCO: Phn on du trung bnh nh cracking ( vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Light Cycle Oil) 4. HCO:Phn on du trung bnh nng cracking (vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Heavy Cycle Oil) 5. LGO: Phn on du trung bnh nh qu trnh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn (vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Light Gasoil). 6. HGO: Phn on du trung bnh nng qu trnh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn (vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Heavy Gasoil). 7. P&ID's: S cng ngh ng ng v thit b iu khin (c vit tt t cc t Piping & Istrument Diagrams). 8. DCS: H thng iu khin phn tn (c vit tt t cc t Distributed Control System). 9. ESD: H thng dng khn cp (c vit tt t cc t Emergency Shutdown).

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. James H. Gary, Glenn E. Handwerk - Petroleum Refining Technology and Economy, Markcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 2001. [2]. Max S. Peters, Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Ronald E West, Uninersity of Colorado [3]. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2003. [4]. Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, Robert A. Meyers, Ph.D, Mc Graw-Hill Book Companies, Inc, 1986. [5]. J.M. Douglas - Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, Mc Graw-Hill Book Companies, Inc, 1988. [6]. G.F.Hewitt - Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, Begell House, New York, 1998. [7]. G.F.Hewitt, G.L. Shires, and T.R.Bott - Process Heat Tranfer, CRC Press, Boca Raton, sec. 4.3,1994. [8]. J.L Humphrey and G.E. Keller, II - Separation Process Technology,Mc Graw-Hill Book, New York,1997. [9]. J.D. Seader and E.J. Henley - Separation Process Principles, J. Wiley, New York, 1998. [10]. PGS.TS inh Th Ng - Ha hc du m & kh, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H ni 2001.

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