Lý thuyết lớp 10

Vt l 105
Chng 1. ng hc cht im
CHNG I. NG HC CHT IM
BI 1. CHUYN NG C HC
- Nh th no l chuyn ng c hc?
- Phng trnh chuyn ng l g?
I. CHUYN NG C HC
- Mt vt c gi l chuyn ng nu n thay i v tr theo thi gian so vi vt mc.
- Chuyn ng c hc c TNH TNG I: ng yn hay chuyn ng ph thuc vo vt c
chn lm mc.
VD:5.......................................................................................................................................................
5.............................................................................................................................................................
- Chuyn ng c hc c nhiu dng: tnh tin, quay, dao ng
- Qu o: hnh nh ng i ca vt.
- Cht im: vt c kch thc rt nh so vi phm vi qu o chuyn ng. Cht im khng c
kch thc, hnh dng; khi lng c vt c tp trung ti mt im.
II.H QUY CHIU

H to
H thi gian
Gc to
Gc thi gian
Chiu dng
Chiu dng
Khong cch
Khong thi gian
To x
Thi im t
H QUY CHIU
III.PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG

- Phng trnh chuyn ng l mt biu thc th hin s lin h gia to x v thi im t.
VD: x = 5t +105......................................................................................................................................
5.............................................................................................................................................................
x = t2 + 4t - 105......................................................................................................................................
5.............................................................................................................................................................
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BI 2. CHUYN NG THNG U
- Chuyn ng thng u l g?
- Phng trnh chuyn ng thng u
I. CHUYN NG THNG U
- Chuyn ng thng u l chuyn ng c qu o thng v vn tc khng i theo thi gian.
- Vn tc: l i lng c trng cho chuyn ng nhanh hay chm ca vt.
* Cng thc:55
5
5
v = x/t
1 m/s = 3,6 km/h

* n v: m/s, km/h
* Vn tc l mt i lng vect c chiu l chiu chuyn ng ca vt.
Cng chiu dng --> 5 v > 0
Ngc chiu dng --> 5 v < 0
- Phn bit gia vn tc v tc :

- Vn tc c hng, tc v hng.
- Vn tc tnh theo di, tc tnh theo qung ng.
II.PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG THNG U

- Phng trnh to chuyn ng thng u
x = x0 + v(t - t0)
v: vn tc chuyn ng (m/s)
t0, x0: thi im v to lc bt u kho st
- Khong cch gia hai cht im ti mt thi im
d = |x2 - x1|
5
- th chuyn ng thng u l mt ng thng i qua gc to trong h trc (x,t)
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BI 3. CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U

- Chuyn ng thng bin i u l g?
- Phng trnh chuyn ng thng bin i u.
I. VN TC TC THI - GIA TC
- Vn tc trung bnh l vn tc tnh trn c qung ng, khng quan tm s thay i vn tc
trong qu trnh chuyn ng.
- Vn tc tc thi l vn tc ti mt thi im no trong qu trnh chuyn ng, khi t rt nh.
VD:5.......................................................................................................................................................
5.............................................................................................................................................................
- GIA TC l i lng c trng cho s thay i nhanh chm ca vect vn tc. Chuyn ng
c thay i vn tc th s c gia tc. K hiu: a.
a = v/t = (v - v0)/(t - t0)

5
* n v: m/s2
* Gia tc l mt i lng vect ph thuc vo tnh cht chuyn ng
- Gia tc cng c gia tc trung bnh v gia tc tc thi.
- Trong chuyn ng thng u, vn tc tc thi khng i v gia tc bng 0.
- Cng thc tnh vn tc tc thi (phng trnh vn tc)
v = v0 + a(t - t0)
II.CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U

- Chuyn ng thng bin i u l chuyn ng c qu o l mt c thng v gia tc tc
thi khng i theo thi gian. (a = const)
- C 2 dng bin i u
Nhanh dn u --> tc tng --> a, v cng du

Chm dn u --> tc gim --> a, v tri du
5
- Qung ng chuyn ng c trong chuyn ng thng bin i u (mt chiu)
5
- Cng thc c lp vi thi gian
5
s = at2 + v0t
v2 - v02 = 2as
III.PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U

5
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x = at2 + v0t + x0
(xem t0 = 0)
Vt l 105
BI 4. CHUYN NG RI T DO
- C phi ri no cng ging ri no?
- i lng no c trng cho s ri t do?
I. RI T DO L RI CH DO TRNG LC
- Ri t do l chuyn ng ri ch di tc dng ca trng lc (b qua lc cn ca khng kh).
Trong thc t, mt vt nng ri trong khng kh c th xem l ri t do.
- c im s ri t do:
- Phng thng ng, chiu t trn xung di.
- Khng vn tc u, l mt chuyn ng nhanh dn u
II.GIA TC RI T DO L C TRNG CA S RI T DO
- Chuyn ng ri t do l chuyn ng nhanh dn u nn c gia tc. Gia tc ca s ri t do
c gi tr hon ton xc nh c gi l g.
- Gia tc ri t do ph thuc vo cao, v v cu to a cht.
- Gia tc ri t do khng ph thuc vo khi lng ca vt.
- Mt vt c nm ln trn s chuyn ng thng chm dn u vi gia tc a = -g.
III.KHO ST CHUYN NG RI T DO
- V chuyn ng ri t do l mt chuyn ng nhanh dn u vi gia tc a = g, v0 = 0
s = gt2
v2 = 2gs
v = gt
- Cc yu t khi chm t (v0 = 0)
tc = (2h/g)
vc = (2gh)
- Phng trnh chuyn ng
y = gt2 + v0t + y0
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BI 5. CHUYN NG TRN U
- Chuyn ng nh th no mi gi l trn u?
- Ti sao chuyn ng u m li c gia tc?
I. CHUYN NG TRN
- Chuyn ng trn l chuyn ng c qu o l mt ng trn.
- Mt cht im chuyn ng trong chuyn ng trn c th c xc nh theo hai cch
n v di
n v gc
S: di cung trn
(m)
: gc m bn knh
qut c (gc tm)
(rad)
v: tc di (m/s)
: tc gc (rad/s)
s = R.
v = R
- Vect vn tc trong chuyn ng trn ti mt im lun c phng tip tuyn vi ng trn ti
im .
II.CHUYN NG TRN U
- Chuyn ng trn u l chuyn ng trn m trong cht im i c nhng gc bng nhau
trong nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
- Thi gian cht im i mi vng l nh nhau.
* Chu k: thi gian cht im i mt vng. K hiu: T (s)
* Tn s: s vng cht im i trong mt giy. K hiu f (Hz)
T = 1/f
T = 2 /
VD: 20 vng i trong 5 s --> T =?, f = ?

5.............................................................................................................................................................
- Gia tc hng tm: l i lng c trng cho s thay i v phng v chiu ca vect vn
tc. K hiu: aht (m/s2)
- C phng bn knh, chiu hng tm
- ln:5
aht = v2/R = R2
Mt vng trn c s o gc l 2 (rad)
360 = 2 rad
180 = rad
60 =
rad
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Vt l 105
Chng 2. ng lc hc cht im
CHNG II. NG LC HC CHT IM

BI 1. LC
- T in l thit b g?
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BI 2. BA NH LUT NEWTON
- T in l thit b g?
I.
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Vt l 105
BI 3. LC HP DN
- Cc vt hp dn nhau nh th no?
I. NH LUT VN VT HP DN
nh lut vn vt hp dn: Lc hp dn gia hai vt l lc ht, c
ln t l vi tch khi lng hai vt v t l nghch vi bnh
phng khong cch gia hai vt.
G: hng s hp dn (6,67.10-11 Nm2/kg2)

r: khong cch gia hai vt (m)
- Lc hp dn lun tc dng cng lc ln hai vt, c ln bng nhau v l lc ht.

- Khong cch gia hai vt c xc nh t khi tm ca hai vt.
II.LC HP DN CA TRI T V CC HNH TINH

- Trong trng hp lc hp dn ca Tri t khi lng M v mt vt khi lng m.
R: bn knh Tri t (m)

h: cao ca vt (m)
- So snh vi cng thc P = mg, gia tc ri t do g c th xc nh bng cng thc
- Nhn xt: gia tc ri t do ph thuc vo cao. Tuy nhin nu chnh lch cao khng ln,
s thay i gia tc ri t do l khng ng k.
- Trng hp gia tc ri t do ti mt t
- Gia cc hnh tinh cng c lc hp dn. Qu o chuyn ng ca mt hnh tinh l do lc hp

dn tng hp ca cc hnh tinh xung quanh n v Mt tri tc ng ln.
- Lu : trong mi trng hp G khng thay i.
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Vt l 105
BI 4. LC MA ST
- Ma st cng c nhiu loi ma st. iu g nh hng n ma st?
I. MA ST NGH
- Khi ko mt vt bng mt lc F m vt vn khng chuyn ng --> xut hin mt lc khc cn
bng vi lc ko --> LC MA ST NGH.
- Lc ma st ngh xut hin khi vt c xu hng mun chuyn ng v c tc dng gi cho vt
ng yn.
- Lc ma st ngh c chiu ngc li vi ngoi lc tc dng v ln bng vi ngoi lc.
- Lc ma st ngh c th tng n mt gi tr cc i. Nu lc ko vt qua gi tr ny, vt s bt
u chuyn ng v lc ma st ngh bin mt.
II.MA ST TRT
- Lc ma st trt xut hin khi vt chuyn ng trt trn mt b mt v c tc dng cn tr
chuyn ng .
- Lc ma st trt khng ph thuc vo lc ko.

- Lc ma st trt c phng chuyn ng, chiu ngc li chuyn ng v ln c tnh
Fmst = t.N
t: h s ma st trt
N: p lc ln sn (c ln bng phn lc tc dng ln vt)
- H s ma st trt ph thuc vo tnh cht b mt tip xc (trn nhn, cht liu), khng ph
thuc vo din tch tip xc.
- Lc ma st ngh cng c th tnh bng cng thc nh ma st trt
Fmsn = n.N
III.MA ST LN
- Lc ma st ln xut hin khi vt chuyn ng ln trn mt b mt v c tc dng cn tr chuyn
ng .
- Lc ma st ln c tnh cht ging nh ma st trt, cng c tnh bng cng thc
Fmsl = l.N
- Vi cng mt b mt tip xc, ma st ln thng nh hn ma st trt.
IV.NG DNG MA ST
- Ma st va c li, va c hi.
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Vt l 105
BI 5. LC N HI
- Khi no c lc n hi? Nhng yu t no nh hng n s n hi?
I. BIN DNG N HI
- Mt s vt sau khi b bin dng c th quay tr li hnh dng ban u. Ta ni vt c tnh n hi
v bin dng l bin dng n hi. VD:5........................................................................................
- Mt s vt khc li khng c tnh cht ny. VD: 5...............................................................................
- Gii hn n hi l bin dng ti a ca vt m n cn c th quay tr li c hnh dng c.
II.LC N HI CA L XO
- Xt s bin dng ca l xo theo phng ngang
- bin dng ca l xo
- L xo gin l > 0; l xo nn l < 0.
- Lc n hi xut hin khi l xo b bin dng v c tc dng a l xo tr li hnh dng ban u.
- Lc n hi c im t trn khp l xo, c chiu a l xo tr li hnh dng c (chng li bin
dng) v ln c tnh theo nh lut Hooke.
nh lut Hooke: Trong bin dng n hi, ln lc n hi t l

vi bin dng ca l xo.
Fmsl = l.N
k: cng ca l xo (N/m)
- cng ca l xo ph thuc vo cc c im ca l xo, khng ph thuc yu t bn ngoi.
III.LC CNG DY
- Lc cng dy l mt trng hp c bit ca lc n hi trn si dy.
- Chiu ca lc cng dy chng li s cng dy (bin dng dy) v lm dy chng li.
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Vt l 105
BI 6. LC HNG TM
- Lc nh th no th gi l hng tm?
I. CHUYN NG LI TM
- Mt vt khi chuyn ng trn s c chuyn ng li tm. Nguyn nhn: vect vn tc ca mt vt
chuyn ng trn c phng tip tuyn vi qu o --> vt c xu hng chuyn ng thng ch
khng trn. Nu khng c lc no gi li, vt s chuyn ng thng. Xt trong h qui chiu gn
vi ci a, vt ging nh ang chuyn ng i ra xa khi tm.
- ng dng ca chuyn ng li tm: my gia tc li tm, my git...
II.LC HNG TM
- Lc hng tm l tn gi chung cc lc (hoc hp lc) c phng bn knh, chiu hng v
tm qu o. Cc lc ny c th l: lc ma st ngh, lc cng dy, lc hp dn, hp lc ca lc
cng dy v trng lc
- ln ca lc hng tm
Fht = m.aht = m.v2/R = mR2

- Lc hng tm c tc dng gi vt li, khng cho chuyn ng li tm, lm vt chuyn ng trn.
- Mt s trng hp ca lc hng tm
- Lc hp dn l lc hng tm: trong chuyn ng ca Mt trng, v tinh quanh tri t
- Lc hp dn l lc ma st ngh: trong chuyn ng ca xe khi vo khc cua, ca mt vt

c t nm ln mt a quay trn.
- Lc hp dn l hp lc ca lc cng dy v trng lc: cm con lc n quay trn
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BI 7. LC QUN TNH
- Trng lng l g? Ti sao trng lng c th tng gim?
- H qui chiu qun tnh v phi qun tnh l g?
I. H QUI CHIU PHI QUN TNH

- H qui chiu c chn thng gn vi mt vt lm mc. Nu vt lm mc ng yn hoc
chuyn ng thng u, ta gi l h quy chiu qun tnh.
- Nu vt lm mc chuyn ng c gia tc, ta gi l h qui chiu c gia tc (hay h qui chiu phi
qun tnh).
VD:5.......................................................................................................................................................
5.............................................................................................................................................................
5.............................................................................................................................................................
II.LC QUN TNH

- Xt mt vt c t trong mt h qui chiu phi qun tnh (VD: ngi ngi trong xe tng tc)
- Khi xt vt trong h qui chiu qun tnh (gn vi mt t), ta thy vt chuyn ng c gia tc
chung vi vt cha (ngi v xe u chuyn ng c gia tc) --> c mt hp lc F tc dng ln
vt gy ra gia tc.
- Khi xt vt trong h qui chiu phi qun tnh (gn vi xe), ta thy vt nm yn --> phi c mt lc
cn bng li vi hp lc F trn --> LC QUN TNH Fqt.
- Lc qun tnh c chiu ngc li vi vect gia tc v c ln bng ln hp lc gy ra gia
tc.
Fqt = -ma
- Lc qun tnh ch xut hin trong h qui chiu phi qun tnh nhm gii thch nh lut 2 Newton.
Lc qun tnh khng c phn lc ca n.
III.TNG GIM TRNG LNG

- Trng lng l tc dng ca trng lc gy ra ln mt vt g . Thng thng, trng lng c
ln bng trng lc.
- Khi xt trong h qui chiu gn vi thang my chuyn ng c gia tc (h qui chiu phi qun tnh)
- Trng lng biu kin:
P = P ma
- Nh vy trng lng c th tng gim nu vt nm trong h qui chiu phi qun tnh.
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BI 8. CHUYN NG NM NGANG - NM XIN

-
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Chng 3. Tnh hc
CHNG III. TNH HC VT RN

BI 1. IU KIN CN BNG VT RN C 2 LC TC DNG
- T in l thit b g?
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Vt l 105
Chng 3. Tnh hc
BI 2. IU KIN CN BNG VT RN C 3 LC
KHNG SONG SONG TC DNG
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 3. Tnh hc
BI 3. IU KIN CN BNG VT RN C TRC QUAY C NH

- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 3. Tnh hc
BI 4. IU KIN CN BNG VT RN C 3 LC
SONG SONG TC DNG
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 4. Cc nh lut bo ton
CHNG IV. CC NH LUT BO TON

BI 1. NH LUT BO TON NG LNG
- T in l thit b g?
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BI 2. CNG
- T in l thit b g?
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BI 3. NG NNG
- T in l thit b g?
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BI 4. TH NNG TRNG TRNG - N HI

- T in l thit b g?
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BI 5. NH LUT BO TON C NNG

- T in l thit b g?
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BI 6. VA CHM C HC
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 5. C hc cht lu
CHNG V. C HC CHT LU
BI 1. HIN TNG CM NG IN T
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 5. C hc cht lu
BI 2. T CM
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 6. Cht kh
CHNG VI. CHT KH

BI 1. THUYT NG HC PHN T CHT KH
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 6. Cht kh
BI 2. CC QU TRNH BIN I TRNG THI

- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 7. Cht rn
CHNG VII. CHT RN

BI 1. CHT RN
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 7. Cht rn
BI 2. S BIN DNG C
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 7. Cht rn
BI 3. S N V NHIT
- T in l thit b g?
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Chng 7. Cht rn
BI 4. KNH LP - KNH HIN VI - KNH THIN VN

- T in l thit b g?
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Vt l 105

II.H QUY CHIU

Khong thi gian

III.PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG

1 m/s = 3,6 km/h

- Phn bit gia vn tc v tc :

II.PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG THNG U

- Khong cch gia hai cht im ti mt thi im

BI 3. CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U

a = v/t = (v - v0)/(t - t0)

II.CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U

Nhanh dn u --> tc tng --> a, v cng du

III.PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U

- Cc yu t khi chm t (v0 = 0)

- Phng trnh chuyn ng

VD: 20 vng i trong 5 s --> T =?, f = ?

CHNG II. NG LC HC CHT IM

G: hng s hp dn (6,67.10-11 Nm2/kg2)

- Lc hp dn lun tc dng cng lc ln hai vt, c ln bng nhau v l lc ht.

II.LC HP DN CA TRI T V CC HNH TINH

R: bn knh Tri t (m)

- So snh vi cng thc P = mg, gia tc ri t do g c th xc nh bng cng thc

- Gia cc hnh tinh cng c lc hp dn. Qu o chuyn ng ca mt hnh tinh l do lc hp

- Lc ma st trt khng ph thuc vo lc ko.

nh lut Hooke: Trong bin dng n hi, ln lc n hi t l

- cng ca l xo ph thuc vo cc c im ca l xo, khng ph thuc yu t bn ngoi.

Fht = m.aht = m.v2/R = mR2

- Lc hp dn l lc ma st ngh: trong chuyn ng ca xe khi vo khc cua, ca mt vt

- Lc hp dn l hp lc ca lc cng dy v trng lc: cm con lc n quay trn

I. H QUI CHIU PHI QUN TNH

II.LC QUN TNH

III.TNG GIM TRNG LNG

- Trng lng biu kin:

BI 8. CHUYN NG NM NGANG - NM XIN

CHNG III. TNH HC VT RN

BI 3. IU KIN CN BNG VT RN C TRC QUAY C NH

Chng 4. Cc nh lut bo ton

CHNG IV. CC NH LUT BO TON

Chng 4. Cc nh lut bo ton

Chng 4. Cc nh lut bo ton

Chng 4. Cc nh lut bo ton

BI 4. TH NNG TRNG TRNG - N HI

Chng 4. Cc nh lut bo ton

BI 5. NH LUT BO TON C NNG

Chng 4. Cc nh lut bo ton

CHNG VI. CHT KH

BI 2. CC QU TRNH BIN I TRNG THI

CHNG VII. CHT RN

BI 4. KNH LP - KNH HIN VI - KNH THIN VN

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