Giáo trình tin học B Access

TRNG I HC CU LONG
TRUNG TM CNG NGH THNG TIN

___________
GIO TRNH TIN HC B

LM BO DUY
NGUYN HU PHON
V HONG TM
INH NGC THANH
BI THANH TUN
VNH LONG 2008
1-2
MC LC
BI 0 - GII THIU ...........................................................................................................1-5
1. KHI QUT ..................................................................................................................1-5
2. CC PHIN BN..........................................................................................................1-5
3. NI DUNG KHA HC ..............................................................................................1-6
4. D LIU MU..............................................................................................................1-6
4.1. KQ.MDB ..................................................................................................................1-6
4.2. HOADON.MDB.......................................................................................................1-7
BI 1 - KHO LU TR - TABLE ....................................................................................1-8
1. NH NGHA ................................................................................................................1-8
2. CU TRC ....................................................................................................................1-8
2.1. KIN TRC .............................................................................................................1-8
2.2. NI DUNG ..............................................................................................................1-9
3. CA S THIT K ....................................................................................................1-10
3.1. GII THIU...........................................................................................................1-10
3.2. CC THNH PHN .............................................................................................1-10
4. THIT K BNG ........................................................................................................1-11
4.1. MN HNH THIT K CU TRC....................................................................1-11
4.2. QUI TRNH THIT K .........................................................................................1-11
4.3. KIU D LIU QUI C N GIN NHP LIU !....................................1-12
4.4. QUI TC T TN ..............................................................................................1-13
5. QUN L NI DUNG................................................................................................1-13
5.1. LU........................................................................................................................1-13
5.2. HIU CHNH CU TRC....................................................................................1-14
5.3. FONT HIN TH ...................................................................................................1-14
5.4. NHP LIU ...........................................................................................................1-15
6. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................1-16
BI 2 - RNG BUC TRONG TABLE..........................................................................2-17
1. KHA CHNH PRIMARY KEY .............................................................................2-17
1.1. NH NGHA ........................................................................................................2-17
1.2. THIT LP KHA ...............................................................................................2-18
2. KIU D LIU DATA TYPE .................................................................................2-19
2.1. KIU D LIU L G ? .......................................................................................2-19
2.2. THUC TNH........................................................................................................2-19
3. MT N NHP LIU INPUT MASK ....................................................................2-21
3.1. MT N NHP LIU L G ? ............................................................................2-21
3.2. CCH THIT LP ................................................................................................2-22
3.3. V D MINH HA................................................................................................2-22
4. QUI TC HP L - VALIDATION RULE................................................................2-22
4.1. QUI TC HP L L G ?...................................................................................2-22
4.2. CCH THIT LP ................................................................................................2-23
4.3. V D MINH HA................................................................................................2-23
5. NHP LIU NHANH LOOKUP WIZARD ............................................................2-24
5.1. RNG BUC NHP LIU...................................................................................2-24
5.2. CI T ................................................................................................................2-24
5.3. G B....................................................................................................................2-25
6. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................2-26
BI 3 - THIT LP MI QUAN H GIA CC TABLE RELATIONSHIPS.....3-27
1. RELATIONSHIPS L G ? .........................................................................................3-27
2. CC MI QUAN H ..................................................................................................3-28
2.1. QUAN H 1 1 .....................................................................................................3-28
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
Bn quyn Trung tm CNTT trng H Cu Long
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2.2. QUAN H 1 - n:.....................................................................................................3-29
2.3. QUAN H n n .....................................................................................................3-30
3. CCH THIT LP CC MI QUAN H .................................................................3-30
3.1. THIT LP ............................................................................................................3-31
3.2. CC TY CHN THIT LP .............................................................................3-32
4. TH T NHP LIU .................................................................................................3-35
5. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................3-36
BI 4 - TRUY VN THNG TIN - QUERY .................................................................4-37
1. TRUY VN L G ? ...................................................................................................4-37
2. CHC NNG ..............................................................................................................4-37
3. THIT K ....................................................................................................................4-39
3.1. QBE QUERY BY EXAMPLE ............................................................................4-39
3.2. LC THNG TIN .................................................................................................4-40
3.3. TRNG T TO................................................................................................4-41
3.4. THIT K ..............................................................................................................4-42
4. TRUY VN C THAM S ........................................................................................4-44
5. CC HM H TR....................................................................................................4-45
5.1. X L CHUI........................................................................................................4-45
5.2. TNH TON ..........................................................................................................4-46
5.3. NGY GI ............................................................................................................4-46
5.4. IU KIN IIF ......................................................................................................4-47
6. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................4-47
BI 5 - NHM TIN GROUP BY ..................................................................................5-48
1. NHM TIN L G ? ....................................................................................................5-48
2. THIT K ....................................................................................................................5-49
2.1. CC BC CHNH ..............................................................................................5-49
2.2. V D MINH HA................................................................................................5-49
3. HM TNH TON TRN NHM .............................................................................5-50
3.1. COUNT ..................................................................................................................5-50
3.2. SUM .......................................................................................................................5-51
3.3. AVG .......................................................................................................................5-52
3.4. MAX.......................................................................................................................5-53
3.5. MIN ........................................................................................................................5-54
3.6. FIRST .....................................................................................................................5-55
3.7. LAST ......................................................................................................................5-56
4. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................5-57
BI 6 - TRUY VN LNG SUB QUERY ...................................................................5-58
1. TRUY VN LNG L G ? .......................................................................................5-58
2. TRNG HP TO ...................................................................................................5-58
3. CC BC TO ........................................................................................................5-59
4. KHNG CH S DNG HIN TH..........................................................................5-61
5. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................5-62
BI 7 - BIU MU - FORM ............................................................................................7-63
1. FORM L G ? ............................................................................................................7-63
2. KIN TRC FORM.....................................................................................................7-63
3. THIT K BNG WIZARD .......................................................................................7-64
4. HIU CHNH FORM...................................................................................................7-65
4.1. CC K THUT HIU CHNH C S..............................................................7-65
4.2. HP THOI PROPERTIES ..................................................................................7-66
4.3. CC THANH CNG C ......................................................................................7-67
5. X L NT LNH .....................................................................................................7-68
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6. SUB FORM ..................................................................................................................7-71
6.1. SUB FORM L G ?..............................................................................................7-71
6.2. CC BC THIT K.........................................................................................7-72
6.3. V D MINH HA................................................................................................7-72
7. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................7-73
BI 8 - BO CO REPORT.........................................................................................8-74
1. REPORT L G ? ........................................................................................................8-74
2. KIN TRC.................................................................................................................8-74
3. THIT K BNG WIZARD .......................................................................................8-75
4. HIU CHNH ...............................................................................................................8-76
4.1. TEXT BOX TRONG BO CO...........................................................................8-76
4.2. NHNG IU CN CH ................................................................................8-77
5. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................8-79
BI 9 - X L MACRO ................................................................................................9-80
1. MACRO L G ? .........................................................................................................9-80
2. MI TRNG LM VIC ........................................................................................9-80
2.1. MN HNH QUN L .........................................................................................9-80
2.2. MN HNH THIT K.........................................................................................9-81
3. THIT K ....................................................................................................................9-81
3.1. CC BC THC HIN .....................................................................................9-81
3.2. NHNG VO FORM............................................................................................9-82
3.3. MT S HNH NG ........................................................................................9-82
4. MACRO NHM ..........................................................................................................9-84
5. KT LUN ..................................................................................................................9-85
BI 10 - QUN TR C S D LIU ...........................................................................10-86
1. BO V CSDL BNG MT KHU .......................................................................10-86
1.1. CI T MT KHU........................................................................................10-86
1.2. LOI B MT KHU........................................................................................10-88
2. QUN L C S D LIU.....................................................................................10-88
2.1. IU CN CH ..............................................................................................10-88
2.2. CHUYN I PHIN BN ...............................................................................10-89
2.3. NN V SA LI ..............................................................................................10-90
3. TRN TH................................................................................................................10-90
4. PHT TRIN NG DNG ......................................................................................10-94
4.1. VISUAL BASIC FOR APPLICATIONS ............................................................10-94
4.2. MACRO & MODULE .........................................................................................10-95
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 0 - GII THIU
Cho mng bn n vi kha hc Tin Hc B ca trung tm CNTT trng i Hc Cu
Long ! Gio trnh ny c bin son v ging dy trn b cng c Microsoft Office
Access, thng c gi tt l MS Access hoc n gin l Access. chnh l mt phn
mm qun l c s d liu quan h bn quyn ca hng Microsoft. Access thng c
ng gi cng cc phn mm khc trong b Microsoft Office v c s dng rng ri
trong cc my tnh ci h iu hnh Windows.
1. KHI QUT
Cc file Access thng c phn m rng (ui) l mdb hay mdbx (nu l MS Access
2007). Ngoi ra cng cn c dng khc. Biu tng ca chng trnh Access l mt chic
cha kha.
Giao din ngi s dng ca Access bao gm mt lot ca s m ra bn trong ca s
chnh Access. Cng c qun l c s d liu ca Access bao gm cc Tables (bng),
Queries (truy vn, tm kim), Forms (mu), Reports (bo co), Macro (cc macro lnh),
Modules (cc khai bo, th vin chng trnh con). Mi mt i tng trn s c hin
ra trong mt ca s ring.
Table l cng c xy dng c s d liu trong Access. L ni ngi
dng c t nhng thng tin v kho cha, thc hin cc rng buc
thng tin v nhp liu th cho h thng.
Query l mt cng c rt quan trng, c th xem nh l u no trong mi
x l thng tin trn h thng, ti y cc thng tin khi lu tr c th
c trch, lc, tnh ton, thng k, tng hp
Form l cng c trc quan dng th hin thng tin c lu tr
Table, qua x l Query. Thng dng hin th, nhp liu, chnh
sa thng tin.
Report l cng c trc quan dng th hin thng tin c lu tr
Table, qua x l Query. Thng dng thc hin cc kt xut bo
co trc tip ra my in. Nu dng MSWord th cng d dng
nhn thy cng c Mail Merge ca Word gn ging vi cng c
ny.
Macro, Module l cng c qun l v x l cc chc nng phc tp khc ca h
thng, cc chc nng m cc cng c Query, Form, Report khng
th thc hin c. Macro thin v x l t ng, trong khi
Module ph thuc nhiu v kh nng lp trnh ca ngi dng.
2. CC PHIN BN
Cho n nay, Access c 8 phin bn.
Nm Phin bn
S hiu
1992 Access 1.1
1
1993 Access 2.0
2.0
Access for
7.0
1995
Windows 95
Access 97
8.0
1997
H iu hnh
Windows 3.00
Windows 3.1x
Windows 95
B ng dng Office
Office 4.3 Pro
Office 95 Professional
Windows 9x, NT
3.51/4.0
Office 97 Professional
and Developer
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Access 2000
9.0
Windows 9x, NT 4.0,

2000
Access 2002
10
Access 2003
11
Windows 98, Me,

2000, XP
Windows 2000,
XP,Vista
Microsoft Office
Access 2007
12
1999
2001
2003
Windows XP SP2,
Vista
2007
Office 2000
Professional, Premium
and Developer
Office XP Professional
and Developer
Office 2003
Professional and
Professional Enterprise
Office 2007
Professional,
Professional Plus,
Ultimate and
Enterprise
Phin bn c s dng trong gio trnh l Microsoft Office Access 2003.
3. NI DUNG KHA HC
Kha hc cung cp cc kin thc lin quan n t chc, thao tc v x l c s trn CSDL
Access. Ni dung kha hc gm cc bi hc sau:
Bi 0 Gii thiu
Bi 1 Kho lu tr - Table
Bi 2 Rng buc trong Table Validation Rules, Input Mask.
Bi 3 Thit lp mi quan h trong Table Relationships
Bi 4 Truy vn thng tin Query
Bi 5 Nhm tin Group By
Bi 6 Truy vn lng Sub Query
Bi 7 Bo biu Form
Bi 8 Bo co Report
Bi 9 X l Macro
Bi 10 Qun tr CSDL Administrator
4. D LIU MU
Hai c s d liu mu c dng trong bi hc l CSDL KQ.MDB v HOADON.MDB
4.1. KQ.MDB
CSDL dng lu tr thng tin cc kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh.
Ton b d liu gm c 3 bng d liu
LOP thng tin danh sch cc lp: 10 lp
HOCSINH thng tin danh sch hc sinh cc lp: 400 hc sinh
DIEM thng tin v im ca hc sinh cc lp: 400 hc sinh
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4.2. HOADON.MDB
C s d liu n gin dng lu tr thng tin v hot ng kinh doanh ca mt doanh
nghip.
Ton b d liu gm c 5 bng d liu:
NHANVIEN thng tin v danh sch cc nhn vin ca doanh nghip
KHACHHANG thng tin v danh sch cc khch hng ca doanh nghip
SANPHAM thng tin v danh sch cc sn phm kinh doanh ca doanh nghip
HOADON thng tin v danh sch cc ha n c lp ca doanh nghip
CTHD thng tin v chi tit cc ha n c lp ca doanh nghip.
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BI 1 - KHO LU TR - TABLE
MC TIU BI HC:
Bi hc ny trnh by cc khi nim, thnh phn, thuc tnh v cch thc hin mt s thao
tc trong table.
nh ngha.
Cu trc.
Ca s thit k
Thit k bng.
Qun l ni dung.
1. NH NGHA
Table l ni kho thng tin (cha d liu). c t chc thnh dng bng bao gm nhiu
ct (Column) hay cn gi l trng (Field) v nhiu dng (row). Mi mt trong bng gi
l (Cell) v mi mt dng d liu (kt hp nhiu Field vi nhau) trong bng gi l mu
tin (record).
Hnh 1.1- Bng d liu Table
Bng d liu trong Access cng ging nh trong Excel. Tuy nhin, trong Excel s lng
dng (row) v ct (column) c quy nh sn (256 ct v 65.536 dng) th trong Access
s lng ny c gii hn bi ngi dng. Do vic qun l d liu trong Access thun
tin v d dng hn so vi Excel.
2. CU TRC
Table c cu thnh bi: kin trc v ni dung.
2.1. KIN TRC

L c t (m t) thng tin v: tn trng, kiu d liu, rng buc thuc tnh, Trong mt
Table, vic nh ngha nh ngha kin trc phi c thc hin u tin.
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Hnh 1.2 - Kin trc ca mt Table
2.2. NI DUNG
L gi tr ca cc dng (Record) c nhp vo sau khi table c c t cu trc. Cc
dng khc nhau c th c gi tr khc nhau, chng c cng cu trc, cng ngha, tnh cht
ph thuc vo ct (field).
V d bng HOCSINH lu tr thng tin ca tng hc sinh.
Hnh 1.3 - Ni dung ca mt Table
Trn li nhp liu ca Excel th tt c cc u mc nh s dng kiu v hng (Scalar)

nn tt c cc d liu trong c th nhp ty . Nhng i vi Table trong MS Access li
khc, tnh cht ca thng tin c qui c bi cc c t v trng thng tin (ct).
V d trong bng d liu trn, khi sa i dng d liu c MSHS l 00025 ti ct NGAY
SINH thc hin vic sa i 7/23/1990 ABC th s nhn c thng bo li.
Hnh 1.4 - Hin th thng bo kiu khng hp l
Hin tng ny c c l do ngi dng va ri t tin thay i gi tr a mt gi tr

ngy thng hp l vo mt gi tr ngy thng khng hp l.
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3. CA S THIT K
3.1. GII THIU
y l ca s chnh CSDL khi lm vic trong mi trng Microsoft Access, tt c mi
thao tc trn CSDL phi thng qua ca s ny. Nn trc khi i su vo Microsoft Access
phi kho st qua nhng chc nng chnh trn ca s ny. Khi thao tc phi cn thn vic
l tay ng ca s ny li cng tng ng vic ng Microsoft Access.
3.2. CC THNH PHN
Hnh 1.5 - Ca s Database View
Objects (1) Danh sch cc i tng chnh ca Microsotf Access, bao gm

Table Bng d liu, Query - Cu truy vn, Form, Report Trnh
by bo biu, Macro, Module T ng ha cng vic Mi khi
chn mt i tng tng ng th cc thnh phn (3), (4) s c
thay i ph hp vi ng cnh.
Toolbars (2) Thanh chc nng iu khin ca ca s, thanh ny cng s c
thay i ni dung theo ng cnh ph hp vi i tng c
chn.
Command (3) Danh sch cc lnh c chn thao tc trn i tng c
chn.
Instance (4) Cc i tng con c to ra trong i tng c chn. Trong
v d trn hnh minh ha th i tng Table c 3 i tng con
trong l 3 talble c to DIEM, HOCSINH, LOP.
Th thut
Di chuyn gia cc Tab Objects c th s dng phm tt Ctrl + TAB v Ctrl + Shift +
TAB.
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4. THIT K BNG
4.1. MN HNH THIT K CU TRC
Hnh 1.6 - Mn hnh thit k cu trc Table
Field name (1) t tn trng thng tin

Data type (2) Kiu d liu ca trng thng tin
Description (3) Din gii thm ngha cho trng thng tin
Properties (4) Bng thit lp thuc tnh cho trng thng tin
4.2. QUI TRNH THIT K

to table, phi thc hin theo cc bc sau:
B1 - T ca s Database View, Chn i tng Table chn lnh New/Design View.
B2 - t tn trng (Field Name)
Hnh 1.7 - t tn trng
B3 - Chn kiu d liu cho trng (Data type)
Hnh 1.8 - Chn kiu d liu

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B4 - Thit lp thuc tnh (Field Properties)
Hnh 1.9 - Thit lp thuc tnh
Thit lp thuc tnh hay rng buc d liu nhm mc ch gip cho ngi dng nhp
ng theo yu cu mnh t ra.
B5 - Thit lp quan h (Relationships)
Thit lp quan h nhm lin kt d liu gia cc table, nh cc mi quan h d liu
ngi dng c th tham chiu hoc truy xut d liu gia cc bng khc nhau trong
cng mt thi im.
Hnh 1.10 - Thit lp quan h gia cc Table
B6 - Nhp d liu
nhp d liu, chn View / Datasheet View.
Hnh 1.11 Mn hnh nhp liu cho Table
Ln lt nhp d liu vo cho tt c cc trng, nhn phm Tab chuyn qua k

tip, hay ngc li chn Shift + Tab.
4.3. KIU D LIU QUI C N GIN NHP LIU !

Kiu l mt gi tr ca trung, cho php ngi nhp tun th theo mt qui cch nht nh.
Chn Data Type ch nh kiu d liu c lu tr trong cc trng ca bng. Mi
trng ch c th chc duy nht mt v ch mt kiu d liu m thi.
Cc kiu d liu c bn:
Kiu d liu
ngha
Text
Vn bn
Number
Cha cc gi tr s
Data / time
Cha cc gi tr ngy hoc gi
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Yes / No
Gi tr ng hoc sai. Nhp mt trong

hai gi tr ng (Yes; -1) hay sai (No; 0)
Ole Object
Lu tr m thanh, hnh nh,
Cc kiu d liu c bn
4.4. QUI TC T TN
Tn ca mt trng (field name) c gii hn trong phm vi 64 k t (bao gm cc k t,
k s v khong trng).
c bit khng t tn trng trong cc trng hp sau:
(.) du chm.
(!) du chm than.
([,]) du mc vung.
Khng bt u bng k s.
Tuy nhin, nn t tn trng ngn gn, d hiu, gn lin vi ngha ca trng, khng
nn cch khong trng, khng nn b du ting Vit. Tn trng khng trng nhau, c
to ti a 255 trng.
5. QUN L NI DUNG
5.1. LU
Khi chuyn sang ch nhp liu bng cch nhn View/Datasheet View, xut hin hp
thoi:
Hnh 1.12 - Mn hnh hin th thng bo lu Table
Nhp chn Yes lu li table, khi xut hin hp thoi:
Hnh 1.13 - Mn hnh t tn Table
Nhp tn table cn lu vo khung Table Name, nhp OK. Hp thoi k tip xut hin:
Hnh 1.14 - Mn hnh hin th thng bo thit lp kha chnh Table

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Nu chn Yes th Access s to kha chnh t ng, y chn No. Kha chnh s ni
phn sau. Khi table s trng thi cho php nhp d liu.
Sau mi dng d liu nhp vo, Access s t ng lu m khng phi i ngi dng ra
lnh lu li d liu.
5.2. HIU CHNH CU TRC

Sau khi to v lu kin trc table, c th hiu chnh li kin trc ca table bng mt s
thao tc:
M table hiu chnh

Chn table cn hiu chnh, nhn nt Design trn thanh cng c ca s d liu.
Hnh 1.15 - M hin chnh Table
Chn ct
Nhn gi chut ti dng u tin ca ct u tin, gi Ctrl hoc Shift v nhn chut ti
dng u ca cc ct khc chn khng lin tc hoc lin tc.
Hnh 1.16 - Hin th chn nhiu ct Table
5.3. FONT HIN TH

t font cho tng table ring l
M table ch nhp liu, chn Format / Font
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Hnh 1.17 - Chn Font ch cho tng Table ring l
Xut hin hp thoi font nh trn, chn font thch hp ri click OK.
t font mc nh cho tt c cc table

M table ch nhp liu, chn Tools / Option , xut hin hp thoi Option, chn th
Datasheet ri chn font thch hp nh hnh sau:
Hnh 1.18 - Chn Font mc nh cho h thng
5.4. NHP LIU

Thao tc nhp liu bn li Table cng ging nh nhp liu bn Sheet ca Excel, cc k
thut s dng nhp liu bn Excel cng c th p dng mt cch tng t. Tuy nhin c
mt s im cn nhc li:
S dng phm tt khi nhp liu - trnh lm dng chut ch s dng khi tht s
cn thit, iu ny gim thiu vic nh hng n tc nhp d liu.
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S dng phn mm nhp liu ting Vit trong Microsoft Access h tr bng
m Unicode nn c th s dng ting Vit trong lu tr thng tin.
X l li nhp liu nhanh vic n kp phm ESC s lm cho h thng t ng
xa i nhng thng tin ngi dng nhp trc , vic ny c li ch li ngi
nhp nhp sai trng thng tin, vi phm nhng rng buc khi chnh sa hoc nhp
liu.
Kt thc nhp cho mu tin vic kt thc thc hin bng phm TAB hoc phm
ENTER
Chnh sa nhanh ni dung 1 - n phm F2, con tr s bin thnh tr nhp liu
v c th hiu chnh ni dung trong y.
Nhp liu cho hp Checkbox - n phm SPACE BAR kch hot chn hay
khng chn trn nhp.
6. KT LUN
Kt thc bi hc, ngi dng nm vng c cc khi nim:
Th no l mt Table, khi nim dng, ct, .
Cu trc Table: thnh phn kin trc, thnh phn ni dung.
Qun l Table: thc hin cc hiu chnh v kin trc v ni dung
Nh vy khng ch dng lu tr thng tin thun ty nh trong bi hc ny, trong bi k
tip cc rng buc s c gii thiu nhm mc tiu gip cho Table tr nn thng minh
trong vic nhn din ra mt s thng tin khng ph hp vi nguyn tc t chc thng tin
ca ngi dng.
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BI 2 - RNG BUC TRONG TABLE

Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc cung cp kin thc v k thut vic thit lp cc x l rng buc trong Table. Ni
dung bi hc bao gm:
Kha chnh Primary Key.
Kiu d liu Data Type.
Mt n nhp liu Input Mask.
Qui tc hp l Validation Rules.
Nhp liu nhanh Lookup Wizard.
1. KHA CHNH PRIMARY KEY

1.1. NH NGHA
Xt bng d liu sau:
HO
TEN NU NGAYSINH
Nguyn Thanh Nam Nam 2/13/1993
Vi bng d liu trn, d dng nhn thy rng:
LOP
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12A3
12A3
12A3
DIACHI
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Cc dng c ni dung hon ton ging nhau, y chnh l hin tng thng tin b
trng lp v c nhng d tha khng cn thit.
Hu qu ca vic d tha v trng lp ny l dung lng lu tr thng tin ca h
thng tng ln mt cch ng k v ng thi kh nng x l thng tin ca h thng s
tr nn chm chp v ch.
Nh vy cn phi c mt gii php hn ch lng thng tin trng lp ny, nn nh rng
trong CSDL khng ch c mt Table m c rt nhiu Table dng lu tr thng tin.
Gii php chnh l Primary Key vi gii php ny th mt hay mt nhm trng thng tin
trn Table s c ngi dng chn la lm Primary Key. iu ny cng c ngha l
nhng thng tin trn trng hay nhm trng thng tin ny khng c php trng lp.
Gi s trong bng d liu trn s dng trng TEN lm kha chnh. Khi ngi dng nhp
vo thng tin ca dng u tin c tn l Nam th ngi nhp tip theo khng th l Nam
c m phi l mt ngi no .
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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HO
Nguyn Thanh
L Thanh
TEN
Nam
Nam
NU NGAYSINH
Nam 2/1/1993
Nam 13/12/1993
LOP
12A3
12A1
DIACHI
Hu Giang
Hu Giang
Hnh 2.1 - Thng bo li khi b trng kha chnh
Thng bo trn hin th ra khi ngi dng c gng nhp tn ca mt ngi no c tn

vn l Nam mc d HO, NGAYSINH, LOP l khc nhau. Cho nn khng phi bt k
trng no cng c th lm kha chnh m trng hay nhm trng thng tin no lm
kha chnh s do ngi dng quyt nh da trn cc ch s phn tch v kinh nghim bn
thn.
1.2. THIT LP KHA

TO
B1 - T mn hnh thit k table, xc nh trng (Field) t lm kha chnh, click tri
chut chn trng .
B2 - Chn nt Primary Key
chnh.
hoc click phi chut chn Primary Key to kha
Hnh 2.2 - Thit lp kha chnh
Ch : Khi mt Table c 2 kha chnh, ta qut khi hai trng (Field) cn to kha
chnh ri chn nt Primary Key
kha chnh.
hoc click phi chut chn Primary Key to
B3 - Vo File/Save hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl + S lu kha chnh va to
G B
B7 - T mn hnh thit k table , xc nh trng (Field) cn g b kha chnh, click tri
chut chn trng .
B8 - Chn nt Primary Key
chnh.
hoc click phi chut chn Primary Key g kha
B9 - File/Save hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl + S lu li.

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Ch :
Nu khi to xong table nhng khng to kha chnh, h thng s thng bo
Hnh 2.3 - Thng bo cha thit lp kha chnh
Cn to kha chnh to mi lin kt vi cc table khc. Trong trng hp ny

chn Cancel sau ci t kha chnh cho table
Nu cc chn Yes h thng s t ng to thm 1 trng lm kha chnh, lc ny
ta phi b thuc tnh lm kha chnh ca trng , sau xa trng v to
li kha chnh cho chnh xc
Nu chn No h thng s khng to kha chnh cho table
2. KIU D LIU DATA TYPE

2.1. KIU D LIU L G ?
Kiu d liu l qui c tnh cht ca trng thng tin. iu ny c tc dng trong lu tr
v khai thc thng tin.
Khi mt trng thng tin c ch nh c tnh cht ca mt loi kiu d liu no . Th
n s mang tnh cht ca kiu d liu , nhng thao tc x l, tnh ton ca ngi dng
trn d liu phi ph hp tng ng.
Sau y l danh sch nhng kiu d liu c dng trong Microsoft Access v kch thc
m chim gi khi lu tr trn my tnh.
Kiu d ngha lu tr
Kch thc
liu
Text Vn bn
Ti a 255 byte
Memo Vn bn nhiu dng, nhiu trang
Ti a 65535 byte
Number Cha cc gi tr s
1, 2, 4, hoc 8 byte
Date/Time Cha cc gi tr ngy hoc gi
8 byte
Currency Cha gi tr tin t. Cha cc gi tr mc nhin l $ 8 byte
Auto Gi tr s, t ng tng t nhin
4 byte
Number
Yes/No Gi tr ng hoc sai (boolean). D liu kiu ny
1 bit
ch nhn 1 trong 2 gi tr: ng (Yes) v sai (No)
OLE Lu tr m thanh, hnh nh
Ti a 1 GB
Object
Ty mi kiu d liu s c nhng thuc tnh khc nhau. C cc thuc tnh nh sau:
2.2. THUC TNH

Cc kiu d liu trn s c nhng c trng khc nhau, ngi dng c th chnh sa v
thay i nhng c trng y thng qua vic hiu chnh cc thuc tnh. Cc thuc tnh ca
cc kiu d liu u ging nhau v mt ngha, nhng do tnh cht khc nhau nn mi
kiu d liu s c mt s x l ring.
Sau y l danh sch nhng thuc tnh trong cc kiu d liu:
Thuc tnh ngha
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Field Size
Format
Input Mask
Caption
Default Value
Validation Rule
Validation Text
Required
Indexed
Kch thc trng thng tin

nh dng
Mt n nhp liu
Tiu trng
Gi tr mc nh
Qui c nhp liu
Cnh bo khi nhp sai qui c Validation Rule
Yu cu nhp liu
Thit lp ch mc truy xut nhanh
TEXT
y l kiu d liu vn bn, nhng trng thng tin cn lu tr v x l c lin quan n
vn bn th nn s dng kiu d liu ny. Kch thc s k t ti a s dng trong trng
thng tin c kiu d liu TEXT l ti a 255 k t.
Nhng thuc tnh cn ch : Field Size, Input Mask, Validation Rule.
MEMO
L kiu d liu vn bn, khc vi TEXT l kiu ny c kh nng lu tr rt ln, kch thc
Field Size thit lp ti a 64 KB d liu. Kiu d liu ny thch hp cho cc trng thng
tin ghi ch hay ch thch.
NUMBER
L kiu d liu s c dng kh ph bin trong lu tr v x l thng tin. Khi s dng s
cn phi cn nhc Field Size c mt s s la chn
Byte: T 0 n 255
Integer: T -32768 n 32767
Long Integer: T-214783648 n 214783647
Single: T -3,4x1038 n 3,4x1038
Double: T -1,79x10308 n 1,79x10308
Ngoi ra cc thuc tnh Validation Rule, Default Value cng thng c s dng.
DATE/TIME
Kiu d liu ngy gi dng cho mc tiu lu tr v x l thng tin dng ngy, gi. Thuc
tnh cn ch l Format qui c dng hin th ngy gi thng nm ca thng tin.
General Date: hin th ngy gi. VD: 6/19/2007 5:24:23 PM
Long Date: hin th Th, Ngy ,Thng, Nm . VD: Sunday, June 19, 2007
Medium Date: hin th Ngy Thng Nm. VD: 10 - Jun - 94
Short Date: hin th Thng /Ngy / Nm. VD: 6/19/2007
Long Time: hin th Gi: Pht: Giy AM/PM. VD: 5:34:23 PM
Medium Time: hin th Gi: Pht AM/PM. VD: 5:34 PM
Short Time: hin th Gi: Pht. VD: 5:34
Ngoi ra, nhng thuc tnh khc nh Default Value v Validation Rule cng c s dng
thng.
CURRENCY
L kiu tin t, ging vi d liu NUMBER nhng ch khc ch s thp phn ca kiu
tin t b gii hn.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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AUTONUMBER
L loi d liu s tng t ng, ph hp vi cc lu tr v x l thng tin t ng, cc
thng tin dng m. Hai thuc tnh thng dng cho kiu d liu ny l:
- Field Size
Long Integer
Replication ID
- New value
Increment : tng dn
Random : ngu nhin
YES/NO
Kiu lun l (logic) ph hp vi cc lu tr v x l thng tin dng n gin: c/khng,
u/rt, nam/n,
Thuc tnh thng c dng l Format:
Yes/No
True/False
On/Off
OLE OBJECT
y l kiu i tng, thch hp cho vic lu tr thng tin dng hnh nh, m thanh,
video hay ngay nh tp tin ti liu MS Word, MS Excel cng c th lu tr c.
Cc d liu dng ny khng th hin th trn mn hnh li Table v Query m chng ch
c th hin th ln Form v Report.
3. MT N NHP LIU INPUT MASK

3.1. MT N NHP LIU L G ?
Trong qu trnh nhp d liu thng xy ra sai st, nhp khng chnh xc nhng thng tin,
d liu khng ng nht.
V d 1 nhp vo s in thoi c s c 10, 11 s, khi nhp nu thiu mt s s khng
chnh xc, v vy chng ta cn phi qui nh li bng cch dng Input Mask.
V d 2 khi nhp lp s xy ra cc trng hp sau:
- 10a01
- 10A1
- 11ua4
- ...
Inpusk Mask l quy nh mt n nhp liu. Gip chng ta rng buc qu trnh nhp liu
cho chnh xc theo qui nh.
Ch : Khi quy nh Input Mask cho bng, cc quy nh ny s c p dng cho c biu
mu (Form), truy vn (Query), bo co (Report). Nu ch mun p dng ring cho biu
mu hoc bo co th quy nh Input Mask cho ring biu mu hay bo co .
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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3.2. CCH THIT LP

Chui k t nh dng Input Mask gm 3 phn: First; Second; Third
Trong phn First l phn bt buc:
First: chui Input Mask.
Second: c th l 0 hoc 1 hoc khong trng.
o 0: Access lu tr cc k t hng cng d liu g vo.
o 1: hoc khong trng; ch lu d liu g vo.
Third: Qui nh k t m Access s hin th thay cho k t trng trong Input Mask.
Cc k t nh dng dng trong Input Mask:
K t
ngha
0
S t 0 9, v tr bt buc nhp, khng cho php nhp du + v 9
S hoc khong trng (space), khng bt buc nhp, khng cho php nhp
du + v ( plus and minus signs)
#
S hoc khong trng, khng bt buc nhp, cho php nhp du + v L
K t (A- Z) bt buc nhp
?
K t (A- Z) khng bt buc nhp
A
K t hoc s, bt buc nhp
a
K t hoc s, khng bt buc nhp
&
K t hoc khong trng, bt buc nhp
C
K t hoc khong trng, khng bt buc nhp
.,
Du phn cch thp phn, hng ngn
/:
Du phn cch ngy, gi
<
Cc k t bn phi c i thnh ch nh (thng)
>
Cc k t bn phi c i thnh ch ln (hoa)
!
D liu ghi t phi sang tri (canh phi)
\<k t> K t theo sau du \ s c a thng vo d liu
Password Nhp d liu kiu mt khu (ch hin th du *).
3.3. V D MINH HA
V d: Ci t cho trng HO trong table HOCSINH khng c vit s vo
Input Mask
D liu
???????????????
Nguyn Vn, Nguyn Thanh
>L<??????
Thanh, Lan, Hng
00>L<0
10A5, 10B6
\(00009)\000.000
0703_(831.433)
0903_(123.456)
01688(123.456)
4. QUI TC HP L - VALIDATION RULE

4.1. QUI TC HP L L G ?
Trong qu trnh nhp liu thng c nhng thng tin c nhp vo khng hp l, khng
chnh xc. Do v tnh hay c khi mt hc sinh c nm sinh 1900, im Ton c im l
12, Nhng li nhp liu nh th cn phi c khc phc, Microsoft Access c gii
php l Validation Rule dng thit lp qui tc hp l cho trng thng tin !.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Thuc tnh Validation Rule dng gii hn min gi tr nhp vo cho trng thng tin.
y chnh l rng buc thng tin cp trng. Khi ngi dng nhp thng tin khng
hp l vo trng thng tin, h thng t chi nhn d liu v cho xut hin trn mn hnh
mt thng bo cha dng vn bn quy nh Validation Text.
Validation Text l chui thng bo xut hin khi d liu nhp vo khng tha iu kin
ca Validation Rule, chui trong Validation text c di ti a 255 k t.
Trong Validation rule c cc php ton sau:
Php ton so snh: >, >=, <, <=, = , <>
Php ton quan h: or, and, not
Ch :
Nu hng trong biu thc l kiu ngy th gia 2 du #.
Trong biu thc iu kin khng c php c hm do ngi dng t nh ngha.
4.2. CCH THIT LP

B1 - Chn trng cn thit lp Validation Rule.
B2 - Xc nh biu thc cn thit lp trong Validation Rule.
B3 - Vit cu thng bo khi biu thc ny b vi phm trong Validation Text. Nu khng
h thng s s dng thng bo mc nh bng ngn ng ting Anh cnh bo.
Hnh 2.4- Thng bo mc nh khi b vi phm Validation Rule
Ci t Validation Rule nhng trng Validation Text h thng s t thng bo

B4 - File/Save hoc dng t hp phm Ctrl+S lu li.
4.3. V D MINH HA
V d: qui nh ngy sinh cho hc sinh nm trong khong 1984 1988.
Hnh 2.5 - V d minh ha thit lp Validation Rule
Ci t Validation Rule v Validation Text: ngy sinh thuc khong 1984 1988
Chui thng bo xut hin khi d liu nhp vo khng tha iu kin ca Validation rule
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 2.6 - Hp thoi thng bo li do ngi dng nh ngha khi Validation Rule b vi phm
H thng thng bo li nu nhp sai qui tc

Validation Rule: >=0 AND <= 10
Validation Rule: 1 OR 3 OR 5 OR 7 OR 9
Validation Rule: IN (1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
Validation Rule: >=#01/01/1990# AND <= #31/12/1990#
Validation Rule: >#31/11/1989# AND <= #31/12/1990#
Validation Rule: > #31/12/1989# AND < #01/01/1991#
Validation Rule: ng Thp OR Vnh Long OR Tin Giang
Validation Rule: IN(ng Thp, Vnh Long, Tin Giang)
5. NHP LIU NHANH LOOKUP WIZARD

5.1. RNG BUC NHP LIU
Trong qu trnh nhp liu ngi dng phi mt s a danh, nh danh, mang tnh cht
lp i lp li nhng cha c qui nh c th, s pht sinh ra cc trng hp khng thng
nht trong vic nhp liu
V d: nhp vo a ch tnh Vnh Long s pht sinh ra cc trng hp nh sau:
VNH LONG
vnh long
VINH LONG
vinh long
vl
.
khc phc c nhng li trn ta dng cng c Lookup Wizard
5.2. CI T
V d: ci t Lookup wizard trng TINH trong table HOCSINH
B1 - Trong ct Data Type, chn Lookup Wizard.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 2.7 - V d mu cch chn Lookup wizard
Chn Lookup Wizard cho trng TINH

Click chn Lookup Wizard trong Data Type, xut hin hp thoi Lookup Wizard.
I want the lookup column to lookup the values in a table or query
I will type in the values that I want
B2 - Click chn I will type in the values that I want (gi tr do chng ta nhp vo), xong
nhp chn Next.
Hnh 2.8 -Nhp thng tin cn lookup wizard
B3 - Nhp ni dung vo (v d: tnh l Vnh Long, Cn Th, An Giang, Bc Liu) ri

nhn phm Tab, tip tc nhp ni dung vo ri nhn Finish.
B4 - File/Save hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl+S lu li.
Sau khi to xong Lookup wizard. Ta c th chn la tnh t hp Listbox trong ch
Data sheet nh hnh sau
Hnh 2.9 - Chn la tnh t danh sch nhp trc
5.3. G B
B1 - Vo Data Type ca trng TINH sau Field Properties chn tab Lookup, xa
cc gi tr trong Row Source Type v Row Source
B2 - Sau Display Control chn li Text Box.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Beta Version 0.9
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Hnh 2.10 - G b Lookup Wizard
B3 - File/Save hoc dng t hp phm Ctrl+S lu li.
6. KT LUN
Kt thc bi hc, ngi dng nm c cc khi nim c bn v rng buc thng tin
trn cc trng thng tin ca mt bng d liu. Ngi dng s gp nhiu kh khn khi m
t biu thc rng buc nhng khi nm vng chng th vic rng buc c thit lp m
bo an ton v tin cy ca thng tin. Trong bi hc tip theo, vn rng buc thng tin
gia cc bng d liu s c gii thiu nng kh ca rng buc d liu cp bng
ln mt mc cao hn !
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 3 - THIT LP MI QUAN H GIA CC

TABLE RELATIONSHIPS
Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc cung cp kin thc v k thut vic thit lp mi quan h trong Table. Ni dung
bi hc bao gm:
Relationships l g ?
Cc mi quan h
Cc thit lp mi quan h
Th t nhp liu
1. RELATIONSHIPS L G ?
Cc k thut nh t kha chnh PrimaryKey mc tiu trnh trng lp thng tin, Validation
Rule rng buc nhp liu, Lookup Wizard nhp liu nhanh, Input Mask nh ra mt n
nhp liu trnh ngi dng nhp sai tt c cc loi rng buc ny u thc hin trong
phm vi ca mt Table. Vy vn t ra gia cc bng Table c mi lin h rng buc
thng tin vi nhau hay khng ?
Hnh 3.1 - Mi lin h thng tin gia cc Table
c th chng minh tn ti mi lin h, xt thng tin ca 2 bng d liu sau:
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 3.2 - Minh ha mi lin h thng tin gia cc Table
Nhn d liu 2 Table, iu d dng nhn thy rng d liu Table LOP dng lu tr
thng tin ca danh sch cc lp. Table HOCSINH dng lu tr thng tin v danh sch
cc hc sinh.
Khi quan st iu c th rt c kt lun rng trng thng tin LOP bn table LOP v
trng thng tin LOP bn danh sch HOCSINH l c nhiu thng tin ging nhau. Ni theo
cch khc thng tin nhp liu bn trng LOP ca Table LOP c xut hin trn trng
LOP ca Table HOCSINH.
Nh vy c th kt lun gia cc Table cng c mi quan h rng buc d liu vi nhau.
Vy chng quan h vi nhau nh th no ? v c rng buc thng tin nhng mi quan h
vi nhau hay khng ?
2. CC MI QUAN H
V mt c bn th gia cc bng Table c 3 mi quan h tham kho;
Quan h 1 1
Quan h 1 n
Quan h n n
2.1. QUAN H 1 1
L quan h m mi mu tin ca bng ny s lin kt duy nht ti mt mu tin ca bng kia
v ngc li. v d: theo lut hn nhn v gia ca nc Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit
Nam th mt ngi v ch tn ti mt chng v ngc li, l mi quan h 1 -1 trong x
hi, cn mi quan h 1 -1 trong d liu th c th hin nh th no. Hy xem v d bn
di.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 3.3 - Mi quan h 1 - 1
Nhn vo hnh bn trn nhn thy tng ng vi mt hc sinh th ch c mt ct im v

ngc li
Hnh 3.4 - Minh ha mi quan h 1 - 1
2.2. QUAN H 1 - n:
L quan m mi trng ca bng ny s c th lin kt mt hoc nhiu mu tin ca bng
kia. Ngc li, mi mu tin ca bng kia s lin kt ti duy nht m trng ca bng ny.
V d nh mi quan h cha con. Cha th c th c mt hoc nhiu con, ngc li th con
th ch c mt ngi cha, l mi quan h 1 -1 trong x hi, cn mi quan h 1 -1 trong
d liu th c th hin nh th no. Hy xem v d bn di.
Hnh 3.5 - Mi quan h 1 n

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Hnh 3.6 - Minh ha mi quan h 1 - n
2.3. QUAN H n n
L quan h m mi trng ca bng ny s c th lin kt vi mt hoc nhiu mu tin ca
bng kia. Ngc li, mi trng ca bng kia cng s lin kt vi mt hoc nhiu mu tin
ca bng ny. V d nh l trong mt hc k th mt Lp c th hc mt mn hoc nhiu
mn v ngc li th mn hc cng c th c hc bi mt hoc nhiu Lp.
Hnh 3.7 - Mi quan h n - n
Mi quan h ny rt phc tp v n gin, trong thc t ngi ta chia mi quan h

ny thnh cc mi quan h n gin hn l 1 1 v 1 n.
3. CCH THIT LP CC MI QUAN H

Trc khi to cc mi quan h cho cc bng th ta cn phi thc hin cc iu sau:
Tha iu kin kt ni: Hai trng kt ni c vi nhau nht thit phi ng nht
kiu d liu v kch c d liu tn trng th khng quan trng c th ging hoc khc
nhau.
ng tt c cc bng d liu: nhng bng d liu d m ch thit k hay ch
nhp liu u phi c ng li.
D liu cc bng u rng: trnh nhng mu thun tranh chp d liu gia cc
bng, nu mu thun xy ra h thng s khng cho php thit lp cho n khi ngi
dng xa ht d liu hay thc hin nhng chnh sa ph hp.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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3.1. THIT LP
Cc bc thc hin:
B4 - Vo menu Tool/Relationships ,,,
Hnh 3.8 - Menu Relationships
B5 - Chn cc bng (hoc cu truy vn) cn to mi quan h
Hnh 3.9 - Hp thoi chn bng Show Table
C th chn cc bng bng cch double click vo cc bng cn chn hoc click chn
bng ri click vo nt Add. y chn ht tt c cc bng.
B6 - Xc nh mi quan h gia Table
B7 - Ci t mi quan h cho 1 cp Table A v Table bng cch nm ko trng thng
tin cn thit lp quan h trong Table A sang trng thng tin c thit lp trong
Table B.
Hnh 3.10 - Thit lp mi quan h gia Table A v Table B
B8 - Lp li B4 cho n khi ht cp Table cn thit lp.

V d: Thit lp mi quan h trong CSDL KQ.MDB
Xc nh cc cp Table cn quan h vi nhau:
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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tblLOP tlbHOCSINH
Hnh 3.11 - Mi quan h gia Table LOP v Table HOCSINH trong CSDL KQ.MDB
tblHOCSINH tblDIEM
Hnh 3.12 - Mi quan h gia Table HOCSINH v Table DIEM trong CSDL KQ.MDB
Sau khi thit lp hon chnh ta c s Relationships nh sau:
Hnh 3.13 - S Relationships ca c s d liu KQ.MDB
3.2. CC TY CHN THIT LP

Trong cc mi quan h cn cha ng trong thm nhng b sung, b sung ngi
dng c th Double Click vo mi ni gia 2 Table hoc Click chut phi chn
Edit/Relationships. H thng xut hin bng Edit Relationships.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 3.14. Edit Relationships ty chnh mi quan h
Trong :
Enforce Referential Integrity: Thit lp mi quan h gia TRUONG trong Table A v
TRUONG trong Table B.
Cascade Update Related Fields: Cp nht nhng dng trong Table B nu thng tin
TRUONG trong Table A thay i.
V d mi quan h gia Table tblLOP v Table tblHOCSINH c b sung thm chc
nng ny.
Hnh 3.15 - Minh ha Cascade Update Related Fields (1)
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 3.16 - Minh ha Cascade Update Related Fields (2)
Cascade Delete Related Fields: Xa nhng dng trong Table B c TRUONG ging vi
TRUONG trong Table B.
Hnh 3.17 - Minh ha Cascade Delete Related Fields (1)
Hnh 3.18 - Minh ha Cascade Delete Related Fields (2)
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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4. TH T NHP LIU
Vic xc nh th t nhp liu ca cc Table cng rt quan trng. V nu nhp khng ng
theo u tin bng d liu th d dng b bo li nhp liu You can not add or change
a record
Hnh 3.19 - Thng bo li khi nhp liu khng ng theo th t u tin Table
Mi quan h 1 n: th t u tin nhp liu cho bn Table c mi quan h 1 trc, v

Table c mi quan h n l sau.
Mi quan h 1 1: th t u tin nhp liu s u tin cho Table no c s lng mi quan
h t nht.
Xt mi quan h Relationships trong CSDL KQ.MDB:
Hnh 3.20 - Cc mi quan h Relationships trong CSDL KQ.mdb
LOP HOCSINH l mi quan h 1 n: th t nhp liu s l LOP HOCSINH

HOCSINH DIEM l mi quan h 1 1: do DIEM ch c 1 mi quan h nhng
HOCSINH li c n 2 mi quan h nn th t nhp liu s l: HOCSINH DIEM
Tng hp li ta c: LOP HOCSINH DIEM
Xt mi quan h Relationships trong CSDL HOADON.MDB:
Hnh 3.21 - Cc mi quan h Relationships trong CSDL HOADON.mdb

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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KHACH HANG HOA DON l mi quan h 1 n
KHACH HANG HOA DON
NHAN VIEN HOA DON l mi quan h 1 n
NHAN VIEN HOA DON
CHI TIET HOA DON SAN PHAM l mi quan h 1 n
CHI TIET HOA DON SAN PHAM
HOA DON CHI TIET HOA DON l mi quan h 1 n
HOA DON CHI TIET HOA DON
D dng quan st thy ngi dng c th nhp NHAN VIEN trc hay KHACH HANG
trc u khng c vn g v HOA DON ch c th nhp khi c NHAN VIEN v
KHACH HANG.
C1: KHACH HANG NHAN VIEN HOA DON SAN PHAM CHI TIET HOA
DON
C2: NHAN VIEN KHACH HANG HOA DON SAN PHAM CHI TIET HOA
DON
5. KT LUN
n y, c th xem nh kt thc bi hc cui cng c lin quan n bng d liu Table,
k thut rng buc d liu gia cc bng bng Relationship l tng i c bn v n
gin nht. Tuy vy, ng dng ca n trong thc t khng nh, gip n nh c mi quan
h rng buc thng tin lin bng d liu, to c s tin cho vic xc nh th t nhp
liu cho h thng. K tip ca vic t chc kho d liu l vic khai thc thng tin, l
mt trong u th mnh ca cc h thng CSDL s c gii thiu trong nhng bi tip
theo !.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 4 - TRUY VN THNG TIN - QUERY

Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc ny cung cp kin thc v k thut c bn to v thao tc trn cu truy vn. Ni
dung bi hc bao gm:
Truy vn thng tin l g ?
Chc nng
Thit k
Truy vn c tham s
Cc hm h tr
1. TRUY VN L G ?
D liu h thng c t chc lu tr trong Table. Thng qua Table ngi dng c th lu
li thng tin, chnh l kho thng tin. Vn t ra l cn phi c mt c ch khai thc,
ch bin v s dng kho thng tin sao cho hiu qu ! V y cng chnh l cu tr li ca
bi hc.
Truy vn l qu trnh ngi dng s c t nhng yu cu thng tin vi h thng CSDL, h
thng s phn hi li ngi dng cc kt qu thng tin h thng p ng c.
Truy vn cng c th xem nh l mt h hi p: ngi hi v MS Access tr li, cu truy
vn chnh l cha kha l ngn ng trung gian, thng qua n ngi dng s c th ra lnh
cho h thng cung cp nhng thng tin m h cn.
Trong CSDL KQ.MDB cung cp mt s truy vn:
-
Cung cp danh sch hc sinh ca lp 10A1
Cho bit khi 10 c bao nhiu hc sinh gii, kh, trung bnh, yu km.
Thng k xem nm 1995 ton trng c bao nhiu hc sinh Nam khi 11 thi li.
2. CHC NNG
Chc nng cu truy vn khng nm ngoi kh nng cung cp cho ngi dng kh nng
khai thc kho thng tin.
-
Rt lc bt s trng thng tin
Trch gim bt s mu tin
Phn tch, tng hp nhm tin, truy vn lng, thc hin cc tnh ton nm mc
ch phn tch v tng hp thng tin.
Cc chc nng khc tham s, to bng, cp nht t ng,
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 4.1- V d kh nng Rt gn thng tin
Hnh 4.2 - V d kh nng Trch lc thng tin
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 4.3 - V d kh nng Phn tch v tng hp thng tin
3. THIT K
3.1. QBE QUERY BY EXAMPLE
Trc y, khi mun vit cu truy vn ngi dng phi hc v t trang b cho mnh mt s
kin thc nht nh v CSDL, v phi hc ngn ng c t SQL. Trong MS Access b
sung thm mt cng c h tr ngi dng khi thit k truy vn l QBE. B cng c
gip ch ngi dng rt nhiu khi thit k cu truy vn bi tnh trc quan v d s dng
ca n.
Hnh 4.4 - Li Query by Example (QBE)
Mn hnh li QBE cng d dng thy chia 2 phn r rt:

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Phn na trn l danh sch cc Table, Query lm d liu ngun cho truy vn.
Phn na di chnh l ni ngi dng trc tip cung cp cc c t yu cu vo.
Field: ch nh l trng thng tin cn hin th
Table: d liu ngun cho cu truy vn
Sort: sp xp thng tin trong trng
Show: bt/tt hin th thng tin ln mn hnh
Criteria, Or: iu kin lc thng tin.
Vi cng c QBE ny, ngi dng ch cn thc hin thao tc Drag & Drop l c th to
mt trng thng tin, in vo biu thc Criteria hoc Or l c ngay iu kin lc thng
tin.
3.2. LC THNG TIN

y l mt chc nng n gin trong cc h thng tm kim. Lm gim thiu s lng cc
dng trong bng d liu, ch hin th nhng dng thng tin tht s cn thit cho ngi
dng.
Hy tng tng trong mt trng hc c khong 3000 hc sinh. Vic x l thng tin
tng ng t nht 3000 ngn dng thng tin, bng HOCSINH c 3000 dng ! Vic x l v
thao tc trn d liu 1 lp hc hay d liu ca c 1 trng iu rt quan trng, n khng
ch nh hng n tc x l v dung lng lu tr b nh ca h thng.
Trong li QBE, vic lc thng tin thc hin ht sc n gin. Ngi dng ch vic vit
iu kin lc thng tin trn dng Criteria/Or ca ct (Field) cn p dng lc.
Mt s ton t c thit k h tr qu trnh lc thng tin:
LIKE
C php: LIKE chui
M t: dng lc nhng thng tin c ni dung ct ging vi chui m t.
chui c th dng thm nhng k t i din *, ? lm tng thm tnh uyn chuyn
kh nng lc.
V d:
Like Tm lc ra nhng hc sinh tn Tm
Like T* lc ra nhng hc sinh c tn bt u bng T
IN
C php: In (mc 1, mc 2, mc n)
M t: Dng lc nhng thng tin c ni dung c trong danh sch cc mc c m
t.
V d:
In (1, 3, 5) lc ra nhng trng thng tin c gi tr hoc 1 hoc 3 hoc 5
In (Trang, T, Th, Hoa) lc ra nhng hc sinh c tn hoc l Trang hoc T
hoc Th hoc Hoa.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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BETWEEN AND
C php: BETWEEN [gi tr 1] AND [gi tr 2]
M t: lc ra nhng thng tin c gi tr tha iu kin >= [gi tr 1] v <= [gi tr 2]
V d:
Between 1 And 10 lc ra nhng thng tin c gi tr >= 1 v <= 10
AND
C php: [biu thc 1] AND [biu thc 2] AND [biu thc n]
M t: dng kt hp tnh ng n gia cc biu thc. Gi tr ca ton b biu thc ch
ng khi tt c cc biu thc i u ng, cc trng hp cn li u sai.
V d:
>= 1 AND <= 10 lc ra nhng thng tin c gi tr trong on [1, 10]
OR
C php: [biu thc 1] OR [biu thc 2] OR [biu thc n]
M t: dng chn la gi tr. Gi tr ca ton b biu thc ch sai khi tt c cc biu
thc i u sai, cc trng hp cn li u ng.
V d:
1 OR 3 OR 5 lc ra nhng thng tin c gi tr hoc 1 hoc 3 hoc 5
3.3. TRNG T TO
Cc trng sn trong Table khng phi lc no cng c th th hin y nhu cu thng
tin ca ngi dng. C lc ngi dng phi cn n nhng thng tin tng hp, tnh ton t
nhiu trng thng tin sn c trong h thng. chnh l trng thng tin t to !
L do chnh ngi dng thit k thm trng thng tin t to l khi thng tin
khng tn ti trong cc Table v do nhu cu thng tin i hi pht sinh thm.
Trng thng tin t to s c to v t biu thc m t vo trong dng Field, m t
trng thng tin ny s c m t theo c php nh sau:
[Tn Trng t to]: [Biu thc m t]
Biu thc m t l mt biu thc tnh ton ngi dng c th s dng li nhng hm
c xy dng sn (Built-in Function) trong MS Access.
Xem mt s v d minh ha sau:
HOTEN: HO + + TEN
To mi trng HOTEN bng cch ghp li chui HO v TEN li vi nhau v cng
thm khong trng.
DTB: (TOAN + LY + HOA)/3
To mi trng DTB bng cch tnh ton im trung bnh cho hc sinh s dng 3
trng thng tin TOAN, LY, HOA lm d liu tnh ton.
DTB: ROUND((TOAN + LY + HOA)/3,2)
Cng ging nh tnh ton trng DTB trn nhng c kt hp thm hm ROUND
tnh lm trn 2 s l.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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TUOI: YEAR(Now()) YEAR(NGAYSINH)
To mi trng TUOI bng cch ly v nm hin ti nm sinh ca hc sinh tnh
ra tui. Vic ly v nm hin ti v nm sinh ca hc sinh bng cch s dng hm
YEAR.
KETQUA: IIF(DTB>=5, u, Rt)
To mi trng KETQUA xt kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh da trn DTB, nu DTB
>= 5 th hc sinh u v ngc li l rt.
3.4. THIT K
Cc bc chnh thit k mt truy vn:
B1 - Trong mn hnh qun l i tng Query chn Create Query in Design View vo
li QBE
B2 - Xc nh ngun d liu trong hp thoi Show Table, ngun d liu y c th l
Table hoc l Query. Khi xc nh xong d liu ngun chn Add thm vo.
B3 - Chn cc trng trong danh sch Table, Query thm vo (qu trnh Rt). Vic
chn danh sch ny c th d dng thc hin, ch cn ngi dng thc hin thao tc
Drag &Drop nm ko trng thng tin vo li.
B4 - Xy dng thm trng t to (nu c).
B5 - a cc iu kin lc tin ct Criteria v Or (qu trnh Trch). Cc iu kin ny
tn ti di dng biu thc d liu tha biu thc ny s c hin th ln.
B6 - Thc hin cu truy vn bng cch chn vo biu tng Run trn thanh Toolbar hoc
View/Datasheet View.
V d 1 - Hin th danh sch hc sinh ca lp 10A1 vi cc thng tin: MSHS, HO TEN,
TUOI, LOP trong : HO TEN l h v tn y ca hc sinh, v TUOI l tui ca hc
sinh tnh theo nm hin hnh.
B1 - Vo li thit k cu truy vn QBE
B2 - ngun d liu chn HOCSINH
B3 - Chn cc trng thng tin, MSHS, LOP (TUOI v HO TEN khng c trong bng d
liu)
B4 - To cc trng thng tin t to theo yu cu. Trong dng Field ln lt g vo:
[HO TEN]: [HO] + + [TEN]
[TUOI]: YEAR(NOW()) YEAR([NGAYSINH])
B5 - Thc hin iu kin lc, di chuyn n ct LOP, dng Criteria g vo 10A1 ch
lc thng tin ca lp 10A1
B6 - Thc hin cu truy vn chn menu View/Datasheet View xem kt qu.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 4.5 - Kt qu thc hin cu truy vn hin th DSHS cc lp
V d 2 Hin th kt qu im hc sinh lp 10A1 vi cc thng tin: MSHS, HO TEN,

LOP, DTB. Trong : HO TEN l hc v tn y ca hc sinh, DTB l im trung
bnh c tnh theo cng thc (TOAN + LY + HOA + VAN)/4
B1 - Vo li thit k cu truy vn QBE
B2 - Chn ngun d liu chn HOCSINH, DIEM.
B3 - Chn cc trng thng tin MSHS, LOP (DTB v HO TEN khng c trong bng d
liu).
B4 - To cc trng thng tin t to theo yu cu. Trong dng Field ln lt g vo:
[HO TEN]: [HO] + + [TEN]
[DTB]: (TOAN + LY + HOA + VAN)/4
B5 - Thc hin iu kin lc, di chuyn n ct LOP, dng Criteria g vo 10A1 ch
lc thng tin ca lp 10A1.
B6 - Thc hin cu truy vn chn menu View/Datasheet View xem kt qu.
Hnh 4.6 - Kt qu thc hin cu truy vn hin th kt qu hc tp ca HS cc lp

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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4. TRUY VN C THAM S
Xt CSDL KQ.MDB trong d liu mu danh c 9 lp: 10A1, 10A2, 10A3, 11A1, 11A2,
11A3, 12A1, 12A2, 12A3. Trong trng hp mun hin th danh sch ca tng lp th vi
gii php hin ti th ngi dng phi thc hin thao tc to 9 cu truy vn mi cu hin th
danh sch ca 1 lp.
Khi phi i mt vi d liu thc t mt trng hc c th c n 100 lp hc. Vic to
100 cu truy vn nh th l khng cn thit, v thc cht gia cc cu truy vn nh th ch
khc nhau duy nht mt dng LIKE ti ct LOP.
Nh vy truy vn c tham s chnh l mt cu truy vn tng qut, i din cho nhng cu
truy vn ging nhau cng loi, nhng gi tr khc nhau s c tng hp li thnh tham s
lc thng tin. Khi thc hin cu truy vn, ngi dng ch nhp vo gi tr tham s lc, h
thng thc hin yu cu truy vn theo ng tham s lc do ngi dng nhp vo.
V d sau minh ha thit k cu truy vn ngi dng nhp vo tn lp th s hin th danh
sch ca lp tng ng tham s lc lp c nhp vo.
Hnh 4.7. Minh ha thit lp tham s cho truy vn
Nhp vo tham s lc Nhp vo lp: nhp vo tn lp cn lc t CSDL.
Hnh 4.8 - Minh ha nhp tham s cho truy vn
Kt qu thc hin cu truy vn s ging nh cu truy vn thng thng:
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 4.9 - Kt qu thc hin truy vn khi c cung cp tham s
V ln thc hin k tip, ngi dng c th d dng nhp tn ca mt lp khc dng lm

tham s lc v d nh 10A2, 11A1 .
Mt s v d khc:
LIKE [Nhp k t u] + * Hin th danh sch nhng hc sinh c tn bt u
bng mt k t do ngi dng nhp vo.
>=[im A] AND <= [im B] Hin th nhng hc sinh c im >= im A v
im <= im B, trong im A, im B l do ngi dng nhp vo.
Tnh tng qut cao cng vi s uyn chuyn v linh hot tham s lc lm ni bt tnh
nng vt tri ca loi truy vn ny, nn chng rt thng c p dng vo trong ng
dng thc t.
5. CC HM H TR
5.1. X L CHUI
Hm
Left
Right
Mid
Len
Space
String
Lcase
Ucase
C php
Left(st,n)
Ly n k t bn tri st
Right(st,n)
Ly n k t bn phi st
Mid(st,n,m)
Ly m k t ti v tr th n ca chui st
Len(st)
Tr v s k t chui st
Space(n)
Tr v mt chui gm n khong trng
String(n,ch)
Tr v mt chui gm n k t ch
Lcase(st)
i cc k t ca st thnh cc k t thng
Ucase(st)
V d
Left(MeKong,4)=Kong
Right(MeKong,2)=Me
Mid(MeKong,2,2)=Ko
Len(MeKong) =6
Space(3)= 3 - k trng
String(3,M)= MMM
Lcase(MeKong)=mekong
Ucase(MeKong)=MEKONG
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Ltrim
Rtrim
Trim
Val
i cc k t ca st thnh cc k t hoa
Ltrim(st)
Ct b cc khong trng bn tri ca st
Rtrim(st)
Ct b cc khong trng bn phi ca st
Trim(st)
Ct b khong trng bn tri v bn phi ca
st
Val(TN)
Chui i chui TN thnh s
Ltrim( MeKong )=
MeKong
Rtrim( MeKong )=
MeKong
Trim( MeKong ) =
MeKong
Val(00123)=123
5.2. TNH TON

Hm
ABS
ASC
CHR
Fix
Int
SQR
C php
ABS(n)
Ly gi tr tuyt i ca n
ASC(s)
Tr v m ASCII ca k t u tin trong
chui s
CHR(n)
Ngc vi hm ASC
Fix(n)
Ly phn nguyn ca n
Int(n)
Ly phn nguyn ln nht nh hn hoc bng
n
SQR(n)
Ly cn bc 2 ca n
V d
ABS(1999-2000)=1
ASC(a)=9,ASC(A)=65
CHR(97)=a, CHR(65) = A
Fix(-7.9)=-7, Fix(7.9)=7
Int(-7.9)=-8, Int(7.9)=7
SQR(25)=5
5.3. NGY GI
Hm
Day
Month
Year
Now
Date
Weekday
Hour
Minute
Second
C php
Day(DT)
Tr v ngy
Month(DT)
Tr v thng
Year(DT)
Tr v nm
Now()
Cho ngy, thng, nm, gi, pht, giy hin
hnh
Date()
Cho ngy thng nm hin hnh
Weekday(DT)
Tr v ngy th my trong tun
Hour(DT)
Tr v gi
Minute(DT)
Tr v pht
Second(DT)
Tr v giy
V d
Day(#19/12/2008#)=19
Month(#19/12/2008#)=12
Year(#19/12/2008#)=2008
Now()=19/12/2008 11:08:12
Date() = 19/12/2008
Weekday(Now())=5
Hour(now())=11
Minute(now())12
Second(now())=32
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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5.4. IU KIN IIF

C php: IIF(K, BT1, BT2)
M t: Nu K ng th tr v gi tr BT1, ngc li tr v BT2. Cc gi tr trong BT1,
BT2 cng c th l lnh IIF lng hoc cc hm khc.
V d:
IIF(4>5, 4, 5)
IIF(DTB>=8.0, Gii, Khng bit)
IIF(DTB>=8.0, Gii, IIF( DTB >= 7, Kh, Khng bit))
IIF(DTB >= 5 AND TOAN>=5 AND HOA >=5 AND LY >=5 AND HOA >=5, u,
IIF(DTB<5, rt), thi li)
6. KT LUN
Kt thc bi hc ny, ngi dng nm vng c khi nim v truy vn thng tin, thc
hin cc thao tc c s v rt trch v tnh ton thng tin trn cc bng d liu. K thut
dng tham s c gii thiu nh l trang b thm tng thm tnh tng qut x l uyn
chuyn ca h thng. Tt c nhng g ngi dng lm c s tc ng n ton b bng
d liu, trong bi hc k tip k thut Group By s c gii thiu nh l mt k thut
tnh ton, x l trn cc thng tin nhm ca bng d liu.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 5 - NHM TIN GROUP BY

Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc cung cp kin thc v k thut nhm tin trn cu truy vn. Ni dung bi hc bao
gm:
Nhm tin l g ?
Thit k
Hm tnh ton trn nhm
1. NHM TIN L G ?
nhng bi hc trc, khi x l thng tin trn cu truy vn phm vi tc dng v x l tnh
ton p dng trn ton bng d liu. Chng hn khi tnh im trung bnh cho hc sinh, vic
tnh ton s c p cho tng hc sinh. Ngoi tnh ton p dng trn tng dng (mu tin)
n l th cc h thng CSDL cn trang b kh nng tnh ton trn nhng thng tin dng
nhm.
C th hiu mt cch n gin nhm l mt tp cc dng thng tin trn bng d liu c
cng gi tr mt hay nhiu ct dng lm tiu ch nhm. Trong qu trnh thc hin, sau
khi xc nh c cc nhm th cng vic tip theo l thc hin cc x l c lin quan n
thng tin trn nhm: m s mu tin c trong nhm, tnh tng ca nhm, trung bnh ca
nhm, tm gi tr nh nht trong nhm, tm gi tr ln nht trong nhm
Hnh 5.1- V d minh ha v nhm tin (1)
Trong v d trn bng d liu trn trng thng tin LOP dng lm tiu ch nhm, qua qu
trnh phn tch nhm xc nh c bng d liu c 3 nhm thng tin (1) l: {10A1, 10A2,
10A3} v tin hnh cng on k tip l thc hin thao tc Count (m) ca cc dng trn
cc nhm thng tin (2).
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.2 - V d minh ha v nhm tin (2)
Trong v d tip theo ny, tiu ch chn lm nhm l 2 trng LOP, NU v trng MAHS
dng lm thc hin thao tc thc hin tnh ton Count trn nhm. Kt qu phn tch c 5
nhm {10A1 Nam, 10A1 N, 10A2 Nam, 10A2 N, 10A3 Nam} v kt qu cui
cng m ra c s lng hc sinh nam, n cc lp.
2. THIT K
2.1. CC BC CHNH
B9 - Trong mn hnh qun l Queries chn Create query in Design view
B10 -
Chn cc bng d liu d liu trong Show Tables
B11 -
Xc nh nhm trng thng tin cn nhm.
B12 -
Xc nh nhm trng thng tin cn tnh ton.
B13 -
Lu v thc hin cu truy vn.
Trong B3, B4 vic xc nh trng nhm v trng tnh ton rt quan trng, cn phi xc
nh r rng vic tha hay thiu trng thng tin cc nhm cng to ra nhng kt qu
thc hin khng mong mun.
2.2. V D MINH HA
V d m s hc sinh mi lp
Phn tch gi thc hin v d
Bng d liu: LOP, HOCSINH
Trng thng tin cn nhm: LOP
Trng thng tin cn tnh ton: MAHS thc hin thao tc m, mi MAHS tng
ng vi 1 hc sinh.
Ngoi ra khng phi thm bt k thng tin no khc.
Kt qu thc hin cu truy vn c kt qu nh minh ha sau:
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Hnh 5.3 - Kt qu thc hin truy vn m s hc sinh mi lp
V d m s nam v n trong mi lp
Phn tch gi thc hin v d
Bng d liu: tblLOP, tblHOCSINH
Cc trng thng tin cn nhm: NU v LOP
Cc trng thng tin cn tnh ton: MAHS
Kt qu thc hin c kt qu nh minh ha sau:
Hnh 5.4 - Kt qu thc hin truy vn m s hc sinh nam n mi lp
Qua 2 v d trn, c th thy rt r rng vic xc nh cc thng tin nhm s cho ra nhng
cu truy vn khc nhau, v d ch nhm thng tin LOP tng ng vi vic xc nh tnh
ton trn nhm cc lp nhng v d 2 ch cn thm vo thng tin NU th vic xc nh
tnh ton thc hin c xc nh trn nhm hc sinh Nam hay N ca mi lp. Phn
trnh by tip theo sau s trnh by v cc thao tc tnh ton trn thng tin nhm.
3. HM TNH TON TRN NHM

3.1. COUNT
Nh trnh by nhng v d trc, chc nng chnh s thc hin vic m s dng trong
nhm.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.5 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm Count (1)
thc hin kh nng m dng trong nhm. Ti ct trng thng tin cn tnh ton,
chn php ton Count.
Hnh 5.6 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm Count (2)
3.2. SUM
Tnh tng gi tr ca ct ny trn mt nhm
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.7 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm Sum (1)
Hnh 5.8 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm Sum (2)
3.3. AVG
Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca mt nhm
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.9 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm AVG
3.4. MAX
Tnh gi tr ln nht ca mt nhm
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.10 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm MAX
3.5. MIN
Tnh gi tr nh nht ca mt nhm
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.11 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm MIN
3.6. FIRST
Ly gi tr u tin ca ct trn nhm
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.12 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm FIRST
3.7. LAST
Ly gi tr cui cng ca ct ny trn nhm
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 5.13 - Minh ha tnh ton trn nhm vi hm LAST
4. KT LUN
Bi hc cung cp kin thc n nhm cc trng thng tin. Tuy nhin, khi trin khai
ci t cc cu truy vn c lin quan n nhm tin cn phi ch 2 vn chnh sau:
Nhng trng hp cn dng nhm tin.
Xc nh trng thng tin nhm v tnh ton chnh xc. Vic xc nh khng chnh
xc dn n kt qu thc hin cu truy vn khng ng kt qu ngi dng mong i.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 6 - TRUY VN LNG SUB QUERY

Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc ny trnh by v vn gii quyt bi ton truy vn bng t 2 cu truy vn tr ln.
Truy vn lng l g ?
Cc trng hp to.
Cc bc to.
Khng ch s dng hin th.
1. TRUY VN LNG L G ?
Xt v d tnh phn trm hc sinh nam, n trong mi lp.
Khi s dng k thut nhm tin th ti mt thi im ngi dng ch c th:
Vn 1: m s hc sinh mi lp
Vn 2: m s hc sinh nam/n mi lp.
Khng th thc hin cng lc 2 thao tc v tiu ch nhm ca vn 1 l da vo trng
LOP trong khi vn 2 da vo trng LOP v NU.
Vn t ra l khng th thc hin truy vn bng k thut nhm tin 2 nhm khc nhau
cng mt thi im.
Microsoft Access gii quyt vn ny mt cch n gin, h thng s chia cu truy vn
trn thnh 2 cu truy vn nh, mi cu thc hin mt nhim v c lp:
Query1: m s hc sinh mi lp
Query2: m s hc sinh nam/n mi lp
Cu Query tnh phn trm hc sinh nam/n mi lp s c thc hin da trn d liu
ngun ca 2 cu truy vn Query1, Query2.
Nh vy: Truy vn lng l dng truy vn ny lng vo truy vn kia, vi mc tiu lm gim
phc tp khi thc hin truy vn thng tin v tnh ti s dng cao.
Khi thc hin truy vn tip theo: tnh phn trm hc sinh u/rt ca mi lp th cu truy
vn Query2 s c th c s dng li !.
2. TRNG HP TO
Khi nhm tin vi cc nhm tin khc nhau.
V d:
Tnh phn trm hc sinh u/rt mi lp.
Tnh phn trm hc sinh theo xp loi ca mi khi.
Thc hin cc tng hp cc ngun thng tin khc nhau.
V d:
Hin th lp c t l hc sinh u cao nht khi
Hin th lp c t l hc sinh th li nhiu nht khi.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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3. CC BC TO
to truy vn con, qua cc bc sau:
B14 -
Phn tch k yu cu
Cn bao nhiu Query gii quyt yu cu bi ton.
Query no l query ph, c th 1 hay nhiu hn.
Query no l query chnh, ch c 1 query chnh c to cui cng.
B15 -
Ln lt to tng Query theo bng phn tch trn

Query ph s c to trc.
Query chnh c to sau cng.
B16 -
To Query cui cng vi d liu c ly t cc Query to trc .
V d tnh t phn trm hc sinh nam c trong lp 10A1.

Phn tch yu cu ta thy, tnh c t l phn trm ta phi thc hin to 3 query:
1 query m s hc sinh nam c trong lp 10A1, 1 query m tng s hc sinh c
trong lp 10A1 v query cui cng tnh t l phn trm t 2 query trn.
B1 - To query m s hc sinh nam c trong lp 10A1: t tn l qry6vd1-So HS
Nam.
B2 - To query m tng s hc sinh c trong lp 10A1: t tn query l qry6vd1-So

HS.
B3 - To query tnh t l phn trm, d liu c ly t 2 query trn.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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hin th di dng %, click phi chut ti ct tnh phn trm ri chn Propreties,
xut hin hp thoi nh hnh. Ti dng format, chn Percent.
V d tnh t phn trm hc sinh n c trong lp 11A1.

B1 - To query m s hc sinh n c trong lp 11A1: t tn l qry6vd2-So HS Nu.
B2 - To query m tng s hc sinh c trong lp 11A1: t tn query l qry6vd2-So

HS.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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B3 - To query tnh t l phn trm, d liu c ly t 2 query trn.
Tm li i vi cu truy vn, vic s dng sub query c mt s ch li sau:

C th dng li cu qruey to trc .
C th chia nh yu cu bi ra lm nhiu phn nh gii quyt, nh vy s n
gin hn.
4. KHNG CH S DNG HIN TH

i lc khng cn hin th ht cc dng d liu trn query m ch cn hin th mt s t cc
thng tin trn query.
V d thit k query cho php hin th danh sch 10 hc sinh.
Thc hin vic to query nh trn, sau nhp vo s 10 trong hp Top values ca hp
thoi Query properties hay tn thanh cng c.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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V d hin th danh sch 10 hc sinh c TB cao nht trng

Thc hin vic thit k tng t nh trn.
Lu :
Mc d ch chn hin th danh sch 10 HS nhng kt qu li xut hin 11 HS l do
c mt s HS cng im vi nhau nn Access s ly ht nhng HS c cng im
nn trong trng hp ny c th c 11 hay nhiu hn kt qu mong mun.
5. KT LUN
Kt thc bi hc kt thc chui bi hc c lin quan n Query. Tng kt li phn t
chc v khai thc thng tin. Bi hc tip theo s gii thiu k thut trnh by thng tin
di dng bng biu Form.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 7 - BIU MU - FORM
Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc ny trnh by v khi nim biu mu Form cc thnh phn v thuc tnh form, cc
dng form, cch thit k form. Ni dung bao gm cc phn sau:
Form l g ?
Kin trc Form
Thit k bng Wizard
Hiu chnh Form
X l nt lnh
Sub Form
1. FORM L G ?
D liu lu tr trong kho thng tin, tn ti dng bng Table. Cc truy vn gip cho
vic x l, tnh ton thng tin. Form chnh l module c gii thiu tip theo, h tr kh
nng trnh by thng tin mt cch trc quan, sinh ng. Ngoi ra, n cn gip ngi
dng c th thc hin c mt s thao tc x l thng tin mt cch n gin v tin li
thng qua mt s cng c h tr.
V d phn d liu hnh bng d liu khng th thy c ch hin th Datasheet,
nhng khi c biu din v trnh by dng Form View th hnh s c biu din v
trnh by c th thy c. Khng ch c ring hnh nh, cc on m thanh, video clip
cng c th d dng c chn v a vo s dng.
2. KIN TRC FORM

V mt kin trc chnh. Mt biu mu s c 3 thnh phn chnh:
Form Header tiu ca biu mu, nhn th hin cc tiu ch kh nng thc hin
v x l chnh ca biu mu
Detail th hin thng tin mc chi tit, ni th hin thng tin chnh.
Form Footer phn tiu ph, y thng dng th hin cc nt iu khin,
cc nhn thng tin ph.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 7.1 - Minh ha kin trc biu mu form
Cc thnh phn trong Form mi thnh phn u c chc nng v nhng tnh cht ring,
mi v tr trong chng c mt ngha nht nh cng c th lin tng Form l mt mn
hnh trnh by mt bi vn v trong c: m bi, thn bi v kt lun. chnh v th m
khi thit k Form, t l gia cc thnh phn Form Header Detail Form Footer c t l l
1:3:1.
Hnh 7.2 - Minh ha biu mu form ch Form View
3. THIT K BNG WIZARD

Bao gm cc bc sau:
B1 - Khi to qu trnh thit k form. Trong ca s qun l CSDL di chuyn n module
Form click chn Create form by using wizard.
B2 - H thng s hin th hp thoi ngi dng chn d liu ngun. Ngun d liu cho
Form c th l Table/Query.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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B3 - Chn danh sch cc trng thng tin trong danh sch Available Fields v di chuyn
chng sang danh sch Selected Fields bng cch click vo nt >, >> hay ngc li
b chn th click vo nt <, <<.
B4 - Chn b cc trnh by thng tin.
Columnar
Tabular
Datasheet
Justified
B5 - Chn mu mu nn, mu ch cho biu mu.
Standard
Stone
Sumi Painting
International
Industrial
Expedition
Blueprint
Blends
B6 - t tn cho Form.
B7 - Nhp tiu cho biu mu v n Finish kt thc.
V d to biu mu hin th danh sch hc sinh ca cc lp theo cc bc trn.
4. HIU CHNH FORM

Mt biu mu s c nhiu dng hin th, tuy nhin c 3 dng ph bin
Datasheet View: l dng biu din thng tin dng bng d liu d liu c th
hin dng ny hon ton ging vi th hin dng bng ca Table v Query.
Form View l dng biu din thng tin dng biu mu chun
Desgin View l biu din ch chnh sa, ch ny ngi dng c th hiu
chnh kin trc ca biu mu chng hn nh thay i kch thc, mu sc, font ch
4.1. CC K THUT HIU CHNH C S

c th hiu chnh biu mu Form:
B1 - Chn Form mun chnh sa
B2 - Vo menu View/Design View
Cc k thut dng hiu chnh kin trc ca Form:
Thay i kch thc Form, cc thnh phn trn Form: di chuyn con tr chut n
bin ca cc i tng thnh phn thc hin thao tc Drag & Drop tin hnh thay
i kch thc.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Thay i thuc tnh nh dng ca Form/cc thnh phn trn Form: chn i
tng thnh phn mun thay i dng cc chc nng trn thanh Formatting hoc bng
Properties thay i.
Qun l cc thnh phn trn Form (thm, xa, di chuyn): c th thm vo cc i
tng thnh phn bng thanh Toolbox di chuyn bng thao tc Drag & Drop, v xa
bng cch chn i tng thnh phn v nhn phm Del.
4.2. HP THOI PROPERTIES

Hp thoi ny h tr thit lp cc thuc tnh cho cc thnh phn thit k trn form v thit
lp thuc tnh cho form.
hiu chnh cc thuc tnh, ngi dng thc hin cc bc:
B1 - Chn thnh phn trn biu mu: Form Header, Detail, Form Footer, Label, Textbox,
Command Button
B2 - Click chut phi trn thnh phn chn Properties s hin th hp thoi hiu chnh
Hnh 7.3 - Bng thuc tnh Properties
B3 - Tin hnh chnh sa cc thuc tnh trn i tng c chn la

Thuc tnh
ngha
Format
Caption
Tiu ca form
Qui nh cch hin th ca form:
- Single form: mi ln ch hin th ni dung 1 record
Default view
- Continuous form: hin nhiu record k tip nhau
- Datasheet: dng bng
Cc thanh trt:
- Horizontal: ch hin thanh trt ngang.
- Vertical: ch hin thanh trt dc
Scroll bars
- Both: hin ca hai
- Neither: khng hin c hai thanh.
Navigation
Hin / tt nt di chuyn mu tin
button
Dividing lines Hin tt ng phn cch gia cc vng Header, Detail, Footer
Auto resize
T ng thay i kch thc form cho ph hp vi d liu
Auto center
Hin form gia mn hnh
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Border style
Min/Max
button
Close button
Data
Record source
Allow edits
Allow
deletions
Chn kiu ng vin cho form:

- Thin: ng mng, khng th thay i kch thc form
- Dialog: ng dy
- Sizable: c th thay i kch thc form
- None: khng c ng vin
Hin th nt phng to, thu nh:
- None: khng nt no c
- Min enable: ch c nt thu nh
- Max enable: ch c nt phng to
- Both enable: hin th c hai nt
Hin / tt nt ng form
Tn table / query lm ngun cho form
Cho php sa i d liu trn Form
Cho php xo d liu trn Form
4.3. CC THANH CNG C

Thanh cng c Toolbox
Bao gm cc cng c h tr trong qu trnh thit k form nh: to tiu , chn nh, to
nt lnh, .
Hnh 7.4 - Minh ha thanh cng c Toolbox
ngha cc nt lnh trong thanh cng c.

Chc nng
Din gii
Cha ch hoc s. C th l i tng c rng buc hoc khng
Text box
rng buc cha cc cng thc tnh.
Cha
tn form, tn trng,
Label
Lit k cc gi tr hoc i tng, thng l iu khin c rng
List box
buc.
Combo (danh sch ko th) l kt hp gia Text box (hp vn
Combo box
bn) v List box (danh sch)
c biu din bng cc hnh vung nh, cho php chn mt
Check box
tp d liu c lit k (thch hp vi d liu dng yes/no)
Cho php chn mt trong s cc ty chn c lit k (c th
Option button
chn c nhiu hn mt gi tr)
Nhm cc Check box hoc cc Option button
Option group
Unbound object
Bound object
Tab control
Sub form
Line
Hin th mt i tng (chng hn nh i tng ha), i

tng ny khng thay i khi d liu ca mu tin thay i
Ngc li vi Unbound object, i ting hin th s thay i
khi d liu mu tin thay i
iu khin trnh t nhp liu hoc trnh t iu khin bn trong
mt form
To form con c lin kt cc i tng m form cha c lin kt
n.
To ng thng phn cch gia cc thnh phn thuc form.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Rectangle
Command button
Image
To cc hnh ch nht hoc hnh vung phn cch cc thnh

phn trong form.
To nt lnh iu khin
Chn hnh nh
Thanh cng c Formating
Hnh 7.5 - Minh ha thanh cng c Formating
Nu c kinh nghim s dng ng dng vn phng khc th ngi dng s d dng nm

bt s dng cc chc nng trong thanh cng c ny. Ngoi vic thay i thuc tnh nh
dng cho cc thnh phn trong Form thng qua bng Properties th vic chn trc tip cc
chc nng nh dng cho thnh phn c th c thc hin nhanh chng qua thanh cng
c ny.
n/hin cc thanh cng c ny c th c thc hin d dng bng cch bt/tt cc nt
chc nng tng ng trong menu View.
5. X L NT LNH
Trong qu trnh thit k form, i khi mun to mt s nt lnh thc hin cc chc
nng nh: duyt mu tin, thot khi form, ng form hay m mt ng dng no Khi
phi s dng cng c Command button trong hp Toolbox.
c th chn vo mt nt chc nng Command Button tin hnh thc hin theo cc
bc sau:
B1 - M form mun chn nt iu khin.
B2 - Click chn cng c Command button trn thanh Toolbox ri v mt ng vo vng
thit k (ch nt Control Wizard phi c chn).
Hnh 7.6 - Minh ha chn nt lnh vo biu mu form (1)
B3 - Xut hin hp thoi Command button Wizard:
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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B4 - Chn loi hnh ng mun thc hin trong hp Categories, ri chn tip hnh ng
tng ng trong khung Actions.
B5 - Chn dng th hin ca nt lnh l vn bn (Text) hay hnh nh (Piture), xong click
Finish.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Sau y l mt s thng tin v cc thao tc.

Record Navigation - Di chuyn mu tin
Thao tc ngha
Find Next Tm mu tin k tip tha iu kin tm kim
Find Record Tm mu tin tha iu kin tm kim
Goto First Record Di chuyn mu tin v u
Goto Last Record Di chuyn mu tin v cui
Goto Next Record Di chuyn mu tin v sau mu tin hin hnh
Goto Previous Record Di chuyn mu tin v trc mu tin hin hnh
Record Operations - Cc hnh ng trn mu tin
Thao tc ngha
Add New Record Thm mu tin mi
Delete Record Xa mu tin hin hnh
Duplicate Record Sao chp gi tr mu tin hin hnh sang mt dng mu
tin mi
Print Record In mu tin hin hnh
Save Record Lu li mu tin hin hnh
Undo Record Phc hi gi tr trc khi sa i m tin hin hnh
Form Operations - Cc hnh ng trn form
Thao tc ngha
Apply Form Filter Lc d liu cho form
Close Form ng form hin hnh
Open Form M form khc
Print Form In mt form bt k
Print Current Form In form hin hnh
Refresh Form Data Cp nht li d liu trn form
Report Operations - Cc hnh ng trn report
Thao tc ngha
Preview report Xem trc khi in mt report
Print report In ni dung report
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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6. SUB FORM
6.1. SUB FORM L G ?
Gi s yu cu t ra vi ngi dng l thit k cc form hin th danh sch ring cho mi
lp. Cch gii quyt n gin l trong CSDL KQ.MDB c tng cng 9 lp nh vy ngi
dng s phi to ra 9 form tng ng vi danh sch ca 9 lp hc.
Nh vy, nu trong thc t c khong 100 lp hc s phi to 100 form ! Cha k n
vic ngi dng phi thit k tng ng thm 100 Query lc ra danh sch 100 lp tng
ng. Tht s l mt s ph phm v gia danh sch cc lp ch tht s khc nhau
thng tin v m lp hc.
Sub Form l mt gii php cho trng hp in hnh ny. V bn Sub Form l gii php
cho vic hin th v trnh by cc thng tin dng phn cp (chnh/ph, cha/con, ).
Form s dng k thut Sub Form s c cu trc:
Main Form: l Form chnh (cha) mang thng tin c tnh cht tng qut.
Sub Form: l Form ph (con) mang nhng thng tin c tnh cht chi tit, c th t
thng tin chi tit.
V d Form hin th chi tit danh sch cc lp ngi dng ch vic chn lp tng ng
th danh sch ca lp s xut hin.
Hnh 7.10 - Minh ha Sub form hin th chi tit DSHS mi lp
V d Form hin th chi tit danh sch cc ha n ngi dng ch vic chn m ha
n tng ng th chi tit ca ha n c chn s xut hin.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 7.11 - Minh ha Sub form hin th chi tit ha n
Trong cc h thng qun l thng tin th dng Form th hin thng tin phn cp rt thng
c s dng bi s tin li m n mang li.
6.2. CC BC THIT K
Thc hin cc bc chnh sau:
B1 - Xc nh cc ngun thng tin chnh/ph:
Thng tin chnh: thng tin mang tnh tng qut cao
Thng tin ph: thng tin mang tnh cht chi tit ca thng tin chnh
V d lp l thng tin chnh, tng qut cn hc sinh l thng tin ph mang tnh cht
chi tit thng tin v hc sinh trong lp.
B2 - To ngun thng tin chnh/ph, ngun thng tin ny c th l Table hay Query
V d to Form hin th kt qu hc tp ca mi lp tng ng vi ngi dng
chn th trong lp l thng tin chnh c sn tn ti dng bng Table nhng trong
khi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh ph thuc vo 2 bng d liu HOCSINH v
DIEM chnh v th m thng tin ph ny ngi dng phi to thm cu truy vn.
B3 - Xc nh cc trng thng tin quan h gia ngun thng tin chnh/ph.
V d LOP l trng thng tin quan h gia table LOP v table HOCSINH.
B4 - To form vi ngun thng tin chnh Form Main.
B5 - Chn thnh phn Sub Form/Report vo trong Form Main.
B6 - Hiu chnh thuc tnh ca Sub Form va mi chn vo. Thay i cc thuc tnh
Resource: Chn d liu t ngun thng tin ph c xc nh B1
Linked Master Field: in vo trng thng tin quan h c ngun thng tin chnh
Linked Child Field: in vo trng thng tin quan h c ngun thng tin ph.
6.3. V D MINH HA
To form hin th chi tit danh sch cc lp ngi dng ch vic chn lp tng ng
th danh sch ca lp s xut hin.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Cc gi phn tch khi thc hin v d:
Ngun thng tin chnh l bng d liu LOP, d liu ny c sn khng cn phi to
Query.
Ngun thng tin ph l bng d liu HOCSINH, d liu ny c sn khng cn
phi to.
Trng thng tin quan h gia 2 bng d liu ny chnh l trng LOP, trng
LOP ny c c bng d liu LOP v bng d liu HOCSINH.
Hiu chnh bng thuc tnh ca Sub Form:
o Resouce: HOCSINH
o Linked Master Field: LOP
o Linked Child Field: LOP
To form hin th chi tit danh sch cc ha n ngi dng ch vic chn m ha
n tng ng th chi tit ca ha n c chn s xut hin.
Cc gi phn tch khi thc hin v d:
Ngun thng tin chnh l bng d liu HOADON, d liu ny c sn khng cn
phi to Query.
Ngun thng tin ph l bng d liu CHITIETHOADON, d liu ny c sn
khng cn phi to.
Trng thng tin quan h gia 2 bng d liu ny chnh l trng MAHD, trng
ny c c bng d liu HOADON v bng d liu CHITIETHOADON.
Hiu chnh bng thuc tnh ca Sub Form:
o Resouce: CHITIETHOADON
o Linked Master Field: MAHD
o Linked Child Field: MAHD
7. KT LUN
Kt thc bi hc cc kin thc v k nng cn phi nm vng:
Hiu c bn cht biu mu form l g ?
Cc thao tc thc hin c bn c trn biu mu form nh: to, xa, chnh sa
cc thuc tnh trn form v cc thnh phn trn form.
Hiu v bn cht Sub Form, nm vng cc qui trnh phn tch cch to Sub Form.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 8 - BO CO REPORT
Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc ny trnh by v khi nim bo co report gm cc ni dung sau:
Report l g ?
Kin trc
Thit k bng Wizard
Hiu chnh
1. REPORT L G ?
Report cn c gi l bo co hay bo biu, dng th hin cc thng tin c tnh
ton, thng k, trnh by d liu theo mt s khun mu c sn c h tr chc nng ty
bin. Kt xut d liu c th c xut trc tip trn mn hnh, my in hay lu thnh cc
dng tp tin khc nhau,
Gia form v report c nhiu nt tng ng ging nhau cho nn mt s k thut dng
form c th em dng v s dng trong report.
2. KIN TRC
Th hin bn ngoi cc bo co report c trnh by theo kh giy in tin cho vic
xut d liu trc tip ra my in iu ny hon ton qui nh rng buc cht ch v kch
thc khc vi form c biu din mu dng t do.
Hnh 8.1 - Minh ha bo co report mu
V mt cu trc thit k th bo co report gm c 5 thnh phn chnh:

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Hnh 8.2 - Minh ha kin trc ca bo co report
Report Header: tiu ca bo co, phn ny c th hin trang u tin ca

bo co
Report Footer: phn cui cng ca bo co, phn ny s c th hin trang
cui cng ca bo co.
Page Header: tiu trang, phn ny c th hin u mi trang.
Page Footer: phn cui ca trang, trnh by cui mi trang.
Detail: tr phn Page Header, Page Footer th din tich giy cn li trong bo co
s c dng vo cho Detail.
Th t xut hin ca cc thnh phn trong bo co ny l
Report Header Page Header Detail Report Footer Page Footer.
Vic nm r kin trc ny s gip ch nhiu cho vic thit k v phn b ni dung ph hp.
3. THIT K BNG WIZARD

Bao gm cc bc sau:
B1 - Khi to qu trnh thit k report. Chn Create Report By Using Wizard hoc trongt
ca s CSDL click chn New/Report Wizard.
B2 - Chn d liu ngun cho bo co, d liu ngun c th l Table hoc Query.
B3 - Chn danh sch cc trng thng tin trong danh sch Available Fields v di chuyn
chng sang danh sch Selected Fields bng cch click vo nt >, >> hay ngc li
b chn th click vo nt <, <<.
B4 - Chn ct nhm d liu, nu cn trnh by bo co c thng tin dng phn cp.
Nu l bo co bnh thng th b qua bc ny v click Next.
B5 - Chn ct ep xp d liu theo dng tng dn v gim dn.
B6 - Chn dng th hin d liu.
Layout: chn la dng th hin
Columnar
Tabular
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Justified
Orientation: chn hng giy
Portrait: kh ng
Landscape: kh ngang
B7 - Chn mu th hin d liu
Formal
Soft Gray
Corporate
Compact
Casual
Bold
B8 - t tn report
V d to bo co hin th danh sch hc sinh theo cc bc mu trn.
4. HIU CHNH
vo c mi trng hiu chnh mu bo co. Thc hin cc bc chnh sau:
B1 - Chn bo co mun hiu chnh
B2 - View/Design View
4.1. TEXT BOX TRONG BO CO

Khc vi Command Button dng kh ph bin trong biu mu Form, trong bo co report
th cc text box c s dng kh ph bin. Mc ch chnh l lm tng kh nng hin th
ni dung ng cho bo co.
Thc hin vic chn mt Textbox theo cc bc sau:
B1 - M bo co report ch Design View
B2 - Xc nh v tr mun chn ni dung ng
B3 - Click chut phi ln TextBox trong bng Properties chn thuc tnh Control Source
v g vo biu thc.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 8.3 - Minh ha chn TextBox vo bo biu report
B4 - Chuyn bo co report sang ch print preview kim tra kt qu thc hin ca

biu thc.
Mt s biu thc v d:
= "Vnh Long, ngy " & Day(Now()) & " thng " & Month(Now()) & " nm " &
Year(Now())
Hin th chui Vnh Long, ngy thng nm trong s in vo cc
thng tin v ngy thng hin hnh ca h thng my tnh.
= "Trang " & [Page] & " / " & [Pages]
Hin th Trang 2/4 trong 2 l trang hin hnh v 4 l tng s trang.
= [HO] & & [TEN]
Hin th chui y h v tn ca hc sinh
= ([TOAN] + [LY] + [HOA] + [VAN])/4
Hin th kt qu tnh im trung bnh ca hc sinh.
4.2. NHNG IU CN CH
Chnh sa kch thc bo co
Vic iu khin b rng bo co s lm cho kch thc thc s khng chiu rng ca
giy in v trong trng hp ny s lm cho bo co pht sinh trang trng lm mt tnh
thm m v lng ph giy
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 8.4 - Minh ha li pht sinh khi chnh sa kch thc bo co report
K thut trnh by ni dung

Cc bo co thit k theo mu vn bn hnh chnh nn vic thit k tng i kh, ngi
dng cn phi u t thi gian khi thit k.
c mt bo co tng i hon chnh th ngi dng cn phi trang b kin thc dn
trang trong vn bn v s dng mt s k thut v ha.
Trnh s dng qu nhiu mu s nh hng nhiu n thm m ca ngi xem.
Hnh 8.5 - Minh ha k thut trnh by ni dung
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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5. KT LUN
Kt thc bi hc cn phi cht li vn sau:
Bn cht ca bo co report. Cc im ging v khc nhau chnh gia biu mu form
v bo co report.
K thut trnh by ni dung bo co report.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 9 - X L MACRO
Mc tiu bi hc:
Bi hc cung cp kin thc v k thut qun l v x l t ng cng vic bng cc Macro.
Ni dung bi hc bao gm:
Macro l g ?
Mi trng lm vic
Thit k
Macro nhm
1. MACRO L G ?
cho pht trin thm cc chc nng cho h thng, vic s dng cc trnh Wizard vn
cha ngi dng pht trin cc chc nng mnh mong mun. Mun pht trin thm
cc chc nng th ngi dng phi c trang b thm mt s k nng v lp trnh. May
mn thay, MS Access c trang b module Macro nh l mt cng c thit k sn h tr
ngi dng vic khai bo cc thao tc cn x l vi h thng m khng cn phi vit dng
m lnh no !.
Macro l mt hay mt tp hp cc hnh ng (Action) lin tip c nh ngha v lu tr
vi mt tn xc nh. N cho php t ng ha cc cng vic cn thc hin, qun l CSDL
mt cch d dng, linh ng.
2. MI TRNG LM VIC
2.1. MN HNH QUN L
Cng nh trong cc bi hc trc, ngi dng di chuyn n Tab Macro l c th tip cn
vi Module ny.
Hnh 9.1 - Minh ha mn hnh qun l macro
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Cc thao tc thc hin cng tng t vi cc module c gii thiu trc . C th d
dng thc hin cc thao tc qun l c s nh: to, xa, v chnh sa.
2.2. MN HNH THIT K
Hnh 9.2 - Minh ha mn hnh thit k macro
Khi to mi mt macro th ca s thit k hin th, ngi dng s cung cp cc thng tin
tham s thit lp cho macro.
(1) Action: l ni ngi dng c th chn hnh ng cn thc hin.
(2) Comment: l ghi ch hnh ng ngi dng chn, y l ty chn c th hay
khng cn thm thng tin.
(3) Action Agruments: l bng thuc tnh thit lp thng tin cho macro tng ng vi
hnh ng c chn.
3. THIT K
3.1. CC BC THC HIN
B17 -
T mn hnh qun l Macro chn New, h thng xut hin mn hnh thit k
Macro
B18 -
Trong Action chn mt hnh ng cn thc hin. C th chn nhiu hnh ng

tng ng vi nhiu dng.
B19 B20 -
Vo File/Save hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl + S lu Macro va to.

S dng macro c th dng nhiu cch: chy trc tip hoc chy gin tip
macro.
Khi s dng trc tip macro, trong mn hnh qun l ngi dng c th:
a. Click chn macro mun chy v vo menu Run/Run.
b. Double Click vo macro mun chy.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Hnh 9.3 - Minh ha kt qu chy ca macro MsgBox
Tuy nhin, khng phi nhng macro no cng c th chy trc tip, c mt s macro khc
khi mun chy th phi nhng chng vo trong cc i tng nh Table, Query, Form,
Report th mi thc hin c.
3.2. NHNG VO FORM

nhng macro vo trong Form tin hnh cc bc sau:
B1 - M Form mun chn macro vo ch Design View
B2 - Dng thanh ToolBox to mt Command Button ch Manual (khng dng
Control Wizard)
B3 - Click chut phi trn Button va to chn Properties.
B4 - Trong Tab Events, ti s kin OnClick chn macro mun nhng.
B5 - Chuyn Form sang ch Form View kim tra.
Hnh 9.4 - Minh ha nhng macro vo trong form
3.3. MT S HNH NG
GotoRecord
ngha: di chuyn mu tin
Cc tham s
Object type: kiu i tng
Object name: tn i tng
Record: v tr (trc, sau, u, cui, mi)
Offset: th bc bc nhy
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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OpenForm
ngha: m mt biu mu (Form)
Cc tham s
Form name: Tn biu mu
View: hin th ch ( thit k, in xem trc,)
Filter name: Tn truy vn s lm b lc d liu ngun cho Form
Where condition: iu kin m
Window mode: ch ca s
OpenReport
ngha: M mt bo co
Cc tham s :
Report name: Tn Report mun m
View: Chn ch hin th
Filter name: tn truy vn lm b lc
Where condition: iu kin m Report
MsgBox
ngha: xut hp thng bo ra mn hnh
Cc tham s
Message: ni dung thng bo
Beep: (Yes hoc No)
Type: Biu tng km theo
Title: tiu cho hp thoi
RunApp
ngha: chy ng dng
Cc tham s:
Command Line: ng dn, tn ng dng s thc hin
Save
ngha: lu li mt i tng
Cc tham s :
Object type: kiu i tng
Object name: tn i tng
Quit
ngha: thot khi Access
Cc tham s :
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Option: hi trc khi thot, lu tt c, khng lu v thot
4. MACRO NHM
Cc macro to t u bi hc ch c 1 Action. Trong khi thc t th vic 1 macro c 1
Action nh th qu l rt ph phm. Gi s nh cn to macro m t ng 10 form th
chng l ngi dng to ra 10 macro, khi y s lng cc macro s tng trng v s
lng v rt kh kim sot !.
Gii php macro nhm l s to ra mt nhm cc hnh ng c cng chc nng hoc thao
tc x l trn cng i tng. Mi hnh ng trong macro nhm c th xem nh l 1 macro
con n gin v chng cng c 1 ci tn, 1 action tng ng.
Vic to macro nhm cng ht sc n gin, trong mn hnh thit k Macro chn
View/Macro Name. i vi mi macro con s tin hnh t mt tn ring, chn 1 Action
v thc hin vic thit lp cc thng s tng ng vi cc macro n.
Macro nhm khng th chy trc tip m thay vo ngi dng s phi nhng chng vo
trong cc i tng.
Trong v d di y, ngi dng to macro mHocSinh, c tt c cc thao tc c lin quan
n Form Danh Sch Hc Sinh.
Hnh 9.5 - Minh ha cch to macro nhm
Trong
Macro nhm chnh l mHocSinh
Cc macro con ln lt l:
mHocSinh.Toi dng iu khin vic di chuyn n hc sinh k tip
mHocSinh.Lui dng iu khin vic di chuyn n hc sinh trc
mHocSinh.Dau dng iu khin vic di chuyn n hc sinh u tin
mHocSinh.Cuoi dng iu khin vic di chuyn n hc sinh cui cng.
mHocSinh.Dong dng iu khin vic ng li form Danh Sch Hc Sinh.
Mi hnh ng ny s c gn vo form Danh Sch Hc Sinh.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 9.6 - Minh ha nhng macro nhm vo biu mu form
Hoc l i vi Form Main, loi Form iu khin chnh ca chng trnh t Form ny
ngi dng c th x l thng tin v th hin trc tip trn Form, Report.
mMain.MoFrmDSHS m form hin th danh sch hc sinh.
mMain.MoFrmXepLoai m form hin th danh sch hc sinh kt qu c km theo
xp loi.
mMain.InRptDSHS in danh sch hc sinh.
mMain.InRptXepLoai in danh sch xp loi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh.
5. KT LUN
Kt thc bi hc, ngi dng c khi nim macro, cch to, nhng v thc hin macro.
Vn mu cht l macro dng chnh cho h tr ngi dng, v chng t i hi cc k
nng v lp trnh phn mm i vi ngi dng, macro thch hp pht trin ng dng
CSDL dng qui m nh v va.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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BI 10 - QUN TR C S D LIU
Mc tiu bi hc:
Bo v CSDL bng mt khu

Qun l CSDL
Trn th
Pht trin ng dng
1. BO V CSDL BNG MT KHU

Khi s dng my tnh vic t CSDL nhng ni cng cng s rt d b mt s ngi
khng phn s m ln v thc hin mt s chnh sa k c vic xa i ton b d liu c
trong y.
Cc d liu trong y c th l c mt ti sn ca mt cng ty hay ca mt doanh nghip,
nhng thit hi do r r hoc mt thng tin l nhng th kh qui thnh gi tr tin bc. Mt
my tnh khi h vn cha lm ngi dng au n bng vic mt ht ton b d liu
trong cng !.
Vic thit lp mt khu cho CSDL cng l iu cn thit. Ngi dng phi cung cp mt
chui k t c gi l mt khu cho h thng kim tra trc khi thc hin cc thao tc x
l c lin quan n CSDL.
1.1. CI T MT KHU
Nu CSDL ang m th phi ng li. Nu CSDL c dng chung trong mng, tt c cc
ngi ang s dng cng phi ng li.
Trc tin ta cn phi sao lu d phng cho CSDL.
B21 -
M CSDL cn t mt khu bng cch chn File/Open. Click chn tn CSDL

cn t mt khu, click vo nt mi tn nt Open chn Open Exclusive, ri m d
liu ln nh bnh thng.
Hnh 10.1- Minh ha m CSDL ch Exclusive
B22 -
t mt khu cho CSDL

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Vi mt CSDL c m theo ch Exclusive (dng ring) sau vo
Tools/Security/Set Database Password
B23 -
Nhp mt khu
Hp thoi set Database password xut hin.
Hnh 10.2 - Hp thoi minh ha t mt khu
Trong khung password, g vo mt khu ca mnh, khi g ch thy hin th ton du

*. Lu password phn bit ch hoa v thng nn phi ch phm capslock khi
g.
Trong khung Verify g li dng password khng b sai ri nhp nt OK
Nu 2 dng password m ta nh khng ging nhau th s xut hin hp thoi sau:
Hnh 10.3 - Thng bo li khi xc nhn mt khu 2 khng ng
Nu 2 dng password nhp ging nhau th vic t password hon tt.

B24 -
Kim tra mt khu c c t cha.

M li CSDL khi t Password
Khi click chn c s d liu c t password th mt hp thoi sau s xut hin
Hnh 10.4 - Minh ha hp thoi kim tra mt khu
Nu ta nhp password khng ng th mn hnh sau xut hin
Hnh 10.5 - Minh ha hp thoi kim tra mt khu b sai
Nu ta nhp ng th c s d liu c m ln nh cch thng l

Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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1.2. LOI B MT KHU

Mun b mt khu hay thay i mt khu th iu u tin cn bit l phi bit c mt
khu
B1 - M c s d liu c t mt khu. Khi m CSDL loi b mt khu th cng
phi m ch Open Exclusive.
B2 - Nhp mt khu m CSDL.
Phi nhp mt khu khi hp thoi mt khu xut hin
Nu nhp khng ng th s nhn c thng bo li cn nhp ng th m CSDL
ln theo cch bnh thng.
B3 - G b mt khu
Sau khi m c c s d liu, chn Tools/Security/Unset Database Password.
B4 - Nhp mt khu xc nhn li mt khu
G li chnh xc password, nu nhp khng chnh xc th nhn c thng bo li
ngc li th g b c password.
Hnh 10.6 - Minh ha mn hnh g b mt khu
2. QUN L C S D LIU
2.1. IU CN CH
Trc khi thay i cu trc cc Table, Report, Form, Macro chng ta nn sao c s d
liu thnh 1 bn trc thay i.
Tt c cc tp tin c s d liu trong MS Access s ln dn theo thi gian chnh v th khi
di chuyn chng sang ch khc rt bt tin, khc phc iu ny chng ta c 1 s gii
php sau:
S dng Flash lu tr tp tin, ring t, an ton.
S dng tnh nng Compact and Repair Database v dng trnh Winzip,
WinRAR nn li sau lu tp tin vo da mm.
Sau mi ln nhp liu cho h thng hoc thc hin nhng thay i tng i ln,
nn s dng tnh nng Compact and Repair Database h thng dn nn li
nhng ch trng d tha.
Nu s dng trn my tnh c nhn th vic bo mt khng l vn , khng nht

thit chng ta phi t Password, nhng mi trng nhiu ngi s dng th nn
t m bo tnh an ton cho h thng.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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2.2. CHUYN I PHIN BN

Khi ngi dng di chuyn hay gi CSDL n ngi dng khc th vn c th xy ra l
ngi dng khc li khng th m v thao tc trn CSDL c nhn. Mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn chnh ca vic l s khng tng thch ca phn mm CSDL MS Access.
Mt nhn vin A chp CSDL to bng Microsoft Access 2007 cng ty v nh lm tip
bo co mi qu cho cng ty. My tnh nh ca anh ta ch ci t Microsoft Access 2000
v khng th no m c CSDL chp t cng ty.
Mt u c a DVD c th c c da DVD v a CD nhng mt u c CD ch c
th c c a CD m khng th c c a DVD.
Nhng v d khc xy ra tng t, v nguyn tc cc phin bn sau ca phn mm s m
c d liu ca phn mm phin bn trc . Nhng i ngc li th khng th c.
chnh l kh nng tng thch ngc ca h thng.
V m bo hon ton cho cc phin bn trc nn hu ht cc phn mm h tr kh
nng chuyn i cc nh dng tp tin ph hp vi cc phin bn phn mm trc . V
chc nng chuyn i ch cho php chuyn xung cc tp tin ca phin bn nh dng
trc .
CHUYN T ACCESS 2000 XUNG ACCESS 97
B1 - Chn Tools/Database Utilities/Convert Database/To Access 97 File Format
Hnh 10.7 - Minh ha menu chn chc nng chuyn i Access 2000 xung Access 97
B2 - Chn ng dn vo lu
Vy l c mt c s d liu Access 97.
CHUYN T ACCESS 97 LN ACCESS 2000.
B1 - M c s d liu cn convert
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Hnh 10.8 - Minh ha m CSDL cn convert
B2 - Chn nt OK
Tm ng dn v t tn cho c s d liu
Vy l ta c c s d liu Access 2000
2.3. NN V SA LI
Nn v sa cha li c s d liu, tnh nng ny rt hu dng, chng va gip chng ta
nn li CSDL v gip ngi dng sa cha mt s hng hc trong h thng.
B1 - M CSDL
B2 - Click chn Tools/Database Utilities/Compact and Repair Database
Hnh 10.9 - Minh ha menu chc nng Compact and repair database ...
B3 - Chn Yes thc hin

B4 - ng CSDL kim tra kt qu
3. TRN TH
Tuy cc bo co bng Report rt chuyn nghip nhng vic thc hin cc bo co ny
cha mang tnh ty bin cao. V li, s tin dng trong thit k mu in thng tin vo
tin li hn nu thit k dng mu th bng Microsoft Word.
Trong Microsoft Word khi thc hin chc nng trn th ngi dng c quyn chn la d
liu ngun chn la. Ngoi d liu nhp t MS Word, MS Excel, d liu ngun Table
ca MS Access cng c th dng lm d liu khi trn th.
thc hin chc nng ny, ngi dng cn thc hin cc bc sau:
B1 - M mu c thit k
Ngun d liu cho Mail Merge c th l mt cu truy vn hoc mt bng. Click
chn vo ngun d liu cn to Mail Merge.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B
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Chn menu Tools/Office Links/Merge It with Microsoft Office Word
Hnh 10.10 - Minh ha chc nng trn th (1)
B2 - Ci t mu th
Mn hnh chn mu tp tin Word

Trong :
Link your data an existing Microsoft Word document nu c mu in
thng tin son tho bng MS Word.
Create a new document and then link the data to it to mu v sau s
lin kt n d liu sau.
B3 - Chn Next: Write your letter
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Chn More Items a cc thng tin vo trong mu MS Word.

B4 - Hin th hp thoi Insert Merge Field hin th danh sch nhng trng thng tin c
sn trong CSDL.
B5 - Di chuyn con tr chut trn mu v thc hin chc nng Insert tin hnh chn
cc trng thng tin c lin quan vo.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Mu th sau khi in y thng tin.

Click chn mc Next: Preview your letters
B6 - Chn Complete the merge tin hnh trn th.
B7 - lc cc thng tin cn hin th khi trn th. Click chn mc Edit individual
letters
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Trong :
All: hin th tt c thng tin trn.
Current Record: hin th thng tin.
From To: hin th t tin ny n tin kia.
4. PHT TRIN NG DNG

Table lu tr thng tin, Queries dng th truy xut thng tin theo hng ngi dng,
Form v Report trnh by thng tin ra mn hnh hay xut trc tip my in. Vic thit k cc
x l hoc cc hnh ng cho h thng i lc i hi nhng tnh c th m vic dng
Lookup Wizard hay cc Macro khng h c sn.
V d mt h thng k ton cho mt doanh nghip c vit bng MS Access v vn
t ra l khi xut ha n phi xut thm mt dng hin th tng ha n th hin c dng
ch (mt trm hai mi ba ngn ) thay v c dng s (123.000)
Cng nh mt s h thng khc, Microsoft tch hp vo MS Access kh nng h tr ngn
ng dng pht trin ng dng chnh l m Visual Basic Applications (VBA).
4.1. VISUAL BASIC FOR APPLICATIONS

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) l mt s b sung ca Microsoft's Visual Basic, c
xy dng trong tt c cc ng dng Microsoft Office (bao gm c phin bn cho h iu
hnh Mac OS), mt s ng dng ca Microsoft khc nh Microsoft MapPoint v
Microsoft Visio - mt ng dng trc y ca Microsoft; t nht c b sung thnh
cng trong nhng ng dng khc nh AutoCAD, WordPerfect v ESRI ArcGIS. N
c thay th v m rng trn kh nng ca ngn ng macro c trng nh WordBasic
ca Word, v c th c s dng iu khin hu ht tt c kha cnh ca ng dng
ch, k c vn dng nt ring bit v giao din ngi dng nh cc menu v toolbar v lm
vic vi cc hnh thi hoc hp thoi ty . VBA c th c s dng to ra cc b lc
xut nhp cho cc nh dng tp tin khc nhau nh ODF.
Nh tn gi ca mnh, VBA kh gn gi vi Visual Basic, nhng n ch c th chy trong
ng dng ch ch khng phi 1 chng trnh c lp. N c th c dng iu khin 1
ng dng t 1 OLE t ng (v d, t ng to 1 bn bo co bng Word t d liu trong
Excel).
VBA c nhiu kh nng v cc k mm do nhng n c mt s hn ch quan trng, bao
gm h tr hn ch cho cc hm gi li. N c kh nng s dng (nhng khng to ra) cc
th vin ng, v cc phin bn sau h tr cho cc m-un lp (class modules).
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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4.2. MACRO & MODULE

Vic dng Macro hay Module lm tiu ch chnh pht trin ng dng MS Access
cng l mt vn kh. Tuy nhin, ngi dng cn xc nh cho mnh mt s tiu ch sau
trc khi a ra quyt nh:
Tnh n gin Ton b ni dung ca module c son tho bng m Visual Basic
Applications, vic pht trin ng dng MS Access theo hng module i hi ngi dng
phi am hiu v lnh vc lp trnh trn my tnh v bit dng ngn ng VBA.
S linh hot v mm do vi module l ton m c vit li t u kh nng linh hot
trong qu trnh thit k v pht trin cao hn Macro, khng b cc gii hn v chc nng
c th vn dng linh hot cc cu trc iu khin chng trnh.
Qui m ng dng vi cc ng dng nh cc chc nng n gin vic s dng macro t ra
ph hp. Tuy nhin, vi cc ng dng i hi nhiu chc nng phc tp hn th vic dng
module l iu cn thit.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Trn Nguyn Hn & Phng Lan (???), Gio trnh chng ch B tin hc Microsoft
Access 2003 tp 1, NXB Lao ng & X hi.
[2] Dng Kiu Hoa (2003), T hc Access 2000 trong 10 ting ng h, NXB Thanh
Nin.
[3] V Trung Hng (2000), Lp Trnh Trc Quan, i Hc Nng.
[4] Cary N.Prague, Michael R. Irwin, Microsoft Access 2002 Bible. Hungry Minds (2002)
[5] ng Vn Thng (2000), MS - Access 2000 - Phn cn bn, NXB thng k.
[6] Nguyn Vn Hun (2008), Microsoft Access 2007. NXB Lao ng.
Gio trnh Tin Hc B

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Giáo trình tin học B Access

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TRNG I HC CU LONG

TRUNG TM CNG NGH THNG TIN

GIO TRNH TIN HC B

VNH LONG 2008

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Windows 9x, NT 4.0,

Windows 98, Me,

Phin bn c s dng trong gio trnh l Microsoft Office Access 2003.

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Hnh 1.1- Bng d liu Table

2.1. KIN TRC

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Hnh 1.2 - Kin trc ca mt Table

Hnh 1.3 - Ni dung ca mt Table

Trn li nhp liu ca Excel th tt c cc u mc nh s dng kiu v hng (Scalar)

Hnh 1.4 - Hin th thng bo kiu khng hp l

Hin tng ny c c l do ngi dng va ri t tin thay i gi tr a mt gi tr

3.2. CC THNH PHN

Hnh 1.5 - Ca s Database View

Objects (1) Danh sch cc i tng chnh ca Microsotf Access, bao gm

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Hnh 1.6 - Mn hnh thit k cu trc Table

Field name (1) t tn trng thng tin

4.2. QUI TRNH THIT K

Hnh 1.7 - t tn trng

B3 - Chn kiu d liu cho trng (Data type)

Hnh 1.8 - Chn kiu d liu

Hnh 1.9 - Thit lp thuc tnh

Hnh 1.10 - Thit lp quan h gia cc Table

Hnh 1.11 Mn hnh nhp liu cho Table

Ln lt nhp d liu vo cho tt c cc trng, nhn phm Tab chuyn qua k

4.3. KIU D LIU QUI C N GIN NHP LIU !

Gi tr ng hoc sai. Nhp mt trong

Hnh 1.12 - Mn hnh hin th thng bo lu Table

Nhp chn Yes lu li table, khi xut hin hp thoi:

Hnh 1.13 - Mn hnh t tn Table

Hnh 1.14 - Mn hnh hin th thng bo thit lp kha chnh Table

5.2. HIU CHNH CU TRC

M table hiu chnh

Hnh 1.15 - M hin chnh Table

Hnh 1.16 - Hin th chn nhiu ct Table

5.3. FONT HIN TH

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

Hnh 1.17 - Chn Font ch cho tng Table ring l

t font mc nh cho tt c cc table

Hnh 1.18 - Chn Font mc nh cho h thng

5.4. NHP LIU

Gio trnh Tin Hc B

BI 2 - RNG BUC TRONG TABLE

1. KHA CHNH PRIMARY KEY

Hnh 2.1 - Thng bo li khi b trng kha chnh

Thng bo trn hin th ra khi ngi dng c gng nhp tn ca mt ngi no c tn

1.2. THIT LP KHA

hoc click phi chut chn Primary Key to kha

Hnh 2.2 - Thit lp kha chnh

hoc click phi chut chn Primary Key to

B3 - Vo File/Save hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl + S lu kha chnh va to

hoc click phi chut chn Primary Key g kha

B9 - File/Save hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl + S lu li.

Hnh 2.3 - Thng bo cha thit lp kha chnh

Cn to kha chnh to mi lin kt vi cc table khc. Trong trng hp ny

2. KIU D LIU DATA TYPE