Chng 2: THNH PHN CH YU CA MI TRNG NC. 2.1. Thnh phn sinh hc.

Thnh phn v mt cc c th sng trong mi trng nc ph thuc cht ch vo c im, thnh phn ho hc ngun nc. Cc loi sinh vt tn ti trong ngun nc t nhin ch yu l vi khun, nm, siu vi trng, to, cy c, ng vt nguyn sinh, ng vt n bo, cc loi nhuyn th v cc loi ng vt c xng sng. Tu theo v tr phn b trong ct nc t b mt n y sng, h c cc loi sinh vt sau: - Phiu sinh vt( plankton) trong c ng vt phiu sinh(zooplankton), thc vt phiu sinh, to (phytoplankton). Nhiu loi vi sinh c gi tr lm ngun thc n cho tm c, ng thi c mt s loi ch th cho nhim mi trng nc, cht lng nc. - C: loi c gi tr kinh t, l ngun thc n cho con ngi ni ring v nhiu loi sinh vt khc ni chung, ngoi ra c cn l sinh vt ch th cho nhim nc v cht lng mi trng nc. c bit l i vi nhng loi nc thi c c t kim loi nng. - Sinh vt bm: C ngha rt ln trong ch th nhim nc, nht l trong nhim bn hu c. - Sinh vt y (benthos) : khng ch cho gi tr kinh t cao, mt s loi cn l sinh vt ch th nhim v x l nhim. V d nh mt s loi gip xc hai mnh v hin nay ngoi cho gi tr kinh t cao cn c dng trong x l nhim ca nc thi NTTS. - Mt s loi sinh vt khc nh bo, lc bnh, sy, ngoi vic s dng lm thc n gia xc, phn bn, m ngh, m cn gp phn vo cng tc x l nhim rt tt. 2.1.1. Vi khn (bacteria ): Vi khun i khi cn c gi l vi trng, n thuc loi k sinh trng. Vi khun l mt nhm sinh vt n bo, c kch thc nh (kch thc hin vi) v thng c cu trc t bo n gin khng c nhn, b khung t bo (cytoskeleton) v cc bo quan nh ty th v lc lp. Hu ht vi khun c kch thc nh, thng ch khong 0.5-5.0 m, mc d c loi c ng knh n 0,3mm (Thiomargarita). Vi khun c dng hnh que, hnh cu hoc hnh xon, Chng c th tn ti dng n l, dng cp hoc dng lin kt thnh mch di.

A.Hnh que - trc khun (Bacillus) B. Hnh cu (coccus) to thnh chui (strepto-) - lin cu khun (Streptococcus). C. D. E. Hnh Hnh Hnh cu trn to xon m i (staphylo-) (diplo-) xon khun t song cu cu khun khun (Staphylococcus). (Diplococcus). Spirochete). sng

(Spirillum,

F. Hnh du phy - phy khun (Vibrio). Vi khun sinh sn theo c ch phn bo Vi khun ch sinh sn v tnh (asexual reproduction), khng sinh sn hu tnh (c ti t hp di truyn). C th hn, chng sinh sn bng cch chia i (binary fission), hay trc phn. Trong qu trnh ny, mt t bo m c phn thnh 2 t bo con bng cch to vch ngn i t bo m. Chu k phn bo khong 15 30 pht trong iu kin thun li v dinh dng, oxy v nhit , Vi khun c th c ch hoc c hi cho mi trng, v ng vt, bao gm c con ngi. Vai tr ca vi khun trong gy bnh v truyn bnh rt quan trng. Mt s l tc nhn gy bnh (pathogen) v gy ra bnh un vn (tetanus), st thng hn (typhoid fever), giang mai (syphilis), t (cholera), bnh ly qua thc phm (foodborne illness) v lao (tuberculosis). Nhim khun huyt (sepsis), l hi chng nhim khun ton c th gy sc v gin mch, hay nhim khun khu tr (localized infection), gy ra bi cc vi khun nh streptococcus, staphylococcus, hay nhiu loi Gram m khc. Mt s nhim khun c th lan rng ra khp c th v tr thnh ton thn (systemic). thc vt, vi khun gy mn l (leaf spot), fireblight v ho cy. Cc hnh thc ly nhim gm qua tip xc, khng kh, thc phm, nc v cn trng. K ch (host) b nhim khun c th tr bng thuc khng sinh, c chia lm hai nhm l dit khun (bacteriocide) v km khun (bacteriostasis), vi liu lng m khi phn tn vo dch c th c th tiu dit hoc km hm s pht trin ca vi khun.

Vi khun c kh nng phn gii cc hp cht hu c mt cch ng kinh ngc. Mt s nhm vi sinh "chuyn ha" ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic hnh thnh cc khong cht t mt s nhm hp cht hu c. V d, s phn gii cellulose, mt trong nhng thnh phn chim a s trong m thc vt, c thc hin ch yu bi cc vi khun hiu kh thuc chi Cytophaga. Cc vi khun c kh nng phn hy hydrocarbon trong du m thng c dng lm sch cc vt du loang, mt s vi khun c th c "thit k" (bioengineer) ci thin sinh hc i vi cc cht thi c hi. Vi khun c chia thnh 2 nhm ln: vi khun d dng gm c cc vi khun hiu kh, cc vi khun k kh , cc vi khun ty nghi v vi khun t dng l cc vi khun nitrit ho, vi khun lu hunh, vi khun st, 2.1.2.Nm men. Trong iu kin pH v nhit thch hp, nm v men pht trin rt tt, cc ao h t chng pht rt mnh. Nm v men khng c kh nng quan hp. 2.1.3. Siu vi trng. Trong ngun nc t nhin thng tn ti cc loi siu vi trng (virus). Chng c kch thc cc nh (20- 100nanomet) nn ch pht hin bng knh hin vi in t. siu vi trng l tc nhn gy bnh cho con ngi v cc loi ng vt. 2.1.4. To L loi thc vt n gin nht c kh nng quang hp. chng khng c r , thn, l. To pht trin mnh trong ngun nc m, cha nhiu cht dinh dng(nit, phosphor) t nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip, thc phm v phn bn. Do vy m nhiu loi to c s dng lm ch th sinh hc nh gi cht lng nc t nhin. 2.1.5. Cc loi sinh vt khc - Thc vt ln: bo, lau sy,lc bnh, chng cng pht trin mnh vng nc t hm cha nhiu cht dinh dng. Do vy, cng vi to cc loi thc vt ny c dng lm sinh vt ch th cho mi trng nc ph dng ho.

- ng vt n bo: l cc loi ng vt trong nc ch c mt t bo v cng c sinh sn theo c ch phn bo. Chng s dng cht hu c dng rn lm thc phm. Protozoa ng vai tr quan trng trong dy chuyn thc phm. - C: l ng vt mu lnh. C nhiu loi c khc nhau cng tn ti trong mt thy vc vi cc c im khc nhau v hnh th, ngun thc n, ni sinh sn pht trin v kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng. Do vy, c nhiu loi c c th lm sinh vt ch th xc nh cht lng ngun nc v nhim ngun nc. V d: ngun nc b nhim do cc cht hu c dn n s suy gim nng oxy ho tan s c ch th bng s suy gim trc ht s loi v c th ca tng loi sng tng nc mt sau n cc loi ng vt sng y. pH 4,5- 5 lm gim lng trng c v cc loi tm, c nh so vi ngun nc c pH trung tnh. Ph di 4 hu ht cc loi c n ni b bin mt. 2.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca nc t nhin Cc hp cht v c v hu c trong mi trng nc t nhin c th tn ti dng ion ho tan, kh ho tan, dng rn hoc lng. Chnh s phn b ca hp cht ny quyt nh bn cht nc t nhin: nc ngt, nc l, nc mn; nc giu dinh dng hoc nc ngho dinh dng; nc cng hoc nc mm; nc b nhim nng, nh hoc va,.. 2.2.1. Cc ion ho tan Nc t nhin l dung mi tt ho tan hu ht cc axit, baz v mui v c. Thnh phn ho hc trung bnh ca nc sng, h v bin rt khc nhau. Trong nc bin, nng ca ion Cl- l cao nht (19340 mg/l), sau l Na+ (10770 mg/l), Ca+ (412mg/l), K+ (399 mg/l) v HCO-3 (140mg/l). Nc sng, h l mi trng nc ngt c nng HCO3 cao nht (58mg/l), tip theo l Ca2+ (15 mg/l), Cl- (8 mg/l). Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ho hc trung bnh ca nc bin v nc h ton cu Ion (mg/l) Cl Na+ SO42Mg2+ Ca2+ K+ HCO3Nc bin 19.340 10.770 2.712 194 412 399 140 Nc sng 8 6 11 4 15 2 58

Thnh phn ca nc bin tng i ng nht. Trong khi , nc sng c thnh phn khng ng nht gia cc lu vc v gia cc v tr trong tng khu vc. Trong thc t hm lng cc nguyn t ho hc trong nc sng phn b ph thuc vo c im kh hu, a cht, a mo v v tr thy vc. c im thnh phn cc ion ho tan ca cc dng sng trn th gii do ba yu t ch o: nh hng ca nc ma, s bc hi- kt tinh v nh hng ca s phong ho. Cc sng nhit i nhiu ma c thnh phn ho hc do nc ma ch o, s ng gp do yu t phong ho khng ln. Cc sng vng sa mc c thnh phn ho hc do qu trnh bc hi kt tinh ch o. Mt s vng n i t ma c thnh phn ho hc do qu trnh phong ho ch o. Ti vng ca sng, thnh phn ho hc ca nc bin c nh hng ln n thnh phn nc sng, c bit l cc ion clo, natri, sulphat v bicacbonat. Ti y cc yu t c ngha ln i vi s pht trin thy sinh vng ca sng l silic, st, nit v phosphor v mt s kim loi b sa lng cng vi s sa lng ca cc ht ph sa. Qa trnh sa lng ny din ra do s to keo vng c mn thch hp. 2.2.2. Cc kh ho tan Hu ht cc cht kh u c th ho tan hoc phn ng vi nc, tr kh mtan(CH4). Cc kh ho tan trong nc c th t nhiu ngun: s hp th ca khng kh vo nc ( nh oxy, cacbonic)hoc do qu trnh sinh ho trong nc. Trong mi trng nc gi tr oxy ho tan(DO) thng c s dng nh gi mc nhim do cht hu c. DO c ngha rt ln i vi qu trnh t lm sch ca dng sng. Mt s cht kh va c hp th t khng kh va c th c to thnh trong mi trng nc. Kh cacbonic( CO2) mc d ch chim 0,03% trong kh quyn nhng ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong nc v kh ny phn ng vi nc to ra cc ion bicacbonat(HCO3 - ) v cacbonat (CO3 2- ). CO2 c hp th t kh quyn v cng c to ra trong nc do phn hy cc cht hu c t vi sinh. Nng CO2 trong nc ph thuc vo pH : pH thp CO2 dng kh, pH 8 9 dng bicacbonat l ch yu, pH trn 10 dng cacbonat chim t l cao. 2.2.3. Cc cht rn

Cc cht rn bao gm cc thnh phn v c, hu c v sinh vt. c phn thnh hai loi da theo kch thc: cht rn c th lc v cht rn khng th lc. Cht rn c th lc: c kch thc nh hn 10-6m (1m) trong c hai loi: cht rn dng keo c kch thc t 10-9m n 10-6m v cht rn ho tan c kch thc nh hn 10-9m. Vi khun thuc loi cht rn dng keo. Cht rn khng th lc: c ng knh ln hn 10-6m. To, ht bn l nhng loi cht rn l lng c khch thc 10-5m - 10-6m, sn, ct thuc loi cht rn c th lng, c kch thc ln hn 10-5 m. Cc cht rn cn c th c phn loi da theo bay hi nhit sy 103 0C 1050C. Theo c th phn thnh cht rn bay hi v cht rn khng bay hi. 2.2.4. Cc cht hu c Trong mi trng nc t nhin khng b nhim hm lng cht hu c rt thp, t c kh nng gy tr ngy cho vic cp nc sinh hot, nui trng thy sn, thy li. Tuy nhin, nu mi trng nc b nhim do cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng ngip, giao thng thy v cc hot ng khc th nng cht hu c trong nc s tng cao. Da vo kh nng b phn hy do vi sinh vt trong nc ta c th phn cc cht hu c thnh hai nhm: Cc cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc (cc cht tiu th oxy) nh cc cht ng, cht bo,protein, du m thc vt, ng vt. Trong mi trng nc cc cht ny d b vi sinh vt phn hy thnh kh CO2 v nc. - Cc cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc: cc cht clo hu c DDT, Lindane, Aldrine, PCB, cc hp cht a vng ngng t nh dioxin, 2.3. Cc thng s c bn nh ga cht lng nc Ty theo tng loi nc s dng vi mc ch khc nhau, s c mt s tiu chun tng ng vi mc ch s dng. Tuy nhin, mt s ch tiu c bn c dng ph bin l: 1. pH: l ch tiu quan trng kim tra cht lng nc cp v nc thi. Da vo gi tr pH ta s quyt nh phng php x l, v iu chnh lng v loi ho cht thch hp trong qu trnh x l. 2. axit v kim trong nc, acid trong nc t nhin l do CO2 hoc cc acid v c gy ra. acid nh hng n cht lng nc,v lm n mn thit b. kim

cao trong nc s lm nh hng n s sng cc sinh vt trong nc v gy nn cng trong nc. Ch tiu ny cn thit cho qu trnh lm mm nc. 3. c: do cc cht rn l lng, cc cht hu c phn r hoc do ng thc vt thy sinh gy nn. c lm gim kh nng truyn nh sng do vy nh hng n qu trnh quan hp di nc. c cng ln, mi trng nc b nhim bn cng cao v cn phi c bin php x l. 4. cng ca nc biu th hm lng mui canxi v magie trong nc. cng trong nc s cho bit tnh trng cht lng nc, cng nh tnh trng pht trin ca cc loi thy sinh trong nc. 5. . Hm lng oxy ho tan trong nc, oxy ho tan trong nc tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht, duy tr nng lng cho qu trnh pht trin, sinh sn v ti sn xut cho cc loi sinh vt di nc. Hm lng oxy ha tan cho ta bit cht lng nc, oxy ho tan thp, nc c nhiu cht hu c, nhu cu oxy ho tng nn tiu th nhiu oxy trong nc, oxy ho tan cao, nc nhiu rong to tham gia quang quang hp gii phng oxy. 6. Nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD) l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt tiu th trong c qu trnh oxy ho cc cht hu c trong nc, nht l nc thi sinh hot. Ch s BOD l thng s quan trng nh gi mc nhim ca nc. Ch s ny cng cao cho thy nc b nhim cng nhiu. 7. Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) , y cng l thng s cn thit nh cht lng ngun nc. Thng thng COD c s dng nhiu hn BOD, do khi phn tch ch s BOD i hi thi gian lu hn (5 ngy nhit 200C). 8. Hm lng phtpho trong nc thng dng H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO43-, polyphotphat,v phtpho hu c. y l mt trong nhng ngun dinh dng ch yu cho cc thc vt di nc. Tuy nhin yu hm lng qu cao s gy ph dng ho trong ao 9. Hm lng sunphat, s nh hng n vic hnh thnh H2S trong nc gy mi hoi kh chu, gy nhim c cho sinh vt thy sinh nht l trong nui trng thy sn. D gy hin tng n mn kim loi i vi cc thit b di nc. 10. Hm lng nit trong nc cng l ngun dinh dng cho cc thc vt thy sinh. Amonia xut hin nh mt sn phm do s bin dng ca ng vt trong nc cng nh t s phn hy cc cht hu c vi s gp mt ca vi khun. Trong mi trng nc ammonia tn ti di hai dng: dng kh ho tan (NH3) v dng ion ho (NH4 +).

11.Hm lng kim loi nng, do nc thi cng nghip hoc th. Ch yu l ch, ng, km, thy ngn, 12.Hm lng cht du m, c th l cht bo, acid hu c, chng gy kh khn trong qu trnh vn chuyn nc, ngn cn oxy ho tan. 13. Cc cht vi sinh vt. Vi khun E-coli l vi khun c trng cho mc nhim trng ca nc nh hng n cht lng nc sinh hot. Ngoi ra cc loi rong to lm nc c mu xanh. Cc loi ny cht i s lm tng cht hu c, cht hu c phn hy s tiu th oxy v lm thiu oxy trong nc.