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Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Li m u

Trong thc t hnh dng thng c ch trng hn kch thc v con ngi
nhn ra cc i tng xung quanh cng ch yu thng qua hnh dng. Chnh v vy,
biu din hnh dng l mt vn quan trng v khng th thiu trong qu trnh nhn
dng i tng. Trong x l nh s ta s dng cc php ton hnh thi gii quyt
vn ny.
Cc php ton hnh thi khng nhng quan trng trong lnh vc ton hc m cn
rt quan trng trong lnh vc Cng Ngh Thng Tin ni chung v x l nh s ni
ring: gip ta gii quyt cc bi ton nh tm bin nh, lc nhiu trn nh, ci thin
cht lng hnh nh, ni cc nt t trong vn bn xung cp v pht hin i
tng chuyn ng v nhiu cc ng dng cc na.
Chnh v vy em la chn ti Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng
dng.
Mc tiu ca n l tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng vo x l cc
i tng trong hnh nh.
Ban u em tm c cc ti liu v sch bo c ni dung lin quan n cc
khi nim trong ti, sau a ra phng hng, v rt ra kt lun cho ring mnh
thc hin ti.
Bo co n gm 58 trang, c chia lm 4 chng:
Chng I. Tng quan v x l nh: Chng ny gm c cc khi nim ban u
v x l nh s, lch s pht trin, cc ng dng, tm quan trng, v cc bc c
thc hin trong qu trnh x l nh.
Chng II. Khi nim v php ton hnh thi: Chng ny gm c cc khi
nim v php ton hnh thi, t c bn n nhng khi nim nng cao v ng dng
trong thc t. u tin l cc khi nim tp hp nh cc quan h php hp, php giao,
php b sau l cc php ton logic lin quan n qu trnh x l nh nh phn,
tin cho vic phn tch v chng minh cc cng thc chnh ca php ton hnh thi.
Ton b chng tp trung lm r cc khi nim v: Php co nh phn, php gin nh
phn, php ng nh, php m nh, php trng hoc trt (Hit-or-Miss), Php trch
bin, Php lm y, php tch cc thnh phn lin thng, php bao li, php lm mnh
v tm xng.
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Chng III. Cc ng dng ca php ton hnh thi: Chng ny nu r cc
ng dng ca php ton hnh thi tm hiu trong x l nh.
Chng IV. Ci t chng trnh th nghim: Trn c s l thuyt tm
hiu em xy dng chng trnh x l nh s dng cc php ton: php co nh phn,
php gin nh phn, php ng nh, php m nh, v tm xng lm mnh cc i
tng trn nh nh phn.
Kt Lun.






















Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Li cm n !


u tin em xin chn thnh cm n PGS. TS. Ng Quc To - ngi trc tip
hng dn v nh hng gip em c th nhanh chng tip cn, nm bt kin thc v
hon thnh ti Cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng.
Em xin gi li cm n ti khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin- Trng i Hc in
Lc, v to iu kin thun li cho em trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng.
Em xin gi li cm n ti ton th thy c gio khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin -
Trng i Hc in Lc, tn tnh ging dy trang b cho em nhng kin thc qu
bu trong nhng nm hc va qua.
Em xin gi li cm n n nhng ngi thn trong gia nh, bn b ng vin
v to mi iu kin gip chng em trong qu trnh hc tp cng nh trong cuc sng.
Mc d em c gng hon thnh tt ti nhng cng khng th trnh khi
nhng sai st nht nh, rt mong c s thng cm v chia s cng qu Thy C v
bn b.



Em xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni, Ngy 15 thng 06 nm 2009
Sinh vin thc hin
O BO LINH





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MC LC

Li m u ................................................................................................................................. 1
Li cm n ! ................................................................................................................................ 3
DANH MC HNH V BNG BIU S DNG TRONG N ............................... 6
CHNG I. TNG QUAN V X L NH ......................................................................... 8
1.1. S lc v ngun gc ca x l nh s ....................................................................... 8
1.2. Khi nim v x l nh s ........................................................................................... 9
1.3. Qu trnh x l nh .......................................................................................................... 9
CHNG II. KHI NIM V PHP TON HNH THI ................................................... 11
2.1. Khi nim c bn ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Cc php ton Logic lin quan n nh nh phn .......................................................... 15
2.3. Php gin nh phn (Dilation) ........................................................................................ 18
2.4. Php co nh phn (Erosion) ........................................................................................... 20
2.5. Mt s tnh cht ca php ton hnh thi ....................................................................... 23
2.5.1. Cc mnh ........................................................................................................... 23
2.5.2. nh l .................................................................................................................... 24
2.5.3. H qu ..................................................................................................................... 24
2.6. Php m nh (Opening) v php ng nh (Closing) ................................................... 25
2.6.1. Php m nh ........................................................................................................... 25
2.6.2. Php ng nh ........................................................................................................ 27
2.6.3. Cc tnh cht ca Php m nh v php ng nh ................................................. 29
2.7. Php Bin i trng hoc trt (Hit-or-Miss) ............................................................... 30
2.8. Cc thut ton c bn ca hnh thi hc ........................................................................ 31
2.8.1. Trch bin ( Boundary Extraction ) ........................................................................ 31
2.8.2. Lm y (Region Filling) ....................................................................................... 32
2.8.3. Tch cc thnh phn lin thng (Extraction of Connected Components) .............. 33
2.8.4. Bao Li (Convex Hull) ........................................................................................... 34
2.8.5. Lm mnh(Thinning) .............................................................................................. 36
2.8.6. Tm khung xng (Skeletonization) ....................................................................... 38
CHNG III. NG DNG CA PHP TON HNH THI .............................................. 40
3.1. S dng php ton hnh thi trong c lng nghing vn bn ............................... 40
3.1.1. M t phng php ................................................................................................. 42
3.1.2. p dng php ton hnh thi .................................................................................. 42
3.2. ng dng php ton hnh thi trong tch dng vn bn ................................................ 44
3.2.1. S dng php ton hnh thi t lem dng vn bn ............................................. 44
CHNG IV. CI T CHNG TRNH .......................................................................... 46
4.1. Gii thiu chng trnh ................................................................................................. 46
4.2. Hng dn s dng ....................................................................................................... 47
4.3. Thc Nghim ................................................................................................................. 48
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Kt lun .................................................................................................................................... 53
Ti liu tham kho: ................................................................................................................... 54




























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DANH MC HNH V BNG BIU S DNG TRONG N


Hnh 1.1: Bc nh u tin v mt trng ca c quan v tr m NASA. Vo lc 9:09
pht sng ngy 31/6/1964. (Digital Image processing second edition, Tr 18) ................... 9
Hnh 1.2: Cc giai on chnh trong x l nh. ................................................................ 10
Hnh 2.1: nh v i tng trong nh. ............................................................................. 12
Hnh 2.2: Quan h gia hai tp hp .................................................................................. 13
Hnh 2.3: Php bin i ca tp hp................................................................................. 14
Bng 2.1: Ba php ton logic c bn: ............................................................................... 15
Hnh 2.4: Mt s php ton logic gia cc hnh nh nh phn. ........................................ 16
Hnh 2.5: Mt vi th d v cc phn t cu trc. ............................................................ 17
Hnh 2.6: Php gin nh phn. .......................................................................................... 19
Hnh 2.7: Qu trnh qut ca phn t cu trc trn hnh nh nh phn. ............................ 20
Hnh 2.8: Php co nh phn trn hai i tng. ............................................................... 21
Hnh 2.9: Qu trnh lc i tng s dng php co nh phn v php gin nh phn. ..... 22
Hnh 2.10: ng dng ca php co nh di dng s nh phn. ....................................... 23
Hnh 2.11: Qu trnh thc hip php m nh. .................................................................. 26
Hnh 2.12: Php m nh trn phng din ngha hnh hc. .......................................... 27
Hnh 2.13: Qu trnh thc hin php ng nh. ............................................................... 28
Hnh 2.14: Minh ha php ng nh trn phng din ngha hnh hc. ....................... 29
Hnh 2.15: Minh ha php bin i trng hoc trt ....................................................... 30
Hnh 2.16: Qu trnh tm bin ca i tng trn nh nh phn. ...................................... 32
Hnh 2.17: Qu trnh lm y i tng trong nh. ......................................................... 33
Hnh 2.18: Qu trnh tch cc thnh phn lin thng trong nh bng php ton hnh thi.
.......................................................................................................................................... 34
Hnh 2.19: Mt qu trnh trong php bao li. ................................................................... 35
Hnh 2.20: Php bao li i vi i tng trong nh. ...................................................... 36
Hnh 2.21: Qu trnh lm mnh i tng trong hnh nh. ............................................ 38
Hnh 2.22: Qu trnh thc hin thut ton tm xng. ..................................................... 39
Hnh 3.1: Cc dng vn bn c xu hng dnh li vi nhau do nh hng ca du ........ 41
Hnh 3.2: Nhng khong gc nghing khc nhau c s dng c lng gc
nghing ph hp cho phn t cu trc. ............................................................................. 43
Hnh 3.3: Mt vi v d ca vic s dng php ng v m vi nhng phn t cu trc
nghing. Hnh 3.3a v 3.3d l nhng nh a vo ban u. Hnh 3.3b v 3.3e l nhng
kt qu ca vic p dng bc tin x l, c lng th, v php ng tng ng vi
hnh 3.3a v 3.3d. Hnh 3.3c v 3.3f l nhng kt qu ca vic p dng php m tng
ng vi hnh 3.3b v 3.3e. ................................................................................................ 44
Hnh 3.5: Hai dng vn bn c t lem. .................................................................... 45
Hnh 3.6: (a) Mt dng ct nhng khng m rng bin, (b) Dng ct c m rng
bin. .................................................................................................................................. 45
Hnh 4.1: Thc nghim gin nh phn hnh nh vi cu trc 4x4. ................................... 48
Hnh 4.2: Thc hin gin nh phn hnh nh vi phn t cu trc 7x7. ........................... 49
Hnh 4.3: Thc nghim php co nh phn trn hnh nh vi phn t cu trc 4x4. ......... 49
Hnh 4.4: Thc nghim php m nh trn hnh nh vi phn t cu trc trn 7x7. ........ 50
Hnh 4.5: Thc nghim m nh lm trn gc ca i tng trong nh nh phn. ........... 50
Hnh 4.6: Thc nghim php m nh vi phn t cu trc hnh ch thp, kch thc 7x7.
.......................................................................................................................................... 51
Hnh 4.7: Thc nghim php ng nh trn phn t cu trc trn 7x7. ........................... 51
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Hnh 4.8: Thc nghim php ng nh vi phn t cu trc hnh dng ch thp, kch
thc 7x7. ......................................................................................................................... 52
Hnh 4.9: Thc nghim tm xng i tng trn nh nh phn. ..................................... 52
Hnh 4.10: Thc nghim tm bin ca i tng. ............................................................ 52











































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CHNG I. TNG QUAN V X L NH

Trong nghnh khoa hc my tnh, x l nh l mt dng ca x l tn hiu cho
u vo l mt nh hoc cc frame ca phim nh. u ra c th l mt hnh nh, hoc
tp hp cc k t hoc cc tham s lin quan ti hnh nh. Thng th k thut x l
nh c lin quan ti x l tn hiu hai chiu v c p dng bng mt chun ring v
k thut x l nh cho n. Cc khi nim c bn x l tn hiu nh, khi nim v
tch chp, cc bin i Fourier, bin i Laplace, cc b lc hu hn Ngoi ra cn
cn ti cc cng c ton hc nh i s tuyn tnh, sc xut, thng k. V mt s kin
thc cn thit nh Tr tu nhn tao, Mng n ron nhn to cng c cp trong qu
trnh phn tch v nhn dng nh.
S lc v ngun gc ca x l nh s
Cc phng php x l nh bt u t cc ng dng chnh: nng cao cht lng
nh v phn tch nh. ng dng u tin c bit n l nng cao cht lng nh
trong nghnh cng nghip bo ch, nhng bc nh ny c truyn qua dy cp ngm
gia hai thnh ph Lun n v New York. T nhng nm 1920, h thng Bartlane
c gii thiu, l mt h thng truyn nh s qua dy cp gip gim thiu thi
gian truyn hnh nh, c th thng th truyn mt hnh nh qua bin Alantic mt
ti hn mt tun th qua h thng ny ch mt hn 3 gi ng h . y mt h thng
chuyn dng c trang b m ha cc bc nh thnh mt dng tn hiu sau
truyn qua h thng dy cp, u nhn tn hiu s c mt h thng chuyn dng
gii m v khi phc li chng.
Vn mi ny sinh l cht lng ca cc bc nh s ny c lin quan ti
phng thc in v phn b mc sng, phn gii ca nh. vo khong nhng nm
1955 vic nng cao cht lng nh cng c pht trin gii quyt vn ny. Cc
k thut x l nh khng ngng c ci thin trong nhng nm tip theo. Nhng iu
quan trng l nghnh cng ngh my vi tnh cng khng ngng c pht trin, p
ng tt nhu cu ca cng ngh, gi thnh ngy cng gim, theo tc x l cng
c ci thin ln nhiu. Cng vi nhng i hi khoa hc nghin cu khng gian to
ng lc thc y cho k thut x l nh pht trin. C th, vo nm 1964, Nhng bc
nh u tin chp b mt mt trng c truyn v tri t t v tinh Ranger 7,
nhng bc nh ny c my tnh x l v nng cao cht lng nh lm ni ng
bin, v lu tr nh.
T nm 1964 n nay, cc ng dng ca x l nh ngy cng c m rng
ngoi cc ng dng trong thm d nghin cu v tr, cc k thut x l nh cn c
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s dng trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Hu ht cc bi ton t ra u l phn tch
v nng cao cht lng nh.Ta c th k n mt vi ng dng nh: Thm d a cht,
sinh hc, y hc, ha hc, vt l


Hnh 1.1: Bc nh u tin v mt trng ca c quan v tr m NASA. Vo lc 9:09
pht sng ngy 31/6/1964. (Digital Image processing second edition, Tr 18)
Khi nim v x l nh s
Mt hnh nh c th c nh ngha trn h trc ta bi hm
( , ) f x y
vi x v
y l cc ta . V tr mi im nh c xc nh bi cc cp ta (x,y) trn h trc
ta , bin ca mi im nh th c gi l mt cng hoc mc xm(Gray
lever). Ta c th xem nh s nh mt ma trn cc im c ch s hng ch s ct, mi
phn t thuc ma trn ny c gi l mt im nh (Pixel). i vi nh xm, mi
im nh tng ng vi mt mc xm nht nh(256 mc xm).
1.3. Qu trnh x l nh
X l nh bao gm nhiu lnh vc khc nhau: Phn cng phn mm v cc c s
l thuyt. H thng x l nh cho php tip cn khung cnh hoc nh u vo. Thc
hin mt dy cc x l a dng to ra mt nh a dng u ra mang nhng thng
tin cn thit, t rt ra c cc c trng cho php hiu c khung cnh hoc nh.
Cc phng php v k thut x l nh nhm thit k cc h thng my c kh
nng nhn v hiu c hnh nh nh con ngi, gip con ngi quan st c nhng
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ni m h khng th ti c. X l nh l mt qu trnh phc tp a dng v lin
quan n nhiu lnh vc khc nhau , sau y l qu trnh x l nh c bn.

Hnh 1.2: Cc giai on chnh trong x l nh.

Trc ht l qu trnh thu nhn nh. nh c th c thu nhn qua my nh/my
quay phim(Camera) theo dng tn hiu tng t, hoc cng c th l tn hiu s ha,
hay tranh nh c qut bng my scanner. Tip theo l qu qu trnh s ha
(Digitalizer) bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu ri rc(ly mu) v s ha bng
lng ha, trc khi chuyn sang giai on x l, phn tch v lu tr li.
Mc ch ca x l nh l :
- Bin i v lm p nh.
- T ng phn tch nhn dng nh hay on nhn nh v nh gi cc ni dung
ca nh.
Nhn dng nh l qu trnh lin quan n m t cc i tng m ngi ta mun
c t v n. Qu trnh nhn dng nh thng i sau qu trnh trch chn cc c tnh
ch yu ca i tng. C hai kiu i tng l:
- M t theo tham s ( Nhn dng theo tham s ).
- M t theo cu trc ( Nhn dng theo cu trc ).
Nhn bit v nh gi ni dung ca nh l phn tch hnh nh thnh nhng phn
ring phn bit i tng ny vi i tng khc. Da vo ta c th m t cu
trc ca hnh nh ban u.
C mt s phng php nhn dng nh c bn nh nhn dng bin ca i
tng trn nh, tch cnh v phn on hnh nh k thut ny c s dng nhiu
trong y hc (x l t bo, nhim sc th ).

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CHNG II. KHI NIM V PHP TON HNH THI

Hiu mt cch y th Morphology l hnh thi hc v cu trc ca i
tng, hay n m t nhng phm vi v cc mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong mt
i tng. Hnh thi hc qu quen thuc trong cc lnh vc ngn ng hc v sinh hc.
Trong ngn ng hc, hnh thi hc l s nghin cu v cu trc ca t, tp hp t,
cu v cng l mt lnh vc nghin cu nhiu nm nay. Cn trong sinh hc, hnh
thi hc li ch trng ti hnh dng ca mt c th hn, chng hn c th phn tch
hnh dng ca mt chic l t c th nhn dng c l loi cy g; nghin
cu hnh dng ca mt nhm vi khun, da trn cc c im nhn dng phn bit
chng thuc nhm vi khun no Ty theo trng hp c th m c cch phn lp
ph hp vi n: C th phn lp da trn nhng hnh dng ca mt ct nh (Elip,
trn), kiu v mc ca nhng hnh dng bt quy tc (li, lm, ), nhng cu
trc trong (l, ng thng, ng cong, ) m c tch ly qua nhiu nm quan
st.
Tnh khoa hc ca Hnh thi hc s mi ch thc s pht huy kh nng ca n k
t khi my tnh in t s ra i v lm cho hnh thi hc tr ln thng dng, c nhiu
tnh nng mi. Nhng i tng trong Hnh thi hc ta c th coi nh l tp hp ca
cc im nh, nhm li theo cu trc ma trn hai triu. Nhng thao tc ton hc ri rc
trn tp hp im c s dng lm r nhng nt c trng ring ca hnh dng
i tng, do vy c th tnh ton c hay nhn bit c chng mt cch d dng.
Phn ln cc php ton hnh thi hc c nh ngha t hai php ton c bn l php
ton co nh phn (Erosion) v php ton gin nh phn (Dilation) .
Php ton c s c kt hp vi mt i tng l tiu chun ca cc php ton
tp hp nh php hp (Union), Php giao (InterSection), v php b (Complement)
cng vi php tnh tin no . V vy trong phn tip theo s trnh by cc khi nim
v tp hp thng c s dng trong php ton hnh thi.
2.1. Khi nim c bn
Ta nh ngha nh nh phn l tp hp cc im nh c ta a(x,y). Chng ta
cn c nh ngha khc v nh, theo quan st th c th xem nh nh tp hp cc ta
ri rc hoc lin tc.
Theo mt nh ngha no th, tp hp ny tng ng vi cc im nh thuc
v cc i tng hin hu trong nh.
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Hnh 2.1: nh v i tng trong nh.

Hnh v cho thy hai i tng, hay hai tp hp A v B trong nh. y ta cn
phi xc nh h trc ta nh trong hnh, quan tm n gi tr cc im nh cu
thnh ln i tng trong nh v c gii hn trn khng gian ri rc

.
u tin, ta c A l mt tp hp trong khng gian ri rc

. Nu a = (a
1
, a
2
) l
mt phn t ca tp hp A th ta c th vit nh sau:
a A e (0.1)
Nh th, nu a khng phi l mt phn t ca tp hp A th ta vit:
a A e (0.2)
Tp hp m khng c phn t gi l tp hp rng hoc tp hp trng v c
biu th bng k t C.
Tp hp A c xc nh bi ni dung nm trong 2 du ngoc nhn { } - .
Cc phn t ca tp hp c lin quan n trong chng ny l nhng ta
ca cc pixel i din cho i tng hoc cc c trng khc c quan tm trong mt
hnh nh.
Th d, khi ta vit mt cng thc:
{ } w| w , C d d D = = e (0.3)
Tp hp C l tp hp gm cc phn t w, nh vy w c hnh thnh khi nhn
tng ta ca cc phn t trong tp hp D vi -1.
Nu mi phn t ca tp hp A cng l mt phn t trong tp hp B th ta c th
ni A l tp con ca B, v c biu th nh sau:
A B _ , (0.4)
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Hp (Union) ca hai tp hp A v B l tp hp ca cc phn t thuc A, B hoc
c A v B, c biu th nh sau:
C A B = , (0.5)
Nh vy giao (Intersection) ca hai tp hp A v B l tp hp cc phn t thuc
c A v B, c biu th nh sau:
D A B = , (0.6)
Hai tp hp A v B tr thnh phn chia (Disjoint) hoc loi tr ln nhau (
Mutually exclusive) nu chng c chung cc phn t, nh trong trng hp sau:
A B =C, (0.7)


Hnh 2.2: Quan h gia hai tp hp
a) Giao gia tp hp A v tp hp B; b) Hp gia tp hp A v tp hp B; c) Phn b
tuyt i ca A; d) Phn b tng i ca tp hp A trong tp hp B ( Php tr hai tp
hp A v B).
Phn b tuyt i (complement) ca mt tp hp A l tp hp cc phn t
khng bao gm cc phn t trong A:
{ } w|w A
c
A = e , (0.8)
) a
B
A
A
B B
A
A
B
A
A
B
A B
A B
( )
c
A
A
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Phn b tng i (difference) ca tp hp A trong tp hp B c biu th l A
B nh trong biu thc sau:

{ } w| w , w A B A B A B = e e = , (0.9)
Vi w l tp hp cc phn t thuc tp hp A nhng khng thuc tp hp B,
khi nim ny c minh ha trn Hnh 2.2(d). Phn c mu l kt qu ca php ton
gia hai tp hp.
Sau y l hai nh ngha cn b sung v n c s dng rng ri trong php
ton hnh thi, nhng ni chung l vn cha tm c ci cn bn trn thuyt tp hp.
Phn x (reflection) ca tp hp B c biu th l

, v c nh ngha bng
biu thc sau:

{ } w| w , B b b B = = e , (0.10)
Ngha l phn t w c hnh thnh khi nhn tng ta ca tp hp B vi -1
khi v tr tng i gia cc im trong tp hp B c xu hng i ngc li so vi
ban u, gi l tnh phn x ca tp hp. Hay ni cch khc tp hp B s quay quanh
gc ta mt gc 180
o
.
Mt im z(z
1
,z
2
) thuc tp hp A, khi z tnh tin th php tnh tin ca tp hp
A c biu th l
( )
z
A , v c nh ngha bng biu thc sau:
( ) { } | ,
z
A c c a z a A = = + e , (0.11)
Khi mt im z c ta z(z
1
,z
2
) hnh thnh trong tp hp A tnh tin mt lng
l z th tp hp A cng tnh tin theo hng ca im z vi mt lng tng ng.
Hnh 2.3 cho thy hai nh ngha trn v s dng hai tp hp A v B Hnh 2.3, chm
mu en trn hnh v l biu th phn x ca tp hp B v s tnh tin ca 1 im t
tp hp A.

(Some basic concept from set theory/ Digital image processing Second
Edition, tr 520~521)

Hnh 2.3: Php bin i ca tp hp
( )
z
A
) a
) b
1
z
B A
B
.
2
z
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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a) Tnh tin ca tp hp A t mt im z; b) Phn x ca tp hp B.
Lu : Nhng phn t ring l hp thnh B khng ch c cc im nh m cn c
cc vector khi chng c v tr ta xc nh vi im gc [0,0].
Bng 2.1: Ba php ton logic c bn:

p q p .q p v q
p
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0

2.2. Cc php ton Logic lin quan n nh nh phn
Cc php ton logic c s dng trong x l nh l AND( .), OR( v ), v NOT(
). Thuc tnh ca cc php ton ny c minh ha trong Bng 2.1. Cc php
ton l cung cp y cc chc nng, chng c th c kt hp di bt k dng
no ca php ton logic.
Ton t logic c thc hin trn mt im nh bng im nh c s gia cc
im nh tng ng ca hai hoc nhiu hnh nh(Ngoi tr NOT, l ton t trn
cc im nh ca mt hnh nh n gin ). Bi v ton t AND ca hai bin nh phn
ch l 1 khi c hai bin l 1, v vy trong mt hnh nh bt k v tr no th vi ton
t AND gia cc im nh tng ng, ta thu c kt qu l 1 khi v ch khi cc im
nh u vo u c gi tr l 1. Hnh 2.4 l v d minh ha cho cc php ton logic,
phn c mu xm l phn c gi tr l 1, phn mu trng l phn c gi tr l 0. Cc
php ton logic khc c xy dng da trn cc php ton c nh ngha t
bng 2.1. Cho mt v d: Php ton XOR ( da trn php ton AND v NOT ), gi tr
ca n l 1 nu gi tr ca mt trong hai im nh c gi tr l 1(Khng phi l c hai),
v gi tr ca n l 0 khi c hai im nh u c gi tr l 0 hoc 1. Php ton ny khc
php ton OR, gi tr tr v s l 1 khi mt trong hai im nh u vo l 1, hoc khi
c hai im nh u vo l 1. Php ton NOT-AND ch tr v gi tr l 0 khi c hai
im nh u vo l 1.



Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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A B
A
( ) NOT A
NOT
A B
AND
OR
A B
XOR
A B
NOT
AND

( ) ( ) A AND B
( ) ( ) A OR B
( ) ( ) A XOR B
( ) ( ) A N AND B

Hnh 2.4: Mt s php ton logic gia cc hnh nh nh phn.
Phn c mu xm c cc gi tr l 1, v phn mu trng c cc gi tr l 0.
Php ton hnh thi cung cp hai php ton c bn l php gin nh phn v php
co nh phn, hai php ton ny l c s ban u cho nhiu thut ton v hnh thi khc.
i vo tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi, u tin ta lm quen vi mt s khi
nim quan trng thng c s dng trong bi vit.
Phn t cu trc (Constructing elements): i khi c gi l mt nhn (Kernel).
Nhng thut ng ny thng c s dng cho cc i tng trong tch chp
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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(Convolutions). Cc phn t cu trc thng c quy nh theo mt mu ring da
trn ta ca mt s im c lin quan ti i tng no . Ta c th quan st v d
t hnh minh ha pha di, l cc mu c trng cho cc phn t cu trc c kch
thc khc nhau.


Hnh 2.5: Mt vi th d v cc phn t cu trc.
Hnh 2.5 c a ra hai kiu phn t cu trc c trng c kch thc l 3x3 v
9x9, cc vng trn nh du gc ca phn t cu trc hai kiu ny khc nhau, nhng
u c c im chung l vng nh du tm im lun c t im c ta
trung tm ca phn t cu trc.
Lu : mi ta im trn phn t cu trc u c th c mt gi tr ring.
Mt th d n gin nht v ng dng ca phn t cu trc, nh s dng vo php co
vi nh nh phn. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu cc phn t cu trc phc tp phc v cho cc
mc ch khc, chng hn nh s dng tm xng hoc ng dng cho cc php ton
hnh thi trn nh xm.
Mt im quan trng na cn lu l cc phn t cu trc cng c th c dng
hnh ch nht, hnh trn Trn v d minh ha th trong cc phn t cu trc c mt
s im b b trng, v bn cht th nhng ch b trng c th coi nh c gi tr l 0
hoc mt gi tr no khng thuc phn t cu trc, nu a vo s gy kh hiu vi
ni dung cn cp, nn y cc phn t c trng.
Khi mt php ton hnh thi c thc hin th cc gc ca phn t cu trc
thng dch chuyn ln lt trn cc im nh. V khi gi tr ca cc im nh va
c qut qua s c so snh vi nhau, cc kt qu thu c sau khi so snh ph
thuc vo php ton hnh thi ang c s dng.


1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1

Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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2.3. Php gin nh phn (Dilation)
Tp hp B thng th c coi nh l mt phn t cu trc(structuring element)
trong gin nh phn, cng nh trong cc php ton hnh thi khc, tp hp A l tp hp
cc phn t ca hnh nh gc.
Vi A v B l cc tp hp trong

, th php gin nh phn ca A theo B ( A B )


c nh ngha qua cng thc sau:
|
z
A B z B A
.

| |
= = C
` |
\ .
)
, (0.12)
Nh vy php gin nh phn ca tp hp A bi phn t cu trc B l tp hp ca
tt c cc im z (z l tm im ca phn t cu trc B trn tp hp A) sao cho phn x
ca B
z
giao vi tp A ti t nht mt im. Hay ni cch khc, php gin nh phn l s
chng cho t t nht mt phn t t phn x ca phn t cu trc B vi tp hp A.
ng thi cc phn t ny phi l tp con ca tp hp A.
Cng thc (1.12) c th c vit li :
|
z
A B z B A A
.

| |
= _
` |

\ .
)
, (0.13)
Php gin nh phn ca tp hp A bi tp hp B l tn ti cc im w thuc


sao cho w l tng ca hai im tng ng bt k thuc tp hp A v tp hp B, nh
ngha ny c m t qua cng thc :

{ }
2
w Z | w , , A B a b a A b B = e = + e e , (0.14)
Tng qut hn, nu A l mt hnh nh v B l phn t cu trc c tm im nm
trn hnh nh A, khi php gin ca hnh nh A bi phn t cu trc B c th c
hiu nh qu tch ca cc im c ph bi phn t cu trc B khi tm im ca B di
chuyn trn cnh ca hnh nh A.
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Hnh 2.6: Php gin nh phn.
Hnh 2.6a gm:
+ Tp hp A c hai cnh bn kch thc l d.
+ Phn t cu trc vung B kch thc d/4, trng hp ny th phn t cu trc
B v tng phn ca n bng nhau v B c tp hp cc phn t i xng nhau qua tm
im (du chm en gia).
+ Cui cng l kt qu ca php gin nh phn gia tp hp A v phn t cu
trc B.
Hnh 2.6b cng gm nhng thnh phn tng t nhng vi phn t cu trc B
l hnh ch nht, nhng cho ta mt kt khc. Nh vy, mi kiu phn t cu trc khc
nhau s cho ta mt kt qu khc nhau, sau khi thut ton c thi hnh.
T ta c cng thc:

b
b B
A B A
e
= , (0.15)
thc t ha nhng l thuyt nu trn, ta coi nhng phn t cu trc nh
mt mu sn v dch chuyn tnh tin trn b mt hnh nh. Khi gc ca phn t cu
) a
) b
d/8 d/8
d/4
d/4
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d/8 d/8
d/8
d/8
d/2
d/4
d/4
d/4
Hng
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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trc (chm en tm im) khp vi im nh ti cnh ca hnh nh th cc im nh
tng ng vi vi gc ny s c nh du v thay th. Sau khi ton b im nh
c qut qua bi phn t cu trc th, thao tc gin hnh nh c hon tt.
Mt v d v php gin trn mt hnh nh nh phn s dng phn t cu trc
dng ma trn vung 3x3 nh sau:

Hnh 2.7: Qu trnh qut ca phn t cu trc trn hnh nh nh phn.
v d trn ta cc im nh mu trng mang gi tr l 1 l cc im thuc i
tng ang cn quan tm trn nh, v phn mu en mang gi tr 0 l phn nm ngoi
i tng. Khi thut ton c thi hnh th phn t cu trc s ln lt qut qua cc
im nh ngoi cng( i theo ng k mu trn hnh v ) ca i tng sau
thay th cc im nh trn i tng ny theo mu phn t cu trc. T ta ng
dng ni cc nt bi t gy ca on vn do qu trnh xung cp, vi khong cch
ln nht ca cc nt b t gy tm hai im nh.
2.4. Php co nh phn (Erosion)
Ta cng xt tp hp A v tp hp B (Phn t cu trc) trong

, th php co nh
phn ca tp hp A bi phn t cu trc B c k hiu A B v vit di dng cng
thc nh sau:
A B =
( ) { }
|
z
z B A _ , (0.16)
Vi { } ,
z
B b z b B = + e , (0.17)
Php co nh phn ca tp hp A bi phn t cu trc B l tp hp cc im z (z
nm tm im ca phn t cu trc B) sao cho B
z
l tp con ca A.
Xt hnh v sau:
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Hnh 2.8: Php co nh phn trn hai i tng.
Hnh 2.8a gm:
+ Tp hp A c hai cnh bn kch thc l d.
+ Phn t cu trc vung B kch thc d/4(Du chm en gia l tm im).
+ Cui cng l kt qu ca php co nh phn gia tp hp A v phn t cu trc
B.
Phn c mu nht hn l kt qu sau khi thc hin co hnh nh bi phn t cu
trc B. Hnh 2.8b gm nhng thnh phn tng t nhng vi phn t cu trc B l
hnh ch nht, v cho ta mt kt qu khc.
Vy php co nh phn ca nh A vi phn t cu trc B l qu tch cc im
c to ra bi tm im ca phn t cu trc B khi tnh tin trn hnh nh A.
T ta c cng thc:
A B
B
b B
A

e
= , (0.18)
Php co nh phn v gin nh phn c th c vi nhau qua php b v php
phn x ca tp hp, lun l ny s c minh ha qua cng thc sau:
(A B)
c
=A
c
B
.
, (0.19)
Ta chng minh cng thc trn l ng:
d/8
d/4
d/2
d
Hng
3d/4
d/8
d/4
d
d
d
d/8 d/8
3d/
4
d/8
d/8
d/
2
d/4
d/4
d/2
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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T cng thc co nh phn ta c:
(A B)
c
=
( ) { }
|
z
z B A _
c
, (0.20)
Nu tp hp B
z
l tp con tp hp A th ta c, B
z
A
c
=C, cho nn, trong trng
hp ny ta s c:
(A B)
c
=
( ) { }
|
c
z
z B A = C
c
, (0.21)
V phn b ca php gin nh phn gia tp hp A v tp hp B lun tha mn:
(B
z
A
c
=C)
c
= B
z
A
c
= C
cho nn:
(A B)
c
=
( ) { }
|
c
z
z B A = C
Mt khc theo cng thc 1.12 ta c:
|
z
A B z B A
.

| |
= = C
` |
\ .
)

Suy ra: (A B)
c
= A
c
B
.
, .+
Nh vy, phn b ca php co nh phn gia tp hp A v Phn t cu trc B l
php gin nh phn gia phn b ca tp hp A vi phn x ca phn t cu trc B.
Mt ng dng quan trng ca php co nh phn l dng loi tr cc chi tit
khng cn thit trn hnh nh. Th d, Trn mt hnh nh , ta c cc i tng c c
tng ng 1,4,6 v 11 im nh, By gi nu mun loi tr cc i tng nh khng
cn thit trn nh, ch li cc i tng c kch thc ln, nh trong hnh v i
tng ta cn gi li l nhng i tng c kch thc 11 im nh. Ta s s dung phn
t cu trc c kch thc 10x10 im nh thc hin php co nh phn ( Erosion ).
Kt qu s ch cn li 3 i tng c kch thc 1 im nh(Hnh 2.9b). Sau cc
i tng tr li kch thc ban u ta s dng php gin nh phn( Dilation ) vi
phn t cu trc c kch c tng ng (Hnh 2.9c).


Hnh 2.9: Qu trnh lc i tng s dng php co nh phn v php gin nh phn.
) b ) a ) c
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Qu trnh thc hin c th c minh ha r rng qua hnh v sau:


Hnh 2.10: ng dng ca php co nh di dng s nh phn.
a) Hnh nh ban u; b) Hnh nh qu trnh co nh phn trn i tng vi phn
t cu trc 10x10, phn t c t dm mu s c gi tr 1 sau qu trnh co nh phn;
c) Phng to i tng v gi tr ca i tng sau qu trnh co nh phn vi phn t
cu trc 10x10.
2.5. Mt s tnh cht ca php ton hnh thi
thun tin trong vic ci t ta c th phn tch v n gin ha cc mu phc
tp, di y l mt s tnh cht c s ca php ton hnh thi.
2.5.1. Cc mnh
-Mnh 1: Tnh cht gia tng
a) ' X X X _ B _ ' X B , B
' , X B X B _ B
b) ' B B X _ B _ ' X B , X
', X B X B _ X
-Mnh 2: Tnh cht phn phi vi php
a) ( ) ( ) ( ), X B B X B X B ' ' =
b) X ( ) B B' =( X B ) ( X B' ),
- Mnh 3: Tnh cht phn phi vi php giao
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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( X Y ) B =( X B ) (Y B ),
- Mnh 4: Tnh cht kt hp
a) ( ) ( ), X B B X B B ' ' =
b) ( X B ) B' = X ( B B' ),
2.5.2. nh l
Gi s, X l mt i tng trong nh, B l phn t cu trc, khi X s b chn
trn v chn di bi tp close ca X theo B.
Ta c, ( ) X B B _ X _( X B ) B ,
Chng minh,
Ta c: ,
x
x X B X B e _ (V
x
x X
X B B
e
= )
( ) x X B e B (Theo nh ngha ca php co),
( ) X B B X _ , (0.22)
Mt khc, y e(X B ) B ,
Suy ra: x X - e B sao cho,
x
y B e ( V (X B ) B =
x
x X B
B
e
)
,
x
B X y X e e
Suy ra: ( X X _ ) , B B (0.23)
T (1.22) v (1.23) ta c:
( ) X B B X _ _( X B ) B ,


2.5.3. H qu
Tnh Bt bin:
a) ( ( ) X B B ) B =( ) X B ,
b) ( (X B ) B ) B =(X B ),
Tht vy, t nh l trn ta c: ( ) X X B _ B ,
Do , theo tnh cht gia tng ta c:
(( ) X B X B _ B ) B , (0.24)
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Mt khc cng theo nh l trn ta c: ( X B ) B _ X X
(( X B ) B ) B X _ B , (0.25)
T (1.24) v (1.25) ta c:
(( ) X B B ) B = X B .
V (( X B ) B ) B = X B
.

(Pht trin k thut d bin, pht hin bin v ng dng/Tr. 15)

2.6. Php m nh (Opening) v php ng nh (Closing)
cc ch trn nu mt s khi nim cng nh phng thc gin nh phn
v co nh phn cc i tng trn mt nh. Sau y l hai khi nim cng rt quan
trng trong php ton hnh thi, l php m nh (Opening) v php ng nh
(Closing). Php m nh v php ng nh l hai php ton c m rng t hai php
ton hnh thi c bn l php co nh phn v php dn nh phn. Php m nh thng
lm trn bin ca i tng trong nh, nh loi b nhng phn nh ra c kch thc
nh. Php ng nh cng tng t lm trn bin ca i tng trong nh nhng ngc
vi php m. Php ton ny thng lm hp nht cc on gy hp, loi b cc l
hng nh v lm y cc khe h trong chu tuyn.
2.6.1. Php m nh
Bi ton t ra l lm th no c th lm trn bin ca i tng loi b
nhng im nh tha, c kch thc nh khng cn thit. T , ta t ra gii php
nh sau: S dng php co nh phn, lc b cc im nh bn gn pha ngoi b mt
i tng, ch li ch gi li cc phn t c bn cu hnh ln hnh dng ca i
tng. T cc phn t sau khi co nh phn ta ta s s dng php gin nh phn tc
ng ln i tng. Cui cng ta s c i tng mi t cc phn t c bn , i
tng ny s p ng c yu cu bi ton t ra.
Nh vy, thc hin php ng nh ta phi tri qua hai giai on l co nh v
gin nh. u tin s dng php co v phn t cu trc c kch thc tng ng tc
ng ln i tng trong nh ng theo yu cu. Tng t vi php gin nh phn ta
s thu c kt qu (Hnh 3.0).
Vi tp hp A l i tng trong hnh nh v B l phn t cu trc, ( ) l k hiu
ca php m nh gia tp hp A v phn t cu trc B, php m nh c xc nh
bi cng thc:
A B = (A B)B, (0.26)
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Hnh 2.11: Qu trnh thc hip php m nh.

Trn phng din ngha hnh hc, gi s ta c phn t cu trc B dng mt
hnh trn, Khi bin ca tp hp A B gm qu tch cc im thuc bin ca phn t
cu trc B, khi B tnh tin trn ng bin tp hp A, v cch bin ca tp hp A
khong cch xa nht (Hnh 2.12), hnh 2.12a l i tng ban u, hnh 2.12c l i
tng sau khi thc hin php m nh. Tt c cc hng gc ngoi u c lm trn,
trong khi nhng gc hng vo trong u khng b nh hng. Nhng ch nhn nh
tha nh ra s b lc b.
T lun im ny ta c cng thc:

x
x
B A
A B B
_
= , (0.26)
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Hnh 2.12: Php m nh trn phng din ngha hnh hc.

Khu vc t m l i tng mi sau khi thc hin php ton; khu vc trong vin nt t l
i tng c trc khi thc hin php ton.
2.6.2. Php ng nh
Tng t nh php m nh, nhng qu trnh thc hin php ng nh c xu
hng ngc li, vi mc ch, lp y nhng ch thiu ht ca i tng trn nh
da vo cc phn t c bn ban u.
Vi tp hp A l i tng trong nh, B l phn t cu trc.
( ) - l k hiu php
ng nh. Khi php ng nh ca tp hp A bi Phn t cu trc B, k hiu l
( ) A B - , xc nh bi:
( ) A B - =( ) A B B , (1.28)
Cho mt hnh nh nh phn, vi i tng trong nh c nhng khu vc b t
gy, khng lin mch. khc phc hin tng ny ta p dng php ng nh, vi A
l i tng ban u, B l phn t cu trc c kch thc 3x3 (Hnh 2.13a). Khi p
dng php ng nh, u tin i tng ny s c m rng bng php gin nh phn
theo phn t cu trc B. Lc ny nhng khu vc thiu ht s c b ln, v khu vc
t s c ni li (Hnh 2.13b). Sau p dng php co nh phn a i tng
v trng thi ban u (Hnh 2.13c).

) a
) b ) c
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Hnh 2.13: Qu trnh thc hin php ng nh.
Trn phng din ngha hnh hc tng t nh php m nh, ngoi tr vic
phn t cu trc trong php ng nh ny c cch thc thc hin i nghch vi php
m nh.
Cho mt i tng trong nh tng t nh i tng hnh 2.12. Khi thc hin
php ng nh th hnh trn(phn t cu trc) c xu hng qut bn ngoi ng bin
ca i tng(Hnh 2.14).

) a
) b ) c


A B
A
1
B

) a
) b
) c
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Hnh 2.14: Minh ha php ng nh trn phng din ngha hnh hc.
Quan st trn hnh v ta c th thy cc gc hng vo ca i tng c lm
trn, cc gc hng ra th khng c tc ng g. lm do phn t cu trc to ra
bn tri i tng nh hn bn phi, v th kch thc phn t cu trc cng rt quan
trng trong trn ca gc.
Mt im w c coi l mt phn t ca ( A B - ) khi v ch khi
z
B A = C, vi
mi w
z
B e khi
z
B tnh tin.
Nh trong quan h gia php gin nh phn v php co nh phn. Phn b ca
php ng gia hai tp hp l php m gia php b v php phn x ca hai tp hp;
tc l:
(A B)
c
= (A
c

), (1.29)
2.6.3. Cc tnh cht ca Php m nh v php ng nh
*Tnh cht 1: i vi php m nh
a) A B A _ ,
c) Nu C D _ th C B D B _ ,
d) ( ) A B B A B = ,

*Tnh cht 2: i vi php ng nh
a) A A B _ - ,
b) Nu C D _ th C B D B - _ - ,
c) ( ) A B B A B - - = - ,
d) A B - Khi v ch khi
z
B A = C,

Cc tnh cht trn gii thch cc kt qu nhn c khi php ton m v ng nh
c s dng xy dng lc php ton hnh thi. Th d, xt cu trc lc ca php
m nh. Khi tnh cht (1a) ch ra kt qu s l tp hp con ca tp hp ban u.
Tnh cht (1b) ngha l tnh n iu c bo ton. Tnh cht 1c cho thy php ton
m nh ch c s dng khng hn 1 ln, nhng ln sau kt qu vn gi nguyn.
Tng t i vi php ng nh.

Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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2.7. Php Bin i trng hoc trt (Hit-or-Miss)
Php bin i trng hoc trt c a ra bi Serra v l mt cng c c bn
ng dng vo pht hin hnh dng ca i tng.
Cho phn t cu trc B vi B=(B
1
,B
2
), trong B
1
l tp hp c to t cc
phn t ca B c lin kt vi i tng (B
1 _
A) , v B
2
l tp hp c to t cc
phn t ca B vi bc ch lin kt ti phn b ca i tng (B
2 _
c
A
). Hay ni cch
khc, nu cho B
1
l phn t cu trc c p dng ln i tng, th B
2
s l phn t
cu trc c cu to t cc phn t nm trn phn b ca phn t cu trc B
1
. Vi
iu kin ny, ty thuc vo cch chn phn t cu trc B
1
v B
2
m chng ta s c
nhiu i tng mi khc nhau vi cc cp phn t cu trc tng ng. Chnh v vy,
trng hoc trt l php bin i c s xy dng cc thut ton nh: Thut ton
bao li, lm mnh
Vi
A s* B l k hiu ca trng hoc trt gia tp hp A v phn t cu trc
B. Khi trng hoc trt c nh ngha nh sau:
A s*B=(A B
1
) ( A
c
B
2
), (1.30)
Lu , php co nh phn ca phn b ca A v tp hp B
2
l mt trng hp c
bit ca trng hoc trt bi v phn t cu trc ln tp hp B
2
l rng.
Mt khc ( A
c
B
2
) = ( A

)
c
nn cng thc (1.30) c th c vit li nh sau:
A s*B=(A B
1
) ( A

)
c
, (1.31)
Suy ra: A s*B=(A B
1
) - ( A

), (1.32)


Hnh 2.15: Minh ha php bin i trng hoc trt
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 31-
A l i tng trong nh (tp hp cc phn c nhn l 1 v c bi m); A
c

B ca A trong nh; B
1
, B
2
Phn t cu trc; A
1
: Kt qu ca php co nh phn gia
phn t cu trc B
1
v A; A
2
: Kt qu ca php gin nh phn gia phn t cu trc B
2

vi Phn b ca A.
2.8. Cc thut ton c bn ca hnh thi hc
ng dng ch yu ca hnh thi hc i vi nh nh phn l phn tch cc thnh
phn ca nh, chnh v n rt c hiu qu trong biu din v m t hnh dng i tng
cho nn phn ny s tp trung a ra cc thut ton v hnh thi trch ng bin,
cc thnh phn lin thng, ng bao li, hay tm xng lm mnh.
2.8.1. Trch bin ( Boundary Extraction )
Vi nh u vo l nh xm, th ta c th x l phn on nh bng cc ngng
ca nh. Trong hnh nh mi im nh c gi tr xm ring, gi tr ny c gii hn
trong khon 0 ti 255. V vy ta c th thng qua lc mu la chn cc mc
xm thch hp. Khi chuyn sang nh nh phn cc im nh c gi tr ln hn ngng
ny u c gn l 255 hoc nu khng th s c gn l 0. ngc li nhng im
nh no c gi tr nm trong ngng u c t l 1, nhng im nh ny l im
nh cu thnh i tng trong nh nh phn.
Trong nh nh phn, i tng c cu thnh bi cc im nh lin thng c gi
tr l 1, Xt mt th d hnh 2.16 c 9 im nh dc, 9 im nh ngang. Nhng im
nh to ln bin l nhng im nh thuc i tng nhng trong 8 im ln cn
phi c t nht mt im nh c gi tr l 0.
Bin ca tp hp A ph thuc vo kch thc ca phn t cu trc. dy ca
ng vin bao quanh i tng ph thuc vo kch thc ca phn t cu trc. Cho 1
th d, nu mt phn t cu trc c kch thc 3x3 sinh ra dy ng vin l 1 th
vi phn t cu trc c kch thc 5x5 s sinh ra ng vin ca i tng c dy
l 3.
Khi , bin ca tp hp A, k hiu l A c , c xc nh bi cng thc:
( A A A c = ) B , (1.33

Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 32-

Hnh 2.16: Qu trnh tm bin ca i tng trn nh nh phn.

2.8.2. Lm y (Region Filling)
Lm y vng ca mt i tng t bin l b xung gi tr 1 vo ton b vng
pha bn trong bin ca i tng. Cho mt nh nh phn A, cc im nh bin ca
i tng trong hnh nh A c gi tr l 1 v cc im nh khc c gi tr l 0. Ta bt
u qu trnh lm y bng cch gn gi tr 1 vo im nh p bn trong bin ca i
tng, sau lp i lp li php gin nh phn gia im nh vi phn t cu trc B
di gii hn t ra bi php b ca tp hp A (A
c
). Bi v nu hn ch khng c
t th chng trnh s lp i lp li php gn ny, dn ti sy ra hin tng trn qua
cc cng khc trn nh, thm ch ton b nh.
Vi X
0
=p v B l phn t cu trc, php lm y vng trong nh s c xc
nh bi cng thc:
X
k
=(X
k-1
B)
c
A , Vi k=1,2,3,k-1. (1.34)
Thut ton s dng khi X
k
=X
k-1
.
Th d, hnh 2.17, A l nh ban u ch cha bin ca i tng ( gi tr l 1 ),
B l phn t cu trc c kch thc 3x3 v hnh dng ch thp.
Khi thut ton s thc hin ln lt theo trnh t nh sau:
Bc 1: Thut ton s gn gi tr 1 cho mt im nh p bn trong vng bin.
Bc 2: p dng php gin nh phn t im nh p vi phn t cu trc B, ng
thi ly giao ca kt qu php gin vi phn b ca tp hp A. Nh vy, sau khi ly
giao ca hai tp hp th phn no c gi tr l 1 tng xng vi gi tr 1 ca phn b
1
A A
B
A
1
A
A B
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 33-
tp hp A th c gi nguyn, phn no c gi tr 1 tng xng vi gi tr 0 ca phn
b tp hp A th s c gn l 0. Qu trnh ny s c lp i lp li cho n khi tt
c cc im nh tng ng bn trong bin ca i tng c gn l 1.
Bc 3: Cui cng ly hp gia X
7
v bin A ta s c i tng c lm
y t bin vng trong nh (Hnh 2.17).

Hnh 2.17: Qu trnh lm y i tng trong nh.
2.8.3. Tch cc thnh phn lin thng (Extraction of Connected Components)
Trong thc t, bi ton tch thnh phn lin thng trong nh nh phn ng vai
tr quan trng trong cc ng dng phn tch nh t ng.Tng t nh php lm y
vng. Qu trnh thc hin thut ton cng c lp i lp li vi php tch cc thnh
phn lin thng.
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 34-
Cho mt nh nh phn trong i tng l tp hp A bao gm mt s thnh
phn lin thng. Nhng im nh no thuc i tng th c nh du l 1 v im
nh no nm ngoi i tng th c nh du l 0. Ta c th tch cc thnh phn
lin thng bng cch gn mt im nh trong i tng ri t im nh , lp i lp
li php gin nh phn vi phn t cu trc di hn ch t ra bi tp hp A.
Vi X
0
=p v B l phn t cu trc. Khi php tch cc thnh phn lin thng
c xc nh bi cng thc:
X
k
=
1
( ) ,
k
X B A

k= 1,2,3 (1.35)

Hnh 2.18: Qu trnh tch cc thnh phn lin thng trong nh bng php ton hnh
thi.
2.8.4. Bao Li (Convex Hull)
Ta c th hnh dung bao li ca mt i tng ging nh mt di bng cao su
bao quanh i tng. V th di bng cao su ny c cng qua cc phn lm theo cc
vin li ca i tng. Kt qu l to ra mt hnh dng i tng khng c on no
b lm. Bao li c th c bin i bi php ton Hit-or-Miss vi 4 phn t cu trc
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 35-
lun phin quay 90
0
. Cho A l mt nh nh phn v phn t cu trc B
i
vi i=1,2,3,4,
khi ta c 4 phn t cu trc tng ng nh sau:
(1.36)
Trong cc phn t cu trc trn nhng phn t c nh du l nhng phn
t khng cn quan tm. u tin cho
0
i
X A = , sau lp i lp li thut ton theo cng
thc sau:
(
i
k
X X = s* B) A , i=1,2,3,4 v k=1,2,3k-1 (1.37)
Khi
1
i i
k k
X X

= tc l chng ng quy (converge) th qu trnh x l dng li v
t
i i
conv
D X = , Khi bao li ca A s l:

4
1
( )
i
i
C A D
=
= , (1.38)
Ni cch khc, thut ton s thc hin php bin i Hit-or-Miss gia tp hp A
vi phn t cu trc B
1
trn ton b i tng cho n khi i tng khng c g thay
i na th dng li v t
i i
conv
D X = , sau hp tp hp A vi kt qu
i
D , qu trnh
ny s c thc hin ln lt vi
2 3 4
, , B B B . Cui cng hp ca 4 tp
i
D cho ta bao
li ca A.
Xt th d trong mt chu trnh x l nh s dng php bao li (Hnh 2.19). Vi
tp hp A l tp hp cc phn t to ln mt i tng trong nh, A
c
l phn b ca
tp hp A. B l phn t cu trc gm c B
1
, v B
2
.

Hnh 2.19: Mt qu trnh trong php bao li.

Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 36-
Th d trn cho thy mt chu trnh trong qu trnh thc hin php bao li i vi
i tng trong nh. Qu trnh ny s c lp i lp li ln lt vi cc phn t cu
trc khc nhau (1.37). Khi thut ton kt thc, tt c cc ch b lm hay thiu ht chi
tit s c lm y. Xt mt th d tng qut t th d trong hnh 2.19, vi

, v

:


Hnh 2.20: Php bao li i vi i tng trong nh.

2.8.5. Lm mnh(Thinning)
Thut ton lm mnh thng bao gm nhiu ln lp, mi ln lp tt c cc im
nh ca i tng s c kim tra, Cc phn t cu trc c thit k tm cc
im bin m khi loi b im nh trn i tng th s khng lm nh hng ti cc
lin thng. Nu im nh no m tha mn iu kin ca phn t cu trc th s b
loi b. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li cho ti khi khng cn im bin no c xa
na.
Lm mnh tp hp A bi phn t cu trc B, k kiu , xc nh bi cng
thc sau:

=

, (1.39)
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 37-
c th lm mnh mt i tng A mt cch hiu qu hn, ta da vo dy cc
phn t cu trc.
{} {

}, (1.40)
Trong

Nhn c t

, qua php quay quanh tm im ca n. Vi


khi nim ny ta nh ngha php lm mnh bi mt dy cc phn t cu trc theo
cng thc.
{}

, (1.41)
Ni cch khc, qu trnh lm mnh A bi

, kt qu li tip tc c c lm
mnh bi

cho n

. Lc ny i tng trong nh hu nh khng thay i na.


Xt th d qu trnh lm mnh (Hnh 2.21). Qu trnh lm mnh i tng s
c lp i lp li cho n khi i tng khng c s thay i no th dng li .

Theo cng thc tng qut ta c:
{}

,
Nh vy, Trong th d ny qu trnh lm mnh c lp i lp li 2 lt. Trong
mi ln lp i tng phi tri qua qu trnh lm mnh vi 8 phn t cu trc:

.
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 38-

Hnh 2.21: Qu trnh lm mnh i tng trong hnh nh.
2.8.6. Tm khung xng (Skeletonization)
Tm khung xng cng tng t nh lm mnh, nhng n c dng tm ra
cc chi tit cu trc ca i tng. Khung xng ca i tng l tp hp cc im
nh cch u bin ca i tng. V c th biu din bng php co nh phn v php
m nh.
Xt A l mt nh nh phn bao gm cc im nh thuc i tng, c t nhn
l cc s 1. Cc im nh khng thuc i tng c t nhn l cc s 0. B l phn
t cu trc 3x3. Khi , nu k hiu S(A) l khung xng ca tp hp A th thut ton
tm khung xng c xc nh qua cng thc:
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 39-

, (1.42)
Trong :


{ [ ]}

, (1.43)
(A kB) l php co k ln lin tip trn A. Tc l:
(A kB )=((..( A B B . B
V K l Bc lp cui cng trc khi A b n mn thnh tp rng. Ni cch
khc:
K = max{ k | (A kB ) }
Cng thc (1.42) v (1.43) khng nh rng khung xng S(A) c th nhn c
t hp cc b khung xng con S
k
(A). C th chng minh rng A c th xy dng li
t cc tp con ny bng cch s dng cng thc:
A =

, (1.44)
Trong

k hiu k ln gin nh phn S


k
(A), tc l:

=((..( Sk(A) B B . B.
Xt th d:

Hnh 2.22: Qu trnh thc hin thut ton tm xng.



Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 40-
CHNG III. NG DNG CA PHP TON HNH THI

Thut ng hnh thi hc (Morphology) c s dng trong sinh hc cp
n qu trnh nghin cu dng cu trc ng thc vt. Tng t trong x l nh chng
ta gi l Php ton hnh thi (Mathematical Morphology). Chng ta s dng php ton
hnh thi nh mt cng c tch cc thnh phn ca nh cho php biu din v miu
t hnh dng i tng trong nh thng qua vng, bin,... Ngoi ra chng ta cn s
dng php ton hnh thi tc ng ln i tng nh ng nh(Closing), m
nh(Opening),tm xng lm mnh
3.1. S dng php ton hnh thi trong c lng nghing vn
bn
Trong qu trnh nhn dng v x l nh vn bn cng nh trong hu ht cc phn
mm s dng k thut nhn dng k t (Optical Character Recognition) hay cc h
thng phn tch vn bn (Document Analaysis System), chng ta phi tri qua nhiu
cng on phc tp v mt trong nhng cng on l c lng gc nghing ca
ton b vn bn. Chnh iu ny s to iu kin thun li cho vic thc hin cc bc
tip theo trong qu trnh nhn dng sau ny. Nguyn nhn ca vic to ra gc nghing
vn bn c th do vic copy, in, fax hoc scan .Trong hu ht cc phng php gii
quyt bi ton nhn dng k t, vic vn bn b nghing nh hng rt nghim trng
n vic: tch khi, phn tch b cc, thut ton nhn dng k t, ngay c khi gc
nghing ca vn bn rt nh vo khong 5
o
.
c nhiu cch tip cn nhm gii quyt vn nhiu mc khc nhau nh
cc phng php do Baird hoc ca Hinds v cc ng nghip ngh. Tuy nhin,
chng u gp nhng kh khn nht nh ( chnh xc khng tt, gc nghing qu
ln ). C hai tiu chun c bn nh gi chnh xc ca vic chnh nghing nh
vn bn. Tiu chun u tin l gii hn gc c lng v d gc c lng ca vn
bn gii hn trong khong [-10
o
, 10
o
]. Th hai l s lng gc nghing trong ton vn
bn ngha l vn bn c mt hay nhiu gc nghing. Trong phm vi ca ti ny, ta
ch quan tm n vn bn c mt gc nghing. i vi mt vi phng php xc nh
gc nghing vn bn, phi c mt s rng buc i vi nh vn bn u vo nh c
ch, khong cch gia cc dng, ngn ng s dng trong vn bn, thm ch b cc
ca vn bn cng b rng buc, v d nh mt vi thut ton i hi phi c s
lng thnh phn lin thng l ch hay phi c tht t nhiu.
Trong ti ny, ta s dng thut ton cc php bin i hnh thi c lng
gc nghing vn bn. Thut ton ny c bit thch hp cho cc vn bn c du nh
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 41-
ting Vit, ting Php, i vi loi vn bn ny, vic xut hin ca cc du, phn
ph trn, phn ph di ca ch cng nh nhiu lm cho cc dng ln cn nhau c
xu hng dnh li vi nhau (hnh 3.1). Chnh iu ny lm cho cc phng php
xc nh gc nghing vn bn trc y b tht bi. Bng cch s dng cc php bin
i hnh thi, du nhiu s b tch khi nh vn bn. N gip cho vic xc nh cc
dng vn bn d dng hn. Qu trnh loi b nhiu v du nh vo cc php bin i
hnh thi c th lm mt mt s thng tin ca vn bn. Tuy nhin, s mt mt
khng quan trng, v gc nghing ca vn bn c c trng bi cc dng vn bn
ngay c sau khi loi b phn ph trn v ph di.

Hnh 3.1: Cc dng vn bn c xu hng dnh li vi nhau do nh hng ca du

Cc dng vn bn s c hnh dng ha bng cc php bin i nh ng, m.
Vic s dng cc php bin i hnh thi s rt thun li v nhiu s c loi b. iu
ny rt thch hp trong cc vn bn c du nh ting vit, ting php,Trong phng
php ca Chen, cc php ng, m vi cc phn t cu trc khc nhau c s dng.
Sau khi thc hin cc php bin i ny, cc dng vn bn s bin thnh cc vt thon
di ri p dng mt phng php khc xc nh hng ca cc dng vn bn.
Trong qu trnh p dng, c th xut hin mt s hng sai lch chng c to ra bi
nhiu v cc thnh phn lin thong khng phi l text. Mt thut ton khc l good
lines selection s c s dng. Trong thut ton ny, cc dng c hng gn ging
vi hng c bn ca ton vn bn s c chn ra. Cui cng, gc nghing ca ton
vn bn s c c lng t cc hng chn ra ny. Tuy nhin, phng php ny
ch p dng c cho cc vn bn c nghing l 5
o
v chnh xc l 0.5
o
(
c kim tra trn b th vin nh UW English Document Image Database).
Das v Chanda cng dng cc php ng, m trn cc dng vn bn vi hai
thnh phn cu trc dng ng thng v dng hnh vung nh. nh vn bn c
thc hin php m s c qut theo chiu dc ghi nhn cc pixel c s chuyn i
t 1 sang 0, cng chnh l base line ca dng vn bn. Cc dng c chiu di ln
hn mt ngng cho trc s c chn ra v gc ca ton b vn bn l trung v ca
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 42-
gc cc dng vn bn ny. Gii hn ca phng php ny l n ch thc hin tt i
vi cc nh vn bn c gc nghing di 15
o
.
Najman li hin thc cc php ton hnh thi theo mt cch khc. tng chnh
l tm ra gc quay ti u nht ca cc phn t cu trc bng cch cc i ha din tch
ca cc vt thng to ra t cc php ton hnh thi. Trong hng tip cn ny, thut
ton Run-Length Smoothing closing (RLSA) cng c s dng ti u ha gc
quay ca phn t cu trc. Gc quay ny cng chnh l gc nghing ca ton b vn
bn. Nhc im ln nht ca c ba phng php va trnh by trn l chng ph
thuc vo kch c ch, khong cch gia cc dng, khong cch gia cc k t ln cn
trong vn bn, Do cc thut ton ny rt ph thuc vo cc tham s thc nghim
v khng th xc nh cc tham s ny mt cch t ng.
3.1.1. M t phng php
Trc ht l qu trnh tin x l, y l qu trnh dng lc nhiu, tch du v
nhng thnh phn lin thng ln. Trong qu trnh ny cc tham s nh chiu cao v
chiu rng c trng ca ch s c t ng xc nh da trn vn bn u vo. Sau
, thut ton c lng th s xc nh c khong m gc nghing ca vn bn ri
vo. Cui cng, vi nhng tham s tm thy bc u tin, ta s thc hin cc php
ng v m cho cc dng vn bn to thnh cc vt to thun li cho bc xc nh
gc nghing tip theo. Sau mt thut ton n gin s c dng xc nh gc
ca mi dng vn bn v gc nghing ca ton b vn bn cng s c tm thy da
trn gc nghing ca cc dng vn bn. Trong phm vi ti ta ch quan tm n bc
s dng php ton hnh thi.
3.1.2. p dng php ton hnh thi
Trong bc ny, chng ta s thc hin cc php ng v m cho cc dng vn
bn. Php ng dng ni cc k t trong mt t, v cc t trong mt dng, php m
loi b cc thnh phn lin thng rt nh, cng nh cc phn ph trn hay phn ph
di ca k t. Do cc dng vn bn s tr thnh cc vt thon di.
Tuy nhin, thc hin cc php ng, m mt cch hiu qu nht ta cn xc
nh kch c v hnh dng ca cc phn t cu trc tht chnh xc. Trong thut ton
ny, ta s dng mt cch tnh ton n gin c m t nh sau: Trung im ca
khong m gc nghing vn bn thuc v tm c trong bc c lng th chnh l
gc quay ca phn t cu trc. Nu khong m gc nghing vn bn ri vo [30
o
, 50
o
],
th gc quay ca phn t cu trc s l 40
o
. Ta chia gc quay ca vn bn thnh 9 phn
v mi phn tng ng vi 20
o
l v mi gc quay ca phn t cu trc c th ph
hp cho tt c cc vn bn c gc nghing trong khong [ 10
o
, + 10
o
], ngha l
khong chnh lch l 20
o
. Qua thc nghim bng cch quan st v th nghim trn
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 43-
mt s lng ln cc nh vn bn, cho thy vic xc nh gc quay cho cc phn t
cu trc l rt quan trng. N gip cho kt qu ca cc php ng m l ng n
nht. Vi mt phn t cu trc ph hp, th ch cc t trong cng dng mi kt hp li
c vi nhau trong khi t trong cc dng khc nhau s vn ri nhau .

Hnh 3.2: Nhng khong gc nghing khc nhau c s dng c lng gc
nghing ph hp cho phn t cu trc.
Gi I l nh thu c sau khi kh nhiu, du v nhng thnh phn lin thng ln.
nh I
co
c to ra nh sau:

( ) ( ) ( )
o o o n c m co
E E I I - =
, (1.45)
Trong nhng phn t cu trc 13 v 22 c chn tng ng vi E
c
v E
o
;
m v n c xc nh bi max{W / 2z, H / z} v max{W / 3z, H / 2z}; vi z l thu
nh thch hp ca nh, z c tnh nh sau:
z = min{W / 4, H / 5}
c tnh bng thut ton c lng th; v
( )
o c m
E
v
( )
o o n
E
l nhng
kt qu ca php quay nhng phn t cu trc
( )
c m
E
v
( )
o n
E
bi gc (hnh
3.3 l mt minh ha ca nh I
co
).
Mt ln na, c th thy r rng rng kch thc v gc nghing ca phn t cu
trc c xc nh mt cch t ng v ch da trn nh a vo ban u. Vi vic
tnh ton t ng ny, thut ton ny c th p dng gii quyt vn c lng
gc nghing ca nhng vn bn c gc nghing ty .

(a) (b) (c)
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

- Trang 44-

(d) (e) (f)
Hnh 3.3: Mt vi v d ca vic s dng php ng v m vi nhng phn t cu
trc nghing. Hnh 3.3a v 3.3d l nhng nh a vo ban u. Hnh 3.3b v 3.3e l
nhng kt qu ca vic p dng bc tin x l, c lng th, v php ng tng
ng vi hnh 3.3a v 3.3d. Hnh 3.3c v 3.3f l nhng kt qu ca vic p dng php
m tng ng vi hnh 3.3b v 3.3e.
3.2. ng dng php ton hnh thi trong tch dng vn bn
Thut ton xc nh b cc vn bn thc cht l tm cch chia nh vn bn ra
thnh nhiu khi m mi khi s c trng cho mt vng vn bn. Sau mi khi
ny s c chia thnh nhiu dng, ri mi dng c th c chia thnh mt hoc
nhiu t, tng t mi t s c chia thnh nhiu k t.
c rt nhiu phng php a ra tch dng vn bn, phng php tch
dng rt n gin da trn cc php ton hnh thi v php chiu ly lc . Phng
php gm 3 bc cn bn sau:
Bc 1: Dng cc php ton hnh thi t lem dng vn bn.
Bc 2: Ly lc chiu i vi mi khi vn bn theo trc Oy.
Bc 3: Xc nh dng vn bn trong mi khi.
Trong ba bc trn ta ch quan tm ti bc 1, l khu t lem dng vn bn.
3.2.1. S dng php ton hnh thi t lem dng vn bn
Vic xc nh dng vn bn trong thut ton c a ra y ch yu da vo
cc pixel en v mt phn b ca chng. Trong bc u tin ny, ta s tin hnh t
cc dng vn bn thnh cc vt lem thon di, mc ch l lm tng s lng pixel en
c trong mt dng vn bn. Mt iu lu rng, vic t lem cc dng vn bn ch
nhm mc ch xc nh cc vt ct ca dng vn bn ch khng lm nh hng ti
nh vn bn ban u. Chnh vic lm ny s lm tng chnh xc ca thut ton xc
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nh dng vn bn nht l i vi cc dng vn bn cui cng trong khi ch c mt,
hai hoc rt t t.
Cch thc t lem dng vn bn trong giai on ny c thc hin kh ging
vi cch thc t lem dng vn bn trong giai on xc nh gc nghing vn bn. Tuy
nhin, c mt s khc bit duy nht l vic t lem ny c thc hin trn vn bn
c chnh nghing.

Hnh 3.5: Hai dng vn bn c t lem.
Sau khi thc hin bc ny, vn bn s c t trng bi cc vt en thon di,
nh vic xc nh dng vn bn s c thc hin d dng hn.
Khi tin hnh t lem vn bn da trn cc php ton hnh thi, nhiu b loi
b. Cng trong qu trnh t lem, du, cc acender, descender b loi b nn m
bo chnh xc ca vic tch dng v khng lm mt du trong vn bn ting vit, ta
tin hnh m rng bin cho dng mt khong T.

(a)

(b)
Hnh 3.6: (a) Mt dng ct nhng khng m rng bin, (b) Dng ct c m
rng bin.

Trn y l mt on vn bn c tch dng. Kt qu qu trnh tch dng
l danh sch cc dng, y chnh l u vo cho vic tch t v tch k t tip theo
trong qu trnh xy dng v phn tch b cc vn bn.
-Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cc ng dng nh pht hin i tng chuyn ng,
pht hin hnh dng i tng thng qua xng i tng trong nh



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CHNG IV. CI T CHNG TRNH

4.1. Gii thiu chng trnh
Chng trnh c xy dng trn nn C#, minh ha cc php ton hnh thi
gm c, php co nh phn (Erosion), php gin nh phn (Dilation), php ng nh
(Closing), php m nh (Opening), tm bin (Edge direction), v tm xng
(Skeleton).
Giao din chng trnh nh sau:

Chng trnh gm c 8 phn v c nh s th t tng ng nh hnh minh
ha trn. Trong :
- S 1,2,3,4 ch ra cc thnh phn iu khin thc hin qu trnh tc ng ln
nh gc.
- S 6,7 ch ra thnh phn dng hin th hnh nh gc v hnh nh kt qu
sau khi x l, phn 5 thanh trng thi x l (startus bar).
- Cui cng s 8 l nt thot ng dng.



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4.2. Hng dn s dng
S 1:
Open: Np nh cn x l vo picture box
(S 6).
Save: Lu nh x l ra nh dng
Image file.

S 2:
nhm Operation: La chn cc php
ton tc ng ln nh gc. Php gin nh
phn (Dilation), php co nh phn (Erosion),
Php m nh (Opening), Php ng nh
(Closing).
Nhm Kernel Shape: La chn cc
dng ca phn t cu trc, tc ng ln i tng trong nh. Dng hnh vung
(Square), dng hnh trn (Circle), v dng hnh du cng (Cross).
S 3:
Kernel Side: Dng la chn kch
thc ca phn t cu trc.
Morphology: Thc hin php ton hnh
thi tc ng ln nh khi chn php ton v
dng c phn t cu trc tng xng.

S4:
Edge direction: Pht hin bin ca i
tng trong nh.
Skeleton: Bt u qu trnh lm mnh i
tng trong nh.
S 5:
Status bar: Thanh trng thi biu th tin
x l nh ca chng trnh. Cho mt th d,
nu s dng php co nh phn hay gin nh phn, th tin ny s chy mt ln, bi
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v thc hin php co nh phn v php gin th ta ch thc hin thut ton mt ln.
Nu s dng vi php ng nh v php m nh th s chy hai ln, v thc hin
mt trong hai php ton ny ta phi thc hin hai ln thut ton co v gin nh phn.
i vi cc php ton khc th chc nng biu th trng thi ca n cng tng t.
4.3. Thc Nghim
Chng trnh c ci t thut ton x l nh nh phn bng cc php ton
php gin nh phn, php co nh phn, php ng nh, v php m nh vi cc phn t
cu trc dng hnh vung, hnh trn, hnh ch thp, c kch thc khc nhau (3x3,
4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7).
Quan st hnh 4.1 ta thy: T mt nh nh phn xung cp, sau khi s dng
php gin nh phn vi phn t cu trc dng trn, kch thc 4x4, ta c nh mi,
cc nt t c ni lin li v r rng hn. Tng t nh vy, i vi cc phn t
cu trc dng vung, dng ch thp. u s cho ta kt qu mi l cc i tng
c ci thin r rt , vi phn t cu trc c kch thc cng ln th i tng cng
gin.

Hnh 4.1: Thc nghim gin nh phn hnh nh vi cu trc 4x4.


Th d nh vn trng hp trn, ta xt thut ton gin nh phn trn nh vi phn
t cu trc 7x7 ta s c nh vi cc i tng trong nh c b dy ln hn:
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Hnh 4.2: Thc hin gin nh phn hnh nh vi phn t cu trc 7x7.
Cng hnh nh nh phn nh trn ta s dng php co nh phn hnh nh vi phn
t cu trc 4x4. Bi v vi php ton ny i tng c xu hng co vo nn ta c th
s dng lc cc im nh nh tha trong nh nh phn. V vy ty theo yu cu m
ta ty chn kch thc phn t cu trc tng ng lc cc chi tit quan trng trn
nh.
Quan st hnh 4.3 ta c th thy, vi phn t cu trc 4x4, khi ta ci t thut
ton v tc ng ln nh th tp hp nhng im nh c kch thc ln s khng b
loi b bi phn t cu trc, trong khi cc tp hp im nh nh hoc im nh ring
r s b loi b. Nh trn phn l thuyt chng 2 gii thiu, trong mt s trng
hp ta c th kt hp php co nh phn v php gin nh phn lc cc im nh
khng d tha trong nh. Tt nhin ch t yu cu i vi nh nh phn.


Hnh 4.3: Thc nghim php co nh phn trn hnh nh vi phn t cu trc 4x4.
Xt nh nh phn, i tng l mt hnh vung khot (Hnh 4.4), khi ta s dng
thut ton m nh vi phn t cu trc dng hnh trn, kch thc 7x7 th ta c nh
mi vi cc gc hng ra ngoi b lm trn, cn cc gc hng vo trong th vn gi
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nguyn. Vi c trng ny ta c th p dng lm trn cc ngnh hng ra ngoi ca
i tng u ra, trong hnh 4.2. Cng tng t nh php co nh phn, php gin nh
phn, kch thc ca phn t cu trc cng ln th trn gc cnh hng ra ngoi
cng cao.

Hnh 4.4: Thc nghim php m nh trn hnh nh vi phn t cu trc trn 7x7.

Trong hnh v 4.5 ta thy, cc nghnh hng ra ngoi ca i tng trong nh
nh phn (nt ch) c lm trn. Thut ton rt hiu qu trong khi phc vn bn
ti liu xung cp.


Hnh 4.5: Thc nghim m nh lm trn gc ca i tng trong nh nh phn.

Ty thuc vo phn t cu trc m ta c i tng mi c thuc tnh khc
nhau. Th d, vi phn t cu trc dng hnh vung th cu to i tng trong nh
khng thay, cn i vi phn t cu trc hnh ch thp th s to ra gc cnh ca i
tng mi mt gc vung hng vo (Hnh 4.6).
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Hnh 4.6: Thc nghim php m nh vi phn t cu trc hnh ch thp, kch
thc 7x7.

Ngc li vi php m nh, php ng nh vi phn t cu trc trn li lm trn
cc gc hng vo trong i tng (Hnh 4.7), v trn ca i tng trong nh
cng ph thuc vo kch thc ca phn t cu trc.

Hnh 4.7: Thc nghim php ng nh trn phn t cu trc trn 7x7.









i vi phn t cu trc hnh dng ch thp, v kch thc 7x7, cc gc hng
vo s c phn t cu trc to ln mt gc vung hng ra ngoi (Hnh 4.8).
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Hnh 4.8: Thc nghim php ng nh vi phn t cu trc hnh dng ch thp,
kch thc 7x7.

Tip theo, ta xt mt hnh nh nh phn i tng l ch A mu trng (Hnh 4.9),
ta p dng thut ton tm xng trn hnh nh ny. Kt qu thu c l tp hp cc
im mu pha bn trong A.


Hnh 4.9: Thc nghim tm xng i tng trn nh nh phn.

Cui cng l thut ton pht hin bin i tng. u tin thut ton s thc hin
co nh phn gia i tng v phn t cu trc, sau ly i tng ban u tr i kt
qu co nh phn, ta s c bin ca i tng, dy ca bin ty thuc vo phn t
cu trc.

Hnh 4.10: Thc nghim tm bin ca i tng.
Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Kt lun
Php ton hnh thi l mt mng v cng quan trng trong x l nh s, cc
ti v php bin i ny cng ang c nhiu ngi quan tm, bi v qua cc thut
ton v php ton c s ta c th m rng v pht trin nhng bi ton khc c lin
quan n lnh vc quan st thm d, tr tu nhn to, chng hn nh ng dng vi
camera theo di qua cc thut ton nhn bit i tng chuyn ng, hoc ghp i
tng trong hai hnh nh thng qua cc c im hoc im tng ng
Cc kt qu t c:
- Trnh by tng quan v x l nh, lch s pht trin v phng thc hot ng.
- Trnh by h thng cc khi nim c bn ca php ton hnh thi di gc
x l nh; cc khi nim, cc tnh cht v ng dng c bn trong x l v biu din
hnh dng i tng. ng thi qua gii thch v minh ha c th v a ra mi
lin h gia cc php ton vi nhau.
- Thc nghim cc php ton, thut ton qua chng trnh x l.
Qua phn tch trn ta c th rt ra kt lun:
Cc php ton gin nh phn (Dilation), co nh phn (Erosion), Php m nh
(Opening), php ng nh (Closing), l cc php ton c s trong php ton hnh thi,
cc thut ton trch bin (Boundary), lm y (Region filling), tch thnh phn lin
thng (Extraction of connected compoments), bao li (Convex Hull), lm mnh
(Thinning), tm xng (Skeleton), u c xy dng t cc php ton hnh thi c
bn. Cc php ton l iu kin, cng nh tin tm hiu nghin cu cc thut
ton khc c tnh ng dng cao trong x l nh ni ring v trong thc t i sng ni
chung.
Php ton hnh thi l mt ti rt rng, cn rt nhiu thi gian mi c th tm
hiu v nghin cu v n. Trong thi gian ti nu c iu kin em s tip tc tm hiu
cc thut ton lc nhiu, tng cng nh, v phn on nh thng qua cc php ton
hnh thi.






Tm hiu cc php ton hnh thi v ng dng

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Ti liu tham kho:
Ting Vit
[1]. TS. Nng Ton, TS. Phm Vit Bnh (2007) - Gio Trnh Mn Hc X L
nh, trng H thi nguyn, khoa CNTT, tr. 26 ~ 27, tr. 44 ~ 49.
[2]. PGS. Nguyn Quang Hoan (2006)- Gio Trnh X L nh, hc vin cng
ngh bu chnh vin thng, tr. 4
[3]. Lng Mnh B, Nguyn Thanh Thy (2003)- Nhp Mn X L nh S,
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, tr. 7 ~ 10.
[4]. Phm Vit Bnh (2006) Pht trin k thut d bin, pht hin bin v ng
dng, lun n tin s khoa hc, tr. 5, tr. 13~17


Ting Anh
[1]. Chen, S.( 1995): Document Layout Analysis Using Recursive Morphological
Transforms, PhD thesis, Univ. of Washington,.
[2]. Das, A., Chanda, B. (2001): A Fast Algorithm for Skew Detection of
Document Images Using Morphology. Int. J. Document Analysis and Recognition 4,
tr. 109~114.
[3]. Frank Y. Shih(2009) -Image Processing and Mathematical Morphology
Fundamentals and Applications, tr. 11~ 24,tr 37~52.
[4]. Hinds, S.C., Fisher, J.L., DAmato, D.P. USA (1990): A Document Skew
Detection Method Using Run-Length Encoding and the Hough Transform. In: Proc.
10th Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, Atlantic City PA, tr. 464~468.
[5]. Najman, L. USA (2004): Using Mathematical Morphology for Document
Skew Estimation. In: Proc. of SPIE Conf. on Document Recognition and Retrieval XI,
San Jose, California, tr. 182~191.
[6]. J.B.T.M Roerdink- Computer vision And Mathematical Morphology.
[7]. Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods (1992)- Digital Image Processing
Second Edition, tr. 20 ~ 26, tr. 530 ~ 560.


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Website
[1]. http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/skeleton.htm
[2].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_image_processing#Properties_of
_the_basic _operators
[3]. http://www.funmorph.com/
[4]. http://www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/Courses/FIP/noframes/fip-Morpholo.html

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