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Thang o lng - Measurement Scales

1. Thang o danh ngha : (nominal scale) l kiu o lng nh gi s vt , hin tng hay c tnh theo tn gi (nh danh) theo gii tnh nam-n; theo vng min ( bc, nam, trung) ; theo nhm tui (tr em, ngi ln); theo trnh hc lc (km, trung bnh, kh, gii..) hoc khi cn phn loi theo c trng mu sc ( xanh, , vng..vv) Thang nh danh l php o khi qut khng nhm cung cp thng tin c th, chnh xc v c tnh v s khc bit ca cc i tng o. 2. Thang o th bc : (ordinal scale) l kiu o lng nh gi s vt , hin tng hay c tnh theo th bc hay trt t ca chng. V d khi mun phn loi nng lc hc tp mt mn no (nh mn Ton chng hn) ca mt nhm hc sinh theo th hng im thi hoc tng kt t im cao nht n im thp nht hoc mun phn loi vt theo kch c, trng lng t to nht, nng nht n b nht, nh nht vv... Thang nh hng cng l php o khi qut khng nhm cung cp thng tin c th, chnh xc v c tnh v mc khc bit gia cc i tng m ch nhm ch ra v tr, mi tng quan th bc ca cc i tng o. 3. Thang o khong : (interval scale) l kiu nh gi, phn loi cc s vt, hin tng hay c tnh theo nhng n v phn loi bng nhau bt k khong no trn thang o. V d c th nht l cc php o bng thc mt. Php o chiu cao bng thc mt l mt kiu o theo thang nh khong : s khc bit gia ngi cao 175 cm-170cm v ngi cao 160 cm -155 cm u mt khong nh nhau l 5 cm. Hay cc thang o nh

khong v im nh gi theo thang 10 im, 100 im..vv . Cn lu mt s i tng o do tnh cht c th ( khc vi cc php o c hc ) c s khc bit gia cc khong tuyt i cc mc khc nhau . V d khi o vt x mc cao th chnh 1-2 cm l kh t hn khi cn mc x thp ; nhng ngi c ch s IQ tong ng l 110 v 120 (cch nhau 10 im) khng c ngha ging s cch bit 10 im cc mc 8090 v nh vy y mang tnh cht ca php o nh hng. 4. Thang o t l (Ratio scale ) l loi thang o khi cn phn loi cc s vt, hin tng hay c tnh vi thang o khong m thang o c im khng thc s. V d khi dng thang o vn tc ( km/gi ). S km/gi ni ln tc chuyn ng ca mt vt ( v d t c vn tc 50 km/gi ) . Mi km/gi ch s gia tng tc theo khong cn okm/gi t ng yn. Trong lnh vc o nh gi nhn thc , thi , nng lc, hnh vi ca mt c nhn trn thc t khng c im 0 thc s m l im 0 t t ( Arbitrary zero point ) VD:Nu gia nh Anh/Ch mua bo Tip Th Gia nh, th s lng ngi c bo trong gia nh trung bnh l bao nhiu ngi (k c Anh/Ch)? Trong , s ngi thng xuyn xem trang qung co l bao nhiu ngi? S ngi c (x):............................ S ngi xem qung co (y):......................... (x) v (y) c th chp nhn tr s 0 Trong trng hp ny, phn tch d liu cc bn chn t s v mu s l cc bin (X), (Y)

Thang o s dng cho cc d liu thuc tnh (Thang o nh tnh) - Thang o nh danh (Nominal scale) mi gi tr

ch tng trng nh mt nhn/tn ca i tng o; dng phn bit cc d liu thuc tnh khc nhau v tn gi, mu sc, V d: Gii tnh, nhn hiu sn phm, ngh nghip, tn gio, khu vc a l Cc thng tin c m ho di dng s. V d nh Nam m s 1, N m s 2; Cc con s y khng c quan h hn km; cc php tnh vi cc con s ny u v ngha. - Thang o th bc (Ordinal scale) Th hin mi quan h trc/sau, nhiu hn/t hn nhng khng xc nh mc gia cc i tng V d: thi , s thch, tng lp x hi, xp hng trong cc cuc thi, 0.1.2 Thang o s dng cho cc d liu s (thang o nh lng) - Thang o khong thng c khong cch u nhau v c xp th t (ln, nh; trc, sau). Thang o khong = thang th t + iu kin khong cch bng nhau nhng khng c gi tr gc nn ch thc hin c php ton cng, tr V d: thi , nhit , tui, nng sut lao ng - Thang o t l (Ratio scale) =Thang khong cch+ cho php tnh t l so snh (c th thc hin c php ton chia) Thang o t l l thang o khong c im gc 0 (s 0 - khng tuyt i) dng so snh vi tr s khc. V d: tui, doanh s, th phn,

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