A1.

Rng tre na nh l mt ngun ti nguyn: Hin trng rng tre na Vit Nam: Vit Nam hin nay c 1,4 triu ha rng tre na (c thun loi v hn giao) ng th 4 th gii sau Trung Quc, n v Mianma v din tch. Ti nguyn tre na gi v tr rt quan trng trong ti nguyn rng nc ta. Rng tre na thng l rng th sinh, rng phc hi hoc rng trng, mc thnh qun th thun loi ln hoc nh hoc l t, bi, m. Tre na l loi mc nhanh, sm cho sn phm, k thut gy trng tng i n gin, c kh nng sinh trng trn t kh canh tc v t hoang ho, l loi a tc dng nn tre na l ngun ti nguyn phong ph v ang c con ngi s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, hin nay ti nguyn tre na ang ngy mt suy gim c v s lng v cht lng; k thut trng, khai thc, s dng tre na cha c ch nhiu v c bit l nhn thc ca ngi dn cha thy r gi tr ca ngun ti nguyn ny c v mt kinh t, x hi v mi trng. y l nhng thch thc khng nh pht trin ngun ti nguyn tre na ti cc a phng. 1.1 Chc nng: - Chc nng phng h - iu ha kh hu - Thay i tnh cht t - Thm m cnh quan - iu ha dng chy - To thu nhp - Bo v, gn gi a dng sinh hc - L ni c tr ca cc loi ng vt, cc cng ng dn c 1.2. a dng sinh hc: B1. GI I THI U V FSC V TH TC C CH G CH R G - FSC (Forest Stewardship Council ) l mt t chc Quc t, phi li nhun c thnh lp vo 2/1996 ti Mexico, hin nay tr s chnh ca FSC c t ti Born (c), nhm em n nhng gii php, khuyn khch v kim sot vic qun l rng trn th gii ph hp vi mi trng, c li ch x hi v t hiu qu kinh t. - FSC thit lp c mt h thng tiu chun quc t v vic qun l rng c trch nhim. Hnh thnh mt chng trnh tha nhn cc T Chc Chng Nhn (bn th ba c lp) v y quyn cho cc T Chc ny chng nhn nhng nh qun l rng hay nhng nh sn xut cc sn phm t rng theo tiu chun ca FSC. - Nhn Logo FSC v nhn dn trn sn phm s gip ngi tiu dng trn ton th gii c th nhn bit c cc t chc hay sn phm ng h chng trnh qun l rng c trch nhim. - C 10 nguyn tc v 56 chun mc ca FSC kt hp cc b sung cn thit v qun l rng cc cp quc gia v trong quc gia p dng i vi cc loi rng trn ton th gii c FSC tha nhn, to nn tiu chun qun l rng FSC. 10 GUY TC CA FSC 1. Nguyn tc 1: Tun th theo php lut v cc nguyn tc ca FSC. 2. Nguyn tc 2: Quyn v trch nhim i vi vi vic s dng v s hu. 3. Nguyn tc 3: Quyn ca ngi bn x. 4. Nguyn tc 4: Mi quan h cng ng v quyn ca ngi lao ng. 5. Nguyn tc 5: Cc li ch t rng. 6. Nguyn tc 6: Tc ng v mi trng. 7. Nguyn tc 7: K hoch qun l. 8. Nguyn tc 8: Gim st v nh gi. 9. Nguyn tc 9: Duy tr cc khu rng c gi tr bo tn cao. 10. Nguyn tc 10: Cc khu rng trng. CH G H V H I FSC

Chng nhn FSC c thc hin thng qua cc T Chc Chng Nhn c FSC cng nhn, FSC khng thc hin vic chng nhn cho cc hot ng v rng cng nh sn xut. C 03 loi chng nhn FSC ang c cc T Chc Chng Nhn cung cp: - FSC-FM (FSC-Forest Management Certificate) Chng nhn Qun l rng FSC: yu cu cho mt khu rng xc nh phi tun th cc yu cu lin quan n cc tiu chun v mi trng, x hi v kinh t theo yu cu ca FSC - FSC-CoC (FSC-Chain of Custody Certificate) Chng nhn Chui hnh trnh sn phm FSC: yu cu cc t chc chng minh cc sn phm g c giao dch t cc ngun gc c chng nhn, cc sn phm ny c th c s dng nhn FSC v du chng nhn ca T Chc Chng Nhn - FSC-CoC/CW (FSC-Chain of Custody/Control Wood Certificate) Chng nhn Chui hnh trnh sn phm FSC/nh gi ngun gc g c kim sot FSC: yu cu cc t chc chng minh cc sn phm g c giao dch t cc ngun gc c chng nhn FSC v cc ngun gc g c kim sot FSC, cc sn phm ny c th c s dng nhn FSC v du chng nhn ca T Chc Chng Nhn. hm vi p dng v li ch khi c cp chng ch rng Chng ch rng c p dng cho tt c cc n v qun l rng vi cc quy m ln nh bt k l s hu nh nc hay t nhn. y l mt qu trnh hon ton t nguyn ca cc ch rng. Tuy nhin, nh gi cp chng ch rng ch c p dng cho cc n v ang qun l rng sn xut v ang hot ng qun l kinh doanh. Cc li ch khi mt on v lm nghip c cp chng ch rng bao gm: G c cp nhn FSC s bn c gi cao hn so vi cng loi khng c cp nhn (thng thng gi cao hn khong 30%). C iu kin tip cn vi th trng mi. Cc nh gi nh k ca c quan cp chng ch s gip tm ra cc im mnh, yu trong hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. GI I THI U V FSC-CoC CoC (Chain of Custody) - Chui hnh trnh sn phm y l mt trong 03 loi chng nhn FSC, Chui hnh trnh sn phm (CoC) l con ng m nguyn liu th t rng phi tri qua n vi ngi tiu dng, bao gm nhng giai on lin tc ca vic ch bin, vn chuyn, sn xut v phn phi. L qu trnh nhn dng g t khu rng c chng nhn cho ti khi sn phm c gn nhn. Mc ch ca Chui hnh trnh sn phm FSC-CoC l nhm cung cp cc chng c xc thc v vic sn phm g c chng nhn sn xut t cc ngun nguyn liu c chng nhn. CC TIU CHU FSC D G CH CH G H CHUI H H TR H S HM FSC-CoC HI A G D G 1. Tiu chun: FSC-STD-40-004 (Ver. 2-0) Tiu chun chui hnh trnh sn phm i vi cc cng ty cung cp v ch bin sn phm c chng nhn FSC. 2. Tiu chun: FSC-STD-40-005 (Ver. 2-1) Tiu chun FSC dnh cho cc cng ty nh gi ngun g c kim sot FSC. 3. Tiu chun: FSC-STD-30-010 (Ver. 2-0) Tiu chun g c kim sot FSC dnh cho cc t chc qun l rng. 4. Tiu chun: FSC-STD-40-201(Ver. 2-0) Cc yu cu dn nhn FSC trn sn phm. CC I T G C HI THAM GIA CH G TR H FSC-CoC C CH G H T chc, n v, doanh nghip m s hu nguyn liu hay sn phm FSC trn phng din php l hay vt cht lin quan n: - Khai thc v thu mua nguyn liu - S ch - Tinh ch - Phn phi Tuy nhin ch c cc b phn, c nhn bn trong cc t chc, n v, doanh nghip ny c lin quan n cc yu cu ca tiu chun phi tham gia vo chng trnh FSC-CoC. C quan cp chng ch rng

 C quan cp chng ch rng l mt t chc th ba, c lp, c t cch v c trnh nghip v c ng o cc t chc mi trng, kinh t v x hi cng nhn, c c ngi sn xut v tiu dng tn nhim. Hin nay, cc t chc cp chng ch rng chnh trn phm vi ton cu l: T chc cp chng ch rng lin Chu u (Pan-European Forest Certification-PEFC): hot ng ch yu trn a bn chu u. Hi ng qun tr rng th gii (Forest Sterwardship Council-FSC). T chc cp chng ch rng quc gia Malaisia v Kerhout: hot ng ch yu trong khu vc nhit i. H thng qun l mi trng ISO 140001. Sng kin bn vng rng M (American Sustainable Forestry Intiative) Hi ng qun tr rng th gii (Forest Sterwardship Council-FSC), hin nay y quyn cho 10 c quan c cp chng ch rng l: - Anh quc: SGS Chng trnh QUALIOR. - Anh quc: Hip hi t Chng trnh Woodmark. - Anh quc: BM TRADA Certification. M: H thng chng ch khoa hc Chng trnh bo tn rng. - M: Lin minh v rng nhit i Chng trnh Smartwood. - H Lan: SKAL. - Canada: Silva Forest Foundation - c: GFA Terra System. - Nam phi: South African Bureau for Standards (SABS). - Thy S: Institute for Martokologic (LMO) Ti Chu Thi BnhDng, cng ty SmartWood/Rainforest Allliance (http://www.smartwood.com) v SGS Forestry (http://www.sgsqualifor) thc hin phn ln vic nh gi v cp chng ch rng (FSC). y cng chnh l cc t chc m nhim vic cp FSC ti Vit Nam. HI M V CA FSC Nhim v chnh ca FSC l thc y vic qun l rng trn th gii mt cch hp l v mt mi trng, c li ch v mt x hi v kinh t. a. Li ch v mi trng: m bo cho tt c mi ngi tham gia vo thng mi lm sn rng cc ng gp ca h s gip vic bo tn hn l hy dit rng, con ngi v cuc sng thng qua cc hot ng. Bo tn a dng sinh hc v cc gi tr khc nh nc, t Duy tr cc chc nng sinh thi v th thng nht ca rng. Bo v cc loi ng, thc vt qu him v mi trng sng ca chng. b. Li ch v x hi: m bo quyn con ngi c tn trng. Nhim v chnh l yu cu c s tham gia ca nhiu thnh phn c lin quan khi xy dng b tiu chun quc gia hay khu vc. iu ny c ngha rng tt c cc hot ng la nghip phi c s ng thun cu cc nhm dn tc thiu s hoc cng ng a phng. V d: cc phng thc s dng rng truyn thng nh thu lm hoa, qu, ci, vt liu xy dng hoc cy thuc phi c cn nhc m bo cuc sng ca h. c. Li ch v kinh t: l ch rng cn phi c gng t c cch s dng ti u v ch bin ti ch cc sn phm a dng ca rng, gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng ni khai thc v ch bin. FSC xy dng 10 nguyn tc v tiu chun cho qun l rng bn vng. Cc nguyn tc v tiu chun ny ph hp vi tt c cc loi rng: n i, nhit i, rng t nhin v rng trng. T cc nguyn tc v tiu chun , cc quc gia, khu vc tham gia vo tin trnh qun l rng bn vng v chng ch rng s xy dng cc b tiu chun quc gia ring nh gi v ph hp vi cc iu kin c th ca mnh. Cc b tiu chun ny cn phi c s ph chun ca FSC trc khi c s dng nh gi cp chng ch ti quc gia hoc khu vc . Tnh hnh thc hin chng ch rng Ti Vit Nam Hin nay, khong 27 triu ha rng (gm trn 200 khu rng thuc 32 quc gia) trn th gii c cp chng ch ca FSC v trn 600 chng ch nhn sinh thi c cp cho cc nh sn xut lm sn. Ti Vit Nam, t nm 1998, Qu quc t v bo v thin nhin (World Wide Fund for Nature WWF) phi hp cht ch vi B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, cc Pht trin Lm nghip, Cc Kim lm v mt s c quan

trong ngnh lm nghip trong vic t chc cc hi tho quc gia v qun l rng bn vng. T n nay, WWF ng dng l t chc gip ch yu v ti chnh v k thut cho T cng tc quc gia Vit Nam trong vic xy dng b tiu chun quc gia v qun l rng bn vng da theo cc nguyn tc v tiu chun ca FSC. Bn cnh , WWF cng tch cc phi hp vi T cng tc quc gia Vit Nam v cc nh ti tr khc tin hnh xy dng cc m hnh th im v qun l rng bn vng tin ti nh gi cp chng ch rng cho mt s a phng nh : 1. Tnh c Lc: Nm 1999, mi chuyn gia nh gi ca FSC tin hnh tin kho st, nh gi ti 6 lm trng,. Chuyn gia FSC a ra mt s khuyn ngh i vi tnh, lm trng nhm thc hin p ng c cc tiu chun v qun l rng bn vng. 2. Tnh Kon Tum: WWF v TFT/Scancom thc hin d n v bo tn a dng sinh hc v qun l rng bn vng ti huyn Kon Plong. 3. Tnh Gia Lai: Cng vi S Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn xy dng m hnh v qun l rng bn vng ti mt s Lm trng; tin hnh nh gi th nghim b tiu chun quc gia ti 2 lm trng S Pai v h nng. Sp ti, WWF s mi chuyn gia ca FSC tin hnh tin kho st, nh gi li cc lm trng ni trn. 4. Tnh Ngh An: Cng vi T cng tc quc gia tin hnh nhiu chuyn kho st, nh gi b tiu chun quc gia ti mt s lm trng. 5. Tnh Tha Thin-Hu, Qung Nam xy dng v tm kim ngun ti tr kinh ph cho mt s d n nghin cu nh gi v khai thc g bt hp php, xy dng cc m hnh v rng qun l bi cng ng ti mt s vng trng im. Quy trnh nh gi cp chng ch rng Theo chng trnh Smartwood, quy trnh nh gi cp chng ch rng gm 10 bc c bn nh sau: 1. n v qun l rng lm n yu cu cho c quan nh gi 2. C quan nh gi xy dng d ton, chi ph v m phn vi khch hng (n v qun l rng) 3. Khch hng k tha thun vi c quan nh gi. C quan nh gi s yu cu khch hng ng trc 60% chi ph cho d ton trin khai cng tc nh gi. Khi nhn c tin, qu trnh thc hin bt u 4. C quan nh gi c chuyn gia lnh o on nh gi. Chuyn gia ny s c cung cp ton b ti liu lin quan n hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca khch hng v b tiu chun nh gi c chp nhn. 5. on chuyn gia trin khai cc hot ng nh gi ti hin trng 6. Tho lun v thng bo kt qu nh gi s b vi khch hng 7. Gi bo co s b cho c quan nh gi 8. C quan nh gi s tng hp thnh bo co v s gi cho khch hng tham gia kin (thi gian ti a l 2 tun), ng thi cng gi cho cc chuyn gia c lp nh gi v cho kin 9. Chuyn gia chnh s tng hp, xy dng bo co cui cng t kin ca khch hng v chuyn gia c lp 10. Trnh by bo co cho Gim c c quan chng ch ra quyt nh cp chng ch. Thi gian t lc bt u nh gi n lc kt thc c cp chng ch thng mt khong 90 ngy. Chng ch c gi tr trong 5 nm. Tuy nhin, hng nm c quan nh gi thng t chc mt t kim tra xem n v qun l rng c tun th lin tc cc yu cu ca tiu chun qun l rng bn vng hay khng. Trong trng hp khch hng khng tun th cc tiu chun quy nh, chng ch c th b thu hi. Chi ph trc tip ca vic nh gi rng bao gm ph nh gi ln u v ph nh gi hng nm. Chi ph nh gi gin tip c th bao gm chi ph gia tng cho nhn vin, chi ph gia tng cho vic kim sot rng, vic lp k hoch qun l ph thm, chi ph kim k gia tng v nhng thay i trong cc phng php khai.

2. 3. 4. Ga c g c dn nhn FSC, nhn thc ngi s dng g trong v ngoi nc i vi g c dn nhn FSC. 4.1. Ga c g c dn nhn FSC: Dn nhn FSC s l yu cu bt buc i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut, ch bin g xut khu k t ngy 1-72005. Hin ti mt vn ht sc quan trng i vi bun bn ni tht v g quc t l ngun gc g.

Hin nay, khong 27 triu ha rng (gm trn 200 khu rng thuc 32 quc gia) trn th gii c cp chng ch ca FSC v trn 600 chng ch nhn sinh thi c cp cho cc nh sn xut lm sn. G c cp nhn FSC s bn c gi cao hn so vi cng loi khng c cp nhn (thng thng gi cao hn khong 30%). Nu nh hin nay, 1 tn g rng trng c chng ch FSC c th trng M v cc nc chu u mua vi gi 70 USD (khong 1,4 triu ng) th 1 tn g khng c chng ch bn sang cc th trng nh ch c gi t 600.000-700.000. V d nh nu gi mt m3 g keo rng trng thng thng hin nay t 1-1,2 triu ng th ti khu rng c cp chng ch FSC, gi g nguyn liu giao dch mc 90 USD/m3. Quy ra t gi hin ti gi tr mt m3 g cao hn gn gp i. cc h dn c hng li khi g FSC c ng knh nh hn vn c chp nhn l g trn ch khng b coi l g dm r tin nh trc. Cng vi vic bn trc tip g cho nh my khng qua cng ty trung gian, chng ch cho php tng thu nhp n 50% so vi g khng c nhn. 4.2. Nhn thc ca ngi s dng g trong v ngoi nc i vi g FSC: Hin c hn 8.000 sn phm trn khp th gii c mang biu trng ca chng ch rng FSC (Hi ng qun tr rng th gii) t ca g n lc chi u, t vn phng phm n giy toilet. Mng li lm sn ton cu, mt nhm cc t chc v cng ty cam kt sn xut v bun bn g v lm sn c chng ch, c mng li 18 quc gia khc nhau trn khp th gii vi hn 600 thnh vin. 4.2.1. Ngoi nc; Ngi tiu dng trn th gii, nht l hai th trng chu u v M ngy nay ch s dng sn phm khi bit chc rng n c to ra khng phi t vic ph rng. Hin nay, nhiu ngi tiu dng nhn thc c tm quan trng ca cc mt hng g c cp chng ch rng, thm ch hi ngi tiu dng ti Anh, H Lan cn c xu hng ty chay s dng cc loi hng khng c ngun gc xut x. Theo kt qu thng k, ch ring nhu cu s dng hng c chng ch rng FSC gia tng vi t l 2-3% mi nm Anh. Ngoi ra, H Lan ( nc c 500 cng ty cng vi nh nhp khu g nhit i ln nht chu u v ln th 2 trn ton th gii) v mt s nc Chu u khc, cam kt ch mua sn phm c chng ch rng FSC. Theo mt s iu lut mi c ban hnh ti Chu u v M (FLEGT v Lacey Act), ch cc sn phm g c chng ch FSC mi c nhp khu vo Chu u v M . c, ngi tiu dng rt quan tm n nhn mc FSC (chng ch rng) m bo rng ni tht c lm t ngun nguyn liu bn vng, nguyn liu c li cho mi trng, y l mt yu t chnh nh hng n quyt nh mua hng. Ngoi ra cc cng ty cam kt u tin lm sn chng ch nh Home Depot (thu nhp 30 t USD, cng ty nng cp nh ca ln nht th gii); Lowes Companies, Inc. (nh bn l nng cp nh ca ln th 2 trn th gii); B&Q (mt trong nhng nh bn l nng cp nh ca ln Anh). Tuy nhn, FSC khng ng vai tr chnh trong vic chng nhn Php, v nc ny a chung h thng PEFC hn. Bi vy vic nhn thc tiu dng theo chun FSC thp, v do cc sn phm theo chun FSC gn nh khng c c gi tr th trng nh H Lan v Anh. Ti chu : Hin nay, nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng ti Nht Bn, cc nc ASEAN,.. t ra quan tm i vi chng ch FSC, bc u ch trng cc sn phm g c dn nhn FSC. Tuy nhin mt s quc gia khc th cha quan tm n chng ch ny, nh nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng i Loan v mi quan tm i vi dn nhn sinh thi khng nhiu do chi ph sn phm tng ln. i Loan hin khng c h thng chng nhn v dn nhn i vi cc sn phm g c thu hoch t cc ngun c qun l tt. 4.2.2. Trong nc: Giai an t nm 2002 n 2004 vic nhn thc v chng nhn FSC tng ln do nhu cu ca th trng v khch hng nc ngoi p lc cho cc doanh nghip trong nc tm n vi tiu chun FSC.

Cc doanh nghip nhn thc c nhiu hn v tiu chun FSC khng ch phc v cho hot ng kinh doanh m cn gip cho vic qun l v kim sot vic s dng hiu qu ngun nguyn liu g trong sn xut ca doanh nghip. Theo Hi ng qun tr rng quc t, hin nay c trn 3.000 n v, t chc c chng ch FSC bao gm cng ty ch bin, ch rng, doanh nghip thng mi... Trong s ny 84 doanh nghip ch bin g Vit Nam c chng ch FSC trong tng s hn 1.200 doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc ny. Ch hn 10 nm hnh thnh v pht trin mt ngnh k ngh, theo s liu cng b chnh thc trn mng ca t chc FSC ngy 31/3/08, VN c 151 nh my c chng nhn FSC, dn u trong khu vc ng Nam . Trong khi cc Nc c cng ngh CBG sm v pht trin hn VN nh M lai ch mi 66, Indonesia 59, Thi Lan 08 cng li vn cha bng VN. i b phn ngun nguyn liu u vo (>70%) c nhp t nc ngoi di s kim sot ca quc gia s ti. Nhiu hi tho m ra nhm thc y, nng cao s hiu bit v tm quan trng ca chng ch FSC nh Hi ngh bn trn gia y ban chu u v Vit Nam v nhu cu th trng cc sn phm g hp php v bn vng, hi tho gia cc cng ty cung cp lm sn Vit Nam vi Mng li kinh doanh lm sn ton cu ca WWF (GFTN) v TRAFFIC vi s h tr ca C quan Pht trin Quc t Hoa K (USAID) thng qua Chng trnh Lm nghip v Thng mi c trch nhim Chu (RAFT) Nc ta ch trng o to cho cc cn b,ph bin gio dc ti cc trng i hc Lm nghip v chng ch FSC. Tuy nhin, do cha c ph bin rng ri nn phn ng vn cha bit c n nhn FSC cng nh th hin nhn thc ca mnh vi sn phm ny Trng hp khc, do trn 80%-85% nguyn liu g cho cc nh my ch bin Vit Nam do cc cng ty nc ngoi cung cp, do c c ngun cung cp g n nh l iu doanh nghip trong nc quan tm hn c. C hay khng c chng ch FSC cha thc s thu ht s quan tm ca hu ht cc doanh nghip trong nghnh ch bin ny. Cn cc Doanh nghip xut khu ch quan tm n ngun gc g nu c yu cu khch hng, nu trong hp ng yu cu, DN xut khu s phi tm g c ngun gc r rng sn xut; nu khng, h s nhanh chng l i. Kh c th ph nhn l g khng r ngun gc bao gi cng r hn g c ngun gc, v vy m gi thnh sn phm s cnh tranh hn. V vy, nc ta cn c nhiu chnh sch thu ht s quan tm ca ngi s dng g i vi nhn FSC, khng nhng nng cao gi tr m cn gp phn bo v pht trin rng bn vng. C Hng d n k thut gim st car on rng c s tham gia C s ca REDD v h thng MRV quc gia: Vi kt qu thng lng thnh cng th hin trong Hip nh khung ca Lin Hip Quc v bin i kh hu (UNFCCC), mt ngun ti chnh hoc th trng carbon quc t cho chng trnh Gim pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh t suy thoi v mt rng bo tn a dng sinh hc REDD c kh nng c thc hin. iu ny s mang n mt c hi cho cc quc gia ang pht trin nh Vit Nam nhn c s chi tr t cc nc pht trin thng qua thc hin cc hot ng ca chng trnh REDD , bao gm: Gim pht thi t mt rng Gim pht thi t suy thoi rng Bo tn cc b cha carbon rng Qun l rng bn vng Gia tng lng carbon trong cc b cha carbon rng nhn c s chi tr, cc quc gia ang pht trin s cn phi a ra bng chng t cc kt qu da va o cc hnh ng . H thng MRV quc gia s ng vai tr ch cht trong vic a ra bng chng ny. Theo yu cu ca UNFCCC, h thng MRV quc gia s cn Vit Nam, cc bn lin quan hin ang c khuyn khch tho lun pht trin h thng MRV quc gia vi c s d liu khng gian a l kt hp vi d liu c thu thp ti cp quc gia v khu vc. H thng MRV ca Vit Nam s l c s cho 4 lnh vc nn tng sau. H thng gim st t ai LMS: thm nh cc d liu thay i din tch rng v s bin i rng;

iu tra sinh khi quc gia da trn iu tra rng quc gia a m c ch (NFI) v gim st carbon rng c s tham gia (PCM) thm nh tr lng carbon v s thay i ca n (v d : nhn t gy pht thi (EF)); iu tra kh nh knh quc gia c tnh v bo co pht thi do con ngi t cc ngun v cc b cha. H thng thng tin REDD v quc gia NRIS: chia s thng tin v rng v cc vn lin quan n REDD , cho ph p s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan v bo m vic thc hin chnh sch v gii php REDD quc gia, bao gm vng ch c, l da trn kt qu thng qua vic thc hin tt c cc hot ng ca REDD v tt c cc vn lin quan n rng. H thng MRV quc gia ang c lp k hoch pht trin thnh cc giai on v nhm vo m c ch thit lp mt khung lm vic, trong s bo co y cc hot ng iu hnh da trn c ch REDD trong mt khong thi gian t ba n nm nm. Nguyn tc ca PCM: Sau y l mt s cc nguyn t c c bn ca PCM cho REDD , n c p d ng nh l c s pht trin ti liu hng dn ny. S tham gia : PCM da trn cc nguyn t c ca s tham gia trong qun l rng, bao gm gim st carbon (sinh khi) rng. Ngoi cc l do c vin dn trong phn M c tiu ca PCM , PCM cn l mt cch c ngha nng cao nhn thc ca cc cng ng thng qua s hiu bit ca con ngi v gi tr mi trng ca rng trong bi cnh bin i kh hu, v lm th no h c th ci thin tt hn vic qun l rng cho m c ch lu gi carbon v cc m c ch khc. ng thi, kinh nghim hp tc trong cng vic s th c y vn ha ca s hp tc gia cc cng ng v cc ch rng, gia nhn vin nh nc a phng vi cc t chc quc gia chu trch nhim lin quan n PCM. : Bi cnh hin ti ca Vit Nam, phng php PCM phi n gin cho cc cng ng thc hin vi s tp hun v tr gi p ca cc t chc k thut lm nghip. Do vy pht trin cc cng c tp hun n gin d hiu s tr nn rt cn thit. ian: t c hiu qu v chi ph v thi gian trong tin trnh c ng l mt nguyn tc quan trng. PCM s l mt hot ng b sung hng u cho cng ng thc hnh qun l rng thng uyn v sinh k ca cng ng da vo sn phm khc t rng c to ra, hiu qu v thi gian s l nhn t quan trng v nh hng n s cam kt tham gia ca cng ng. Hiu qu v chi ph l mt iu c bit cn quan tm trong la chn cc d ng c v thit b p d ng, c bit l cho n khi s chi tr t chng trnh REDD c tin hnh c th p ng c cc ph u t. Chi tr cho cc thnh vin cng ng tham gia trong PCM hin ti ang c cn nhc trong chin lc REDD Vit Nam. Chi tr ny c em xt nh l chi tr cho s tham gia v s c tnh ton mc ti thiu ca chi ph c tm ng trc i vi cc cng ng s tham gia trong REDD , trc khi chi tr c thc hin. : bo m tin cy ca d liu, phng php PCM b t buc phi ph hp vi hng dn ca PCC. ng thi trong bi cnh ca h thng MRV quc gia, d liu thu c t PCM s c tng hp vi cc thnh t khc ca h thng MRV, to nn c ch phn hi v tin cy ca d liu PCM7. MC TIU CA GIM ST RNG C S THAM GIA (PCM) V tim nng, mt ngun lc quan trng v rng ln cung cp thng tin cho h thng MRV quc gia l nhng ngi qun l rng bao gm cng ng v h gia nh. PCM tha nhn v c nh s tham gia ca cng ng, h gia nh v cc bn lin quan khc cp a phng vo tin trnh qun l rng (sau y c gi chung l cng ng ) trong gim st tr lng carbon rng. PCM c xem xt nh mt c ch quan trng cho REDD bi cc l do v gi tr sau y (Skutsch M. v McCall M.K): S thay i tr lng carbon ca cc khu rng c qun l theo nh k o tnh c th s l rt nh c th pht hin mt cch chnh c thng qua cng ngh vi n thm t nh v tinh. iu tra rng quc gia s thu thp d liu co tin cy cao, nhng vi phn gii thp v khng theo khng gian v thi gian c th thu c s thay i sinh khi a phng mt cch thch hp. Cc thay i cn c o lng trn mt t cc i tng khc nhau t c tin cy c th chp nhn c. Huy ng cc cng ng c th t c hiu qu chi ph nu so vi vic s d ng cc nh iu tra chuyn nghip trong thit lp cc cuc kho st trn mt t.

S hiu bit ca cng ng v gim st carbon s tc ng nh l mt ng vin th c y cho vic ci thin hn na vic qun l rng, bng cch bo m cho vic chi tr carbon sau ny. Thu ht cng ng trong gim st carbon s nng cao kh nng vic chi tr carbon nhn c ti cp quc gia s c phn b ung cng ng cp a phng. Thnh vin ca CM trong i cnh REDD v Vit am Mt khi gim st carbon v rng s c thc hin bi tt c cc ch rng, thc hnh PCM s c pht trin c ngha bi nhm m c tiu l cng ng bao gm h gia nh, cc nhm dn c a phng nh l ngi thc hin. Trong bi cnh ca Vit Nam, iu ny bao gm cc i tng sau y: H gia nh l ch rng c giao rng v c cp s Cc nhm cng ng qun l rng c giao rng vi s H gia nh qun l rng thng qua hp ng vi cc ch rng khc (v d nh l Ban qun l rng phng h (PFMBs), Cng ty Lm nghip, Vn Quc Gia) Cc tham s cn o tnh: C hai nhm d liu ln cn o tnh l: Thay i din tch rng (Activity Data): Din tch rng ca tng n v qun l rng, tng vng sinh thi, xc nh mc tiu qun l (nm u tin) Din tch thay i trong s dng t rng (cc nm tip theo) ca tng n v qun l rng, tng vng sinh thi. o tnh cc nhn t c bn ca rng c tnh sinh khi (s c chuyn sang nhn t pht tht (EF)). Trong 5 b cha carbon rng th b cha trn mt t (cy v tre l ) l quan trng nht. Cy g cht, thm m c c ng c th c o tnh nhng mc rt mu t hn. o tnh sinh khi di mt t nm ngoi phm vi ca PCM Tin trnh p dng PCM c tin hnh tng bc n gin da vo nguyn tc, tiu chun, k thut iu tra rng v c tin hnh bi ch rng a phng sau khi c o to v phng php. nh k tin hnh CM V nguyn tc, s liu t PCM thu thp c cng nhiu th cng lm vng chc hn cho s liu bo co v carbon rng quc gia. T quan im ny, PCM c ut tin hnh nh l mt hot ng lin tc vi s tham gia ca cn b lm nghip a phng v cc cng ng dn c. tit kim thi gian v ngun lc, mt cch l tng PCM cn c kt hp vi cc hot ng qun l bo v rng khc. Mt khi PCM khng chim qu nhiu thi gian s t c s thch hp a phng n c th d dng lng ghp trong cc hot ng khc (v d nh kim tra ranh gii rng, phng chng chy rng, lm giu rng, ta tha rng, thu thp lm sn ngoi g). Trong bt k tnh hung no c s thay i v din tch v phng thc s dng rng, th cn c bo co t nht l hng nm. Trong ti liu ny, thut ng nm u tin v nm k tip theo c hiu l u PCM s c thc hin hng nm vi s tham gia ca cc ch rng bo co v cc l rng ca h. Cc nhn t c nh ch s cn o tnh v bo co trong nm u tin v c n gin ha, hoc s khng cn o tnh cc nm tip theo nu vic s d ng rng la c duy tr thch hp. nh k thc hin PCM s cn cn nh c trong phm vi bi cnh rng ca h thng MRV v bo co. Phin bn tip theo ca ti liu hng dn ny s cp nht thm v khi cnh ny. PCM trn hin trng: Bc 1: xc nh v o tnh din tch cc l rng Mc tiu ghi chp d liu v thay i din tch rng ca mi ch rng Kt qu Ranh gii ca mi n v qun l rng c th hin trn bn Trch nhim Thnh vin nhm PCM vi t vn ca FPD, PFMB hoc FC Vt liu/thit b GPS kim tra ranh gii rng ca ch rng Bn l rng, trng thi rng Thc hin m u tin: i n mi l rng v s d ng chc nng tracking ca GPS lu s liu ranh gii mi l rng. C ng c th s d ng chc nng ny c nh ranh gii gia kiu rng (nh rng l rng thng anh, rng thng, rng trng, ) m tip theo: S d ng chc nng tng t l tracking ca GPS pht hin a im v din tch rng thay i

(nh mt rng, suy gim rng hoc cc thay i khc di n ra)

Bc 2: a thng tin v cp nhn din tch ln bn Mc tiu Cp nht bn v a im v thay i din tch rng Kt qu Thng tin v a im ca cc l rng v s thay i trong s dng c phn nh v cp nht ln bn trng thi rng Trch nhim Cn b NN& PTNT cp huyn hoc PFMB hoc FC nu c lin quan Vt liu/thit b Bn trng thi rng c cy dng trn bn nn (1:10000 . 1:25000 . ) v kt qu gii on nh v tinh (c cung cp bi c quan iu tra rng chuyn mn) GPS thu thp din tch rng (v s thay i in tch s dng) thng qua chc

nng track. Phn mm GIS nh l Mapinfo, ArcGIS, DNRGarmin Thc hin Ti v d liu track trong GPS ( c nh cc thng s din tch trong G S) Lu cc ile kiu dng shape so snh trong phn mm G S nh Mapin o, ArcG S. Cc ile ny c m trong GIS phn nh trn bn s thay i din tch rng. c tnh din tch ca cc l rng sau khi s ha v bin tp d liu c cp nht Bc 3: Xc nh s lng mu ti u iu tra M c tiu c nh c s lng mu t nht cn phi c cho mi trng thi rng Kt qu S lng mu cho mi trng thi rng c c nh vi tin cy v sai s di 1 Trch nhim NRP v SDOF Vt liu/thit b Bn trng thi rng (gii on t nh v tinh hoc bn trng thi rng c kim tra v cp nht) Phn mm ArcGIS My tnh phn tch s liu Thc hin Mt t iu tra ban u c tin hnh c tnh bin ng ca tr lng carbon mi trng thi rng v cung cp c s tnh s lng mu cn thit cho iu tra; vic ny cho chng trnh REDD quc gia (NRP) m nhim. Trn c s thng tin t NRP (trung bnh, sai tiu chun ca sinh khi ca tng trng thi), mt mu ti u c tnh ton. iu ny cn c hiu chnh theo tnh hnh a phng: t nht c mt i din cho 1 ha rng cn c iu tra hng nm. NRP c th ch dn cho ch rng thu thp thm d liu. iu ny c th y ra bi vi mt t iu tra hin trng mi sau mt thi k nht nh tng tin cy ca c tnh sinh khi hoc thay th s liu nghi ng do sai s hoc cc thng tin khng mong i Bc 4: Thit lp cc mu trong rng M c tiu Thit lp cc mu o tnh trong rng Kt qu Cc mu ngu nhin c c nh v tr Trch nhim Nhm PCM Vt liu/thit b Thc dy o di

Thc dy vi mc s t lp Thc ch A Thc hin Cc mu c phn b ngu nhin trong rng. Cc ln iu tra khc nhau trong mt l rng c th b tr mu v tr khc nhau. Cc ch s i din ca mu cn thu thp (nh mc dy c, m tn, bng ph ng hay dc, ) V tr ca tng mu c c nh bng GPS nu l rng c din tch ln hn 4 ha. dc c o bng thc ch A. Kch thc ca mu ph thuc vo kiu v iu kin rng: ( ) T nhin Hn 10 cy vi DBH 500m2 (12.62m) >6cm t hn 10 cy vi Nhiu hn 25 cy vi 500m2 (12.62m) DBH >6cm DBH <6cm t hn 25 cy vi DBH <6cm 1,000m2 (17.84m) Khng c cy vi DBH >6cm 500m2 (12.62m) Tre na, l 100m2 (5.64m) Hn giao G l 500m2 (12.62m) L - G 100m2 (5.64m) Trng Khong cch khng Nh trn cho cy u hoc l Khong cch u 5 hng x 5cy