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I HC BCH KHOA H NI Vin Cng Ngh Thng Tin V Truyn Thng

BO CO THC TP CHUYN NGNH

ti :

MNG CM BIN KHNG DY

Gio vin hng dn : TS.Phm Huy Hong Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Qunh Anh MSSV : 20080068 Lp : TTM - K53

Mng cm bin khng dy H Ni, 05/2012

MC LC
MC LC..................................................................................................................... 2 LI NI U...............................................................................................................3 I. TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY........................................................4 1.Gii thiu :............................................................................................................ 4 2. ng dng ca mng cm bin.............................................................................4 3. Cu trc ca mng cm bin...............................................................................5 4. Chc nng ca mng cm bin khng dy .........................................................6 5. Cc thch thc v tr ngi :................................................................................7 II. TM HIU MT S GIAO THC GIAO THC C BN TRONG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY........................................................................................................9 1. LEACH..................................................................................................................9 1.1. c im....................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Hai pha hot ng ........................................................................................9 2. ARPEES.............................................................................................................. 10 2.1. c im ................................................................................................10 2.2. Hai pha hot ng ......................................................................................11 III. CI T M PHNG GIAO THC NH TUYN.....................................................19 1. Giao thc la chn m phng ...........................................................................19 2. Mi trng ci t.............................................................................................19 3. M hnh chung ca mng..................................................................................19 4. Xy dng cc m un........................................................................................19 4.1. Base station................................................................................................19 4.2. Sensor node................................................................................................ 20 4.3. Event.......................................................................................................... 25 4.4. Cc loi messages......................................................................................26 4.5. Cc thip lp ban u ca mng.................................................................26 5. Kt qu th nghim trn phn mm..................................................................27 KT LUN............................................................................................................... 31 Nguyn Qunh Anh - 20080068 Page 2

Mng cm bin khng dy


TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................32

LI NI U
S pht trin ca Internet, truyn thng v cng ngh thong tin kt hp vi nhng tin b k thut gn y to iu kin cho cc th h cm bin mi vi gi thnh thp, kh nng trin khai quy m ln vi chnh xc cao. Trong tng lai, mng cm bin khng dy s c th tch hp hng triu cm bin vo h thng ci thin cht lng v thi gian sng nhm mc tiu mang n s tin nghi v ci thin cht lng sng cho con ngi. Trong qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu v mng cm bin khng dy, em la chn v i su vo nghin cu v m phng cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy. Do thi gian tm hiu ti cha c nhiu nn nhng vn em nghin cu v trnh by y mi ch dng li nhng kha cnh ht sc tng quan v mng cm bin khng dy v i su vo m phng giao thc nh tuyn c sn,cha c nhng s sng to mi v cn nhiu thiu st. V th, em rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc thy c ti ngy cng hon thin hn. Cui cng, em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phm Huy Hong, c Ng Qunh Thu gip v hng dn em trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti ny.

H Ni, thng 5,nm 2012 Sinh vin Nguyn Qunh Anh

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I. TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN KHNG DY


1.Gii thiu : Mng cm bin v tuyn (WSN) c th hiu n gin l mng lin kt cc node vi nhau bng kt ni sng v tuyn (RF connection) trong cc node mng thng l cc thit b n gin , nh gn, gi thnh thp ... v c s lng ln, c phn b mt cch khng c h thng (non-topology) trn mt din tch rng ,s dng ngun nng lng hn ch (pin), c thi gian hot ng lu di (vi thng n vi nm) v c th hot ng trong Cc node mng thng c chc nng sensing (sensor node): cm ng, quan st mi trng xung quanh nh nhit , m, nh sng ... theo di hay nh v cc mc tiu c nh hoc di ng ... Cc node giao tip ad-hoc vi nhau v truyn d liu v trung tm (base station) mt cch gin tip bng k thut multi-hop. Lu lng (traffic) d liu lu thng trong WSN l thp v ko lin tc. Do vy tit kim nng lng, cc sensor node thng c nhiu trng thi hot ng (active mode) v trng thi ngh (sleep mode) khc nhau. Thng thng thi gian 1 node trng thi ngh ln hn trng thi hot ng rt nhiu. Nh vy, c trng c bn nht phn bit 1 mng cm bin v 1 mng wireless khc chnh l gi thnh, mt node mng, phm vi hot ng, cu hnh mng (topology), lu lng d liu, nng lng tiu th v thi gian trng thi hot ng (active mode). 2. ng dng ca mng cm bin WSN c ng dng u tin trong cc lnh vc qun s. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip iu khin t ng, robotic, thit b thng minh, mi trng, y t ... WSN ngy cng c s dng nhiu trong hot ng cng nhip v dn dng. Mt s ng dng c bn ca WSN: - Cm bin mi trng (qun s: pht hin mn, cht c, dch chuyn qun ch ... cng nghip: h thng chiu sng, m, phnh chy, chng r r ...; dn dng: h thng iu ha nhit , chiu sng ... ) - iu khin (qun s: kch hot thit b, v kh qun s ... ;cng nghip: iu khin t ng cc thit b, robot ... ) - Theo di, gim st, nh v (qun s: nh v, theo di s dch chuyn thit b, qun i ... ) - Mi trng (gim st l lt, bo, gi, ma ... pht hin nhim, cht thi ...) - Y t (nh v, theo di bnh nhn, h thng bo ng khn cp ...) - H thng giao thng thng minh: giao tip gia bin bo v phng tin giao thng, h thng iu tit lu thng cng cng, h thng bo hiu tai nn, kt xe ... h thng nh
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v phng, tr gip iu khin t ng phng tin tin giao thng... - Gia nh (nh thng minh: h thng cm bin, giao tip v iu khin cc thit b thng minh ...) WSN to ra mi trng giao tip gia cc thit b thng minh, gia cc thit b thng minh v con ngi v giao tip gia cc thit b thng minh v cc h thng vin thng khc (h thng thng tin di ng, internet ... ) 3. Cu trc ca mng cm bin Mt node trong mng WSN thng thng bao gm 2 phn: phn cm bin (sensor) hoc iu khin v phn giao tip v tuyn (RF transceiver). Do gii hn v ngun nng lng cung cp (pin...), gi thnh v yu cu hot ng trong mt thi gian di, nn vn tiu th nng lng l tiu ch thit k quan trng nht trong mng cm bin: - Lp vt l (physical layer) tng i n gin, gn nh do rng buc v kch thc v kh nng tnh ton ca node. K thut iu ch tn hiu s : O-QPSK, FSK ci thin hiu sut b khuch i cng sut. Cc k thut m ha sa sai phc tp nh Turbo Codes, LDPC khng c s dng, k thut tri ph c s dng ci thin SNR thit b thu v gim tc ng ca fading ca knh truyn... - Lp MAC: k thut a trua cp TDMA hoc CSMA-CA hiu chnh vi mc ch gim nng lng tiu th. - Routing layer: "power aware" Routing Protocol, geography routing ... WSN thng c trin khai trn mt phm vi rng, s lng node mng ln v c phn b mt cch tng i ngu nhin, cc node mng c th di chuyn lm thay i s mng... do vy WSN hi 1 s mng (topology) linh ng (ad-hoc, mesh, star ...) v cc node mng c kh nng t iu chnh, t cu hnh (auto-reconfigurable). Trong mt s WSN thng dng (gim st, cm bin, mi trng ...) a ch ID cc node chnh l v tr a l v gii thut routing da vo v tr a l ny gi l Geography routing protocol (GRT). i vi mng vi s lng ln cc node, s mng khng n nh ... GRT gip n gin ha gii thut tm ng, gim d liu bng routing (routing table) lu tr ti cc node. GRT ph hp vi cc WSN c nh, tuy nhin i vi cc node di ng (a ch ID node thay i) giao thc routing tr nn phc tp v khng n nh. Cluster ho: phn chia mng din rng (hng trm, hng ngn node) thnh cc clusters n nh topology ca mng, n gin ha gii thut routing, gim ng (collission) khi truy cp vo knh truyn (medium acess) nn gim c nng lng tiu th , n gin ha vic qun l mng v cp pht a ch cho tng node mng (theo cluster). Do gii hn kh nng tnh ton ca tng node mng cng nh tit kim nng lng,
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WSN thng s dng cc phng php tnh ton v x l tn hiu phi tp trung (gim ti cho node gn ht nng lng) hoc gi d liu cn tnh ton cho cc base station (c kh nng x l tn hiu mnh v t rng buc v tiu th nng lng). 4. Chc nng ca mng cm bin khng dy - nh tuyn v ph bin d liu Giao thc nh tuyn cho WSNs ri vo 3 nhm: d liu trung tm, kin trc mng, v cn c vo v tr. Cc quy c v tp hp d liu n t cc ngun khc nhau qua ng truyn. iu ny cho pho hn ch s d tha trong mng, lm gim s ng truyn, gim nng lng tiu th. Vn quan tm trong x l ni mng, ngay khi d liu ang c truyn nhm tng hiu qu s dng nng lng ca ton h thng. Bng thng b gii hn, kh nng cung cp cng sut cc node b hn ch hay gi thnh cao. gii quyt vn ny, cn c qu trnh x l ti ngun trc khi chuyn qua cc node ln cn, ch truyn thng tin tm tt, ngn gn, tng hp nht. - Sp xp mng v theo di Cc vn lin quan n s sp xp mng v theo di v gim st bao gm qun l nhm cc cm bin, kh nng t phn chia nhm, xy dng phin lm vic - Tp hp d liu Tnh ton lin quan n tp hp d liu, dung hp, phn tch, tnh ton cu trc v x l tn hiu. - Qun l d liu Qun l d liu ph thuc vo kin trc d liu, qun l c s d liu, k thut truy vn v lu tr d liu. Trong mi trng mng truyn thng, d liu c thu thp n trung tm lu tr khi c yu cu c gi i. Trong cc mng phc tp hn, cc yu cu theo thi gian thc, cn c cc k thut c xy dng dng cho cc m hnh k tr d liu phn b. D liu cn c nh ch s cho vic kim tra (theo khng gian v thi gian) hiu qu hn.
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- Bo mt Bo mt l mt phn quan trng trong WSNs, s chc chn, nht qun v s sn sng ca thng tin. 5. Cc thch thc v tr ngi : Xc nh r nhng hn ch ca mng cm bin v cc vn k thut s gp phi khi trin khai gip ta tn dng trit nhng thun li cng nh tin ch t nhng ng dng v cng to ln ca mng cm bin khng dy trong cuc sng. Nhng kh khn thng thy l: Nng lng hn ch Khi cc thit b tnh ton tng hiu qu nhanh chng, s tiu th nng lng ca mng cm bin khng dy ging nh mt nt c chai. Cc sensor c kch c nh v gi thnh r nn c th trin khai hng nghn sensor trong mng, khng th ni dy t cc sensor ny n ngun nng lng. ng thi c th t vn hnh, cc sensor cn phi c ngun pin. Lng nng lng c sn trong mi sensor b gii hn mt mc no nn s ng b ha ch nhn c khi duy tr nng lng cho hot ng hiu qu ca cc sensor ny. Di thng gii hn Trong mng cm bin, nng lng cho x l d liu t hn nhiu so vi vic truyn n i. Hin nay vic truyn thng v tuyn b gii hn bi tc d liu khong 10-100 Kbits/s. S gii hn v bng thng ny nh hng trc tip n vic truyn thng tin gia cc sensor. V nu khng c s truyn thng tin ny th khng th ng b ha c. Phn cng gii hn Phn cng ca cc nt cm bin thng b gii hn do kch c nh ca n. Mt nt cm bin tiu biu nh ht bi Berkeley Mica2 (hnh 1.5) c mt pin mt tri nh, CPU 8 bit hot ng tc 10MHz, b nh t 128KB n 1MB, v phm vi truyn
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di 50m. S hn ch v nng lng tnh ton v khng gian lu tr t ra mt thch thc to ln. l ta khng th tng kch c ca nt cm bin v chi ph s tng v tiu th thm nng lng, gy kh khn trong trin khai hng nghn nt trong mng. Kt ni mng khng n nh u im ca mng cm bin l tnh di ng, nhng vn tn ti nhng nhc im sau: Gii hn trong phm vi truyn ca cc sensor di ng (khong 10-100m), dn n vic truyn thng tin gia cc nt cm bin tr nn kh khn. Cc phng tin truyn khng dy khng c bo v khi nhiu bn ngoi nn c th dn n mt mt mt lng ln thng tin. Gii hn di thng khi truyn v tuyn v kt ni khng lin tc. Cu hnh mng thay i thng xuyn ph thuc vo s di ng ca cc nt nn vic nh li cu hnh ng tr nn cn thit. S kt hp cht ch gia sensor v mi trng t nhin WSNs dng gim st cc hin tng trong th gii thc nn vic thit k mng phi thch ng vi cc cc c trng ca mi trng m n cm nhn. WSNs phi c thit k ph hp vi tng ng dng nh kim tra trong qun i, cnh bo chy rng; dng loi sensor no o nhit , nh sng, m thanh hay m ty tng loi ng dng. Thch thc ln nht trong mng cm bin l ngun nng lng b gii hn v khng th np li. Hin nay rt nhiu nghin cu ang tp trung vo vic ci thin kh nng s dng hiu qu nng lng trong tng lnh vc khc nhau. Trong mng cm bin, nng lng c s dng ch yu cho 3 mc ch: truyn d liu, x l d liu v m bo cho phn cng hot ng. Khng dng li , ngi ta cng mong mun pht trin qu trnh x l nng lng mt cch hiu qu, gim thiu ti a cc yu cu v nng lng

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qua cc mc ca protocol stack, cc bn tin truyn qua mng iu khin v phi hp mng.

II. TM HIU MT S GIAO THC GIAO THC C BN TRONG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
1. LEACH 1.1. c im Giao thc LEACH: l mt thut ton phn nhm phn bc cho cc mng cm bin gi l Phn nhm phn bc tng thch, n ng lng th p LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). LEACH la chn ngu nhin mt s nt cm bin tr thnh cc nt chnh v quay vng vai tr ny phn b u ti n ng lng gia cc nt cm bin trong mng. LEACH, cc nt chnh nn cc d liu n t cc nt khc trong nhm ca chng v gi cc gi d liu thu thp ny t i trm gc nh m mc ch gim s lng thng tin truyn pht v trm gc. Vic thu th p s liu c thc hin tp trung v theo chu k . Do vy giao thc ny thc s thch ng khi c nhu cu trao i theo di thng xuyn ca mng cm bin. Thc t , ngi s dng c th khng cn tt c s liu ngay lp tc, cho nn vic truyn pht s liu theo chu k l khng cn thit v c th lm suy gim ngun n ng lng gii hn ca cc nt cm bin. Sau mt khong thi gian cho trc, vic quay vng ngu nhin thay i vai tr ca nt chnh c tin hnh sao cho c s tiu tn nng lng u gia cc nt cm bin trong mng. Da vo m hnh m phng mng ca cc tc gi , ch c 5 % s nt cn thit hot ng dng nt chnh. 1.2. Hai pha hot ng Hot ng ca LEACH c phn tch thnh hai pha, pha thit lp v pha n nh trng thi. trong pha thit lp, cc nhm c t chc v cc nt chnh c la chn. Cn giai on n nh trng thi, vic truyn s liu thc s v cc trm gc c tin hnh. Khong thi gian tn ti ca pha n nh trng thi thng di hn so vi thi gian thit lp ban u gim ti thiu tng chi ph. Trong pha thit lp, mt s lng nh cc nt c xc nh trc, p, t quyt nh chng tr thnh cc nt chnh nh sau. Mt nt c m bin chn ly mt s ngu nhin, r , trong ph m vi 0 v 1. Nu s ngu nhin ny nh hn gi tr ngng, T(n) , th nt s tr thnh nt chnh vng hin ti. Gi tr ngng c tnh ton da trn mt biu thc ton hc c s kt hp phn tr m mong mun tr thnh nt chnh, vng hin ti, v
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tp hp cc nt cha c la chn lm nt chnh vng trc tp G. T(n) c xc nh:

Tt c cc nt chnh c la chn pht qung b mt bn tin thng bo ti tt c cc nt cn li trong mng rng chng l cc nt chnh mi. Cc nt khc, khng phi l nt chnh sau khi nhn c bn tin thng bo ny s quyt nh thuc v mt nhm no m chng mun. Quyt nh ny da trn cng tn hiu ca bn tin thng bo. Cc nt khng phi l nt chnh s thng bo cho cc nt chnh thch ng rng chng s l thnh vin ca nhm. Sau khi thu nhn c tt c cc bn tin t cc nt mun gia nhp nhm v da trn s lng cc nt thnh vin ca nhm, nt chnh s t ra mt nh thi TDMA, v cp cho mi nt mt khe thi gian khi n truyn pht. nh thi (Schedule) c qung b ti tt c cc nt ca nhm. Trong giai on n nh trng thi, cc nt cm bin bt u cm bin v truy n pht s liu v cc nt chnh. Cc nt chnh, sau khi thu tt c cc s liu, tp hp chng li trc khi gi n trm gc. Sau mt kho n thi gian nht nh no c xc nh trc, mng s quay tr li trng thi thit lp v bt u mt vng la chn cc nt chnh mi. y cc nhm trao i thng tin vi nhau bng vic s dng cc m CDMA gim nhiu t cc nt thuc cc nhm khc. LEACH cung cp mt m hnh tt m cc thut ton ni b v tp hp d liu c th c thc hin trong cc nt chnh c la chn mt cch ngu nhin. iu ny lm gim qu ti thng tin v cung cp mt tp hp tin cy cc s liu cho ngi s dng cui cng. Cc tc gi ca LEACH cng ch ra r ng LEACH gp phn gi m ng k n ng lng tiu th v ko di hn thi gian hot ng ca mng cm bi n so vi trng hp mng gm cc nhm c nh. 2. ARPEES 2.1. c im Nt c trng trong thit k giao thc ARPEES l p ng thch nghi gia ti u ha nng lng, phn cm theo s kin, v truyn ti a nt. Mc tiu ca giao thc l tm ra tuyn ng truyn ti ti u cho d liu c tp hp ti trm gc c tnh n quan h tradeoff gia lng nng lng cn li(ti u ha) ca nt chuyn giao v khong cch t nt chuyn giao ti trm gc(tuyn ng ngn nht). Nng lng v khong
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cch c dng lm 2 tham s cho vic la chn tuyn ng truyn ti.Cc thng s chi ph ca giao thc nh sau: - Nng lng tiu th v cn bng ti: mc tiu l gim tiu th nng lng cc nt c phn nng lng d tr thp hn bng cch phn tn nng lng tiu th cho vic tp hp,thu thp d liu, truyn ti cho cc nt khc nhau - Cch tip cn ng v phn tn: xy dng thut ton phn cm phn tn theo yu cu, trong cc thng s c cm bin ca s kin hay i tng c s dng phn cm. Mt nt c th a ra quyt nh m khng cn c s iu khin tp trung. Vi phng thc phn cm ng theo s kin, cc cm c to thnh da trn a im v thi gian s kin xy ra trong mi trng. Do , kch thc ca phn hot ng trong mng s bin thin v s lng cm khng ph thuc vo s lng cc nt trong mng. Thm vo phng thc ny gip tit kim nng lng bi ch mt phn ca mng c kch hot phn ng li mt s kin. - Tuyn ng ti u: s lng cc nt trung gian trn ng truyn hoc chi ph lin kt c s dng lm thng s chi ph chn ra tuyn ng ti u - Kh nng thch ng: kh nng ny c ngha giao thc c kh nng p ng tt cho cc ng dng ln vi s thay i nhanh ca topo mng chng li li lin kt. Vic thm vo cc nt mi thay th cho cc nt li khng nn nh hng n mng ang hot ng - Kim sot overhead: giao thc phi ti thiu ha cc trao i iu khin cn thit cho vic phn cm, la chn cm trng v x l trn nt chuyn giao - Ti u ha: tuyn ng la chn bi giao thc c nh hng ti hiu nng mng v tr, lu lng thc v tit kim nng lng. t ti u ha giao thc cn phi tnh ton ti nng lng pin, b nh, bng thng Hot ng ca ARPEES c chia thnh cc vng, mi vng bao gm 2 pha c th hin trong hnh 2 : pha thnh lp cm v la chn cm trng theo sau bi pha truyn ti d liu trong d liu c truyn ti trm gc qua cc nt chuyn giao. 2.2. Hai pha hot ng a. Pha thnh lp cm v thut ton la chn cm trng: Ban u, tt c cc nt mng trng thi ngh tit kim nng lng. Khi mt s kin c pht hin trong mng, cc nt gn v tr xy ra s kin c kch hot v s tin hnh o c thuc tnh c ch nh cm bin. Nu gi tr nhn t cm bin cao hn mc ngng nh trc, cc nt s thc thi thut ton nhm cm v chn cm
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trng. Cc nt qung b gi tin REQ_CLUSTER ti cc nt hng xm. Bn tin ny bao gm ID ca nt, mc nng lng cn li v thng tin m t d liu cm bin c s kin: REQ_CLUSTER{ID(i),ERes(i),I(i)} (5)

Sau cc nt s t b m thi gian ti t1. Trong khong thi gian t1,mi nt s nhn bn tin REQ_CLUSTER t tt c cc nt trong cm v thc thi hm chn Cluster_Head nh sau: FCH(i) = ERes(i) x I(i) , vi mi i thuc X (6) MaxFCH(i) -> Cluster Head Trong X l tp cc nt c kch hot bi s kin. Khi khong thi gian t1 kt thc, nt c gi tr FCH(i) ln nht s t bu n lm cm trng. Cm trng s lu tr ID ca tt c cc nt trong tp cc nt c kch hot X, v lp 1 lch TDMA sp xp cho tng nt ln lt gi d liu ti cm trng. Chc nng ca lch l trnh vic xung t trong truyn ti d liu v ng b ha gia cc nt bn trong cm. Cc nt cn li t t mnh lm nt thnh vin v ch i nhn lch TDMA t cm trng. Vi lch c sp xp, cc nt c th tt cc thnh phn thu nhn tn hiu ngoi tr trong khong thi gian truyn ti d liu.

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Hnh 1 : Lu ca trng thi th nht

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Hnh 2 : hnh thnh cm da trn s kin v thut ton la chn cm trng. Trong hnh 2a, nt t n1 n n9 xc nh s kin v chuyn sang trng thi hot ng sau qung b cc bn tin REQ_CLUSTER trao i thong tin. hnh 2b chng ta ch minh ha nt n2 v n5 qung b d liu. 2c: nt n5 tr thnh cm trng v qung b bn tin v lch TDMA ti cc nt trong mng. 2d: cc thnh vin trong cm ln lt gi d liu cm bin v cm trng theo nhng khe thi gian sp xp trong lch. Thut ton y m bo nt vi mc nng lng cn li ln nht v gn nht vi s kin xy ra c la chn lm cm trng. Thm na chng ta ch s dng mt loi bn tin to cm v chn cm trng. Do c th lm gim s lng cc bn tin iu khin gy ra overhead ng thi gin lng d liu truyn ti t cc nt ti cm trng (s c m t pha sau) bi cm trng l nt gn s kin v thu thp c sn nhiu d liu hn cc nt xa s kin.

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b. Pha thu thp d liu pha ny chng ta s dng cc nt trung gian chuyn tip cc gi tin t cm trng ti trm gc. Cc nt trung gian ny ln lt phi quyt nh hng xm no s nhn gi tin chuyn tip. Pha truyn d liu bao gm ba hot ng chnh: Thu thp d liu bn trong cm: S dng lch TDMA, mi nt cm bin chuyn cc thng tin cm bin ti cm trng trong khe thi gian truyn d liu c nh trc. Mt cch n gin nht tit kim nng lng l tt b thu nhn khi khng trong qu trnh truyn ti. Cm trng bt buc phi lin tc nhn d liu t cc nt trong cm. Mt vn ct li y l cc nt cm bin c nhn li thnh cm bao quanh s kin: vic truyn ti s tiu tn mc nng lng thp nht do khong cch gia cm trng v cc nt cm bin l nh. Mt vn khc y l u tin ca mi nt trong lch TDMA. Nh cp trc , mi cm trng c thng tin v m t d liu trong bn tin ca tt c cc nt khc thuc cm - I(i). Nh n c th sp xp th t v khong thi gian cho tng nt truyn ti d liu. Nt c nhiu m t d liu s truyn ti trc vi nhiu khe thi gian hn cc nt khc. Theo s sp xp ny, tt c cc nt s c phn khe thi gian nht nh cm bin mi trng v truyn ti d liu cm bin v cm trng. Thc hin thu thp d liu Nng lng dng trong x l d liu t hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng truyn ti d liu. Do vic thu thp d liu bng cch x l cc b l rt quan trng ti thiu ha nng lng s dng. trnh vic truyn ti d liu d tha, cm trng thc hin vic tng hp d liu t d liu thu thp c, v theo gim lng d liu th cn gi ti trm gc. D liu n, cng vi cc thng tin c yu cu bi trm gc, c truyn ti trm gc theo kiu multi-hop. La chn nt chuyn tip v hnh thnh tuyn ng Trong giao thc ny, cm trng sau khi c gi tin sn sng truyn i s la chn nt chuyn tip gi ti trm gc vi tuyn ng multi-hop thay cho vic truyn trc tip gi tin nh giao thc LEACH. u tin, cm trng s qung b bn tin REQ_RELAY ti tt c cc nt trong phm vi kt ni ca n tm kim nt chuyn tip. Mi nt nhn bn tin REQ_RELAY s tnh ton mc nng lng cn li ca n v khong cch ti trm gc, ghi kt qu vo bn tin
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ACK_RELAY v gi li cho cm trng. Cm trng i nhn ht cc gi tin ACK_RELAY t cc nt ng c lm nt chuyn tip v kim tra xem n c th truyn trc tip d liu ti trm gc hay khng. Nu khng cm trng s thc hin chc nng Relay_Node chn nt chuyn tip.Nt chuyn tip mong mun cn tha mn 1 s c im: Nt chuyn tip c mc nng lng cn li ln nht Nt chuyn tip cng gn trm gc cng tt. Vic ny c ngha n c khong cch ln nht so vi cm trng v khong cch ngn nht ti trm gc Tuyn ng multi-hop gn nh l ng thng gia cm trc v trm gc

Sau khi nhn bn tin REQ_RELAY t tt c cc ng c vin, cm trng s c c thng tin cn thit v cu trc mng 1-hop (cu trc mng lin k). Tip theo cm trng s tnh ton hm Relay_Node la chn nt chuyn tip tt nht. Hm c nh ngha nh sau:

Trong : ERes(j) : nng lng cn li ca nt ng c j d(CH,j) v d(j,BS) : khong ti t cm trng ti j v khong cch t j ti trm gc Y: tp cc ng c vin la chn nt chuyn tip trong phm vi tn hiu ca cm trng j l gi tr gc gii hn to bi nt j, cm trng v trm gc cos j c th tnh c thng qua biu thc:

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Nt t gi tr FRN(j) ln nht s c la chn lm nt chuyn tip. nt tip theo, nt chuyn tip s hot ng nh cm trng v tm kim nt chuyn tip tip theo. Qu trnh tm kim tuyn ng chuyn tip s lp li cho ti khi n c trm gc. Cui cng, tuyn ng truyn ti u s c to ra bi cc nt chuyn tip gia cm trng v trm gc.

Hnh 3 : th hin lu ca giao thc ARPEES trong pha th hai.

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Hnh 4 : m t 1 v d v hm la chn nt chuyn tip.

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III. CI T M PHNG GIAO THC NH TUYN


1. Giao thc la chn m phng Trong bi bo co ny em la chn giao thc ARPEES ci t m phng. V y l giao thc hng s kin s c pht trin mnh trong tng lai. 2. Mi trng ci t Giao thc ARPEES c m phng trn phn mm OMNeT ++ phin bn 4.2.1 3. M hnh chung ca mng m phng mt giao thc trong mt mng cm bin khng dy cn xy dng m hnh ca ba thnh phn chnh l cc sensor node, base station v s kin xy ra (event). trong phn m phng ca mnh,em s kt hp s kin xy ra vi cc sensor node,tc l mt s kin xy ra chnh l mt node tr v ca node ,v s kin s c chn mt cch ngu nhin. Mng bao gm 1 base station v tr c nh v 80 nt c ri tng i u trn khong khng gian cn cm bin. Cc node cm bin s kin v truyn d liu v base station theo giao thc nh tuyn ARPEES. 4. Xy dng cc m un 4.1. Base station a.Cc tham s ca base station int xpos,ypos : ta (x,y) l v tr ca base station int trRange : khong cch c th truyn c cho trc double energy : nng lng ca base station,ban u c cho trc int roundNumber : s vng trong mt ln cm bin c cho trc int frameNumber : s fame d liu ca 1 bn tin c cho trc int totalRound : bin m tng s vng hin ti int firstNodeDead : id ca node u tin ht nng lng int eventID : id ca node s kin c chn ngu nhin double totalEnergyRemain[NUMBERROUND] : tng nng lng cn li b.Cc hm v chc nng chnh ca cc hm.

virtual void initialize() : khi to cc gi tr cn thit cho qu trnh m phng . y l khi to trc cc tham s ca Base station trc khi qu trnh m phng bt u v nh thi gian t ng gi self message SMSG_INIT cho cc sensor node.

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virtual void initNodes() : Hm ny thc hin vic khi to cc cng kt ni gia Bs vi cc sensor node nm trong vng truyn ti ca Bs . void createEvent() : Hm ny thc hin vic to ra s kin bng cch ly ngu nhin mt trong s 80 node lm node xy ra s kin. Khi mt node c gi tr energy nh hn 10 c coi l node ht nng lng. Lc ny bin isDead ca node c gn bng 1 v mng c thit lp li cc gi tr ban u bng hm resetDisplay(). Qu trnh to ngu nhin mt s kin c tin hnh. Sau khi to s kin bt u s kin bng hm startEvent(). double energyRemainCal() : Hm ny thc hin vic tnh nng lng cn li ca c h thng bng cch ly tng tt c nng lng cn li ca cc node cn nng lng trong mng . int TestAlive() : Hm ny thc hin vic kim tra Bs c cn nng lng hay khng bng cch kim tra bin isDead. Nu Bs ht nng lng hm tr v gi tr 0,nu cn hm tr v gi tr 1. void finish() : hm ny c s dng ghi li cc thng s trng thi cn thit khi qu trnh m phng kt thc phc v cho vic thng k,nh gi v sau. Khi qu trnh m phng kt thc l khi mng khng cn nng lng duy tr hot ng. Hm thc hin vic ghi li cc gi tr id ca node ht nng lng u tin, v tng s vng thc hin c cho n lc . virtual void handleMessage(cMessage *msg) : Hm handleMessage() c gi khi mi message n module. Khi hm ny s x l gi tin v tr li kt qu ngay lp tc. Ch rng cc module hm handleMessage() khng c t ng gi, m phi nhn c gi tin t module khc. Mun th ta phi thm cc self-message t hm khi to initialize() th hm handleMessage() s bt u lm vic m khng cn phi nhn gi tin t module khc. y,hm handeMessage() thc hin x l cc gi tin khi Base station nhn c cc gi tin ny.

4.2. Sensor node a.Cc tham s ca mt sensor node.

int active : khi to bng 0, khi mt nt nhn c s kin th active ca node bng 1 int xpos,ypos : ta (x,y) l v tr ca sensor node int trRange : khong cch c th truyn c cho trc int ssRange : khoang cc cc node c th cm bin c,c cho trc double energy : nng lng ca mt node,ban u c cho trc

cModule *clusterHead : con tr ch ti Cluster Head


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Sensor *relayNode : con tr ch ti cc Relay Node

double Neighbordistance[NUMBERNODES] : khong cch ti cc node hng xm

cModule *EventStarter: con tr lu nt bt u s kin


int LastEventNodeID : id ln nht ca node tham gia vo s kin int LastNeighborID : id ln nht ca node hng xm int totalStatusInfoMsg : m s lng bn tin ca mt node nhn c khi c s kin xy ra int totalEventModule : s lng node tham gia vo s kin int timeslot : khe thi gian int frameNumber : s fame d liu ca 1 bn tin c cho trc int roundNumber : s vng trong mt ln cm bin c cho trc int totalDataCHMsg : tng s cc message cc node gi cho Cluster Head int totalFrame : bin m tng s frame hin ti trong 1 vng int isClusterHead : bin kim tra node c phi l Cluster Head hay khng int isDead : bin kim tra node ht nng lng hay cha int RequestMsgNumber : tng s cc message c broadcast tm Relay Node int hasPath : bin kim tra c ng gi d liu n Base Station hay khng int isRelayNode : bin kim tra node c phi l Relay Node hay khng double RelayEnergy : nng lng tiu th khi truyn d liu qua cc Relay Node double relayNodeEnergy : nng lng ca Relay Node double relayNodeBeginEnergy : nng lng ban u ca Relay Node

b.Cc hm v chc nng chnh ca cc hm.


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virtual void initialize() : Hm ny khi to trc cc tham s ca Sensor node trc khi qu trnh m phng bt u v nh thi gian t ng gi self message SMSG_INIT cho cc sensor node. void initNodes() : : Hm ny thc hin vic khi to cc cng kt ni gia Bs vi cc sensor node hoc gia cc sensor node vi nhau tha mn iu kin nm trong vng truyn ti ca node void . startEvent() : Hm ny thc hin vic tnh khong cch gia cc sensor node ti node xy ra s kin, kim tra iu kin nu khong cch ny nh hn khong cch c th cm bin, node ny khng phi l Bs v node ny vn cn nng lng th xp node ny l node c tham gia vo s kin, tc l node c th cm bin s kin v gi v cho Bs. Ban u bin ative ca node ny c khi to bng 0, khi c xc nhn n l node c tham gia vo s kin th active bng 1. Bin m s node tham gia vo s kin total ban u cng c gn bng 0, mi khi tm thm c mt node tha mn cc iu kin trn th total tng ln 1 n v. Nu s node tham gia vo s kin ln hn 1 (total >1) ta tm id ca node c id ln nht trong s cc node tham gia vo s kin, v gi bn tin thng bo s kin n cc node nm trong vng c th cm bin. Nu s node tham gia vo s kin nh hn hoc bng 1 (total <=1 ) th gi li hm createEvrnt() to li s kin mi. double distanceCal(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2) : Hm ny thc hin vic tnh khong cch t 1 node bt k c ta (x1,y1) n mt node khc c ta (x2,y2) double distanceBScal(int x,int y) : Hm ny thc hin vic tnh khong cch t mt node bt k c ta (x,y) n Bs void computeCH() : Hm ny thc hin vic tnh ton v chn ra node lm Clusster head trong s cc node tham gia vo s kin ( c active =1 ). Node c chn lm Cluster head l node c gi tr hm C ln nht. Hm C c tnh theo cng thc sau : C(node i) = nng lng ( node i) /Khong cch (t node i n node xy ra s kin)

Theo cng thc ca hm C ta thy node c nng lng cng ln v khong cch n node xy ra s kin cng nh th node s c lm Cluster head. Cc node tham gia vo s kin s c mt hm C c tnh ton nh trn v so snh
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vi nhau chn ra node lm Cluster head. Sau khi c chn lm Cluster head gi tr bin isClusterHead ca node c gn bng 1 v bt u thc hin hm sendTDMA().

void sendTDMA() : Hm ny thc hin vic t gi tr khe thi gian timeSlot nh thi gian cho cc self message t ng gi cc bn tin kch hot hm handleMessage() v thc hin vic gi i gi tin TDMAmsg t cc node c tham gia vo s kin n Cluster head Cluster head lm nhim v chia khe thi gian cho cc node gi d liu v Cluster head. void energySend(int kbit,double d): Hm ny thc hin vic tnh nng lng tiu th trong qu trnh gi d liu gia cc sensor node v t tnh nng lng cn li ca node sau khi gi d liu n cc node khc. Nng lng ca vic gi d liu ph thuc vo khong cch gia hai sensor node v di d liu cn gi tnh theo n v kbit. C th nng lng gi d liu c tnh bng cng thc : energySend = ( Eelec + Efs *d *d ) * kbit Trong Eelec v Efs l 2 hng s c gi tr

Eelec = 0.00005 Efs = 0.00000001 void energyReceive(int kbit) : Hm ny thc hin vic tnh nng lng tiu th trong qu trnh nhn d liu gia cc sensor node v t tnh nng lng cn li ca node sau khi nhn d liu t cc node khc. Nng lng ca vic nhn d liu ch ph thuc vo di d liu cn gi tnh theo n v kbit. C th nng lng nhn d liu c tnh bng cng thc : energyReceive = Eelect * kbit Trong Eelec hng s c gi tr : Eelec = 0.00005

void findRelayNode() : Chc nng ca hm ny l tm Relay node tip theo chuyn tip d liu t Cluster head v Base station. Ban u khi cha tm c Relay node tip theo th bin hasPath bng 0 . Khi Cluster head s gi mt bn tin broadcast ti tt c cc node nm trong vng c th truyn ti ca n, cc node nhn c bn tin broadcast ny cng tha mn iu kin l n vn cn nng lng v cha phi l Relay node ( isDead =0 v isRelayNode =0) v bin RequestMsgNumber m cc bn tin Cluster head broadcast cng tng ln 1 n v. Mt node nhn c bn tin broadcast ny s c chn lm Relay node nu gi tr hm F ca n l ln nht, n khng phi l

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Cluster head v cha c chn lm Relay node. Hm F l hm nh gi chn Relay node da trn thut ton ARPEES. C th cng thc ca hm F nh sau : F(node j) = nng lng(node j) * (djCH/djBS) * cos a(j) Trong : djCH l khong cch t node j ti Cluster head djBS l khong cch t node j ti Base station a l gi tr gc gii hn to bi nt j, Base station v Cluster head cos a(j) c th tnh theo cng thc : cos a(j) = (djCH *djCH+ dCHBS * dCHBS djBS * DjBS)/ (2 *djCH*dCHBS) Trong : dCHBS l khong cch t Cluster head n Base station. Mi node nm trong vng c th truyn ca Cluster head s c tnh mt hm F ny v so snh vi nhau chn ra node c gi tr hm F ln nht. Theo cng thc trn ca hm F th node c nng lng cng ln, khong cch ti Cluster head cng xa,khong cch ti Base station cng gn v gc to bi node,Cluster head v Base station cng nh th cng c kh nng lm Relay node. Khi chn c Relay node tha mn cc iu kin trn th bin relayNodeEnergy v bin relayNodeBeginEnergy c gn bng nng lng ca node ny v bin hasPath c gn gi tr bng 1.

void resetDisplay() : Chc nng ca hm ny l khi to li cc thit lp ban u cho mng, cc tham s ca sensor node c gn li gi tr t u v thc hin vic thit lp cc cng cho cc sensor node. Nu c node no ht nng lng (isDead =0) th loi node ra khi mng. void arrangeNodes() : Hm ny thc hin vic sp xp v tr cho cc sensor node sao cho cc node ny phn b tng i u n. Cc gi tr ta (xpos,ypos) xc nh v tr ca sensor node c tnh nh sau : xpos = x *50 + rand() % (51)

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ypos = y *50 + rand() % (51) Tc l xpos ly gi tr ngu nhin trong khong ( x*50,51) , ypos ly gi tr ngu nhin trong khong (y *50 ,51) Trong : x = (id ca node) / 8 y= (id ca node ) %8

void setDisplay() : Chc nng ca hm ny l to ra cc bubble hin th thng bo v v tr v id ca cc node trong mng void changeCH() : Hm ny thc hin vic thay i Cluster head sau mi vng truyn d liu v Base station. Khi l lc truyn y cc frame ca d liu v Base station nn bin m totalFrame c gn bng 0 v thc hin hm sendSatusInfo() nhn thng bo trng thi ca cc node tham gia s kin, t chn li Cluster head. void sendStatusInfo() : Chc nng ca hm ny l gi thng tin v trng thi ca cc node tham gia vo s kin ti cc node khc, t lm cn c chn Cluster head. void finish() : Hm ny lm nhim v ghi li nhng thng tin cn thit phc v cho vic thng k v nh gi kt qu qu trnh m phng sau khi qu trnh m phng kt thc. y hm ghi li gi tr nng lng ca node sau khi qu trnh m phng kt thc. virtual void handleMessage(cMessage *msg) : Hm handleMessage() c gi khi mi message n module. Khi hm ny s x l gi tin v tr li kt qu ngay lp tc. y,hm handeMessage() thc hin x l cc gi tin khi Sensor node nhn c cc gi tin ny.

4.3. Event int eventID : id ca node s kin c chn ngu nhin

void createEvent() : Hm ny thc hin vic to ra s kin bng cch ly ngu nhin mt trong s 80 node lm node xy ra s kin. Khi mt node c gi tr energy nh hn 10 c coi l node ht nng lng. Lc ny bin isDead ca node c gn bng 1 v mng c thit lp li cc gi tr ban u bng hm

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resetDisplay(). Qu trnh to ngu nhin mt s kin c tin hnh. Sau khi to s kin bt u s kin bng hm startEvent(). 4.4. Cc loi messages Cc loi message c chia lm hai loi : message t cc node gi cho chnh n (self message) v message do cc node gi cho cc node khc.V hm handleMessage() khng c t ng gi, m phi nhn c gi tin t module khc, nn ta phi thm cc self-message t hm khi to initialize() th hm handleMessage() s bt u lm vic m khng cn phi nhn gi tin t module khc. Self message gm : #define SMSG_INIT 15 : self message khi to cc node,bn tin thuc loi 15 #define SelfTDMAmsg 104 : self message Cluster Head gi data ti Base station, bn tin thuc loi 104 Message khng phi self message gm : #define StatusInfoMsg 100 : gi thng n cc node nhn s kin trc khi chn Cluster Head,bn tin thuc loi 100 #define EventStarterMsg 101 : gi thng bo bt u s kin,bn tin thuc loi 101 #define EventNotifyMsg 102 / : xc nhn cc node thuc vng s kin, bn tin thuc loi 102 #define TDMAmsg 103 : khi Cluster Head chia khe thi gian cho cc nt,cc nt gi bn tin TDMAmsg cho Cluster Head, bn tin thuc loi 103 #define DataToCHMsg 105 : bn tin cha d liu ca cc node gi n Cluster head,thuc loi 105 #define RelayRequestMsg 106 : bn tin broadcast tm Relay Node,thuc loi 106 #define RelayStatusMsg 107 : bn tin ca cc Relay Node gi li thng tin ca n v cho Cluster Head,thuc loi 107 #define DataToBSMsg 108 : Cluster Head gi d liu n cho Realay Node v tip tc gi v cho Base station,bn tin thuc loi 108 4.5. Cc thip lp ban u ca mng. network=WSN Khong cc c th truyn ti: trRange = 150 Tng s node : WSN.numNodes=80 Khong cch c th cm bin WSN.ssRange = 70 Nng lng mi node : WSN.energy = 1000
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S fame ca mt bn tin : WSN.frameNumber =3 S vng gi d liu trong mt ln cm bin : WSN.roundNumber =3 Tng s vng c th gi d liu : WSN.totalRound = 800 di theo bit ca cc message iu khin v message d liu : #define ControlMsgLength 200 #define DataMsgLength 4000 5. Kt qu th nghim trn phn mm a. Chn ngu nhin 1 node lm ni xut hin s kin

b. Chn Cluster head v gi message lp lch TDMA

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c. Gi message ti cc node xung quanh tm Relay node

d. Tm c Relay node v truyn d liu n Relay node


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e. Tm c ng ti Base station v gi d liu v Base station

f. Tm Cluster head mi v tip tc truyn d liu v Base station


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KT LUN
Qua qu trnh nghin cu v tm hiu ti gip em c nhng hiu bit c bn nht v mng cm bin khng dy v hng pht trin ca n trong tng lai, tm hiu c mt s cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng, u nhc im ca cc giao thc nh tuyn, lm quen v s dng c vi phn mm m phng OMNeT++ v bc u ci t c giao thc ARPEES trong mng cm bin khng dy. Giao thc ARPEES l mt giao thc phn cp ang c s dng kh nhiu, n mang nhiu ci tin hn rt nhiu so vi cc giao thc khc, l mt giao thc hng s kin v truyn d liu theo kiu multi hop. Vi nhng c im n c kh nng tiu tn t nng lng v hot ng hiu qu hn cc giao thc khc. Tuy nhin, ARPEES vn cn l mt giao thc kh c bn v cn c nhiu ci tin hn na, cch chn Cluster head hiu qu hn hoc truyn d liu v Base station tiu th t nng lng hn. l nhng hng pht trin m sau ny em s c gng tm hiu trong nhng ti tip theo. Chng trnh m phng giao thc nh tuyn ca em, tuy c nhng c im c bn ca giao thc ARPEES,nhng cng khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s nhn xt, ng gp kin ca cc thy c ti ca em c hon thin hn.

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TI LIU THAM KHO


[1] [2]

http://www.omnetpp.org/ Cc k thut phn nhm trong cc mng cm bin - TS. L Nht Thng, TS. Nguyn Qu S

[3]

Protocols, and Aplication KAZEM SOHRABY, DANIEL MINOLI, TAIEB ZNATI.

[4]

Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks - Holger Karl at University of Paderborn, GERMANY, Andreas Willig - Hasso-Plattner-Institute at the University of Potsdam, GERMAN.

[5] [6]

http://dtvt.org Energy Efficient Communication Protocolfor Wireless Microsensor Anantha NetworksWendi and Rabiner Hari Heinzelman, Balakrishnan, Chandrakasan,

Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, Cambridge

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