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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN C KH B MN: THIT K MY V RBT

N THIT K H THNG C IN T

Gio vin hng dn: Nguyn Quang Huy i din nhm lm n: Hong Minh Hong

Nm 2012

Li Ni u
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S tin b ca khoa hc k thut v s pht trin mnh m ca k thut my tnh, cho ra i cc thit b iu khin s nh: CNC, PLC .. . Cc thit b ny cho php khc phc c rt nhiu cc nhc im ca h thng iu khin trc , v p ng c yu cu kinh t v k thut trong sn xut. Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh nh hin nay, th vic ng dng thit b logic kh trnh PLC t ng ha qu trnh sn xut, nhm mc tiu tng nng xut lao ng, gim sc ngi, nng cao cht lng sn phm ang l mt vn cp thit v c tnh thi s cao.

Nhm mc ch tm hiu nghin cu ng dng ca b iu khin PLC trong h thng iu khin ca Thang My. i tng n cp n l Thang my cho nh cao tng, y l thit b vn ti c yu cu t ng ha cao vi vic s dng thit b iu khin PLC. Trong n ny nhm em ch tp trung i su vo cng vic chnh l s dng ngn ng lp trnh Step 7- Micro/win cho b PLC SIMATIC S7-300 ca hng SIEMENS (c) iu khin thang my cho nh 5 tng. Trong qu trnh tin hnh lm n, mc d c s hng dn tn tnh ca gio vin hng dn Nguyn Quang Huy v bn thn nhm bn em c gng tham kho ti liu v tm hiu thc t v Thang My, nhng do thi gian v kinh nghim cn hn ch nn n khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Do , em rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp v nhn xt nh gi qu bu ca cc thy c n ca em c hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh v chu o ca gio vin hng dn Nguyn Quang Huy gip nhm bn em rt nhiu em hon thnh c n ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n !

H Ni, ngy 7 thng 11 nm 2012 i din sinh vin lm n

Hong Minh Hong

Mc Lc Mc Lc.........................................................................................3 Phn 1...........................................................................................4 TM HIU V THANG MY...............................................................4 1.2 - YU CU V AN TON TRONG IU KHIN THANG MY.......11 1.3 YU CU DNG CHNH XC BUNG THANG........................14 1.4 TM HIU MT S KT CU PHANH CA THANG MY..........17 1.5 - THUYT MINH NGUYN L CNG NGH...............................19 Phn 2.............................................21 GII THIU V PLC S7 - 300.........................................................21 2.1 - TNG QUAN V PLC............................................................22 Phn 3.........................................................................................41 GII THIU V BIN TN MM440..................................................41 Phn 4.........................................................................................61 CC CM BIN C DNG TRONG THANG MY........................61 4.1 - TNG QUAN V CM BIN..................................................62

Phn 1

TM HIU V THANG MY

1.1 - GII THIU CHUNG V THANG MY


1.1.1- Khi nim chung v thang my Thang my l mt thit b chuyn dng vn chuyn ngi, hng ho, vt liu v.v... theo phng thng ng hoc nghing mt gc nh hn 150 so vi phng thng ng theo mt tuyn nh sn.

Hnh 1.1 : Hnh dng tng th ca thang my.


Thang my thng c dng trong cc khch sn, cng s, chung c, bnh vin, cc i quan st, thp truyn hnh, trong cc nh my, cng xng v.v... c im vn chuyn bng thang my so vi cc phng tin vn chuyn khc l thi gian ca mt chu k vn chuyn b, tn sut vn chuyn ln, ng m my lin tc. Ngoi ngha vn chuyn, thang my cn l mt trong nhng yu t lm tng v p v tin nghi ca cng trnh.

Nhiu quc gia trn th gii quy nh, i vi cc nh cao 6 tng tr ln u phi c trang b thang my m bo cho ngi i li thun tin, tit kim thi gian v tng nng sut lao ng. Gi thnh ca thang my trang b cho cng trnh so vi tng gi thnh ca cng trnh chim khong 6% n 7% l hp l. i vi nhng cng trnh c bit nh bnh vin, nh my, khch sn v.v. tuy nhin s tng nh hn 6 nhng do yu cu phc v vn phi c trang b thang my. Vi cc nh nhiu tng c chiu cao ln th vic trang b thang my l bt buc phc v vic i li trong nh. Nu vn vn chuyn ngi trong nhng to nh ny khng c gii quyt th cc d n xy dng cc to nh cao tng khng thnh hin thc. Thang my l mt thit b vn chuyn i hi tnh an ton nghim ngt, n lin quan trc tip n ti sn v tnh mng con ngi. V vy, yu cu chung i vi thang my khi thit k, ch to, lp t, vn hnh, s dng v sa cha l phi tun th mt cch nghim ngt cc yu cu v k thut an ton c quy nh trong cc tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm. Thang my ch c cabin p, sang trng, thng thong, m du th cha iu kin a vo s dng m phi c y cc thit b an ton, m bo tin cy nh: in chiu sng d phng khi mt in, in thoi ni b (Interphone), chung bo, b hm bo him, an ton cabin (i trng), cng tc an ton ca cabin, kha an ton ca tng, b cu h khi mt in ngun... 1.1.2 - Phn loi thang my Thang my hin nay c thit k v ch to rt a dng, vi nhiu kiu v nhiu loi khc nhau ph hp vi mc ch s dng ca tng loi cng trnh. C th phn loi thang my theo cc nguyn tc v c im sau: 1.1.2.1 - Phn loi theo chc nng: Thang my ch ngi: - Thang my ch ngi trong cc nh cao tng: C tc chm hoc trung bnh, i hi vn hnh m, yu cu an ton cao v c tnh m thut. - Thang my dng trong cc bnh vin: m bo tuyt i an ton, ti u v tc di chuyn v c tnh u tin p ng ng cc yu cu ca bnh vin. - Thang my dng trong cc hm m, x nghip: p ng c cc iu kin lm vic nng n trong cng nghip nh tc ng mi trng v m, nhit , thi gian lm vic, n mn. .. Thang my ch hng:

c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip, ngoi ra n cn c dng trong nh n, th vin. .. Loi ny c i hi cao v vic dng chnh xc cabin m bo hng ho ln xung d dng, tng nng sut lao ng. 1.1.2.2 - Phn loi theo tc di chuyn: Thang my tc chm v = 0,5 m/s: H truyn ng cabin thng s dng ng c khng ng b rto lng sc hoc dy qun, yu cu v dng chnh xc khng cao.

Thang my tc trung bnh v = (0,75 1,5) m/s:


Thng s dng trong cc nh cao tng, h truyn ng cabin l truyn ng mt chiu.

Thang my cao tc v = (2,5 5) m/s:


S dng h truyn ng mt chiu hoc truyn ng b bin tn - ng c xoay chiu ba pha, h thng iu khin s dng cc phn t cm bin phi tip im, cc phn t iu khin lgic, cc vi mch c ln lp trnh c hoc cc b vi x l. 1.1.2.3 - Phn loi theo trng ti: Thang my loi nh Q < 160kG.

Thang my trung bnh Q = 500 2000kG.


Thang my loi ln Q > 2000 kG. 1.1.3 Cu To Thang My Kt cu c kh ca thang my c gii thiu trn hnh v 1.2. H ging ca thang my L khong khng gian t mt sn tng trt cho n y ging. nng h bung thang ngi ta dng ng c 9. ng c 9 c ni trc tip vi c cu nng hoc qua hp gim tc. Nu ni trc tip bung thang c nng qua puli qun cp. Nu ni gin tip th gia puli qun cp v ng c lp hp gim tc. Cabin 1 c treo ln puli qun cp kim loai 8 ( thng dng t 1 dn 4 si cp). Bung thang lun c gi theo phng thng ng nh c ray dn hng 3 v nhng con trt dn hng 2 ( con trt l loi puli c bc cao su bn ngoi). Bung thang v di trng di chuyn dc theo chiu cao ca thnh ging theo cc thanh dn hng 6.

1. Cabin 2. Con trt dn hng Cabin 3. Ray dn hng Cabin 4. Thanh kp tng cp 5. Cm i trng 6. Ray dn hng i trng 7. dn hng i trng 8. Cp ti 9. Cm my 10. Ca xp Cabin 11. Chm chng ri 12. C cu chng ri 13. Gim chn 14. Thanh 15. Kp ray Cabin 16. G ray Cabin 17. Bu lng bt g ray 18. G ray i trng 19. Kp ray i trng

Hnh 1.2: Kt cu c kh ca thang my.

1.1.4 Chc nng ca mt s b phn trong Thang my 1.1.4.1 - Cabin: L mt phn t chp hnh quan trng nht trong thang my , n s l ni cha hng , ch ngi n cc tng , do phi m bo cc yu cu ra v kch thc, hnh dng , thm m v cc tin nghi trong . Hot ng ca cabin l chuyn ng tnh tin ln xung da trn ng trt, l h thng hai dy dn hng nm trong mt phng m bo chuyn ng m nh , chnh xc khng dung dt trong cabin trong qu trnh lm vic. m bo cho cabin hot ng u c trong qu trnh ln v xung , c ti hay khng c ti ngi ta x dng mt i trng c chuyn ng tnh tin trn hai thanh khc ng phng ging nh cabin nhng chuyn ng ngc chiu vi cabin do cp c vt qua puli ko. Do trng lng ca cabin v trng lng ca i trng c tnh ton t l v k lng cho nn mc d ch vt qua puli ko cng khng xy ra hin tng trt trn pulicabin,hp gim tc i trng to nn mt c h phi hp chuyn ng nhp nhng do phn khc iu chnh l ng c. 1.1.4.2 - ng c: L khu dn ng hp gim tc theo mt vn tc quy nh lm quay puli ko cabin ln xung. ng c c s dng trong thang my l ng c 3 pha rto dy qun hoc rto lng sc , v ch lm vic ca thang my l ngn hn lp li cng viyu cu s dng tc , momen ng c theo mt di no cho m bo yu cu v kinh t v cm gic ca ngi i thang my.ng c l mt phn t quan trng c iu chnh ph hp vi yu cu nh mt h thng in t b x l trung tm. 1.1.4.3 - Phanh: L khu an ton , n thc hin nhim v gi cho cabin ng im cc v tr dng tng, khi tc ng l hai m phanh s kp ly tang phanh, tang phanh gn gn ng trc vi trc ng c. Hot ng ng m ca phanh c phi hp nhp nhng vi qu trnh lm vic ca ng c. 1.1.4.4 - ng c m ca: L ng c mt chiu hay xoay chiu to ra momen m ca cabin kt hp vi m ca tng . Khi cabin dng ng tng , rle thi gian s ng mch iu khin ng c m ca tng hot ng theo mt quy lut nht nh s m bo qu trnh ng m m nh khng c va p. Nu khng may mt vt g hay ngi kp gia ca tng ang ng

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th ca s m t ng nh b phn c bit g ca c gn phn hi vi ng c qua b x l trung tm.

1.1.4.5 - Ca: Gm ca cabin v ca tng . Ca cabin khp kn cabin trong qu trnh chuyn ng khng to ra cm gic chng mt cho khachs hng v ngn khng cho ri khi cabin bt c th g. Ca tng che chn bo v ton b ging thang v cc thit bi trong . Ca cabin v ca tng c kho t ng m bo ng m kp thi. 1.1.4.6 - B hn ch tc : L b phn an ton khi vn tc thay i do mt nguyn nhn no vt qu vn tc cho php , b hn ch tc s bt c cu khng ch ct iu khin ng c v phanh lm vic. Cc thit b ph khc: nh qut gi, chung in thoi lin lc , cc ch th s bo chiu chuyn ng c lp t trong cabin to ra cho khch hng mt cm gic d chu khi i thang my. 1.2 - YU CU V AN TON TRONG IU KHIN THANG MY Thang my l thit b chuyn dng ch ngi, ch hng t cao ny n cao khc. V vy vn an ton cho ngi s dng lun c t ln hng u. m bo an ton cho ngi v thang my ta b tr mt lot cc thit b gim st hot ng ca thang my nhm pht hin v s l s c mt cch nhanh nht. Trong thc t, khi thit k truyn ng cho thang my phi phi hp bo v c phn c v phn in, kt hp nhiu loi bo v. Chng hn, khi cp in cho ng c ko cabin th cng cp in lun cho ng c phanh, lm nh cc m phanh kp vo ray dn hng. Khi cabin mi c th chuyn ng c. Khi mt in, ng c phanh khng mt in, cc m phanh kp s tc ng vo trc ng c lm ng c khng quay c gi cho cabin khng ri. 1.2.1 Yu cu an ton ca thang my khi mt in hoc t cp Kt qu nghin cu a ra, mt h truyn ng hin i c y cc ch thc hin khi mt in v vic ng ct chuyn ngun cho an ton thit b. Hin nay Thang my c lp t h thng cu h t ng khi mt in t ngt. H thng ny gm: Cc mch VXL, b chuyn i in, bnh c qui v t in. Cc b phn ny c kt ni vi t iu kin chnh ca thang my. Khi c in, thang my hot ng c qui c np in. Nu mt in t ngt trong khi thang my ang hot ng, dng

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in 1 chiu ca c qui s nhanh chng chuyn thnh dng xoay chiu cp in cho h thng

Nh c h thng chng mt ngun t ngt, h thng iu khin khng b nh hng do c nui bng mt h thng chng mt ngun cng sut nh, cc cm bin v tr v cc h o lng cnh bo khc vn lm vic bnh thng. Tuy nhin do ngun b mt ng c truyn ng b dng li trong thi gian tc thi. Lc ny thit b iu khin ng c phi x ngun do cc h lu tch in ang cha v chun b ng ngun mi, ct h ngun c trnh c in tr li gy xung t ngun. Sau khi ngun mi c cp, chng trnh iu khin s lm vic theo mt chng trnh mi dnh cho s c mt in. Chng trnh ny s iu khin thang my v tng gn nht, sau m ca tng cho khch i ra, ng thi t chi tt c cc lnh gi khc, cnh bo h thng b mt in. lc ny h thng cho php vic m ca cabin, cc h thng chung bo lin lc thc hin. Sau truyn ng cng sut ln s khng c thc hin nhm tit kim in nng c hn ca b lu in d phng. Khi h thng c in tr li, cc role cm nhn trng thi mt in s hot ng c phn hi cho bit ngun in c, h thng s thc hin tun t thao tc x in d, ng ngun mi v thc hin iu hin theo chu trnh bnh thng. H thng lu in phc hi dn cng sut bng h thng np in t ng. Ngoi thit b cu h khi b mt in, trong thang my cn c mt b phn thng c. Trong trng hp xy ra t cp thang my, thit b khng ch vt tc s hot ng v tc ng n thng c, nm cht phng thang my vo ray dn hng, gi cht khng cho thang ri ngi n ng cu. 1.2.2 Yu cu v vn tc, gia tc v dt Mt trong nhng iu kin c bn i vi h truyn ng thang my l phi m bo cho cabin chuyn ng m. Vic cabin chuyn ng m hay khng li ph thuc vo gia tc khi m my v hm my. Cc tham s chnh c trng cho ch lm vic ca thang my l: Tc di chuyn v [m/s], gia tc a [m/s2] v dt [m/s3]. Tc di chuyn ca cabin quyt nh nng sut ca thang my, iu ny c ngha rt quan trng, nht l i vi cc nh cao tng.

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i vi cc nh chc tri, ti u nht l dng thang my cao tc (v = 3,5m/s), gim thi gian qu v tc di chuyn trung bnh ca cabin t gn bng tc nh mc. Nhng vic tng tc li dn n tng gi thnh ca thang my. Nu tng tc ca thang my v = 0,75 m/s ln v = 3,5m/s, gi thnh tng ln 4 5 ln, bi vy tu theo cao tng ca nh m chn thang my c tc ph hp vi tc ti u. Tc di chuyn trung bnh ca thang my c th tng bng cch gim thi gian m my v hm my, c ngha l tng gia tc. Nhng khi gia tc ln s gy ra cm gic kh chu cho hnh khch (nh chng mt, s hi, nght th. .v..v..). Bi vy gia tc ti u l a < 2m/s2. Gia tc ti u m bo nng sut cao, khng gy cm gic kh chu cho hnh khch, c a ra trong bng 1-1. Bng 1-1 H truyn ng Tham s Xoay chiu Tc thang my (m/s) Gia tc cc i (m/s2) Gia tc tnh ton trung bnh (m/s2) 0,5 1 0,5 0,75 1 0,8 1 1,5 0,8 Mt chiu 1,5 1,5 1 2,5 2 1 3,5 2 1,5

Mt i lng quyt nh s di chuyn m ca cabin l tc tng ca gia tc khi m my v tc gim ca gia tc khi hm my. Ni mt cch khc, l dt (o hm bc nht ca gia tc =
da d2 v hoc o hm bc hai ca tc = 2 ). Khi gia tc a < dt dt

2m / s2 th dt khng qu 20m/s3.

Biu lm vic ti u ca thang my tc trung bnh v tc cao biu din trn hnh 1.3. Biu ny c th chia ra 5 giai on theo tnh cht thay i tc ca cabin: m my, ch n nh, hm xung tc thp, cabin n tng v hm dng. Biu ti u hnh 1.3 s t c nu dng h truyn ng mt chiu (F-). Nu dng h chuyn ng xoay chiu vi ng c khng ng b hai cp tc , biu ch t gn ging biu ti u.

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i vi thang my chy chm, biu ch c 3 giai on: M my ch n nh v hm dng.


S,v, a,

M my

Ch n nh

H m xung tc thp

H m n tng dng

a S

Hnh 1.3: Cc ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca qung ng S, tc v, gia tc a v git theo thi gian. 1.3 YU CU DNG CHNH XC BUNG THANG Bung thang ca thang my cn phi dng chnh xc so vi mt bng ca tng cn dng sau khi n nt dng . Nu bung thang dng khng chnh xc s gy ra cc hin tng sau : i vi thang my ch khch, lm cho hnh khch ra, vo kh khn, tng thi gian ra, vo ca hnh khch, dn n gim nng xut. i vi thang my ch hng, gy kh khn cho vic bc xp v bc d hng. Trong mt s trng hp c th khng thc hin c vic xp v bc d hng. khc phc hu qu , c th n nhp nt bm t c chnh xc khi dng, nhng s dn n cc vn khng mong mun sau: Hng thit b iu khin. Gy tn tht nng lng. Gy hng hc cc thit b c kh. Tng thi gian t lc hm n dng.

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dng chnh xc bung thang, cn tnh n mt na hiu s ca hai qung ng trt khi phanh bung thang y ti v phanh bung thang khng ti theo cng mt hng di chuyn. Cc yu t nh hng n dng chnh xc bung thang bao gm : mmen c cu phanh, mmen qun tnh ca bung thang, tc khi bt u hm v mt s yu t ph khc . Qu trnh hm bung thang xy ra nh sau : Khi bung thang i n gn sn tng, cng tc chuyn i tng cp lnh cho h thng iu khin ng c dng bung thang . Trong qung thi gian t (thi gian tc ng ca thit b iu khin), bung thang i c qung ng l : S' = v0 t , [m] Trong : v0 - Tc lc bt u hm, [m/s]. (2-1)

Khi c cu phanh tc ng l qu trnh hm bung thang. Trong thi gian ny, bung thang i c mt qung ng S''.
S" = m. v2 0 , [m] 2(Fph Fc )

(2-2)

Trong : m - Khi lng cc phn chuyn ng ca bung thang, [kg] Fph - Lc phanh, [N] Fc - Lc cn tnh [N] Du (+) hoc du (-) trong biu thc (2-2) ph thuc vo chiu tc dng ca lc Fc : Khi bung thang i ln (+) v khi bung thang i xung (-). S'' cng c th vit di dng sau:
D 2 , [m] S" = 2i (M ph M c ) J . 2 . 0

(2-3)

Trong : thang, [kgm2]

J mmen qun tnh h quy i v chuyn ng ca bung Mph - mmmen ma st, [N] Mc - mmen cn tnh, [N] 0 - tc quay ca ng c lc bt u phanh, [rad/s] D - ng knh puli ko cp [m] i - t s truyn

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Qung ng bung thang i c t khi cng tc chuyn i tng cho lnh dng n khi bung thang dng ti sn tng l:
D 2 S = S, + S" = v0 . t + 2i (M ph M c ) J . 2 0

(2-4)

Cng tc chuyn i tng t cch sn tng mt khong cch no lm sao cho bung thang nm gia hiu hai qung ng trt khi phanh y ti v khng ti. Sai s ln nht ( dng khng chnh xc ln nht) l : S = Trong : S1 - qung ng trt nh nht ca bung thang khi phanh S2 - qung ng trt ln nht ca bung thang khi phanh xem hnh 2-3. Bng 2-1 a ra cc tham s ca cc h truyn ng vi khng chnh xc khi dng s. Bng 2-1 Phm H truyn ng in Tc Gia tc [m/s2] khng chnh xc khi dng [mm] 1,5 120 15 0 10 15 25 35 10 15 5 10

S2 S1 2

(2-5)

vi iu di chuyn chnh tc [m/s] 1:1 0,8

ng c KB r to lng sc 1cp tc

ng c KB r to lng sc 2 cp tc ng c KB r to lng sc 2 cp tc H my pht - ng c (F - ) H F - c khuych i trung gian

1:4 1:4 1 : 30 1:100

0,5 1 2,0 2

1,5 1,5 2,0 2

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Mc dng

Bung thang Vt qu Bung thang Dng

Mc t cm bin dng

Hnh 2 - 3: Dng chnh xc bung thang.

1.4 TM HIU MT S KT CU PHANH CA THANG MY 1.4.1 - Phanh bo him Phanh bo him gi bung thang ti ch khi t cp, mt in v khi tc vt qu (20 40)% tc nh mc . Phanh bo him thng c ch to theo 3 kiu : Phanh bo him kiu nm, phanh bo him kiu lch tm v phanh bo him kiu km. Trong cc loi phanh trn, phanh bo him km c d dng rng ri hn, n bo m cho bung thang dng m hn. Kt cu ca phanh bo him kiu km c biu din trn hnh 1-4.

Hnh 1.4: Phanh bo him kiu km

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Phanh bo him thng c lp pha di bung thang, gng km 2 trt theo thanh hng dn 1 khi tc ca bung thang bnh thng. Nm gia hai cnh tay n ca km c nm 5 gn vi h truyn ng bnh vt - trc vt 4. H truyn ng trc vt c hai loi ren : ren phi v ren tri. Cng vi kt cu ca phanh bo him, bung thang c trang b thm c cu hn ch tc kiu ly tm. Khi tc chuyn ca bung thang tng, c cu ai truyn 3 s lm cho thang 4 quay v km 5 s p cht bung thang vo thanh dn hng v hn ch tc ca bung thang. 1.4.2 - B hn ch tc Khi ca bin h vi tc vt qu gi tr cho php. B hn ch tc qua h thng tay n tc ng ln b hm bo him dng cabin ta trn cc ray dn hng. V nguyn l chung ca b hn ch tc lm vic nh sau: Khi trc quay t ti s vng quay ti hn cc qu vng gn trn trc s tch ra xa tm quay di tc dng ca lc ly tm v mc vo vu c nh ca v phanh dng trc quay. Theo v tr ca trc quay c b hn ch tc vi trc quay nm ngang v b hn ch tc vi trc quay thng ng. Trong b hn ch tc vi trc quay nm ngang c dng ph bin hn. Nguyn l cu to ca b hn ch tc vi trc quay nm ngang (Hnh 1.5):
12 10 9 4 5 6 8 7
14 16

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3
15 13

a Cht Vu c nh Vu t L xo nn Qu vng Vng m 8. ai c

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Thanh ko Vu di ng L xo Cht hm Puly Puly V b hn ch trc

Hnh 1.5: B hn ch tc

Trc 16 c gn vi v 15 ca b hn ch tc bng ai c. Trn trc c lp a 1 cng cc puly 13 v 14 bng bi chng c th quay t do quanh trc 16. Trn a 1 c cc cht 2 lp qu vng 6. Qu vng ny lin h bng thanh ko 6 trn c lp l xo nn

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5. L xo c mt u t ln vu 4 gn trn a 1, u kia t ln vng m 7 v ai c 8 trn thanh ko 9 c th iu chnh nn ca l xo 5. Nh vy, do vu 4 gn c nh trn a nn l xo 5 c xu hng y thanh ko 9 sang tri u cc qu vng 6 khng chm vo cc vu c nh 3 trn v 15 khi a 1 cng cc puly 13 v 14 quay. Vi tc quay bnh thng, ng vi tc chuyn ng danh ngha ca cabin, a quay d dng v cc qu vng v tr khng chm vo vu 3 trn v 15. Khi cabin nng hoc h vi tc vt qu gii hn cho php, qua cp hn ch tc vt trn rnh puli 14, a 1 cng quay v t ti vng quay ti hn ly tm ca qu vng ln p l xo 5 v tch qu vng ra xa tm quay lm u cc qu vng mc vo vu 3 v a 1 cng puli 13,14 dng li. Puli thng c rnh cp hnh thang vi h s ma st tnh ton cao nn khi n dng lai lm cp hn ch tc vt qua rnh puli dng theo, cabin tip tc i xung nn cp hn ch tc tc ng ln h tay n lp trn cabin b hm bo him hot ng dng cabin trn cc ray dn hng. Lc nn l xo 5 cng ln th lc ly tm cn thit d tch cc qu vng ra xa cng ln v vy c th iu chnh lc nn l xo 5 bng cch vt vn ai c 8 b hn ch tc lm vic chnh xc vi tc quay cn thit. Nu lc nn l xo qu nh th rt d xy ra hin tng ngng ngu nhin ngay c khi cabin chuyn ng vi tc danh ngha. V vy cn iu chnh l xo sao cho b hn ch tc hot ng ng vi gi tr tc quy nh trong quy phm cho tng loi thang my. Vic iu chnh kim tra v th nghim b hn ch tc do nh ch to tin hnh v sau kp ch li. Puly 13 c ng knh nh dng th nghim, kim tra b hn ch tc , nu vt cp hn ch tc qua rnh ca puli 13 th khi cabin chuyn ng vi tc danh ngha, b hn ch tc vn lm vic v tc ng ln b hm bo him dng cabin v tc quay ca a 1 vn t ti s vng quay ti hn do ng knh ca puly 13 nh. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn lp vu 10 xuyn qua v 15 v trn vu c l xo 11 cng cht hm 12. Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng (cp hn ch tc vt qua puly 14 cabin chuyn ng vi tc danh ngha). Nu n ln vu 10 th u qu vng mc vo n dng a 1 cng cc puli 13, 14 (mc d s vng quay ca a cha t ti gi tr ti hn v lc ly tm cha ln tch qu vng ra xa). Khi nu b hm bo him lm vic dng cabin th iu chng t rng cng ca cp hn ch tc , h s ma st tnh ton gia cp v rnh puly 14 t gi tr yu cu v h thng tay n cng b hm bo him lm vic bnh thng. 1.5 - THUYT MINH NGUYN L CNG NGH lm r bi ton cng ngh v khch hng i v u tin v chiu chuyn ng cng nh u tin theo khong cch, ta i thuyt minh mt trng hp phc v hnh khch tho mn c cc yu cu cng ngh ca thang my 7 tng nh sau: Gi s thang my ang dng tng 1. C mt hnh khch A ang tng 2 v mun ln tng 7. Mun vy, khch A phi n nt gi thang tng 2 v thang i ln vi tc cao. Khi thang n gn tng 2 th thang my chuyn tc thp v dng li n khch A. Khch A vo cabin n nt n tng 7. Sau thi gian nh sn cabin tip tc i ln tng 7.

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Gi s lc ny c mt hnh khch B ang tng 3 v mun i xung tng 1. mun vy khch B phi n nt gi thang tng 3. Lc ny thang ang i ln, khi i qua tng 3 n s khng dng li. Tuy nhin nt gi thang tng 3 c nh, n s c tc dng khi thang quay ngc hnh trnh. Lc ny thang vn tip tc i ln. Gi s lc ny li c mt hnh khch C tng 4 mun i ln tng 7. Mun vy hnh khch C ny li n nt goi tng tng 4. Nh vy, tng 4 c nh, khi thang my i qua tng ny thang s dng li nh dng tng 2 v n khch C vo cabin. Hnh khch ny li n nt dng 7 trng vi hnh khch A v thang tip tc i ln. V tng 7 c nh nn khi n tng ny thang s chuyn tc thp v dng li m ca tr khch A v C. Nh vy, yu cu ca khch A v C c phc v, cn li yu cu ca khch B ang tng 3 mun i xung tng 1 cha c p ng. Khi thang dng tng 7 tr khch song, sau thi gian nh sn n s quay ngc hnh trnh chuyn ng v i xung. Khi i n gn tng 3 n s gim tc v dng li m ca n khch B. Khch B i vo thang my v n nt n tng 1, tng 1 li c nh v khi i xung thang s dng li tng 1 p ng song yu cu ca khch hng B.

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Phn 2

GII THIU V PLC S7 - 300

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2.1 - TNG QUAN V PLC.


Thit b iu khin logic kh trnh (Programmable Logic Control), vit tt thnh PLC, l loi thit b cho php thc hin linh hot cc thut ton iu khin s thng qua mt ngn ng lp trnh, thay cho vic phi th hin thut ton bng mch s. B iu khin logic kh trnh l tng ca mt nhm k s hng General Motors vo nm 1968 v h ra cc ch tiu k thut nhm p ng nhng yu cu iu khin trong cng nghip: - D lp trnh v d thay i chng trnh iu khin, s dng thch hp trong nh my. - Cu trc dng module d dng bo tr v sa cha. - Tin cy hn trong mi trng sn xut ca nh my cng nghip. - Dng linh kin bn dn nn c kch thc nh gn hn mch role chc nng tng ng. - Gi thnh c kh nng cnh tranh cao. c trng ca k thut PLC l vic s dng vi mch x l thng tin. Cc ghp ni logic cn thit trong qu trnh iu khin c x l bng phn mm do ngi s dng lp nn v ci t vo. Chnh do c tnh ny m ngi s dng c th gii quyt nhiu bi ton v t ng ha khc nhau trn cng mt b iu khin v hu nh khng phi bin i g ngoi vic np nhng chng trnh khc nhau. Nh vy, vi chng trnh iu khin trong mnh, PLC tr thnh mt b iu khin s nh gn, d thay i thut ton v c bit d trao i thng tin vi mi trng xung quanh (vi cc PLC khc hoc vi my tnh). Ton b chng trnh iu khin c lu nh trong b nh ca PLC di dng cc khi chng trnh (khi OB, FC hoc FB) v c thc hin lp theo chu k ca vng qut (scan). thc hin mt chng trnh iu khin tt nhin PLC phi c chc nng nh mt my tnh ngha l phi c mt b vi x l (CPU), mt h iu hnh, b nh lu chng trnh iu khin, d liu v phi c cc cng vo ra giao tip c vi i tng iu khin v trao i thng tin vi mi trng xung quanh. Bn cnh phc v bi ton iu khin s, PLC cn cn phi c thm cc khi chc nng c bit khc nh l b m (Counter), b thi gian (Timer) v cc khi hm chuyn dng. S ra tng nhng ng dng PLC trong cng nghip thc y cc nh sn xut trn th gii hon chnh cc h PLC vi mc khc nhau v kh nng, tc x l v hiu xut. Cc h PLC pht trin t loi lm vic c lp, ch vi 20 ng vo/ra v dung lng b nh chng trnh 500 bc n cc module nhm d dng m rng thm kh nng v chc nng chuyn dng:

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- X l tn hiu lin tc (Module Analog). - iu khin ng c Servo, ng c bc. - Truyn thng. Cng vi s pht trin ca k thut vi mch, k thut PLC c nhng bc tin b vt bc. C th ni nu khng c k thut PLC th khng c t ng ha trong cc ngnh cng nghip.

2.2 - S TNG QUT CA PLC.


Hu ht cc h PLC ca cc hng sn xut trn th gii u c cc module chnh nh sau: B x l trung tm CPU: l b no ca PLC, x l chng trnh iu khin. B vo/ra (Input/Output Module): nhn tn hiu vo v gi tn hiu ra. B nh (Memory Module): dng cha chng trnh iu khin d liu.

Hnh 1.2 : Nguyn l chung v cu trc ca mt b iu khin logic kh trnh PLC.

Thng thng tng tnh mm do trong ng dng thc t m phn ln cc i tng iu khin c s tn hiu u vo, u ra cng nh chng loi tn hiu vo/ra khc nhau m cc b iu khin PLC c thit k khng b cng ho v cu hnh.

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Chng c chia nh thnh cc module. S module c s dng nhiu hay t tu theo tng bi ton, song ti thiu bao gi cng phi c mt module chnh l module CPU. Cc module cn li l nhng module nhn/truyn tn hiu vi i tng iu khin, cc module chc nng chuyn dng nh PID, iu khin ng c Chng c gi chung l module m rng. Tt c cc module c g trn nhng thanh ray (Rack) 2.2.1 Module CPU. Module CPU l loi module c cha b vi x l, h iu hnh, b nh, cc b thi gian, b m , cng truyn thng (RS485) v c th cn c mt vi cng vo/ra s. Cc cng vo/ra s c trn module CPU c gi l cng vo ra onboard. Trong h PLC S7-300 c nhiu loi module CPU khc nhau. Ni chung chng c t tn theo b vi x l c trong n nh module CPU312, CPU314, CPU315

Hnh 1.3: Module CPU314.

2.2.2 Module m rng. Cc module m rng c chia thnh 5 loi chnh: PS (Power supply): Module ngun nui. C 3 loi 2A, 5A v 10A. SM (Signal module): Module m rng cng tn hiu vo/ra, bao gm: DI (Digital input): Module m rng cc cng vo s. S cc cng vo s m rng c th l 8, 16 hoc 32 tu thuc vo tng loi module. DO (Digital output): Module m rng cc cng ra s. S cc cng ra s m rng c th l 8, 16 hoc 32 tu thuc vo tng loi module.

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DI/DO (Digital input/Digital output): Module m rng cc cng vo/ra s. S cc cng vo/ra s m rng c th l 8 vo/ 8 ra, 16 vo/16 ra tu thuc vo tng loi module. AI (Analog input): Module m rng cc cng vo tng t. V bn cht chng chnh l nhng b chuyn i tng t s 12 bits (AD), tc l mi tn hiu tng t c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu s (nguyn) c di12 bits. S cc cng vo tng t c th l 2, 4 hoc 8 tu tng loi module. AO (Analog output): Module m rng cc cng ra tng t. V bn cht chng chnh l nhng b chuyn i s tng t (DA). S cc cng vo tng t c th l 2, hoc 4 tu tng loi module. AI/AO (Analog input/Analog out):Module m rng cc cng vo/ra tng t. S cc cng vo/ra tng t c th l 4 u vo/ 2 ra, hoc 4 vo/4 ra tu tng loi module. IM (Interface module): Module ghp ni. ay l loi module chuyn dng c nhim v ni tng nhm cc module m rng li vi nhau thnh mt khi v c qun l chung bi mt module CPU. Thng thng cc module m rng c g lin vi nhau trn mt thanh gi l rack. Trn mi mt rack ch c th g c nhiu nht 8 module m rng (khng k module CPU, module ngun nui PS). Mt module CPU S7-300 c th lm vic trc tip c vi nhiu nht 4 racks v cc rack ny phi c ni vi nhau bng module IM. FM (Function module): Module c chc nng iu khin ring, v d nh module iu khin ng c bc, module iu khin ng c servo, module PID, module iu khin vng kn CP (Communication module): Module phc v truyn thng trong mng gia cc PLC vi my tnh.

2.3 - CU TRC B NH CPU.


B nh ca S7-300 c chia lm 3 min chnh: - Vng cha chng trnh ng dng. Vng nh chng trnh c chia thnh 3 min: OB (Organisation block): Min cha chng trnh t chc. FC (Function): Min cha chng trnh con c t chc thnh hm c bin hnh thc trao i d liu vi chng trnh gi n. FB (Function block): Min cha chng trnh con, c t chc thnh hm v c kh nng trao i d liu vi bt c mt khi chng trnh no khc. Cc d liu ny phi c xy dng thnh mt khi d liu ring (gi l DB-Data block).

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- Vng cha tham s ca h iu hnh v chng trnh ng dng, c phn chia thnh 7 min khc nhau, bao gm: I (Process image input): Min b m cc d liu cng vo s. Trc khi bt u thc hin chng trnh, PLC s c gi tr logic ca tt c cc cng u vo v ct gi chng trong vng nh I. Thng thng chng trnh ng dng khng c trc tip trng thi logic ca cng vo s m ch ly d liu ca cng vo t b m I. Q (Process image output): Min b m cc d liu cng ra s. Kt thc giai on thc hin chng trnh, PLC s chuyn gi tr logic ca b m Q ti cc cng ra s. Thng thng chng trnh khng trc tip gn gi tr ti tn cng ra m ch chuyn chng vo b m Q. M: Min cc bin c. Chng trnh ng dng s dng vng nh ny lu gi cc tham s cn thit v c th truy nhp n theo a ch bit(M), byte(MB), t (MW) hay t kp (MD). T: Min nh phc v b thi gian (Timer) bao gm vic lu gi gi tr thi gian t trc(PV-Preset value), gi tr m thi gian tc thi(CV-Current value) cng nh gi tr logic u ra ca thi gian. C: Min nh phc v b m (Counter) bao gm vic lu gi gi tr t trc(PVPreset value), gi tr m tc thi(CV-Current value) v gi tr logic u ra ca b m. PI: Min a ch cng vo ca cc module tng t (I/O External input). Cc gi tr tng t ti cng vo ca module tng t s c module c v chuyn t ng theo nhng a ch. Chng trnh ng dng c th truy nhp min nh PI theo tng byte (PIB), tng t (PIW) hoc theo tng t kp (PID). PQ: Min a ch cng ra cho cc module twong t (I/O External output). Cc gi tr theo nhng a ch ny s c module tng t chuyn ti cc cng ra tng t. Chng trnh ng dng c th truy nhp min nh PQ theo tng byte (PQB), tng t (PQW) hoc tng t kp (DBD). - Vng cha cc khi d liu, c chia thnh 2 loi: DB(Data block): Min cha cc d liu c t chc thnh khi. Kch thc cng nh s lng khi do ngi s dng quy nh, ph hp vi tng bi ton iu khin. Chng trnh c th truy nhp min ny theo tng bit (DXB), byte (DBB), t (DBW) hoc theo tng t kp (DBD). L (Local data block): Min d liu a phng,c cc khi chng trnh OB, FC, FB t chc v s dng cho cc bin nhp tc thi v trao i d liu ca bin hnh thc vi nhng khi chng trnh gi n. Ni dung ca mt s d liu trong min nh ny s b xo khi kt thc chng trnh tng ng trong OB, FC,

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FB. Min ny c th c truy nhp t chng trnh theo bit (L), byte(LB), t (LW) hoc t kp(LD).

2.4 VNG QUT CHNG TRNH


PLC thc hin chng trnh theo chu k lp. Mi vng lp c gi l vng qut (scan). Mi vng qut c bt u bng giai on chuyn d liu t cc cng vo s ti vng b m o I, tip theo l giai on thc hin chng trnh. Trong tng vng qut, chng trnh c thc hin t lnh u tin n lnh kt thc ca khi OB1 (Block end). Sau giai on thc hin chng trnh l giai on chuyn cc ni dung ca b m o Q ti cc cng ra s. Vng qut c kt thc bng giai on truyn thng ni b v kim li. Thi gian cn thit PLC thc hin c mt vng qut gi l thi gian vng qut (Scan time). Thi gian vng qut khng c nh, tc l khng phi vng qut no cng c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian nh nhau. C vng qut c thc hin lau, c vng qut c thc hin nhanh tu thuc vo s lnh trong chng trnh c thc hin, vo khi d liu c truyn thng trong vng qut . Nh vy gia vic c d liu t i tng x l, tnh ton v vic gi tn hiu iu khin ti i tng c mt khong thi gian tr ng bng thi gian vng qut. Ni cch khc, thi gian vng qut quyt nh tnh thi gian thc ca chng trnh iu khin trong PLC. Thi gian vng qut cng ngn, tnh thi gian thc ca chng trnh cng cao.

2.5 - K THUT LP TRNH


Chng trnh cho S7-300 c lu trong b nh ca PLC vng dnh ring cho chng trnh v c th c lp vi hai dng cu trc khc nhau: - Lp trnh tuyn tnh (linear programming): Ton b chng trnh iu khin nm trong mt khi trong b nh. Loi hnh cu trc tuyn tnh ny ph hp vi nhng bi ton t ng nh, khng phc tp. Khi c chn phi l khi OB1, l khi m PLC lun qut v thc hin cc lnh trong n thng xuyn, t lnh u tin n lnh cui cng v quay li lnh u tin. Khi nyc h iu hnh gi theo chu k lp vi khong thi gian khng cch u nhau m ph thuc vo di ca chng trnh. Cc loi khi chng trnh khc khng tham gia trc tip vo vng qut. Cc khi OB khc khng tham gia vo vng qut m c gi bng nhng tn hiu bo ngt. S7-300 c nhiu loi tn hiu bo ngt nh tn hiu bo ngt khi c s c ngun nui, tn hiu bo ngt khi c s c chp mch cc module m rng, tn hiu bo ngt theo chu k thi gian v mi loi tn hiu bo ngt nh vy cng ch c kh nng gi mt loi khi OB nht nh. Mi khi xut hin mt tn hiu bo ngt h thng s tm dng cng vic ang

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thc hin li, chng hn nh tm dng vic thc hin chng trnh x l ngt trong cc khi OB tng ng. - Lp trnh c cu trc (structure programming): l k thut ci t thut ton iu khin bng cch chia nh thnh cc khi chng trnh con FC hay FB vi mi khi thc hin mt nhim v c th ca bi ton iu khin chung v ton b cc khi chng trnh ny li c qun l mt cch thng nht bi khi OB1. Trong OB1 c cc lnh gi nhng khi chng trnh con theo th t ph hp vi bi ton iu khin t ra. Hon ton tng t, mt nhim v iu khin con c th cn c chia nh thnh nhiu nhim v nh v c th hn na, do mt khi chng trnh con cng c th c gi t mt khi chng trnh con khc. Duy c mt iu cm k ta cn phi trnh l khng bao gi mt khi chng trnh con li gi n chnh n. Ngoi ra, do c s hn ch v ngn xp ca cc module CPU nn khng c t chc chng trnh con gi lng nhau qu s ln m module CPU c s dng cho php. PLC S7-300 c bn loi khi c bn: Loi khi OB (Organization block): Khi t chc v qun l chng trnh iu khin. C nhiu loi khi OB vi nhng chc nng khc nhau, chng c phn bit vi nhau bng mt s nguyn i sau nhm k t OB, v d nh OB1, OB35, OB40 Loi khi FC(Program block): Khi chng trnh vi nhng chc nng ring ging nh mt chng trnh con hoc mt hm (chng trnh con c bin hnh thc). Mt chng trnh ng dng c th c nhiu khi FC v cc khi FC ny c phn bit vi nhau bng nhng s nguyn sau nhm k t FC. Chng hn nh FC1, FC2 Loi khi FB (Function block): L loi khi FC c bit c kh nng trao i mt lng d liu ln vi cc khi chng trnh khc. Cc d liu ny phi c t chc thnh khi d liu ring c tn gi l Data block. Mt chng trnh ng dng c th c nhiu khi FB v cc khi FB ny c phn bit vi nhau bng mt s nguyn sau nhm k t FB. Chng hn nh FB1, FB2 Loi khi DB (Data block): Khi cha cc d liu cn thit thc hin chng trnh. Cc tham s ca khi do ngi dng t t. Mt chng trnh ng dng c th c nhiu khi DB v cc khi DB ny c phn bit vi nhau bng mt s nguyn sau nhm k t DB. Chng hn nh DB1, DB2 Chng trnh trong cc khi c lin kt vi nhau bng cc lnh gi khi, chuyn khi. Xem nhng phn chng trnh trong cc khi nh l cc chng trnh con th S7-300 cho php gi chng trnh con lng nhau, tc l t chng trnh con ny gi mt chng trnh con khc v t chng trnh con c gi li gi ti mt chng trnh con th 3 . S cc lnh gi lng nhau ph thuc vo tng chng loi module CPU m ta s dng. V d nh i vi module CPU314 th s lnh gi lng nhau nhiu nht c th cho php l 8.

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Nu s ln gi khi lng nhau m vt qu con s gii hn cho php, PLC s t chuyn sang ch STOP v t c bo li.

Hnh 1.5: Lp trnh c cu trc.

Hnh 1.6: Thc hin gi khi FC10. Nh vy, khi thc hin lnh gi mt khi con, h iu hnh s: Chuyn khi con c gi t vng Load memory vo vng Work memory. Cp pht cho khi con mt phn b nh trong Work memory lm local block. Cu trc local block c quy nh khi son tho cc khi. Truyn cc tham tr t khi m cho bin hnh thc IN, IN-OUT ca local block.

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Sau khi khi con thc hin xong nhim v v ghi kt qu di dng tham tr u ra cho bin OUT, IN-OUT ca local block, h iu hnh s chuyn cc tham tr ny cho khi m v gii phng khi con cng local block ra khi vng Work memory.

2.6 - NGN NG LP TRNH.


Cc loi PLC ni chung thng c nhiu ngn ng lp trnh nhm phc v cc i tng s dng khc nhau. PLC S7-300 c ba ngn ng lp trnh c bn. l: - Ngn ng lit k lnh, k hiu l STL (Statement list). y l dng ngn ng lp trnh thng thng ca my tnh. Mt chng trnh c ghp bi nhiu cu lnh theo mt thut ton nht nh, mi lnh chim mt hng v u c cu trc chung tn lnh + ton hng. - Ngn ng hnh thang, k hiu l LAD (Ladder logic). y l dng ngn ng ho thch hp vi nhng ngi quen thit k mch iu khin logic. - Ngn ng hnh khi, k hiu l FBD (Function block diagram). y cng l kiu ngn ng ho dnh cho ngi c thi quen thit k mch iu khin s. Mt chng trnh vit trn LAD hoc FBD c th chuyn sang c dng STL, nhng ngc li th khng. Trong STL c nhiu lnh khng c trong LAD hay FBD.

2.7 MI TRNG LP TRNH.


Gii thiu v step 7 Chng trnh lp trnh PLC sau khi c ci t trn my tnh s c biu tng nh sau trn Desktop.

Biu tng chng trnh Step 7 khi ng chng trnh ta kch p chut vo biu tng trn m chng trnh iu khin. Sau khi m chng trnh giao din mn hnh qun l lp trnh s xut hin

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Giao din mn hnh qun l lp trnh PLC S7-300 khi to chng trnh mi ta nhp chut tri vo biu tng hnh. ti gc tri mn

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Sau khi nhp chut s xut hin hp thoi yu cu t tn cho trng trnh sp c lp trnh, ta nhp tn chng trnh vo. Ta nhn vo th OK hoc Enter hon tt vic t tn cho chng trnh.

Sau khi hon tt vic t tn cho chng trnh iu khin s xut hin giao din mn hnh mi, trn thanh menu ta chon Insert Station2 SIMATIC 300 Station.

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Sau s xut hin hp thoi mi, ta nhp chut vo biu tng th mc ca s lm vic bn tri.

Biu tng SIMATIC 300(1) s xut hin.

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Trn thanh Menu ta chn InsertProgram1 S7 Program.

Biu tng S7-Program s xut hin ca s bn phi

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i tn c th cho chng trnh iu khin ta nhp chut phi vo biu tng S7ProgramObject Properties.

Xut hin hp thoi v ta s nhp tn chng trnh vo. Vic t tn cho chng trnh s kt thc sau khi ta nhn th OK

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Sau khi hon tt vic t tn ca s chng trnh s thay i, khng cn tn chng trnh S7 Program m thay vo l tn chng trnh ta va t

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K tip, ta nhp chut vo tn chng trnh va t, ta thy ca s bn phi c khi OB1 xut hin.

Ta nhp chut vo khi OB1Object Properties chn dng lp trnh l LADDER

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Trong Created in Language ta chn LAD thay cho STL chn dng lp trnh l LADDER. Ta nhp th OK hon tt vic la chn dng ngn ng lp trnh trong S7300.

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Sau khi hon tt vic la chn dng ngn ng lp trnh ta nhp chut phi vo biu tng OB1Open Object m ca s chng trnh lp trnh.

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Ca s chng trnh lp trnh xut hin, ti y ta c th thc hin vic lp trnh cho b iu khin PLC S7-300.

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Phn 3

GII THIU V BIN TN MM440

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3.1 TNG QUAN V BIN TN 3.1.1. Tng quan Bin tn l 1 thit b in t t hp t cc linh kin in t thc hin chc nng bin i tn s v in p 1 chiu hay xoay chiu c tn s f1 nht nh thnh dng in xoay chiu c tn s iu khin nh cc kha in t. Bin tn c dng bin i tc ng c ca cc thit b c kh ln c yu cu cc ng c c c nh. Nh s linh hot trong vic thay i tn s dn n vic thay i tc v cng sut, bin tn l gii php ti u hin nay. C nhiu hng sn xut bin tn vi nhiu chng loi v cng sut khc nhau: SIEMENS, ABB,FUJI.. 3.1.2. Cc yu cu khi s dng bin tn Bn trong b bin tn l cc linh kin in t bn dn nn rt nhy cm vi iu kin mi trng, m Vit Nam c kh hu nng m nn khi la chn phi chc chn rng b bin tn ca mnh c nhit i ha, ph hp vi mi trng kh hu Vit Nam, phi m bo iu kin mi trng lp t nh nhit , m, v tr. Cc b bin tn khng th lm vic ngoi tri, chng cn c lp t trong t c khng gian rng, thng gi tt(t phi c qut thng gi), v tr t t l ni kh ro trong phng c nhit <500C, khng c cht n mn, kh gas, bi bn, cao <1000m so vi mt nc bin. 3.2 LA CHN BIN TN,CC THNG S V CC CI T C BN Thang my l thit b c ti thay i lin tc, thng xuyn chy ch non ti, yu cu cao v an ton,m i v chnh xc. S dng bin tn l rt ph hp, ta la chn bin tn ca hng Siemens: Micromaster 440. y l dng bin tn mnh m nht trong dng cc bin tn tiu chun. Kh nng iu khin Vector cho tc v Moment hay kh nng iu khin vng kn bng b PID c sn em li chnh xc tuyt vi cho cc h thng truyn ng quan trong nh cc h nng chuyn, cc h thng nh v. Khng ch vy, mt lot khi logic c sn lp trnh t do cung cp cho ngi s dng s linh hot ti a trong cng vic iu khin hng lot cc thao tc 1 cch t ng. Ta chn bin tn siemens MM440 loi C vi nhn: 6SE6440-2UC24-0CA1

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3.2.1. Cc thng s ca bin tn MM440

in p vo v Cng sut

CT 200V n 240V 1 AC 10% 200V n 240V 3 AC 10% 380V n 480V 3 AC 10% 380V n 480V 3 AC 10% 0,12 3KW 0,12 45kW 0,37 75Kw 0,75 75KW

VT 0,12 3kW 0,12 3kW 0,12 3Kw 0,12 3Kw

Tn s in vo Tn s in ra H s cng sut Hiu sut chuyn i Kh nng qu ti

47 n 63 Hz 0 n 650 Hz 0,7 96 n 97%

Qu dng 1,5 x dng nh mc trong 60s mi 300s hay 2 x dng nh mc trong 3s mi 300s Thp hn dng in vo nh mc

Dng in vo khi ng Phng php iu khin Tn s iu ch xung (PWM) Tn s c nh

Tuyn tnh V/f; bnh phng V/f; a im V/f; iu khin t dng thng FCC 2kHz n 16 kHz ( bc 2 kHz)

15, ty t

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phn gii im t

10 bit analog 0,01Hz giao tip ni tip (mng) 0,01 Hz digital

Cc u vo s Cc u vo tng t Cc u ra rle Cc u ra tng t Cng giao tip ni tip Tnh tng thch in t Hm Cp bo v Di nhit lm viv Nhit bo qun m cao lp t

6 u vo s lp trnh c, cch ly. C th chuyn i PNP/NPN 2 *0 ti 10V, 0 ti 20mA v -10 ti +10V *0 ti 10V v 0 ti 20Ma 3, ty chn chc nng 30VDC/5A (ti tr), 250VAC/2A (ti cm) 2, ty chn chc nng; 0,25 20mA

RS-485, vn hnh vi USS protocol

B bin tn vi b lc EMC lp sn theo EN 55 011, Class A hay Class B

Hm DC, hm t hp IP 20
CT -10C n +50C VT - 10C n +40C

-40C n +70C 95% khng ng nc 1000m trn mc nc bin

Cc chc nng bo

Thp p, qu p, qu ti, chm t, ngn mch, chng kt, qu nhit ng

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c, qu nhit bin tn, kha tham s PIN H x W xD,max.(mm) x 149 Trng lng, 1.3 3.4 5.7 17 22 56 75 116 176

Kch thc v C v (Frame size) trng lng (khng xp x .(kg) c ci t) A B C D E F khng c b lc F c b lc FX GX

173 x 73

202 x 149 x 172 245 x 185 x 195 520 x 275 x 245 650 x 275 x 245 850 x 350 x 320 1150 x 350 x 320 1400 x 326 x 356 1533 x 326 x 545

3.2.2. Cc u dy iu khin u dy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 K hiu ADC1+ ADC1DIN1 DIN2 DIN3 DIN4 ADC2+ ADC2DAC1+ DAC1PTCA PTCB DIN5 Chc nng u ngun ra +10V u ngun ra 0V u vo tng t s 1(+) u vo tng t s 1(-) u vo s s 1 u vo s s 2 u vo s s 3 u vo s s 4 u ra cch ly +24V/max. 100 mA u vo tng t s 2(+) u vo tng t s 2(-) u ra tng t s 1 (+) u ra tng t s 1 (-) u dy ni cho PTC / KTY 84 u dy ni cho PTC / KTY 84 u vo s s 5

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17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

DIN6 DOUT1/NC DOUT1 /NO DOUT1 /COM DOUT2 / NO DOUT2 / COM DOUT3 / NC DOUT3 / NO DOUT3 / COM DAC2+ DAC2P+ N-

u vo s s 6 u ra s s 1 / tip im NC u ra s s 1 / tip im NO u ra s s 1 / chn chung u ra s s 2 / tip im N0 u ra s s 2 / chn chung u ra s s 3 / tip im NC u ra s s 3 / tip im NO u ra s s 3 / chn chung u ra tng t s 2 (+) u ra tng t s 2 (-) u ra cch ly 0 V/max. 100 mA Cng RS485 Cng RS485

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3.2.3.S nguyn l ca bin tn

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3.2.4.Cc ci t mc nh ca bin tn MM440 B bin tn MICROMASTER 440 c ci t mc nh khi xut xng sao cho c th vn hnh c m khng cn ci t thm bt k thng s no na. t c iu ny, cc thng s ca ng c c kt ni vi bin tn phi c thng s nh mc ph hp vi thng s ci t mc nh (P0304, P0305, P0307, P0310) tng ng vi ng c 1LA7 4 cc ca Siemens (xem cc thng s trn nhn) Cc thng s mc nh khc:

ngha Cc ngun lnh Ch lm mt ng c Gii hn dng in Tn s nh nht Tn s ln nht Thi gian tng tc Thi gian gim tc Ch iu khin
Ngun im t

Thng s P0700 = 2 P0335 = 0 P0640 = 150 P1080 = 0 P1082 = 50 P1120 = 10 P1121 = 10 P1300 = 0
P1000 = 2

Ch thch Thit b u cui di % Hz Hz s s Ch iu khin V/f


u vo tng t

ngha cc thng s mc nh trn:


+ P1300: 0 1 2 3 5 iu khin tuyn tnh V/f V/f FCC V/f kiu ng parabol V/f kiu c th lp trnh c V/f cho cc ng dng kiu my dt

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V/f kiu FCC cho cc ng dng kiu my dt

19 V/f ch iu khin qua im t hiu in th c lp 20 Ch iu khin vector khng sensor 21 Ch iu khin vector c sensor 21 iu khin momen xon vector khng sensor 22 iu khin momen xon vector khng sensor 23 iu khin momen xon vector c sensor +P0700: 0 1 2 4 5 6 +P1000: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ci t mc nh BOP (bn phm) u ni (terminal strip) USS trn kt ni(link) BOP USS trn kt ni (link) COM CB trn kt ni(link) COM Khng c im t chnh im t MOP im t Analog t tn s c nh USS trn kt ni(link) BOP USS trn kt ni (link) COM (cc u dy iu khin 29 v 30) CB trn kt ni (link) COM (CB l modun truyn thng)

10 Khng c im t chnh ( im t b sung MOP) 11 im t MOP 12 im t Analog ( im t b sung MOP ( im t b sung MOP

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3.2.5 Kha chuyn i DIP 50/60 Hz


Tn s nh mc mc nh cho ng c ca b bin tn MICROMASTER l 50Hz. i vi ng c c thit k chy tn s nh mc 60Hz, cc b bin tn c th c t tn s ny nh s dng kha chuyn DIP 50/60 Hz V tr OFF: cc thng s mc nh ca Chu u (tn s nh mc ca ng c = 50Hz, cng sut tnh theo kW...)

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V tr ON: Cc thng s mc nh ca Bc M (tn s nh mc ca ng c = 60Hz, cng sut tnh theo hp...)

51

52

53

3.3 CC NT IU KHIN V CHC NNG

54

3.4 CHN NG C 55

Chn ng c lp ko thang my ca hng Siemens: Thng s ng c Kiu ng c Cng sut (kW) 1LG81336AA 4,0 Vn tc quay (v/ph) 955 S cp cc 6 cosj Hiu sut (%) 85 in p nh mc 230/400 Dng in nh mc (A) 8.8

0,80

3.5 TNH THI GIAN TNG,GIM TC BIN TN


Thi gian tng tc t v tr ng yn t c gia tc yu cu l a (m/ )

Trong :

:l qung ng thang my bt u dch chuyn nhan dn t v tr ng yn t ti gia tc a. :l qung ng thang my chuyn ng u khi t c vn tc cn thit :l qung ng tnh t v tr thang my bt u thc hin vic hm gim tc cho n lc dng hn Vi vn tc thang my v = 0.75m/s Ta chn chiu cao mi tng l 4.5m, chiu cao cabin l 2.5m S1 = 1m, S3 = 1m Gia tc ca thang my lc tng tc: a = /(2*S1) = /(2*1) = 0.28 (m/ )

56

=> t1 = 2.67s, ta ly thi gian tng tc t = 3s Gia tc ca thang my lc gim tc: a = => t2 = 2.86s, ta ly thi gian gim tc t = 3s /(2*S3) = -0.28(m/ )

3.6 CI T NHANH CC THNG S C BN


3.6.1 Cc thng s ci t cho bin tn: Thng s P0003 P0010 P0100 P0304 P0305 P0307 P0308 P0309 P0310 P0311 P0334 P1080 P1082 P1120 P1121 P1004 P1006 P1135 P3900 Gi tr 3 1 0 230 8.8 4 0.80 85 50 955 2 0 52 3 3 0 52 2 2 n v V A kW % Hz v/ph Hz Hz S S Hz Hz s ngha Mc truy nhp ngi dng chuyn gia Ci t thng s nh mc trn nhn ng c Tiu chun Chu u (Hz/kW) in p nh mc ng c Dng in nh mc ng c Cng sut nh mc ng c H s cosj nh mc ng c Hiu sut nh mc ng c Tn s nh mc ng c Tc nh mc ng c Ch lm mt ng c t nhin v qut bn trong Tn s nh nht Tn s ln nht Thi gian tng tc Thi gian gim tc Tc thp Tc cao Thi gian dng nhanh chng t trng thi chuyn ng v trng thi dng hn Kt thc ci t nhanh

3.6.2 Bng chn im t tn s c nh Thng s Gi tr mc ngha Ch thch

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P1001 P1002 P1003 P1004 P1005 P1006 P1007 P1008 P1009 P1010 P1011 P1012 P1013 P1014 P1015 P1016 P1017 P1018 P1019 P1025 P1027 Khi xc nh chc nng ca cc u vo s (P0701 ti P0706) c th la chn ba kiu khc nhau cho tn s c nh: 15 = Chn trc tip (P0701 P0706 = 15) ch c bit ny mi u vo s lun chn tn s c nh tng ng V d: u vo s s 3 s chn tn s c nh s 3 Nu nhiu u vo cng hot ng cng mt lc th cc gi tr c cng li. Mt lnh ON cn c b sung V d: FF1+FF2+FF3+FF4+FF5+FF6 16 = Chn trc tip + lnh ON(P0701 P0706 = 16) ch ny, cc tn s c nh c chn ging nh cho 15, tuy nhin cc tn s ny c kt hp vi mt lnh ON 17 = Chn ch m nh phn + Lnh ON (c m BCD + ON/OFF1) C th chn 16 tc c nh ch ny.

nh 0 Hz 5 Hz 10 Hz 15 Hz 20 Hz 25 Hz 30 Hz 35 Hz 40 Hz 45 Hz 50 Hz 55 Hz 60 Hz 65 Hz 65 Hz 1 1 1 1 1 1

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3.6.3 Ci t cc thng s ph hp vi cc chc nng yu cu ca PLC ngha Chy nhanh Ci tn s chy nhanh Chy chm Ci tn s chy chm Bt tt bin tn Thang my chuyn ng ln Thang my chuyn ng xung Kch hot phanh hm DC (Q4.0) (Q4.1) (Q5.0) (Q4.2) (Q4.3) (Q4.6) Gi tr P0702 = 15 P1004 = 52 Hz P0703 = 15 P1002 = 20 Hz P0701 = 1 P0704 = 10 P0705 = 11 P0706 = 25 Cc chn tng ng 6 7 5 8 16 17

Cc gi tr bn trn l cc gi tr c lu sn trong bin tn, mi 1 gi tr c nhp vo s ra lnh cho bin tn hiu lnh ca ngi iu khin mun thc thi. Cc gi tr mc nh ca u vo s l: P0701-P0708 Gi tr 0 1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 25 ngha u vo s khng hot ng ON/OFF1 ON+ o chiu/OFF1 OFF2 - Dng t do OFF3 Gim tc nhanh Nhn bit li Chy nhp(JOG) bn phi Chy nhp(JOG) bn tri o chiu Tng MOP (Motorized potentiometer)(Tng tn s) Gim MOP (Gim tn s) im t tn s c nh (chn trc tip) im t tn s c nh (chn trc tip + ON) im t tn s c nh (chn m nh phn + ON) Kch hot hm DC

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29 33 99

Li h thng bn ngoi Khng cho php im t tn s b sung Cho php ci t thng s BICO

V d: Lnh ON/OFF1 c ci vo u DIN1 nh sau: P0700 = 2 : Cho php iu khin qua digital inputs P0701 = 1 : ON/OFF1 kt ni vo cng vo s s 1 (DIN 1) 3.6.4 Ci t phanh hm cho thang my: S dng phanh hm 1 chiu DC Thng s P0704 = 25 P1232 = 100 % P1233 = 3s P1234 = 0Hz Gii thch Kch hot phanh hm DC hot ng Xc nh mc dng hm DC theo % tng ng vi dng in nh mc ca ng c Thi gian hm DC sau lnh dng OFF1 n lc thang my dng hn Tn s bt u phanh hm DC hot ng

Ci t thng s u ra cho phanh hm u ra s ngha P0731 = 53.0 Kch hot hm DC Cc ch ci t thng thng ca u ra s: 52.0 B truyn ng sn sng 52.1 B truyn ng sn sng hot ng 52.2 B truyn ng ang hot ng 52.3 Kch hot ch pht hin li ca b truyn ng 52.4 OFF2 hot ng 52.5 OFF3 hot ng 52.6 Ch hm hot ng 52.7 Ch cnh bo ca b truyn ng hot ng 52.8 chnh lch gia gi tr im t v gi tr thc t 52.9 iu khin t PLC (iu khin PZD) 52.B Cnh bo: Dng in ca ng c ng ti gi tr gii hn 52.C Ch hm c kh (MHB) hot ng 52.D ng c qu ti 52.E Chiu quay ca ng c, theo chiu kim ng h 52.F B bin tn qu ti 53.0 Kch hot hm DC

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Phn 4

CC CM BIN C DNG TRONG THANG MY

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4.1 - TNG QUAN V CM BIN Cm bin (CB): l chuyn i thc hin chc nng bin i i lng khng in thnh i lng in. V d nh bin p sut, nhit , lu lng, vn tcthnh tn hiu in (mv . V, mA) Cc b cm bin thng c nh ngha theo ngha rng l thit b cm nhn v p ng vi cc tn hiu v kch thch. Ni cch khc cm bin chnh l cc chuyn i o lng s cp c t trong mt v hp c kch thc hnh dng rt khc nhau v c chun ho ph hp vi s dng trong thc t (lp t, c tnh, cu to..)

4.2 CC CM BIN DNG TRONG THANG MY


Trong thang my s dng rt nhiu cm bin.Trong : Cm bin quang: c s dng vi s lng nhiu nht (thng nhng v tr ca,v tr gi tng v v tr tng tc, hm tc v dng hn ca bung thang). Cm bin quang ti v tr tng tc, hm tc v dng hn: m bo tnh ti u, cng nh v an ton, chuyn ng tng tc, cng nh hm tc v dng hn c m du, khng xc, m bo sc khe ca hnh khch. Ngi ta dng cm bin quang cm nhn cc v tr ca ca bin ti tng tng bo tn hiu cho b iu khin ng c tng, hm hoc dng hn c tt nht. Trc mi ca tng c gn 1 cm bin quang dng thanh, cm bin ny c gn thng ng theo ca tng, iu khin hot ng ca tng v ca cabin, nhm bo v an ton cho hnh khch v hng ha cn di chuyn. i vi nh 5 tng, chng ta s cn 5 cm bin loi ny ti mi v tr ca tng. Cm bin trng lng : chng qu ti trong thang my. Trong mi cabin thang my, cn c mt cm bin khi lng, c th cm nhn c khi lng trong thang my trc khi thang my vn ti, nhm bo cho b iu khin, v cho hnh khch, nhm trnh trng hp qu ti, gy ra s c, cho nn, cm bin ny s cn o lm sao nu tha mn ti nh mc, (nh hn hoc bng) th thang my s vn chuyn hnh khch.

Cm bin lc p : S dng bo ca ng hn, m hn.

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4.3 - NGUYN L,CU TO CA CC CM BIN DNG TRONG THANG MY 4.3.1. Cm bin quang. Cm bin bo v tr. Ta s dng cm bin quang ch U. S mch o :

Nguyn l hot ng:cm bin dng ngun pht quang l diode pht quang.Khi khng c cabin i qua s lun c nh sng truyn t diode pht quang sang phototransistor Vra khc 0.Khi c cabin i qua s khng c nh sng truyn qua,khi Vra s bng khng.Tn hiu bo ln b iu khin s chuyn trng thi v khi bit c v tr cabin. 1.1) Cm bin E3Z- D82

63

1.2) c tnh k thut : - Ngun cp : 12 ~ 24 VDC - Ng ra PNP, 26.4 VDC max, 100 mA max - Chn ng ra Light-ON / Dark-ON - Ngun sng: Infrared LED (860nm) - Mch bo v: Ngc cc ngun cp, ng ra; ngn mch ng ra - Thi gian p ng: 1ms max. - n nh vi nh sng mi trng. - Nhit mi trng: -20 ~ 55oC Cm bin vng : Ta s dng cm bin Autonics BWP Series. 2.1) S mch o

64

65

2.2) Cm bin BWP 20-08

2.3) c tnh k thut - Thn mng 13mm vi thu knh fresnel - V bng nha (PC/ABS) - Bao gm chc nng dng truyn pht, chc nng ngn nga giao thoa ln nhau, chc nng ch th nhy Job, chc nng chuyn Light ON/dark ON -D dng phn bit /cnh mt trc v chiu di vi hai dy ch th sng cao. - Thi gian p ng nhanh, max 7ms. 3) Nguyn l chung ca cc cm bin quang 3.1) Nguyn l chung

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-Bc sng ln nht ca nh sng c th gy nn hin tng gii phng in t vi iu kin nng lng photon Ept > Edt nng lng lin kt ca in t

max = h.c / E dt

-Nh vy iu kin gii phng in t ph thuc vo kiu nh sng v bn cht vt liu b chiu sng - Hin tng gii phng cc ht dn di tc dng ca nh sng do hiu ng quang in s gy nn s thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu. l nguyn l c bn ca cc cm bin quang in - S in t c gii phng trong mt giy G = (1-R) /h.c -:Hiu sut, R: h s phn x v thng lng nh sng

-Nng lng bc x Q : l nng lng pht x, lan truyn hoc hp th di dng bc x c o bng Jun (J) -Quang thng : l cng sut pht x lan truyn hoc hp th, o bng ot (W) v l i lng c trng cho ngun sng: = dQ/dt - Cng sng I: l quang thng pht ra theo mt hng di mt n v gc khi, c n v l W/steradian: I = d/d - chi nng lng L: l t s gia cng sng pht ra bi mt phn t b mt dI theo mt hng xc nh v din tch hnh chiu vung gc ca phn t b mt dA , c n v l W/steradian.m2 :L = dI/dA - ri E: l t s gia quang thng thu c bi mt phn t b mt v din tch ca phn t , c n v l W/m2 :E=d/dA 3.2)Nguyn l ca photodiode :

67

Xt 2 tm bn dn, mt thuc loi N v mt thuc loi P, ghp tip xc nhau . Ti mt tip xc hnh thnh mt vng ngho ht dn v ti vng ny tn ti mt in trng v hnh thnh hng ro th Vb.

Khi khng c in th ngoi t ln chuyn tip ,dng in chy qua chuyn tip I = Icb + Ikcb = 0, thc t dng I chnh l dng tng cng va hai dng in bng nhau v ngi chiu nhau bao gm: +dng khuch tn tn cc ht c bn Icb sinh ra khi ion ho cc tp cht do nng lng cc ht ln c bn vt qua cc hng ro th. + dng ht dn khng c bn Ikcb sinh ra do kch thch nhit chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng E trong vng ngho

Khi t vo 2 cc in p ngc Ud

+ hng ro in th Vb thay i kt qu ko theo : + rng vng ngho thay i v thay i dng Icb Khi in p ngc ln,chiu cao hng ro th ln n mc dng khuch tn cc ht c bn tr ln rt nh v c th b qua v ch cn li dng ngc ca diode I = I0 Khi chiu sng diode bng bc x c bc sng nh hn bc sng ngng,s xut hin thm cc cp in t l trng. cc ht dn ny tham gia dn in cn

68

ngn cn qu trnh ti hp ca chng tc l nhanh chng tch ri cc cp in t l trng. S tch cp in t l trng ch sy ra trong vng ngho nh tc dng ca in trng.

S ht dn ph thuc vo thng lng nh sng t ti vng ngho v kh nng hp th ca vng ny. Thng lng nh sng t ti cng ngho ph thuc ng k vo chiu dy ca vt liu m n i qua

= o e x
+ Trong h s 105 cm 1 . tng thng lng nh sng n vng ngho ngi ta ch to diode vi phin bn dn c chiu dy rt b. Kh nng hp th ph thuc rt ln vo b rng ca vng ngho. tng kh nng m rng vng ngho ngi ta s dng Diode PIN. Lp bn dn ring I kp gia 2 lp bn dn P v N.vi loi bn dn ny ch cn in p ngc vi vn c th m rng vng ngho ra ton b bn dn I

4.3.2. Cm bin trng lng. 1) Nguyn l, cu to ca cm bin bin dng. Cm bin trng lng l mt s dy dn c in tr sut (thng dng ca Niken) c chiu di l v tit din s, c c nh trn phin cch in. l hp kim

69

Khi o bin dng ca mt b mt dng strai gage, ngi ta dn cht strain gage ln trn b mt cn o sao cho ho b mt b bin dng th strain gage cng b bin dng.in tr ca cm bin:

R=

l s

Khi cm bin b in dng,do kch thc ca dy dn b thay i nn in tr ca cm bin thay i 2)ng dng ca cm bin bin dng o lc dng cm bin bin dng. o lc tc ng ln vt th , ta dn strain gage vo mt vt ng lc t gia im tc dng lc v vt chu tc ng sao cho bin dng ca cm bin bng vi bin dng ca vt chng,di tc dng ca lc tc ng,vt chng b bin dng s lm cm bin bin dng l thay i in tr,o s thay i in tri ca cm bin ta suy ra lc tc dng. Khi vt chng b bin dng bi lc n s bin dng theo phng ng lc mt lng :

l 1 1 F = = l Y Y S

Trong : l bin dng ca vt chng, l ng lc,Y l module Young, S l tit din ca vt chng,F l lc tc dng.Tng ng vi cc vt liu khc nhau th module Young s khc nhau. 2. Cm bin trng lng (loadcell) : 2.1. Cu to ca Loadcell:

70

- Loadcell gm mt vt chng n hi,l mt khi nhm hoc thp khng r c x l t bit,trn vt chng c dn 4 straingage.Khi vt chng b bin dng di tc dng ca trng lng tc ng vo loadcell th c th c 2 hoc 4 strain gage b tc ng.Tu vo dng ca vt chng ta c loi loadcell. -Cu to train gage +Cu to ( dy in tr,mng mng kim loi,ban dn) +Dy mnh,l mng v mng mng +Trn giy mng cch in, dn dy in tr (constantan,nicrom) hnh rng lc ng knh 0.02 0.03 mm.Chiu di n thng 8 -15 mm,chiu rng a0 3-10 mm. in tr ban u 800 -1000, lng thay i in tr khong 10 -15 .

Tu theo ng knh ca dy s c dng cho php i qua tng ng.

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Thng thng nhy theo l thuyt s khc nhiu vi thi gian ngoi thc t.Do vy khi sn xut ngi ta s ch to hng lot.Sau cc cm bin s c hiu chun n chic tu theo ng dng thc t. H s nhit ca vt liu cn phi b hoc c b nhit trong mch o.

2.2) Mt s dng ca loadcell

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Cc straigage c li thnh mt mch cu nh hnh di y: Khi khng b in tr tc dng cc straigage bng nhau cu trng thi cn bng.Khi b in tr tc dng ,vt chng b bin dng,cc straigage thay i in tr lm cho mch cu lch cn bng l xut hin ng ra mt in p V0,

Khi loadcell c 2 straigage tch cc (R2,R4 gin ,R1=R3=R c nh)

R R3 2 V0 = R1 + R2 R3 + R 4

R + R R R )Vcc = Vcc Vcc = ( 2 R + R 2 R + R 2R + R V


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Thng th gi tr ca R rt nh so vi R nn ta c

V0 =

R Vcc 2R

2.3. V d c th v tnh in p ra ca loadcell. Thng s u ca load cell: Gi s: +Vcc =5(V) +Straigage c lm bng Nicrome V +Ti trng t vo l 1000<kg> + Vt chng c lm bng nhm v c din tch 100 mm 2 + Module n hi ca nhm :Y = 69 Ta c h s bin dng ca straigage c tnh theo cng thc :

l 1 F = . l Y S

Vi F=10 000 <N>, S = 100< mm 2 >, Y = 69 < kN/ mm 2 >

l 1 10 = . = 0, 00145 l 69 69

Mt khc ta li c:

R l =K R l
Trong K = 1 + 2 + C (1 2 ) = 2,5 l h s u o ca Nicrome V

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Ta li c

V0 =

R Vcc = 2,5.0, 00145.Vcc =0, 018( V ) =18( mV ) 2R

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