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Cc ngun gy nhim
NHIM MI TRNG NC
nhim n-c l s bin i cht l-ng n-c so vi trng thi n-c ban u, khng ph hp vi iu kin s dng do cc yu t tc ng bn ngoi . Hu ht cc ngun gy nhim cho nc mt v nc ngm l do hot ng sn xut cng nghip, nng, ng nghip, giao thng thy, dch v v sinh hot ca con ngi to nn. nhim mi trng nc l do hai yu t gy nn: Yu t t nhin :Kh hu, thi thit, thin tai , cc yu t a hnh , a cht , s vn ng ca v tri t . - Yu t nhn to (do con ng-i to ra) : * X cht thi vo ngun n-c: n-c thi ,cht thi rn . * Do hot ng kinh t x hi khc: Ngn sng, p p lm km hm qu trnh t lm sch v phc hi trng thi cht l-ng n-c ban u. 3.1.1. N-c thi sinh hot : N-c thi t cc ngi nh
N-c thi nh bp
Loi khc
N-c (99,9%) Cht hu c (50-70%) Protein (65%) Cacbonhydrat (25%) Cht bo (10%)
Cc cht
rn (0,1%)
-Cn l lng (SS) :35-60 g/ng-i - ngy m, Cn hu c chim 55-65 % - Hm l-ng cht hu c cao: BOD5 ch-a lng: 30 35 g/ng-i-ng, lng: 25-30
g/ng.ng. - Cha nhiu nguyn t dinh d-ng:N, P, K... N = 8g/ng,ng; P = 1.5 - 1.8 g/ng,ng - Tiu chun thi n-c: +Cc n-c tin tin: 200 500 l/ng,ng +Cc th Vit +Nng thn: Nam: 100 200 l/ng,ng
50 100 l/ng,ng
Hm l-ng cc cht nhim trong n-c cng: 1. BOD5 2. Cn l lng 4. Tng P :150250 mg/l : 200 290 mg/l : 10-20mg/l
3. Tng Nit : 35-100 mg/l 5. Coliform/100 ml: a 104 b 108 MPN/100 ml a,b=19. Khi nc thi sinh hot cha x l a vo knh, rch, sng, h, bin s gy nhim ngun nc vi cc biu hin nh gia tng hm lng cht rn l lng, c, mu, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng(nit, phtpho), vi trng, Theo phn loi ca s mi trng bang Alberta (Canada), nc thi t khu dn c c phn lm 3 loi:mnh, trung bnh v yu ty theo nng cc cht nhim.
3.1.2. N-c thi bnh vin Thnh phn, tnh cht gn ging n-c thi sinh hot Tnh cho 1 gi-ng bnh: SS :130 g/ng; Clorua:18g/ng Nng n-c thi: BOD5:70 g/ng; Nit amoni:16g/ng;
Ch tiu min pH SS (mg/l) BOD5 (mg/l) COD coliform, MPN/100ml 6,2 100 110 140 106
Nng trung bnh 7,4 160 150 200 107 8,1 220 250 300 109 Max
3.1.3. N-c thi sn xut cng nghip N-c thi khai khong ,luyn kim du , cng nghip thc phm,dt giy c kh .. Chia lm 2 loi: N-c thi sn xut bn: Thnh phn, tnh cht ph thuc iu kin ,lnh vc ,thnh phn nguyn vt liu, sn Thnh phn n-c thi CN khng n nh, tnh nguy hi
vo phm. cao.
N-c thi
3.1.4.
N-c m-a
N-c m-a
N-c m-a t u
Thi gian gia hai trn m-a, thi gian m-a C-ng m-a, i hnh ...
c c y u t t c ng
- Nhn chung trong n-c m-a: SS = 400 - 3000 mg/l BOD5 = 8 - 180 mg/l
- L-ng cht bn tch t trong n-c t u sau thi gian t -c xc nh theo cng thc: M=MMAX (1- e-Kz.t ) Trong : + MMAX :l-ng cht bn c th tch t ln nht cp th : th cp cao, mt dn s thp MMAX kg/ha ) Khu hnh chnh th-ng mi Mmax = 100 140 kg/ha . Khu cng nghip vi trc -ng ln MMAX =200 250 kg/ha = 10 20 ph thuc vo
+ KZ :H s ng hc tnh lu cht bn, ph thuc vo cp th KZ = 0,2 0,5 /ngy + t: Thi gian tch lu cht bn ,ngy. 3.1.4. N-c thi sn xut nng nghip Ch yu l do chn nui , trng trt cht dit su , c
Cng
Tu b ra vo Cht thi
3.2.1. Cc yu t vt l Cn lng : + Lm tch t cc cht t u ming x, phn hu kh kh, thiu ht O2 ; gy H2S c mi v CH4 gy chy
Nhit : Tc ng mnh n qu trnh sinh ho, t0 tng 100C tc qu trnh sinh ho tng 2 ln xy ho cht HC mnh - T
o
cao
ngun 30o C
Mc n nh Mc D- tha
To tch t(c)
3.2.4. Cc cht c
hi
- Nhm kim loi nng : + D xm nhp vo chui thc n. Nhu cu ca sinh vt i vi kim loi nng rt nh, nu v-t cho sinh vt . + nh h-ng n cc qu trnh ho hc . + Con ng-i rt d nhy cm vi kim loi nng. - Cht hu c bn vng: Ho cht bo v thc vt ; Phenol; Cht dioxin Tch t lu di trong chui thc n nh h-ng n nt cui cng: con ng-i . - Cc cht nh h-ng n b mt : qu yu t gy c hi
+Phn tn nhanh, to thnh mng trn mt n-c, cn tr qu trnh trao i cht, nng l-ng gia cc pha kh v n-c v qu trnh quang hp. +Cn tr qu trnh trao i cht ca sinh vt 3.2.5. Cc loi vi khun gy bnh (Sinh vt v vi sinh vt gy bnh): - Coliform: Sinh vt ch th, chng t trong n-c c vi khun t, l, th-ng hn - Trng giun sn . - ng vt nguyn sinh gy bnh . Cc loi vi khun gy bnh xm nhp vo n-c mang mm bnh cho ng-i 3.3. Cc qu trnh nhim n-c d-i t 3.3.1. T n-c b mt : nhim do n-c thi N-c ngm mch nng N-c ngm
mch su . Sn xut nng nghip: Phn bn thuc tr su . Khai thc v s dng ging khoan Rc, bi rc n-c rc d r n-c mt, thm vo t
3.3.2.
- Khoan : (Khoan thm d, thi cng ging) - Lp ging: Khng tun th k thut - Khai thc n-c : +Cng sut ng c ln rung mt xm nhp + ng vch nt , d r . ph v nn G' n-c
3.3.3. lc...
3.4. Cc ph-ng php nh gi s nhim n-c : 3.4.1. nh gi trc tip : Mc ch: C -c thng tin nhanh v ngun gc gy nhim thng qua cc ch tiu nhim c tr-ng: Cc ch tiu vt l, ho hc, sinh hc...... a) Nhm - c; cc ch tiu vt l : SS; TDS; CND mu; Mi v; Nhit
b)Nhm cc ch tiu sinh thi : pH, DO Ch tiu ny quan h mt thit vi H2S (S2- ) , CO2 c) Nhm cc ch tiu hu c :COB, BOD5 Vi mi loi n-c khc nhau c t l : nhau. d) Nhm cc ch tiu dinh d-ng : N, P e)Kim loi nng : Hin din trong nc, bn Th-ng nh theo nhm ch tiu ny thng qua cc nguyn t: Pb , Cd,Cr,Ni, Hg,Zn,Cu,As . f) Cc cht c hi khc: - Phenol, CN
-
(xianua)
,c kh ho cht ,...sn xut min , cn , r-u) - Ho cht bo v thc vt g)Vi sinh vt gy bnh : -Coliorm :
3.4.2 nh
thnh phn sinh vt ,cc yu t sinh ho hc ,..... Qu trnh gy nhim c th l qu trnh lu di, v th phi dng bin php tng hp nh gi, ta bit -c n-c c dng -c hay khng . gi tng hp ngun n-c th qua ph-ng php ny b nhim khng , c th s
thng qua cc ch tiu ho hc tng hp. T phn loi cht l-ng n-c s dng: bn, rt bn, rt sch , sch, Thng qua cc ch tiu thu sinh vt ch th: Mi vng c mt loi thu sinh vt ring c tr-ng
nh gi mc nhim tng vng . nh gi, cn cn c vo cc ch s nhim c tr-ng (Ch th nhim).T xc nh: -Mc nhim . -Kh nng t lm sch. 3.4.2.1. Cc ch tiu ho hc tng hp:
Trng thi cht l-ng pH NH4+ (mg/l ) NO3(mg/l) PO43(mg/l)
bo ho oxy (%)
COD (mg/l )
BOD5 (mg/l)
7- 8 7,58 6 - 9 5 9 -
4 9,5 3,0 10
0,3
0) <15(1 0) 15(1 0)
10
Mezoxaprobe ( -m )
Olizoxaprobe (O)
Theo s loi sut hin v tn sut sut hin ca sinh vt ch th nh gi -c s nhim bn . 3.4.2.3. Theo cc ch s t lm sch :
I= Gvo /Gra
Hoc nh gi qua h s K = K1. K2 .K3..... Kn (Ki: H s chuyn ho cht bn ca tng cht) Hoc nh gi qua nnt sut sinh hc P,(b cc ch tiu ch th - mi quc gia , mi vng c 1 b ch tiu ring).