Qun l d n phn mm

Ni dung
Gii thiu v qun l d n phn mm o v c lng Lp lch v theo di m bo cht lng phn mm Nghin cu kh thi Qun l nhn s Qun l thay i Cng c h tr qun l d n

Ti liu
Pressman, Software Engineering, McGraw Hill (chapter 2 & 3) Sommerville, Software Engineering, Addison-Wesley (chapter 29) Ng Trung Vit, Phng php lun qun l d n CNTT, NXB KHKT Gio trnh k ngh phn mm (chng 6) Cc ti liu in t khc
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Ti sao phi qun l d n

Cc d n thng:

Khng hon thnh ng hn Chi ph xy dng vt qu d ton Cht lng khng m bo

Thng k ca Standish Group (2006)

C ti 50% trong s cc d n phn mm tht bi Ch c 16.2% d n l hon thnh ng hn v nm trong gii hn ngn sch, p ng tt c tnh nng v c tnh nh cam kt ban u C 52.7% d n c hon thnh v i vo hot ng nhng khng hon thnh ng hn v bi chi, thm na khng p ng y tnh nng v c tnh nh thit k ban u V c 31.1% d n tht bi trc khi c hon thnh -> hn 83.8% d n tht bi hoc khng p ng nhng yu cu ban u

Mc tiu
Qun l cc yu t:

Thi gian: ng thi hn Chi ph: khng vt d ton Sn phm: y cc chc nng nh Tha mn yu cu khch hng
tha mn v nhu cu tha mn v tin trnh

Nhim v, quyn hn ca ngi qun l d n

Thi gian

lp lch, iu chnh lch kim tra/i chiu cc tin trnh con vi lch biu to mm do trong lch biu thm tin, thm ngi, thm thit b thm, bt, sa chc nng phn tch ri ro xut gii php thc hin gii php v gim st
7

Ti nguyn

Sn phm

Ri ro

Cc pha cng vic

Thit lp: vit n c lng (chi ph, ngi, thit b, ...) Phn tch ri ro Lp k hoch Chn ngi Theo di v kim sot tin trnh Vit bo co v trnh din

Cc hot ng thng xuyn

m bo cht lng phn mm

m bo s ng n m bo s tun th theo chun Qun l thay i v yu cu, thit k, m ngun Qun l cu hnh (c pht trin phn tn)

Qun l thay i/qun l cu hnh phn mm

1. o v c lng
Cch thc tip cp qun l: o v c lng o phn mm

kch thc, chi ph, hiu nng, cht lng kch thc chi ph thi gian

c lng

Ch qun l c cc yu t c th o c

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 o v c lng
c lng phn mm l cng vic quan trng hng u trong qun l d n

kch c, chi ph thi gian, nhn lc kch c, cht lng, hiu nng

c lng c cn c o

Nguyn l: cn phi xc lp o cho mi cng vic

o phi nh lng

11

o kch c phn mm
o theo dng lnh (LOC Lines Of Code)

trc quan ph thuc ngn ng

o im chc nng (FP Functional Points)

c lp vi ngn ng ph thuc cc m hnh la chn (tham s)

- hiu nng: KLOC/ngi-thng - cht lng: s li/KLOC - chi ph: gi thnh/KLOC
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im chc nng
Tng hp cc c trng ca module

Input Output Interface Files

t trng s cho cc c trng Trng s ph thuc vo ng cnh (d n) c th

phc tp ca bi ton Cc yu cu v cht lng, hiu nng Kch thc ca d liu s dng

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im chc nng FP
FP = a1I + a2O + a3E + a4L + a5F

I : s Input O: s Output E: s yu cu L: s tp truy cp F: s giao din ngoi lai (devices, systems)

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im chc nng: V d
FP = 4I + 5O + 4E + 10L + 7F Hm: Tnh c s chung ln nht ca hai s nguyn
Input I = 2 Output O = 1 Yu cu E = 1 -> im chc nng FP = 17

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 o v cht lng da trn thng k tin cy: MTBF Mean Time Between Failures

thi gian chy lin tc khng c li MTTR Mean Time To Recover MTBF MTBF + MTTR

Thi gian khi phc h thng

Tnh sn c:

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 o hiu qu pht hin li

Hiu qu kh li: E/(E+D)

E(rror): li pht hin trc khi bn giao D(efect): li pht hin sau khi bn giao d: s li pht hin trong 1 thng sau khi bn giao

E/(E+d/0.9)

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c lng phn mm
Cc yu t cn c lng

kch c phn mm chi ph (cng sc) pht trin thi gian s ngi tham gia phn r chc nng c lng vi tng chc nng da trn kinh nghim, d kin qu kh

Nguyn tc c lng

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c lng
Kch c

LOC: c lng trc tip vi tng m un FP: c lng gin tip thng qua c lng input/output, yu cu da trn kch c, phc tp da vo d liu qu kh n v: person-day, person-week, person-month

Cng sc:

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V d
Trang web xem kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin bao gm cc m un/giao din chnh:

nhp thng tin tm kim: 100 LOC tm kim trn CSDL sinh vin: 300 LOC sinh kt qu: 100 LOC cng sc: 01 person-week Vy phn mm o to 2000 LOC th sao?

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M hnh c lng COCOMO - Costructive Cost Model

c lng n lc, thi gian, s ngi pht trin t kch c phn mm. S dng vi cc phn mm ln M hnh c s

N lc E = a * Lb Thi gian T = c * Ed S ngi N = E/T L: s dng lnh (KLOC) a, b, c, d: tham s

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COCOMO: cc bc tin hnh

Thit lp kiu d n

organic: n gin, khng truy cp cc thit b ngoi lai semi-detached embeded: phc tp, truy cp thit b

Xc lp (phn r) m un v c lng s dng lnh Tnh li s dng lnh trn c s ti s dng Tnh n lc pht trin E cho tng m un Tnh li E da trn phc tp ca d n

tin cy, ln ca CSDL yu cu v tc , b nh

Tnh thi gian v s ngi tham gia

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COCOMO: tham s c s
a organic semi-detached embeded 3.2 3.0 2.8 b 1.05 1.12 1.2 c 2.5 2.5 2.5 d 0.38 0.35 0.32

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COCOMO: V d
Phn mm kch c 33.3 KLOC.

a = 3.0 b = 1.12 c = 2.5 d = 0.35 E = 3.0 * 33.31.12 = 152 person-month T = 2.5 * E0.35 = 14.5 thng N = E/D = ~ 11 ngi

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Kh khn trong c lng

Cc thng s khng trc quan Kh nh gi tnh ng n ca cc tham s Khng c m hnh tng qut Cc k thut c lng ang thay i

p dng cc m hnh khc nhau Tin hnh c lng nhiu ln c lng li khi d n tin trin

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2. Lp lch v theo di
c lng cho chng ta con s khi qut lm c s thc hin d n

Lch trnh c th ph thuc vo m hnh la chn S ngi tham gia thay i theo tng pha ca d n

Cn phi phn tch chi tit hn v lp lch kim sot cng vic

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Lp lch v theo di
Lp lch kim sot cng vic (nhim v)

xc nh nhim v thi im bt u, thi im kt thc ngi thc hin rng buc (mi lin h gia cc nhim v) cn c mm do v thi gian

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Xc nh ti nguyn cho d n
Con ngi

l nhn t quan trng nht cn phi tp hp cc thnh vin c nng lc mi giai on cn s ngi, nng lc khc nhau Cc thnh phn c ng gi (d dng dng li) Cc thnh phn c kinh nghim (d dng sa cha phc v cho d n) Cc thnh phn dng li t c kinh nghim (chi ph cho sa cha ln) Phi chia s phn cng, cng c
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Phn mm dng li c

Phn cng/cng c phn mm

Xc nh nhim v
Nhim v phi c xc nh l:

L cng vic c kt qu bn giao Qui trch nhim cho mt c nhn C hn nh v thi gian C th o c (tin , cht lng)

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Xc nh rng buc nhim v

Cc rng buc v ti nguyn (con ngi, thit b) Rng buc v tin trnh

cc nhim v phi c kt thc trc cc nhim v c th c thc thi k tip

Gim ti a cc nhim v ph thuc Thc hin cc nhim v song song khi c th

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Lp lch nn
Gim ti a thi gian tha Tn dng ti a cc ngun lc c th iu phi ti nguyn (ch tha/thiu) Xem xt cc hn ch

ph thuc tin trnh ph thuc ti nguyn theo di thi gian biu sa cha, lp li thi gian biu

L mt qui trnh lp li

S dng cc cng c t ng
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Work tasks I.1.1 Identify need and benefits Meet with customers Identify needs and project constraints Establish product statement Milestone: product statement defined Define desired output/control/input (OCI) Scope keyboard functions Scope voice input functions Scope modes of interaction Scope document diagnostics Scope other WP functions Document OCI FTR: Review OCI with customer Revise OCI as required; Milestone; OCI defined Define the functionality/behavior Define keyboard functions Define voice input functions Decribe modes of interaction Decribe spell/grammar check Decribe other WP functions FTR: Review OCI definition with customer Revise as required Milestone: OCI defintition complete Isolate software elements Milestone: Software elements defined Research availability of existing software Reseach text editiong components Research voice input components Research file management components Research Spell/Grammar check components Milestone: Reusable components identified Define technical feasibility Evaluate voice input Evaluate grammar checking Milestone: Technical feasibility assessed Make quick estimate of size Create a Scope Definition Review scope document with customer Revise document as required Milestone: Scope document complete

week 1

week 2

week 3

week 4

week 5

I.1.2

I.1.3

I.1.4 I.1.5

I.1.6

I.1.7 I.1.8

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Tham kho
Thi gian thc t thng ko di hn c lng t 25% n 40%. L do:

Mt s cng vic khng c lng c Mt s cng vic phi lm li Ngi pht trin tham gia ng thi nhiu cng vic

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3. m bo cht lng phn mm

Software Quality Assurance SQA L cng vic xuyn sut qu trnh pht trin phn mm

Th no l cht lng?

Cht lng ca phn cng = s n nh, s ng u Cht lng phn mm

Tin cy, d s dng, hiu qu, bo tr Kh o c trc quan

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m bo cht lng
m bo cht lng khi bt u d n

Con ngi Qui trnh Cng c

m bo cht lng trong qu trnh thc hin d n

tun th qui trnh (cc chun, cc ti liu) hp xt duyt kim th sn phm

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Gi tr cho tm v sa li

100 log scale 10 1 1.50 0.75 1.00

60.00-100.00 10.00 3.00

Design testsystem field Req. use code test

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Xt duyt
Ti mi pha cng vic, cn hp xt duyt m bo cht lng

khng li truyn sang pha sau

Thc hin theo nhm Xt duyt cc ti liu

Phn tch Thit k M ngun Ti liu ngi dng ...

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4. Nghin cu kh thi
Xc nh, phn tch cc yu t

Phm vi phn mm Kh thi v kinh t Kh thi v k thut Kh thi v php l Cc ri ro v bin php khc phc

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Kh thi v kinh t
Phn tch li ch - chi ph

chi ph xy dng ph tn vn hnh hiu qu kinh t v tr ca sn phm kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng

Khch hng v nh pht trin c cch nhn khc nhau v tnh kinh t, nh pht trin cn thuyt phc khch hng v tnh kinh t

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Kh thi v k thut
Kh nh gi giai on phn tch

c cng ngh thc hin khng? c nng lc thc hin khng? c ti nguyn (phn cng) thc hin khng? khch hng c vn hnh c khng

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Kh thi v php l
Kh thi v php l l yu t t quen thuc i vi ngi pht trin

Vi phm bn quyn
s dng m ngun ca ngi khc... cung cp m nhc trc tuyn...

Vi phm t do c nhn
kim duyt email, ph mt khu...

Gy hi i vi bn th ba
virus, spam email, DoS

Cc vi phm php lut khc

cung cp cc dch v cm,...
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Ri ro v bin php
Cc nhn t c th lm tht bi d n

ri ro k thut: qu kh ri ro kinh t: qu t ri ro thi gian: thi gian qu ngn phn hoch yu cu cn thit mong mun ph (optional)

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Bo co kh thi
cn a ra quyt nh

lm khng lm xem xt li

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Qun l ri ro
Ri ro l cc s kin khin d n tht bi

chi ph qu cao thi gian qu di tnh nng qu km

L cc yu t c th qun l c Nhim v ca ngi qun l d n

xc nh (d on) ri ro phn tch ri ro (kh nng v thit hi) qun l ri ro (a ra gii php) gim st (theo di s xut hin, tc ng ca ri ro) v thc hin bin php qun l
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Qun l ri ro
Da trn phn hoch yu cu

chc nng cn thit chc nng mong mun chc nng ph thm

Nguyn l Pareto (80-20) Phn tch, a ra quyt nh c p dng bin php qun l cn thit hay khng

da trn thng k (kinh nghim) dng cy quyt nh

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5. Qun l nhn s
Con ngi l yu t quan trng nht trong pht trin phn mm Cc thnh vin rt khc nhau v nng lc Mt s cc cng vic c th khng phi ai cng lm c

lp trnh h thng giao din ha cao cp iu khin thit b c s d liu

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Nhm v c trng
Phn mm pht trin theo nhm Kch thc ti u ca nhm: 3~8 ngi T chc nhm

lp trnh vin chuyn gia giao din chuyn gia min ng dng th th phn mm (qun l cu hnh) kim th vin team leader technical leader

Cn c

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Nhm v c trng
Khng nn t chc nhm qu ln

thi gian cho giao tip s tng cao kh tng tc bng cch thm ngi

Mt s cng vic ch nn cho mt ngi thc hin Cn phn r d n ln thnh cc d n nh

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Phn b thi gian lm vic

20% khng trc tip lm vic

50% 30%

lm vic

giao tip vi cc thnh vin khc

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Mt s cch t chc nhm

Nhm ngang quyn (democratic team)

Cng vic c tho lun v cc thnh vin thng nht gii php chung Cc thnh vin u c kinh nghim v nng lc Mt dng ca ngang quyn, lp trnh i v chu trch nhim chung

Nhm XP

Nhm quyn lc tp trung (chief programmer team)

Nhm trng c nng lc vt tri v l ngi thit k chnh Cc thnh vin khc thc hin cng vic chi tit

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Nhm lm vic hiu qu

Cc mc ch c thng nht Thnh vin tin tng vo vai tr v mc tiu Chp nhn mc tiu v tiu ch cht lng C phng thc trao i thng tin hiu qu hp, trao i tng, kim sot thay i Xc lp c mi quan h hp tc gia cc thnh vin

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6. Qun l thay i
Mt trong cc l do khin cho d n tht bi Lun c s thay i

yu cu, thit k, m ha, sa li phn mm lun tin ha

Khng nhn ra s thay i ca vn khng c phng php hiu qu qun l s thay i

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Qun l thay i
nh ngha thay i vi bt c hot ng no:
phm vi kt qu bn giao kin trc c bn chi ph lch trnh

Lp ti liu y v cc thay i, m bo cc thnh vin hiu r v cc thay i

s dng cng c h tr
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Qun l cu hnh phn mm

Configuration management

Nhim v ca qun l cu hnh:

qun l phin bn phn mm lu tr ti liu, m ngun, d liu to im truy cp duy nht (m bo tnh thng nht ca m ngun)

Trn din hp, cn gi l qun l m ngun

54

Li ch
Cung cp cho ngi pht trin phin bn mi nht ca phn mm Qun l cc m ngun c lu tr phn tn Qun l cc phin bn khc nhau Ghi ch l do ca sa i m ngun D dng truy cp cc phin bn c Tch kim khng gian a

55

Qun l phin bn
Th no l phin bn phn mm
version variant release

Phi t ra cc tiu ch xc nh phin bn, tiu ch nh danh phin bn

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Phng thc hot ng

Lu tr tp trung - m ngun, ti liu, cng c Lu tr duy nht (logic)

Qun l sa i
- khng cho php sa i ng thi

- lu tr phin bn c - thng tin sa i: l do, ngi thc hin,

thi im
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Ni dung lu tr
Ti liu - phn tch, thit k, ti liu ngi dng M ngun Cng c pht trin - cn cng c c bin dch li cc
m ngun c cho vic bo tr

Cc b d liu test
Vi phn mm ln, phi qun l hng nghn ti liu

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Chia s m ngun

Nhiu ngi ng thi pht trin mt tp m ngun

S dng c ch lock/unlock ch cho php

mt ngi c quyn sa i ti mt thi im

- lock (check out): m tp sa i

- unlock (check in): kt thc sa i

ng thi sa i / h thng gip ni cc sa i mt cch t ng

59

Cc cng c
RCS chy trn h iu hnh Solaris qun l tp check out/check in CVS da trn RCS dng c ch ghp ni sa i Visual SourceSafe trong b cng c Visual Studio ca Microsoft qun l project check out/check in

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7. Cng c h tr qun l d n
Microsoft Project 2000

H tr qun l d n phn mm Qun l cu hnh, m ngun To bng biu, m hnh

Microsoft SourceSafe

Visio 2000

http://www.startwright.com/project1.htm

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62

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Gantt Chart to bng Visio 2000

Feb 22 2004

Feb 29 2004 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mar 7 2004 7 8 9 10 11

ID 1 2 3 4 5 6

Task Name Gp g khch hng

Start

End

Duration
23 24 25

2/23/2004 2/24/2004

2d 2d 1d 3d 5d

Phn tch yu cu 2/25/2004 2/26/2004 c t yu cu 2/27/2004 2/27/2004 3/3/2004

Phn tch h thng 3/1/2004 Thit k tng th

3/4/2004 3/10/2004

64

Timeline to bng Visio 2000

65

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Tng kt: Qun l d n

Ngi qun l cn c kinh nghim, phi cng rn

c trang b kin thc v qun l d n PM C thm nin trong vic pht trin phn mm
tng tham gia cc cng on ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm Kinh nghim ng vai tr then cht C trnh qun l tt Lm vic c k hoch

Cn c cc o Phi c lp ti liu Lun cn xem xt, iu chnh

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