003.Quy trình sản xuất Polyvinyl dorua (PVC)

n tt nghip GVHD: TS.
Ng Mnh Long
Nguyn Hu Hng 1 Lp: Polyme K47
PHN MT: M U ................................................................................ 1
1. Lch s pht trin ......................................................................................... 1
2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th PVC ............................................................ 2
2.1. Trn th gii ................................................................................... 2
2.2. Ti Vit Nam ................................................................................. 2
3. Cc d n sp ti ......................................................................................... 3
PHN TH HAI.: L THUYT CHUNG ................................................ 5
CHNG 1. QU TRNH SN XUT NHA PVC ............................... 5
1.1. Nguyn liu .................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Tnh cht l hc ................................................................ 5
1.1.2 Tnh cht ho hc .............................................................. 7
1.2. Phn ng to nha ......................................................................... 9
1.2.1. C cu phn ng .............................................................. 9
1.2.2. ng hc qu trnh trng hp .......................................... 11
1.2.3. trng hp v chiu di ng hc ca mch ................ 13
1.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh trng hp ............................. 14
1.3.1. Nhit ............................................................................. 14
1.3.2. p sut .............................................................................. 14
1.3.3. Oxy .................................................................................... 14
1.3.4. Nng cht khi mo ..................................................... 14
1.3.5. Nng monome .............................................................. 15
1.4. Cc phng php sn xut nha PVC ........................................... 15
1.4.1. Sn xut Vinylclorua (vc) ................................................. 15
1.4.2. Sn xut PVC ................................................................... 18
1.4.2.1. Phng php trng hp khi ............................... 18
1.4.2.2. Phng php trng hp dung dch ...................... 19
1.4.2.3. Phng php trng hp nh tng ..................... 19
1.4.2.4. Phng php trng hp huyn ph ..................... 21

CHNG 2. PHN NG PHN HU, N NH CA NHA PVC .. 23
2.1. Phn ng phn hu ....................................................................... 23
1.3. C ch ca s n nh .................................................................... 25
n tt nghip GVHD: TS. Ng Mnh Long
2.3. S thay th ca CL khng bn ....................................................... 25
2.4. Phn ng ti cc v tr cha bo ho .............................................. 27
CHNG 3. TNH CHT NG DNG CA PVC ................................. 29
3.1. Tnh cht c l ho ca nha PVC ................................................ 29
3.2. Tnh cht c l .............................................................................. 30
3.3. Tnh cht ha hc ........................................................................... 31
3.4. ng dng ....................................................................................... 32
CHNG 4. DY CHUYN SN XUT PVC BNG PHNG
PHP HUYN PH ..................................................................................... 34
4.1. Quy cch nguyn liu v thnh phn ............................................. 34
4.2. Thit b chnh trong dy chuyn sn xut ..................................... 35
4.3. Thnh phn nguyn liu ................................................................. 35
4.4. So snh gia cc phng php ..................................................... 35
4.5. Dy chuyn sn xut PVC trong dung dch huyn ph ................. 37
PHN TH BA. CN BNG VT CHT................................................ 39
3.1. Nng sut mt ngy lm vic ......................................................... 39
3.2. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt tn sn phm .............................. 39
3.3. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt m sn phm .............................. 46
3.4. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho 500 tn sn phm ............................... 48
PHN TH T. TNH TON C KH .................................................... 50
1. Thit b chnh .................................................................................... 50
2. Thit b ph ....................................................................................... 60
2.1. Bm ...................................................................................... 60
2.2. Thit b lng cha ............................................................. 67
2.3. Thit b ra ly tm ............................................................. 70
2.4. Thit b sy .......................................................................... 71
2.5. Sng ..................................................................................... 74
3. Cn bng nhit .................................................................................. 74
3.1. Tnh ton nhit cho giai on un nng hn hp t nhit
u 25
0
C ln nhit trng hp 70
0
C .................................. 76
3.2. Giai on gi nhit phn ng 70
0
C .................................... 81

PHN TH NM. AN TON LAO NG .............................................. 91

PHN TH SU. IN NC ................................................................. 94
1. in ................................................................................................... 94
2. Nc ................................................................................................. 99

PHN TH BY. KINH T ....................................................................... 100
1. Mc ch ........................................................................................... 100
2. Ni dung phn kinh t ....................................................................... 101
2.1. Chi ph mua nguyn liu ...................................................... 101
2.2. Chi ph sn xut chung ........................................................ 101
2.3. Chi ph cng nhn ............................................................... 105
2.4. Chi ph tiu th .................................................................... 108
PHN TH TM. XY DNG ................................................................. 109
1. Xc nh a im xy dng nh my ............................................. 109
2. Thuyt minh thit k mt bng, mt ct phn xng ....................... 113
2.1. Chn hng nh .................................................................. 113
2.2. Thit k nh ......................................................................... 113
2.3. B tr thit b ........................................................................ 113
2.4. Cc gii php kt cu nh ................................................... 114
2.5 Cc cng trnh ph ............................................................... 116
3. Tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut....................................117

KT LUN ..................................................................................................... 118

TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 119

PHN MT: M U
1. LCH S PHT TRIN .
Trong cng nghip cht do, Polyvinyl dorua (PVC) l mt trong ba
cht do thng dng gm: Polyolefin (PO), Polyvinlclorua (PVC) v
Polystyren (PS). N ng hng th hai sau Polyolefin vi tng cng sut
ton th gii nm 1997 l 25 triu tn nm.
Vinyl clorua c tm ra ln utin bi Regnalt nm 1835. Polyme
Polyvinyclorua (PVC) c bit n ln u tin 1938. Nm 1912, Bauman
trnh by phn ng trng hp monome vinylic gm Vinyclorua s dng
nh sng mt tri to ra sn phm PVC dng bt trng. T , cng
ngh trng hp PVC c nhng bc pht trin mnh m ch yu M
v c. Sn phm thng mi ca PVC ln u tin ra i c vo u
nhng nm 30 sn phm qu trnh trng hp nh tng. Nm 1932, bc
t ph u tin gii quyt vn qu trnh v s n nh nhit din ra
khi Semon pht minh ra cht ho do cho PVC, qu trnh s dng cht n
nh c pht trin vo nhng nm 30 ca th k 20.
Hin nay PVC l mt trong nhng Polyme chnh ca th gii. Do
tnh cht c l tt nn PVC c sn xut vi sn lng ln. Tuy nhin
tnh n nh nhit v tnh mm do ca PVC km hn mt s nha thng
phm khc nh Polyetylen (PE) v PS. PVC c sn xut ch yu bng
phng php trng hp gc. Tuy nhin, trng hp gc ca PVC cho ra
nhiu ng phn v cc khuyt tt cu trc. Nhng nhn t ny quan trng
sng cn i vi ngi s dng PVC, v chng to ra nhng vn v mu
sc, n nh nhit, tinh th, ng s gia cng v tnh cht c hc ca
thnh phm. Nghin cu v khuyt tt cng em li nhng hiu bit su sc
v bn cht ca phn ng ph xy ra trong qu trnh trng hp.
Ngoi cc cht ph gia nh cht ho do, cht n nh nhit cht bi
trn, cht n v Polyme khc, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu nhm ci
thin nhng tnh cht yu km ca PVC v d ng trng hp vi cc
monome khc v thay i hnh thi ca ht tng cng tnh d gia cng.
Polyme ng trng hp ghp ca PVC vi monome acrylic v vinylaxetat
blend vi MBS v acrylonitryl butadien styren (ABS) lm tng bn
va p ca PVC. Cplyme ca PVC vi monomeimit v PVC clo ho
c nghin c tng tnh chng chy ca PVC. PVC ho do ni l mt
gii php cho vn ca cht ho do (DOP) di chuyn t bn trong ra bn
ngoi vt liu.
2. TNH HNH SN XUT V TIU TH PVC.
2.1. Trn th gii.
Theo d bo ca cc chuyn gia Marketing v lnh vc cng nghip
ho cht, th trng da trn th gii ngy cng tng. Nhu cu nha PVC
ca cc khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng c bit l Trung Quc, n
s l yu t ch yu lm tng nhu cu th trng nha PVC.
Mc tng nhu cu PVC ca cc nc t bn gp khong 2 ln mc
tng tng sn phm quc dn ca nc .
cc nc ng u, Chu Phi, Trung cn ng, nhu cu tiu th
PVC cng tng do mc u t vo cc nc ny tng ln.
Nhu cu v nha PVC theo bnh qun u ngi cc nc pht
trin li thp hn so vi cc nc ang pht trin (chim 2/3 dn s th
gii).
T nm 1991 1997 mc tng bnh qun v PVC hng nm ca cc
nc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng l 6,2%, trong khi mc tng bnh qun
trn th gii l 5,3%.
Nhu cu tng ln nht v PVC cc nc Chu - Thi Bnh
Dng l Nht: chim 34%, Indonexia: 14,6%, Thi Lan: 14,1%, Malaixia:
13,9%, Trung Quc: 12,3%.
2.2. Ti Vit Nam.
Do nhu cu PVC tnh theo u ngi hin nay Vit Nam so vi
nhiu nc cn thp, nn trong cc nm ti tc tng trng trung bnh
hng nm s l 40%, sau gim xung khong 17%, vo cc nm tip
theo.
Hin nay nc ta c 2 Lin doanh sn xut bt PVC mt l: Cng
ty Lin doanh gia Tng cng ty Nha Vit Nam vi Tng cng ty Ho
cht Vit Nam v Cng ty Thi Plastic Chemical Public Ltd vi cng sut
80.000tn/nm. Nm 2001 nh my hot ng vi cng sut 100% nm
2002 cng sut Nh my tng len 100.000 tn/nm [1].
Hai l: Cng ty TNHH nha v ho cht Ph M ti khu cng
nghip Ci Mp l lin doanh gia cng ty xut nhp khu tnh B Ra-
Vng Tu vi tng cng ty du kh Petronas ca Malaysia c cng sut l
100.000 tn bt PVC/nm.
Trong nm 2000 c nc ta tiu th khong 150.000 tn bt PVC,
nhng ch p ng c khong 40% nhu cu cn phi nhp khu khong
60% t cc nc trn th gii. Ngoi vic sn xut bt PVC hai Cng ty
Lin doanh trn cn sn xut PVC Compound vi cng sut 6000 tn/nm,
hai Cng ty ny s dng ht cng sut thit k, nhng vn cha p ng
ht nhu cu cc chng loi PVC Compound trong nc m ch sn xut ch
yu cc loi PVC lm ph kin cn cc loi PVC dng cho cc chi tit c
chng vn phi nhp khu . [1]
3. CC D N SN XUT SP TI.
nc ta theo tnh ton trong vng 1 nm na, th nhu cu nguyn
liu cn ti 1,2 1,5 triu tn nm [1] tr gi hn 1 t la.
Hin nay c mt vi d n ca cc cng ty Nht, Nam Triu Tin,
Php, Thi Lan, trao i vi ngnh cht do Vit Nam v vic xy dng
Nh my PVC vi cng sut 100.000 tn/nm [2].
Nn cng nghip ho cht ng vai tr tin phong trong cng cuc
i mi v pht trin, lnh vc cng nghip ho cht gn lin vi s pht
trin ca t nc.
Vo u thp k 60, nh my ho cht Vit Tr sn xut c
PVC, vi nng sut 150 tn/nm. Tuy nhin, do khng kinh t sn lng
qu nh nn qu trnh sn xut sm dng li, c bit khi bc vo chin
tranh ph hoi ca M. Trong thi gian gn y, cng nghip gia cng cht
do li pht trin mnh m vi tc tng trng bnh qun 28%/nm.
minh ho iu ta c bng mc tiu th cht do trong thp k 90
Nguyn liu dng trong qa trnh gia cng u phi nhp khu, trong
PVC nhp di hai dng: PVC bt (PVC resin) v PVC ht (PVC
compound) c cha sn cht ho do, cht n nh, cht muc cu
nguyn liu c trnh by bng sau.
Lng PVC nhp vo mi nm vo khong 72000 tn v theo k
hoch d kin ca Tng cng ty nha Vit Nam, nhu cu PVC v cht ho
do trong thi gian ti c m t bng sau
Nhu cu PVC ngy cng nhiu, do phi tnh n xy dng ngnh
sn xut PVC tit kim c chi ph v p ng nhu cu ca th
trng. Cho n nay c 6 d n sn xut PVC, chim trong s 7 d n
v sn xut nguyn liu v 30 d n c ngnh nha.
- Cng ty Mitsui- Vina v by gi l TPC- Vina tng vn u t 90
triu USD, nguyn liu l VCM nhp khu trng hp thnh PVC, cng sut
80000 tn/nm.
- Cng ty Elfatoche Vit Nam ti ng Nai, vn u t 3,55 triu
USD cng sut 30000 tn/nm.
- Cng ty lin doanh Vit- Thi Plastchem ti thnh ph H Ch
Minh c vn u t 2,99 triu USD. Hai nh my ny c sn phm l PVC
ht v ang hot ng, sn phm ca hai nh my ny cung cp cho th
trng hin nay.
- Cng ty Oxy- Vina tng vn u t 109,4 triu USD i t nguyn
liu VCM trng hp thnh PVC.
- D n TPC- Chem Quest Vit Nam, vn u t 12 triu USD sn
xut DOP cng sut 30000 tn/nm t cc nguyn liu ngoi nhp.
- D n LG- Vina, vn u t 12,5 triu USD, sn xut DOP cng
sut 30000 tn/nm [8].
Tuy nhin, hin nay gi sn phm PVC trong nc cao hn rt nhiu
so vi gi mt bng chung trn th gii. Do , cc c s sn xut cc sn
phm PVC trong nc ang phi hot ng cm chng chi khon 30- 35%
cng sut. Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng trn l do s ht gi ca ng tin
cc nc cung cp nguyn liu cho ngnh nha Vit Nam. Hn na, cc
nh my mi i vo hot ng, gi thnh sn phm vn mang gi tr khu
hao ban u, nn gi thnh vn cao hn mc bnh thng. Do vy cc d
n trn tr thnh hin thc th trong thi gian ti gi thnh sn phm v sn
lng PVC trong nc s p ng cho th trng trong nc v gi
thnh s h xung dn n khng cn phi nhp khu nguyn liu v nha
PVC na.
Khi cc nh my lc du Dung Qut (Qung Ngi) v Nghi Sn
(Thanh Ho) i vo hot ng s l c hi thun li cho s pht trin cng
nghip cht do ni chung v PVC ni ring.
Bc i ca ngnh PVC nh vy rt r rng, c th do chng
ta c quyn hy vng vo mt tng lai tt p.


PHN TH HAI:
L THUYT CHUNG
CHNG 1. QU TRNH SN XUT NHA PVC
1.1. NGUYN LIU
Vinyl clorua gi tt l VC, c cng thc phn t C
2
H
3
Cl, cng thc cu
to:

1.1.1 Tnh cht l hc
nhit v p sut thng l cht kh c mi ete.
+ Nhit ng rn -159,7
0
C
+ Nhit ngng t -13,9
0
C
+ Nhit ti hn 142
0
C
+ Nhit bc chy 415kcal/kg
+ Nhit nng chy 18,4kcal/kg
+ Nhit bc hi 25
0
C 78,5kcal/kg
+ Trng lng ring 0,969kcal/kg
+ Nhit to thnh -838kcal/kg
+ Nhit trng hp -3665kcal/kg
+ Nhit dung ring dng lng 25
0
C 0,83kcal/kg
+ Nhit dung ring dng hi 25
0
C 0,207kcal/kg
+ H s khc x ca VC lng 1,83kcal/kg
+ T l ca VC ph thuc vo nhit
Nhit (
0
C) -15 -25
T trng 0,9730 0,9014
+ p sut hi ca VC ph thuc vo nhit
CH
2
CH

Cl

Nhit (
0
C) -87,5 -55,8 -13,37 16,2 46,8
p sut (mmHg) 10 100 760 22,58 54,34

+ tan trong nc 1at l 0,5 % trng lng
+ Gii hn nng ca hn hp vi khng kh t 3,6226,6% th tch
+ Tnh cht c ca VC:
VC c hn so vi etylclorua v t c hn clorofom v tetra clorua
cacbon. C kh nng gy m qua h thng h hp ca con ngi v c th
ng vt. Con ngi khi tip xc hi VC mc 25% th ch trong 3 pht
bt u b chong vng v mt thng bng nh hng. Nu hm lng
VC trong khng kh l 0,5% th con ngi c th lm vic trong mt vi
gi m khng c tc ng sinh l no ng k c. [2]
1.1.2 Tnh cht ho hc
Cng thc cu to:

2
CH CH
Cl
,
=

Do c cha lin kt i v nguyn t Clo linh ng nn cc phn ng ho
hc ca VC l phn ng ca nguyn t Clo linh ng. VC khng tan trong
nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh axeton, ru etylic, cacbon
hydro thm, cacbon hydro mch thng.
Trong phn t VC c lin kt ni i v mt nguyn t Clo linh
ng, do phn ng ho hc ch yu l phn ng kt hp hoc phn ng
ca nguyn t Clo trong phn t VC.
- Phn ng ni i
+ Phn ng cng hp: tc dng vi halogen cho ta 1,2 diclo etan iu
kin mi trng kh 140150
0
C hoc 80
0
C v c chiu sng xc tc
SbCl
3
.
Khi c xc tc AlCl
3
, FeCl
3
th VC phn ng vi HCl.

Vi H
2

Trong phn ng oxi ho VC nhit 50150
0
C c mt HCl d dng to
ra monome axetat dehit

Do phn t c cha ni i VC c th tham gia phn ng trng hp to
PVC.

- Phn ng ca nguyn t Clo.
+ Thu phn.
Khi un nng vi kim HCl b tch ra khi VC cho ta axetylen

Tc dng vi acolat hay fenolat cho ta este VC:

CH
2
CH

Cl

+

NaOH

CH

CH
NaCl

+
+

H
2
O
CH
2
CH

Cl

+

RONa

CH
2
CH

NaCl

+

OR

HCl
CH
2
CH

Cl

+

CH
2
CH
2
Cl
Cl

H
2 CH
2
CH

Cl

+

CH
3
CH
2
Cl

1/2O
2
+
CHO CH
2
Cl

CH
2
CH

Cl

CH
2
CH

Cl

CH
2
CH

Cl

n

- To hp cht c kim

+ VC trong iu kin khng c khng kh 450
0
C c th b phn
hu to thnh axetylen v HCl do phn ng polyme ho axetylen v c th
phn ng tip tc to ra mt lng nh 2- clo- 1,3- butadien.
Cn trong iu kin c khng kh VC b oxi ho hon ton.

- Bo qun: Trc y VC c bo qun v vn chuyn vi s c
mt ca mt lng nh phenol c ch phn ng polyme ho. Ngy nay
VC c sn xut vi tinh khit cao v khng cn cht c ch trong bo
qun ng thi do c lm sch nc nn VC khng gy n mn c th
c bo qun trong cc thng thp cacbon thng.
1.2. PHN NG TO NHA PVC.
1.2.1. C cu phn ng.
C cu phn ng to nha PVC l phn ng trng hp Vinylclorua
(VC)

VC cha ni i v c momen lng cc bng 1,44.
Phn ng trng hp xy ra di tc dng ca cht khi mo (hoc
nhit , nng lng hoc tia phng x). Trung tm hot ng nhn c
c dng gc t do, phn ng trng hp theo c ch trng hp gc.
- C cu phn ng gm 4 giai on:
Giai on khi mo.
Giai on pht trin mch.
CH
2
= CH

|

Cl
CH
2
CH

Cl

CH

CH

+

HCl

Cl

CH
2
CH
+

Mg

CH
2
CH

MgCl

Giai on t mch.
Giai oan chuyn mch.
+ Giai on khi mo:
Gi s cht khi mo l Peoxit benzoil.
1. Phn hu cht khi mo.
| +

2
CO
5
H
6
C COO
5
H
6
C
COO
5
H
6
C 2
t
5
H
6
C
O
C O O
O
C
5
H
6
C
0
|| ||

K hiu gc hot ng l R
-

Tuy nhin cc gc ny khng phi u tham gia khi mo qu trnh
trung hp, m c mt s khc kt hp vi nhau to thnh phn t trung ho
(khong 20-40%).
V d:
5
H
6
COOC
5
H
6
C COO
5
H
6
C
5
H
6
C
5
H
6
C
5
H
6
C
5
H
6
C
5
H
6
C

2. Khi mo.

+ Giai on pht trin mch.

R
+ CH
2
= CH R CH
2
C
H
| |
Cl Cl
R CH
2
C

H + CH
2
= CH R CH
2
CH CH
2
C
H
| | | |
Cl Cl Cl Cl

R CH
2
C

H - CH
2
C

H + nCH
2
= CH
2

| |
Cl Cl

R CH
2
C

H - CH
2
C

H - CH
2
- CH
| |
|
Cl Cl
Cl


+ Giai on chuyn mch.
- Chuyn mch ln Monome.

Chuyn mch ln Polyme.

Chuyn mch ln cht khi mo.
~
5
H
6
C
O
C O O
O
C
5
H
6
C CH
2
CH
|| ||
+

+ Giai on t mch.
Phn ng t mch c th xy ra theo hai cch:
Kt hp.

- CH
2
C

H + ~ - CH
2
CH ~ CH
2
CH
2
+ ~ CH
2
C

~
| | | |
Cl Cl Cl Cl
CH
2
= CH + ~ CH
2
CH
| |
Cl Cl

CH
2
= C
+ ~ CH
2
CH
2

| |
Cl Cl

CH
3
= CH
+ ~ CH CH
| |
Cl Cl

O
||
~ CH
2
CH O C C
6
H
5
+ C
6
H
5
COO

|
Cl
- CH
2
C

H + ~ CH
2
C
H ~ CH
2
CH

- CH - CH
2

~
| | | |
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Phn ly.

1.2.2. ng hc qu trnh trng hp.
Trong trng hp s dng cht khi mo giai on khi mo gm 2 phn
ng.
- Phn ng phn hu cht khi mo.
I 2

R . Trong :
R : gc t do.
V
d
= k
d
[I] = V
I
: I: Cht khi mo. k
d
: hng s vn tc phn hu.
- Phn ng to gc t do ban du.

vn tc ca phn ng ny l V
2
.
V V
2
>> V
d
do V
d
s quyt nh vn tc qu trnh khi mo.
V
KM
= 2V
d
= 2f . k
d
[I] = K
KM
[I].
K
KM
= 2fk
d
.
f: l h s c trng cho hiu qu khi mo ca cht khi mo.
+ Giai on pht trin mch.
(Giai on ny l phn ng to nhit) y l giai on quyt nh vn
tc trng hp, cu to v kch thc, khi lng ca Polyme.
Vn tc pht trin mch bng vn tc tiu hao Monome trong mt
n v thi gian.
] M ].[ R [ K V
d
d
pt pt
t
M
= =
~ CH
2
CH + ~ CH
2
C
H ~ CH
2
CH
2
+ ~
CH = CH

| |
| |
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
R
+ CH
2
= CH R CH
2
CH
| |
Cl Cl
[M]: Nng Monome.
R [ ]: Nng gc t do.
K
pt
: Hng s pht trin mch.
V
pt
: Vn tc pht trin mch, V
d
: Vn tc t mch.
+ Giai on t mch.
2
d d
t
R
] R [ K V
d
d

= =
Hng s vn tc t mch (10
6
10
8
. L/mol. S) ln hn rt nhiu
hng s vn tc pht trin mch (10
2
- 10
4
L/mol.s). Tuy nhin phn ng
pht trin mch vn xy ra do phn ng t mch b hn ch bi nng
gc t do thp, s khuych tn v cn tr khng gian.
1.2.3. trng hp v chiu di ng hc ca mch.
- Chiu di ng hc ca mch l t l gia 2 i lng.
d
p
V
V
L =
Do mt s thi im khi chuyn ho cha su lm th tc to
thnh cc gc t do bng tc tiu hao n.
V
d
= V
KM
.
Thay gi tr V
KM
= V
d
= K
d
[M
.
]
2

Thay gi tr V
p
= K
p
[M] [R
.
]
2 / 1
KM d
p
] I [ K
] M [ K
] R [ K
] M [ K
L = =

Vi
2 / 1
d
2 / 1
KM p
K
K . K
k =
Chiu di ng hc ca mch t l thun vi nng Monome v t
l nghch vi cn bc hai ca nng cht khi mo. Vi trng hp khi
t mch theo c ch phn ly, trng hp P bng chiu di ng hc ca
mch.
2 / 1
KM
] I [ K
] M [ K
P
=
Vi trng hp khi t mch, theo c ch kt hp, trng hp
bng 2 ln chiu di ng hc ca mch.
2 / 1 ] I [
KM
K
] M [ K
2 P=
1.3. CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH TRNG HP
1.3.1. Nhit .
Khi nhit tng, vn tc ca tt c cc giai on phn ng trng
hp u tng. Nng lng hot ho ca cc giai on khc nhau.
Nng lng hot ho ca phn ng khi mo (112 170kJ/mol) ln
hn hn so vi nng lng hot ho ca phn ng pht trin mch 928
40kJ/mol) v phn ng t mch. Do , khi nhit tng mc tng
vn tc khi mo l ln nht. Vn tc khi mo tng ko theo vn tc trng
hp tng v vn tc t mch cng tng theo.
V V
KM
tng nng gc t do cng tng nn ta c.
V
p
= k
p
[ ] M ].[ M

V
d
= k
p

2
] M [

Do V
d
tng nhiu hn V
p
.
1.3.2. p sut.
Khi p sut thp v p sut trung bnh tng ln n vi chc vi trm
atm thc t khng nh hng g n qu trnh trng hp. Nhng khi p sut
tng cao 1000 atm tr ln vn tc trng hp v khi lng phn t ca
Polyme u tng.
1.3.3. Oxy.
Oxy tc dng vi Monome to Peroxit.

CH
2
= CH + O
2
CH
2
CH Cl
| | |
Cl O O

Peroxit ny phn hu to gc t do.
Nu gc hot tnh thp th 0
2
c tc dng lm hm qu trnh trng
hp, nu gc hot ng th oxy s lm tng vn tc trng hp.
1.3.4. Nng cht khi mo.
Khi nng cht khi mo tng, vn tc trng hp tng nhng khi
lng phn t Polyme gim [4].
1.3.5. Nng Monome.
Khi tng nng Monome trong phng php trng hp dung dch,
vn tc trng hp v khi lng phn t u tng. Nhng nu dung mi
tham gia vo phn ng chuyn mch, th mi lin quan n vn tc trung
fhp v khi lng phn t phc tp hn nhiu.
1.4. CC PHNG PHP SN XUT NHA PVC.
1.4.1. sn xut Vinylclorua (VC).
Vinylclorua l mt cht kh khng mu, c mi ete nhit phng
v p sut kh quyn.
* Tnh cht.
Khi lng ring 15
0
C: p = 0,793 g/cm
3

Nhit dung ring lng 25
0
C: 0,38 Cal/g .
Nhit dung ring hi 25
0
C: 0,207 Cal/g .
Nhit si: t
0
3
= - 13,9
0
0,1. Nhit nng chy T
0
nc
= -159,7
0,1.
nguyn cht ca Vinylclorua c th t ti 98,5 99,5% v tp
cht c th c mt t axetylen nhng khng c c NaOH v lm cho
axetylen d n.
VC c th bo qun v vn chuyn trong cc bnh bng thp chu p
sut, van, v cc b phn tip xc vi VC khng c ch to t hp kim
c ng. Thng thng nn thm vo VC mt lng cht hm nh
Hydroquinon vi t l 0,00001 phn trng lng.
Vinyclorua c th sn xut bi 3 phng php chnh [5].

Phng php tng hp trong phng th nghim: Etylen chuyn ho
thnh dicloetan, sau dicloetan tc dng vi kim trong ru.

Thnh phn: 1 phn dicloetan, 0,5 phn NaOH hoc KOH v 0,5
phn ru.
Nn dng d ru v nu d kim s to axetylen sn phm ph ca
phn ng l etylenglicol.
Hn hp sn phm c lm sch v kh bi qu trnh chng ct.
* Phng php Oxy Clo ho Etylen.
- Giai on 1: Xayra pha lng c nhit phn ng l 30 50
0
C
xc tc FeCl
2
.

- Giai on 2: Qu trnh nhit phn nhit cao v c xc tc c
thc hin trong thit b bng st hay s dng c cha y than hot tnh.

C
2
H
4
+ Cl
2
CH
2
CH
2

| |
Cl Cl
hv
CH
2
CH
2
+ NaOH CH
2
= CH
2
+ NaCl + H
2
O
| | |
Cl Cl Cl
C
2
H
4
+ Cl
2
CH
2
CH
2

| |
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
| |
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
= CH + HCl
|
Cl
300 600
0
C

Sn phm to thnh qua thit b ngng t cn dicloetan d s quay
tr li nhit phn.
Nt c trng ca qu trnh cn bng o sl: HCl c to ra trong
sut giai on tch loi v c thu hi trong qu trnh lm sch, sau
c s dng to ra 1,2 dicloetan bi phn ng oxy ho.

* Phng php sn xut VC t HCl v C
2
H
2
.
y l phng php c quan tm nht, dng sn xut trong
nhiu nm qua.
Qu trnh c th xy ra pha lng hoc pha kh.

Qu trnh xy ra trong pha lng: Axetylen c a vo dung dch
axit HCl m c vi xc tc (Cu
2
CL
2
v NH
4
Cl
2
). tng hot tnh ca
cht xc tc cho thm CuCl
2
dng bt.
Nhit phn ng thm 20-25
0
C mi trng kh tr VC to thnh
thot ra khi h thng phn ng cng vi Axetylen v hi nc.
C th tch loi bng cch: Ban u lm lnh, ngng t hi nc
ri sang my lm lnh su hn 60
0
C ngng VC cn C
2
H
2
quay li thit
b phn ng [9].
y l qu trnh gin on phi b xung HCl v Axetylen vo. c
VC nguyn cht s dng cho qu trnh trng hp huyn ph th cn phi s
dng thp tinh luyn tch C
2
H
2
ho tan trong VC.
C
2
H
2
+ HCL CH
2
= CH + 477
Cal

|

Cl
2CH
2
= CH
2
+ 4HCl + O
2
2CH
2
CH
2
+ 2H
2
O
| |
Cl Cl
Qu trnh xy ra pha kh (qu trnh lin tc).
HCl c dng dng kh, nhit phn ng cao t 140 200
0
C
xc tc l thanh hot tnh tm dung dch Cluarua thu ngn hay Clorua bari
trong nc ri sy. T l gia thanh hot tnh v Clorua thu ngn l 12:1.
Hn hp kh C
2
H
2
v HCl (d 10-15% HCl) sy s b i qua ng t
nng ri chuyn vo thit b tng hp c cha y than hot tnh m xc
tc. Hiu sut VC ph thuc vo tc hn hp kh, lng xc tc v nhit
(tc chm, nhit coa th hiu sut ln).
Ngoi phn ng chnh to VC cn xy ra cc phn ng ph sau:
CH CH + H
2
O CH
3
CHO
CH
2
= CH + HCl CH
3
CHCl
2

V vy sn phm sau phn ng l hn hp kh, c qua lm lnh v
x l bng kim loi b HCl khng phn ng.
Sau x lsy bng metanol loi b H
2
O to ra trong qu trnh x
l kim. Cui cng phi tin hnh loi b andehit v dicloetan (c hnh
thnh do xy ra phn ng ph) kt qu thu c VC tinh khit [5].
1.4.2. Sn xut PVC.
PVC c sn xut t 4 phng php:
- Phng php trng hp khi.
- Phng php trng hp dung dch.
- Phng php trng hp nh tng.
- Phng php trng hp huyn ph.
Mi phng php u c nhng c im ring nhng c nt chung
l khi lng phn t ca PVC c xc nh ch yu bi nhit ca qu
trnh trng hp (khong 50 70
0
C).
1.4.2.1. Phng php trng hp khi.
y l phng php n gin tuy nhin t c s dng dp Polyme
to thnh dng khi kh gia cng.
H phn ng.
Monome v cht khi mo.
Nu khng c cht khi mo dng bc x nng lng cao, thay
cho cht khi mo do sn phm c tinh khit cao, khng cn qua
cng on sa v sy, dy chuyn sn xut n gin. Qu trnh sn xut
mt giai on c pht minh vo khong gia nm 1960 bi Dechiney
Sotogobain. y l qu trnh d th do Polyme khng tan trong Monome,
phn ng c kch ng khi c mt cht khi mo [5].
Qu trnh c nhc im l gy ra hin tng qu nhit cc b do
phn ng to nhit ln m mi trng phn ng dn nhit km.
khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta a ra qu trnh lm 2 giai
on.
Giai on u c tin hnh n mc chuyn ho 15% sn phm
thu c trng thi lng.
Giai on sau c tin hnh n mc chuyn ho 80 85%. Sn
phm thu c dng bt.
1.4.2.2. Phng php trng hp dung dch.
Vi phng php ny c th khc phc c hin tng qu nhit
cc b, do nhit phn ng lm bay hi mt phn dung mi. Trng hp
ny dung mi c th khng ho tan Polyme.
Nu dung dch khng ho tan Polyme nh ru th Polyme tch ra
dng bt.
Nu dung mi ho tan Polyme, v d nh dicloetan benzen
colbenzen Polyem dng dung dch, sau kt ta hoc chng ct tch
dung mi.
Thi gian trng hp tng i di, dung mi tiu tn nhiu vi
tinh khit cao. V vy trong thc t t c s dng, thng dng trong
phng th nghim nghin cu nhng quy lut phn ng do vn tc trng
hp khng ln lm.[4]
1.4.2.3. Phng php trng hp nh tng.
- H phn ng: Monome, cht khi mo, dung mi, cht nh ho,
dung dch mui m.
- Do kh nng ho tan trong nc km (0,009% ti 20
0
) nn
Vynylcorua c th tham gia phn ng trng nh tng [5].
- Do cht khi mo tan trong nc, phn ng trng hp xy ra bn
trong cc mixel. Polyme to thnh dng nh tng trong nc. [4]
- n nh v monome phn tn tt trong nc cn b sung cht
nh ho.
- Cht nh ho thng dng l ankyl sunphonat bc hai hoc mui
kim loi kim vi axit bo (x phng). Cht nh ho c mt phn a nc
v mt phn k nc.

Khi nng cht nhu ho vt nng ti hn, cc phn t cht nh
ho tp hp t 50 100 phn t to thnh cc mixel.
Mixel c hai dng: hnh cu v hnh tm.

phn a nc
phn k nc
Phn a nc hng ra ngoi, phn k nc hng vo trong. Mt
phn nh monome ho tan vo phn k nc ca mixel, cn phn ln to
thnh cc git monome c bo v bi cc phn t cht nh ho. Nng
cc git trong hn hp phn ng l 10
10
- 10
11
git/1ml. Trong khi nng
mixel 10
16
- 10
18
mixel/1ml. Cht khi u tan trong mi trng phn
tn nc.
- Vi h thng cht khi mo oxi ho kh c th thc hin phn ng
nhanh hn ti nhit thp khong 20
0
C gn y trong cc th nghim
ngi ta cn c th thc hin nhit xp x 0
0
C [5].
Pesunfat amoni (NH
4
)
2
S
2
o
8
, Pesunfatkuli (K
2
S
2
O
8
) v Hydropeoxit
l nhng cht khi mo in hnh.
Ngoi ra trong hn hp phn ng cn s dng cht iu chnh khi
lng phn t ca Polyme v dung dch mui m n nh pH ca
mi trng.
S phn ng trng hp nh tng c trnh by nh sau:

Cht khi mo phn hu thnh cc gc t do, cc gc t do: khuych
tn vo trong cc mixel kch ng qu trnh trng hp bn trong mixel. Khi
qu trnh trng hp xy ra th tch bn trong mixel gim lm gim p sut
bn trong mixel, cc phn t monome t mi trng nc khuychtn vo
mixel tham gia qu trnh trng hp lm h thng mt cn bng v monome
t cc git khuych tn ra mi trng m bo cn bng ton h thng.
Nh vy git monome (mc chuyn ho t 15%) l lng d tr cho
M
M
R - R
M
M
Git monome
qu trnh trng hp. Giai on u 915%) s ht trong h thng tng ln,
lm vn tc trng hp tng.
Giai on mc chuyn ho 15 60%: vn tc trng hp n nh.
Giai on cui l giai on cn kit monom, vn tc trng hp gim.
Sn phm to thnh dng latex vi kch thc ht rt b 0,01
1.10
-6
m c khi lng phn t ln, ng u cao, tuy nhin c nhc
im l b nhim bn bi cht nh ho, do tnh cch in ca Polyme
km hn Polyme nhn c bng phng php huyn ph.
1.4.2.4. Phng php trng hp huyn ph.
- H phn ng bao gm monome, cht khi mo, dung mi, cht n
nh. Phng php ny ni chung d iu khin.
- Do cht khi mo tan trong monome nn qu trnh kch ng v
trng hp xy ra trong cc hat monome huyn ph l lng trong mi
trng nc [7].
- Nh s khuy trn mnh m, monome khng tan trong nc c
phn b trong mi trng nc thnh cc ht nh c kch thc 0,01 0,03
CM.
- Mi git monome trong h huyn ph c th c coi l nhng
thit b phn ng trng hp khi cc nh c b mt thot nhit vi mi
trng nc ln, trnh c hin tng qu nhit cc b.
- Cng vi s tin trinca qu trnh trng hp, nht bn trong
cc git tng ln, nn phn chia nh cc git keo t rt kh. trnh xy ra
hin tng ny cn sung cc cht n nh nh gelatin, PVC. Cc cht n
nh to mng xung quanh git [4] v ngn cn cc git keo t li vi nhau,
giai on u qu trnh trng hp huyn ph chuyn ho khng ng
k (nh hn 1 2%) cc hot PVC rt nh xut hin bn trong cc git
monome VC.
Do lc ly tm cc ht PVC s di chuyn n b mt phn chia ca
VC v nc dn n s ghp ca cht bo v trn PVC kt qu to ra mng
bao bc chung quanh git. [4]
- Qu trnh phn ng xy ra trong thi gian di (18 22
h
) nhit
phn ng 80
0
C v c duy tr trong sut giai on phn ng n khi p
sut bt u gim do monome tham gia phn ng.
- Sn phm Polyme to thnh dng huyn ph trong nc [7] d
keo t to thnh dng bt, kch thc 0,01 0,3 mm.
- nng cao tnh n nh nhit ca Polyme khng dng nhiu cht
khi u v khng tng nhit cao qu.

CHNG 2. PHN NG PHN HU, N NH CA NHA PVC

- Nha PVC c nhit phn hu ch nh hn mt t so vi nhitd
d chy mm ca n, dn n PVC c kh nng phn hu trong qu trnh
gia cng.
2.1. PHN NG PHN HU.
S phn hu PVC khi un nng theo phn ng chui, trung tm bt
u phn hu l nhng phn mch m lin kt C H v C Cl yu.
Ban u l qu trnh tch loi HCl.

- CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
CH - ~
| | |
Cl Cl Cl
- HCl

CH = CH CH = CH ~.
Km theo s tch HCl l s hnh thnh mt lin kt i trn mch
PVC. HCl li lm xc tc cho qu trnh tch HCl mt xch c bn tip
theo, kt qu l to ra mch Polyen.

Mch Polyen c th b oxy ho, to thnh cc lin kt ngang hoc
Hydropeoxit.
S c mt ca oxy lm xc tin qu trnh to mu v tnh ho tan ca
Polyme gim. Qu trnh phn hulm nh hng n mu sc PVC, PVC
ban u c mu trng sau khi un nng s b thay i theo th t, vng nht
da cam, nu v en. Hn na qu trnh phn hy cn thay i cc tnh cht
co l v in [5]. trong khng kh phn hu nhit PVC nhanh hn, trong
N
2
. Mt s kim loi nh Zn v Fe (ngay c khi ch c vt) cng c xc tin
cho qu trnh phn hu PVC [7].
HCL c gii phng s kt hp c vi nhng kim loi ca qu
trnh, to thnh FeCl
3
v cc mui kim loi khc. Nhng mui ny rt
mnh c chc nng ging nh xc tc allkyl ho ca mch Polyme vi mt
phn t PVC khc.
Sau khi to FeCl
3
th ngay sau qu trnh xc tc tr nn rt nhanh.
Kt qu l HCl c tch ra nhanh v to nn nhiu lin kt ngang.
Cht nh ho c trong Polyme cng nh hng khng tt n n
nh ca PVC. nhit cao qu trnh phn hu PVC to ra HCl v cc
sn phm phn t thp khc. Ngoi kh nng phn hu nhit PVC cn c
th phn hu quang ho.
CH
CH CH
CH CH
CH
CH
Cc lin kt ho hc trong mch PVC hon ho (khng c nhc
im no trong cu trc) c bo ho bi lin kt cng ho tr ca 3 loi
sau: C Cl, C CH, C- C. Nng lng phn ly ca cc lin kt tng
ng l 78, 81, 98 Kcul/mol.
Qu trnh phn hu quang ca PVC c tin hnh qua c ch gc
t do.
Qu trnh phn hu quang oxy ho to ra cc nhm Hydroperoxit v
Cacbonnyl.
- tng cng kh nng n nh ca PVC, cn b sung cht n
nh trong thnh phn Polyme. Cht n nh l cht c tc dng hip ng
v c kh nng to mu ca PVC.
la chn cht n nh c th da vo thc nghim bng cch la
chn cc nhn t nh:
tnh cht ca cc thnh phn trong Polyme.
Gi thnh cht n nh tng xng vi s n nh cho qu trnh v
thi gian s dng.
sch ca hp cht.
c hi.
Hiu lc trn s bi trn, in, dn.
2.2. C CH CA S N NH.
Tu vo chc nng ca mi cht n nh m th phn loi khc nhau.
a. Phn ng trung ho HCl.
b. a s cht n nh PVC v cc h thng nha Halogenat u cha
mt hoc nhiu mui kim loi ca axit hu c yu. Mt s mui baz ca
axit v c cng c s dng. Trong mi trng hp mui baz yu hoc
x phng ny u phn ng vi HCl v l s chuyn i to Clorua
kim loi tng ng.
K hiu: M Kim loi, X gc axit.
M (X)
n
+ HCl M (Cl)
n
+
n
HX.
Qu trnh cng hp ca cc tc nhn n nh xy ra ngay lp tc,
ngay sau qu trnh trng hp.
Tc nhn n nh ph thucvo dng ca n, c th cng c chc
nng ngt mch. Cc cht nh epoxy, amin, ankoxit kim loi, phenolxit,
mecaptil kim loi c th phn ng vi HCl vi bin i ca cu trc [9].

RNH
2
HCl RNH
3
Cl
R O M + HCl R O H + MCl.
R S M + HCl R S H + MCl.
2.3. S THAY TH CA CL KHNG BN.
Hiu lc ch yu ca cht n nh l s tn cng vo cc nguyn
t Cl khng bn trn PVC v th chng bi cc nhm khc ca cht n
nh vn c.
X phng ca Camiun (cd), zine (zn) va dialkyltin, cacbonxylat v
mercaptil l nhng cht n nh PVC bi trao i phi t ca chng vi Cl
khng bn ca phn t PVC.

- Phn ng vi x phng Laurat ca Cd v (bari).

CH CH + HCl
O
CH -
OH Cl
CH2
SR
+
CR
Cl
M
CHCl - CH = CH - + M (SR)2 - CH - CH = CH -

Cd
OOCR
OOCR
+ CH
Cl
CH = CH
OOCR
CH CH = CH +
OOCR
Cd
Cl
+
Cl
OOCR
Cd Ba
OOCR
OOCR
Cd
OOCR
OOCR
+ Ba
OOCR
Cl
*
*
* *
*
*
BaCl2 +
OOCR
OOCR
Cd
Cd
OOCR
Ba Cd
OOCR
Cl
+
*
2.4. PHN NG TI CC V TR CHA BO HO.
xc nh hiu lc ca s n nh l phn ng ca cht n nh
vi nhng v tr cha bo ho c mt trong PVC.
V d: Mercaptan cng hp trc tip vi lin kt i to nhm
thioetru.

Khi mt chui ni tip Polyen b ph v th mu ca Polyme s b
bin i. Cht n nh kim loi hu c v mui kim loi c kh nng lm
cn tr s phn hu oxy ho ca hydropeoxit. S to vng cng cua v s
chng oxy ho ca photphit bc 3 c s dng l tc nhn n nh
PVC.
Pht pht este s dng iu khin mu, v em li s trong sut
trong qu trnh to nha, m vn cn cha mt t nht cht n nh mui
kim loi. Hiu lc m phot pht c c l nh kh nng to vng cng cua
(chelat) clorti kim loi.
1. To mng chn tia bc x t ngoi.
Chc nng ca cht n nh l to ra lp ngoi c kh nng hp th
cc tia tr ngoi.
2. Cc cht n nh ph bin.
Cc hp cht ch l cc cht n nh quan trng nht..
+ Baz ch cacbonnat (ch trng) gi r.
+ Tribazch sunpht l cht n nh nhit tt.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi khc c s dng trong lnh vc c bit,
Dibaz ch photpht l hp cht n nh nhit tt.
Dibaz ch pht pht cth ng dng cc dng khc nhau Dibaz
ch Silicat, ch sarisylat.
RSH + ~ CH = CH ~ - CH
2
CH
|
SR
Tuy nhin, khi s dng cc hp cht ch cn lu v c hai ca
chng. Ngoi cc hp cht ch ra cn c cc loi hp cht khc nh hp
cht ca Cd, Ba, Zn c bit l h thng Cd Ba, chng oxy ho nh
Trynonyl, Phenylphotphit c kh nng lm tng mc n nh nhit ca
nha.
* Hp cht ca thic hu c nh dibutyltin laurat, hp cht ca thic
hu c c cha lu hunh nh dibutyl diisooctylthio glycolate c bn
nhit rt tt. Cc hp cht butyltin ni chung t c hi do thng c
ng dng trong cc loi nha s dng trong vic cha ng thc phm.
* Hp cht epoxy phn t thp ngoi tc dng n nh PVC cn c
tc dng ho do.
+ Cht n inh h amin.
+ Hp cht hp th ti t ngoi [5].
CHNG 3. TNH CHT NG DNG CA PVC.
3.1. TNH CHT C L HO CA NHA PVC.
a. Cu trc.
Dng tng qut

PVC c th tn ti dng u ni ui.

u ni ui

Qua nghin cu tnh cht ho hc ca PVC qua cc kho st bng
quang hc, cho thy cu to ch yu theo li kt hp u ni ui.[7]
xc nh cu to trn l ng. Nm 1939 Marvel Sample v Raj
l th nghim tch loi Cl trong PVC, bng cch un nng dung dch PVC
vi bt km.

C
H
H
C
Cl
H
H
H
C
H
Cl
C
n
H
H
C C
Cl
H H
Cl
C C
H
H H
Cl
C C
H
H
Cl
H
C C
Cl
H H
H
C C
H
Cl H
Cl
C C
H
Cl
Cl
H
C
CH2
C
H
Cl CH2
2n
CH
CH2
CH
2nCl2
Nhm Cyclopropan to thnh, chng t PVC c cu to theo li kt
hp u ni u [9].
V trong PVC c Cl nn cu trc thu c l hn hp c 3 loi:
Syndiotactic.

Isotactic

v atactic

Ngoi ra cn c mt s mch nhnh.

Khong t 50 100 mt xch c bn c mt nhnh. Ph nhiu x ca
Fuller nm 1940 cho thy rng PVC thng mi thng l nhng cht v
nh hnh v c mt lng nh dng tinh th.
C
Cl
H
C
H
C C
Cl
H H
H
C
Cl Cl
C
Hoc
HCCl
H
Cl
C C
H
HCH
H
Cl
C
~CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
= CH ~
Cl
|
|
Cl

~CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
- CH ~
|
Cl

|
Cl

|
Cl

~CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
2
- CH
~
|
Cl

|
Cl

|
Cl

Cl
|

3.2. TNH CHT C L.
PVC l mt Polyme v nh hnh dng bt c mu trng c t
trng 1,4 1,45 g/mc
3
vi ch s khc x 1,544.
PVC l nha nhit do c t
c
= 80
0
C km bn nhit, km ng u v
trng lng phn t, trng hp c th t 100 2000. c vt liu bn
v co gin th 70% cc phn t Polyme phi c trng hp 1000 tr ln
[7].
PVC b lo ho nhanh chng, do lm gim tnh co gin v tnh
cht c hc.
Tnh cht in ca sn phm PVC ph thuc vo qu trnh tng hp.
+ Hng s in mi ti 100Hz v 30
0
C l 3,41.
+ Hng s in mi ti 60Hz v 30
0
C l 3,54.
+ H s cng sut ti hai thi im trn l 3,51% v 2,5%.
+ Cng in mi 1080 V/mil
+ in tr sut 10
15
O [8].
Vi cc gi tr trn cho thy tnh cht cch in ca PVC kh tt.
Tuy nhin cn tu thuc nhiu vo nhit p sut .
3.3. TNH CHT HO HC.
nhit thng PVC c tnh n nh ho hc tt, khi nhit tng
PVC khng gi c tnh n nh ho hc, v trong qu trnh bin i ho
hc u c nguyn t Cl tham gia phn ng v thng ko theo c nguyn
t Hydro C bn cnh.
- Phn ng quan trng nht ca PVC l phn ng Clo ho qu trnh
ny c th thc hin trong mi trng hu c nh CCl
4
ti nhit va
phi di tc dng ca tia t ngoi phn ng cng c th thc hin trong
huyn ph vi mi trng phn t l dng nc [5].
+ Phn ng kh HCl..
Cho dung dch PVC trong Tetsu hydrophusan tc dng vi kim to
thnh Polyen: - CH = CH CH = CH.
+ Phn ng phn hu nhit.
Khi un nng PVC , HCl c tch ra v xut hin ni i.

cng ca PVC khng bin dng l do lc gia cc phn t.
nhit thng cht ho do ho tan c hn, nhng nhit cao
chng d trn hp vi Polyme. V khi nhit cao cc cht ho do mi
d dng i su vo gia cc mch khi va chm c xt chng lm yu lc
tng tc gia cc phn t v vy khi gia cng ngi ta dng cht ho do
v trn.
Khi un nng chuyn ng phn t tng, do lm yu lc cc phn
t v lm mm Polyme [9].
+ Nhng cht ho do:
- Cht Phtalat chim 75% lng cht do, l cc hp cht nh
DIOP, DEHP, DOP v este phatlat ca C7 Cyclo alcohol.
- Ngoi ra cn s dng cc loi ditridecylphtalat.
- Este ca axit v c lauratphotphat ankylphotphat v
arylankylphotphat.
- Cc cht selacate nh dibutylseclacate (DBS) v dioctyl sebacate
(DOS) c s dng nhng ni c nhit thp.
- Este da trn Trimellitic anhydrit nh trimellitales l cht ho do
thng dng c th s dng ni c nhit cao, bn nc.
3.4. NG DNG.
~ CH
2
CH H
2
CH - - CH
2

CH CH = CH
| |
|
Cl Cl
Cl
- HCl
Do nha PVC c nhiu tnh cht qu gi nh n nh ho hc nhit
thng, bn thi tit, cch in, bn oxy ho d gia cng, gi thnh thp
nn c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc.
Cc sn phm dn dng c sn xut t PVC nh dp nha, qun
p i ma, vi gi da, thm tri sn nh, vi trng nha, chi tr em.
ng dng trong xy dng, cp thot nc: ng cp thot nc khung
ca ra vo, ca s, mi nh, trn tng, ng bo v cp thng tin v cc
quang.
ng dng trong giao thng vn ti: Thm gii sn, trn vch ngn v
khung ca s.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng PVC cng v xp c th dng lm vt
liu thay th g.
- Mc d c nhiu ch trch ca c quan bo v mi trng cho
rng PVC kh phn hu v trong qu trnh sn xut c tch cc cht khng
thn thin vi mi trng. Tuy nhin cc nh kinh t cho rng mc tng
trng PVC trn quy m ton cu vn c duy tr trong thi gian ti.
CHNG 4. DY CHUYN SN XUT PVC BNG PHNG
PHP HUYN PH.
4.1. QUY CCH NGUYN LIU V THNH PHN.
1. Monome vinyclorua dng trng hp phi th lng, bo n
nhit thp (nh hn nhit si ca vinyclorua 13,9
0
1).
2. Mi trng nc dng trn hp vi VC v ho tan cht nh
ho thuc loi nc ngng, ht sc tinh khit.
3. Cht khi mo thng dng: Peoxit benzoil (POB, cht rn mu
trng hay mu vng nht, d bt la c th n khi va chm mnh, c st hay
h nng, c th bc chy khi ln H
2
SO
4
, do cn bo qun cn thn.
4. Cht n nh (keo bo v) PVA thuc h Polyme v nh hnh,
c cha ng trong cc bao vi hay bao gai. Cht n nh c a vo
5% trong nc (dng nc nng 60 70
0
C pha ch).
5. NaOH dng x l kim sau khi trng hp xong. Xt c th
dng dng rn hoc lng.
Ngoi cc thnh phn trn cn s dng: dung dch m, tc nhn
chng to bt, tc nhn iu chnh khi lng phn tr
Sau khi chun b xong nguyn liu, tin hnh cho nguyn liu vo
thit b phn ng theo th t sau.
Nc ct, dung dch cht nh ho, cht khi mo, cht m,
vinylclorua.
Phn ng trng hp thc hin trong mi trng kh tr v vy cn
dng kh N
2
ui ht khng kh ra.
Qu trnh trng hp huyn ph c tin hnh tng t nh qu
trnh trng hp khi. Tuy nhin mi git monome trong h huyn ph c
coi l nhng thit b trng hp khi cc nh.
Sau khi vo thit b phn ng vinyclorua dng lng phn tn trong
nc nh s khuy trn mnh lit to ra cc git kch thc nh khong 30
- 40m c n nh bi cht keo bo v.
Sau qu trnh trng hp, dng kh nn chuyn c khi phn ng sang
thit b x l kim.
Mc ch ca giai on x l kim l phn hu cc gc ca cht khi
u v cht nh ho (to thnh cc mui natri d ho tan trong nc) theo
phng trnh phn ng sau:
2(C
6
H
5
COO)
2
+ 4 NaOH 4C
6
H
5
COONa + 2H
2
O + O
2
[7]
Sau kh loi b monome cha tham gia phn ng cho qua thit b
trao i nhit, tip tc qua my li tm ra cho n khi phn ng trung
ho.
Bt PVC vi hm m ~ 20% cho qua thit b sy tng si ti khi hm
m nh hn 0,3%. PVC thu c di dng bt c thu hi qua xiclon v
qua thit b r loi b cc htqu to v sau c ng bao.
4.2. THIT B CHNH TRONG DY CHUYN SN XUT.
Ni phn ng vi dung tch 40 80mm
3
. Bn trong ni trng men
gim lng Polyme bm vo thnh ca thit b, bn ngoi ni c mt lp
v gia nhit v lm lnh, trong ni phn ng c lp cnh khuy (thng
cnh khuy chn vt) phn tn monome trong mi trng phn tn.
Ngoi ra cn co cc van cho nguyn liu v tho sn phm. Sau khi
cho nguyn liu vo ni c hn kn li v to chn khng 28in Hg.
Khi p sut trong ni 0,7 Mpa qu trnh phn ng pht trin nhit
v p sut duy tr sut qu trnh phn ng pht trin mch. Khi p sut
gim th nhit tng [5].
Ch : Trong khi trng hp VC nu nhit v p sut trong ni
phn ng tng h p sut xung, hoc cho VC thot ra my t bt hay
cho thot ra ngoi khng kh [7].
4.3. THNH PHN NGUYN LIU.
a. Mi trng phn tn.
Vi t l nc: monome bng 1.5 : 1 1.75 : 1
Khi t l l 1.75 : 1 th cho nht ca hn hp thp. Thng s
dng t l 1.5 : 1.
Nc c vai tr nh pha lin tc cc monome phn tn thnh cc
git nh c kch thnc 5.10
-6
10 . 10
-6
m.
Ngoi ra n cn c vai tr lm mi trng truyn nhit trnh x ra
hin tng qu nhit cc b. ng thi nc cn c vai tr ho tan keo bo
v. [8].
b. Keo bo v.
Trong qu trnh trng hp huyn ph cc git VC chuyn dn sang
mt h git PVC/VCM cui cng l ht PVC vi mt s VC t do. Theo
nhiu tc gi trong c Snderson th qu trnh ny c th c trnh by
s lc nh sau:

Kch thc (m)
Mc chuyn ho %
Git VC 0 0
Monome phn tn 0,1 - 0,3 1 5
Tp hp 1 3 3 10
Ht Polyme 2 10 80 90
Cht keo bo v bao bc cc git ngn cn cc git keo t li vi
nhau.
c. Dung dch m.
Trng hp VC bao gi cng to nn mt lng nh HCl cha k mt
s cht khi u phn hu ra cc sn phm ph c tnh axit, iu ny nh
hng n tnh cht ca ht PVC to thnh vi mt lng nh dung dch
m chng c th iu chnh pH ca dung dch. Thng l c mui v
c cc loi NaOH Mg(OH)
2
, cacbonat, icacbonat, pht pht v axetat [5]
d. Cht khi mo.s l chn cht khi mo trong qu trnh huyn
ph VC rt quan trng do c nh hng n gi c ca qu trnh.
Cht khi c vai tr to ra cc gc t do hot dng khi mo qu
trnh trng hp. Mt nhn t khc trong s chn la cht khi mo l
kh nng n nh bo qun. Cht khi mo khng bn s phn hu di tc
dng ca nhit .
V d: Dibytyl peroxit dicacbonat c th bo qun ti nhit mi
trng trong khi lauryl peoxit ch c th bo qun nhit 30
0
C. [8]
Qu trnh trao i nhit l mt vn mang tnh kinh t trong sn
xut PVC sao cho thi gian phi ngn nht. V vy chn la cht khi mo
thi gian v nhit phn hu khng qu ln dn n tit kim nng
lng cho qu trnh sn xut.
S dng hn hp ca mt s cht khi mo th tc phn hu s
nhanh hn s vi khd mt s cht khi mo ti mt nhit trng hp [8].
Do c th tng tc ca phn ng trng hp ti thi im ban u, m
ti thi im ny tc phn ng thp.
4.4. SO SNH GIA CC PHNG PHP.
Phng php trng hp dung dch sn xut PVC t c s dng
do i hi mt lng dung mi ln v c tinh khit cao vi phng
php trng hp khi th sn lng khong 8% so vi tng sn lng PVC.
Thep phng php ny sn phm c sch cao, dy chuyn sn
xut n gin. khng cn b phn lc ra, do kinh t hn. Tuy nhin sn
phm to dng khi kh gia cng, ngoi ra n cn nh hng n cht
lng sn phm. Nn t c s dng.
Hai phng php trng hp nhu tng v trng hp huyn ph vn
c xy dng rng ri (nhng phng php huyn ph vn c s dng
nhiu hn) do c u im ng k nh sn phm to ra dng ht, gia
cng, vn tc trng hp cao, nhit phn ng thp v c bit khng xy
ra hin tng qu nhit cc b.
Tuy nhin nhc im l sn phm d b nhim bn bi cht n nh
v cht nh ho do c cng on ra v sy trong dy chuyn sn xut.
4.5. DY CHUYN SN XUT PVC TRONG DUNG DCH HUYN
PH.
Nguyn liu c cho vo nh sau: nc ct c bm ln t thng
cha (1) ln thng lng (2) tai dy lng nc c lng vi khi lng
nh sn. Nc t thng lng (2) c a vo ni phn ng chnh (4)
. cht nh ha v cht khi u sau khi nh lng cho vo thng (3) . Cht
nh ha v cht khi u cho vo thit phn ng chnh (4) . Cht n nh
PH c inh lng sau cho vo thit b phn ng chnh (4). Bc tip
theo ta ding kh N
2
ui ht khng kh trong thit b phn ng chnh ra
to mi trng kh tr trong thit b. Sau VC c bm t thng cha
(5) ln thng lng (6) vi lng nh va tip theo cho vo thit b phn
ng chnh (4). Ti thit b phn ng chnh phn ng trng hp qua 3
bc: Trc ht dng nc nng 70 80
o
C un nng dn hn hp phn
ng ln n 40 70
o
C v a p sut trong ni ln 5 8 at kch ng
phn ng trng hp .Ty theo tng loi nha theo yu cu sn xut m ta
cn quy nh r v nhit v p sut thch ng.Tip theo dng nc lnh
duy tr tht ng nhit v p sut quy nh cho phn ng trng hp
tip tc pht trin mch cao phn t. (Nhit khng c sai qu 1
o
C ,
p sut khng sai qu 0,1kg/cm
2
).Thi gian pht trin mch 20 h . khi p
sut gim di mc quy nh th tng dn nhit ln 60 70
o
C lm
t mch . n khi p sut cn 2 3 at th coi nh phn ng trng hp
hon thnh.
Trng hp xong dng kh nn chuyn c khi phn ng sang thit b thi
bay (6). Ti y dung kh nn thi tp trung VC khng tham gia phn ng
vo thit b thu hi VC (7), phn cn li c a vo thit b x l
kim(8). y dng dd kim long 15%. Sau khi x l kim xong chuyn
sang thit b ly tm (9) , y l giai on ly tm v ra nha.Dng nc
nng 60 -70
o
C ra , ly tm tht sch cho n phn ng trung ha. Hm
m ca PVC sau khi ly tm ra nha vo khong 16 22%. Bc tip theo
PVC c chuyn sang thit b sy tng si (10) . PVC c sy n m
xc nh th c chuyn qua thit b ng bao (11) v lu kho.

PHN TH BA: CN BNG VT CHT
3.1. Nng sut mt ngy lm vic:
Thi gian lm vic c xc nh da trn s ngy trong nm
tr i s ngy c ngh.
S ngy ngh l tt: 8 ngy
S ngy ngh sa cha nh: 5 ngy
S ngy ngh sa cha ln: 10 ngy
S ngy ngh ch nht: 52 ngy
Tng s 75 ngy
Vy s ngy lm vic trong 1 nm l
365 - 75 = 290 ngy
Nng sut lm vic trong mt ngy l
=
500
1,7241
290
(tn/ngy)
Thi gian b tr cho mt m sn xut gm:
- Thi gian np liu v ht chn khng: 30 pht
- Thi gian gia nhit cho ni phn ng (t 40
0
C n 70
0
C):30 pht
- Phn ng chnh din ra trong thi gian: 18 gi
- X l sn phm sau trng hp: 5 gi
Tng: 24 gi
3.2. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt tn sn phm:
Cn c theo n phi liu s dng:
VC 99,9% 100 phn khi lng
Nc 130 phn khi lng
Keo PVA 95% 0,15 phn khi lng
Cht khi mo POB 96% 0,08 phn khi lng
Cht m H
3
PO
4
89% 0,04 phn khi lng
A. Cng on trng hp
1. Tnh lng VC v cht khi mo:
Do m trong nha l 0,3%, lng PVC kh trong 1 tn sn phm:

1000.99, 7
997 kg
100
=
Gi thit rng hiu sut qu trnh trng hp l 98,5%, do hao ht
sn phm trong ton b qu trnh 1,5% gm:
Giai on sy ng bao: 0,3%
Giai on ly tm ra nha: 0,5%
Hao ht trong qu trnh x l kim: 0,5%
Giai on chun b lng: 0,2%
Hao ht ca qu trnh sy ng bao: 0,3%, vy lng PVC trc
khi sy:
997.100
1000kg
99, 7
=
Lng PVC hao ht do sy:
1000 997 = 3kg
Hao ht ca qu trnh ly tm ra nha l 0,5%, lng PVC trc
khi ly tm ra nha:
1000.100
= 1005,025 kg
99,5

Lng PVC hao ht do qu trnh ly tm ra nha l:
1005,025 1000 = 5,025 kg
Hao ht ca qu trnh x l kim 0,5% do lng PVC trc khi
x l kim l:
1005,025.100
=1010,075 kg
99,5
Hao ht ca qu trnh x l kim:
1010,0751005,025 = 5,05 kg
Tng lng PVC hao ht:
3+5,025+5,05=13,075 kg
Coi t giai on trng hp sang giai on x l kim khng xy ra
s mt mt, lng PVC trn do VC v cht khi u trng hp to thnh.
Lng PVC sau khi trng hp l: 1010,075 kg

+ Tnh lng VC cn dng:
T giai on trng hp sang giai on x l kim khng xy ra s
mt mt, lng PVC trn l do VC v cht khi u trng hp to thnh.
Vi hiu sut chuyn ha 90% do lng VC ban u l:
=
1010,075.100
1122,305
90
(kg)
Lng VC khng phn ng (cha tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ho
l)
1122,3051010,075= 112,23 (kg)
nguyn cht ca VC l 99,9% do lng VC cn dng l:
=
1122,305.100
1123,428
99,9
(kg)
Hao ht trong qu trnh lng l 0,2%, do
Lng VC thc t dng l:
=
1123,428.100
1125,679
99,8
(kg)
Lng VC hao ht do qu trnh lng l
1125,679 1123,428 =2,251 (kg)
Lng VC thu hi l 95%, lng thu hi s l
112,23.95
= 106,618
100
Lng VC dng cho 1 tn l
1125,679 106,618 = 1019,061

Tnh lng cht khi u:
Lng cht khi u POB 96% cn dng theo n phi liu
l:
1125,679. 0,08
= 0,9 kg
100
Vi nguyn cht 96% th lng POB nguyn cht c a
vo:
0,9 . 100
= 0,937 kg
96

Hao ht do qu trnh lng l 0,2%, vy lng POB cn dng:
0,937. 100
= 0,939kg
99,8
Tn hao POB 96%:
0,9390,937= 0,002 kg
2. Tnh lng cht n nh huyn ph PVA:

1125,679. 0,15
= 1,688 kg
100

Vi nguyn cht 95%, lng PVA c a vo:
1,688 . 100
= 1,776 kg
95

Hao ht l 0,2 %. Lng PVA 95% cn dng:
1,776. 100
= 1,779 kg
99,8

Lng PVA 95% tn hao:
1,7791,776= 0,003 kg


3. Tnh lng cht iu chnh pH mi trng:

1125,679. 0,04
= 0,450 kg
100
nguyn cht 89% th lng H
3
PO
4
c a vo:
0,450 . 100
= 0,505 kg
89
Hao ht ca qu trnh lng l 0,2%. Lng H
3
PO
4
cn dng:
0,505 . 100
= 0,506 kg
99,8
Lng H
3
PO
4
89% tn hao do qu trnh lng:
0,506 0,505 = 0,001 kg
4. Tnh lng nc ct phn ng:
Lng nc ct dng phn ng theo t l: VC/H
2
O = 1/1,3
Vy lng nc ct cn dng l:
1125,679.1,3 = 1463,382 kg
Hao ht trong chun b v lng 0,2%. Lng nc ct dng l:
1463,382 . 100
= 1466,314 kg
99,8
Lng nc tn hao:
1466,314 1463,382 = 2,932 kg
T cc s liu tnh ton trn ta lp bng cn bng vt cht cho 1
tn sn phm:


Bng 1: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn sn phm
trong cng on trng hp (kg):
Tn nguyn liu Lng vo Lng ra Tn hao
VC 99,9% 1019,061 112,23 2,251
POB 96% 0,939 0,937 0,002
PVA 95% 1,779 1,776 0,003
H
3
PO
4
89% 0,506 0,505 0,001
Nc ct 1466,314 1463,382 2,932
PVC 0,000 1010,075 0,000
Tng 2595,217 2588,905 5,189
B. Cng on x l kim
Mc ch ca cng on x l kim l lm phn hy cc gc ca
cht khi mo v cht n nh (to thnh loi mui natri ha tan vo
trong nc) keo t nha v tng tnh cht n nh i vi nhit ca
nha.
Qu trnh x l kim dng dung dch NaOH 15% theo t l 200
lt/100 kg hn hp.
i vi 1 tn sn phm cn phi dng l:
1010,075. 200
= 2020,15 lt
100
Khi lng ring ca dung dch NaOH 15%: 1164 kg/m
3
= 1,164
kg/dm
3

Vy khi lng dung dch NaOH:
2020,15. 1,164 = 2351,4546 (kg)
Lng NaOH cn dng x l kim l:
2351,4546. 15
= 352,718 kg
100
Lng nc cn dng pha dung dch NaOH 15%:
2351,4546 - 352,718= 1998,736kg
trong cng on x l kim (kg):
Nc ct 1463,382 1456,066 7,316
PVC 1010,075 1005,025 5,050
NaOH 352,718 0,000 352,718
Nc pha dung dch 1998,736 0,000 1998,736
Tng 4824,911 2461,091 2363,820
C. Cng on ly tm v ra nha:
Tin hnh ra hn hp bng nc ct nng 60
0
C 70
0
C, ly tm tht sch
cho n khi phn ng trung ha. Ra 5 ln, mi ln 250 l/400 kg hn hp.
Lng nc cn dng cho 1 ln ra:
2461,091. 250
=1538,181 lt
400
Lng nc cn ra hn hp tng ng vi 1 tn sn phm l:
1538,181. 5 = 7690,905 lt
Sau khi ly tm v ra nha, m ca sn phm l 20%. Lng
nc cn li trong nha sau khi ly tm ra nha l:
1005,025.20
= 201,005 lt
100
trong cng on ly tm, ra nha (kg)
Nc ct 1456,066 201,005 1255,061
Nc ra nha 7690,905 0,000 7690,905
PVC 1005,025 1000 5,025
Tng 10151,996 1201,005 8950,991
D. Cng on sy v ng bao:
Sau qu trnh sy, m sn phm l 0,3%. Hao ht 0,3%
trong cng on sy v ng bao (kg)
Nc ct 201,005 3 198,005
PVC 1000 997 3
Tng 1201,005 1000 201,005
3.3. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt ni
S dng h thng 1 ni trng hp nu
Vi nng sut 500 tn/nm. Chn 1 thit b phn ng lm vic.
S gi lm vic ca mt nm l: 24. 290 = 6960 (h)
S m sn phm ca mt thit b trong 1 nm l
6960 : 30 = 232 m
Do vy mi m 1 thit b lm vic t nng sut l
=
500
2,1551
232
(tn)
A. Cng on trng hp:
Bng 5:Cn bng vt cht cho 1 m sn phm
trong cng on trng hp (kg):
VC 99,9% 2425,951 241,8669 4,85113
POB 96% 2,023639 2,019329 0,00431
PVA 95% 3,833923 3,827458 0,006465
H
3
PO
4
89% 1,090481 1,088326 0,002155
Nc ct 3160,053 3153,735 6,318753
PVC 0 2176,813 0
Tng 5592,952043 5579,350013 11,182813

Bng 6: Cn bng vt cht cho 1 m sn phm
trong cng on x l kim (kg):
Nc ct 3153,735 3137,968 15,76671
PVC 2176,813 2165,929 10,88326
NaOH 760,1426 0 760,1426
Nc pha dung dch 4307,476 0 4307,476
Tng 10398,1666 5303,897 5094,26857


Nc ct 3138 433,19 2704,8
Nc ra nha 16575 0 16575
PVC 2165,9 2155,1 10,829
Tng 21878,9 2588,29 19290,629

trong cng on sy v ng bao (kg)

Nc ct 433,19 6,4653 426,72
PVC 2155,1 2148,6 6,4653
Tng 2588,29 2155,0653 433,1853

3.4. Tnh cn bng vt cht cho 500 tn sn phm:
trong cng on trng hp (tn):
VC 99,9%
509,53 56,115 1,1255
POB 96%
0,4695 0,4685 0,001
PVA 95%
0,8895 0,888 0,0015
H
3
PO
4
89%
0,253 0,2525 0,0005
Nc ct
733,157 731,691 1,466
PVC
0 505,0375 0
Tng
12442,99 1294,453 2,5945

trong cng on x l kim (tn):
Tn nguyn liu
Lng vo Lng ra Tn hao
Nc ct
731,691 728,033 3,658
PVC
505,0375 502,5125 2,525
NaOH
176,359 0 176,359
Nc pha dung dch
999,368 0 999,368
Tng
2412,456 1230,546 1181,91


Nc ct
728,033 100,5 627,53
Nc ra nha
3845,4525 0 3845,5
PVC
502,5125 500 2,5125
Tng
5075,998 600,5 4475,5

trong cng on sy v ng bao (tn)

Nc ct
100,5 1,5 99,003
PVC
500 498,5 1,5
Tng
600,5 500 100,5

Bng 13: Tiu hao nguyn liu vi nng sut 500 tn/nm:

Tn nguyn liu 1 tn (kg) 1 m (kg) 1 nm (tn)
VC 99,9% 1125,679 2425,951
509,53
POB 96% 0,939 2,023639
0,4695
PVA 95% 1,779 3,833923
0,8895
H
3
PO
4
89% 0,506 1,090481
0,253
Nc ct 1466,314 3160,053
733,157
PVC 0,000 0
0
Tng 2595,217 5592,952043 12442,99


PHN TH T: TNH TON C KH
1. Thit b chnh
Thit b chnh trong dy chuyn sn xut PVC l thit b trng hp.
Cu to t thn hnh tr, y v np hnh elip, c v bc gia nhit bng
hi nc bo ha hoc lm lnh bng nc lnh.
Ni c trang b cnh khuy chn vt khuy trn hn hp phn
ng vi vn tc 500 vng/pht. Trn np c ca lm v sinh, cc u ng
dn, knh quan st, u ng lp nhit k v p k. Di y ni c lp van
tho sn phm. Bn ngoi cng ca ni c lp v bc cch nhit (bo n)
bng bng thy tinh. Ni c bng 4 tai hn vo thn ni. Vt liu ch
to thn ni v cc chi tit bng thp khng g loi 0X21H6M2T.
Th tch nguyn liu vo ni trong 1 m:
i
i
G
V =

Trong : i G : Khi lng ca cc cu t (kg)
i : Khi lng ring ca cc cu t (kg/m
3
)
Nguyn liu
i
(kg/m
3
) G
i
(kg)
VC 970
2425.951
H
2
O 1000
3160.053
POB 973
2.023639
PVA 973
3.833923
H
3
PO
4
1836
1.090481
Tng
5752
5592.952043


2425,951 3160,053 2,0236 3,833 1,09048
970 1000 973 973 1836
V = + + + +
= 2,5+3,16+0,002079+0,00393+0,000593
= 5,667 m
3

Dng ni vi h s y = 0,7 th th tch ni cn thit k l:

3
5,667
8,1
0, 7
tb
V m = =
a. ng knh thit b

Th tch ni gm cc phn
V
tb
= V
n
+ V
+ V
th

Trong
V
n
: th tch np
V
: th tch y
V
th
: th tch hnh tr
y v np ta c th tnh nh hai elp xem th tch ca chng bng
nhau.
V
tb
= V
th
+ 2 V

+ Thn ni l hnh tr nn V
th
=
2
R .h t (Vi R l bn knh, R =
t
D
2
)
suy ra
2
t
th
D
V h.
4
= t
Th tch y V
=
2
h'
h' R
3
| |
t +
|
\ .

Thay R =
2 t t
d
D D h'
V h'
2 2 3
| |
= t +
|
\ .

Vi thit b thng ng
t
d
30
D
s ta chn h = 2D
t
, h =
t
D
4
nn ta c:
V
=
2 3
t t t t
D D D D 1 1
16 2 12 16 2 12
| | | |
t + = t +
| |
\ . \ .

Do
V
tb
= V
th
+ 2 V
= t + t
3 3
t t
D D
.2 2 .0,58
4 16
= 1,8
3
t
D

( )
= =
3
t
8,1
D 1,65 m
1,8

Quy chun D
t
= 1,8(m)
Th tch ni theo quy chun
V
tb
= 1,8. (1,8)
3
= 10,497(m
3
)
- Chiu cao phn thn thit b
h = 2D
t
= 2.1,8 = 3,6 (m)
h' = 0,25. 1,8= 450(mm)
Vy chiu cao thit b:
H= h + 2h' = 3,6 + 2. 0,45 = 4,5 (m)

c. Chiu dy thit b
S dng loi thp khng g loi 0X21H6M2T vi
a

6 2
600.10 N/m
k
o =

6 2
300.10 N/m
c
o = [10 310]
lm vt liu gia cng ni.
Chiu dy thn hnh tr chu p sut lm vic bn trong l 8 at (~
8.10
5
N/m
2
)(p sut lm vic ln nht trong qu trnh trng hp PVC)
p dng cng thc:

t
D P
S C
2[ ] - P
= +
o
, m [10 360]
Trong :
D
t
: ng knh trong ca ni (m)
: H s bn ca thnh hnh tr heo phng dc = 0,95
[10 - 362]
P : p sut tnh ton trong thit b (N/m
2
)
[]: ng sut cho php theo gii hn bn (hay gii hn chy)
+ Tnh ng sut cho php:
ng sut cho php theo gii hn bn c xc nh theo cng thc:

k
k
k
[ ] =
n
o
o q [10 355]
Vi H s an ton bn n
k
= 2,6 [10 356]
H s iu chnh = 1 [10 356]
| |
2 6
6
/ 10 . 77 , 230 1 .
6 . 2
10 . 600
m N
k
= = o
ng sut cho php theo gii hn chy xc nh theo cng thc:

c
c
c
[ ] =
n
o
o q [10 355]
Vi n
t
= 1,5

Suy ra [
c
] = 200.10
6
N/m
2
Trong hai gi tr, ly gi tr nh hn tnh ton
[] = [
c
] = 200.10
6
N/m
2

+ Tnh P: V mi trng lm vic trong thit b l hn hp hi lng
nn p sut lm vic bng tng p sut P
m
v p sut thy tnh (P
H
= gH )
ca ct cht lng:
m
P P gH = + N/m
2
[10 360]
Trong :
P
m
: p sut mi trng lm vic ln nht trong qu trnh lm vic,
N/m
2

P
m
= 8 at = 8.10
5
N/m
2
g : Gia tc trng trng
H : Chiu cao ln nht ca ct cht lng, H = 4,5 m
: Khi lng ring ca hn hp, kg/m
3
, c tnh theo cng thc:

i
i
1 a
=

[11 5]
vi a
i
: Nng phn khi lng ca cc cu t trong hn
hp;

i
: Khi lng ring ca cc cu t trong hn hp.
Ta tnh c:
2425,951
0, 4337
5592,952043
VC
a = =
2
3160,053
0, 565
5592,952043
H O
a = =
2,023639
0, 0003617
5592,952043
POB
a = =
3,833923
0, 000685
5592,952043
PVA
a = =
3 4
1,090481
0, 0001948
5592,952043
H PO
a = =
4
10 . 129 , 10
1

=

Vy: = 987,25 kg/m
3
P = P
m
+ gH = 8,097.10
5
N/m
2
Do
| |
50 65 , 234 95 , 0 .
10 . 097 , 8
10 . 200
5
6
> = =
o
P

Nn b qua P mu s, ta c chiu dy thn hnh tr:
| |
3
6
5
10 . 84 , 3
95 , 0 . 10 . 200 . 2
10 . 097 , 8 . 8 , 1
2
= + = + = C C
P D
S
t
o
+ C
C : H s b sung do n mn v dung sai m v chiu dy.
Ly C
1
= 0,001 m
C
2
= 0
C
3
= 0,001 m
S = 3,84.10
-3
+ 2.10
-3
= 5,84.10
-3
m
Quy chun S = 6 mm [10 364]
Kim tra li kh nng chu p sut ta kim tra ng sut theo p sut
th bi cng thc:
t o c
[D (S C)]P
2(S C) 1, 2
+ o
o = s

, N/m
2
[10 365]
p sut th tnh ton P
o
c xc nh theo cng thc:
o th 1
P P P = +
P
th
: p sut th thy lc tnh theo [10 358]
P
th
= 1,5P = 12,146.10
5
N/m
2
P
1
: p sut thy tnh trong phn di ca thn thit b
1
P gH =
: Khi lng ring ca nc = 1000 kg/m
3
H : Chiu cao cc i ca ct cht lng
P
1
= 0,218.10
5
N/m
2
P
o
= 12,146.10
5
+ 0,225.10
5
= 12,37.10
5
N/m
2
Cng vi D
t
= 1,8 m; S C = 0,006 m; = 0,95;
c
= 300.10
6
N/m
2
Thay vo biu thc ta c:
= 195,96.10
6
N/m
2
6
6 2
c
300.10
250.10 N/m
1, 2 1, 2
o
= =
V
c
1, 2
o
o > nn iu kin khng tha mn.
Ta chn li chiu dy thn thit b ly S = 6 + 2 = 8 mm.
Sau li kim tra li kh nng chu p sut theo cng thc trn:
t o c
[D (S C)]P
2(S C) 1, 2
+ o
o = s

, N/m
2
[10 365]
Trong : Cc s liu khc vn gi nguyn, ch c:
S C = 0,006 mm
Thay vo cng thc trn ta tnh c:
= 192,41.10
6
N/m
2
<
2 , 1
c
o

Vy ta chn chiu dy thn thit b l 8 mm.
+ Chiu dy y thit b:
Chiu dy y ly bng chiu dy thn nu iu kin th sau c
tha mn:
h
h
b
Dt
s

2
t b o c
h b
[D + 2h (S C)]P
7, 6k h (S C) 1, 2
o
o = s

Trong : h
b
: Chiu cao phn li ca y, m;

h
: H s bn ca mi hn hng tm;
k : H s khng th nguyn;
Vi D
t
= 1,8 m; h
b
= 0,45;
h
= 0,95; S C = 0,006 m; P
o
=
12,37.10
5
N/m
2
; k = 1.
Do : = 205,6.10
5
N/m
2
<
2 , 1
c
o

Vy iu kin th tho mn nn: S
d
= S = 8 mm
Cn c vo cc s liu: D
t
= 1800 mm
h
b
= 450 mm
h = 25 mm
Tra bng XIII.10 trong [10 382] ta c:
B mt trong ca y: F = 3,65 m
2

Th tch: V = 827.10
-3
m
3

Tra bng XIII.11 trong [10 384] ta c:
Khi lng ca y elip: m = 283 kg
d. V bc ni phn ng
V bc ni phn ng c ch to bng thp CT3 bng cch hn dc thn.
e. Chiu dy lp bo n
Lp bo n c tc dng lm gim bt s truyn nhit ra ngoi mi
trng t b mt thit b phn ng. Do vy, n c tc dng lm gim nhit
mt mt ra ngoi v lm gim lng hi nc cn thit un nng thit
b.
y, ta s dng bng thy tinh lm lp v bo n vi thng s =
200 kg/m
3
;
c
= 0,125 W/m. [11 148]

Trong :
t
1
: Nhit ca cht ti nhit.
2
T
t : Nhit b mt lp bo n gip vi khng kh.
S
t
: Chiu dy ca tm thp.
S
bo
: Chiu dy lp bo n.
t
: H s truyn nhit ca thp.
bo
: H s truyn nhit ca lp bo n.
Ta coi qu trnh truyn nhit t cht ti nhit ra mi trng l truyn
nhit ng nhit v n nh.
t
KK
t
T3
t
T2
t
T1
obo ot
oh
Nh vy nhit ti ring n thnh thit b (q
1
), nhit ti ring do dn
nhit qua thnh (q
3
), v nhit ti ring do bc x t thnh thit b vo khng
kh (q
3
) s bng nhau: q
1
= q
2
= q
3
[13 214] Quc Tun Tp ch
Ta c: q
1
=
1
.t
1
[13 214]
Vi
1
: H s cp nhit ca hi nc un nng (W/m
2
.).
t
1
: Hiu s gia nhit ca hi nc v thnh trong thit b
(C).
t
2
: Chnh lch nhit gia thnh trong v thnh ngoi.
r : Tng nhit tr thnh.
Ta c:

2
2
t
q
r
A
=
E
(W/m
2
) [13 212]
1 2 2
2 T T 1 1 T
t t t t t t A = = A
t bo
c
t bo
S S
r r E = + +

Trong : r
c
: Nhit tr cn.
S
bo
, S
t
: Chiu dy lp bo n, lp thp.

2
1 1 T
2 2
1 2
1 1
t t t
t t
q q r
r q q
A
A A
= = E = =
E

Nhit ti ring v pha khng kh:

k 3 k 3
q q t = = o A
Trong :
k
: H s cp nhit v pha khng kh.

2
k T
9,3 0,058.t o = + [10]
2
3 T 2
t t t A =
Do
1 2 3
q q q = =
2
1 1 2 2 k 3
t
. t . t . t
r
A
o A = = o A = o A
E

k 3
1
1
. t
t
o A
A =
o


2
2
k 3
1 T
1 1 T
1
1 k 3
. t
t t
t t t
r
q . t
o A

A
o
E = =
o A

Vy chiu dy lp bo n:

2
1 T 1 k 3
t
bo bo c
1 k 3 t
(t t ). . t
S
S r
. . t
o o A
(
=
(
o o A

Chn vt liu bo n l bng thu tinh bn ngoi bc lp vi thu
tinh c:

bo
0,125 = W/m.
H s dn nhit ca thp lm v o CT3 l:
t
= 50,2 W/m.
y, ta dng hi nc bo ho 2 at. Do
1
T
t = 119,6
C [11
378]
Nhit mi trng: t
2
= 25 C.
Gi thit nhit mt ngoi ca lp bo n l:
2
T
t 40 = C
B dy ca v o: mm
t
6 = o
Tnh
1
:
Tra cc thng s ca hi nc bo ho:
Khi lng ring: = 1,107 kg/m
3
[11 377]
H s dn nhit: = 2,59.10
-2
W/m. [11 133]
Nhit dung ring: C
p
= 2,1.10
3
kJ/kg. [11 196]
nht: = 133.10
-7
Ns/m
2
[11 140]
Khi un nng hi nc chuyn ng trong khong khng gian gia
v o v thn thit b (thit din ca khong khng gian hnh vnh khn)
Chun s Nu c xc nh theo cng thc
Nu = 0,23 Re
0,8
Pr
0,4
(d
tn
/d
nt
)
0,45
[14 223]
d
tn
: ng knh trong ca ng ngoi. d
tn
: ng knh ngoi ca ng
trong.

d
tn
= 1,861 m; d
nt
= 2,0m
e . . Re
td
d = [14 35]
e: vn tc hi nc ( ly e= 25 m/s)
Re = 3,512.10
5

07 , 1 / . = =
P r
C P [14 218]
Thay s 4 , 100
1
= o (W/m
2
.)
Chiu dy lp bo n mm
bo
050 , 0 = o
g. Mt bch, bu lng v chn m
Bch lin c ch to bng thp CT3 c khi lng ring = 7850
kg/m
3

T ng knh ngoi ni tra bng s liu ti [10 424] ta c bng
sau:

D
t
Kch thc ni Kiu bch
D D
b
D
1
D
0
Bu lng 1
d
b
Z h
mm ci mm
1800 2010 1940 1890 1845 M36 48 56
Trong :
D: ng knh ngoi ca bch.
D
b
: ng knh n tm bulng.
D
n:
ng knh ngoi thit b.
db
h
D
Db
D1
D0
Dt
D
t
: ng knh trong thit b.
D
l
: ng knh tnh n gia mp g.
M30: ng knh bulng.
Z: S bulng.
+ Chn m:
m c chn theo bng XIII.31 [10 433] da theo ng knh
trong ca thit b.
D
y
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
5
h
Mm
1800 2010 1854 1856 1830 1828 43

h. Cng sut ca m t - cnh khuy
Chn cnh khuy chn vt s vng quay 500 v/p, ng knh cnh
khuy bng 0,25 ng knh thit b. Khi m my cn c cng sut
thng lc ma st ca cnh khuy vi cht lng, lc qun tnh (lc ca
cht lng t trng thi ng yn sang trng thi chuyn ng). Do cng
sut ca ng c m my l:
N
M
= N
Y
+ N
S
[11 198]
Trong :
N
M
cng sut m my, W
N
Y
cng sut tiu tn khc phc lc , W
N
S
cng sut tiu tn khc phc lc ma st, W
N
Y
= K..n
3
.d
5

N
s
= N
p
= K...n
3
.d
5
[11 198]
Trong :
K = 3,87.a
a t s ca chiu cao v ng knh mi cho.
n s vng quay ca cnh khuy, vng/pht
d ng knh cnh khuy, m
N
p
cng sut lm vic, W
khi lng ring ca cht lng, kg/m
3

nht ca cht lng, Ns/m
2
)
T hai cng thc trn ta rt ra c:
N
M
= N
p
.(K +
M
)/
M
, W

M
l hng s tm bng thc nghim, ph thuc vo hnh
dng cnh khuy, thng khuy v chun s Re
M
. Trong chun s Re
M

trong trng hp khuy tnh bng: Re
M
= .n.d
2
/

Tnh N
p
:
N
p
= K...n
3
.d
5
, W
n = 500 v/p = 8,33 v/s
d = 0,566 m
= 984,20 kg/m
3

K. =
M
= f(Re
M
)
Tnh :
p dng cng thc:
lg() = x
i
.lg
i
[11 93]
Trong :

i
nht ng lc ca cc cu t thnh phn,
x
i
Nng phn mol ca cc cu t trong hn hp,
x
i
=
i i
n
i i
i 1
a / M
a / M
=

a
i
Nng phn khi lng ca tng cu t,
M
i
Khi lng phn t ca tng cu t,
Do khi lng cht nh ho, cht khi u c khi lng khng
ng k c th b qua. Do :
x
VC
=
0, 433/ 62, 5
0,181
0, 433/ 62, 5 0, 565/18
=
+

x
H2O
= 1 0,181 = 0,82
lg() = 0,18.lg(0,432.10
-3
) + 0,84.lg(1,005.10
-3
) = 3,064
= 0,860.10
-3
Ns/m
Tnh Re
M
:
Re
M
= .n.d
2
/ = 984,20.8,33.0,6
2
/0,8611.10
-3
= 3,424.10
6
> 10
4

Do ch chy ca cht lng trong thit b khuy l ch chy
xoy, khi Re
M
> 50 th
M
= 0,845.Re
M
-0,05

= 0,398.
Vy E
U
= f(Re
M
) = 0,403
Nm = 17,87 kW.
Cng sut tiu tn cho qu trnh lm vic (cng sut m t cnh khuy:
17,87 kW).
Cng sut m my
Nc = Ng + Nm = 3 Nm = 51,61 kW.
Cng sut ng c in
N
c
= N
c
/q
q : hiu sut (kh nng truyn lc t ng c sang cnh khuy)
chn q = 0,65
N
c
= 82,5 kW
i. Chn cnh khuy
Ta chn cnh khuy chn vt c d = 0,250,33D
Chn d = 0,33D, tra bng 31.12 trong [14 719] ta c cc thng s ca
cnh khuy nh sau:
d
m
d d
c
h b
x
d + t
1
s
0
s
10
m
mm kg
600 100 155 130 28 110,4 13,5 5,5 25

k. Chn tai treo
Tai treo c chn theo khi lng ca thit b chnh do chn
c tai treo ta cn phi tnh c khi lng ca thit b chnh. Ti trng
cc i l ti trng khi th thu lc (ti trng khi y nc).
G
tbcmax
= G
thn
+ G
y
+ G
np
+ G
bch
+ G
v
+ G
bo n
+ G
H2O
+ G
khc
+ Tnh khi lng thn thit b:
G
thn
= V
thn
.
thn
= .H/4.(D
n
2
D
t
2
).7850
= 3,14.4,5/4.( 1,808
2
1,8
2
). 7850 = 800 kg
+ Tnh khi lng y v np.
G
y
+ G
np
= 2.283= 566 kg
+ Tnh khi lng bch.
G
bch
= V
bch
.
bch

Trong
V
bch
= h..(D
2
D
0
2
)/4 = 0,056.3,14.(2,010
2
1,845
2
)/4 = 0,0028m
3

bch
= 7850 kg/m
3

Do
G
bch
= 7850.0,028 = 220 kg
+ Tnh khi lng nc th:
G
H2O
= V
tb
.
H2O
=10,497.1000 = 10497 kg
+ Tnh khi lng bng thu tinh.
G
bo
= V
bo
.
bo
= 21.0,057.200 = 239,4 kg
+ Tnh khi lng v o thit b.
G
v
= V
v
.
v
= 15.0.006.7850 = 706,5 kg
Khi lng m t cnh khuy, khi lng bulng, khi lng tai
treo... ly gn ng l G
khc
= 100 kg
Vy khi lng ca ton thit b phn ng l:
G
max
= 10413,7 kg = 13110,9 N
Dng 4 tai treo ch to bng thp CT3 khi ti trng trn mi tai
treo: 3,277.10
4
N
Da vo bng XIII 36, [12 438] ta c cc thng s v tai treo nh sau:

Ti
trng
cho php
trn mt
tai treo
.10
4
N
B
mt

10
-4
m
2

Ti
trng
cho
php
trn b
mt
106N/m
2

L B B
1
H S l a d
Khi
lng
mt
tai
treo,
kg
mm
4,0 297 1,34 190 160 170 280 10 80 25 34 7,35

2. Thit b ph
2.1. Bm
a. Bm nc ct
Dng mt bm ly tm bm nc ct t b cha ln thng lng
dng vo vic pha dung dch cht n nh huyn ph, dung dch cht khi
mo v cho trc tip vo thit b phn ng.
Lng nc cn bm trong mt m l: 3160,053 kg = 3,16 m
3

Thi gian bm tin hnh trong 30 pht.
Chiu cao ht ca bm: H
h
= 0 m
Chiu di ng ht ca bm: L
h
= 5 m
Chiu cao ng y: H
d
= 16 m
B 20
a
l
d
a
H
B1
s
s
L
p sut u ng ht bng p sut u ng y v bng p sut
kh quyn, 1at. ng knh ng ht bng ng knh ng y, bng 0,1 m.
ng c thit k gm: 2 van tiu chun, 4 khuu 90.
Ta c khi lng ring ca nc v nht ca nc ly 25
0
C
l:
= 1000 kg
= 0,76.10
-3
Ns/m
2

Lu lng cht lng chy trong ng:
Q = V/
V Th tch cn bm, m
3

Thi gian bm, s
Q = 3,16/30.60 = 1,756.10
-3
m
3
/s
Tc chy trong ng:
= Q/S , m/s
S Thit din ng, m
2

3
2 2
4.Q 4.1,756.10
0, 224
.d 3,14.0,1
e= = =
t
m/s
Cng sut ca bm c tnh theo cng thc:
N =
V. P
1000.
A
q
kW [11 17]
Trong :
V Lu lng th tch, m
3
/s
P p sut do bm to ra, N/m
2

Hiu sut bm
g Gia tc trng trng, m/s
2

p sut P c tnh theo cng thc:
P = P
w
+ P
m
+ P
tr
+ P
h
+ P
p
N/m
2

Trong :
P
w
p sut to ra vn tc dng chy.
P
m
p sut thng tr lc ma st.
P
tr
p sut thng tr lc c b.
P
h
p sut thng chnh lch chiu cao H.
P
p
p sut chnh lch gia u ht v u y, trong
trng hp ny P
p
= 0
+ Tnh P
w
:

2
w
.
P
2
e
A = (N/m
2
)
Khi lng ring ca cht lng, kg/m
3

Vn tc ca lu th, m/s
P
w
= 0,224
2
.1000/2 = 25,088 N/m
2

+ Tnh P
m
:

P
m
=
2
.l .
.
d 2
e
N/m
2

H s ma st
l Chiu di ng, m
d ng knh tng ng ca ng, m
H s ma st ph thuc vo ch chy ca cht lng v vo
nhm ca thnh ng. mun xc nh ch chy ta phi xc nh chun s
Re:

.d.
Re
e
=

nht ca cht lng, N.s/m
2

4
3
0, 224.0,1.1000
Re 2,9.10
0, 76.10
= = > 10
4
do ch chy ca
dng thuc khu vc 3 ca khu vc chy xoy.
Theo cng thc Ixaep:
(1/)
1/2
= 1,8.lg[6,8/Re + e] [11 68]
Trong :
e =(n/3,7.d)
1,11

n = /r nhm tng i
r bn knh ng ng, ly bng 0,05 m
- chiu su rnh, ly bng 0,1 mm
Thay vo cng thc trn ta c:
(1/)
1/2
= 1,8.lg[6,8/2,9.10
4
+ (0,1/7,4.50
2
)
1,11
]
= 6,554
Suy ra = 0,023
P
m
= (0,023.21/0,1).(25,088) = 120,75 N/m
2

+ Tnh P
tr
:
Tr lc cc b gm c 2 van tiu chun, 4 khuu 90:
P
tr
= .
2
./2 (N/m
2
)
Tng tr lc cc b
=
khuu
+
van
+
vo
+

ra

Tra bng :

khuu
= 1,26 [15 70]

van
= 4,5 [15 72]

vo
= 0,06 ,
ra
= 1 [15 69]
= 1,26 .4 + 4,5.2 + 0,06 + 1 = 15,1
Do P
tr
= 15,1.25,088 = 378,828 (N/m
2
)
+ Tnh P
h
:
P
h
= .g.H = 1000.9,81.16 = 156960 N/m
2

Vy tng tr lc m bm phi t c trn ng ng l:
P = 25,088 + 120,75 + 378,828+ 156960 = 157484,66 N/m
2

Hiu sut chung ca bm ly tm
=
o
.
tl
.
ck

Tra bng II 32 [11 536]

o
Hiu sut th tch ca bm, ly
o
= 0,9

tl
Hiu sut thu lc ca bm, ly
tl
= 0,85

ck
Hiu sut c khi ca bm, ly
ck
= 0,95
= 0,9.0,95.0,85 = 0,727
Thay vo cng thc tnh cng sut bm ta c:
N =
-3
Q. P 1,756.10 .157484, 66
0.4 kW
1000. 1000.0, 727
A
= =
q

Cng sut ng c in:
N
dc
= N/
td
.
dc

td
Hiu sut truyn ng khp ni, ly bng 1

dc
hiu sut ng c in, ly bng 0,75
N
dc
= 0,4/0,75 = 0,53 kW
Thng thng ngi ta chn ng c in c cng sut ln hn so
vi cng sut tnh ton (lng d tr da vo kh nng qu ti).
N
dcc
= .N
dc

H s d tr cng sut tra bng II 33
Ta c =2,89 [11 537]
N
dcc
= 2,89.0,53 = 1,54 kW
b. Bm vinyl clorua
VC l cht d chy n, do ta dng mt bm pittng bm VC
ln thng lng v thm mt bm d tr.
Lng VC cn bm l lng VC cn cho mt m sn xut.
M
VC
=2425,951kg
Khi lng ring ca VC lng 12,96
C l 969,2 kg/m
3
, nht
l
= 0,26.10
-3
Ns/m
2
.
Th tch VC l:
V = 2425,951/969,2 = 2,5 m
3

Chiu cao ht h
h
= 0 m
Chiu cao y h
d
= 16 m
Chiu di ng ht l
h
= 5m
p sut ca ht bng p sut ca y bng 1at,
ng knh ng ht bng ng knh ng y bng 0,1 m,
Thi gian bm VC c tin hnh trong 20 pht,
Lu lng cht lng trong ng
Q = V/ = 2,5/60.20 = 0,00208 m
3
/s
Tc chy trong ng
= Q/S = 4.Q/.d
2
= 4. 0,00208 /3,14.0,1
2
= 0,265m/s
Tnh p sut ton phn khc phc tt c cc tr lc trn ng
ng.
Tnh tng t nh vi bm nc ct:
P
w
=
2
./2 = 0,265
2
.969,2/2=34,03 N/m
2

P
m
=
2
.l .
.
d 2
e
N/m
2

= 184,56N/m
2

P
tr
= .
2
./2, N/m
2

= 1101 N/m
2

P
h
= .g.H = 152125,6 N/m
2

Vy tng tr lc trn ng ng m bm cn phi thng l:
P = 152835,4N/m
2

Cng sut ca bm:
N =
Q. P
1000.
A
q
, kW
=0,00208. 152835,4/1000.0,727 = 0,437kW
Cng sut ca ng c in.
N
dc
= 0,437/0,75 = 0,83kW
Thc t chn:
N
dcc
= 1,68 kW
c. Bm nc lm mt
Nc lm mt c bm ln trn mt thng cha cao 16m v t
y nc s chy vo v bc lm lnh khi thit b phn ng vt qu
nhit cho php. Lng nc lm mt cn thit dng trong mt m
cc ly t phn tnh cn bng nhit ca giai on gi nhit phn ng
70 C cho n khi t trng hp yu cu.
Ta dng mt bm ly tm v mt bm d tr.
Lng nc cn bm: V = 45 m
3

Thi gian bm: t = 60 pht
Lu lng nc ca bm: Q = V/t = 0,0125 m
3
/s
Tc chy ca nc trong ng ng ng knh d = 0,1 m l:
= Q/S = 1,592 m/s
+ Tnh ton tng t nh vi bm nc ct ta c:
P = 182160,3 N/m
2

N
b
= 3,13 kW
N
dc
= 4,18 kW
Ly h s d tr = 1,5
Vy N
dcc
= 6,3 kW
d. Bm nc ra nha
Ta dng mt bm ly tm v mt bm d tr bm nc ra
nha.
Lng nc ra nha c bm theo m ln mt thit b cha pha
trn vi cao h = 16 m vi ng knh ng l 0,2 m.
Lng nc cn bm: V = 16575/1000 = 16,575 m
3

Thi gian bm l: t = 30 pht
Lu lng nc: Q = V/t =9,2.10
-3
m
3
/s
Tc nc chy trong ng ng ng knh d = 0,2 m:
= Q/S = 4.9,2.10
-3
/3,14.0,2
2
= 0,3 m/s
Tnh ton tng t nh bm nc ct ta c:
P = 159519,4 N/m
2

N = 6,76.10
-3
.159519,4/1000.0,727 = 0,678 kW
N
dc
= 0,678/0,75 = 0,904 kW
N
dcc
= 0,904.1,3 = 1,175 kW
2.2. Thit b lng cha
a. Thng cha nc ct
Thng cha c dung tch sao cho lng cht cn cha dng c
cho 1 m.
Lng nc ct dng cho mt m:
V
m
= V
trng hp
+ V
ra nha
= 3,16+ 16,575= 19,735 m
3

Th tch thng cha: V = 2V
m
=39,47m
3

Thng cha nc ct dng hnh tr c chiu di L = 6 m.
ng knh thng cha c tnh theo cng thc:
D =
4.V 4.39, 47
2,89
.L 3,14.6
= =
t
m
Quy chun D = 3 m.
b. Thng cha VC lng
Lng VC lng dng cho mt m l V
m
= 2425,91/970
= 2,5 m
3

Th tch thng cha l V = 2V
m
= 5 m
3

Chiu di thng cha chn l L = 2 m
ng knh thng cha:
D =
4.V 4.5
1,8
.L 3,14.2
= =
t
m
c. Thng lng nc ct
Thng lng nc ct c dng hnh tr. Lng nc ct cn thit
m thng lng cha l lng nc ct dng mt m.
V
nc ct
= 3,16 m
3

Thng lng vi h s lm y = 0,7 do th tch thng lng
l:
V
lng
= 3,16/0,7 = 4,51 m
3

Nu chn H = 2.D (chiu cao thit b gp hai ln ng knh)
Ta c V
lng
= .R
2
.H = .D
3
/2
Suy ra D = (2.V/ )
1/3
= ( 2. 4,51 /3,14)
1/3
= 1,4 m
H = 2.D = 2. 1,44 = 2,8 m
d. Thng lng VC
Lng VC cn cho mt m l V
VC
= 2,5 m
3

Thng lng vi h s lm y l = 0,7, tnh tng t nh vi
thng lng nc ct ta c
V
lng
= V
VC
/0,7 = 3,37 m
3

D
lng
= 1,6 m
H = 3,2 m
e. Thng khuy trn
Dng mt thng khuy trn to mt dung dch gm cc cht
sau: cht n nh huyn ph, cht khi u, cht iu chnh pH. H s lm
y = 0,7.
Lng cht khi u, cht n nh v cht iu chnh pH cn dng
trong mt m l:
V
hh
= 0,002079 + 0,00393 + 0,000593 = 0.006602
Do :
V
tb
= V
hh
/0,7 = 0,00943 m
3

D
kt
= 0,15 m
H
kt
= 0,2 m
f. Thng pha dung dch xt 15%
Lng dung dch NaOH 15% cn cho 1 m 760,1426 kg tng ng vi
lng th tch17,82 m
3
.
H s y q = 0,7
V
TB
7,68 m
3

D
kt
= 1,2 m; H
kt
= 2,4 m
S dng cnh khuy chn vt tc quay n = 200 270 vng/pht.
g. Thit b x l kim
Lng hn hp vo thit b x l kim trong 1 m
Th tch nguyn liu:
V = 2176,813/1400 + 760,1426 /1164 =6,5 m
3

Tnh tng t nh thit b chnh
D
kt
= 1 m; H = 2 m.
Cnh khuy
S dng loi cnh khuy mi cho c tc quay 60 300
vng/pht
Cnh khuy c cu to
d
M
= D/1,4 1,7
b = 0,1 d
M

h
M
= (0,1 0,3)d
M
[17]
do
d
M
= 1200 mm
b = 0,1.1,2 = 120 mm
h. Thng cha bt nho PVC sau khi trng hp
Lng PVC huyn ph ca mt m l:
V
hp
= (G
PVC
/
PVC
+ G
POB
/
POB
+ G
PVA
/
PVA
+ G
H3PO4
/
H3PO4
+ G
H2O
/
H2O
) =
(2176,813/1400 + 2,0193 /973 + 3,827/973 + 1,0883/1836 +
3153,735/1000) =7,1 m
3

H s in y ca thng l = 0,7 do th tch thng cha l:
V
tb
= V
hp
/0,7 = 10,1 m
3

ng knh thng cha l:
V
tb
= 0,3175..D
tc
3

Suy ra D
tc
=1,14 m
Quy chun D
tc
= 1,2 m, H = 2,4 m
2.3. Thit b ra ly tm
Nng sut ca thit b ly tm:
V
l
= 3600.V
hh
/ , m
3
/h [11 703]
Trong :
V Lng huyn ph vo trong thi gian , m
3

Tng thi gian (m my, hm my, lc, tho b, ra), s
Thi gian tin hnh ly tm mt m:
+ Thi gian m my 5 pht
+ Thi gian hm my 5 pht
+ Thi giam lc v ra 150 pht
+ Thi gian tho b 30 pht
+ Tng thi gian 190pht
Th tch hn hp vo thit b trong mt m
V
hh
= (3138+16575)/1000 + 2165,9/1400 = 21,971 m
3

Thay s liu vo cng thc trn ta tnh c:
V
l
= 3600. 21,971 /190.60 =6,81m
3
/h
Ta chn my ly tm theo tiu chun ca Lin X [11 712]:
K hiu
ng
knh
trong
ca rto,
mm
Dung
tch, lt

Ti
trng
gii hn,
kg
S vng
quay,
v/ph
Yu t
phn ly
ln nht
Cng
sut
ng c
in, kW
Loi nm ngang co b t ng
A-
1800-3
1800 850 1000 720 520 55

2.4. Thit b sy
sy nha s dng mt my sy tng si nhiu bc dng hnh tr,
tc nhn sy l khng kh nng nhit 115 C iu chnh nhit
mi tng cho thch hp ta s dng thit b gia nhit thm dng rut g, sao
cho nhit trong cc tng si 35 65 C. My sy tng si nhiu bc c
u im l c th iu chnh nhit ca tc nhn sy cc bc, nn rt
thch hp vi cc vt liu d b phn hu do nhit.
+ Tnh cn bng vt liu ca my sy.
Lng m W bay hi trong qu trnh sy c tnh theo cng thc:
W = G
1
.(W
1
W
2
)/(100 W
2
) [15 187]
Trong :
W - lng m bay hi trong qu trnh sy, kg
G
1
- lng vt liu m i vo my sy, kg
W
1
, W
2
- m ban u v m ban cui ca vt liu,%
Lng PVC trc khi vo thit b sy tng si c m W
1
= 20%.
Lng PVC ra khi thit b sy c m W
2
= 0,3%.
Lng vt liu m i vo my sy G
1
= 2588,29 kg
Thay vo cng thc trn ta c:
W =2588,29.(20 0,3)/(100 0,3)
=511,427 kg =21,3 kg/h
Lng khng kh kh tiu tn chung.
L = W/(x
2
x
0
) [15 187]
Trong
L Lng khng kh kh tiu tn chung, kg
x
0
, x
2
Hm m khng kh vo v sau khi ra khi thit
b sy, kg m/kg KKK
+ Chn cc thng s trng thi ca kh sy:
Nhit ca khng kh trc khi vo caloriphe t
0
= 23,4
0
C,
Tra bng VII 1 [12 97] c
0
= 83%
Da vo th I x ta tm c x
0
= 0,0143
+ Chn cc thng s trng thi ca khng kh khi vo bung sy.
Nhit khng kh khi vo bung sy t
1
= 115
0
C
+ Chn cc thng s trng thi ca khng kh sau khi ra khi thit
b sy
Nhit khng kh khi ra khi thit b sy t
2
= 45
0
C

Da vo th I x ta tm cc thng s ca khng kh trong trng
thi ny nh sau:
T x
0
k ng thng vung gc vi trc x ng ny ct ng t
1

= 150
0
C, t giao im ny k theo I
1
= const ct ng t
2
= 45
0
C t giao
im ny h ng thng vung gc vi trc x ta xc nh c x
2
=
0,0567,
2
= 90%.
Thay cc s liu tm c vo phng trnh tnh L ta c:
L = W/(x
2
x
0
)
= 510,841/(0,0567 0,0143) = 12061,95 kg
Lu lng kh trong my sy l:
Q
v
= L/.
kk

Trong :

Thi gian kh i trong my sy, 24 h
Khi lng ring ca khng kh kh nhit t = 23,4
C,
= 1,189 kg/m
3
[11 16]
Thay s vo ta c:
Q
v
=12061,95/1,189.24 = 422,6 m
3
/h =0,1174 m
3
/s
+ Tnh ng knh ng sy:
D = 1,13.
v
k
Q
V

Trong :
V
k
tc ng lc sy, m/s (V
k
= 20 m/s).
Do D = 1,13.
0,1174
0, 086
20
= m
+ Tnh chiu di ng sy:
L = 4V
0
/.D
2

V
0
= W/g
w

W Lng m bay hi trong qu trnh sy,
g
w
Cng bc hi th tch, 36 kg/m
3
.h
Suy ra L = 4.21,3 /3,14.36.0,086
2
= 1,30 m
2.5. Sng
Lng PVC phi sng trong ngy l 2155,0653, thi gian sng l 5
gi.
Nng sut sng phi t:
Q
G
=G/ = 2155,0653/5 = 441 kg/h
hay Q
V
= Q
G
/ = 441/1400 = 0,307 m
3
/h
c Q
V
= F.q.K
1
.K
2
.K
3
.K
4
[17]
Trong :
F: Din tch lm vic cu sng, m
2

q: Kh nng vt liu lt qua 1 m
2
sng trong 1 gi vi sng
No. 10 th q = 0,5
K
1
: H s ch hm lng phn trm trng lng di sng
trong vt liu ban u, K
1
= 1,5
K
2
: H s ch n m vt liu, vi vt liu kh K = 1
K
3
: H s ch n phng php sng, vi vt liu kh
K
3
= 1
K
4
: H s ch n hnh dng ht, K
4
= 0,8
Vy:
v
1 2 3 4
Q 0,307
F 0,51
q.K .K .K .K 0,5.1,5.1.1.0,8
= = = m
2

Ly chiu rng sng 0,5 m; chiu di sng 1 m.
Chn sng lc: No. 10
Gc nghing ca khung: 2 4 ;
S dao ng trong 1 pht: 450 ln
Nng sut: 0,4 m
3
/h
Cng sut ng c: 2 kW

3. Cn bng nhit lng
S dng hi nc bo ho p sut P = 2 at, t = 119,6 C un
nng hn hp phn ng.
Nhit lng ring ca hi nc i = 2710 kJ/kg [11 377]
Nc ngng t ra khi v bc c nhit t =100 C
Nhit dung ring ca nc ngng: C
nn
= 4,229 kJ/kg. [11 196]
Nhit hn hp u t = 25 C
Nhit dung ring ca hn hp dung dch c xc nh theo cng
thc:
C
hh
= a
1
.C
1
+ a
2
.C
2
+ a
3
.C
3
+ ... [11 189]
Trong :
C
1
,C
2
,C
3
Nhit dung ring ca cc cu t, kJ/kg.
a
1
, a
2
,a
3
Thnh phn ca cc cu t, phn khi lng,
Nh tnh t phn trc ta c:
a
VC
= 0,4; a
H2O
= 0,56; a
POB
= 0,00036;
a
PVA
= 0,000685; a
Na4P3O7
= 0,0001948.
Nhit dung ring ca cc cu t:
C
VC
= 1590 J/kg.
C
H2O
= 4180 J/kg.
C
POB
= 1237,5 J/kg.
C
PVA
= 1166,6 J/kg.
C
Na4P3O7
= 1355,9 J/kg.
Do :
C
hh
= 634,41 + 2508 + 0,495 + 0,233 + 0,231 = 3142,895
J/kg.
+ Cc gi thit v nhit ca thit b nh sau:
Nhit b mt trong ca thit b phn khng bo n t = 32 C
Nhit b mt ngoi ca thit b phn khng bo n t = 31 C
+ Kim tra li.
Nhit trung bnh ca hn hp phn ng:
t
tb
= (25 + 70)/2 = 47,5 C
H s cp nhit ca hn hp c tnh theo cng thc:
= m.
4
1 2
t t , kcal/m
2
.h.
Trong :
m H s ph thuc s s i lu b mt ngoi so vi th t
nhin, m = 2,8
t
1
, t
2
Nhit ca b mt v mi trng, C

H s cp nhit ca hn hp ti b mt thit b khng c bo n.
1
= 2,8.(47,5 31)
1/4
= 5,63 kcal/m
2
.h. = 6,46 W/m
2
.
H s cp nhit ca b mt thit b phn khng bo n v pha
khng kh.
2
= 9,3 + 0,058.t
kbo
= 9,3 + 0,058.32 = 11,16
H s truyn nhit K.
t
1
t 2
1
K
1 1
=
o
+ +
o o

= 1/(1/6,46 + 0,008/12,5 + 1/11,16) = 4,082
Nhit thnh trong ca thit b phn khng bo n.
t
tt
= t
tb
K.(t
tb
t
kk
)/
1

= 47,5 - 4,082.(47,5 23,4)/6,46 = 32,27 C

Sai s (0,27/32).100 = 0,8% < 5% do ta chp nhn gi thit trn.
Nhit thnh ngoi ca thit b phn khng bo n.
t
tn
= t
kk
+ K.( t
tb
t
kk
)/
2

= 23,4 + 4,082.(47,5 23,4)/11,16 = 32,22 C

Sai s (1,22/31).100 = 3,9% < 5% do gi thit c chp nhn
3.1. Tnh ton nhit cho giai on un nng hn hp t nhit u 25
C ln nhit trng hp 70 C
Phng trnh cn bng nhit cho qu trnh ny l:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ Q
4
+ Q
5
+ Q
6

Trong :
Q Nhit lng do hi t mang vo, Q = D. = D.(r + .C), J
Trong :
Nhit lng ring ca hi, J/kg
D Lng hi t, kg
r n nhit ho hi, J/kg, r = 2208 kJ/kg [11 378]
Nhit nc ngng, C, = 100
C
C Nhit dung ring ca nc ngng, J/kg., C = 4220 J/kg.
Q
1
Nhit lng tiu hao un nng hn hp phn ng n 70 C,
Q
2
Nhit lng tiu hao un nng ni phn ng,
Q
3
Nhit lng tiu hao un nng v bc thit b,
Q
4
Nhit lng tiu hao un nng cnh khuy,
Q
5
Nhit lng tiu hao un nng lp bo n,
Q
6
Nhit lng to ra mi trng xung quanh.

S cn bng nhit:

Tnh Q
1

Q
1
= G
1
.C
hh
.(t
c
t
d
) , J
G Khi lng ca hn hp phn ng (ca mt ni trong mt m).
G = 8602,852 kg
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q
TBPU
t
d
, t
c
Nhit u v nhit cui ca hn hp,
C
hh
Nhit dung ring ca hn hp, C
hh
= 3142,895, J/kg.
T ta c:
Q
1
=5592,952.3142,895.(70 25) = 1215,7.10
3
kJ
Tnh Q
2

Q
2
= G
t
.C
t
.(t
tc
t
td
)
G
t
Khi lng ni phn ng, kg
G
t
= 2.G
y
+ G
thn
= 519.2 + 2,4.2,4.78,4 = 1489,584 kg
C
t
Nhit dung ring ca thp, C
t
= 0,5 kJ/kg. [11 191]
t
tc
,t
td
Nhit cui v nhit u ca v thit b, C
Q
2
= 1489,584.0,5.(70 25) = 33515,64 kJ
Tnh Q
3

Q
3
= G
v
.C
v
.(t
vc
t
vd
)
G
v
Khi lng ca v bc, 2261 kg
C
v
Nhit dung ring ca thp, 0,5 kJ/kg.
t
vc
,t
vd
Nhit cui v nhit u ca v bc, C.
Q
3
= 2261.0,5.(119,6 25) = 106945,3 kJ
Tnh Q
4
Q
4
= G
k
.C
k
.(t
kc
t
kd
)
G
k
Khi lng ca cnh khuy, 25 kg
C
k
Nhit dung ring ca thp, 0,5 kJ/kg.
t
kc
,t
kd
Nhit cui v nhit u ca cnh khuy, C.
Q
4
= 25.0,5.(70 20) = 625 kJ
Tnh Q
5

Q
5
= G
bo
.C
bo
.(t
boc
t
bod
)
G
bo
Khi lng ca bo n, 432 kg
C
bo
Nhit dung ring ca bng thu tinh, 0,84 kJ/kg.
t
boc
,t
bod
Nhit cui v nhit u ca ca bo n, C
Q
5
= 432.0,84.(42 23,4) = 6749,568 kJ
Tnh Q
6

Q
6
= Q
bx
+ Q
dl

Trong :
Q
bx
Nhit mt mt do bc x,
Q
dl
Nhit mt mt do i lu.
y chia lm hai phn tnh:
+ Mt nhit phn bo n
+ Mt nhit phn khng bo n
a. Tnh nhit lng mt mt phn khng c bo n
Phn khng bo n gm np pha trn v phn thn thit b khng
c o bc. Din tch ca cc phn c tnh nh sau:
Din tch phn np pha trn c tnh t phn trc, F
1
= 6,56
m
2

Din tch phn thn thit b khng c o bc.
F
2
= 2..R.h
Trong :
R Bn knh trong ca thit b (1,2 m)
h Chiu cao tnh t o n mt bch ( h = h
1
= 0,8 m )
F
2
= 2.3,14.1,2.0,8 = 6,03 m
2

Do din tch phn khng bo n l:
F
kbo
= 6,56 + 6,03 = 12,59 m
2
+ Nhit bc x phn khng bo n:
Nhit bc x c tnh theo cng thc:
Q
bx
= C
0
.F( T
1
4
T
2
4
). , J
Trong :
C
o
H s bc x i vi vt en tuyt i C
o
= 20,72.10
-5
J/m
2
. h
T
1
Nhit v thit b, K
Thi gian, gi
T
2
Nhit ca mi trng xung quanh (23,4 +273 =296,4 K)
i vi cc b mt khng phi vt en tuyt i th C = C
o
.P
Vi st thp: P = 0,9
Vi nc: P = 0,7
Vi bng thu tinh: P = 0,9
Nhit np thit b l 32 C tng ng vi 305 K. Vy nhit
bc x phn khng bo n trong 1 gi l:
Q
bxobo
= 20,72.10
-5
.12,59.0,9.(305
4
296,4
4
).1 = 2016,37 kJ
+ Nhit i lu phn khng bo n c tnh theo cng thc cp
nhit:
Q
dlobo
=
kbo
.F
kbo
.(t
kbo
t
kk
)., W.h
Trong :
kbo
H s cp nhit ca v thit b phn khng bo n v pha
khng kh,
kbo
=
2
= 11,16
t
kbo
Nhit ca phn khng bo n, t
kbo
= 32

C
t
kk
Nhit khng kh, t
kk
= 23,4 C
Thi gian, gi
Thay s tnh c:
Q
dlobo
= 11,16.12,59.(32 23,4).1 = 1208,338 W.h = 4350,016 kJ
b. Tnh nhit lng mt mt phn c bo n
Phn c bo n bao gm ton b phn v o thit b (phn thn v
phn y). Din tch phn ny tnh tng t phn trn (F
bo
= 18,624 m
2
).
+ Nhit bc x ca phn bo n tnh tng t nh trn.
Nhit b mt ngoi ca bo n tip gip vi khng kh l 42 C,
315
0
K
Q
bxbo
= 20,72.10
-5
.0,9.18,624.(315
4
296,4
4
).1 = 7388,669 kJ
+ Nhit i lu ca phn bo n:
Q
dlbo
=
bo
.F
bo
.(t
bo
t
kk
).
= 11,74.18,624.(42 23,4).1 = 4066,811 W.h = 14640,52 kJ
Nh vy tng nhit i lu v tng nhit bc x ca thit b phn
ng chnh l:
Q
dl
= Q
dlobo
+ Q
dlbo
= 4350,016 + 14640,52 = 18990,536 kJ
Q
bx
= Q
bxobo
+ Q
bxbo
= 2016,37 + 7388,669 = 9405,039 kJ
Tng nhit mt mt l:
Q
6
= Q
dl
+ Q
bx
= 28395,575 kJ
Vy Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ Q
4
+ Q
5
+ Q
6
= 1392931,083 kJ
Mt khc:
Q = D.(r + .C)
Suy ra
D = Q/(r + .C) = 1392931,083/(2208 + 100.4,220) = 515,519 kg
Tng lng hi t cn dng cho mt m ng vi 3 ni phn ng
l:
D = 3.515,519 = 1546,556 kg
3.2. Giai on gi nhit phn ng 70 C.
Gi Q l nhit ca phn ng to ra ta c:
Q = Q
pu
.G
VC
, J
Da vo [29] ta tra c nhit phn ng tnh cho mt kg VC:
Q
pu
= 1466, kJ/kg
G
VC
Lng VC tham gia phn ng trong mt m (G
VC
= 3438,354 kg)
Do
Q = 1466.3438,354 = 5040627 kJ
So snh vi nhit mt mt ca giai on trn ta thy nhit ca phn
ng to ra ln hn rt nhiu. V vy y ta phi dng nc lm mt
duy tr nhit phn ng 70 C.
Gi Q
n
L nhit do nc lm mt nhn c,
Q
m
Nhit do mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh.
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit trong giai on ny nh sau:
Q = Q
n
+ Q
m

Nhit mt mt ra mi trng c tnh tng t nh giai on gia
nhit:
Q = Q
bx
+ Q
dl
Nc lm lnh vo c nhit ly t
1
= 20 C
Nc ra c nhit t
2
= 70 C
Gi thit nhit ca b mt bo n tip gip vi khng kh t
bo
= 28 C
Trong khi nhit ca cc b mt khc vn ging nh phn trn do
nhit trong thit b phn ng khng i.
+ Kim tra li nhit b mt bo n.
H s cp nhit ca b mt bo n v pha khng kh l:

2
= 9,3 + 0,058.30 = 11,04
H s cp nhit t nc lm mt ti b mt v o c tnh theo
cng thc:
0,45
0,8 0,4
tn
1
td nt
d
0, 023.Re .Pr . .
d d
| |
o =
|
\ .

Nhit trung bnh ca nc lm mt l t
tb
= (20 + 70)/2 = 45 C
Tra cc thng s:
H s dn nhit ca nc nhit trung bnh
= 0,55 kcal/m.h. = 0,64 W/m. [11 155]
Vn tc ca nc i trong v bc = 0,2 m/s
Khi lng ring ca nc nhit trung bnh
= 990,25 kg/m
3
[11 14]
nht ca nc nhit trung bnh
= 0,5988.10
-3
N.s/m
2
[11 105]
C
p
Nhit dung ring ca nc nhit trung bnh
C
p
= 4,18 kJ/kg. [11 195]
3
0, 2.990, 25.0.18
Re 59534,068
0,5988.10
= =

3
p
C .
4,18.0,5988.10
Pr 3,91
0, 64
= = =

Thay vo tnh c:

1
= 8903,335 W/m
2
.
H s truyn nhit K.

bo
1 bo 2
1 1
K 1, 752
1 1 1 0, 06 1
8903,335 0,125 11, 04
= = =
o
+ + + +
o o

Khi nhit thnh bo n l:
t
bo
= t
kk
+ K.(t
tb
t
kk
)/
2
= 26,83 C
Sai s l (1,17/28).100 = 4,2% < 5%. Do gi thit c chp
nhn.
a. Tnh cho phn bo n
+ Nhit bc x:
Q
bxbo
= C
o
.F
bo
(T
1
4
T
2
4
) , W
Trong T
1
= 28 + 273 = 301 K, T
2
= 23,4 + 273 = 296,4 K
Thay s vo ta c:
Q
bxbo
= 20,72.10
-5
.0,9.18,624.(301
4
296,4
4
)
= 1703,156 kJ
+ Nhit i lu:
Q
dlbo
=
bo
.F
bo
.(t
bo
t
kk
)
= 11,74.18,624.(28 23,4) = 1005,77 kJ
b. Tnh cho phn khng bo n
Do nhit thnh trong v thnh ngoi ca lp khng bo n
khng thay i so vi trng hp trn nn tng nhit mt mt trong trng
hp ny bng vi trng hp trn.
Vy tng lng nhit mt mt trong giai on ny l:
Q
m
= 1703,156 + 1005,77 + 2016,37 + 4350,016
= 9075,312 kJ
Thay vo phng trnh cn bng nhit ta c:
Q
n
= Q Q
m
= 5040627 9075,312 = 5031551,688 kJ
M
Q
n
= G
n
.C
n
.(t
nc
t
nd
)
Trong :
G
n
Lng nc dng trong mt m, kg
C
n
Nhit dung ring ca nc, C
n
= 4,18 kJ/kg.
t
nc,
t
nd
Nhit cui v nhit u ca nc lm mt, C
Lng nc lm mt trong mt m l:
G
n
=
n
n nc nd
Q 5031551,688
26750 kg
C .(t t ) 4,180.(70 25)
= =

Lng nc cn dng cho ton b 3 ni phn ng l:
G = 3. 26750 = 80250 kg (80,25 m
3
)

PHN TH NM. AN TON LAO NG
Di ch x hi ch ngha, con ngi l vn qu do vy vic
m bo an ton lao ng cho con ngi trong sn xut l mt vn quan
trng. m bo an ton lao ng l m bo tnh mng sc kho cho con
ngi sn xut. Do , n gp phn nng cao nng sut lao ng v cht
lng sn phm. ng thi m bo an ton lao ng cn hn ch c
thit hi v ngi v ti sn ca tp th vo nh nc.
Phn xng sn xut PVC l mt b phn trong x nghip cng
nghip ho cht. N kt hp c im ca phn xng x nghip v
nghnh.
Ni dung an ton lao ng gm nhng vn chnh sau:
1. T chc m bo an ton lao ng nh my:
Nh my cn c ni quy v an ton lao ng, trong phi nu ln
c mt cch y v y nhng ni dung cn phi thc hin (s
c nu phn cc bin php dm bo an ton lao ng).
m bo an ton lao ng trong sn xut, bt c ai, cn b hay
cng nhn vin nh my cng nh khch n cng tc, khi vo nh my
cn c ph bin mt cch nghim tc v an ton lao ng.
- cc b phn sn xut u phi c nhng qui nh c th v an
ton lao ng cng nhn thao tc v lm vic tun theo.
- Chnh quyn phi tng xuyn theo di v kim tra vic thc hin
an ton lao ng.
- Chnh quyn v cc on th phi thng xuyn gio dc cn b
cng nhn vin thc hin an ton lao ng mt cch nghim tc v trit ,
t gic.
- C hnh thc khen thng kp thi nhng c nhn, nhng b phn
thc hin tt an ton lao ng ng thi c nhng k lut thch ng vi
nhng c nhn, b phn vi phm cng nh gy ra mt an ton lao ng.

2. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra mt an ton lao ng v bnh ngh
nghip:
Nhng c im ca phn xng sn xut PVC v c im chung
ca x nghip ho cht c th gy ra tai nn v bnh ngh nghip:
- Phn xng dng nhiu loi thit b b tr xen k nhau trn mt
bng (thit b in, thit b c kh, ng ng). Do d gy nhm ln,
va chm trong thao tc gy tai nn.
- Phn xng c nhiu ho cht d gy chy n, c hi nh hng
n ngi sn xut. Trong qu trnh sn xut sn sinh ra nhiu bi, nhiu
qu trnh nhit nh hng ti sc kho ca cng nhn. Nhng vn chung
nh: v sinh cng cng, ni ngh ngi, vn ci to mi trng nu
khng thc hin tt u c th nh hng xu n ngi lao ng.
3. Cc bin php m bo an ton lao ng:
- i vi thit b in: B tr thit b in trnh nhng ni m t,
cc dy in khng c h, ng ngt cu dao phi theo ng qui nh,
khng s dng in lm vic ring. Khi sa cha cc thit b in, h thng
dy dn, n chiu sng phi do th in ca nh my v phi c bo h
tt.
- i vi thit b c kh: Thng xuyn thc hin ch kim tra,
bo dng, sa cha c vt che chn, vn hnh thit b ng qui trnh.
- Thc hin tt ch bn giao gia cc ca v tin sn xut, tnh
trng my mc, thit b v cc vn lin quan.
- Chiu sng: cn b tr chiu sng cho cng nhn lm vic v i
li trong phn xng sn xut.
- Chng n: Trong phn xng PVC, giai on nguy him c th
gy n l giai on phn ng trng hp xy ra, p sut trong thit b phn
ng trng hp tng cao. Do vic lm sch v duy tr nhit , p sut
phi tin hnh ng qui trnh. Nu p sut vt qu p sut cho php (ln
hn 10 at) th phi tin hnh phng khng.
- Chng chy: Trong sn xut dng cc cht khi u, cht m,
cht n nh l cc ho cht d phn hu, hoc d bay hi nn khi gp tia
la in hoc tn la th d bt chy nn cn cm ht thuc l phn
xng sn xut, trnh khng pht sinh tia la in. Cc dng c cha
ng v thit b phn ng phi kn, mi mt b phn sn xut u phai
trang b bnh cha chy.
- Chng c: ti phn xng sn xut th VC l cht c, hi VC
c tc dng gy m, chng mt, ri lon cm gic, mt phng hng. Do
nng gii hn cho php ca VC trong khng kh phn xng sn
xut l 0,03 mg/l. Cn phi bo n cn thn v kim tra thng xuyn h
thng bo n c th bo qun VC trnh thi lng. Cc thit b cha,
bm, ng dn phi m bo kn, nht l thit b trng hp.
- Chng nng: Do c nhng b phn s dng hi t v kh nng
nn cn c nhng bin php chng nng nh cc lp bo n, h thng
thng gi m bo yu cu.
- Chng bi: Bi trong phn xng ch yu l bi PVC. Nng
PVC gii hn cho php ni lm vic phi nh hn 10 mg PVC/1 lt
khng kh. C bin php bao che kn thit b c cha PVC nh my sy,
sng, ng bao, c th b tr h thng ht bi cho phn xng.
Ngoi nhng vn trn cn b tr hp l cc cng trnh v sinh
cng cng, ni ngh ngi, ni lm v sinh c nhn cho cng nhn.

PHN TH SU: IN NC
1. in
in trong phn xng c dng vo hai mc ch chnh:
- Dng cho sn xut.
- Dng cho chiu sng
1. Tnh in chiu sng:
Phn xng lm vic c thit k tn dng tt nh sng t
nhin ban ngy, nh sng t nhin nhn c t mt tri c nh hng tt
n sinh l con ngi v ng thi c tc dng tit kim in nng. Trong
xy dng cng nghip thng ch trng n nh sng t nhin c tn
dng bng cc ca s.
Khi dng n chiu sng cho phn xng, trong phn xng khng
c cht d chy nn b phn sn xut cng nh cc b phn khc ch dng
n chiu sng bnh thng.
a, n cho khu vc sn xut c tnh theo cng thc:

E.S.K.Z
N
F.
=
q
[20]
Hnh thc chiu sng: chiu sng trc tip. n chiu sng l loi
n dy tc c cng sut 1000W in th 220V.
F Quang thng mi bng F = 1050 lumen.
h
c
Chiu cao treo n trung bnh h
c
= 4 m,
E chiu sng cn thit E = 30,
H s li dng quang thng, = 0,38.
Ch s hnh phng 1 2
30 12
30 12
,
.
C . h
S
i
p c
p
=
=
= =
Trong :
S
p
: Din tch phn xng.
C
p
: Chu vi phn xng.

Ta c:
H s phn x ca trn: = 70
H s phn x ca tng: = 50
H s d tr ca phn xng c bi: K = 1,3
H s chiu sng cn thit, chiu sng u: z = 1,2
Din tch cn chiu sng: s
- Tnh din tch ni chiu sng tng 1:
Din tch chung: 30.12 = 360 m
2

Din tch cu thang: 36 m
2

Din tch kho: 36 m
2

Din tch phng: 36 m
2

Din tch sn xut tng 1:
360 3.36 = 252 m
2

- Tnh din tch ni chiu sng tng 2:
Din tch chung: 30.12 = 320 m
2

Din tch cu thang: 36 m
2

Din tch phng: 36 m
2

Din tch sn xut tng 2:
360 2.36 = 288 m
2

- Din tch sn xut dn ph: 4.18 = 72 m
2

T ta tnh s n cn thit:
- S n ni sn xut tng 1:
24
100 38 0 1050
80 2 1 3 1 252 30
= = =
. , .
. , . , . .
. F
Z . K . S . E
N ci
(Din tch chiu sng ly bng 80% din tch phn cn li)
- S n ni sn xut tng 2:
27
100 38 0 1050
80 2 1 3 1 288 30
= = =
. , .
. , . , . .
. F
Z . K . S . E
N ci

- S n ni sn xut dn ph:
7
100 38 0 1050
80 2 1 3 1 72 30
= = =
. , .
. , . , . .
. F
Z . K . S . E
N ci
Vy s n cn dng cho khu vc sn xut:
B phn S bng n (ci) Cng sut 1 n (W)
Ni sn xut tng 1 24 1000
Ni sn xut tng 2 27 1000
Ni sn xut dn ph 7 1000

b, Tnh n cho cc b phn khc:
B phn S bng n (ci) Cng sut 1 n (W)
Kho 2 75
Cu thang 4 75
Phng th nghim 2 100
Phng qun c 2 75
Phng v sinh 4 75
n bo v 14 100

c, Tnh in nng chiu sng:

i i i
n .p t
W=
1000
E

Trong :
n
i
: S bng n loi i,
p
i
: Cng sut bng n loi i,
t
i
: Thi gian chiu sng (12 gi/ngy).
Thi gian chiu sng trong 1 nm:
290.12 = 3480 gi
- n sn xut tng 1:
8352
1000
3480 100 24
1000
= =
=
. . t . p . n
W
i i i
kWh
- n sn xut tng 2:
9396
1000
3480 100 27
1000
= =
=
. . t . p . n
W
i i i
kWh
- n sn xut tng dn ph:
2436
1000
3480 100 7
1000
= =
=
. . t . p . n
W
i i i
kWh
- n cc b phn khc:

i i i
n .p t 12.75.3480 16.100.3480
W= 8700
1000 1000 1000
E
= + = kWh
Vy tng in nng cho chiu sng trong 1 nm l:
SW = 8352 + 9396 + 2436 + 8700 = 28884 kWh
2. Tnh in nng tiu tn cho sn xut:
Lng in c tnh theo cng thc:

n
1 2 i i
i 1
W K .K . n .t
=
=

Trong :
K
1
: H s ph ti (cos = 0,75)

K
2
: H s tn tht trn ng dy, K
2
= 1,05
n
i
: Cng sut ng c in th i,
t
i
: Thi gian s dng trong 1 nm, h.

Bng in nng tiu tn cho sn xut:
Tn thit b
S
lng
K
1
K
2
Thi gian
s dng, h

Cng
sut,
kW
Tiu th,
kWh
1
ngy
1 nm

M t trng hp
M t khuy trn
M t x l nc
Bm nc ct
Bm VC
Bm nc lnh
Bm dd NaOH
Bm nc ra
My ly tm
Qut
Vt ti
Calorife
Sng
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
0,7
0,7
0,7
0,17
0,27
0,17
0,17
0,17
0,7
0,8
0,7
0,9
0,7
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
18
0,4
12
1,75
0,17
18
1,5
3,0
18
18
18
15
15

5130
114
3420
498,7
45,6
5130
427,5
855
5130
5130
5130
4275
4275

17,8
4,74
1,82
8,5
7,5
4,5
4,5
20,5
25
1,7
1,5
29
2,7

67115,8
397,165
4575
756,7
97
4120,7
343,3
3128,6
94263,75
7325,64
5655,83
117156,38
8483,7

Tng: 320638,3 kWh
in dng cho phng ho nghim
M t hi c: 0,8 kW
Qut hi c: 0,2 kW
Bp in: 2 kW
L nung: 1,8 kW
T sy: 1,2 kW
Cc thit b khc: 0,5 kW
Tng : 6,5 kW
Thi gian s dng trong mt ngy l 8 gi v mt nm l: 15080
kWh
Vy tng lng in nng cn dng trong mt nm l:
W = W
chiu sng
+ W
sn xut
+ W
ha nghim
= 349528,8 kWh
2. Nc
Nc dng cho sn xut: c tnh phn cn bng vt cht
v cn bng nhit lng.
Trong mt ngy m lng nc cn dng nh sau:
Lng nc trng hp: 3160,053kg
Lng nc x l kim: 4307,476kg
Lng nc ra nha: 16575kg
Tng nc ct: 24042,526kg
Lng nc lm mt: 5588,25 kg
Nc dng cho sinh hot:
Tng s cn b v cng nhn vin ca phn xng l: 64 ngi
Theo tiu chun v sinh cng nghip mi ngi 1 ngy cn 75 lt
nc
Lng nc dng cho sinh hot l:
64.75 = 4800 kg
Vy tng lng nc cn dng cho mt ngy m l:
G = G
sx
+ G
sh
=24042,526+ 5588,25 + 4800 = 10610,77
kg
Nhu cu nc cho mt nm sn xut l:
V = 106.290 = 30740 m
3


PHN TH BY: KINH T

1. Mc ch.
Tnh ton phn kinh t cho d n gip ta bit c tnh kh thi ca
d n t mi a ra phng n u t cho d n m y l u t cho
phn xng sn xut PVC.
Qui trnh tnh ton mt d n bao gm cc bc sau:
1. Xc nh nhu cu u t: nhu cu sn phm trn th trng, kh nng
cung ca doanh nghip.T d bo nhu cu th trng v xc nh c
nng sut ca nh my.
2. La chn phng n cng ngh: my mc thit b, ni cung cp, gi. T
xc nh c vn u t cho ti sn c nh.
3. Huy ng vn: vn t c, vn vay, c phn...
4. D kin chi ph sn xut:
+ Gi thnh sn xut: nguyn vt liu, nhn cng, chi ph sn xut
chung (khu hao: do nh nc qui nh bao gm khu hao nh xng, my
mc thit b).
+ Chi ph qun l (xc nh theo phn trm gi thnh sn xut: do doanh
nghip ra sao cho ph hp nhng 2,4%).
+ Chi ph tiu th 7% gi thnh sn xut.
T tnh c chi ph ton b
Z
tb
= Z
sx
+ Z
ql
+ Z
tt

Suy ra gi thnh n v sn phm z = Z
tb
/nng sut.
D kin doanh thu: xc nh gi bn d kin sao cho thch hp vi gi th
trng (g)
Tnh hiu qu u t.
LN = (g z).SL
Nu LN > 0 khi d n gi l kh thi.
2. Ni dung phn kinh t.
2.1. Chi ph mua nguyn liu.
Tn nguyn liu
Lng dng trong
nm (tn)
Gi mua
mt n v
(tn)
Chi ph (VN)
VC
POB
PVA
NaOH
H
3
PO
4

1272,0
1,056
2,0
3044,808
0,574
14.10
6

15.10
6

12.10
6
4,2.10
6

6.10
6

1780,8.10
6

15,84.10
6

24,0.10
6
1278,8.10
6
3,4.10
6

Tng 4320,448 3102,84.10
6

a. Chi ph vn chuyn nguyn vt liu:
ng vn chuyn trung bnh di 20km, n gi vn chuyn
2500/km.tn:
4320,448.2500.25 = 27.10
6
(ng)
b. Chi ph bc d, bo qun ly bng 2% chi ph nguyn vt liu.
0,02.3102,84.10
6
= 62.10
6
(ng)
Tng chi ph cho nguyn liu l:
(3102,84 + 27 + 62).10
6
= 319,184.10
6

Vy chi ph cho nguyn vt liu l:
Z
1
= Z
in
+ Z
nc
+ Z
nguyn liu

= (174,0 + 212,9 + 319,2).10
6
= 706.10
6
2.2. Chi ph sn xut chung.
a. Chi ph mua my mc thit b.


STT Tn thit b c im S
lng
n gi
(triu
ng)
Thnh tin
(triu ng)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Thit b trng hp
Bm ly tm
Bm ly tm
Bm ly tm
Bm pitng
Qut
Mt
Thng khuy
Thng lng VC
Thng lng nc
Thng pha NaOH
My ly tm
Cnh khuy
Calorife
Thit b sy tng si
Xycln
Sng
Mt
Bm chn khng
Lc khng kh
Cn bn
Thng cha PVC
Thit b x l

2400
4H
AP - 60
AP - 100
r.2

700
700
700
700
A-1800-3

UKK5
No.14
17,87 kW
25 kW

1
2
2
2
2
3
6
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1

14,2.10
6
5. 10
6

4.10
6

10.10
6

25.10
6

8.10
6

1,2.10
6

4,5.10
6

3,5. 10
6

5,8. 10
6

15,4. 10
6

5. 10
6

1,5. 10
6

2. 10
6

1,5. 10
6

4. 10
6

6. 10
6

7,5. 10
6

2,5. 10
6

4. 10
6

1. 10
6

1,5. 10
6

1,5. 10
6

14,2. 10
6

10. 10
6

8. 10
6

20. 10
6

50. 10
6

249. 10
6

7,2. 10
6

4,5 10
6

3,5. 10
6

5,8. 10
6

15,4. 10
6

5. 10
6

3. 10
6

6. 10
6

1,5. 10
6

4. 10
6

6. 10
6

22,5. 10
6

2,5. 10
6

4. 10
6

1. 10
6

5,6. 10
6

1,5. 10
6

Tng 219,6. 10
6

Chi ph lp t bng 20% chi ph mua thit b.
219,6.0,2 = 43,92.10
6
(ng)
+ Chi ph vn chuyn bng 10% chi ph mua thit b.
219,6.0,1 = 21,96.10
6
(ng)
+ Chi ph cho h thng ng dn, dng c o lng 20% chi ph mua
thit b:
219,6.0,2 = 43,92.10
6
(ng)
Tng chi ph lp t, vn chuyn, h thng ng dn =109,8.10
6
(ng)
Vy tng s vn u t cho my mc thit b:
V
C
= (109,8 + 219,6).10
6
= 328,8.10
6
(ng)
Gi s khu hao my mc ly bng 10%, khi chi ph cho my
mc trong mt nm s l:
328,8.10
6
.0,1 = 32,88 .10
6
(ng)
b. Chi ph xy dng nh xng.

1 Danh mc
Din tch
(m
2
)
n
gi(/m
2
) Thnh tin
2 Nh sn xut 216 2 432
3 Trm bin th 36 1,5 54
4 Trm cp nc 24 1,5 36
5 Kho nguyn liu 32 1,5 48
6 Kho thnh phm 32 1,5 48
7 Nh nng lng 24 1,5 36
8 Phng th nghim 24 1,5 36
9 Phng hnh chnh 72 2 144
10 Phng ngh 24 1,5 36
11 Phng v sinh 24 1,5 36
12 Nh thng trc 24 1,5 36
13 Nh n ca 48 1,5 72
14 Nh x l nc thi 24 1,5 36
15 Nh xe 48 1,5 72
16 Tng 1122

Tng s vn xy dng l : 1122
Gi s khu hao nh xng l x
A
= 5% khi chi ph cho nh xng trong
mt nm l:
1122.10
6
.0,05 =56,1.10
6
(ng)

c. Tng vn c nh l:
V
C
= V
TB
+ V
XD
+ V
khc
(V
khc
= 0,1 V
C)

0,9 V
C
=328,8.10
6
+ 1122.10
6

V
C
=1450,8.10
6
(ng)
Vn lu ng:
Bao gm chi ph mua nguyn liu, lng cng nhn, cc dch v
mua ngoi...
i vi mi doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh vn lu ng chim
t 10% n 30% doanh thu. thun tin ta coi vn lu ng bng 25%
doanh thu hng nm ca doanh nghip.
Doanh thu d kin l :
DT = Gi . Nng sut
Gi mt tn bao gm thu VAT: 29.000.000 ng / tn
Nng sut 500 tn / nm
Vy DT = 29.000.000x500 = 14500.10
6
ng
Thu thu nhp doanh nghip = 32% doanh thu = 4640.10
6
ng
DT thun = 14500.10
6
5%.14500.10
6
- 4640.10
6
= 9135.10
6
ng
Do : Vn lu ng ca nh my l
V
L
= 25% . DT = 25% . 9135.10
6
= 3654.10
6
ng
Vn u t ca cng ty l :
V=V
C
+ V
L
= 1450,8.10
6
+ 3654.10
6
= 5104,8.10
6
ng
Vn vay t ngn hng cng thng Vit Nam, vay tn dng 1%
thng.
2.3. Chi ph nhn cng.
a. Xc nh s nhn cng cn c mt hng ngy.

b. Xc nh s cng nhn bin ch.
Cc ch tiu
Cng nhn sn
xut chnh
Cng nhn sn xut
ph
1. Thi gian theo lch
2. Thi gian khng lm vic
+ Ch nht, ngy l
+ Ngh php
+ Ngh m
+ L do khc
365

60
12
5
9
365

60
12
5
9
Tn thit b S lng ngi/my S cng nhn mt ngy
Ni trng hp
Thit b x l
Ra ly tm
Sy
Sng
ng bao
1
1
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
3
Tng 11 15
Thi gian lm vic bnh qun
trong nm

279

279

c. Cn b cng nhn vin gin tip.
Cn b k s 2
Cn b qun l 2
Thng k 1
Trng ca 3
Ha nghim 1
Tng 9

Tnh qu lng tr cho cng nhn:
o Lng c bn hin nay: 350.000
o Qu lng bao gm
o H s cp bc
o Ph cp
o n ca 360.000/ngi.thng
o c hi 360.000/ngi.thng

Vy lng chi tr cho cng nhn trong 1 thng sn xut:
6.934000+14.1151000+4.1256000=26742000 ng
S
lng
Bc
lng
H s
Qu lng
Cp bc Ph cp
n ca +
c hi
Tng
6 4 1,92 672.000 82.000 180.000 934.000
1151.000
1256.000
14 5 2,54 889.000 82.000 180.000
4 6 2,84 994.000 82.000 180.000
Tnh qu lng tr cho cng nhn gin tip:
o Lng c bn hin nay: 350.000
o Qu lng bao gm
o H s cp bc
o Ph cp
o Ph cp
o Trch nhim
o n ca 360.000/ngi.thng
o c hi 360.000/ngi.thng

Chc v S
lng
Bc
lng
Trch
nhim
Ph cp H s
lng
Tng
Qun c 1 7 0,2 0,5 2,94 1536.000
Ph qun
c
2 6 0,2 0,4 2,84 1466.000
K s 4 5 0,4 2,54 1291.000
Hnh chnh 4 4 0,2 2,44 1186.000
Bo v 3 4 0,2 1,92 934.000

Tng l 17.178.000
Vy tng s lng tr ton phn xng trong 1 nm l:
(26742000+17178000)12=527,04.10
6
ng
Chi ph khu hao:
Chi ph khu hao bao gm: Khu hao my mc thit b, khu hao ti
sn...p dng hnh thc khu hao u hng nm vi mc khu hao theo quy
nh ca B Cng Nghip.
Tng vn u t xy dng l: 1122.000.000 ng
Khu hao nh xng l 5% khi chi ph cho nh xng trong mt
nm l:
KH
NX
= 1122.10
6
.0,05 = 56,1.10
6
ng
Tng s vn u t cho my mc thit b l:
(109,8 + 219,6).10
6
= 328,8.10
6
(ng)
Gi s khu hao my mc ly bng 10%, khi chi ph cho my
mc trong mt nm s l:
328,8.10
6
.0,1 = 32,88 .10
6
(ng)
Tng khu hao vn u t:
KH
VT
= 32,88 .10
6
+ 56,1.10
6
=88,98.10
6
ng
2.4. Chi ph tiu th
a. Chi ph cho nhu cu in nng.
349528.500 = 174,764.10
6
(ng).
b. Chi ph cho nhu cu nc.

Loi nc
Lng dng
trong mt ngy
(kg)
Lng
dng trong
1 nm
(tn)
Gi mua
mt n v
(/t)
Chi ph
(ng)
Nc ct 95714,608 277570,60 0,8.10
6
2125.10
6

Nc lm mt 5588,25 16205,9 1500 1,358.10
6
Hi nc 1100 319,0 26.10
3
27,4.10
6
Nc sinh hot 4800 1392,0 1500 10,0.10
6
Tng 2129.10
6

Chi ph dch v phi mua hoc thu ngoi nh in thoi, fax,... l
5% tng khu hao v bng 4,45.10
6
ng/nm
Tng chi ph chung phn xng trong mt nm bao gm
1. Chi ph nguyn vt liu sn xut : 706.10
6
ng/nm
2. Chi ph cng nhn: 527,04.10
6
ng/nm
3. Tng khu hao vn u t: 88,98.10
6
ng/nm
4. Chi ph cho dch v: 4,45.10
6
ng/nm
5. Chi ph cho nng lng v nhin liu: 2129.10
6
ng/nm
Tng chi ph l: 2261,47.10
6
ng/nm
Tnh li nhun:
Li nhun(trc thu) = Doanh thu chi ph.
LN = 14500.10
6
- 2512,26.10
6
= 11287,74.10
6
ng/nm
LN
thun
= LN thu = 11287,74.10
6
(5%+32%) 11287,74.10
6
=
2551.10
6
ng
Thi gian thu hi vn
T
TH
= Tng vn u t/(Khu hao + li nhun)
= 5104,8.10
6
/ (88,98.10
6
+ 2551.10
6
) =2,5 nm
Nu nh u t em tin gi ngn hng th li nhun thu c l
5104,8.10
6
.0.8%.12=489,8.10
6
ng/nm
Vy u t tin vo d n sinh li nhun cao hn.


PHN TH TM: XY DNG
1. Xc nh a im xy dng nh my.
Ngy nay nh s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut ni chung v
trong lnh vc cng nghip ni ring. N i hi cc chuyn gia c bit
quan tm n vn chuyn mn ho trong sn xut, quan tm n mi
mi quan h, hp tc gia cc x nghip nhm p ng nhu cu sn xut
ca nn kinh t quc dn.
i vi mt nc mi pht trin cng nh c mt nn cng
nghip t lu th vn sp xp cc khu cng nghip, la chn t ai xy
dng nh my c mt ngha quan trng. Vn quy hoch khu cng
nghip c ngha ln c v mt kinh t, k thut cng nh nh hng ca
n n cc nghnh khc (chnh tr, vn ho, x hi, giao thng, thng
mi)
Trong cng cuc xy dng ch ngha x hi i hi sp xp hp l
cc khu cng nghip nhm m bo tit kim v sc lao ng, vn u t,
v to iu kin cho s qun l chuyn mn ho c tt.
Vic la chn a im xy dng nh my l mt cng tc rt quan
trng v phc tp, n l mt vn tng hp kin thc ca rt nhiu
nghnh v n nm trong quy hoch tng th cng nghip ca quc gia, v
vy i hi phi c s cng tc ca rt nhiu cn b cc ngnh nh: kin
trc, a cht, xy dng, kinh t, giao thng, cng ngh
Khi la chn a im xy dng nh my u tin ta phi tin hnh
iu tra c bn m trong giai on ly s liu cu tt c cc mt: ti
nguyn, khong vt, t ai, dn s, ngun nguyn liu, nhin liu, thu
vn, giao thng V mt xy dng chng ta cn ch cc yu cu sau:
+ Yu cu chung:
a. Gn ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu cho sn xut, xem xt ti
nguyn c tr lng tt, c dung cp cho nh my tn ti lu di.
b. Gn cc ngun cung cp nng lng (than, in, kh).
c. Vn cp thot nc: Chn a im cho nh my ho cht.
Gn ni c nhiu nc v thot nc d dng, khng nh hng n v
sinh cng nghip.
d. m bo giao thng vn ti thun tin, y l mt vn quan
trng, n m bo hot ng lin tc ca nh my. Chn ni gn ng
giao thng chnh ca quc gia nh ng sng, ng bin, ng st,
ng b
c. m bo ngun cung cp vt liu xy dng, gim vn u t
cho xy dng c bn.
g. m bo iu kin hp tc gia cc x nghip.
k. m bo yu cu quc phng, phng khng.
+ Yu cu v a cht:
Cc x nghip ho cht cng nh cc x nghip cng nghip khc
yu cu phi xy dng trn nhng lp t tt c cng chu lc t 2,10
5

2,5.10
5
N/m
2
tr ln. Nn xy dng trn nhng lp t st, st pha ct, t
ong, i. Khi kho st phi thn trng trnh ni c khong sn
di.
+ Yu cu b mt a hnh:
a im xy dng ca nh my, phn xng ph hp vi quy
hoch ca nh nc, ca vng. N m bo cho s pht trin ca nh my,
to iu kin hp tc vi cc nh my x nghip khc, a im xy dng
nh my cao ro khng ngp lt vo ma ma, bng phng, dc ca khu
t khng qu 1%.
+ Yu cu v mt v sinh cng nghip.
Do a phn cc nh my ho cht thi cc cht c nn khi thit k
chn a im phi ch m bo sc kho ca ngi lao ng v cc khu
dn c khu vc xung quanh nh my v nn t gn sng v cc nh my
ho cht cn rt nhiu nc, tuy nhin nn t vng h lu ca sng cch
vng dn c t 500 m tr ln.
Ni tm li vic la chn a im xy dng hp l l vn rt
quan trng, n khng nhng gp phn lm tng hiu qu kinh t, h gi
thnh sn phm m cn m bo an ninh quc phng v x hi. Trong thc
t khng c a im no tho mn c ton b cc yu cu trn nn phi
phn tch xem vn no l quan trng ch yu, cn bn chiu c mt
cch thch ng, vn no ch yu c th khc phc c. c th la
chn c mt phng n ti u.
Trong khun kh n ny ta chn a im xy dng khu cng
nghip Vit Tr tnh Ph Th.
a hnh: khu vc phn xng nm pha t ngn sng hng trong
nh my ho cht Vit Tr pha Bc l vng i ni, pha Ty l ng
quc l 2, ng st H Ni Lo Cai.
cao ca khu t so vi mt bin l 25 m, cng chu lc ca
t l 2,5 kg/cm
2
.
Phn xng quay v hng ng Nam n gi mt nhiu nht v
trnh gi ma ng Bc.
Giao thng vn ti: Nh my rt thun li v giao thng vn ti do
gn cc trc ng st, ng b v ng sng.
Nhn cng: Ph Th gip gii trung du ng bng nm trn trin
sng Hng dn c ng c, nhn lc di do, cung cp lng thc thc
phm thun li.
c im kh hu: Ph Th thuc vng kh hu II c hng gi
thi nhiu nht l hng ng Nam. Lng ma trung bnh 1500 mm/nm.
Lng ma cc i 1 ngy m 200 250 mm. Nhit trung bnh ma
ng 8 10 C. Nhit trung bnh ma h 34 C.
Tc gi rt tng i ln, c bit l m tng i ln, nht
l tun thng 2 v thng 3 thng ngng t hi nc, do cn ch n
vt liu khi thit k kt cu bao che cng trnh.

2. Thuyt minh thit k mt bng, mt ct phn xng.
Phn xng sn xut nha PVC l mt phn xng c s dng cc
ha cht c, d bay hi, d chy nDo cn bm bo thng gi tt,
cn loi tr pht sinh tnh in v trnh s dng ngn la h. Phn xng
c mt s b phn nng cn c thng gi tt v lm mt.
2.1. Chn hng nh.
Do c im k thut ca phn xng v kh hu ma h nng ma
ng tc gi rt tng i cao phi chn hng nh n c gi mt
nhiu nht v trnh c gi rt, y chn hng nh ng Nam, ca s
nhiu tng.
2.2. Thit k nh.
Da theo c im ca dy chuyn sn xut v nng sut ca phn
xng, chn phng n thit k phn xng dng khung thp lp ghp
Zamil Steel gm:
+ Mt nh 2 tng.
+ Chiu cao nh 16,8 m, trong tng 1 cao 8,4 m, tng 2 cao 8,4
m.
+ Chiu rng nh: 18 m.
+ Chiu di nh: 36 m.
+ Bc ct 6 m.
+ Li ct tng 1: 6x6 m
+ Li ct tng 2: 6x18 m
Tng din tch phn xng.
S = 30.18 = 540 m
2
.
2.3. B tr thit b.
a. Mt bng:
Tng 1: B tr thit b v cc phng chc nng nh sau:
T tri sang phi:
Bc ct th 1: Khu vc cu thang 25 m
2
, kho nguyn liu 36 m
2
.
Bc ct th 2, 3, 4, 5: Thng cha PVC kh, thng cha nc,
thng cha st, thit b sy tng si, thit b ly tm, vt ti, caloriphe, qut.
Bc ct th 6: Khu vc v sinh, ca ra vo.
Tng 2: B tr thit b v cc phng chc nng nh sau:
T tri sang phi:
Bc ct th 1: Khu vc cu thang 25 m
2
, phng ho nghim,
phng qun c.
Bc ct th 2, 3, 4, 5: thng cha PVC kh, cc thit b trng
hp, dn ph t cc thng lng v thng cao v, thng cha st, thit b
khuy trn.
Bc ct th 6: Khu vc m rng.
iu kin lm vic trong phn xng tt, chiu sng, thng gi t
nhin thi c. Khu vc m rng ln, rng ri, d dng i li cho cng
nhn, khi cn thit c th lp thm cc thit b mi.
b. Mt ct:
S dng thit b nng chuyn cu trc theo tiu chun ca Zamil
Steel, m bo thun tin trong nng chuyn vt liu nng. Ca s knh
xoay m bo chiu sng v thng gi t nhin. C lp y n phc
v cho ca m.
Mi c rnh thot nc ma bng thp.
Chiu cao ca s: 3 m, c ca s ph 0,9 m.

2.4. Cc gii php kt cu nh.
Nh khung thp tng gch dy 220mm.
+ Mi nh: Lp bng tn, x g bng thp, trn mi c h thng
thot nc v c t h thng thu li.

+ Sn nh: Sn tng 2 lm bng b tng theo phng php ton
khi v y cn chu lc, c l trn sn treo thit b phn ng c 4 tai
treo t trc tip ln sn nh, trn sn c lp va xi mng chu axt dy 20
mm.

+ Ca s: Lm bng knh quay, ca ln lm bng thp.
1500
I 400
I 300
4
0
0
100
2000
= 100
Sn b tng mc 200
+ Cu thang: Lm bng st c 2 v, chiu rng bc thang
250mm,chiu cao bc thang 150mm, tay vn v lan can lm bng chn song
thp.
+ Nn nh: Chu c axt v d ra, c lt 1 lp gch chu axt
dy 15 mm, lp di l b tng chu axt dy 100 mm.
+ Tng: Bo v khung nh khng chu tc ng trc tip ca mi
trng bn ngoi, bo v my mc trong nh khng b nng ma.
Tng bao: 220 mm
Tng ngn: 110 mm
+ Thang thot him: ngoi tri, chy dc hin nh.

2.5 Cc cng trnh ph
a) Nh cung cp nng lng
Trm bin th in: L=B=6m, H = 4,8 m
b) Nh cung cp nc sn xut L= 12m, B=6m, H = 4,8 m
c) Cc nh kho:
Kho nhin liu: L= 18m, B=12m, H = 4,8 m
Kho thnh phm: L= 18m, B=12m, H = 4,8 m
d) Khu nh hnh chnh: L= 30m, B=12m, H = 4,8 m
e) Khu nh sinh hot:
+ Nh ngh: L= 18m, B=6m, H = 4,8 m
+ Nh x l nc thi: L= 12m, B=6m, H = 4,8 m
+ Nh xe: L= 18m, B=12m, H = 3,2 m
+ Nh gi v thay ca cng nhn: L=12m, B=6m, H=4,8 m
f) Cc cng trnh cp thot nc:
Cp nc: Trm bm, b lng, b lc, dng ng.
Thot nc: Trm x l nc bn, x l nc thi, h thng
cng rnh.
g) H thng giao thng vn ti: m bo vn chuyn nghuyn liu vo
cng nh sn phm ra.

3. Tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
Din tch ton nh my: 5000m
2

Din tch chim t ca nh v cng trnh: 994 m
2

Din tch kho, bi l thin: 958m
2
Din tch chim t ca ng st, b, mt bng h thng ng k
thut, h rnh thot nc 1750m
2
H s xy dng: K
xd
= (934 + 918)/5000 = 37%
H s s dng: K
sd
= (934 + 918+ 1750)/5000= 60%
Theo tiu chun ca ngnh ho cht th h s K
xd
, K
sd
nm

trong khong
chp nhn c.


KT LUN

Trong sut thi gian nghin cu v tnh ton c s gip tn tnh
ca thy gio hng dn TS. Ng Mnh Long, nay n tt nghip ca em
hon thnh. Vi lng bit n su sc em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy
c trong Trung tm nghin cu vt liu polyme, b mn xy dng cng
nghip, khoa kinh t qun tr trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni v c bit
l thy gio hng dn TS. Ng Mnh Long, tn tnh gip em hon
thnh n tt nghip ny.

H Ni, ngy 24 thng 5 nm 2007.
Sinh vin.

Nguyn Hu Hng


TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Tng lun cht do tnh hnh v trin vng pht trin (H Ni
1995)
2. Trin vng ngnh nha Vit Nam : Gii php v chnh sch ca
Vin nghin cu chin lc nm 2001.
3. Minsker, Ks, Kolesov, SV zaikov, GE Degradation and
stabilization of chloride Based Polymers Oxford Rergamon press 1988.
4. A. Jimenez, J. Loper, J., M. Kenny J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Kinetic
Analysis of the thermal Degradution of PVC platics V. 73 p. 1069 1079 ,
1999.
5. J. A Brydson Plastis Materials London, Boston, singapre
sydney toronto welling ton,1989
6. R. H. Burgess Devolopments in PVC production and processing
Applied science publicshess LD, 1980.
7. NL. Thomas Platics, Rubber and compositer processing and
Applications calcium / zine stabilisers for PVC. pressure pipe V. 119,
No5, p. 263 271, 1993.
8. R. H Burgess Manufacture and processing of PVC. Applied,
science, publisbiers LTD 1982.
9. Nass, LI Encyclopedia of PVC vol 1 Marcelde kkcr cine
New York and Basel, 1986.
10. Nguyn Bin, Vn i, L Nguyn ng, Long Thanh Hng,
inh Vn Hunh, Nguyn Trng Khung, Phan Vn Thm, Phm Xun
Ton, Trn Xoa S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht tp II.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 1992.
11. Trn Xoa, Nguyn Trng Khung, Phm Xun Ton - S tay qu
trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht Tp I. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K
thut, H Ni 1999.
12. . . , . .
. 1963, 1970.
13. Quc Tun Tp ch cng nghip ho cht PVC Vn l cht
do ca th k 21 trang 25 s 8/1997. Tng cng ty ho cht Vit Nam
14. Vn i, Nguyn Trng Khung, Trn Quang Tho, V Th
Ngc Ti, Trn Xoa C s cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho
hc Tp 2. Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H Ni
1982.
Ngc Ti, Trn Xoa - C s cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho
1982.
Ngc Ti, Trn Xoa - Tnh ton qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ho
1982
17. B mn Silict tnh v chn thit b Silicat TRNG I HC
BCH KHOA H NI 1970
18. B mn qu trnh thit b Nhng v d v bi tp mn hc qu
trnh v thit b cng ngh ho hc Nh xut bn gio dc H Ni 1963
19. B mn Silicat gio trnh l Silicat Trng i hc Bch
Khoa H Ni 1970
20. B mn k thut hp cht cao phn t Khoa ho - c s k
thut an ton, k thut phng chng chy tron g cng nghip ho cht
trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni 1968
21. Ng Bnh Hng dn tt nghip phn xy dng trng i
hc Bch Khoa H Ni - 1972

003.Quy trình sản xuất Polyvinyl dorua (PVC)

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003.Quy trình sản xuất Polyvinyl dorua (PVC)

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n tt nghip GVHD: TS.

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