bài giảng công nghệ sản xuất thức ăn chăn nuôi lên men

Mt phn bi ging mn hc Cng ngh sn xut thc n chn nui ln men, gm 05 chng sp xp theo th t Chng 1 Chng 5
Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men
B Gio dc v o to
I HC THNH TY
Chng 1. TNG QUAN V CNG NGH LN MEN V NG DNG

TS. Ph Quyt Tin
Trng phng Phng Cng ngh ln men Vin Cng ngh sinh hc, Vin KH & CN Vit Nam Email: tienpq@ibt.ac.vn in thoi: CQ: (04) 38363257; D: 0976 860 676
NI DUNG CHNH
1. Khi nim v cng ngh ln men 2. Cc qu trnh cng ngh ln men c bn 3. ng dng cng ngh ln men trong sn xut thc n chn nui ln men
NI DUNG CHNH
c im chung ca cc sn phm?
Bt, bong bng trong dch chit nc qu / malt
nh ngha ln men (fermentation)

Khi nim ln men' bt ngun t ng t Latin fervere, ngha l si boil, dng miu t s xut hin ca nm men trong dch chit qu hoc dch chit malt. S si - boiling xut hin l do s to thnh bt CO2 gy ra bi ln men ym kh cc ngun ng c mt trong dch chit (extract).
Tng quan v ln men
Mi trng Vi sinh vt
Qa trnh ln men
Ln men lm g?
C cht QT Ln men Vi sinh vt Sn phm
PHN NHM CC QU TRNH LN MEN C BN
Gm 5 nhm cc qu trnh ln men c bn
1. Qu trnh to ra cc t bo vi sinh vt (microbial cells (or biomass) nh l sn phm cui cng. 2. Qu trnh to ra cc enzym vi sinh vt. 3. Qu trnh to ra cc sn phm trao i cht.
- Sn phm trao i cht bc 1: VD: Citric acid, cc cht trung gian, glycine - Sn phm trao i cht bc 2: khng sinh penicillin, polyketide
4. Qa trnh to ra cc sn phm ti t hp. 5. Qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht/hp cht c a vo mi trng ln men

Sinh khi
Nm men bnh m (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Thuc tr su sinh hc (Bacillus thuringensis) Cc vi khun c nh nit (VK Rhizobium sp.)
Dng sn phm SCP
Cho ngi
Cho vt nui
THE RANGE OF FERMENTATION PROCESSES
Enzym
Thng thng l cc loi depolymerases (VD: Amylases,
Proteases)
c s dng rng ri vi tinh sch khc nhau

Thc phm Dc phm Cht ty ra Vi sinh vt cng nghip Cng ngh thuc da Chn nui
Mt s ng dng thng mi ca enzym cng nghip
Mt s ng dng thng mi ca enzym cng nghip
Enzym (Tip theo)
Cc vi sinh vt sn xut enzym:

Vi khun (VD: Bacillus sp.) Nm men (VD: Saccharomyces sp.) Nm mc (VD: Mucor sp.)
Cc sn phm trao i cht bc 1

Sn phm ph ca qu trnh tch ly nng lng bi t bo Mt s sn phm do t bo tng hp
Ethanol Cc loi ung c cn Cc loi cn nhin liu hoc dung mi khc
Mt vi sn phm trao i cht bc 1 v ng dng
Sn phm trao i cht bc 1
L sn phm trung gian trong cc chu trnh ng ha (chu trnh TCA, dn n sinh tng hp protein v cc axit nucleic) Sn phm TC bc 1 c nng thp trong iu kin sinh tng hp thng thng. V vy, cn pht trin cc chng vi sinh vt cng nghip
Mi quan h gia sn phm trao i cht bc 1 v bc 2
Qu trnh tng hp SP TC bc 1 th hin bng ng m nt Sn phm trao i cht bc 2 th hin bng ch in nghing
Sn phm trao i cht bc 2

Khng nm trong chu trnh ng ha Cc chng VSV to SP TC bc 2: X khun (VD: Streptomyces) Nm mc (VD: Penicillium) Vi khun sinh bo t (Bacillus - surfactin, fengycin) c sinh tng hp khi tc sinh trng gim trong mi trng nui cy theo m (batch cultures) Cc khng sinh l mt trong SP TC bc 2 quan trng nht
ng hc pht trin ca vi sinh vt

C cht SP TC bc 1 (Cc sn phm sinh ha c bn) SP TC bc 2 (Tng hp cc sn phm ph khng cn thit cho s pht trin ca t bo)
Pha cn bng
Mt t bo vi sinh vt
Pha Log/pht trin
Pha suy vong
Pha lag
Thi gian
Cc sn phm ln men ti t hp
Insulin Vaccine vim gan B Interferon Streptokinase
Proteins/enzymes
Qu trnh chuyn ha
S dng t bo nh l cht xc tc thc hin chuyn ha qua 1 hay 2 bc S dng t bo mt s ln: S dng khun ty nm mc/x khun S dng t bo vi khun/nm men c nh trong cc ct
V d: Chuyn ha sterols thc vt bng Mycobacterium fortuitum Chuyn ha Ethanol thnh axit Acetic acid bng t bo vi khun Acetobacter sp.
Cc ng dng ca CNLM trong cng nghip

1. Sinh khi 2. Enzym 3. Sn phm trao i cht SP TC bc 1: Axit Citric Intermediates
e.g. glycine in Nitrogen metabolism
Sinh tng hp trong QT pht trin
Secondary products e.g.

penicillin
4. Biotransformations
Khng cn thit cho s pht trin t bo

NI DUNG CHNH
Cc QT ln men chia lm 2 loi chnh

- Ln men b mt - Ln men chm
+ Ln men theo m (bath fermentation) + Ln men b sung c cht (fed-bath fermentation) + Ln men lin tc (continuous fermentation)
- Ln men hiu kh - Ln men ym kh
Ln men b mt
Ln men trn khay / gi

Ln men chm
Ln men cn/bia
Ln men hiu kh
M HNH THIT B LN MEN
S minh ha cho mt qu trnh ln men c bn
Nhn ging
Ln men sn phm
Sinh khi
Ging thch nghing
Bnh tam gic
Nhn ging
Dch ln men
PHN TCH T BO
KH TRNG MI TRNG
TINH SCH SN PHM
Dch ly tm loi b t bo
CHUN B MI TRNG X L DCH THI Vt liu lm mi trng NG GI SN PHM
NI DUNG CHNH
Protein n bo (SCP)
Cc t bo VSV chim 40-65% proteins SCP: cc loi protein tch t t bo vi sinh vt Nucleotides ca t bo nm men chim 10-15% of lng nit tng
Cc loi protein n bo (SCP)

Nm men cung cp khong 5% protein tng trong bnh m
Nm men bnh m c hm lng lysine cao
Ngun protein
T 1914, khong 10.000 tn nm men kh c s dng lm thc n gia sc, gia cm Sau chin tranh Th gii 2, mt lng ln nm menCandida utilis c sn xut t dch thy phn g v dch thi ngnh sx giy Chuyn cc ph liu cng nghip, nng nghip thnh thc n chn nui nh cng ngh ln men
Cc loi sinh khi

S dng c cht truyn thng
Ln men t cc ngun ng, tinh bt, r ng, dch thy phn g
Cc loi VSV ch yu s dng

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. uvarum, Candida utilis, Kluyveromyces fragilis
Sinh khi trong chn nui

Protein n bo: Dng trong chn nui Nng cao gi tr ph liu nng nghip Cellulose Tinh bt S dng nm men hoc nm mc Dng cho ngi Nm mc Fusarium venenatum
Cc ng dng ca nm mc trong sn d c n m s xu th xut thc n gia sc

Nng cao nng sut
Vi sinh vt chua
Vi sinh vt b sung
Khu phn
Enzym
Thnh phn b sung
B Gio dc v o to
I HC THNH TY
Chng 2. C IM CC NHM NG VT NUI V NHU CU THC N

TS. Ph Quyt Tin
Phng Cng ngh ln men Vin Cng ngh sinh hc, Vin KH & CN Vit Nam Email: tienpq@ibt.ac.vn in thoi: CQ: (04) 38363257; D: 0976 860 676
NI DUNG CHNH
2.1. Phn loi cc nhm ng vt nui 2.2. Cu trc h tiu ha ca cc nhm ng vt 2.3. Ngun thc n v yu cu v dinh dng ca cc nhm ng vt 2.4. Qu trnh tiu ha v hp th dinh dng ca ng vt 2.5. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng tiu ha v hp th dinh dng
NI DUNG CHNH
Cc nhm ng vt da trn h thc n

ng vt n c
Ch n thc vt
ng vt n tht
Ch n tht Ch n cc loi ng vt khc
ng vt n tp
n c ng vt v thc vt
Phn nhm theo cu to h tiu ha

Nhm v d dy n
Cu to d dy n: ch, ln, kh
Nhm ng vt nhai li
D dy c nhiu ngn (4 ngn): tru, b, cu, d
Nhm v khc
C d dy n nhng c manh trng ln, c chc nng tiu ha c bit: nga, th, chut ng
NI DUNG CHNH
Cc h tiu ha vt nui
Cc loi vt nui c h tiu ha khc nhau: ng vt nhai li: C 4 ngn ring bit ng vt khc (nhm h tiu ha n) chia lm 2 nhm:
Ln, ch, mo c d dy n Gia cm c cu trc d dy 2 ngn/phn Nga c d dy n nhng c manh trng (cecum) ln v c chc nng c bit
H tiu ha ca ng vt d dy n Ming - Ly v nhai thc n - C cha mt s enzym thy phn Thc qun
- a thc n t ming ti d dy
D dy
- C cha mt phn axit hu c, cc enzym thy phn, co bp v gi thc n
H tiu ha ca ng vt d dy n
Rut non C quan phn gii v hp th thc n ban u Rut gi C quan chnh hp th nc v chun b o thi cc cht sau khi phn gii v hp th
Mt s loi ng vt nui d dy n
Gia cm
Mm/m: khng c rng Thc qun: gi thc n v lm m D dy: Chia lm 2 khu vc (diu v m) Rut gi: Ngn v o thi trc tip ra ngoi
H tiu ha gia cm
Mt s loi ng vt nui d dy n (tip) Nga

- D dy n C rut gi (manh trng-cecum) c bit:
Manh trng (cecum) nga (cha ti 50% thc n phn gii/thy phn) Manh trng cung cp mt s thnh phn dinh dng khc thng qua qu trnh ln men vi sinh vt
H tiu ha ca nga
(pseudo-ruminant digestive tract)
H tiu ha ng vt nhai li
C nhiu phn trong h tiu ha ging vi ng vt d dy n/i Khc bit ch yu :
Ming khng cha rng ca hm trn D dy chia lm 4 ngn chnh
D c - rumen D t ong reticulum D l sch - omasum D mi kh ti - abomasum
H tiu ha ng vt nhai li
D c - rumen
L khu vc phn gii chnh ca d dy tru/b Hu ht cc qu trnh ln men thc n xy ra ti y Phn ln cc qu trnh hp th sn phm ph ca ln men xy ra ti y (ch yu l cc axit bo bay hi)
D t ong reticulum
Tip nhn thc n t thc qun Khi ng o trn, ngc v nhai li L mi trng xy ra ln men thc n
D l sch oasum
Khu vc th 3 ca d dy tip nhn thc n phn gii t rumen/reticulum Hp th nc v phn tch cc tiu phn thc n nh xy ra ti y
D mi kh ti abomasum
L khu vc cui ca d dy, c chc nng tng t nh d dy ca ln (non-ruminant animals) Phn hy nh axit v enzym thy phn trong d dy Lu gi thc n v o trn trc khi chuyn sang d non
NI DUNG CHNH
Nhu cu dinh dng ca ng vt?
Cc loi vt nui cn cung cp dinh dng cn bng ty theo mc tiu chn nui p ng nhu cu nng lng ca c th t thc n tip nhn vo hoc t m bo d tr ng vt phi n tch ly nng lng trong t bo lu gi cht bo (fat cells)
Thc n ca vt nui
Ty theo ngun gc c th chia lm cc loi:
C hoc cc loi thn ha tho ti R, c, qu Thc n chua C kh, rm Cc loi ng cc v sn phm ph t QT ch bin Cc ngun protein Cc cht b sung khc
C v cc loi thn cy ha tho

Hm lng phospho thp (2-3 g/kg) nhng canxi cao (13-15 g/kg) Cha cc vi cht, phn bn cn d... T l carotene cao Ngoi tr thiamine (B1) v cobalamin (B12) cn thiu, cc loi vitamin ha tan trong nc kh y .
R v c
T l nc cao (70-95%) Cht bo, khong v x thp Protein thp (5-12%) Dinh dng ch yu l tinh bt hay ng Ph hp cho sn xut sa Kh bo qun Trc khi cho n cn ra, thi hoc nghin nh C cha mt s cht c ch hp th dinh dng - solanine (khoai ty) - oxalic acid (l c ci ng)
Sn phm ph ca qu trnh xay st

Hm lng protein khong 10-16% T l x 8-14% Cc cht khng cha nit 55-60% Giu P, K, Mn, Zn 50% hm lng phospho b bao bi axit phytic Cha hm lng vitamin ha tan trong nc cao C th cha mt vi loi c t nm CM
TRU
Sn phm ph ca qu trnh sn xut ng

B ma R ng
Khong 50% cht kh l ng saccharoza C tc dng nhun trng nhng s dng mc gii hn C th s dng lm thc n b sung hoc h tr qu trnh ln men, c bit cho qu trnh chua
Sn phm ph ca cng ngh sn xut bia B malt sau nu

Cha cc thnh phn cht bo, si x, protein v phn nh tinh bt d C th s dng di dng m hay sy kh cho chn nui Hu ht gia sc c th s dng (b 10-15 kg/ngy)
Nm men d
L sn phm ph c gi tr Cha 50% protein, lysine v cc vitamin ha tan Thch hp cho nui ln hoc gia cm vi t l b sung 3-5%
Sn phm ph cng ngh ch bin tht/c
Xng Ph liu, ni tng, vn C tp Xng, vy u, ni tng v cc phn khc .
Nhu cu dinh dng ca ng vt
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Nc protein Carbohydrates Cht bo vitamin Cht khong
Protein
L thnh phn c gi thnh cao nht trong khu phn n ca ng vt Cc enzym hnh thnh t ngun protein cung cp Protein c th s dng cung cp nng lng Mt s ng vt yu cu nhiu protein hn cc loi khc: ng vt non/ con ging, b sa Protein cung cp phi c phn gii trc khi s dng bi ng vt Hiu sut s dng 50-80% protein th
Ngun carbon
L ngun cung cp nng lng chnh C th cung cp t ng, tinh bt hay celllulose Hu ht c ngun gc t thc vt Nhiu nht cc loi ng cc ng vt ch s dng ng n hoc ng i
- Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose - Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose
Cht bo
C trong thc vt v ng vt Cung cp v lu gi nng lng Mt s axit bo thit yu: cn thit cho qu trnh tng hp hormone hoc cc cht tng t Hu ht ngun cht bo c t ng vt v cc loi ht cha du
Cht khong
L cc cht v c ng vai tr cung cp cc cht h tr cho pht trin ca ng vt Cung cp cho thnh phn ca xng (canxi v phospho), v trng (canxi) H tr qu trnh to thnh m c, t bo mu, ni tng v enzym Thng b sung vo thc n di nhiu dng ha cht, mui khc nhau
Vitamin
c xem l thnh phn vi lng Cn thit cho s pht trin bnh thng ca ng vt, duy tr th trng v chng li stress, bnh tt Tham gia vo cu trc mt s enzym
NI DUNG CHNH
Trao i cht
L ton b cc qu trnh ha hc, vt l xy ra trong c th ng vt Chia lm 2 loi
ng ha: qu trnh trao i cht v nng lng tng hp nn cc cht cu to t bo, cc m D ha: l qu trnh phn ct cc phn t phc tp thnh cc cht n gin hn
Tiu ha
Chuyn ha dinh dng thnh cc dng cht m t bo c th s dng Cc cht dinh dng c chuyn qua h tiu ha
Tiu ha v hp th dinh dng

Qu trnh tiu ha bao gm:
Tip nhn thc n Nghin hoc nhai c hc Trn ln vi axit thy phn v cc enzym chuyn ha thc n thnh dng n gin/nh hn
Qu trnh hp th bao gm:

Vn chuyn thc n c tiu ha qua thnh rut n mu hoc h huyt thanh
Bn cht ha hc ca tiu ha:

Tiu ha lin quan n cc enzym hoc axit c sinh ra bi ng vt ch hoc vi sinh vt cng sinh trong vt ch Enzym chuyn ha cc polymer thnh cc phn t nh hn ng vt ch sinh ra cc enzym thy phn cht bo, protein v cc dng carbohydrate khng c cu trc si Ch c vi sinh vt sinh h enzym thy phn carbohydrate c cu trc si, VD: cellulose
Tiu ha carbohydrate:
Cc enzym phn gii carbohydrate (amylase) trong mm bt u phn gii. Ch c mt lng nh amylase tm thy trong ming ca nga v khng c trong ming ng vt nhai li Enzym thy phn carbohydrate c th t tuyn ty, dch thnh rut (sucrase, maltase, lactase) thc hin qu trnh phn ct.
Tiu ha protein:
Enzym phn gii protein (pepsin) v axit hydrochloric acid trong d dy bt u qu trnh thy phn. Enzym phn gii protein(VD: trypsin) t tuyn ty v nim mc rut thy phn protein trong rut non cc ng vt non: enzym t dch v trong sa h tr thy phn hon ton protein
Tiu ha cht bo
Enzym phn gii cht bo (lipase) trong d dy bt u qu trnh thy phn Cc enzym thy phn cht bo c trong tuyn ty v trong dch rut thy phn cht bo trong rut non h tr phn gii cht bo, mt (bile) t gan nh ha cht bo thnh cc ht nh hn trong rut non
NI DUNG CHNH
Cc yu t nh hng n tiu ha
T l a thc n vo rut ln lm gim kh nng phn gii cht:
- Tng t l cho n (i vi gia sc)
Nghin c kh/ rm qu nh C cc cht c ch tiu ha Thiu ht khong, vitamin to cu trc enzym Thng thng, nghin nh cc cht lm tng t l tiu ha, tr rm/ c kh i vi vt nui
Cc yu khc t nh hng n hiu qu tiu ha/chuyn ha

T l chuyn ha c s dng cp n hiu sut chn nui trn mt n v thc n Cc yu t nh hng n chuyn ha
La tui/trng lng vt nui: vt nui nh s tng trng hiu qu hn Mc cho n: gii hn cho n ph hp s tng t l chuyn ha Ty thuc vo ging, di truyn ging vt nui
Cc yu t nh hng n tiu ha v hp th dinh dng

T l cho n: tng t l/tn sut cho n qu ngng s gim hiu qu tiu ha Thi gian lu ngn: khng thi gian cho vi sinh vt v cc enzym h tr tiu ha Yu t khc: ng vt b bnh, gii tnh, tui, dung tch d dy, t l n, lng thc n, cht lng thc n
B Gio dc v o to
I HC THNH TY
Chng 3. NG DNG VI SINH VT TRONG SN XT THC N CHN NUI LN MEN

TS. Ph Quyt Tin
Phng Cng ngh ln men Vin Cng ngh sinh hc, Vin KH & CN Vit Nam Email: tienpq@ibt.ac.vn in thoi: CQ: (04) 38363257; D: 0976 860 676
NI DUNG CHNH
3.1. Yu cu chung ca vi sinh vt trong sn xut thc n chn nui ln men 3.2. ng dng ca nhm vi khun 3.3. ng dng ca nhm nm mc 3.4. ng dng ca nhm nm men
NI DUNG CHNH
Yu cu i vi VSV s dng trong sn xut thc n chn nui ln men
An ton i vi sinh vt v con ngi Khng sinh c t Pht trin nhanh trn mi trng r tin Tch ly sinh khi c hm lng protein cao, d tiu ha
Yu cu i vi VSV s dng trong sn xut thc n chn nui ln men Sinh tng hp: enzym, axit bo, cc cht khc cn thit cho khu phn n ca vt nui Bo qun c thc n lu di v nng cao gi tr dinh dng S dng hiu qu Yu cu khc
NI DUNG CHNH
S dng b sung trc tip nh probiotics
Enterococcus faecium Bacillus spp. Lactobacillus Lactobacillus acidophilus Bifidobacterium thermophilum
Sinh tng hp enzym
Bacillus spp. Amylase Protease beta-glucanase Hemi-cellulase Pectinase beta-galactosidase
S dng trong chua thc n cho gia sc

Cc sn phm ln men ( chua) c cha hm lng cao - Axit lactic - Axit bo bay hi - Axit butyric - Axit propionic - Mt lactobacilli cao - pH thp
Axit lactic v axit bo bay hi c kh nng:
Gim cc loi vi khun c hi trong ng rut nh Enterobacteriaceae v c Salmonella spp. c ch mt s nhm VSV pht trin, sinh bacterocin Thc y s pht trin ca cc nhm vi sinh vt khc
Cc loi thc n chn nui ln men c th gim pH trong h tiu ha, c bit l trong d dy Tng cng hiu qu c ch Enterobacteriaceae v Salmonella spp.
Tng cng kh nng tiu ha v hp th dinh dng trong rut non Lm gim c cht cho s pht trin ca cc VSV gy hi nm pha cui h tiu ha
NI DUNG CHNH
S dng trong sx thc n chn nui
Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. oryzae, A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, A. clavatus, A. glaucus, A. ustus v A. versicolor
Sinh enzym: pectinase
Bacillus, Erwinia, Kluyveromyces, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Penicillium v Fusarium
Sinh enzym: lipase
Candida rugosa, Candida antarctica, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas mendocina and Burkholderia cepacia Rhizopus, Geotrichum, Rhizomucor, Aspergillus, Candida, Penicillium
Sinh enzym: beta-galactosidases
Kluyveromyces lactis, K. fragilis and Candida pseudotropicalis; Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus lactis and Bacillus sp; Aspergillus foetidus, A. niger, A. oryzae v A. phoenecia.
Sinh enzym: cellulase
Trichoderma, Chaetomium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium v Phoma; Acidothermus, Bacillus, Celvibrio, pseudonoma, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces and Xanthomonas; Acetovibrio, Bacteroides, Butyrivibrio, Caldocellum, Clostridium, Erwinia, Eubacterium, Pseudonocardia, Ruminococcus and Thermoanaerobacter
Sinh enzym: amylase
Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, A. awamori, Fusarum oxysporum, Humicola insolens, Mucor pusillus, Trichoderma viride
Sinh enzym: protease
Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. stearotermophilus, Mucor miehei, M. pusillus
B Gio dc v o to
I HC THNH TY
Chng 4. MT S QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT THC N CHN NUI LN MEN
TS. Ph Quyt Tin
Trng Phng Phng Cng ngh ln men Vin Cng ngh sinh hc, Vin KH & CN Vit Nam Email: tienpq@ibt.ac.vn in thoi: CQ: (04) 38363257; D: 0976 860 676
NI DUNG CHNH
4.1. chua thc n th xanh v ph ph phm nng nghip cho ng vt nhai li 4.2. Ln men ym kh sinh axit hu c, ethanol v protein n bo 4.3. Sn xut thc n chn nui bng ln men sn lt v ph liu ch bin sn 4.4. S dng ch phm vi sinh vt v probiotics trong chn nui 4.5. Sn xut v nng cao cht lng thc n chn nui bng ln men b mt
NI DUNG CHNH
chua ph liu nng nghip ti ngun thu
NI DUNG CHNH
NI DUNG CHNH
S ln men s dng nm men trn nn nguyn liu sn

Thnh phn ha hc v gia tr dinh dng ca cc sn phm sn ln men (% cht kh)
Hm lng cyanide, lysine, Ca and P ca cc sn phm sn ln men
Hm lng ti u ca thnh phn vi lng cn b sung vo mi trng nui trn nn ph liu sn xut bt m, ngun nit l urea (5 g/L) v phospho l KH2PO4 (4 g/L)
NI DUNG CHNH
Cc loi vi sinh vt khng khng sinh s dng b sung vo thc n chn nui
Cc loi vi sinh vt khng khng sinh s dng b sung vo thc n chn nui
NI DUNG CHNH
B Gio dc v o to
I HC THNH TY
Chng 5. NH GI CHT LNG V AN TON CA THC N CHN NUI LN MEN

TS. Ph Quyt Tin
Trng Phng Phng Cng ngh ln men Vin Cng ngh sinh hc, Vin KH & CN Vit Nam Email: tienpq@ibt.ac.vn in thoi: CQ: (04) 38363257; D: 0976 860 676
NI DUNG CHNH
5.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh nh gi cht lng thc n chn nui ln men 5.2. nh gi cc thnh phn dinh dng 5.3. nh gi ch tiu vi sinh vt 5.4. nh gi c t v cc thnh phn tp nhim 5.5. nh gi cc ch tiu khc
Gip cho ngi chn nui ti u qu trnh s dng thc n trong chn nui Gip cho nh sn xut ti u, a ra khuyn co s dng thnh phn thc n thch hp cho cc i tng vt nui khc nhau
Gip cc nh nghin cu a ra mi lin h gia hiu qu chn nui vi c im thc n Gip nng dn la chn cc loi nng sn ph hp cho dinh dng cho tng loi thc n chn nui
Thc n chn nui ln men/ chua: c thnh phn khc nhau, a dng
Gip a ra cc quyt inh nhanh nht x l i vi thc n chn nui ti:
Khu vc nhp khu, cng/bn Ti khu vc kinh doanh Ti khu vc c nhim bnh i vi cc loi nguyn liu nng sn khng ph hp...
Vic nh v cng b cht lng thc n theo cc tiu chun c cng nhn:
TCVN (TCVN 4882: 2007 nh gi VSV trong T chn nui) NAMAS M10 ISO 90025 ISO/IEC 17025 EN 4501
NI DUNG CHNH
Rt cn thit trong qu trnh s dng thc n. Trn c s nh gi, a ra nh hng s dng theo:
i tng vt nui Tui Th trng ng vt Cu to h tiu ha Mc c th s dng Dng thc n s dng (vin, bt) Bnh ng vt K sinh trng Cn bng cc thnh phn dinh dng
i vi T ca Ln, ch tiu nh gi chnh:

m Cht khong Cht bo Protein Hm lng x si Hm lng Cu2+
m
S dng sy n trng lng khng i Vi r ng, ch sy n 70oC v c nhiu thnh phn bay hi nh gi thc n chua, cn sy trong iu kin chn khng trnh bay hi hm lng cht bo, axit hu c
Cht khong/tro
nh gi bng t 600oC trong 2 gi t 500-550oC trong 12-16 gi Xc nh kim loi s dng my o t ng Xc nh (Ca, K, Mg, P, S, Zn)
Hm lng protein th/tng s

S dng phng php Kjeldahl
Phn tch tinh bt

nh gi amylose v amylosepectin
Phn tch x si
Cht bo th
Cht bo c ngun gc thc vt bao gm ch yumono-, di- v Triacylglycerides, axit bo t do, phospholipids. Thc n chn nui c cha cht bo c ngun gc ng vt Ty ngun gc s c tiu chun nh gi ph hp
Sn phm trao i cht bc 2:

C nhiu loi SP TC bc 2 Tannin c nhiu trong thc n chn nui c t l mt trong nhng SP TC bc 2
NI DUNG CHNH
Nhiu loi vi sinh vt c th c trong thc n, bao gm loi c ch, khng gy hi v loi VSV gy hi VSV c li nh VK lactic trong qu trnh chua VK lactic gip gim pH xung 4,0, gip cho qu trnh bo qun tt, c bit l thc n ma ng cho i gia sc
nh gi VSV trong thc n chua

Vi khun lactic (LAB) - C hai loi: - Loi ln men ng hnh
Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus v Enterococcus faecalis
- Loi ln men d hnh

Lactobacillus brevis v Leuconostoc mesenteroides
- Vi khun lactic ng hnh chuyn ha cc loi ng trong thc n chua thnh axit lactic tt hn
Cc loi vi sinh vt chnh xut hin trong thc n chua
Hai nhm Clostridia trong thc n chua:
Nhm ln men carbohydrate gm:

Clostridium butyricum v C. tyrobutyricum. Nhm ny ln men ng kh v c axit lactic thnh axit butyric dn ti pH tng
Nhm s dng protein: ln men cc amino acid thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau
Nhm vi khun ng rut (Enterobacteria) gm Escherichia coli v Erwinia herbicola y l nhm VSV khng mong mun, cnh tranh thc n vi LAB, chuyn ngun ng thnh acid acetic, ethanol hay CO2 v H2 Nhm ny cng c th s dng amino acid to NH3
Listeria monocytogenes phn b ph bin trong t nhin v cng xut hin trong cc ti chua, c bit ti ln. Gy bnh cho gia sc Vi khun ny c th nhim trong tht, gy hi cho ngi, thm ch c th dn n t vong
Nm xut hin trong thc n chua gm nm men v nm mc Nm men thng gm Candida, Saccharomyces v Torulopsis. Nm mc thng gm Aspergillus, Penicillium v Fusarium. Cc nm mc ny xut hin thng dn ti kh nng to ra c t mycotoxins nguy him cho ngi v vt nui
Cc thnh phn b sung khc

S dng kim sot v kch thch h vi khun trong chua C th y nhanh qu trnh chua bng cch b sung LAB ln men ng hnh
Axit formic c s dng rng r hn ch ln men nh gim pH xung di 4 Kch thch h VSV pht trin c th s dng r ng, thnh phn khc
Nm mc tp nhim c th gy nh hng n sc khe vt nui, c bit l khu vc kh hu nng, m Nguyn nhn l kh nng sinh c t nm (mycotoxins) c t nm l SP TC bc 2, c sinh ra ty da trn c im di truyn ca chng v iu kin ngoi cnh
Danh mc nm mc v loi c t c th to thnh
PROBIOTICS
L sm phm vi sinh vt c b sung nhm nng cao sc khe v pht trin vt nui Khng c coi l sn phm cung cp dinh dng Lactobacillus acidophilus hn ch nhim khun ng rut v tng cng pht trin vt nui Mt s nm men v vi khun cng c coi l probiotics
NI DUNG CHNH
nh gi nhm nh hng s dng, ngn nga v phng bnh cho vt nui Thc n chn nui, c bit l T chn nui ln men c th nhim VSV gy bnh nh Salmonella, Listeria v E. coli. Ngun phn ng vt nui cng l ngun c th gy nhim bnh tr li vt nui v thc n chn nui
Cc loi thc n chn nui ln men sn xut t ph ph phm nng nghip c kh nng nhim nm cao:
c ngun gc t thc vt nhim trong qu trnh bo qun
Gy nh hng n chn nui do sinh tng hp mycotoxin
S dng thm cht dit nm l mt trong bin php s dng hn ch Nhiu tiu chun c xy dng kim sot nhim VSV trong thc n chn nui, c bit l nhim mycotoxin
Cc phn tch v min dch hc s dng nh gi c t v cc thnh phn tp nhim khc Mycotoxin hoc thnh phn tp nhim khc (hp cht hu c) nh gi bng HPLC, GC, sc k mao qun hoc th nghim min dch khc
Cc loi nm mc v c t lin quan xut hin trong thc n ln men
Nhiu loi Salmonella gy ra bnh truyn nhim trong cc trang tri chn nui S. typhimurium xut hin kh ph bin, c th gy bnh cho ngi S. enteriditis c th gy bnh cho gia cm, nhim vo trng v tht g, vt
Thng thng, thc n chn nui c th l ngun nhim bnh tim tng Tht, xng v bt c c th nhim Salmonella Phn ng vt c th gy nhim v phn tn vi khun gy bnh
ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 E. coli phn b ph bin, c bit trong phn vt nui E. coli O157 l mt trong cc i tng c bit nguy him do gy bng pht dch cho c vt nui v cho ngi
Cc loi virus gy l mm, long mng

Bnh l mm, long mng tr thnh bnh nguy him i vi gia sc Ly nhim qua ng h hp v trong cc vt liu b nhim bnh
Bnh b in (BSE) do prion protein gy ra t cc loi thc n nhim BSE
NI DUNG CHNH
nh gi kim loi nng: Trong thc n As, B, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn cn c nh gi v kim sot
nh gi cn bng dinh dng
1. 2.
a ra thng tin v cch s dng dinh dng sau khi hp th nh gi lng dinh dng thc n u vo v lng dinh dng thi ra nh gi dinh dng c s dng, dinh dng b o thi ra ngoi Phn tch thnh phn phn, nc tiu, da, lng, m hi, tiu hao nng lng a ra s liu v hiu qu dinh dng ca T chn nui v phng thc chn nui
3.
nh gi s pht trin ca vt nui
nh gi t l tng trng, chiu cao, kch thc xng da trn lng v thnh phn thc n u vo nh gi trng lng tng thc theo tng giai on v t l tng trng trong qu trnh nui c iu chnh T ph hp
nh gi tng hp: T l thc n s dng

Hiu qu s dng thc n (trng lng tht/v thc n hoc v thc n/trng lng tht)
nh gi hiu qu: t l tng trng tt nht trn lng thc n nh nht

bài giảng công nghệ sản xuất thức ăn chăn nuôi lên men

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Mt phn bi ging mn hc Cng ngh sn xut thc n chn nui ln men, gm 05 chng sp xp theo th t Chng 1 Chng 5

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V CNG NGH LN MEN V NG DNG

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bt, bong bng trong dch chit nc qu / malt

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

nh ngha ln men (fermentation)

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Tng quan v ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

PHN NHM CC QU TRNH LN MEN C BN

Gm 5 nhm cc qu trnh ln men c bn

4. Qa trnh to ra cc sn phm ti t hp. 5. Qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht/hp cht c a vo mi trng ln men

PHN NHM CC QU TRNH LN MEN C BN

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Dng sn phm SCP

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

THE RANGE OF FERMENTATION PROCESSES

c s dng rng ri vi tinh sch khc nhau

PHN NHM CC QU TRNH LN MEN C BN

Mt s ng dng thng mi ca enzym cng nghip

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Mt s ng dng thng mi ca enzym cng nghip

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Enzym (Tip theo)

Cc vi sinh vt sn xut enzym:

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Cc sn phm trao i cht bc 1

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Mt vi sn phm trao i cht bc 1 v ng dng

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Sn phm trao i cht bc 1

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Mi quan h gia sn phm trao i cht bc 1 v bc 2

Sn phm trao i cht bc 2

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

ng hc pht trin ca vi sinh vt

Pha Log/pht trin

Pha suy vong

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Cc ng dng ca CNLM trong cng nghip

Sinh tng hp trong QT pht trin

Secondary products e.g.

Khng cn thit cho s pht trin t bo

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Cc QT ln men chia lm 2 loi chnh

- Ln men hiu kh - Ln men ym kh

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Ln men trn khay / gi

M HNH THIT B LN MEN

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

S minh ha cho mt qu trnh ln men c bn

Ging thch nghing

Bnh tam gic

TINH SCH SN PHM

CHUN B MI TRNG X L DCH THI Vt liu lm mi trng NG GI SN PHM

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men

Bi ging: Cng ngh sn xut cc thc n chn nui ln men