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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Chng 7: QUN L CHT LNG MI TRNG NC 7.1. Qun l cht lng mi trng nc mt 7.1.1. Xy dng, ban hnh cc tiu chun, thit lp c ch v cp giy php x ,quy nh v bo v mi trng nc mt Mt trong nhng cng c php l quan trng trong qun l mi trng nc mt l xy dng, ban hnh cc tiu chun, quy nh v bo v mi trng nc mt, cng nh thit lp c ch v cp giy php x nc thi. M v mt s nc pht trin khc t lu thc hin quy nh: tt c cc c s sn xut cng nghip cn phi c giy php thi nc mi c b nc thi vo h thng nc thi chung ca th hoc thi vo ngun nc mt. Cc giy php x nc thi c cp cho tng thi k 5 nm mt v sau xin php gia hn hoc cp giy php mi mi c tip tc x thi. Nhng c s sn xut x nc thi phi thc hin ghi chp lu tr h s v tin hnh t quan trc gim st nc thi ca mnh. Cc giy php x thi do chnh quyn Bang cp, nhng phi chu s kim tra ca c quan qun l mi trng Lin Bang (EPA), c quan ny c quyn bc b cc giy php do chnh quyn Bang cp, nu thy giy php khng m bo ng tiu chun mi trng. Anh loi giy php ny c cp ch 2 nm 1 ln. Trong giy php x thi thng quy nh r lng thi ti a cho php v cc gii hn i vi cc ch tiu: BOD, COD, pH, nhit , cc kim loi nng,Cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng nh k n kim tra cc c s nc thi, nu pht hin cc c s khng tun th tiu chun mi trng v cc qui nh trong giy php th thc hin cc bin php tng ng nh cnh co, x pht, thu hi giy php, bt c s tm ngng sn xut, thm ch ng ca nh my. Mc x pht thng t 400 USD n 20.000USD. Thc t nhiu nc pht trin chng t s dng cng c php l ny rt c hiu qu trong qun l mi trng nc mt. 7.1.2. Phi hp cht ch v nhp nhng gia cc c quan chuyn mn v cc cp chnh quyn a phng trong qun l mi trng nc mt.
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Phn cng v phn trch nhim r rang, tin hnh kim tra s tun th cc qui nh v cc tiu chun v mi trng i vi tt c cc ngun thi gy nhim mi trng nc. Ty theo tnh hnh c th mi a phng m b sung thm hoc chi tit ho cc qui nh v bo v mi trng nc. Trong nhiu trng hp gii quyt vn nhim mi trng nc cc dng sng, cc thy vc cn c s phi hp gia cc a phng u ngun nc ( thng lu) phi c trch nhim i vi bo v mi trng nc h lu. 7.1.3. nh k tin hnh quan trc nh gi hin trng CLMT nc mt Tin hnh quan trc, nh gi cht lng mi trng nc mt nh k pht hin kp thi nhng ni b nhim trm trng v p dng kp thi cc bin php hu hiu ngn chn nhim. Cn phi phn tch, xc nh nguyn nhn gy nhim chnh xc th mi khc phc c. V d pht hin trong mi tng nc c cha d lng thuc bo v thc vt th phi cng vi cc c quan qun l sn xut nng nghip, c quan bo v thc vt xem xt xt nh lng, x no, cnh ng no s dng thuc bo v thc vt qu mc, khng ng quy nh. Nu nguyn nhn l do nhim cng nghip th phi xc nh c cc ngun thi c th, l nh my x nghip no thi ra. Cn phi x pht cc x nghip ny v vn dng cng c php l cng ch x nghip p dng ngay k thut x l nc thi, m bo tiu chun mi trng mi c thi vo h thng thot nc chung. Nu nhim nc mt do chn nui thy sn khng ng k thut hoc s dng ho cht c hi nh bt c th cn phi hp vi cng an ngn cm ngay cc hot ng ny. Trong nhiu trng hp nhim mi trng nc th l do dn c xung quanh vt ba bi rc thi xung knh rnh, va lm tt nghn thot nc, gy ng ngp cc b, va gy nhim nc. Mun khc phc c tnh trng ny va phi tng cng gio dc, nng cao trch nhim v sinh mi trng cho nhn dn, va phi tng cng qun l, x pht kp thi nhng ngi vt rc xung knh, rnh, va phi nh k thc hin no vt, dn v sinh cc knh rch,

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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

7.1.4. Pht trin h thng thot nc v h thng x l nc thi th v cng nghip y v ph hp. Tch h thng thot nc ma v h thng bn thnh hai h thng thot nc ring. Xy dng cc trm x l nc thi sinh hot, th tp trung cho tng khu vc. Tt c cc nh my, x nghip, bnh vin, khch sn, cc c s dch v c lng nc thi ln u phi c trm x l nc thi m bo tiu chun mi trng mi c thi ra h thng thot nc chung. Trong pht trin th phi dnh t xy dng cc trm x l nc th tp trung. Lun lun quan tm bo v an ton h thng thot nc trong th, v trong qu trnh pht trin th, h thng thot nc th thng b ln chim v lm h hng, nh san lp hai bn b m rng t , m rng ng, sn bi, xy dng nh ca ln h thng thot nc, lm nt gy h thng thot nc, cht thi xy dng vo knh mng lm tc nghn dng chy. 7.1.5. Ph bin kinh nghim chn la cng ngh x l nc thi th thch hp Tu theo tnh cht nhim v khi lng nc thi khc nhau m cn chn la cc cng ngh thch hp. Thng thng, h thng cng ngh x l nc thi bao gm cng ngh x l bc 1, bc 2 v bc 3, trong mt s trng hp cn x l bc 4. X l bc 1 v bc 2( x l c hc v sinh hc) ch yu l tp trung vo vic lm gim nhim cn, vi khun v kh cc cht hu c d phn hy. X l bc 3 thng l bc x l ho hc kh photpho. X l bc 4 l bc tinh lc- gim thiu trit cc cht dinh dng trc khi nc thi chy vo ngun nc mt. Hin nay x l bc 3 c p dng ngy cng ph bin mt s thnh ph ln trn th gii. l bin php b sung cng vi phng php x l c hc v sinh hc. Trong bc x l ho hc( x l bc 3), cht bng ho hc dng kt ta phtpho c th c b sung theo cch: Trc bc x l c hc ( tin kt ta) Trong bc x l sinh hc ( kt ta ng thi) Sau bc x l sinh hc, trong b kt bng tch v lng( hu kt ta).
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Kinh nghim thc t khi x l ho hc nc thi cho thy hiu sut ti a thu c khi cc cht gy kt ta ( thng l sunphat nhm hoc clorua st) c b sung theo t l ph hp i vi th tch nc. Ni chung l c kh khn hn t c hiu qu cao khi kh nhim bng cht kt ta i vi nc b nhim long. Cn phi c bin php ngn chn cc c s cng nghip khng thi ra cc cht nguy him, c th lm nh hng ti qu trnh x l nc thi cc trm x l nc thi tp trung ca thnh ph. Cc bin php phng nga trong vic ny c th l : Phi thc hin qu trnh tin x l cc c s cng nghip trc khi a nc thi vo trm x l nc tp trung l mt cch tip cn theo cch chi ph hiu qu. Biu thu x l theo than i chiu thu da vo cng lien quan ca cht thi c a vo h thng thi thnh ph- l cch tip cn khuyn khch tin x l. Hn ch x dng cc ho cht gy nhim mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip v sinh hot th. Nhng tc ng xu ca cc cht ty ra thng thng, v d cht photphat lm cht ty ra c ngi ta ph phn nhiu trong nhng nm 1960. Kt qu l c mt s thay i trong sn xut cc cht ty ra, lm gim bt vic dng photphat lm cht ty ra, Trong mt s trng hp gim ti gn 30%. Tuy nhin, mt s cht thay th photphat li gy ra mt s tc ng tim tng ti mi trng. V d gn y ngi ta cho bit l mt khi lng ln cc ho cht hu c clorinat trong nc thi c sn sinh ra l do cc cht ty ra dng trong sinh hot th. Trong nhng nm gn y vng nc ven bin v bin khi lng cht nhim dinh dng tng dn cho thy cn phi c nhng n lc phi hp lm gim bt cht nhim dinh dng t t lin thy vo bin. Nit c ngi ta coi l mt cht nhim dinh dng cn phi hn ch nht trong mi trng bin. V vy, nhng n lc gim cht nhim nit do ra tri t t lin vo bin phi l mt trng tm trong vic bo v mi trng bin ven b. mt s nc, ngi ta bt u quan tm n k thut x l nit trong nc thi th. Vic x l b sung nc thi thnh ph nhm kh nit l vic c
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

th thc hin c thng qua qu trnh nitrat ho / kh nit. Tuy nhin, kiu x l ny kh tn km v nhy cm i vi cc vt liu c, c tc ng ti qu trnh vi sinh vt ti cc nh my x l. Nhng nh gi kinh t ca vic x l nc thi thnh ph thng cho thy l vic tp trung x l nc thi vo cc nh my ln hn thng lm gim chi ph x l. Cc cht lm kt ta trong vic kh photpho c c tnh l chim gn 25% chi ph vn hnh. Chi ph cho kt ta ho hc l gn 15% v chi ph x l bn l 10% chi ph vn hnh. 7.1.6. S dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng Cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng nc c c th ho bng h thng l ph nhim nc. Cc l ph nhim ny l cng c quan trng, b sung cho cc cng c php l, kim sot nhim trc tip, nhm khuyn khch nhng ngi gy nhim mi trng nc gim bt lng x thi nhim. nc ngoi thng s dng 2 loi ph kim sot nhim nc l ph x thi v ph ngi s dng.( SV hc mn kinh t mi trng) 7.2. Qun l cht lng nc ngm ( tham kho thm phn bo co chuyn ) Nc ngm c hai loi chnh, nc th nhng v nc trong cc ti nc. Nc th nhng thng c su nh hn 10 m, loi nc ny thng bi nhim phn, mn v hu c, nht l b nhim phn. Nc ngm l ti sn v cng qi gi, nu ta khng bit khai thc v s dng c hiu qu th s b tc ng ngc li lm nh hng n ngun nc sinh hot ca cng ng. nc ta, vic khai thc v s dng nc ngm cha c khoa hc cng nh khng chu s qun l ca b phn qun l no. nhiu nhiu tnh thnh k c cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni v Thnh Ph H Ch Minh vn s dng v khai thc nc ngm cng cha khoa hc, dn n tnh trng ngun nc ngm ngy cng cn kit v b nhim trm trng. Ti cc tnh BSCL hu ht cc nh u c ging khoan, phn ln cc ging khoan c ngun nc ngm th nhng, ch mt thi gian ngn ngun nc ny b
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

nhim hu c, nhim phn, mn v cui cng nhiu ni phi nhng s dng hoc s dng cho mc ch v sinh chung tri chn nui. 7.2.1. Hin trng khai thc v s dng ngun nc ngm a) Ti cc tnh pha Bc Theo kt qu kho st ca Trung tm Quan trc v D bo ti nguyn nc (B Ti nguyn v Mi trng), c tin hnh lin tc t nm 1990 n nay ti 9 tnh, thnh ph l Bc Ninh, Vnh Phc, H Ni, H Nam, Nam nh, Thi Bnh, Hi Phng, Hng Yn v Hi Dng, mc nc ngm ti cc tnh thuc ng bng Bc b ang c xu hng gim mnh. Ti H Ni, qu trnh th ho v s pht trin kinh t - x hi, nhu cu s dng nc ca ngi dn tng nhanh dn n lng khai thc nc ngm tng nhanh lm cho mc nc mt s ging ngy cng h thp. in hnh l khu vc pha Nam thnh ph, ni c nhng nh my khai thc nc di t hnh thnh phu ang lm h thp mc nc ngm. Theo cng ty Mi trng th H Ni, ngun cung cp nc sinh hot cho th hin nay ch yu l nc ngm. V mt tr lng, ngun ny c th khai thc m bo cho nhu cu n nm 2010. Tuy nhin, ngun nc ngm mt s nh my nc pha nam v ty nam thnh ph nh H nh, Tng Mai, Php Vn... ang b nhim v xung cp nghim trng. Nguyn nhn l do 40% lng b sung cho nc ngm ca H Ni l t nc mt (cc sng h), trong khi cc ni ny li ang b nhim bn trm trng bi nc thi v rc ca 274 nh my, x nghip, 540 c s dch v, 450 hp tc x th cng nghip, 3.350 t sn xut v sinh hot ca hng triu ngi dn u ch yu x trc tip ra sng h m khng qua x l. b) Ti cc tnh ca BSCL ng bng Sng Cu Long c khong hn 100.000 ging, vi su t 10-300m v hng trm trm khai thc nc ngm c qui m vi trm m3/ngy. Ti cc th C Mau, Bc Liu, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh gn nh s dng 100% ngun nc ngm. Ngi dn BSCL cn s dng nc ngm trong ti tiu v v sinh
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07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

chung tri chn nui, nui trng thy sn. c tnh tng lng nc ngm hin ang khai thc s dng ton vng khong 1 triu m 3 /ngy nhng hu ht cc a phng trong vng u cha c quy hoch khai thc, s dng, bo v nc ngm. Trong khi , vic khai thc, s dng nc ngm hin nay cha khoa hc, cn rt lng ph. Hin c hng ngn ging nc b khng cha c trm, lp dn n nguy c sp, ln tng khai thc su t 75 - 110m. V d C Mau c tng s ging l trn 3.000 ging nhng c khong 1.000 ging l khng s dng c v b nhim mn( tng nng 50m) v mt s vng l do c nc sch. Ti BSCL c hng ngn ging b nhim, trong c hng trm ging nhim bn kim loi nng, nguy him nht l nhim bn As. c) Ti TP.HCM ( SV tham kho phn bo co chuyn ) 7.2.2. Cc nguyn nhn gy nhim Cng nh nhim bn ngun nc mt. Ngun nc ngm b nhim l do mt s nguyn nhn chnh nh sau: 1. Do hot ng cng nghip 2. Hot ng nng nghip 3. R r nc t cc bi rc 4. Cc ging khoan khng s dng 5. Vic khai thc nc ngm qu mc 6. Vic ph rng u ngun 7.2.3. Cc bin php qun l 1. nh k tin hnh quan trc

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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

2. Kim sot khai thc nc ngm: cp php, ng k thut, hp thu s dng ti nguyn nc. Hn ch khai thc nc ngm vng ven bin ngn chn s xm nhp mn 3. Nghim cm cht thi vo nc ngm 4. Thc hin ng qui hoch vng khai thc 5. Kim sot s dng t bo v ngun nc ngm 6. Tr cp kinh ph bo v ngun nc ngm 7.3. Qun l cht lng nc trong nui trng thy sn 7.3.1. Mt s c tnh ca mi trng nc trong ao nui 7.3.1.1. c tnh l hc ca mi trng nc trong ao nui a) Mu sc. Ngi nui thu sn cn thng xuyn quan st mu nc bit tnh trng ao tt hay xu, t quyt nh gii php thch hp nui t hiu qu cao nht. Cc yu t gy nn mu ca mi trng nc gm: Cc cht ho tan c mu: nh mu vng nu ca hp cht st t t ngm ra (thng thy vng trung du vi loi t i nu) ... Cc cht vn cn : ct, ph sa, keo t,... lm nc c mu t. Cc sinh vt ph du : ch yu l cc to ph du (l loi thc vt rt nh b sng tri

ni trong nc) + To lc v to khu lm nc c mu xanh lc + To lam gy nn mu xanh lam + To trn gy nn mu vng nu + To gip gy nn mu nu hoc nu en. Cc cht mn b hu c: thng gy cho nc c mu en v mi thi. Tu theo mc nh hng ca cc yu t trn m to nn mu nc khc nhau. Nc c nhiu ph sa, vn cn hu c, to ph du u l loi giu dinh dng. Tuy nhin nu
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

thy xut hin cc mng hoc vng mng trn mt ao cng u khng c li cho tm c pht trin. Cn c loi b ngay bng cch thay nc sch hoc vt ht cc mng khi mt ao. b) trong: Tc ng ta c cu "c nc bo c" ng rng nc c l c hi cho tm c, kh quan st c k th nn d b tiu dit. Cng tng t ngha , nc c lm gim kh nng quan st ca tm c i tm kim mi. Tuy nhin, iu t hi nht l nh sng chiu vo vng nc b hn ch do c ln, hu qu l s quang hp ca to ph du b gim nghim trng. To ph du l sinh vt sn xut bc 1 ca thu vc, nh c chng thc hin qu trnh quang hp mi to ra vt cht hu c (dinh dng) cho thu vc, v ng thi to thm kh oxy cho mi trng nc. Nhng trong veo nhn thy tn y ao liu c tt khng ? Trng hp ny mc d nh sng c xuyn kh su vo vng nc nhng nu khng c mt ca to ph du s dng nng lng nh sng , tt nhin cng l ph hoi ngun nng lng quan trng ny. Do vy, chng ta cn phi hiu ngha ca vic xc nh trong, thc cht l gip ta nh gi cn i gia 2 yu cu : Cn c mt to ph du v cng cn c iu kin bc x nh sng i su vo vng nc. i vi cc ao nui tm, c thng c mt to ph du kh ln (trn 2 triu c th /lit) do trong thng thp (10 - 40 cm). Cn cc thu vc t nhin nh : sng, h cha ... mt to ph du thp (di 1 triu c th/lit) nu khng b c bi keo t, ph sa th trong thng rt ln (c th > 100 cm). Dng c o trong thng dng l a o trong (Cn gi l a Setxi). Cch o : Cm u dy th t t a xung nc ng thi quan st xem mt trn ca a cho ti khi no mt ta khng phn bit c ranh gii gia mu trng v mu en, khong cch t a n mt nc chnh l trong (tnh theo cm). c) Nhit Ngun cung cp nhit cho thu vc ch yu t nh sng ca mt tri. Chnh v vy, s bin ng nhit ca mi trng nc c quy lut theo ngy m v theo ma r rt. Nh c tnh lu gi nhit ln, nn dao ng nhit ca mi trng nc bao gi cng t hn ca khng kh trong cng iu kin.
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07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

- Nhit thch hp cho s pht trin ca hu ht thu sinh vt Vit Nam l trong khong 20 300 C. Thay i t ngt nhit trong thi gian ngn cng gy sc cho thy sinh vt, Dng c thng thng xc nh nhit l nhit k thu ngn, hoc nhit k i khi dn n cht do sc nhit. ru, chia 00 C 1000C hoc 00 C 500 C. 7.3.1.2. c tnh ho hc ca mi trng nc trong ao nui a) pH : pH ph hp cho NTTS t 6,5 n 8,5 (c nc ngt 7,0 8,0) Ngun gc gy nn tnh a-xit (pH < 7) ca mi trng nc : Ngun gc ch yu do thnh phn t gy ra. t st c nhiu -xit nhm, t i nu c nhiu xit st lm cho nc c tnh a-xit (v chua, nc trong hoc c vng r st, pH c th < 6). Nhng ao mi o hoc qu trnh ci to o su xung tng t sinh phn (do s vt cht to thnh).Qu trnh tch ng mn b hu c hoc do bn qu nhiu phn hu c (phn chung, phn xanh) trong qu trnh nui. Qu trnh to tn, cc hp cht hu c phn hu, to nn nhiu a-xit mn v a-xit cacbonic. Bin php kh chua thng thng l dng vi (vi bt), cc ao mi o, hoc no vt su xung nn t st, t i cn phi kh chua bng cch bn vi. Ngun gc gy nn tnh kim (pH > 7) ca mi trng nc : Ch yu do tc ng ca con ngi, trong qu trnh s dng vi bn cho rung ng hoc bn lt ty ao. khc phc cn tho bt nc, thay nc sch trung tnh. Mi trng ngho dinh dng c th kt hp bn phn hu c v l dm. Nu cn thit phi dng phn chua tn nh ri xung ao... Ngoi cc ngun gc trn, pH ca mi trng cn c ch khi b nh hng ca nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot. Phng php xc nh pH : Mi cch nh gi qua cm quan u khng chnh xc. Tt nht nn dng phng php phn tch ho hc.
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07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

+ Phng php n gin l dng cc giy ch th o pH. + Phng php so mu vi dung dch ch th pH + Phng php dng my pH meter, . b) Kh Oxy ho tan C hai ngun b sung Oxy vo mi trng nc : T khng kh S khuch tn Oxy t khng kh vo nc ph thuc vo din tch mt thong ao nui v vo nhit . + Mt thong cng ln cng Oxy t khng kh ho tan vo nc cng nhiu. Mt nc b che cm hoc b bo ph s lm cho vng nc b thiu Oxy. + Nhit tng s ho tan ca Oxy vo nc b gim, v ngc li nhit gim Oxy ho tan s tng ln, Do s quang hp ca to ngay trong vng nc. + S quang hp ca to v thc vt thy sinh trong mi trng nc ng vai tr rt to ln, va chuyn ho kh c CO2 thnh O2 va chuyn ho nng lng ca nh sng mt tri thnh cc dng nng lng d tr ca vt cht hu c, to sinh khi cho vng nc. S quang hp ca to gy ra quy lut bin ng ngy m ca Oxy trong vng nc: Oxy thp nht lc sng sm (4 - 5 gi) v cao nht vo khong 2 gi chiu. Chm bn duy tr mt to ph du t 2 - 5 triu c th /lit, khng nhng lm giu dinh dng cho ao m cn to ra c ch sn xut Oxy ngay trong vng nc, gip tm c pht trin tt, kho mnh. Lng Oxy thch hp Trong ao nui xy cn t t 3,0 - 8,0 mg/l. Ngng chu ng hm lng Oxy thp ca cc loi tm c cng rt khc nhau. Nhng yu t gy tiu hao Oxy trong vng nc + S h hp ca thu sinh vt thng xuyn i hi phi c Oxy cho qu trnh hot ng sng ca chng. V vy cn gii hn mt nui sao cho thch hp. + Qu trnh phn hu cc cht mn b hu c, cc thc n d tha, cc xc ng thc vt thi ra,...cng gy tiu th Oxy rt ln.
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07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

V vy ch bn phn, cho n cn c kim tra bng ch tiu Oxy thng xuyn, trnh cho tm c b thiu Oxy v ni u vo ban m v sng sm. Du hiu khi thiu oxy trong ao nui l tm c b ni u vo ban m v c bit lc sng sm. Nu sau khi mt tri ln, m thy c ln xung v hot ng nhanh nhn tr li, chng t mc thiu oxy cn t, cha nghim trng. Nu c vn b ni u c khi mt tri ln, v bi li km nhanh nhn, chng t thiu oxy nghim trng. Cn thay nc sch, hoc s dng cc bin php lm thong kh, sc kh. c) Kh c Hydrosunfure ( H2S ) H2 S l cht kh, mi trng thi, rt c, ho tan nhiu trong nc, khi tan th hin tnh axit yu. H2S tc ng ln c th ng vt trc ht chim ot Oxy trong mu lm con vt cht ngt, ng thi tc ng ln h thn kinh lm con vt b t lit. Hm lng gy c hi khong 1mg /l. Ngun H2S trong nc ch yu t s thi ra ca xc cht ng vt. Bn y ao qu bn khi phn hu ym kh. Bn y vng m ly lun c mt H2 S. Cch loi tr H2S: l lm thong kh nc ao, vt b bn thi, thay nc sch d) Kim (Alkalinity) v Cng Nng kim c biu th bng mgCaCO3/l. kim ch nng ca cc ion HCO3 -,CO3 2-, OH trong nc. ( cng cng c biu th bng mgCaCO3/l nhng li ch nng ca ion Ca
2+

v Mg2+). Thng thng nc c kim cao th cng c

cng cao. Tuy nhin, c rt nhiu trng hp mu nc c hm lng kim cao nhng cng thp v ngc li. V hm lng mui cacbonat v bicacbonat c quan h t l thun vi sc sn xut s cp ca ao (thc vt ph du), nn cc ao nui c hm lng kim cao thng cho nng sut cao hn. Mun tng kim trong nc ao, trong qu trnh nui cn bn thm vi. 7.3.1.3. Mui dinh dng (M, LN) cc cht hu c, st a) Cc dng m (Nit) Trong mi trng nc m ho tan di cc dng khc nhau: NH4+ + NH3 (Amoni tng s) , nitrat( NO3- ), nitrit (NO2 - ). Trong ch c NH3 v NO2- l gy c
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

i vi thy sinh vt, cc dng cn li thng khng gy c v d dng c thc vt hp th. Amonia tng s (NH3+NH4) Amonia tng s trong ao l sn phm ca: + S phn gii cc vt cht hu c bi Vi khun, + Cht thi v s bi tit ca Tm, c Amonia tng s gm 2 dng: NH3 c tnh c i vi tm, c v NH4+ khng c. m Amni (NH4 S c mt ca NH4 + trong nc thin nhin rt thp, thng nh hn 0,5 mg/l, cc vng nc nui trng thy sn NH4 + bin ng trong khong 0 - 6,0 mg/l. Nu ngun nc c hm lng NH4 + t 3,0 mg/l c coi l giu dinh dng, nu ln hn 4,0 mg/l l b nhim bn. Amnic (NH3) NH3 c tng ln tng ng vi s tng nhit v pH. NH3 ph hp < 0,1mg/l) Bin php phng trnh v loi tr : + Gii hn thc n, t l phn bn cho ao nui, khng bn tp chung mt ch qu nhiu. + iu chnh pH nc < 8,0, v nhit < 320 C. Nitrite (NO-2) Nitrite va l sn phm ca qu trnh Nitrate ha v phn Nitrate ha, NO2-gy c cho sinh vt thy sinh, tc dng c khi NO2- kt hp vi Hemoglobine trong mu, hnh thnh Methemoglobine, lm gim s vn chuyn xy ti t bo. Ao nui c qun l tt hoc c sc kh, Nitrate thng cao v Nitrite thp. Ngc li Nitrite cao phn nh tnh trng nc xu, thiu oxy v nhim bn. Nitrite gy c vi cc ng vt nui thy sn ngay c cc hm lng thp (0,1 ppm). Bin php phng trnh v loi tr NO2 + Gii hn thc n, t l phn bn cho ao nui. + Thay, thm nc mi, sch vo ao nui. + iu chnh pH nc khng vt qu 8,0 v nhit khng qu 320C. + Duy tr n nh kim, cng trong ao nui.
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Nitrate (NO3-) + Nitrate l sn phm cui cng trong qu trnh xy ha amonia. + Nitrate khng c i vi cc loi ng vt thy sinh . Nng c th ti 3,0 mg/L. b) Ln PO43- (Pht phat) Hp cht ln ho tan trong nc ch yu di dng cc mui pht phat ( PO43-, HPO42- , H2PO4-,chng ta thng xc nh di dng PO43-. Ngun gc thng t t ngm ra, t qu trnh phn hu cc mn b hu c, v cng do con ngi bn thm vo vng nc. S bin ng ca PO43- trong nc thin nhin t 0 - 1,0 mg/l, cc vng nc nui c c chm bn c th c hm lng PO43- cao hn nhiu. Hm lng thch hp cho nui thy sn thng xuyn c duy tr mc 0,5 mg/l. c) Cht hu c - tiu hao Oxy Trong thu vc t nhin v trong cc ao nui c, bn cnh qu trnh h hp ca thu sinh vt lm gim lng Oxy, ngi ta cn phi ch ti qu trnh bin i ca cc cht hu c (bin i ho hc v sinh hc) cng gy tiu hao Oxy rt ln. Nu khng theo di kim sot chng, s rt d dng gp tnh trng thiu ht Oxy nghim trng, nhiu khi lm tm c cht ngt hng lot. c bit cc ao nui c dng nc thi t khu dn c hoc t th. Nc c nhiu cht hu c (do tch ng mn b qu nhiu, do bn phn chung nhiu, do cho tha nhiu thc n, do dng nc thi qu c ...) thng c mu en v mi thi. Cc bin php khc phc khi nc b nhim bn cht hu c : + Ngng bn phn, ngng cho thc n. + Thm nc sch, nu cn phi thay nc c bng ngun nc sch mi. + Dng cc bin php lm thong kh nh: xc kh, qut kh bm nc, lm ma nhn to tng lng Oxy ho tan vo nc ao. d) St ( Fe2+, Fe3+ ) Nu mi trng nc c mt st ( tng Fe2+ v Fe3+ ) t 0 - 0,1 mg/l ta c th coi nh nc sch, khng tc hi g n ng vt thy sinh.
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Nu st tng s t 0,3 - 0,5 mg/l, tuy khng tc hi ln n tm, c. Nhng i vi tm Post, c bt khng c li. St ln hn 1,0 mg/l, coi nh nc bn v c, tm c nh rt d b cht do cc kt ta hydroxyt st dng keo bm vo mang c v ngn khng cho c h hp. Cc bin php lm gim st trong nc thng c p dng l lm thong kh, to iu kin Oxy tc dng vi st thnh cc cht kt ta lng xung y, hoc c th bn vi cng lm kt ta st lng xung y ao. 7.3.2. Qun l cht lng nc trong nui trng thy sn 7.3.2.1. Mi quan h gia cc yu t gy bnh a) Mi trng sng (1) Cc thng s ho, l mi trng nc v kim loi nng nh Fe, Hg, Cu, Zn. Nhng yu t ny thay i bt li cho ng vt thy sinh v to iu kin thun li cho mm bnh pht trin dn n tm, c d mc bnh. 2. Mm bnh (2) + Virus + Vi khun + Nm + K sinh trng + Sinh vt hi VTS: to c, c d, lng th, b st, chim v th 3. Vt ch (3) C sc khng hoc mn cm vi tc nhn gy bnh, VTS c th khng b bnh hoc nhim bnh. 7.3.2.2. Cc tr ngi trong qun l cht lng nc Qun l cht lng nc l nhm mc ch duy tr mt mi trng ph hp tt cho cc loi tm, c nui. Nu iu kin nc tt, tm, c nui thng gp rt t tr ngi v sc kho v chng ln nhanh. Chng ta cn nhn bit nhng loi tr ngi c bn ca cht lng nc trong ao: Loi th nht Do iu kin t nhin ca v tr, nn t ca vng nc.
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

V d nh: Do nc ngun cung cp b c v keo t. Bin php gii quyt l t lng, hoc bn phn chung trn thm vi bt. Do o ao trn nn t st hoc t nu lm nc ao c tnh chua axit. Gii php l bn vi kh chua. Do ty vi cho ao nhiu qu mc lm nc ao c tnh kim. Thm nc sch, vi t phn hu to kt ta, gim tnh kim mi c th c vo. Do nng cao ca st trong ngun nc cp. Lm thong kh oxy ho st thnh kt ta, hoc dng vi bt lm kt ta st. Loi th hai Do qu trnh nui s tch ng cht hu c, thc n d tha, cht thi ca c lm mi trng b bn v c hi. V d: Bn phn nhiu tng thm dinh dng nhng cng lm nhim bn nc; Thc n cho vo qu d tha c th dn n pht trin qu mc ca to ph du (Phytoplankton) v lm cho Oxy ho tan b thiu ht, tch ng cht; To pht trin v s quang hp cao c th dn n pH qu cao hoc kh qu bo ho; s n hoa ca to ph du i khi dn n s phn tng nhit v oxy r rt. Loi th ba Do s thm nhp cc cht bn, cht c hi t xung quanh vo ao. Nhiu khi cc tr ngi ny khng n gin, v kh gii quyt. Chng hn, mt con sng hoc knh mng cung cp nc cho cc ao nui c th b nhim bn bi nhiu ngun vo (ca khu dn c, ca khu cng nghip, hoc ca ng rung nng nghip...) 7.3.2.3. Nhng vn cn lm trong qun l cht lng nc NTTS Xy dng ao phi thun tin ngun nc sch, nn t khng b thm lu v khng b nh hng ca t chua hoc t phn. Bn vi dit tp, kh trng trong ty dn ao, ci to y ao tt trc mi chu k nui. Bn vi b sung trong qu trnh nui nhm iu chnh h m pH, tng cng v kch thch hp th chuyn ho dinh dng ca sinh vt trong ao.
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Bn phn hu c v phn v c hp l tng dinh dng cho ao, gy mu thc n t nhin cho ao. (Kinh nghim nhiu nc cho thy thc vt ph du trong ao pht trin tt vi t l N:P l 2:1). Trnh bn phn hoc cho n qu d tha. C th dng phn v c NPK phi hp Ur theo t l 2/1 (NPK t 2 - 3 kg, Ur t 1-2 kg cho 1000m2). p dng cc bin php lm thong kh v lun chuyn nc trong ao, chng phn tng hoc tch ng c hi cc b trong ao. Cn thit phi thay nc sch vi mc ph hp cho ao. Kim sot to ph du khng pht trin qu mc n n hoa. X l nc thi ra khi ao trnh gy nhim cho khu vc xung quanh. Nui c nc chy, cn tm bin php ch ng iu tit c lu tc dng chy qua ao v lp t cc ng lc u vo v u ra ca ao trnh s thm nhp ca ch hi v cc yu t c hi, trnh tht thot dinh dng v vt nui. Nui c lng b, cn b tr hp l mt lng trn mt sng, mt h trnh gy nhim mi trng nc chung. Nui ven bin, cn c ngun nc ch ng (ao cha) v ch ng iu chnh mui. 7.3.2.4. Nhng yu t mi trng cn quan tm trong ao nui Trong qu trnh nui chng ta cn c bit quan tm ti cc yu t sau: quan st, theo di thng xuyn cc bin ng ca chng s cho ta hng gii quyt tt nht: Mu sc: quan st bin ng mu sc iu chnh cc yu t lin quan, v d mu nc qu m phi c k hoch thay nc. Nu mu khng pht trin phi tch cc gy mu cho ao. Nhit nc: Hng ngy phi theo di bin ng ca nhit nc nht l vo thi im nng nng ko di (kt hp vi o su). Ngy o nhit hai ln, sng 6-7 gi, chiu o lc 2 gi. Nu nhit bui chiu qu cao trn 320C ko di nhiu ngy lin tip (hn 5 ngy). Hoc s chnh lch nhit sng so vi chiu trong ngy qu ln ko di (ln hn 50C). Cn c bin php thay nc mi, kim tra su mc nc, cp thm nc vo ao... ci thin mi trng. pH:
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Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Thng xuyn theo di bin ng ca pH nc, chng ta cng o pH 2 ln trong ngy, sng 6-7gi, chiu o lc 2 gi, nu pH chnh lch qu ln (>0,5), mi trng cng khng c li cho c nui, phi quan tm c bit khi tri nng nng ko di v nhng ao nui c mu nc pht trin tt. xy ha tan (DO): Cn quan tm c bit i vi yu t ny, thng sng sm lc 5-6 gi sng xy thp nht, chng ta nn quan st tm c nui vo sng sm xem c g bt thng khng. Vo thi gian cui v nui xy trong ao nui thng xuyn xung thp, cn tng cng thay nc hoc qut kh cho ao. Cc kh c NH3 , H2S v NO2: y l nhng yu t gy hi cho tm nui, khi trong ao nui tch ng nhiu cht thi nh: Thc n tha, phn tm, c, to cht, phn hy ngay trong ao. c bit vo cui chu k nui cn thng xuyn quan st nc ao trnh s c mi trng xy ra. Phi ch ng c ngun nc cp, qut nc phng nga khi c s c xy ra. 7.3.2.5. Mt s tiu chun cht lng nc NTTS (nui c nc ngt) Ch tiu mi trng Nhit trong Mu nc pH DO NH4 + NH3 NO2 PO43St tng s cng COD BOD
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n v
0

Gi tr 25 32 25 40 Xanh nn chui 7,0 8,0

cm

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l


0

> 3,0 0,5 - 1 < 0,1 < 0,25 0,5 0,3 5 - 10 10 - 20 5 - 10


06/2010

mg/l mg/l

Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

H2 S

mg/l

< 0,02

7.3.3. Mt s bin php x l mi trng trong ao nui 7.3.3.1. Bn vi kh trng, dit tp khi ci to ao Bn vi dit tp, kh trng v trung ho chua ca t v to h m pH (Carbonic Bicarbonate Carbonate) theo cc bng tnh sn di y: * Da theo tng quan vi pH ca t y ao Bng 1: Lng vi cn bn (kg/ha mt nc)cho ao ph thuc vo pH ca t y ao (Theo Cng ty CP, 2002). pH t y ao 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 Vi nung (CaO) 500 750 1000 Vi ti Ca(OH)2 700 1000 1200 vi CaCO3 500 1000 1000 Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 500 1000 1000 -

Ch : o pH bn y trc tip bng loi my o pH t. Nu dng loi my o pH nc, phi ho bn vi nc ao ngay ch thu mu c dung dch bn. Cc loi vi s dng 1 Vi nng nghip CaCO3 , hoc Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 2 Vi ti Ca(OH)2 3 Vi nung (vi sng cha ti) CaO (Quick lime) Thi gian bn: V bn vi lm gim bt CO2 v loi b PO4-P khi tng nc, vy nn bn vi vi ngy trc khi ly nc vo ao v trc khi bn phn. * Saponine (l mt hp cht hu c thin nhin, thnh phn c c t nhm Cyanua) c th c dng dit c tp v c d khi ci to ao rt tt. 7.3.3.2. X l cc cht c hi pht sinh trong ao nui

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06/2010

Chng 7

07MT _ chuyn ngnh qun l mi trng

Qu trnh nui, do tch ng cht bn (phn thi, sn phm trao i cht, xc sinh vt cht, thc n d tha...gi chung l mn b), khi phn hu ym kh sinh ra cc cht c nh: H2S, NH3 , CO2 , NO2,... Bin php x l: Thay nc sch, lm thong kh. Tuy nhin, nhiu khi vn phi s dng ho cht v ch phm x l nc ao nui. a. Dng Zeolite: l nham thch ni la, hn hp ca cc oxit kim loi, n c th hp th cc cht c trong ao nui. Liu dng cn c theo hm lng cc cht c hi nh sau: (hoc theo hng dn ca nh sn xut) c t St tng s H2 S Nit tng s Nitrat, Nitrit 7.3.3.3. Kh trng trit Ci to ao sau mi v nui, v c bit khi vt nui b bnh, vic kh trng ao v y ao nui (cng nh nc ao cha) cn phi c bin php mnh v trit . Ngoi vi CaO hoc Ca(OH)2, ngi ta cn phi s dng cc cht oxy ho mnh nh Chlorine, Chlorua vi, KMnO4 , H2O2 , ... Kh trng ao b bnh: Sau khi tho cn, dng Chlorine hoc cc sn phm ca n [HOCl, NaOCl, Chlorua vi Ca(OCl)2 ] t 2 - 3 kg pha vi 50 lt nc, phun u cho 1000 m2 y ao lc sng sm. Hoc dng KMnO4 (thuc tm) 0,5 - 1,0 kg pha trong 50 lt nc, phun 1000 m2 y ao lc chiu ti. Nng (mg/l) 0,2 2,0 0,5 2,0 0,02 2,0 0,01 0,05 Zeolite ( Daimentin) (kg/ha/tn) 200 2000 500 2000 20 200 10 - 50

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