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Chng 1 - Tng quan v my vi tnh

1. Lich s ca my tnh c nhn S ra i ca my tnh c nhn Nm 1975 cng ty MITS ( M ) gii thiu chic my tnh c nhn Altair u tin trn th gii, chic my ny s dng b vi x l 8080 ca Intel, chic my tnh u tin khng c mn hnh m ch hin kt qu thng qua cc n Led

My tnh PC u tin trn th gii Altair Nm 1977 cng ty Apple a ra th trng my tnh AppleII c mn hnh v bn phm

My tnh PC hng Apple sn xut nm 1977 Nm 1981 cng ty IBM sn xut my tnh PC c h thng m, tc l my c nhiu khe cm m rng c th cm thm cc th khc vo , sau ny thit k ny pht trin thnh tiu chun ca my tnh ngy nay. Cng ty IBM ( mt cng ty khng l lc ) tm n mt cng ty nh c tn l Microsoft thu vit phn mm cho my tnh PC ca mnh , l c hi ngn nm c mt cho Microsoft tr thnh cng ty phn mm ln nht th gii hin nay .

My tnh PC ca hng IBM sn xut nm 1981 thu cng ty Microsoft vit h iu hnh MS - DOS Chic my ny c tc 5MHz Sau khi pht minh ra chun PC m rng, IBM cho php cc nh sn xut PC trn th gii nhi theo chun ca IBM v chun my tnh IBM PC nhanh chng pht trin thnh h thng sn xut my PC khng l trn ton th gii . IBM khng c tho thun c quyn vi MS DOS cho nn Microsoft c th bn phn mm MS DOS cho bt c ai, v vy m Microsoft nhanh chng tr thnh mt cng ty ln mnh.

Billgate nm 1981 ng lm vic sut ngy hon thnh h iu hnh MS DOS cho cng ty IBM, hp ng ca ng ch ng gi bng 5 pht thu nhp hin nay, nhng ng mun c th gii bit n sn phm , ri mt ngy khng xa ng s lm ch th gii trong lnh vc phn mm, l tm nhn ca mt ...t ph . Ai kim sot phn mm PC Phn mm my tnh PC c Microsoft kim sot v thng tr trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca my tnh c nhn . + T nm 1981 n 1990 l h iu hnh MS DOS pht trin qua nhiu phin bn v c trn 80% my tnh PC trn th gii s dng h iu hnh ny .

+ Nm 1991 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 3.1 v c trn 90% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng . + Nm 1995 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 95 v c khong 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng. + Nm 1998 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 98 v c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng. + Nm 2000 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window 2000 + Nm 2002 Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Window XP vi khong 97% my tnh PC s dng .

Billgate ng hong trong th gii phn mm Mt iu c bit quan trng l c trn 95% my tnh PC trn Th gii s dng cc sn phm Windows ca Microsoft, v vy cc cng ty sn xut thit b ngoi vi mun bn c ra th trng th phi c trnh iu khin do Microsoft cung cp hoc mt tho thun vi Microsoft sn phm y c Windows h tr + Mt thit b my tnh m khng c Window h tr th coi nh khng bn cho ai c => l l do lm cho Microsoft tr thnh khng nhng l nh thng tr phn mm m cn ng vai tr iu khin s pht trin phn cng PC . Ai kim sot phn cng PC IBM l nh pht minh v pht trin h thng my tnh PC nhng h ch lm c quyn kim sot trong 7 nm t 1981 n 1987, sau quyn kim sot thuc v cng ty Intel . Intel c thnh lp nm 1968 vi mc tiu sn xut cc chip nh + Nm 1971 Intel pht minh ra Vi x l u tin c tn 4004 c tc l 0,1 MHz

CPU u tin do Intel sn xut nm 1971 c tc 0,1MHz + Nm 1972 Intel gii thiu chp 8008 c tc 0,2 MHz + Nm 1979 Intel gii thiu chp 8088 c tc 5 MHz hng IBM s dng chp 8088 lp cho chic PC u tin ca mnh . + Nm 1988 Intel gii thiu chp 386 c tc 75 MHz + Nm 1990 Intel gii thiu chp 486 c tc 100 -133 MHz + Nm 1993 - 1996 Intel gii thiu chp 586 c tc 166 200MHz + Nm 1997-1998 Intel gii thiu chp Pentiun 2 c tc 233 - 450 MHz + Nm 1999 - 2000 Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 3 c tc 500- 1200 MHz + T nm 2001 - nay Intel gii thiu chp Pentium 4 c tc t 1500 MHz n 3800MHz (v cha c gii hn )

CPU Pentium 4 sn xut nm 2006 vi tc 3,2GHz tc ny nhanh gp 32.000 ln tc CPU ban u Intel khng nhng dn u trong lnh vc sn sut CPU m cn l nh cung cp hng u v Chipset v Mainboard k t nm 1994 n nay .

2. Cc thnh phn trong my vi tnh Bn a tr chut vo s xem ch thch

S h thng my tnh My tnh l mt h thng gm nhiu thit b c lin kt vi nhau thng qua mt bo mch ch, s lin kt ny c iu khin bi CPU v h thng phn mm hng dn, mi thit b trong h thng c mt chc nng ring bit trong c ba thit b quan trng nht l CPU, Mainboard v b nh RAM . 3. Nhim v ca cc thit b trong h thng my tnh . 1) Mainboard ( Bo mch ch )

Mainboard ng vai tr lin kt tt c cc thnh phn ca h thng li vi nhau to thnh mt b my thng nht + Cc thnh phn khc nhau chng c tc lm vic, cch thc hot ng khc nhau nhng chng vn giao tip c vi nhau l nh c h thng Chipset trn Mainboard iu khin . 2) CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) - Vi x l

CPU l thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh, thc hin cc lnh ca chng trnh khi phn mm no chy, tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc ch yu vo linh kin ny, CPU l linh kin nh nhng t nht trong my vi tnh . 3) RAM ( Radom Access Memory ) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin

RAM l b nh tm thi, lu cc chng trnh phc v trc tip cho CPU x l, tt c cc chng trnh trc v sau khi x l u c np vo RAM, v vy dung lng v tc truy

cp RAM c nh hng trc tip n tc chung ca my . 4) Case v b ngun

Case : L hp my gn cc thnh phn nh Mainboard, cc a, cc Card m rng . Ngun : Thng i theo Case, c nhim v cung cp in p cho Mainboard v cc a hot ng . 5) a cng HDD ( Hard Disk Drive )

L thit b lu tr chnh ca h thng, cng c dung lng ln v tc truy cp kh nhanh, v vy chng c s dng ci t h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ng dng, ng thi n c s dng lu tr ti liu , tuy nhin cng l c nh, khng thun tin cho vic di chuyn d liu i xa . 6) a CD ROM ( Hard Disk Drive )

L a lu tr quang hc vi dung lng kh ln khong 640MB, a CD Rom gn nh d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin a s cc a CD Rom ch cho php ghi c 1 ln, a CD Rom c s dng ci t phn mm my tnh, nghe nhc, xem phim v v... 7) a mm FDD

a mm c th c v ghi nhiu ln v d rng di chuyn i xa, tuy nhin do dung lng hn ch ch c 1,44MB v nhanh hng nn ngy nay a mm t c s dng m thay vo l cc USB c nhiu u im vt tri . 8) Bn phm - Keyboard .

Bn phm l thit b chnh gip ngi s dng giao tip v iu khin h thng, trnh iu khin bn phm do BIOS trn Mainboard iu khin . 9) Chut - Mouse.

L thit b nhp bng cc giao din ho nh h iu hnh Window v mt s phn mm khc, trnh iu khin chut do h iu hnh Window nm gi . 10) Card Video

Card Video l thit b trung gian gia my tnh v mn hnh, trn Card Video c bn thnh phn chnh . + Ram : Lu d liu video trc khi hin th trn mn hnh, b nh Ram ca Card Video cng ln th cho hnh nh c phn gii cng cao . + IC : DAC ( Digital Analog Conveter ) y l IC i tn hiu nh t dng s ca my tnh sang thnh tn hiu tng t . + IC gii m Video + BIOS : L trnh iu khin Card Video khi Window cha khi ng . Card Video c th c tch hp trc tip trn Mainboard 11) Mn hnh Monitor

Monitor CRT

Monitor LCD

Mn hnh Monitor hin th cc thng tin v hnh nh, k t gip cho ngi s dng nhn c cc kt qu x l ca my tnh , ng thi thng qua mn hnh ngi s dng giao tip vi my tnh a ra cc iu khin tng ng. Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh ph bin l CRT v mn hnh LCD

4. Khi nim v phn mm Phn mm l tp hp ca tt c cc cu lnh do cc nh lp trnh vit ra hng my tnh lm mt s vic c th no , khng nh cc thit b in t khc, my vi tnh m khng c phn mm th n khng hot ng g c . c c phn mm, cc nh lp trnh phi s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh vit, ngn ng lp trnh l ngn ng trung gian gia ngn ng giao tip ca con ngi vi ngn ng my, ngn ng cng gn vi ngn ng con ngi th gi l ngn ng bc cao, cng gn ngn ng my gi l ngn ng bc thp .

S dng ngn ng lp trnh iu khin my tnh Th d : Bn hy lp trnh mt on m to dng ch chy nh sau Bn khi ng Notepad Vo Start / Programs / Accessories / Notepad

Nhp vo on m sau : <html> <body> <p> <marquee style= "font-size : 16pt"> Toi da dieu khien duoc dong chu chay </marquee> </p> </body> </html> Sau Save As vo mt file abc.html Trong mc File name g abc.html Trong mc 'Save as Type' chn kiu 'All files' => Sau khi Save xong bn cho chy th File trn xem kt qu 5. Cc chng trnh phn mm Trong my tnh phn mm c chia thnh nhiu lp Chng trnh iu khin thit b ( Drive ) : y l cc chng trnh lm vic trc tip vi thit b phn cng, chng l lp trung gian gia h iu hnh v thit b phn cng, cc chng trnh ny thng c np vo trong b nh ROM trn Mainboard v trn cc Card m rng, hoc c tch hp trong h iu hnh v c ti vo b nh lc my khi ng . Operation System - H iu hnh L tp hp ca rt nhiu chng trnh c nhim v qun l ti nguyn my tnh, lm cu ni gia ngi s dng vi thit b phn cng, ngoi ra h iu hnh cn cho php cc nh lp trnh xy dng cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn n . Chng trnh ng dng . L cc chng trnh chy trn mt h iu hnh c th, lm cng c cho ngi s dng khai thc ti nguyn my tnh . Th d : Chng trnh Word : gip ta son tho vn bn Chng trnh PhotoShop gip ta s l nh v v...

Cng mt h thng phn cng, cng mt ngi s dng nhng c th chy hai h iu hnh khc nhau vi cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau v cc trnh iu khin thit b khc nhau 6. Vai tr ca phn mm trong my vi tnh My tnh vi linh kin ch cht l CPU - l mt thit b in t c bit, n lm vic theo cc cu lnh m chng ta lp trnh , v c bn CPU ch lm vic mt cch my mc theo nhng dng lnh c sn vi mt tc cc nhanh khong vi trm triu lnh / giy , v vy s hot ng ca my tnh hon ton ph thuc vo cc cu lnh . Phn mm my tnh l tt c nhng cu lnh ni chung bao gm : + Cc lnh np vo BIOS hng dn my tnh khi ng v kim tra thit b . + H iu hnh c ci t trn cng nh h iu hnh MS DOS, h iu hnh Window + Cc chng trnh ci t trn cng hay trn CD Rom Khi ta kch hot vo mt nt lnh v thc cht ta yu cu CPU thc hin mt on chng trnh ca nt lnh . Virut thc cht l mt on lnh iu khin CPU thc thi cc vic vi su : Th d n lnh cho CPU Copy v Paste nhn bn mt file no ra y cng, hay t ng kch hot mt chng trnh no chy khng theo mun ngi dng . => Virut cng l phn mm nhng n l phn mm c hi do nhng tin tc c su vit ra, nu ta khng hiu c bn cht phn mm th ta cng khng tr c cc bnh v Virut .

7. K thut s trong my tnh : Ngi ta c th ni rng : Th k 21 l k nguyn k thut s, k thut s n su vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, t thit b nh nh chi tr em n nhng thit b ti tn u

c s ho tng phn . Vy k thu s l g ? Cu hi ny xem ra kh c th gii thch trong mt vi dng nhng bn hy tm hiu : => K thut s l s dng h thng s nh phn biu din hay x l d liu, h thng s nh phn n rt n gin v n ch c hai mc 0 v 1 . Nh vy k thut s chnh l k thut x l, lu tr hoc truyn d liu bng cc tn hiu ch c hai mc 0 v 1 ( hay khng c in v c in ) 8. Tn hiu s ( Digital ) v tn hiu tng t ( Alalog ) Tn hiu s ( Digital ) L tn hiu ch c hai mc duy nht l Khng c in v C in , biu din hai trng thi ny ngi ta dng h thng s nh phn tc l ch c hai con s 0 v 1 0 Biu din cho trng thi : Khng c in 1 Biu din cho trng thi : C in

Tn hiu s ch c hai mc in p 0 v 1 Tn hiu tng t ( Analog ) Tn hiu tng t c trng thi bin i dn dn, tng dn hoc gim dn => v vy chng c dng hnh Sin Hu ht cc tn hiu trong t nhin u l tn hiu tng t nh : + Tn hiu m tn ( L tn hiu m thanh i ra tn hiu in ) + Tn hiu Video ( L tn hiu hnh nh i ra tn hiu in

Tn hiu Analog l tn hiu dng hnh Sin + Tn hiu tng t ( Analog ) c v s cc mc in p khc nhau, v vy chng khng th biu din bng hai con s c

m ta phi biu din chng bng c s 10 ( l c s ta ang dng ) 9. Cc h thng s H thp phn : y l h c s 10 m ta vn quen s dng , h ny gm cc con s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Th d cc s 40 , 90, 115, 200 v v.. l cc s t nhin c biu din bng c s 10 .

Tn hiu Analog c rt nhiu mc in p nn phi s dng c s 10 mi biu din c n . + Gi s nu ta phi lu tr on tn hiu trn th ta phi lu li tt c cc gi tr ca chng ln lt theo cc im A,B,C,D,E l :

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