Chuong 4 5

GV Trn Th Dim Thy Chuyn ngnh qun l 07MT
Chng 4 T lm sch ngun nc

4.1. Quy lut c bn ca qu trnh t lm sch ngun nc
3.1.1 Khi nim chung
4.1.1.1. Khi nim
T lm sch l t hp cc qu trnh t nhin nh cc qu trnh thu
ng lc, ho hc, vi sinh vt hc, thu sinh hc, din ra trong ngun
nc mt b nhim bn nhm phc hi li trng thi cht lng nc ban
u
4.1.1.2. Cc vng nhim v t lm sch ngun nc
- Vng I: Xo trn nc thi vi nc ngun nh qu trnh khuch tn to
tia.
- Vng II: Vng pha long nc thi nh khuch tn cht bn vi nc ngun.
- Vng III: Vng xo trn hon ton nh khuch tn.
- Vng IV: Vng phn hu hoc chuyn ho cht bn. Phc hi trng
thi ban u (C
4
TB
~C
o
).
- Vng V: Vng cht lng nc c phc hi.
Qu trnh t lm sch bao gm 2 qu trnh:
- Xo trn, pha long: Ch yu ti vng I v II
- Qu trnh phn hu, chuyn ho: Ch yu vng III v IV
4.1.2 Quy lut lan truyn (m hnh ton ) ca qu trnh
Qu trnh khuch tn cc cht bn trong dng chy c m t:
- C , t : Nng cht bn v thi gian .
- U
X Y,Z
: Vn tc dng chy ton phn theo cc phng x,y,z ;
c trng qu trnh vn chuyn vt cht nh i lu.
- D
X ,Y, Z
: H s khuch tn theo cc phng x , y, z; c trng qu
trnh vn chuyn cht nh gradien nng v s chy ri.
Page 1 of 23
C
o
C
1<
C
o
C
nt>
C
1
Max>
C
0
C
nt
I II
III IV
C
2
Max>
C
0
C
3
TB
>C
0
Y
X
) (c F
z
C
z y
C
y x
C
x z
C
y
C
x
C
t
C
D D D U U U Z Y X Z Y X
+
,
_
,
_

+
,
_

+
1
]
1
(1)
Mt s trng hp ring:
a) U
Y
,U
Z
<< U
X
(i vi sng c dng chy ln):U
x
v; D
Y
, D
Z
0, D
X
=
cosnt
b) i vi sng rng hoc h (c dng chy ch o): Khuch tn tnh
tin theo phng x v khuych tn ri theo phng yU
Y
, U
Z
<< U
X
;

D
y
>>
D
x
, D
Z

Sau khi nc thi v nc ngun xo trn hon ton th cc phng trnh
trn vit di dng: dC/dt =F(C)
F(C): Lng cht pht sinh t ngun thi v qu trnh bin i
hoc chuyn ho trong nc.
I r C F
i
+ ) (
Trong : r
i
: lng cht sinh ra trong qu trnh bin i th i
I: Lng cht c cung cp t ngun nc thi
4.2 Qu trnh pha long xo trn nc thi vi nc ngun
4.2.1 Qu trnh pha long:
c trng ca qu trnh l s ln pha long n:
Cng C
Cng C
Q
Q Q
n
NT
NT
NT NG
'
+ Q'
NG
= Q
NG
: Lng nc ngun tham gia v qu trnh pha long
+ = 0.85 - 0.9: t l ca nc ngun tham gia pha long vi nc thi
C
NT
: Nng cht bn trong nc thi
C
NG
: Nng cht bn trong ngun trc khi pha long
C : Nng cht bntrong ngun ti thi im tnh ton.
Nng nc thi ti im tnh ton:
,
_
+
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
+

+
+
t
W
Q Q Q
C
t
W
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q C Q C
C
M NG NT
NG
M NG NT
M NG NT
NG NG NT NT
exp
exp 1
Q
NT
: lng nc thi vo .
Q
M
:Tng lng nc mt i trong qu trnh xo trn (bay hi, thm...)
Page 2 of 23
(5)
) (
2
2
C F
C
x
C
v
t
C
y
Dy
+

) (
2
2
C F
x
C
x
C
v
t
C
DX
+
(2)
(3)
(4)
Q
NG
: Tng lng nc ngun.
W : Dung tch sng, h .
t : Thi gian dng chy t thi im ban u n thi im t.
-Xo trn hon ton, t= : , i vi sng Q
M
0
+
+
NG NT
NG NG NT NT
Q Q
Q C Q C
C
- i vi h: do dng chy nh nn a ra chu k trao i nc (thi
gian nc lu li trong h). Nng cht bn khi xo trnhon ton:
W
Q Q Q
M NG NT
+
+
+
NG NT
NG NG NT NT
XT
Q Q
Q C Q C
C
- i vi bin: C
XT
C
BIEN
Cc giai on pha long: 2 giai on
- Giai on 1 (giai on u): n
Nh qu trnh khuch tn cc tia nc thi t ming x vo ngun nc v

s chnh lch t trng gia NT v nc ngun.
n
ph thuc TP, tnh cht, V

NT
, Q
NT
ca nc thi v v tr , cu to
ming x
- Giai on 2 (Giai on cui): n
c
- nh ch thu ng hc dng
chy.
n
c
ph thuc Q
NG
, V
NG
chiu su, rng v khc khuu ca sng,
h ....
Vy: n = n
x n
c
4.2.2 Cc h s xo trn v h s khuych tn
a) H s xo trn :
- L: Khong cch tnh t im x nc thi n im tnh ton theo
chiu nc chy.
-: H s ph thuc ch yu ca ch thu ng hc ca dng chy.
Page 3 of 23
C C
C C
n
NG
NG NTH
1
1
C C
C C
n
NG
NG
2
1
2
Q
Q
NG
NG
'
) exp( 1
) exp( 1
3
3
L
L
Q
Q
NT
NG
3
NT
y
Q
D

n xn n
C C
C C
NG
NG NTH
2
2 1
nitorit, nitorat
ho
Sinh trtng
-: khc khuu cu dng chy, c th xc nh bng cng thc:
=L
dng chy
/L
thng
- :c trng cho v tr ca ming x nc thi
D
y:
h s khuych tn ri ca dng chy theo phng y
b) H s khuych tn ri
Theo phng x:
D
x
= a . R . v
*
Trong :
a: h s ph thuc trng thi thu lc ca dng chy (=8,7- 640 tu
thuc vo sng, sui)
R: bn knh thu lc cu dng chy
v
*
: vn tc ng hc ca dng chy(khc vi v, v
x
c k n h s
nhm...ca sng)
8
*

Vx V
:h s nhm
Theo phng y:
- Cng thc le i vi sng:
D
y
=0,23(Hv
*
) (m
2
/s)
- Cng thc Bensal i vi sng, h:

( )
387 , 1
/ 3524 H B
HV
D
X
y

Trong :
H:chiu su trung bnh ca dng chy
B:chiu rng trung bnh ca dng chy
v
x
:vn tc dng chy ca sng theo phng x
- Cng thc ca Popanov (Sng di v tn):
D
y
=Hv
x
/200
4.2.3 ngha ca qu trnh pha long nc thi vi nc ngun
trong vn bo v ngun nc:
Gim nng cht bn ti cc im cc b, nhm p ng qu trnh
t lm sch, hay iu chnh sinh thi (lng cn u, kh nng tip
xc gia SV vi cht bn tt hn...)
Da vo s ln pha long hay xo trn, nh gi c cht lng nc v
mc x l. (Xem cc v d trong sch HDA ALNT).
Page 4 of 23
nitorit, nitorat
ho
Sinh trtng
Phn b, qui hoch cc im x p ng yu cu bo v cht lng nc
sng, h.
4.3 Qu trnh chuyn ho cht bn trong ngun nc
4.3.1 Cc qu trnh chnh
* Qu trnh oxi ho sinh ho cht hu c, lm gim BOD v COD
* Qu trnh quang hp, tng DO, gim BOD
* Cc qu trnh ho hc , ho l: Hp th, keo t, kim ho, lng cn,
bay hi.... Cc qu trnh ny s lm gim COD v SS trong nc
* Qu trnh khuych tn xi qua b nt nc sng h=> BOD gim, DO
tng
* Qu trnh h hp ca vng cn y => gim DO, BOD, COD
* Qu trnh lng ng ca kim loi nng=> gim SS, gim kim loi
nng
Hin nay, ton b cc qu trnh ny coi nh n din ra theo cc phn ng
bc 1 theo phng trnh sau:
dC/dt= - KC
dC/dt=dC
1
/dt+dC
2
/dt+...+dC
n
/dt =- (k
1
+k
2
+k
3
+...
+k
n
)C
C
t
= C
o
exp{- (k
1
+k
2
+k
3
+...+k
n
)t}
Trong :
k
1
,k
2
,k
3
,k
n
: cc h s tc chuyn ho cht bn theo cc qu trnh
1,2,3..n
C
t
=C
0
exp (-(k
1
+k
2
+k
3
+...+k
n
)t)

Page 5 of 23
Cht hu
c
Thc vt bc
cao
Nc
thi
xy ho
tan
Hp cht
nit
C
h
t
Q
.
h
p
To
Bn
y
Cht v phn
hu
Phn nitorat
nitorit, nitorat
ho
Q.hp
V
i

k
h
u
n

c
h
t
V
n

n
i
Vi khun
H hp
Q.hp
H hp
Phn hu
H hp
Sinh trtng
Cht
O
2
b
mt
Cht v phn
hu
V
n

n
i
C
h
t
L
n
g
t
O
2
O
2
to ra do quang
hp
O
2
to ra do tch lu
ho tan
Tiu th O
2
do phn hu, h
hp
Tiu th O
2
do qu trnh
nitrt ho
C
S
C
4.3.2 Qu trnh xi ho sinh ho cht hu c
Qu trnh xy ho sinh ha din ra nh sau:
CHC+O
2
vi khun h hp CO
2
+ H
2
O + nng lng
Phng trnh vi phn phn ng bc 1
dL/dt= -k
1
L
L
t
=L
0
exp(-k
1
t)
Trong :
- k
1
: Hng s tc tiu th xi trong iu kin nht nh - c trng
cho tc phn ng ( ngy
-1
)
k
1
= f ( t
0
, pH, thnh phn, tnh cht nc, ch thu ng
hc)
n gin ngi ta chia k
1
ra 2 thnh phn:
k
1
=k
1tnh
. k
1ng
+ k
1 tnh
: Ph thuc vo nhit , thnh phn, tnh cht nc ...
iu kin 20
0
C , trong phng TN , i vi nc thi sinh hot hoc n-
c thi c thnh phn tng t nc sinh hot :
k
1tnh20oC
= 0,1/ngy (c s logarit thp phn)
= 0,23/ngy(c s logarit t nhin)
Khi iu kin T thay i
k
1tnhT
=k
1tnh20oC
T-20
Theo phelp-streder,Ratzenler =1,047
Theo N/c khc: khi 4<T<20
0C
=1,135
khi T>20
0
C =1,056
+ k
1ng
= Ph thuc vo ch dng chy ...
K
1 ng
= k
1 tnh
. H
- m
. V
n
Trong : m, n l h s thc nghim ph thuc vo tng loi ngun
m = f(H) = 0.1 - 1.5
n = f(V) = 0.5 - 2.5
- Bng thc nghim, h s k
1
ti H Ni c xc nh nh sau:
Page 6 of 23
t t
Ti hn
O
2
O
2
to ra do quang
hp
O
2
to ra do tch lu
ho tan
Tiu th O
2
do phn hu, h
hp
Tiu th O
2
do qu trnh
nitrt ho
C
S
C
+i vi h:
k
1
(25
o
) =0,229t
-0,856
( ngy
-1
)
t: Thi gian nc lu li trong h
+ i vi sng thot nc H Ni : v 0,02 m/s
k
1
=0,0142+0,14 lg L
o
( ngy
-1
)
4.3.3 Qa trnh ho tan oxy trong nc
Nng xy ho tan trong nc ph thuc vo cc qu trnh sau:
B cp
-Khuych tn b mt
Ph thuc: T
o
, pH, TP v tnh
cht nc, ch thu ng
hc, cng nh sng...
-Quang hp ph du thc vt v
thc vt bc cao: c bit
quan trng vi h t.
-B cp xi t thng lu(ngun
khc)
- Qu trnh phn nitrat
Tiu th (mt xi)
-xi ho sinh ho cht hu c trong n-
c; Nhn t chnh l vi khun
-H hp bn y
-Tiu th xi trong qu trnh nitrat v
nitrat ha
-ng vt h hp
-Thc vt h hp
-Bay hi (qu bo ho)
-xi ho ho hc cc cht bn khc
trong nc
Qu trnh ho tan xy c Street - Phelp a ra tnh cho thi im t:
Trong :k
2
:Hng s tc ho tan oxy; k
1
: hng s tiu th xy
Trong : + L:BOD ca hn hp nc thi v nc ngun
+ D
0
, L
0
: thiu ht xy v BOD ban u
Page 7 of 23
D L
dt
dD
k k
2 1

[ ] ) exp( ) exp( ) exp(
2 0 2 1
1 2
0 1
t k D t k t k
K K
L K
D
t
+
t
t t
Ti hn
H sinh thi mt n
nh nht
L
o
D
t
D
o
Nc thi
O
2
Mc xy bo
ho Mc O
2
thc t trong sng
h O
2
to ra do quang
hp
O
2
to ra do tch lu
ho tan
Tiu th O
2
do phn hu, h
hp
Tiu th O
2
do qu trnh
nitrt ho
C
S
C
Ch : trong tnh ton XLNT, t
ti hn
khng c ln hn 2 ngy
D
gh
= C
S
-4 (mg/l)
C
S
: Nng o xy bo ho, 4mg/l l gi tr ti thiu trong sng h loi A
+ K
2
c xc nh theo bng sau y:
c im dng chy Nhit nc ngun ( C)
15 20 25 30
-Dng chy yu hoc t
-Dng chy vn ti b
-Dng chy vn tc ln
-Sui (v rt ln)
0.25
0.43
1.06
1.70
0.34
0.46
1.15
1.84
0.49
1.24
1.99
0.54
1.75
2.15
Hoc c th xc nh K
2
bng cc CT khc
C: Bng s thc nghim ph thuc nhit
n: Hng s thc nghim thuc vn tc v cu to dng chy sng h
Trong thc t qu trnh sn sinh v tiu th xy cn phc tp hn rt
nhiu
(do quang hp DO tng ...)Tuy nhin m hnh ny n gin, d p dng
v vy m hnh ny ang c p dng ph bin.
3.3.4 Qu trnh quang hp, h hp v lng cn
a. Qu trnh lng cn
- Ph thuc: Ch thu ng hc; Kh nng kt t trong qu trnh
vn chuyn; c tnh ngun...
- ngha: lm gim nng cht bn trong nc
- Khi lng xung din ra qu trnh phn hu cn y vi 2 vng::
Page 8 of 23
2
2
H
Cv
K
n
CO
2
+ NO
3
-
+ HPO
4
3-
+
H
2
O +H
+
~
C
106
H
263
O
110
N
16
P + O
2
+ Vng trn, tip xc vi nc v xy thm nhp nn c phn hu hiu
kh.
+ Vng thiu xy, din ra qu trnh phn hu ym kh cht hu c,
qu trnh kh sunft, nitrt, nitrt...
VD: H
2
S (to ra do phn hu ym kh)+ F
e
= F
e
S hoc Fe
2
S
3
(mu en)
Ln men k kh to thnh CH
4
b, Quang hp
- Ph du thc vt v thc vt bc cao ng
vai tr ln trong qu trnh quang hp t N,
P,CO
2
, nng lng mt tri, tng hp nn sinh
khi v phi phng xi
- L nguyn nhn ca qu ti nhim bn: Do y iu kin nh
sng, dinh dng lm tng nng sut s cp dn n rong to cht hng
lot, CHC tng....
- Xu th ph du thc vt ni ln pha trn, to nn lp mng cn tr thm
nhp xy v nh sng mt tri.
- Trong nhiu sng h, nng to cao lm cho ch xi ho tan
thay i rt ln, ban ngy c lc do tng n 11mg/l , ban m do
gim xung cn 4mg/l dn n hin tng c ni u vo hui sng.
- Mt s loi thc vt c kh nng hp th cht bn rt ln: Bo lc bnh
b, H hp cn y
- Vi khun hp th xi xi cht
hu c dn n thiu ht xy ln
ti vng nc st lp y
- Qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ho din ra
ti lp cn y, cng l nguyn nhn
dn n thiu ht xy xi.
- Do thiu ht xy ti vng y ln,
do vy ti vng ny thng xy ra hin tng h hp k kh.
- Sn phm qu trnh h hp cn y l CO
2
, tr li cho nc mt lng
CHC, cht dinh dng...
3.3.5 Qu trnh dit khun
Cc loi vi khun gy bnh trong nc khi x vo ngun nc b tiu dit
do:
-Km cnh tranh vi cc vi khun phn hu cht hu c khc
- B tiu dit bi cc tia nng lng (t ngoi, hng ngoi)
Qu trnh dit khun trong sng h c thc hin trong s ca
Chick (phn ng bc 1)
N
t
=N
0
10
Kv.T
Page 9 of 23
O2
CO
2
NO
2
,NO
3
BOD
n = ?
C
MAX
= ?

Q
NTH
=0,8
m
3
/s
11 m
500 m
+ Trong iu kin 20
0
C trong cc vng giu nh sng ca sng th hng
s:
K
v
(coliform) = 0,436 - 0,785/ngy( Sng ln ly ga tr
ln)
+Trong iu kin khc 20
0
C
+ Trong cc h sinh vt : k
v
(20
0
C) = 2
(v vi khun d dng ln hn nn kh nng cnh tranh cao hn)
Chng 5 Cc m hnh nh gi cht lng nc
Cc m hnh nh gi cht lng nc da trn qu trnh t lm sch ca
ngun nc.
M hnh nh gi cht lng nc c ngha ht sc quan trng trong
vic kim sot cht lng nc ngun.
5.1 Cc m hnh cht lng nc sng
5.1.1 M hnh 2 chiu vi cht bn bn vng
Trong trng hp nc thi n nh:
F(c) 0 , c/t=0
Khi : vc/x=Dy.
2
c/y
2
(1)
Hin nay c xu th chung gii phng trnh (1) bng:
M hnh ton; Hm lng gic; Dng phng php chui; Dng phng s
(phng php gn ng): Chia nh ra ng dn
Sau y l mt s phng php gii phng trnh trn
a, M hnh Carausep (Dng phng php sai phn hu hn)
c/x=D
y
.
2
c/y
2

x
C /
x
=Dy
2
y
C /
y
2
(2)
- Gc to t ti im x=0 (ti im x nc thi)
- S chnh xc ca bi ton ph thuc vo cch chia v cch chn
Page 10 of 23
075 , 1
20
20
T
vt
kv kv
n = ?
C
MAX
= ?

Q
NTH
=0,8
m
3
/s
11 m
500 m
O
y
Chiu dng
chy x
k-1 k
k+1
im x nc thi
m
m+
1
m -1
T(2) ta c
x
C =
2
y
C.Dy.
x
/
y
2

m k m k m k m k m k
C C C C
y
x Dy
C
, 1 1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1
2
,
) 2 (
+
+ +
(3)
- Theo carausep i vi cc sng ng bng th:
Dy.
x
/
2
y
= 1/2 (4)
) ( 2 / 1
1 , 1 1 , 1 , +
+
m k m k m k
C C C
- i vi trng hp khc Dy=gH/MC
s
(4)
g: gia tc trng trng=9,81m/s
H: su trung bnh ca sng
M : Hm ca hng s cedi
M=0,7C
s
+6 (m
0,5
/s)
C
s
: Hng s cedi ca sng
- T (3) v (4):
x
= M.C
s
.
2
y
/2gH (5)
y: Ph thuc v tr x:
+ X ven b y=Q
nt
/vH
+ X lng sng : y=Q
nt
/2vH
v d:
Gii: y l trng hp x lng sng
y=0,8/2.0,2.1,8=1,11m
M=0,7.38,4+6=32,9 (m
0,5
/s)
x=32,9.38,4/2.9,8.1,8=43,8m
S khong theo y, x: N
y
=500/1,11= ... N
x
=70/43,8=...
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 ....... 10 11 12
Page 11 of 23
- B = 70 m
- H =1,8 m
- C
S
= 38,4 m
0,5
/s
- v = 0,2 m/s
- C
NG
= 0
- C
NTH
= 120 mg/l
- x =500 m
) 2 (
1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1
2
, 1 , +
+

m k m k m k m k m k
C C C
y
x Dy
C C
n = ?
C
MAX
= ?

Q
NTH
=0,8
m
3
/s
11 m
500 m
y
1 0
2 0 0 0 0 ...
3 0 0 0 0 7,5 ..
.... 15 7,5
8 0 0 30 15 30 ... 19,2
9 0 60 30 45 30 26,8 18,0
10 120 60 60 45 45 26,8 26,8
11 120 60 60 45 45 26,8 26,8
12 0 60 30 45 30 26,8 18,0
13 0 0 30 15 30 19,2
14 0 0 0 15 7,5 ...
15 0 0 0 0 7,5
Kt qu tnh ton: C
max

500
=26,8mg/l , n=120-0/26,8-0=4,48
b, M hnh Frlp:Rodziller
iu kin bin:
- Cc dng chy v tn
- Khng cp s ln pha long ban u
-X tp trung
C: Nng cht bn ti im xo trn hon ton
C
o
: Nng cht bn ca nc thi
H s khuch tn Dy xc nh theo cng thc ca Popanov :
D
y
=Hv
x
/200
H s th thuc vo v tr x
= 1 x ven b
= 1,5 x gia dng
: H s ph thuc vo hnh thi ca sng = L/L

thng
Page 12 of 23
3
nth
Q
Dy

) exp( ) (
3
L C Co C C
MAX
+
u im : thng tin n gin (s liu u vo)
nh c im: sai s ln do thng tin gn ng
ng dng: Ch p dng cho sng ln, di v tn.
5.1.2 M hnh cht lng nc 1 chiu i vi cht bn khng bn
vng
- iu kin bin: 0<=x<=;
0<=t<=
c/t+v. c/x-Dx
2
c/x
2
- f(C
t
) =0 (4)
t: Thi gian ca dng chy tnh t im x => im tnh ton
v: vn tc (m/s)
Dx: hng s khuych tn theo phng x
f(C
t
)= - KC
C
x,o
=C
u
(nng cht bn trung bnh ca sng trc khi x nc thi
vo)
Khi x nc thi ti x = 0 => C
o,t
= f(t)
a) Xc nh nng cht bn ca sng ti thi im t, v tr X
iu kin bin: Trc khi x nc thi vo sng, nng cht bn khng
thay i theo thi gia C
o,t
= f(t) = C
0
=cons.
Dng ton t Laplas gii(4)
- H s khuch tn tnh theo cng thc:
D
X
= 2138H.U.(V/U)
2
- U: vn tc ng hc ca dng chy:
S
C
g V
U
.

Hi V
V
C
S
.
C
s
: H s cedi ca sng, i: dc thu lc, H: Chiu su sng
- k: hng s chuyn ho cht bn( 20 C, nc thi sinh hot (BOD)
k=0,1
b. Cng nh trn nhng nng cht bn thay i theo thi gian
Bng cch gii nh trn ta c:
Page 13 of 23
(5)
kt
C
x
D
kt
D
v
D
v
kt
C
C C
dau
x
x
x
dau
t x
2 1
] )
2 1
4
2
exp[( )
2 1
(
2
2
0 ,
+
+
+
+
+

[ ] ) exp( 1 ) (
0 , 0
Mt C t f C
t

kt
C
x
D
kt
D
v
D
v
kt
C
Mt
C C
dau
x
x
x
dau
t x
2 1
] )
2
2 1
4
2
exp[(
2 1
)
2 1
1
(
2
2
0 ,
+
+
+
+
1
]
1
+

M: hm ca hng s cedi M=0,7C
s
+6
c, khi x tc thi lng cht bnG vo sng th sau tc ng
khong cch x th C
x,t
=?
: din tch tit din c tnh ca vng nc b nhim bn, ph thuc loi
cht bn
5.1.3 M hnh BOD - DO ca sng
c trng cho m hnh ny l thiu ht xi D v BOD
D
/
t
+ v
D
/
x
= D
x
2
D
/
2
x
+ F(c)
(8)
L
/
t
+ v
L
/
x
= D
x
2
L
/
2
x
- K
1
L
F(c)=K
1
L - K
2
D
+ K
1
: Hng s tc tiu th xy (1/ngy)
+ K
2
: Hng s tc ho tan xy trn b mt (1/ngy)
+ L: Nng BOD (mg/l)
Trong trng hp xo trn hon ton, qu trnh t lm sch ch yu da
vo vi sinh vt => phng trnh (8) chuyn v di dng Phelp
-Streeter
(y l m hnh n gin nht, ch cp n qu trnh tiu th
xy ca vi sinh vt hiu kh v ho tan xy qua b mt khi c thiu ht
xy)
d
D
/d
t
= K
1
L - K
2
D
dL/dt = - k
1
L
D
t
=[k
1
L
0
/(k
2
- k
1
)] [exp(-k
1
t) - exp(-k
2
t)] + D
0
exp(-k
2
t)
(10)
L
t
= L
o
x 10
- K1.t
+ L
bs
- D
o
v L
o
l thiu ht xi v BOD ban u, ti thi im t = 0
- L
bs:
Nng BOD b sung do cc yu t
+ qu trnh sinh ho gy nhim bn
+ Vn cn y xm nhp tr li
+ Ngun khc b cp
Trong iu kin Vit Nam, cc sng h th nc ta tnh theo cng
thc
L
x,max
=L
ng
exp(-k
1
t) + 1/n (L
nt
- L
ng
)exp(-k
1
*
t) +L
bs
- L
ng
:BOD ca nc sng khi cha x nc thi vo t=0
Page 14 of 23
(7)
1
]
1
kt
t D
vt x
t D
G
C
x
x
t x
4
) (
exp
4
2
,

- L
nt
: BOD ca nc thi sng ti im t=0
- n: s ln pha long
- L
bs
:BOD b sung.
i vi knh h th: L
bs
(ng/l)
+ Knh thot nc vi v = 0,01 -0,02 1,4 - 2
+ H th vi thi gian nc lu li 10-20 ngy 2,5 - 3,5
20 -40 ngy 3,0 - 4
- k
1
: hng s tc tiu th xi trong nc ngun
+ Knh, mng thot nc, v nh hn 0,02 m/s:
K
1
= 1,0142 + 0,14 L
ng
(ngy
-1
) - C s logarit
+ i vi h th tip nhn nc thi sinh hot:
K
1
= 0,229 t
- 0,656
(ngy
-1
)
- K
2
: hng s tc ho tan xy, ph thuc vo v, nhit , su
H....
K
2
= 86400 (D
x
v)
1/2
/H
3/2
D
x
: H s khuch tn, D
x
= 2,05.10
-9
20
0
C.
5.1.4 c im qu trnh pha long v chuyn ho cht bn
trong sng khi c nhiu ngun thi.
a, i vi cc cht bn bn vng:
b)i vi cc cht bn khng bn vng :
Page 15 of 23
...... ..........
. .
1
1
1
1 ,
Q Q
C
Q
C
Q
C
NG
NG
NG
XT
+
+
1 2 3 4
Q
1
C
1
Q
2
C
2
Q
NG
C
1
C
NG
C
MAX ,1
C
MAX ,2
C
MAX ,3
C
MIN ,1
C
MIN ,2
C
MIN ,3
C
XT ,1
C
XT ,2
C
XT ,3
+
+
1
1
. .
1
1
1
1 ,
n
i
Q Q
C
Q
C
Q
C
NG
n
i
i
NG
NG
n XT
1 2 3
Q
1
C
1
Q
2
C
2
Q
NG
C
1
C
NG
C
MAX ,1
C
MAX ,2
C
MIN ,1
C
MIN ,2
C
MIN ,3
C
XT ,1
C
XT ,2
C
MAX ,3
C
XT ,3
t
1
t
2
t
3
DO thc
t
DO khuych tn
H
DO,%

0,3 0,5
m
0,15 0,2 m
0-1,5m
Vng
hiu kh
Vng
tu tin
Vng
ym kh
Nu k
1
= const
4.2 Cc m hnh nh gi cht lng nc h
4.2.1 c im h
H l ni yu t dng chy khng r rt, qu trnh vn chuyn trong
h ch yu nh gi v cc qu trnh thu ng lc trong h
a, Phn loi h
Theo ngun gc hnh thnh
- H t nhin
c im: Hnh thnh do s vn ng ca v thc ng vt lm cho
a hnh bin i to vng trng cha nc b mt chy xung hoc
nc ngm. H sinh thi trong loi h ny thng n nh.
-H nhn to: c hnh thnh do con ngi tc ng (H o v h
p)
c im: Do thi gian hnh thnh ngn nn h sinh thi cha n
nh. iu kin sng hay b thay i, sinh vt d cht hoc thay
i trng thi hot ng
Theo mn: H nc ngt , H nc mn, H nc l
Theo mc dinh dng:
H giu dinh dng, H trung bnh, H ngho dinh dng
b, Cc c tnh c bn ca h
- S phn tng nhit , xi theo chiu su
Page 16 of 23
Q Q
C
Q
C
Q
C
I NG
NG
NG
XT
t k t k
+
+

10 10
1 1 1 1
.
1
1
.
1 ,
. . . .
+
+ +
n
I NG
n
n
n
i NG n XT
n XT
Q Q
C
Q Q Q Q
C
t k t k n n
1
.
1
1
.
1 ,
,
10 10
1 1
. . ) ( .
?
,

C N XT
DO thc
t
DO khuych tn
H
DO,%

0,3 0,5
m
0,15 0,2 m
0-1,5m
Vng
hiu kh
Vng
tu tin
Vng
ym kh
- S phn vng theo ng ng tm
Phn tng nhit
- Tng mt : Nhit nc thay i theo mi trng bn ngoi, nc b
xo trn do gi ( xc tc khng kh n nh ) su 0 n 0.5 m
- Tng gia: su 0,5 n 2,5 m. Chiu su ca tng ph thuc kch
thc, chiu su h , v tr a l, kh hu, mi trng...
Nhit ca tng gia khng n nh.
Ti tng ny, c s xo trn nhng ch xo trn trong bn thn tng
gia do s chnh lch thnh phn nhit gia tng 1 v 3.
-Tng y : Su trn 2,5 m . Nhit n nh. nhit chnh lch
gia tng y v tng mt ln( ln n 30
0
). y l l do nh hng n
h sinh thi trong h =>thnh phn sinh vt trong h rt khc nhau
Phn tng ch oxy :
- Ch xy phn nh: mc dinh dng, QT. thu ng hc v sinh
ho.
- xi cung cp cho h ch yu l qu trnh khuych tn v quang hp
- Theo su, ch xy chia 3 vng: H hp hiu kh (100%), h
hp tu tin (o xy bo ho bo 30-60%) ho v h hp k kh ( xi bo
ho <30%)
Page 17 of 23
Nhit
KK
Ma ng
Nhit
KK ma h
Nhit n
c ma H
H
t
Ma ng
Tng 1
Tng 2
Tng 3
Tiu th
do h hp
DO tch lu
do quang
hp
DO thc
t
DO khuych tn
H
DO,%

0,3 0,5
m
0,15 0,2 m
0-1,5m
1,5 -
2,5m
Vng
hiu kh
Vng
tu tin
Vng
ym kh
Phn vng theo ch dinh dng:
Phn vng theo nguyn l ng tm:
Cht hu c, dinh dng gim dn t ven
b vo gia.
- Ven b th ph du thc vt v thc vt
bc cao pht trin hn
- P, N cun theo nc b mt tri xung
tp trung ven b
4.2.2 Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng nc h (H nc ngt)
a, nh gi theo mc nhim:
TCNN 5942-1995 c cc tiu ch nh gi cht lng nc h
b, Mc dinh dng
Ch tiu Oligotrophic (ngho dd) Eutrophic (giu dd)
su Su (Tng y>tng
mt)
Nng (T.y<tng
mt)
trong a
secchi,m
>4,0 m <2,0 m
Mu Lam Lc
pH Trung tnh Trung tnh - Kim
Bo ho O
2
tng y > 80% < 10%
Cht dinh dng: N
P
<0,2 mg/l
<0,02 mg/l
>0,2 mg/l
>0,02 mg/l
Chlorophyll a 0,3-2,5mg/m
3
(10-50
mg/m
2
)
>5 mg/m
3
(>20
mg/m
3
)
Thc vt ph du To khc nhau (s lng t) To lam, to lc
ng vt ph du Ngho Phong ph
ng vt y Phong ph Ngho
CHC y thp Cao
4.2.3 Qu trnh pha long nc thi trong h
Qu trnh pha long ch yu ph thuc:
- Ch thu ng hc(ch yu do gi )
- ch x nc thi vo h
a, M hnh Rufell: Theo Rufell qu trnh pha long ch yu do gi v
ph thuc nhiu vo im x nc thi tng mt hay tng y
n=n
. n
c
Trong :
Page 18 of 23
Gi
Gi
H nng
H Su
n

= f (iu kin x nc thi)
- X NT tng mt:
- X NT tng y th
Trong :
+ Q
nth
: nc thi x vo h m
2
/s
+ H: chiu su ca cng x nc thi ( ngp ca cng).
- Nu cng nm trn mt nc th n

= 1
n
c
(S ln pha long c bn) ph
thuc tnh hnh x NT
- X nc thi ven b
- X NT xa b
x L
c
x L n
+
+
/ 0064 , 0 41 , 0
) / ( 32 , 2 85 , 1
Trong :
L: Khong cch tnh t a im x NT n v tr tnh ton
x: bc theo hng nc x
x =6, 53.H
1,167
h
H
h
: su trung bnh ca h
b, M hnh ca Lsp
iu kin bin:
- Vn tc nc thi ti ming x v
o
> 2m/s
- Chiu su h / ng knh ming x , H / d
0
] 30
S ln pha long:
Trong :
- A:H s. X nc thi tp trung: A=1
X nc thi phn tn A = 0,74 (L/l
1
+ 2,1)
- 0,4
- L: Khong cch t ming x n im tnh ton
- l
1
: Khong cch gia cc im x phn tn
- p: c trng cho ch thu ng hc trong
h
- v
TB
: vn tc trung bnh dng chy trong h
Page 19 of 23
2
2
00118 , 0
0118 , 0
H Q
H Q
n
nth
nth
d
+
+
2
2
000435 , 0
0087 , 0
H Q
H Q
n
nth
nth
d
+
+
) ( 0002 , 0 627 , 0
) ( 142 , 0 1
x
L
c
x
L
n

+
+
S P
d
L
A n
.
0
2 , 0
,
_
5
0
10 ) ( 360
325 , 0
875 , 0
v
v
H
S
+
X
L
TB o
TB
V V
V
P
+
000015 , 0
- v
0
: vn tc nc thi ti ming x ( > 2m/s )
- s: H s ph thuc su ca h
- H: ngp trung bnh ca cng x trong h
V d:
xc nh s ln pha long n, C
X
; x tp trung vi cc iu kin y:
H = 30 m; Q
nth
= 0,32m
3
/s; L = 500m; v
TB
= 0,02m/s,
C
0
= 150mg/l; C
ng
= 10mg/l
Gii: S b chn v
0
= 2,5m/s; T
v
d
Q
4
14 , 3
2
0

30 :
0
>
d
H
dk
m bo k => chn d
0
=0,4m, v=2,53m/s
X nc thi tp trung =>A=1
n = (C
0
- C
ng
)/ (C
x
- C
ng
), thay vo ta tnh c C
x
4.2.4 M hnh chuyn ho cht hu c (BOD) trong h
iu kin bin: - Xem h tnh ton l h sinh vt n nh.
- Cc qu trnh xy ra trong h l phn ng bt 1
Qu trnh xo trn hon
ton
Thi gian nc lu li trong h
o
r t
r a
Q
V
t
L L
L L
k
t
lg
1
1
Trong :
Page 20 of 23
m d 404 , 0
5 , 2 * 14 , 3
32 , 0 * 4
0

126 )
4 , 0
500 * 2 , 0
( 1
884 , 0
10 )
53 , 2
02 , 0
( 360
30 * 325 , 0 875 , 0
997 , 0
02 , 0 53 , 2 * 000015 , 0
02 , 0
5

+
+
n
s
p
Q
0
,
La
Q
0
, Lt
t = 3 -
60ng
Q
ng
, Lng
Qnt,
Lnt
(1,4-1,7)g
O
2

Cc yu cu hnh thnh 1 g to
Ngun: Poul haremoos, 1984
Qa trnh sinh thi trong h ST h
Ngun:Tchobanoglous, George,1985
- L
a
: BOD ca hn hp nc thi v nc h sau khi xo trn hon ton
L
a
= (L
ng
.Q
ng
+ L
nt
.Q
nt
)/( Q
ng
+Q
NT
)
- Q
0
=Q
ng
+Q
NT
- L
r
: Lng cht bn b sung do:
ph dng, ti nhim bn ln 2; do cht bn cun tri b mt (run-off)
L
r
= 2 - 3 mg/l
- k
1
: Hng s tc tiu th xy sinh ho (hng s chuyn)
Thng thng ly: k
1
=0,1 - 0,3 (ngy
-1
)
- v : dung tch h
- : hng s ph thuc iu kin ch thu ng hc v hnh thi
ca h.
Nh vy t cng thc trn s xc nh c L
t
- nng BOD ti thi im
t bt k.
Nu khng xc nh trn hon ton phi k n h s pha long
L
t
= L
ng
.10
- k1 .t
+ (1/n) (L
NT
- L
ng
)10
- k1.t
+ L
r

Trong : k
1
: nh trn
n: s ln pha long xc nh theo Rufell hoc Lapsop
Page 21 of 23
65 , 0 3 , 0 5
8 , 0 7 , 0 5
> <
> >
B
L
rong
dai
B
L
(1,4-1,7)g
O
2

Trm
tch
Ph d
ng
BOD c mu
mi
4.2.5 M hnh chuyn ho cht dinh dng trong h
Qu trnh chuyn ho cht dinh dng v tng hp sinh khi l nguyn
nhn ca:
- Cht hu c tng (ti nhim bn)
- Cht c hi tng t ngt;
- Mu, mi...
Trong nc (c bit trong h dng chy yu) to v ph du thc vt
khc pht trin v tng nhanh:
106 CO
2
+ 16 NO
3
-
+ HPO
4
2-

+ 122 H
2
O + 18 H
+
+ (yu t vi lng)
C
106
H
263
O
110
N
16
P + 138 O
2
(*)
(Cn bng theo Mocgan nm 1981)
Theo phng trnh trn ta thy:
- N/P = 16 * 14/1*31 = 7,2 (**)
- Trong qu trnh quang hp thc vt ly H
+
quang hp => OH
-
tng
=> nc c mi trng kim.
- C N, P u rt qua trng, quyt nh qu trnh ph dng. Tuy nhin
nh gi, da vo t l N/P:
+N : P > 12
:P l yu t gii hn (s dng nh gi)
+ N: P < 7,2 : N l yu t gii hn
+ N:P =7,2 -12: C N v P l yu t gi hn.
Thng thng, trong nc: N/P = 20 => theo (**) khi p trong nc tng =>
To pht trin mnh => nc n hoa, ti nhim bn ln 2
Page 22 of 23
Quang
hp
H hp
1g sinh khi
to
(1,5-2)g
CO
2 Mui dinh dng
N: 60-90 g
P: 9-15 g
N: 60-90 kg
P: 9-15 kg
1,5-2)g CO
2
kg
Nng lng nh sng
min 100kj
(1,4-1,7)g
O
2

Trm
tch
Ph d
ng
BOD c mu
mi
Cht
DD
TV. y
C
nh
TVph du
V.l
lng
C ln
Nng lng mt tri
Chnh v vy, trnh hin tng n hoa trong nc ngi ta phi khng
ch hng lng p trong nc.
-Trn c s nh sinh thi hc ngi an mch Volenweider(1976)
xc nh biu thc v s thay i P trong h
Trong : I
pv
: Lng P vo h
I
pp
: Lng P cun tri t b mt
I
pw
: Lng do nc ma a vo
S[P]: Lng p b trm tch lng ng trong h
R[p]: Lng P do cc ph du thc vt tiu th cho qu trnh
quang hp
v: dung tch h
- Theo Volenweider:
[p]
ra
= [p]
vo
/ (1+ t
- 1/2
) (2)
t: thi gian nc lu li trong h (tnh bng nm)
Biu thc xc nh lng P ti hn( ti lng cho php ca p trong h)
L
c
=10 q
s
[1+(H/q
s
)
0.5
] (3) (mg P / m
3
nm)
Trong :
- q
s
: Tc nc chy trong h tnh theo b mt
q
s
= Q/A = m
3
nc vo h trong nm / din tch h
- H: su trung bnh ca h
- Nu ti lng P trong h L
p
> L
c
=> ph dng
L
p
<= L
c
=> n nh
Page 23 of 23
[ ] [ ]
V
p R p S I I I
dt
dP
pw pp pv
+ +
P
thc vt
P
P
r
P
V
P
ng vt n c
P
c
P
ng vt
P
thc vt
Trm
tch
Ph d
ng
BOD c mu
mi

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GV Trn Th Dim Thy Chuyn ngnh qun l 07MT

Chng 4 T lm sch ngun nc

Nh qu trnh khuch tn cc tia nc thi t ming x vo ngun nc v

ph thuc TP, tnh cht, V

: H s ph thuc vo hnh thi ca sng = L/L

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