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Chng 2: CUNG CU HNG HA V GI C TH TRNG

A. Cu hi l thuyt
1/. Gi s thi tit nng ln lm cho ng cu v kem dch chuyn sang phi. Gii thch
ti sao gi kem s tng n mc th trng n nh mi.
GII THCH : V l do thi tit nng bt thng l tng lng cu tt c cc gi mt
hng lnh, nh l kem ngha l ng cu dch chuyn ln trn hay sang phi.
Vi ng cung ngn hn khng i, s dch chuyn ng cu ny to ra s vt cu
trong ngn hn, i hi mt s hnh thc nh lng. Mt trong cc hnh thc nh lng
c th l s xp hng, hoc kem s tng gi v ngi tiu dng mun tr gi cao hn. Gi
tng lm cho lng cu v lng cung ngang bng nhau. Nh vy mt hu qur ca vog
cu l nhng ngi cung cp ring l c th i gi cao hn v c th cung mt lng ln
hn.
2/. Gi s gi bp tng ln 3% lm cho lng cu gim 6%. co gin ca cu i vi
gi bp nh th no?
GII THCH
P/P=3%

v QD/QD=-6%

co gin ca cu i vi cm bp: ED=QD/QD x P/P = 6%x 1/3% =-2


3/. Ti sao co gin ca cu di hn khc vi co gin ngn hn? co gin ca cu
theo gi i vi khn giy s ln hn trong ngn hn hay trong di hn? Ti sao? Cn
co gin ca cu theo gi i vi tivi th sao?
GII THCH : Khi gi thay i, mt vi s thay i c th c tin hnh ngay; nhng
thay i khc c th lu hn. S khc bit ca co gin di hn v ngn hn ph thuc
vo tc phn ng li ca ngi tiu dng i vi s thay i ca gi c.
Lng cu i vi hng ha mau hng chc chn thay i t trong ngn hn. Mt khi thay
i thi quen tiu th, ngi ta mi c mt s thay i ln trong phn ng i vi vic
tng hay gim ca gi c. Trong khi lng cu ca hng lu bn nh tivi c th thay
i mt cch t ngt thay sau s thay i gi. nh hng u tin ca vic thay i gi
i vi ngi tiu th sn phm lu bn l nguyn nhn gy cho h ngng mua sm. H
ch mua khi n li thi hay h hng.
4/. Gii thch ti sao i vi nhiu hng ha co gin ca cung theo gi di hn ln hn
co gin ngn hn?
GII THCH: co gin ca cung l :% QS/% P. bi ng cung c dc dng
nn co gin ca cung l dng. V vy tng gi s ko theo tng lng cung bi v cc
nh sn xut. Cc nh sn xut trong mt s th trng s p ng nhanh v d dng khi
gi thay i. Nhng hng khc c th b hn ch bi kh nng sn xut ca n trong ngn
hn.
mt cc, cung ngn hn c th tr nn hon ton khng co gin, gi tng c th khng
ko theo vic tng s ln. mt cc khc, cung di hn hu nh c th hon ton co
gin, mt s thay i nh trong gi, ko theo s thay i ln trong lng cung. Gia hai

thi cc , co gin ca cung ph thuc vo chi ph ca cc nh sn xut thay i


nng lc ca mnh.
5/. Gi s nh nc iu chnh gi tht b v gi tht g thp hn cc mc gi th trng.
Ti sao s thiu ht ca cc hng ha s tng v nhng nhn t no xc nh qui m ca
s thiu ht. iu g s xy ra i vi gi tht heo? Gii thch ngn gn.
GII THCH: Nu gi qui nh ca hng ha thp hn mc gi th trng, th s lng
m cc nh sn xut mun cung cp s t hn s lng m ngi tiu dng mun mua.
y c s vt cu (thiu). Qui m ca s vt cu ph thuc vo hnh dng ca cc
ng cung v cu.
Nu c cung v cu u co gin nhiu th s thiu ht s ln hn so vi cung v cu co
gin t. Do , cc nhn t xc nh cc co gin c nh hng ln qui m ca s vt
cu. Tt nhin, trong tnh trng vt cu, mt vi ngi tiu th s khng c kh nng
mua s lng mnh cn. Mt vi hnh thc nh lng s xy ra. Nhng ngi tiu th
khng c tha mn s tm cch mua hng thay th, lm tng cu hng thay th lm
tng gi ca chng. Nu gi ca tht b v tht g tho hn th trng th gi tht heo s
tng.
6/. S dng s dch chuyn ca ng cung v ng cu minh ha tc ng cc s
kin sau trn th trng to. Hy lm r xu hng thay i trong gi v s lng bn ra.
a) Cc nh khoa hc thy rng n hng ngy 1 tri to th tt cho sc khe.
b) Gi ca cam t gp 3 ln.
c) Hn hn lm gim sn lng ca to xung 1/3 v thu hoch bnh thng.
d) Hng ngn sinh vin i hc ri b ging ng thnh ngi trng to.
e) Hng ngn sinh vin ri b ging ng i hi to.
GII THCH: i vi a, b ng cu dch chuyn
trn, ngha l mi mc gi, s lng cu nhiu hn.

ln
S

Xem hnh bn ta c
a) V to lm tng sc khe.
b) ngi tiu th thay cam bng to.

D
D

c), d), e) ng cung b dch chuyn.


S
Xem hnh bn ta c
c) ng cung dch chuyn vo trong (S)

S
S

ngha l mi mc gi, ngi sn xut s


cung cp t i.
d), e) ng cung b dch chuyn ra ngoi (S)
ngha l mi mc gi ngi sn xut cung cp

nhiu hn.
B. Bi tp
Bi 1. Xem xt mt th trng cnh tranh, lng cu v lng cung (mi nm) cc mc
gi khc nhau nh sau:
Gi (dollar)
Cu (triu)
Cung (triu)
60
22
14
80
20
16
100
18
18
120
16
20
a) Xc nh phng trnh hm s cung v hm s cu.
b) Lng v gi cn bng bao nhiu?
c) Hy tnh co gin ca cu theo gi khi gi l $80, khi gi l $100.
d) Hy tnh co gin ca cung theo gi khi gi l $80, khi gi l $100.
e) Gi s nh nc n nh gi trn l $80. C s thiu hng khng? Nu c lng
thiu l bao nhiu?
f) mc gi ti a (P=$80) tr thnh mc gi cn bng, nh nc phi tng lng
cung mi mc gi l bao nhiu.
GII THCH:
a/. Xc nh phng trnh hm s cung, hm s cu:
Hm s cu c dng P=a+bQD (1)
- Xc nh h s dc b:
P 100 80 20
b

10
Q 18 20 2
Ti mc gi P=80 ta c QD=20.
Th vo (1) ta c : 80=a-10*20
a = 280.
Vy hm s cu c dng P=280 -10QD.
Hm s cung c dng P=c+dQS (2)
- Xc nh h s dc d:
P 100 80 20
d

10
Q 18 16
2
Ti mc gi P=80 ta c QS=16.
Th vo (1) ta c : 80=c+10*16
c =-80
Vy hm s cung c dng P=-80 + 10QS
b/. Lng v gi cn bng l bao nhiu:
Theo bng s liu cho ta nhn thy
- Gi cn bng P*=100 (dolar)
- Sn lng cn bng Q*=18 (triu)

c/ co gin ca cu theo gi.


Ti P=80 th QD=20.
QD P
1
P
1
80
ED

0.4
P Q P Q 10 20
Q
Tng t khi P=100 th QD=18
QD P
1
P
1 100
ED

0.56
P Q P Q 10 18
Q
co gin ca cung theo gi
Ti P=80 th QS=16.
QS P
1
P 1 80

0.5
P

Q 10 16
P Q
Q
Tng t khi P=100 th QS=18
ED

QS P
1
P 1 100


0.56

P
P Q
Q 10 18
Q
e). Vi gi trn ti a l $80, ngi tiu dng mun mua 20 triu nhng ngi sn xut
ch cung cp 16 triu. Do o thiu ht sn phm l 4 triu.
ED

f). mc gi ti a P=80 thnh mc gi cn bng, chnh ph phi tng lng cung


mi mc gi l 4 triu sn phm. (xem bng)
Hoc tnh:
khi P2 = 80 la l gi cn bng th
QS = QD = (-1/10).P2 + 28 = (-1/10).80 + 28 = 20
M theo bng cho th vi mc gi 80 la th nh cung cp ch c th cung 16 triu.
Do cn bng ta cn tng thm lng cung l 20-16 = 4triu
Hm s cung mi c dng QS=Qs+4.
P=10QS+80 == > QS=1/10P +8 == > QS=1/10P+12 hay P= 10QS+120

Bi 2. Qua nghin cu thng k, ngi ta bit rng ng cung v ng cu la m nm


1985 M phng chng nh sau:
QS=1800+240P
QD=2580-194P

Trong gi c tnh bng dollar mi gi v khi lng c tnh bng n v triu gi


cho mi nm. Gi s Lin s c mua thm 200 triu gi la m ca M. Gi th trng
t do ca la m M s nh th no v nng dn M s sn xut v bn vi lng no?
GII THCH:
QS = 1800 + 240.P
QD = 2580 194.P
Khi Lin X mua thm 200 triu gi la m ca M th cu s tng thm 200 triu ga
QD = QD + 200 = 2780 194.P
Cu c th gi cn bng ca th trng t do l:
1800 + 240P* = 2580 -194.P*
QS = QD
P 1,8 (la)
Vi cu mi th gi cn bng th trng t do l
1800 + 240.P = 2780 194.P
QS = QD
P = 2,26 (la)
Nh vy gi th trng M s tng ln
2,26 1,8 = 0,46 (la)
Nng dn M s sn xut v bn vi lng l:

QS = 1800 + 240.P
QS = 1800 + 240.2,26
Qs = 2342,4 (triu gi)
Lng c l: QS = 1800+240.P

QS = 1800 + 240.1,8
QS = 2232(triu gi)
Lng tng l: 2342,2 2232 = 110,4 (triu gi)
Bi 3. C quan qun l nh ca TPHCM thy rng tng cu l QD=100-5P vi n v
tnh l chc ngn cn h. Gi tin thu trung bnh hng thng l 100 ngn. C quan cng
nhn thy rng vic tng nhu cu thu nh (Q1) vi mc gi thp (P) l do cc gia nh c
trn 3 ngi thnh ph t nng thn. Ban bt ng sn ca thnh ph thng bo cung
nh cho thu l QS=50+5P.
a) Nu c ban qun l thu nh v ban kinh doanh bt ng sn u d on ng v
cung v cu th gi trn th trng t do l bao nhiu? Dn s thnh ph thay i
ra sao nu gi thu trung bnh hng thng mc ti a l 100 ngn, v tt c
nhng ai khng tm c cn h u phi ri thnh ph.

b) Gi s gi thu nh c n nh l 900 ngn /thng, tnh hnh th trng thu nh


s nh th no?
GII THCH :
a). tm gi th trng ca cn h, ta bt u vi iu kin cn bng gia cu v cung
QD=QS hay 100-5P = 50+5P P=5 v Q=100-5*5 = 75 (chc ngn)
Nh vy vi gi th trng l 500 ngn th c 75000 cn h c thu ht.
Nu c quan qun l nh a mc gi cho thu l 100 ngn, lc lng cung s l
50+5*1 = 55 hay (55000 cn h)
V mc gi qui nh thp hn vi mc gi th trng nn lng cung gim 20000 cn h
so vi lng cn bng trc y.
Gi s cho 3 ngi/mt gia nh/mt cn h, nh vy s c 60000 ngi phi ri thnh
ph (lng cu mc gi qui nh l 95000 cn h. Nh vy cn thiu 40000 cn h).
Hnh v
b). mc thu 900 ngn, lng cung s l : (50+5*90=95 (95000 cn h) tng 20000 cn
h so vi lng cn bng. Nhng lng cu ch 550000, nh vy c 400000 cn h
khng c thu (lng d cung)
Bi 4. C nhiu nhu cu sn phm go ca VitNam t cc nc khc. Tng cu l
Q=3550-266P. Trong cu ni a l QD=1000-46P. Cung ni a l QS=1800+240P.
Gi s cu xut khu gim 40%. n v tnh ca Q l 10 tn. P l ngn ng/kg.
a) Cc nng dn u quan tm ti vic gim cu xut khu ny. iu g s xy ra i
vi th trng t do VN? Cc nng dn c nguyn nhn lo lng khng?
b) Gi s chnh ph bo m mua lng go tha hng nm tng gi ln
3000/kg. Khng c nhu cu xut khu, th hng nm chnh ph phi mua bao
nhiu go? Chi ra bao nhiu tin?
c) Nu chnh ph nh thu l 0.5 ngn/kg th gi c v sn lng thay i th no?
Ai l ngi chu thu.
GII THCH:
a) Ta c
Tng cu: Q = 3550 266.P
Cu ni a:QD = 1000 46.P
Cung ni a: QS = 1800 + 240.P
Cu xut khu mi l: Q QD
= 3550 266.P 1000 + 46.P
= 2550 220.P
Nu nhu cu xut khu gim 40%,Tng cu mi l:
QD = 1000 46.P +(60/100).(2550-220.P) = 2530 178.P (*)
Mc gi cn bng mi:
QS = QD
1800 + 240.P = 2530 -178.P
P = 1,746 (ngn ng/kg)
mc gi ny, sn lng go cn bng mi s l:
QS
= 1800 + 240P
= 1800 + 240*1,746

= 2219 (chc tn) = 22190 (tn)


Mc gi cn bng c l:
3550 266P = 1800 + 240P
P = 3.4585 3,46 (ngn ng/kg)
Sn lng cung c l:
QS
= 1800 + 240P
= 1800 + 240*3,46
= 2630,4 (chc tn)
= 26304 tn
Thu nhp c l: TR=Q*P=26304*3,46=910118400 (ng) 91 t
Thu nhp mi l: 22200*1,75 = 38850.106 (ng) 39 t
gim thu nhp l: 91 t - 39 t = 52 t
Nng dn lo lng.
b). Gi s chnh ph bo m mua lng go tha hng nm tng gi ln
3000/kg.
Vy vi gi P = 3 ngn /kg, ta c th trng l
Cu QD= 2530 - 178*3 = 1996 (chc tn)= 19960 (tn)
Trong khi lng cung tt c l :
Q = 1800 + 240*3 = 2520 (chc tn) = 25200 (tn)
Cung vt cu nn lLng go d m chnh ph phi mua l :
Q - QD = 25200 - 19960 = 5240 (tn)
S tin m chnh ph phi chi hng nm :
5240* 3 = 1572.107 (ng) =15,72 (t ng)
c)Nu chnh ph nh thu 0,5 ngn/kg.
Hm cung c :
QS = 1800 + 240.P
Hay P = (1/240).Q - (1800/240)
Gi mi :
P' = P + 0,5 = (1/204).Q - 7,5 + 0,5
= (1/240).Q - 7
Hm cung mi s l:
Q'S = 1680 + 240.P
Gi cn bng mi s l:
Q'S = Q'D 1680 + 240.P = 2530 - 178.P
P = 2,0335 (ngn ng/kg)
M gi c l : 1,75 (ngn ng/kg)
Vy gi s tng l : 2,000335 - 1,75 = 0,2835 (ngnng/kg)
Sn lng mi l :
Q'S = 1680 + 240.P
= 1680 + 240 2,0335
= 2164,04 (chc tn)
= 21640,4 (tn)
Vy sn lng s gim t 22200 (tn) xung 21640,4 (tn)
22200 - 21640,4 = 559,6 (tn)

Lng gi tng chnh l phn thu ngi tiu dng chu 0,2835 (ngn ng/kg)
Phn thu nh sn xut chu l: 0,5 - 0,2835 = 0,2165 (ngn ng /kg)

Bi 5. Hm s cu v cung ca ng trc nhng nm 1980 nh sau


Cu : QD=13.5-8P
Cung: QS=-4.5 +16P
a) Gi v lng cn bng ca ng trc nhng nm 1980 l bao nhiu?
(P=dollar/kg; Q=triu tn)
b) Do c s xut hin ca nhiu kim loi mi, thay th ng lm gim cu ca ng
20%. Hy tnh tc ng ca vic gim ny trong gi ng.
c) Gi s co gin ca cu theo gi di hn i vi ng l -0.4. Hm s cu tuyn
tnh mi l g? (vi gi cn bng v lng cn bng nh cu a)
d) S dng ng cu mi cu c tnh li tc ng ca vic gim cu 20% trong gi
ng.
GII THCH
Hm s cu : QD = 13,5 - 8P (1)
Hm s cung : QS = -4,5 + 16P (2)
Gi

P* : gi cn bng
Q*: lng cn bng

a) Th trng cn bng khi lng cung bng lng cu :


Q* = QS = QD
-4.5 + 16P* = 13,5 - 8P*
P* = 0,75 ( la / kg)
Th P* vo (1) ta c :
Q* = QD = 13,5 - 8 0,75 = 7,5 (triu tn)
b) Cu ca ng gim 20%
cu hin ti ca ng ch bng 80% cu ng ban u

QD = 0,8 QD
QD = 0,8 ( 13,5 - 8P )
Mt khc, lng cung khng thay i :

QD = QS
0,8 ( 13,5 - 8P ) = -4,5 + 16P
P = 0,683 (la / kg)
Vy gim cu 20% c tc ng lm gim gi 0,067 (la/kg) , tc l gi gim 8,93%

c) Hm s cu tuyn tnh mi c dng :


QD = aP + b
Theo gi thit, ta c co gin ca cu theo gi di hn i vi ng l -0.4:
Vi

ED = a . ( P* / Q* )

Hay -0,4 = a . 0,75 / 7,5


a =-0,4
Xt ti im cn bng :
Q* = a . P* + b
7,5 = -4 . 0,75 + b
b = 10,5
Hm s cu mi :
QD = 10,5 - 4P
d) Vi hm s cu mi, chng ta c th xem xt tc ng ca vic gim 20% nhu cu ln
s cn bng ca gi v lng
Cu ca ng gim 20% cu hin ti ca ng ch bng 80% cu ca ng ban u
QD : lng cu hin ti
QD = 0,8QD
QD = 0,8 ( 10,5 - 4P )
Mt khc lng cung khng thay i
QD = QS
0,8 ( 10,5 - 4P) = -4,5 + 16P
P = 0,672 (la/kg)
Vy gim cu 20% c tc ng lm gim gi 0,078 la / kg , tc l gi gim 10,4%

Bi 6. T nm 1974, th trng du th gii b khng ch bi OPEC. Bng cch hn ch


sn lng OPEC thnh cng trong vic y gi du th gii ln cao hn trong th trng
cnh tranh(v sn lng du ca OPEC chim 2/3 lng du th gii trong nm 1974).
By gi chng ta xem xt iu g xy ra trong ngn hn, tip theo s ct gim ca OPEC.
- Gi du nm 1973 l 4 dollar/thng
- Cu th gii v tng cung l 18 t thng mi nm. Trong OPEC cung 12 t thng v
cung cnh tranh khng c OPEC l 6 t thng.
- co gin theo gi c cho theo bng di y

Cu th gii
Cung cnh tranh

NGN HN
-0.05
0.10

DI HN
-0.4
0.40

a) Xc nh ng cu ngn hn v ng cung cnh tranh.


b) Xc nh ng cu di hn v ng cung cnh tranh.
Nu OPEC ct bt sn lng ca mnh bt i 6 t thng/nm, th iu g s xy ra vi gi
du trong ngn hn v trong di hn.
GII THCH:
a) Trc tin, trong trng hp lng cung cnh tranh khng c OPEC : QS=Q*=6
Vi cung co gin th ES=0.1 v P*=4, chng ta c th tnh h s gc d trong hm cung
vi dng (QS=c+dP),
Vi ES=d * (PE/QE)

0.1=d *(4/6) d=0.15


Thay d, QS (l Q*) v P (l P*) vo hm cung
6= c + 0.15 * 4

c= 5.4
V QS=5.4 + 0.15P.
Tng t ta tnh c cc thng s trong hm cu nh sau
vi dng (QD=a + bP),
Vi ED=b x (P*/Q*)

-0.05 =b *(4/18) b=-0.225


Thay b, QD =18 v P=4 vo hm cu
18= a - 0.225* 4

a= 18.9
V QD=18.9 - 0.225P.
b) Tng t ta tnh theo co gin di hn ED=-0.4 v ES=0.4
cho hm cung
ES=d (P*/Q*)

0.4=d (4/6)

d=0.6
QS=c+dP

6=c+dP

6=c+0.6*4
=>
c=3.6 hay QS=3.6+ 0.6P
cho hm cu
ED=b (P*/Q*)

-0.4=b (4/18)

b=-1.8
QD=a+bP

18=a+bP

18=a - 1.8*4
=>
b=25.2 hay QD=25.2-1.8P
c) Phn tch nh hng ca vic gim 6 t thng du/nm do OPEC, ta thy rng c
cung ngn hn v cung di hn u thay i. Vi s cung ng ca OPEC gim t 12

t thng/nm xung 6 t thng/nm, ta cng chung 6 t thng/nm vo hm cung


ngn hn v di hn:
QS=6+ QS=6 + 5.4+ 0.15P = 11.4 + 0.15P
QS=6+ QS = 6 + 3.6 + 0.6P = 9.6 +0.6P
Da vo cn bng cu ngn hn v di hn, chng ta tm c gi cn bng :
11.4 + 0.15P = 18.9 - 0.225P

7.5
= 0.375P

P
= $20 trong ngn hn v
9.6 + 0.6P
= 25.2 - 1.8P

15.6
= 2.4 P
P
= $6.5 trong di hn.
Bi 7. Da trn nghin cu kinh t v th trng kh thin nhin v bin ng ca cc th
trng ny mt khi cc ch kim sot dn dn c bi b trong nhng nm 1980,
nhng s liu sau y m t th trng vo nhng nm 1975. Gi kh thin nhin trn th
trng t do l ra khong 2dollar cho 1 cmf (triu pht khi), sn xut v tiu dng l ra
khong 20 Tcf (t pht khi. Gi xng trung bnh (k c lng nhp v sn xut trong
nc) vo khong 8 dollar/thng, chnh gi ny lm nh hng ti c cung v cu kh
thin nhin.
co gin ca cung theo gi l 0.2. Gi xng tng cao cng dn ti vic sn xut kh
thin nhin nhiu hn, co gin cho ca cung l 0.1. Cn i vi cu co gin theo
gi l -0.5 v co gin theo gi cho l 1.5.
a) Hm s cung v hm s cu ca kh thin nhin (gi s tuyn tnh)? (Vi Q lng
kh thin nhin tnh theo Tcf, Pg l gi kh thin nhin tnh theo dollar/mcf v Po
l gi du tnh theo dollar/thng.
Hm cu c dng : QD= a+bPg+ eP0
Hm cung c dng : QS= c+dPg+ gP0
b) Gi s gi c iu chnh ca kh thin nhin nm 1975 l 1.5 dollar/mcf thay
v l 2dollar/mcf, lng cu s vt l bao nhiu?
c) Gi s th trng kh thin nhin khng c iu chn. Nu gi du tng t 8
dollar ln 16 dollar th diu g s xy ra vi gi th trng t do ca kh thin
nhin?
GII THCH :
a) Xc nh co gin gi cho ca cu
co gin ca cu i vi kh thin nhin lin quan vi gi du l:
Eg0=Qg/P0* P0/Qg
y Qg/P0 l s thay i lng cu kh thin nhin, kt qu t s thay i nh ca
gi du i vi cc hm cu tuyn tnh Qg/P0 l khng i.
Nu chng ta biu th cu l :
Qg=a+bPg + eP0
(Vi thu nhp khng i), lc Qg/P0=e thay n vo co gin cho,
Ep0=e(P*0/Q*g). y P*0v Q*g l gi v lng cn bng..
Chng ta bit rng P*0=$8 v Q*g=20, chng ta tm c
1.5=e(8/20) e=3.75

Tng t co gin cho ca cung l g(P*0/Q*g) m chng ta bit l 0.1=g(8/20), do


g= 0.25. Cc gi tr ca d v b c th tm t hm ES=a1(P*/Q*) v ED=b1(P*/Q*).
Chng ta bit : Es=0.2;P*=2 v Q*=20
Do 0.2=d(2/20) d=2
Tng t ED =-0.5 cho nn -0.5 =b(2/20) v b=5.
Thay cc gi tr d,g,b v c vo cc hm cung v hm cu tuyn tnh, chng ta s tm c
c v a:
20=c+2*2+0.25*8 c = 14
V 20= a-5 * 2+3.75*8 a=0
b) Vi gi iu chnh $1.5 cho kh thin nhin v gi du $8/thng
Cu : QD = -5 * 1.50 + 3.75 * 8 = 22.5
Cung: QS = 14 + 2 * 1.50 + 0.25 * 8 19
Vi vic cung cp 19 Tef v cu 22.5 Tef. y c s vt cu l 3.5 T.
c) Nu gi kh thin nhin khng c iu chnh v gi du tng t $8 ln $16:
Cu : QD = - 5Pg +3.75 * 16 =60- 5Pg
Cung QS = 14 + 2Pg + 0.25 * 16 = 18 + 2Pg
Tm gi cn bng:
18 + 2Pg = 60- 5Pg
Pg = =$6
Gi s tng ln 3 ln t $2 ln $6

Bi 8. Th trng sn phm X c m t bi cc hm s sau:


- Cung : P=QS+30
- Cu : P=1/6QD+240
a) Xc nh gi cn bng v lng cn bng.
b) Cho bit gi nhp sn phm X (bao gm c ph nhp khu v li nhun bnh
thng) l Pn=150. Hy xc nh mc gi th trng, khi lng nhp khu v
khi lng sn xut trong nc.
GII THCH :
a) Mc gi cn bng l mc gi ti QS=QD
QS
=
P - 30
=
-6P +1440
QD
P - 30 =
-6P +1440
P*
=
210
Q*
=
180
b) Gi bn Pn =150
Th trng tiu th :
QD= -6*150 + 1440
Lng cung trong nc:
QS = 150 -30
Lng nhp khu:
QN = 540 - 120
Bi 9. Hm s cu ca la hng nm c dng:

= 540
= 120
= 420

QD=480 - .01P. (n v tnh P: /kg; Q: tn)


Thu hoch la nm trc QS1=270
Thu hoch la nm nay QS2=280
a) Hy xc nh gi la nm nay trn th trng. Tnh h s co gin ca cu ti mc
ny. C nhn xt g v thu nhp ca nng dn ca nm nay so vi nm trc.
b) bo m thu nhp cho nng dn chnh ph a ra 2 gii php:
- n nh mc gi ti thiu nm nay l 2100/kg v cam kt s mua ht
phn la thng d.
- Tr gi, chnh ph khng can thip vo gi th trng v ha tr gi cho
nng dn l 1000/kg.
Tnh s tin m chnh ph phi chi cho mi gii php.
Thu nhp ca nng dn mi gii php.
Theo cc bn gii php no l c li nht.
c) By gi chnh ph b chnh sch khuyn nng, v nh thu 100/kg, gi th
trng s thay i nh th no? Gi thc t m ngi nng dn nhn c? Ai l
ngi chu thu? Gii thch.
GII THCH :
Ta c
Gi la nm nay trn th trng
QS2 = QD
280 = 480 - 0.1P
P2 = 2000
Gi la nm trc trn th trng
QS1 = QD
270 = 480 - 0.1P
P1 = 2100
H s co gin ca cu ti mc gi P=2000
ED

= (Q/P)*(P/Q)
= (-0.1) 2000/ 280 = -0.7 |-0.7|<1

Cu co gin t nn P v TR g bin. Khi gi la th trng gim th thu nhp ca nng


dn gim xung so vi trc
TR1 = 2100 * 270 * 103 = 567 triu ng
TR2 = 2000 * 280 * 103 = 560 triu ng
a) Theo gii php 1 : n nh nm gia ti thiu nm nay p=2100 /kg th khi lng la
tiu th :
QD = 480 - 0.1 * 2100 = 270
Lng d cung m chnh ph phi mua :

QS =QS -QD = 280 -270 = 10 tn.


Lng tin chnh ph phi chi l:
T1 = QS *P = 10 * 103 * 2100 =21 triu ng
b) Theo gii php 2 : nu chnh ph tr gi 100 /kg th s tin chnh ph cn chi:
T2 = QS2 * 100 = 280 * 103 * 100 =28 triu ng
Nhn xt :
- Thu nhp ca nng dn c 2 gii phap l nh nhau : TR= 588 triu ng
- i vi chnh ph, gii php 1 c li hn gii php 2 l va c la d tr, va chi ra t
hn (7 triu ng)
- i vi ngi tiu th, gii php 2 c li hn gii php 1, c tiu th vi lng la
nhiu hn v s tin chi ra t hn so vi gi php 1.
c) Thu l mt b phn ca chi ph sn xut, thu tng s lm chi ph sn xut tng.
Nhng cung sn phm l mt hm hng, khng i theo thu. Do sau khi thu tng gi
la th trng nm nay vn nh nm c.
QS2
=
QD
280
=
480
- 0.1 *P
P2
=
2000 ng/kg
Nh vy ngi tiu dng khng phi chu thu. Ngi sn xut hon ton chu thu v
cung hon ton khng co gin (ES = 0). Gi thc nhn ca nng dn :
Psn xut= P2 - thu /sn phm
Psn xut= 2000 - 100 = 1900 /kg

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