HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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NGUYN VIT CNG

TN TI LUN VN

Nghin cu cht lng dch v trong mng MPLS/VPN cho mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc
Chuyn ngnh: TRUYN D LIU V MNG MY TNH M s: 60.48.15

Ngi hngdn KH: TS Nguyn Thnh Phc

TM TT LUN VN THC S

H NI NM 2011

M U
Cht lng dch v mng lun l vn quan tm ca c ngi s dng v nh cung cp dch v. m bo cht lng dch v v cung cp cc dch v cht lng cao lun l tiu ch hng u ca ngnh vin thng. Theo di s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh vin thng trong cc nm tr li y, chng ta c th chng kin nhiu bc tin ln trong lnh vc ny. Vi mc ch cung cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v c cht lng cao, qu trnh pht trin bt u t cng ngh X25 vo cui thp k 70, u thp k 80. Tip theo l cng ngh ATM trong thp k 90, hng ti mng s bng rng B-ISDN. Theo thi gian, cc cng ngh trn cng khng p ng c ht cc yu cu v cht lng dch v. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi IP ra i, y cng l phng thc duy nht p dng cho mng Internet hin nay. Nhng cng ngh IP khng m bo c cht lng dch v, tc truyn tin theo yu cu. Do , cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS ra i, p ng c cc yu cu v n thc s chim lnh c th trng vin thng kh tnh. S ra i ca cng ngh MPLS c d bo l xu hng tt yu khi nhu cu v tc pht trin rt nhanh ca mng Internet i hi phi c mt giao thc mi p ng c tt c cc loi dch v v m bo cht lng dch v theo yu cu. Trc s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc v cc yu cu v cht lng dch v, bn lun vn Nghin cu cht lng dch v trong mng MPLS/VPN gii thiu tng quan v cng ngh MPLS, VPN, cc tham s v cc yu cu v cht lng i vi tng kiu dch v khc nhau. Bn cnh , bn lun vn cn i su vo thit k cht lng dch v cho tng loi dch v trong mng MPLS/VPN, cc thit lp QoS trong m hnh thc t mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc. B cc ca lun vn gm 4 chng: Chng 1 : Gii thiu chung v MPLS /VPN Chng 2 : QoS cho mng MPLS/VPN Chng 3 : Gii php QoS cho mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca c quan ng, Nh nc m bo v nng cao cht lng dch v trong vin thng, p ng c cc yu cu ca khch hng vn ang l nhng vn kh khn i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng. Do bn lun vn khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn. Xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti TS Nguyn Thnh Phc ngi tn tnh hng dn em trong sut qu trnh hon thnh bn lun vn ny.

CHNG 1

GII THIU CHUNG V MPLS /VPN

1.1. Cc khi nim v giao thc c bn ca mng MPLS 1.1.1. Cc khi nim Nhn (Label): Nhn l mt thc th c di ngn v c nh c gn vo mt gi tin c th s i din cho mt FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Classes: Nhm chuyn tip tng ng) m gi tin c n nh. Tuy nhin nhn khng phi l m ho ca a ch . Nhn xc nh ng i m gi tin c th truyn qua. Nhn c ng gi trong tiu lp 2 cng vi gi tin. B nh tuyn kim tra cc gi tin qua ni dung nhn xc nh cc bc chuyn k tip. Dng ca nhn ph thuc vo phng thc truyn tin m gi tin c ng gi. Ngn xp nhn (Lable stack): L mt tp hp th t cc nhn gn theo gi chuyn ti thng tin v nhiu FEC v v cc LSP tng ng m gi i qua. Bng chuyn tip chuyn mch nhn: Cha thng tin v nhn vo, nhn ra, giao din vo, giao din ra. B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn ( LSR-Lable Switching Router ): L thit b chuyn mch hay thit b nh tuyn s dng trong mng MPLS chuyn cc gi tin bng th tc phn phi nhn. Lp chuyn tip tng ng ( FEC-Forward Equivalence Class ): FEC l mt nhm cc gi chia s cng yu cu trong s chuyn tip chng qua mng. Tt c cc gi trong mt nhm nh vy c cung cp cng cch chn ng ti ch. Khc vi chuyn tip IP truyn thng, trong MPLS vic gn mt gi c th vo mt FEC c th ch c thc hin mt ln khi cc gi vo trong mng. C s thng tin nhn ( LIB-Label Information Base ): L bng kt ni trong LSR c cha gi tr nhn/ FEC c gn vo cng ra cng nh thng tin v ng gi d liu truyn tin xc nh phng thc mt gi tin c chuyn tip. Tuyn chuyn mch nhn ( LSP-Label Switching Path ):

L tuyn to ra t u vo n u ra ca mng MPLS dng chuyn tip gi ca mt FEC no s dng c ch hon i nhn. Cc tuyn chuyn mch nhn cha mt chui cc nhn ti tt c cc nt dc theo tuyn t ngun ti ch.Cc nhn c phn phi bng cc giao thc nh LDP, RSVP. Gi tin dn nhn: Gi tin dn nhn l gi tin m nhn c m ha trong . Trong mt s trng hp, nhn nm trong mo u ca gi tin dnh ring cho mc ch dn nhn. n nh v phn phi nhn: Trong mng MPLS, cc nhn c LSR pha trc n nh v cc kt hp nhn c phn phi theo hng t LSR pha trc ti LSR pha sau. C cu bo hiu Yu cu nhn: Mt LSR yu cu mt nhn t dng xung ln cn nn n c th lin kt n FEC xc nh. C cu ny c th dng truyn n cc LSR tip theo cho n LER li ra. p ng nhn: p ng mt yu cu nhn, LSR lung xung s gi mt nhn n cc b khi ng lung ln s dng c cu nh x nhn.

Hnh 1.4: C cu bo hiu 1.1.2. Cc giao thc c bn ca MPLS. 1.1.2.1. Giao thc phn phi nhn Giao thc phn phi nhn c s dng trong qu trnh gn nhn cho cc gi tin. Giao thc LDP l giao thc iu khin tch bit c cc LSR s dng trao i v iu phi qu trnh gin nhn/ FEC. Giao thc ny l mt tp hp th tc trao i cc nhn bn tin cho php cc LSR s dng gi tr nhn thuc FEC nht nh truyn gi tin. Vic trao i cc bn tin LDP c th c khi pht bi s xut hin ca lung s liu c bit, bn tin lp d tr RSVP hay cp nht thng tin nh tuyn. Khi mt cp LSR trao i bn tin LDP cho mt FEC nht nh th mt ng chuyn mch LSP t u vo n u ra c thit lp sau khi mi LSR ghp nhn u vo ni u ra tng ng trong LIB ca n. a) Cc bn tin LDP

 Tiu bn tin LDP Phin bn: S phin bn ca giao thc, hin ti l phin bn 1. di PDU: Tng di ca PDU tnh theo octet, khng tnh trng phin bn v trng di. Nhn dng LDP: Nhn dng khng gian nhn ca LSR gi bn tin ny. Bn octet u tin cha a ch IP c gn cho LSR: nhn dng b nh tuyn. Hai octet cui nhn dng khng gian nhn bn trong LSR.Vi LSR c khng gian nhn ln, trng ny c gi tr bng 0.
0 Phin bn Nhn dng LDP 15 di PDU 31

Nhn dng LDP

Hnh 1.6: Tiu bn tin LDP. b) Khun dng bn tin LDP Tt c cc bn tin LDP c khun dng sau: U Kiu bn tin di bn tin ID bn tin Thng s bt buc Thng s ty chn Hnh 1.7: Khun dng cc bn tin LDP. Bit U: bit bn tin cha bit. Nu bit ny bng 1 th n khng th c thng dch bi pha nhn, lc bn tin b b qua m khng c phn hi. Kiu bn tin: Ch ra kiu bn tin l g. Chiu di bn tin: Ch ra chiu di ca cc phn nhn dng bn tin, cc thng s bt buc, v cc thng s tu chn. Nhn dng bn tin: l mt s nhn dng duy nht bn tin. Trng ny c th c s dng kt hp cc bn tin Thng bo vi mt bn tin khc. Thng s bt buc, v Thng s tu chn : tu thuc vo tng bn tin LDP. c) Cc bn tin v chc nng ca bn tin trong LDP: Bao gm 11 bn tin LDP Bn tin thng bo: c s dng bi mt LSR thng bo vi cc LSR ng cp khc v trng thi mng l ang trong iu kin bnh thng hay b li Bn tin Hello: Bn tin ny dng trao i gia 2 LDP ng cp.

 Bn tin Initilization: Cc bn tin thuc loi ny c gi khi bt u mt phin LDP gia 2 LSR trao i cc tham s, cc i lng tu chn cho phin. Cc tham s ny bao gm: ch phn phi nhn, cc gi tr nh thi, phm vi cc nhn s dng trong knh gia 2 LSR Bn tin Keep Alive: Bn tin ny dng trao i gia cc thc th ng cp gim st tnh n nh v lin tc ca vic h tr ca mt kt ni TCP trong mt phin LDP. Bn tin Address: Bn tin ny c gi i bi mt LSR ti cc LDP ng cp thng bo cc a ch giao din ca n. Mt LSR khc nhn bn tin mang a ch ny duy tr c s d liu nh x trng nhn dng v cc a ch chng tip theo gia cc LDP ng cp. Bn tin Address Withdraw: Bn tin ny dng xo a ch c thng bo trc . Danh sch a ch LTV cha mt lot cc a ch ang c yu cu cn xo b bi LSR. Bn tin Lable Mapping: Cc bn tin nh x nhn c s dng qung b lin kt gia FEC ( tin t a ch ) v nhn gia cc thc th ng cp. Bn tin ny c s dng khi c s thay i trong bng nh tuyn (thay i tin t a ch) hay thay i trong cu hnh LSR tm dng vic chuyn nhn cc gi trong FEC . Bn tin Lable Withdraw: Bn tin ny c nhim v ngc li so vi bn tin nh x a ch, c s dng xo b cc kin kt gia cc FEC v cc nhn va thc hin. Bn tin ny c gi ti mt thc th ng cp thng bo rng nt khng cn tip tc s dng cc lin kt nhn-FEC m LSR gi trc Bn tin Lable Request: Bn tin yu cu nhn c LSR s dng yu cu mt LDP ng cp cung cp mt s kt hp nhn cho mt FEC. Bn tin gii phng nhn: Bn tin ny c LSR s dng khi nhn c chuyn i nhn m n khng cn thit na, LSR s pht bn tin gii phng nhn Bn tin Lable Abort Request: Bn tin ny c s dng lo b cc bn tin yu cu nhn bt thng. d) Cc ch phn phi nhn: Chng ta bit mt s ch hot ng trong vic phn phi nhn nh: khng yu cu pha trc, theo yu cu pha trc, iu khin LSP theo lnh hay t lp, duy tr tin tin hay lu gi. Cc ch ny c tho thun bi LSR trong qu trnh khi to phin LDP. 1.1.2.2. Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protolcol )

RSVP l giao thc bo hiu ng vai tr quan trng trong mng MPLS, c s dng dnh trc ti nguyn cho mt phin truyn trong mng Internet. N cho php cc ng dng thng bo v cc yu cu cht lng dch v vi mng v mng s p ng bng cc thng bo thnh cng hay tht bi. RSVP yu cu cc my nhn lu lng v yu cu cht lng dch v QoS cho lung d liu. Cc ng dng ti my nhn phi gii quyt cc thuc tnh QoS s c truyn ti RSVP. Sau khi phn tch cc yu cu ny, RSVP c s dng gi cc bn tin ti tt c cc nt nm trn tuyn ng ca gi tin. RSVP l giao thc ring mc IP. N s dng cc gi d liu IP hoc UDP phn bin ca mng thng tin gia cc LSR ng cp. N khng i hi duy tr phin TCP, nhng sau phin ny n phi x l nhng mt mt ca cc bn tin iu khin. RSVP mang thng tin trong c hai loi c bn l PATH v RESV xc nh lung v cc QoS cho lung Mt c im na cn phi nhc n i vi giao thc ny l RSVP l giao thc trng thi mm. N khc vi cc lo giao thc khc l trng thi s t ng ht hiu lc sau mt thi gian tr khi n c lm ti theo nh k. 1.2. Mng MPLS trn c s VPN 1.2.1. Tng quan v MPLS/VPN M hnh MPLS VPN c xy dng da trn s khc nhau gia mng nh cung cp dch v (mng P) v mng khch hng (mng C) :

Hnh 1.8: V d m hnh mng MPLS VPN. Thit b kt ni cc site khch hng ti mng P c gi l cc thit b khch hng CE (customer edge device), sau cc CE ni ti cc thit b ca nh cung cp dch v PE (provider edge devices). 1.2.2. Cc thit b trong mng MPLS VPN - MPLS core Router (P) : Core router l cc router cung cp dch v (P router), khng duy tr bt k tuyn VPN no, v khng kt ni trc tip ti Router ca khch hng. - MPLS router bin (PE) : Cc router bin PE duy tr cc tuyn VPN cho cc khch hng. Chng tng ng vi router bin khch hng (CE) v c giao din kt ni vi

router core ca nh cung cp dch v. Cc router PE ngang hng vi cc router P hoc kt ni trc tip vi cc router PE khc. - Router bin khch hng (CE) : cc router bin khch hng khng h tr MPLS v c th s dng cc phng thc nh tuyn kt ni t hiu qu. Cc router CE khng bao gi kt ni trc tip ti router P. 1.2.3. Truyn v nh tuyn trong MPLS VPN Mi VPN s c mt hoc nhiu trng hp truyn v nh tuyn VPN ring (VRF). Mt VRF gm bng nh tuyn IP, bng CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding). Mi side khch hng c th kt ni vi nhiu VPN, tuy nhin mt VRF ch c th nh ngha mt VPN v n cha tt c cc tuyn kt ni ti khc hng t cc VPN khc. Mi khch hng VPN c th s dng mt di IP ring, nhng nu hai khch hng VPN mun kt hp chung vo mng extranet th a ch phi khc nhau trnh trng hp xung t a ch. Cc PE s s dng bng nh tuyn IP global chuyn cc gi tin. Cc bng nh tuyn v chuyn tip VRF c s dng chuyn tip thng tin bn trong mt VPN. Do mi router PE c nhiu VRF, nn s kt hp ca bng VRF v CEF c xem nh router o trong router PE vt l. Mi giao din trn PE s lin quan ti mt VRF ring, cc thng tin nh tuyn s c hc thng qua cc giao din ny. Router PE c th hc prefix IP t cc router CE qua cc phin BGP hoc qua cc giao thc RIPv2, OSPF. Sau khi hc c IP prefix, PE s chuyn phn tiu ny sang VPN-Ipv4 bng cch gn thm 64 bit RD (route distinguisher), to ra 96 bit prefix trong a ch VPN Ipv4. Giao thc BGP cho php chuyn cc thng tin nh tuyn gia cc router m khng cn chng phi kt ni trc tip vi nhau. y l giao thc mm do. thng c s dng trong cc mng MPLS/VPN. BGP s phn phi thng tin mo u VPN-Ipv4 cho mi VPN. BGP c th hot ng c hai mc : trong cng h thng t tr (IBGP) v gia cc h thng t tr khc (EBGP). Cc phin gia PE-PE s dng IBGP, cn gia PE-CE th s dng EBGP. 1.2.4. u im ca MPLS / VPN - Kh nng m rng : MPLS VPN cho php kh nng m rng v pht trin mng ln. C th c hng chc nghn kt ni VPN qua mng chung. - Bo mt : MPLS VPN c tnh bo mt cao, tng t nh cc VPN c hng (ATM hoc Frame Relay). Cc gi trong VPN ny khng th truyn sang VPN khc. Bo mt c thit lp ti bin ca mng, cho php cc gi nhn c t khch hng s c truyn theo ng VPN cho.

- To / Xo VPN n gin : Cc VPN c th c thm hoc bt d dng tu theo yu cu ca khch hng. Vic ny c thc hin bi ngi qun tr. - Mm do trong vic to a ch : Do mi khch hng c VPN ring, nn mi khch hng c th t thit k di a ch ring, c lp vi khch hng khc. Cc khch hng u xa thuc cng VPN s kt ni c vi nhau. - Kin trc m : cho php nhiu nh cung cp kt ni, v nhiu thit b ca hng khc nhau kt ni. - Mng MPLS h tr QoS mm do. - Tp trung cc loi dch v : VPN xy dng trn layer 3, cho php truyn ti nhiu loi dch v t pha khch hng qua mng. 1.3. Tng kt chng Trong chng ny trnh by mt s khi nim c bn v MPLS v MPLS/VPN, qu trnh nh tuyn chuyn gi tin trong mng MPLS. Cu trc v cc loi gi tin MPLS, phng thc ng gi tin trong mng gip hiu r hn phng thc hot ng ca mng MPLS. Chng ny cng gii thiu v cc giao thc c bn ca MPLS nh giao thc phn phi nhn (LDP), giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn, giao thc BGP. Phng thc hot ng ca MPLS VPN, tnh bo mt v nhng u im, nhc im ca mng MPLS VPN. Chnh nhng u im ca mng MPLS VPN nh : kh nng m rng, to VPN n gin, kin trc mm do,l l do khin mng MPLS VPN ngy cng chim u th hn so vi cc mng khc.

CHNG 2

QOS CHO MNG MPLS/VPN

2.1. Khi nim chung: 2.1.1. Kin trc c bn ca QoS Kin trc c bn ca QoS bao gm 3 mng c bn : - nh dng QoS v k thut nh du cho php phi hp QoS t im u ti im cui gia tng thnh phn mng. - QoS trong tng thnh phn mng n (cc cng c hng i , lp lch , nh dng lu lng)

- Cch gii quyt , iu khin QoS , cc chc nng tnh ton iu khin v gim st lu lng u cui qua mng. 2.1.2. Cc tham s ca QoS Latency ( tr khi truyn gi tin qua mng) Tr v latency l ch s thi gian truyn ti mt bit qua mng t ngun ti ch. Tr c to ra do khong cch truyn, cc li, li khi phc, tc nghn, kh nng x l ca mng bao gm truyn dn v cc nhn t khc. C nhiu dch v, c bit l dch v thi gian thc nh truyn thng thoi b nh hng rt nhiu bi tr. C nhiu thnh phn gy tr trong mng cn c tm hiu: - Tr ng gi : L lng thi gian thc hin m ho, gii m chuyn i hai chiu gia tng t v s, thi gian thc hin ng gi v m gi. - Tr lan truyn : L lng thi gian thng tin truyn lin kt l dy ng, si quang hay khng dy. N l hm ca tc nh sng. - Tr hng i : L thi gian gi tin ch trong hng i i n lt mnh c x l. Mt gi tin (Loss) L hin tng khi cc gi truyn trong mng khng n c pha thu. y cng l mt tham s quan trng ca QoS. N thng xy ra khi xut hin tc nghn trn ng truyn cc gi, lm cho b m ca router b trn. Vic mt gi ny gy ra mt mt thng tin pha thu, to ra tr khi phi truyn li cc gi b mt hay truyn thng tin thng bo. Jitter Jitter l s khc bit v tr ca cc gi khc nhau trong cng mt dng lu lng. bin ng tr c tn s cao gi l cc jitter, cn bin ng tr c tn s thp gi l wander. Jitter ch yu l do thi gian xp hng ca cc gi lin tip trong mt lung v l vn quan trng nht ca QoS. Throughput L tc lung thng tin qua mng (n v kbps, bps,). Bnh thng trong mi trng mng LAN, bng thng cng ln cng tt. i vi tng loi mng khc nhau cho php tc lung thng qua v kch thc gi tin khc nhau. Availability L t l thi gian mng hot ng. kh dng t c thng qua s kt hp ca tin cy thit b vi kh nng sng ca mng. kh dng l mt tnh ton chnh xc sut. 2.1.3. Cc m hnh tng quan QoS

* Dch v tch hp IntServ ng trc nhu cu ngy cng tng trong vic cung cp dch v thi gian thc (thoi, video) v bng thng cao (a phng tin), dch v tch hp IntServ ra i. y l s pht trin ca mng IP nhm ng thi cung cp dch v truyn thng Best Effort v cc dch v thi gian thc. M hnh IntServ cho php nh cung cp mng tung ra nhng dch v tt nht, khc bit vi cc i th cnh tranh khc.

Hnh 2.1: M hnh mng IntServ. Trn thc t giao thc RSVP l giao thc duy nht dng bo hiu cho m hnh IntServ. V th i khi ngi ta lm ln dng RSVP ni v IntServ.Tht ra, IntServ l kin trc h tr cht lng dch v mng, cn RSVP l giao thc bo hiu cho IntServ. Ngoi giao thc bo hiu, m hnh tch hp dch v cn nh ngha thm mt s lp dch v. Cc b nh tuyn phi c kh nng thc hin cc cng vic sau: Kim sot (bng cc policing): kim tra TSpec ca lung lu lng; nu khng ph hp th loi b lung. iu khin chp nhn: kim tra xem ti nguyn mng c p ng c yu cu ca ng dng hay khng. Nu khng th p ng, mng s t chi. Phn lp (Classification): phn loi gi d liu cn c vo mc yu cu cht lng dch v ca gi. Hng i v lp lch (queuing and scheduling): a gi d liu vo hng i tng ng v quyt nh hy gi d liu no khi xy ra xung t. * Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP - RSVP l giao thc bo hiu cung cp th tc thit lp v iu khin qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn, hay ni cch khc RSVP cho php cc chng trnh ng dng thng bo cho mng nhng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v; v mng s hi p chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn yu cu .

- Cc bn tin RSVP c cc b nh tuyn hay cc b chuyn mch trn lin kt gia hai u cui gi v nhn trao i vi nhau p ng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v ca ng dng. - RSVP ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai vic chuyn ti nhiu dch v nh: m thanh, hnh nh v d liu trong cng mt h tng mng. Cc ng dng c th la chn nhiu mc cht lng dch v khc nhau cho lung lu lng ca mnh. * Kin trc IntServ - Cu trc ca cc b nh tuyn v cc b chuyn mch c h tr RSVP trong mng

Hnh 2.2: M hnh dch v IntServ. - Nh vy ta thy cu trc gm cc khi: Khi iu khin lu lng bao gm: b phn loi (Classifier), b lp lch gi (scheduler). Khi iu khin thu nhn v thit lp d tr (set up). - u tin cc ng dng a ra yu cu lp dch v: m bo dch v hoc kim sot ti ng thi t ng dn v chim gi ti nguyn mng cho vic truyn d liu. Khi iu khin thu nhn s xem xt c th p ng c cc yu cu m dch v a ra hay khng. B phn loi tin hnh phn loi v a cc gi d liu nhn c vo hng i ring. B lp lch s lp cch x l p ng yu cu v cht lng dch v.

Hnh 2.3: Trao i thng tin vi IntServ.

Cc ng dng a ra yu cu mc cht lng dch v dnh cho lung lu lng xc nh qua giao din dch v ng dng. B iu khin thu nhn v thit lp d tr p ng yu cu ca cc ng dng bng cch to ra cc bn tin ca giao thc RSVP yu cu chim gi ti nguyn. Ti mi b nh tuyn, khi iu khin thu nhn s tin hnh qu trnh iu khin chp nhn kt ni, quyt nh xem c th p ng c yu cu cht lng dch v m ng dng a ra hay khng. Nu c, b nh tuyn s da vo thng tin trong bn tin RSVP cu hnh cho b iu khin lu lng. * Dch v phn bit DiffServ

Hnh 2.4: M hnh mng DiffServ. - Cu trc ca m hnh DiffServ bao gm nhiu lp dch v v mi lp s c cung cp mt lng ti nguyn xc nh. - M hnh DiffServ, trn mi gi d liu s cha thng tin xc nh lp dch v. Thng tin ny c gi l im m dch v phn bit DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point) ca tiu IP, tin thn l vng ToS (Type of Service). Nh vy trn l thuyt c tt c 64 lp dch v khc nhau nhng trong thc t s lng lp dch v t hn nhiu. - Mi thit b nh tuyn s lu gi mt bng nh x gi tr DSCP ca gi vi gi tr PHB, t xc nh phng thc x l gi.

Hnh 2.5: M hnh DiffServ ti bin v mng li. * S khc nhau gia IntServ v DiffServ Trong mt mng s dng QoS, chng ta c th khng cn dng n IntServ hay DiffServ m mng vn chy bnh thng, tuy nhin nu c ng dng DiffServ hay

IntServ vo th s cho kt qua tt hn nhiu, v c th m bo cht lng dch v cao hn. DiffServ ra i khc phc cc khuyt im ca IntServ, gia chng c nhng s khc nhau: Bng 2.1 : S khc nhau gia DiffServ v IntServ. DiffServ IntServ Khng dng bt k giao thc bo Dng giao thc bo hiu RSVP hiu no dnh trc bng thng dnh trc bng thng mng, do s tn mng, do vy tit kim c bng ti nguyn mng v ch. thng mng. C th s dng cho mng ln v c Ch c th s dng cho mng c nh mng nh vi s lu lng rt ln vi s lng lu lng nh t tn ti nguyn mng Tn nhiu ti nguyn mng Khi to mt knh truyn trc khi truyn Kh nng m rng mng cao v Kh nng m rng mng thp v phc phc v a dch v v t dch v. 2.2. Cc tp tnh nng ca QoS 2.2.1. Phn loi - Phn loi c thc hin nhn dng lu lng v phn chia lu lng thnh cc lp khc nhau. - Vi vic s dng phn loi gi, nh qun tr mng c th phn vng lu lng mng thnh nhiu mc u tin hay nhiu lp dch v. Vic phn loi nn c t bin mng. - c th phn loi c gi tin, thng thng phi kim tra mt s trng trong headers, sau khi phn loi, mt QoS tool s a gi tin vo hng i thch hp. Xt u tin gi trn tng chng

Hnh 2.6: M hnh phn loi gi tin. Vic phn loi c thc hin tt c cc router trn links kt ni. 2.2.2. nh du - Vic nh du c thc hin sau khi phn loi gi tin. Mt s b m t lu lng c s dng nh du gi nh: lp dch v (CoS), DSCP, u tin IP, nhm QoS, chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS). - Vic nh du gi hay khung cng vi vic phn loi cho php thit b mng d dng phn bit cc gi hay khung c nh du. - Vic nh du thng xy ra ti li vo ca interface. Bng 2.2 : Mt s trng dng nh du gi tin.

2.2.3. K thut hng i

V tc x l cc gi tin ca router l chm hn nhiu so vi s lng gi tin n v cn truyn i, v vy cc gi tin cn phi xp hng v i trong mt hng di nu nh khng mun b mt, do k thut hng i cn c p dng cho cc router. Thng th hng i ch xy ra li ra ca router khi ta gi l hng i li ra (output queuing), nhng i khi hng i cng xy ra li vo ta gi l hng i li vo (input queuing).

Hnh 2.7: Hng i trong router. Hnh trn l mt v d v hng i, li vo vi 4 gi tin kch thc 1500 byte mi gi, y ta c hai hng i :hng th 1 ang c 3 gi tin ang ch v bng thng ca hng ny l 25% tng bng thng, hng th 2 ch c 1 gi tin ang ch vi bng thng l 75%. Gi tin no c gi trc l ty thuc vo mc u tin ca hng i v hng i nh th no so vi cc hng i khc. First In-First Out Queuing: - Hng i FIFO khng c s phn loi v tt c cc gi u thuc v cng mt lp. Mt b nh tuyn hay b chuyn mch cn cc hng i xut gi cc gi trong khi ch b giao tip sn sng gi gi. Trong khi cc cng c hng i khc th hin cc tnh nng khc, nh sp xp trt t cc gi, hng i FIFO ch cung cp mt ngha gi cc gi trong khi chng ch ri khi mt cng giao tip (interface). Hng i FIFO s dng mt hng i n cho b giao tip. V ch c mt hng i nn khng cn phn lp quyt nh khi gi i vo. V cng khng cn lp lch ban u cho hng i ly gi tip theo. Ch quan tm n cch cu hnh chiu di hng i FIFO trnh tc ng n tr v mt gi. - Hng i FIFO s dng k thut hy gi cui hng i quyt nh khi no b gi hay cho gi vo hng i. Nu cu hnh mt hng i di hn, nhiu gi c th t trong hng i, ngha l hng i t kh nng y. Nu khng gian hng i cn trng nhiu th gi t b mt. Tuy vy, vi mt hng i di, tr v bin ng tr ca gi tng. Vi hng i ngn, tr hon t xut hin hn, nhng hng i FIFO n s y nhanh chng, lc ny cc gi mi s b hy b.

Hnh 2.8: Hng i FIFO.

Priority Queuing - Tnh nng c bit ca PQ l b lp lch. PQ lp lch lu lng m bo hng i u tin lun c phc v trc. Vi 4 mc u tin: cao, trung bnh, bnh thng, v thp. Nu hng i u tin cao lun c mt gi ang ch, b lp lch lun lun ly cc gi trong hng i u tin cao. Nu hng i u tin cao khng c gi no ang ch nhng c trong hng i u tin trung bnh, mt gi trong hng i ny s c ly v tin trnh c nh th tip tc. - B lp lch PQ c mt s thun li v hn ch. Cc gi trong hng i u tin cao c th t 100% bng thng lin kt, vi tr hon nh v bin ng tr nh. Tht ra, khi nghn mch, cc gi trong hng i u tin thp tn nhiu thi gian phc v. Khi lin kt tc nghn, cc ng dng ngi dng c th ngng lm vic nu cc gi t trong hng i u tin thp. - PQ phn lp cc gi da trn ni dung ca cc tiu . N s dng ti a 4 hng i. Ch p dng chnh sch hy gi cui hng i (tail drop), mt khc sau khi phn lp cc gi, nu hng i tng ng y, cc gi b b. Mt khc, chiu di mi hng i l nguyn nhn nh hng n tr v mt gi. Tht ra, PQ c th thit lp chiu di hng i tr v gi tr 0, c ngha l chiu di hng i khng gii hn. (khng gii hn c ngh l khi b nh tuyn ra ngoi vng nh, cc gi khng th lp lch, tuy nhin chng ta gp vn rc ri hn vic lp lch cho gi nu b nh tuyn ngoi vng nh.)

Hnh 2.9: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca hng i u tin (PQ). Custom Queuing Custom Queuing (CQ) l k thut hng i ra i sau PQ, khng ging nh PQ, CQ s phc v cho tt c cc hng i c trong interface ca n thm ch khi sy ra nghn mng. CQ c tt c 16 hng i, nh vy n cho php ti a 16 lp dch v (va cho cc loi dch v ngy nay). CQ cn khng cung cp cho mt hng i c bit no c mc u tin cao hn cc hng i khc v cng khng u tin hng i no c low delay, low jitter, low lossN cung cp bng thng nh nhau cho mi hng i.

Hnh 2.10: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca hng i CQ. CQ s kim tra ln lt cc hng i, bt u t hng i th 1, CQ s ly gi tin t hng i ny cho ti khi s gi tin m n ly vt qu hoc bng gi tr cho php, sau khi hng i ny c phc v vi s gi tin nhu trn hoc hng i ny khng c gi tin th CQ s chuyn qua phc v cho hng i k tip v qu trnh lp li nh trn.

c im ca CQ : + Khng thch hp cho cc mng cn low delay, low jitter,... + Khng th dnh trc bng thng cho link. + Khng cung cp hng i u tin. + Khng thch hp cho Voice + Cho php cc hng i c phc v xoay vng. +Cho php cc hng i bnh ng nhau. Weighted Fair Queuing WFQ l k thut hng i mc nh trong router Cisco, n khc vi cc hng i PQ v FIFO cc im sau: + N khng cho php cu hnh phn loi, WFQ phn loi gi tin theo flow, mt flow bao gm nhiu gi tin c cng ch n v cng ngun, cng port ch v port ngun. hng flow no c u tin cao hn th s c pht trc. + Mi flow l mt hng i, v vy s hng i trong WFQ c th ln ti 4096 hng i ln hn rt nhiu so vi PQ hay FIFO. Vi WFQ ta c ti a l 4096 hng i trong 1 interface ca router, s hng i ny cng chnh l s flow chy vo router. V d: ta c 5 flow l Voice, 2 kt ni HTTP, 2 kt ni FTP th khi ta s c 5 hng i trong router, nh vy s hng i thay i theo s flow, chng khng c nh nh trong cc k thut khc

Hnh 2.11: Cch ly gi tin ca WFQ. Khi gi tin vo interface, n s c phn loi thnh cc flow theo 5 thng s: + IP source

+ IP destination + port source + port destination WFQ da vo cc trng nh DSCP, ToS phn loi gi tin v a n vo cc hng i khc nhau. Nhng gi tin c IP precedent hay DSCP cao hn s c mc u tin cao hn. Gi no c mc u tin thp hn s b loi b khi c tc nghn.[4]

Hnh 2.12: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca WFQ. Tip theo cc gi tin nu khng b drop s a vo hng i v ch pht i. Khi nm trong hng i cc gi tin s c lp lch (scheduler logic), qu trnh lp lch da vo SN ca gi tin, precedent v volume (s gi tin ang c trong mt hng i). + Nhng gi tin c SN cng nh, precedent cng ln, v volume cng nh s c chn forward trc. + Th t u tin nh sau: u tin l SN, sau l precedent, v cui cng l volume. Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) l k thut hng i ra i sau WFQ, n ging vi WFQ ch: Cho php s dng WFQ ngay bn trong mt hng i ca n, nhng khc vi WFQ ch: CBWFQ s dng Class phn loi cn WFQ s dng flow. WRED l k thut hng i dng chng nghn, n tt cho mt s loi d liu nhng cng khng tt cho cc d liu nh Voice hay Video v cc d liu ny cn khng b rt trong mi trng hp. CBWFQ vt tri hn cc hng i WFQ ch: N phn loi gi tin theo Class ch khng theo flow, nh vy d dng cho ta thit k hn. c tnh ca CBWFQ :

+ CBWFQ phn loi gi tin bng ACLs, MPLS EXP, Port. + Quyt nh drop gi tin bng cc k thut Tail drop hoc WRED + S hng i ti a l 64 v chiu di hng i ti a l 64, cc gi tr ny l mc nh ta c th set ty theo mun. + Bn trong mi hng i ta c th dng FIFO hoc WFQ.

Hnh 2.13: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca CBWFQ. Low-latency Queuing Low-latency Queueing (LLQ) l mt k thut hng i m n cho php gi tin c phc v vi cht lng cao nht (low delay, low jitter, low loss ).N n gin cu hnh v n gin hiu. LLQ khng phi l mt hng i tch bit vi cc k thut hng i khc, n c s dng bn trong mt k thut hng i no lm tng tnh u tin cho hng i ny, nhng hng i c dng LLQ th n c i x ging nh hng i PQ, nhng vi PQ th n khng m bo bng thng cho cc hng i khc cn vi LLQ th mc d vn c hng i u tin nhng n vn m bo bng thng cho cc hng i khng c LLQ.

Hnh 2.14: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca hng i LLQ. Khi hng i LLQ vt qu tc cho php hay bng thng cho php th cc gi tin trong hng i ny s b rt v chuyn qua phc v cho hng i khc. Nh vy hng i LLQ ch c th hot ng tc c thit lp t trc v khng th tranh chp vi cc hng i khc khi n cn thm bng thng, vy cc hng i khc c m bo v bng thng. Hng i LLQ c ngha rt ln trong cc d liu l Voice, Videov n cho php cc d liu ny nhn c s phc v tt nht c th: low delay, low jitter, low loss. 2.3. QoS trong MPLS 2.3.1. Khi nim cc trng IPP, DSCP, MPLS Exp * Trng IPP (IP Precedence)

Hnh 2.15: kin trc tiu gi tin IP. Trong phn tiu gi tin IP c trng TOS (type of service) biu din loi dch v gi tin. Cc trng ny c s dng biu th cht lng dch v.

Hnh 2.16: Cc byte trng TOS. T bit 0 n bit 2: l 3 bit precedence, chng c s dng hin th QoS. Nhng 3 bit mi ch t c 8 mc, nn IETF b sung thm cc bit khc. Trong trng TOS t bit 3 n bit 5 c s dng cho QoS, to nn trng DSCP. 6 bit dnh cho QoS tng mc hin th ln 54 mc. Bng 2.3: Cc gi tr ca IPP. IP precedence value Binary value Priority 0 000 Routine 1 001 Priority 2 010 Immediate 3 011 Flash 4 100 Flash override 5 101 Critical 6 110 Internetwork Control 7 111 Network Control * Trng DSCP

Hnh 2.17: Cc byte DSCP. DSCP l phn m rng thm ca trng IP Precedence. C 2 loi : - EF (Expedited forwarding): m bo vic mt gi kh xy ra, bng thng lun c m bo, dch v ent to end phi qua min Diffserv - AF (Assured forwarding): cc dch v truyn qua c m bo, v thng qua min Diffserv. Bng 2.4: Cc gi tr trng DSCP DSCP value Binary Name DSCP 0 000000 Default DSCP 8 001000 CS1 DSCP 16 010000 CS2 DSCP 24 011000 CS3 DSCP 32 100000 CS4 DSCP 40 101000 CS5

DSCP 48 110000 DSCP 56 111000 DSCP 10 001010 DSCP 12 001100 DSCP 14 001110 DSCP 18 010010 DSCP 20 010100 DSCP 22 010110 DSCP 26 011010 DSCP 28 011100 DSCP 30 011110 DSCP 34 100010 DSCP 36 100100 DSCP 38 100110 DSCP 46 101110 CS : Class selector EF : Expecdited forwarding AF : Assured forwarding

CS6 CS7 AF11 AF12 AF13 AF21 AF22 AF23 AF31 AF32 AF33 AF41 AF42 AF43 EF

Hnh 2.18: Cc byte TOS ca IP header nh ngha DSCP. Bng 2.5: Cc lp AF Drop precedence Class 1 Low 001010 Medium 001100 High 001110 Class 2 010010 010100 010110 Class 3 011010 011100 011110 Class 4 100010 100100 100110

* Trng MPLS Exp Trong tiu gi IP c trng TOS biu din cht lng dch v trong mng IP, cn trong mng MPLS trong tiu gi MPLS c 3 bit MPLS v 3 bit Exp dng biu din cht lng dch trong mng MPLS.

Hnh 2.19: MPLS header. Cc bit Exp (Experimental) trong header ca gi MPLS tng t nh cc bit Precedence trong gi IP. Nu dng cc bit ny cho QoS, th gi l cc ng chuyn mch nhn E-LSP. Tuy nhin khi s dng MPLS c nhiu ty chn cho vic thc hin QoS cho cc gi c nh nhn. Mt LSP l mt ng n qua mng gia hai router. C th s dng nhn trn phn u ca gi hin th QoS. Tuy nhin sau cn phi c mt nhn trn mi lp cho tng lung lu lng gia 2 im u cui ca LSP. Do giao thc bo hiu s ch bo hiu gia cc nhn khc nhau cho cng LSP hoc prefix. Khi LSP l loi L-LSP, n s ch th mt phn thng tin QoS. Cc bit EXP s ch lu gi mt phn thng tin QoS v u tin mt gi. Cn vi E-LSP lu gi ng thi c thng tin v class v u tin mt gi. Khi LSR chuyn cc gi c nh nhn i, n cn tm kim nhn trong bng chuyn nhn LFIB (Label forwarding table) quyt nh xem chuyn gi i u. iu ny cng ging vi cch lm vic ca QoS. LSR ch cn nhn vo cc bit EXP trong phn u nhn quyt nh nn x l gi th no. Do QoS bao gm nhiu tnh nng : nh du lu lng, qun l tc nghn, trnh tc nghn, ng thi QoS s dng cc hng i tr thp LLQ, CBWFQ, WRED, cc chnh sch nh dng v bt gi gi tin. Do , ta c th s dng cc tnh nng ca QoS da trn cc bit EXP cho cc gi c nh nhn. V d : kiu hng i WRED c th c chnh sa theo bit EXP quyt nh gi tin nh nhn no s b loi b khi trong hng i. 2.3.2. Cc kiu Diffserv tunneling trong mng MPLS Diffserv Tunneling c bit n nh kiu PHB (PerHop Behavior), cho php QoS c phn bit trn tng chng trong mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Mng MPLS h tr Diffserv chia thnh cc loi tunneling sau : Kiu Pipe tunnel Trong kiu Pipe th thng tin Diffserv LSP khng cn thit phi bt ngun thng tin tunnel diffserv trn u vo LSR. Trn LSR trung gian (Router P), thng tin LSP diffserv ca nhn pha u ra c bt ngun t thng tin LSP diffserv u vo. Ti cc LSR u ra, nh hng ca gi tin da trn thng tin LSP diffserv, v cc thng tin ny khng c qung b thng tin tunnel diffserv.

Hnh 2.20: Kiu ng ng - pipe model. Nu mng MPLS nhn c cc gi IP trn LSR u vo v mng MPLS ch s dng cc E-LSP, th phng php ng ng rt n gin. Cc thng tin tunnel diffserv l cc bit precedence hoc cc bit DSCP trong gi tin IP. Nh cung cp dch v cho khch hng VPN cam kt v cht lng dch v gia router CE ny ti router CE khc trong cng VPN. Cn cc node trung gian trong mng backbone (Router P) hon ton trong sut. Cc gi i qua ng hm phi chuyn hai mng thng tin Diffserv : - Thng tin Diffserv c ngha vi cc node trung gian c LSP (thng tin Diffserv LSP). - Thng tin Diffserv c router ingress vn chuyn n router egress, cc Router P khng bit cc thng tin ny (thng tin tunneled Diffserv) M hnh pipe s dng thch hp khi khch hng v nh cung cp dch v thuc v min Diffserv khc nhau, khi nh cung cp dch v mun p t chnh sch ca h v khch hng c yu cu rng cc chnh sch QoS ca khch hng hon ton trong sut khi i qua mng ca nh cung cp. M hnh short pipe M hnh short pipe cng tng t nh m hnh pipe, nhng trong m hnh short pipe, bt k s thay i no trong vic nh du nhn xy ra trong mng nh cung cp dch v khng c truyn n byte IP TOS khi gi tin i ra khi mng MPLS. M hnh short pipe s dng thch hp khi nh cung cp dch v VPN v khch hng yu cu chnh sch Diffserv ca h p t trn kt ni t egress PE n site VPN ch hn l chnh sch QoS ca nh cung cp dch v trn . M hnh short pipe c c im: - ng hm QoS i t router PE ingress n router PE egress

- Router PE egress truyn gi tin l IP v QoS thc hin trn router ng ra da trn gi tr IP DSCP hoc IP Precedence - Nh cung cp dch v khng vit chng ln gi tr DSCP hoc IP Precedence trong mng nh cung cp dch v.

Hnh 2.21: M hnh short pipe M hnh uniform M hnh uniform s dng thch hp khi khch hng v nh cung cp dch v chia s cng min difserv. Do n khng cn phi i qua ng hm vn chuyn thng diffserv. Bt k gi tin no mang thng tin diffserv hp l lun lun c gn vo nhn ngoi cng. Nhng nu thng tin diffserv c m ha ti cc entry nhn pha trong th coi nh n khng hp l v b loi b. Trong m hnh uniform : - Thng tin LSP diffserv phi c bt u t thng tin tunnel diffserv trn LSR ingress. - Trn router LSR trung gian (router P), thng tin LSP diffserv ca nhn ra u ra c bt u t thng tin LSP diffserv ca nhn u vo. - Trn LSR egress, thng tin LSP diffserv phi c qung b thng tin tunnel diffserv.

Hnh 2.22: M hnh uniform. 2.4. QoS cho mng MPLS/VPN Thit lp QoS cho lu lng qua mng MPLS/VPN QoS s c thit lp da trn loi lu lng qua mng. Lu lng truyn qua mng di dng cc lung lu lng, chng c phn loi da vo cc chc nng hoc cc im u cui. Lu lng c th bao gm cc ng dng nh: giao thc thng bo dch v SAP, CAD/CAM, email, voice, video, lu lng qun l v iu khin h thng.

Hnh 2.24: Cc lp dch v ca QoS. * QoS cho lu lng dng voice Nhng lu lng voice t im ny ti im khc u yu cu cht lng dch v : - Tr 150ms - Jitter 30ms - Packet loss 1% - Bng thng u tin cho mi cuc gi : 17 -> 106 kbps - Bng thng m bo cho lu lng iu khin voice l 150 bps Cu hnh h tr lu lng voice trn router CE, s dng cc chnh sch LLQ v CBWFQ

* QoS cho lu lng dng video Lu lng dng video c nhng yu cu v cht lng: - Khng yu cu jitter, cho php tr 4-> 5s (ty thuc vo kh nng b m ca ng dng video) - Cho php packet loss l 2%. Bng thng yu cu ph thuc vo kiu m ha v tc lung video. - Khng nhy vi tr v jitter. - Cho php truyn file ln Tuy nhin i vi truyn hnh hi ngh (videoconferencing), im im hoc hi ngh a im th cc yu cu v QoS c im khc : - Tr 150 ms (theo chun ITU G.114) - Jitter 30 ms - Packet loss 1% - Bng thng m bo ti thiu cho mi phin truyn hnh hi ngh l thm 20%. V d : mt phin truyn hnh hi ngh 384kbps yu cu bng thng u tin m bo ti thiu l 460 kbps. Cc yu cu v tr, jitter, packet loss v c bn ging vi truyn voice, tuy nhin lu lng video s truyn di dng b c kch thc ln, yu cu nhiu bng thng hn. V d cu hnh lu lng loi video gn trn LLQ, cc lu lng khng phi video gn trn WFQ * Yu cu QoS vi lu lng kiu Data Cc loi lp data : - Data c bng thng m bo : lung video, messaging, intranet - Best effort (default class): Internet browsing, email, cc loi ng dng khng phn lp. 2.5. Tng kt chng Chng ny trnh by su hn v QoS trong mng MPLS/VPN. Phn mt nu chi tit cc thng s thit lp QoS trong phn header ca gi tin MPLS, ng thi cng gii thiu cc m hnh thit lp trong trong mng MPLS/VPN vi nhng u im, nhc im ca tng loi. ng vi mi loi dch v khch nhau, c cc tham s QoS khc nhau. Phn hai i su vo cu hnh thit lp QoS ng vi tng loi dch v, v cc bc tng quan cu hnh QoS cho mng MPLS.

CHNG 3

GII PHP QOS CHO MNG TRUYN S LIU CHUYN DNG CA CC C QUAN NG V NH NC
3.1. Phn tch m hnh mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc Mng TSLCD c kin trc phn lp, cho php m rng, khc phc cc s c d dng. Mng gm 3 lp: - Lp core - Lp distribution - Lp Access 3.1.1. Lp mng core - Ba core t ti 3 thnh ph ln: H Ni, TP H Ch Minh, Nng. Ti 3 core ny t Core Router 7613, Core Switch 6509, Internet Gateway Router 7606, Router Reflector 7301, Agg Router 7606, Ba Core ny c kt ni vi nhau thng qua kt ni STM-4 POS. Ti mi core c vn hnh theo kiu active standby. D liu s chn mt trong 2 kt ni ang c sn, khi kt ni STM-4 hoc Core Router chnh gp trc trc, h thng s t ng chuyn sang kt ni STM-4 d phng. - 63 PoP tnh t ti 63 tnh thnh chia thnh 3 vng: min Bc, min Trung v min Nam. Mi Pop tnh kt ni n Core tng ng qua kt ni STM1 v 3E1.Cc Pop tnh s kt ni n cc UBND Tnh v Tnh y thng qua truyn dn quang. 3.1.2. Lp Distribution Lp distribution tp trung cc nt t lp access. Lp ny bao gm cc router v switch lp 3, m bo cc gi tin c nh tuyn gia cc subnet v cc VLAN trong mng. Lp distribution cung cp cc chnh sch : - Lc gi tin (firewalling): X l cc gi v nh tuyn cc gi da trn thng tin ngun v ch.

QoS : Router v cc chuyn mch lp 3 c cc thng tin trong phn tiu gi tin, da vo trng u tin truyn gi tin. - Tng hp cc lin kt t lp access. - Cho php xy dng kt ni (Gateway) ti cc kin trc mng khc Kh nng ca lp distribution c cung cp thng qua cc ng c gi tr cost bng nhau ti lp core v ti lp access. iu ny quyt nh kh nng hi t ca lin kt v d phng khi c li ng truyn. Trong mng TSLCD lp distribution/Access s dng cc router 7606 c chc nng ng thi lm aggregation router v access router cho mng WAN v mng Metro. 3.1.3. Lp Access Lp Access gm cc thit b pha khch hng cho php s dng cc dch v c cung cp bi lp distribution v lp core. Thit b t ti pha khch hng thng l switch cat 500. Mng pha khch hng s c cung cp tunnel ring truy cp vo mng MPLS/VPN. 3.1.4. Yu cu cht lng i vi mng Truyn s liu chuyn dng Mng truyn s liu chuyn dng cung cp mt h tng truyn thng mnh v hin i cho cc c quan ng v Nh nc l c s cc c quan ng, Chnh ph, cc c quan B, Ngnh, tnh/ thnh t chc xy dng cc mng din rng v h thng c s d liu ca ring mnh v chia s ti nguyn thng tin chung trn ton quc, ng thi tit kim c chi ph truyn thng rt ln m cc c quan ny phi chi tr thu ng truyn. y l yu t quan trng thc y s pht trin mng tin hc din rng ca Chnh ph lan rng khp ton quc v cho php ng dng cc thnh tu cng ngh mi trong c hai lnh vc tin hc v vin thng. Mng truyn s liu chuyn dng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v trn mng nh truy cp Internet, L2 VPN, L3 VPN, Truyn hnh hi ngh, Voice IP, Hosting. Do , vic nghin cu thit k QoS cho mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc l ht sc cn thit v cp bch nhm p ng vic: - m bo tnh lin tc, chnh xc ca cc thng tin iu hnh quan trng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc truyn qua mng lun c u tin mc bng thng nht nh, trnh b mt gi khi c tc nghn xy ra. - p ng cc yu cu i hi ngy cng cao v cht lng mng li, cht lng dch v i vi cc dch v ngy cng c yu cu cao v thi gian thc nh Truyn hnh hi ngh, thoi IP - Vic phn loi cc dch v vo cc lp QoS khc nhau c cc cch i x thch hp cho cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau. Thng thng, trong mi trng mng

MPLS VPN; cc thit b bin mng l cc PE router s phi phn loi lu lng nhn c t cc khch hng khc nhau v thit lp cc lp dch v trong gi tin IP. Lp li s c nhim v a ra cc cch i x QoS khch nhau da trn thit lp cc lp dch v ny. 3.1.5. Vai tr QoS ti mi thit b trong mng TSLCD Mng MPLS ca TSLCD c th cung cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau. Khi lu lng IP ti thi im no qu ln, gy ra tc nghn ti cc kt ni (link) th ti mi router s m d liu u ra trn mi kt ni cho ti khi ht tc nghn. Nu QoS khng c cu hnh trong mng th cc gi tin c th b loi b khi b m b y. Cc thit b bin Cc thit b bin c nhim v kim tra loi dch v trong tiu cc gi tin IP n t cc khch hng trong mng nh kiu dch v telnet, SAP, FTP,..v cc ch n ca lu lng. Cc gi cng c th c phn loi ty theo c ch thit lp. V d nu t lu lng telnet mc high iu ny c ngha lu lng kiu telnet c u tin cao hn so vi cc lu lng khc. Cc thit b bin cng c th qun l bng thng u vo trn mi giao din v cung cp cc hng i tng ng cho u ra ti mng core. iu ny gip cho cc thit b bin m bo lung dch v trong mng khng nh hng ti cc lung khc. iu ny yu cu kh nng x l tp trung ca CPU. Thit b core Cc thit b ti core s tin hnh thc hin cc mc QoS c gn ti thit b bin. Core router thc hin bng cch lin kt cc trng CoS (hoc Experimental) trong tiu nhn vi u ra cc hng i.

Hnh 3.5: Vai tr QoS ti mi thit b trong mng TSLCD.

 Chuyn mch li (Core 7613): Lm nhim v xp hng i, lp lch chuyn gi, chng tc nghn. Lp tng hp (Aggreator): Lm nhim v xp hng i, lp lch chuyn gi, chng tc nghn. Lp truy nhp (Access 7606): o Vi cc port u vo (ingress port): Lm nhim v phn loi, nh du, p dng cc chnh sch: o Vi cc port u ra (egress port): Lm nhim v xp hng i. 3.1.6. Phn loi cc lp lu lng trong mng TSLCD - Lp lu lng iu khin giao thc bo hiu (SP) + Tr thp, phn trm mt gi thp + Router m bo truyn dn bng hng i CBWFQ vi phng php WRED + Switch: m bo truyn dn trong WRR vi phng php WRED + Lp lu lng ny ch c dnh ring cho lu lng iu khin SP. - Lp lu lng mang tnh thi gian thc : + tr thp, t l mt gi thp, jitter thp + m bo bng thng ti thiu + Router: dng hng i c tr nh + Switch: dng hng i u tin + Lp ny c s dng rnh ring cho lu lng kiu voice - Lp lu lng data : + mt gi thp + Router: hng i CBWFQ vi phng php WRED + Switch: Dng trong WRR vi phng php WRED + Lp lu lng ny c s dng cho 2 loi lu lng vi cng yu cu: lu lng ca khc hng c u tin cao v lu lng iu khin. - Lp lu lng VoD/Video + tr thp, t l mt gi thp + Router: Dng CBWRQ vi phng php WRED + Switch: Dng trong WRR vi phng php WRED + Lu lng lung video. - Lp dch v best-effort : + Khng m bo + Router: Dng trong CBWFQ , phng php WRED loi b ui + Cc lu lng cn li u thuc lp lu lng best effort: nh lu lng internet.

3.1.7. C ch thc hin QoS Trong mng TSL, QoS c thc hin qun l lu lng gia 3 core router s dng giao tip STM4. Phn loi, dnh du nhm dch v: Router s phn loi cc gi tin thnh tng lp (Class) khc nhau da trn trng IP Precedence v MPLS Experimental ca gi tin khi i vo Router. Cc lp c phn loi gm: o Realtime: Dnh cho cc ng dng thoi cn x l thi gian thc, tr l mt gi thp. Cc gi tin loi ny c phn lp da trn gi tr IP Prec =5 v MPLS Exp=5 o Data-High: Dnh cho cc d liu c u tin cao c truyn trong mng. Cc gi tin ny c phn lp da trn gi tr IP_Prec=4 v MPLS_Exp=4. o Controll: Dnh cho cc thng tin iu khin trong mng. Cc gi tin ny c phn lp da trn gi tr IP_Prec=6, MPLS_Exp=6. o Data_Low: Dnh cho cc d liu c u tin thp. Cc gi tin ny c phn lp da trn gi tr IP_Prec=3, MPLS_Exp=3. o Video: Dnh cho cc d liu video. Cc gi tin ny c phn loi da trn gi tr IP_Prec=1,2 ; MPLS_Exp=1,2. nh ngha chnh sch cho tng lp d liu: Cc d liu sau khi c c phn loi s c nh ngha cc chnh sch tng ng theo u tin ca tng loi d liu. Chnh sch c s dng trong mng TSL l WRED v Priority Quece. o Lp Realtime vi yu cu cao v tr nh v khng drop gi tin nn s c a vo hng i u tin (Priority Quece). Nh vy Router s khng drop gi tin khi xy ra hin tng nghn trong mng. o Cc lp cn li s c p dng k thut WRED nhm d on trc tc nghn v loi b cc gi tin c u tin thp khi xy ra tc nghn. p dng QoS ln Interface STM-4: Vic p dng chnh sch QoS s c thc hin trn chiu ra ca cc interface STM-4 ti mi Core. 3.2.3.1. Cc thng s cu hnh QoS Cc thng s cu hnh gm: bng thng dnh ring v gii hn hng i cho cc lp lu lng. Bng thng dnh ring cho tng loi lu lng c xc nh trong bng sau: Bng 3.1: Bng thng dnh ring cho tng loi lu lng Lp Gi tr % Bng thng Precedence

Control Realtime DataHigh Data-Low VoD / Video Best effort

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

2% 13% 40% 25% 10% 10% cng thc tnh gii hn hng

Gii hn hng i cho cc lp lu lng: Da vo i, ta c thng s gii hn hng i sau: Bng 3.2: Gii hn hng i cho tng loi lu lng. Lp Gi tr tr min Gii hn Precedence (ms) min (packets) Controll 6 70 3423 DataHigh 4 70 3423 Data-Low 3 70 3423 VoD / Video 2 70 3423 1 50 2445 Best effort 0 50 2445

tr Gii hn max max (ms) (packets) 100 100 100 100 80 70 4890 4890 4890 4890 3894 3423

3.2.3.2. Cu hnh QoS trong cc thit b Thit k QoS trong core router : Khi chuyn trao i cc nhn, thit b catergy 6500/7600 duy tr gi tr EXP ti cc nhn mi nht v copy gi tr EXP cho cc nhn u ra. Thit b 6500/7600 gn CoS u ra bng cch s dng bng DSCP CoS. Card LAN trn 6500/7600 s dng cc hng i c nh v cc cng WAN s dng hng i CBWFQ. Cc card WS-X6408A-GBIC c t hng i hn, ch gm 1 hng i u tin v 2 hng i thng vi 2 ngng. CoS c gn cho card WS-X6724-SPF, WS-X6408A-GBIC v hng i CBWFQ c s dng cho card SIP/SPA

Bng 3.3: Cc loi hng i v mc ngng cho tng lp dch v.

WS-X6724-SFP v WS-X6148A-GE-TX Card WS-X6724-SFP v WS-X6148A-GE-TX h tr 1 hng i u tin v 3 hng i thng. Do chng ta phi t lu lng c gi tr CoS l 6 cho hng i s 3. Mt ty chn khc l s dng hng i u tin cho lu lng vi gi tr CoS bng 6. Tuy nhin gi tr ny c th khin giao thc nh tuyn update cc gi ln v gy tr trong mng VoIP. Cu hnh cho thit b WS-X6724-SFP v WS-X6148A-GE-TX : - Gn mi gi tr CoS vo ng hng i v mc ngng trong hng i. - Gn phn trm bng thng cho mi hng i - Gn trng s cho mi hng i. Thng thng nu bng thng cho mi hng i cng thp th yu cu khng gian b m cng ln - Gn gi tr tail-drop cho mi ngng hng i - Gn gi tr WRED drop ln nht v nh nht cho mi ngng hng i Card SUP720-3B v WS-X6408A-GBIC Cng GE trn card SUP720 ch h tr 1 hng i u tin, 2 hng i thng thng vi 2 ngng. Cc cng loi ny ch c cc ngng WRED-drop trn cc hng i u vo. h tr cc lp lu lng yu cu, cn nhiu gi tr CoS trong cng hng i, ti cng mc ngng. Do thng khng t QoS trn cc cng GE cho cc lp lu lng trong mng TSLCD. Cng SIP/SPA WAN Cc cng SIP/SPA WAN h tr cc kiu hng i LLQ, CBWFQ, WRED. Tuy nhin WRED hot ng hiu qu, th hng i c tnh ton : Queue limit = (bandwith / (MTU * 8)) * 100ms Queue limit : xc nh s lng cc gi tin c xp hng theo yu cu t trc.

Mi lp lu lng CBWFQ hoc LLQ c cu hnh bng lnh bandwith v bandwith percent. Tng tt c bng thng cu hnh ca cc lp dch v khng c ln hn bng thng dnh ring ti a. Theo default, card SIP 200 s dnh ring 75% bng thng giao din cho hng i CBWFQ. C th thay i gi tr ny bng cc lnh. Thit k QoS ti thit b bin mng TSLCD Mi vng differv ca khch hng v ca mng TSLCD s c gi ring bit. iu ny cho php cc chnh sch QoS c hiu lc trong khi cc thng tin ca khch hng vn c truyn trong sut v m bo qua mng ca TSLCD. Cc chnh sch QoS c thc hin ti core. Vic phn loi da trn cc gi tr MPLS EXP ti mi giao din PE u ra ni vi khch hng, v vic phn loi ny da trn tiu gi tin IP ban u ch khng phi tiu MPLS. Mng TSLCD s nh du cc gi da trn cc dch v c nh ngha ti u vo v u ra, cc router PE s s dng cc gi tr DSCP ca cc gi tin pha khch hng xp vo hng i. Cc gi tin s c nh du r rng ti PE u vo gi cho 2 min diffserv ring bit. thc hin nh du cc gi tin trn router 7600, cc cng trn 6504 lun c t mode untrust. 3.2. o kim v nh gi cht lng mng 3.2.1. Ni dung, phng php thc hin php o 3.2.1.1. Ni dung Thc hin php cc php o kim tra tnh kt ni v nh gi tr trong mng, o throughput v cc thng s QoS trong mng. - Delay - Lost ping - Lost ping % - TTL - Jitter 3.2.1.2. Phng php thc hin : Tin hnh php o QoS cho lp dch v videoconferencing. M hnh kt ni dch v hi ngh truyn hnh ca mng TSLCD :

Hnh 3.6: M hnh kt ni dch v videoconferencing. Tin hnh o kim : Php o c thc hin trc tip trn thit b core Router Cisco 7613 ti core H Ni v trn Access Router 7606 ca Cisco t ti cc POP tnh. Tin hnh pht lu lng theo cc kch thc khc nhau v cc kiu pht khc nhau: - Constant (u, khng i) - Ramped (tng dn u) - Bursty (xut hin t ngt tng khi ln) 3.2.2. Kt qu o Tin hnh o kt ni mng ti PE Hi Phng. Kim tra kt ni v nh gi tr mng Layer 3 : Thc hin kim tra vi cc loi gi tin khc nhau c ln t 64 byte ti 1500 byte, trong vng 5 pht thy t l mt gi 0% i vi cc chng, tr ph thuc vo kch thc gi tin. Bng 3.4: logfile cho cc gi kch thc 64 byte *********************************** [Port 1 Ping Results] Ping Req Tx 292 Ping Resp Rx 292 Ping Req Rx 347 Ping Resp Tx 347 Lost Pings 0 Lost Pings % 0 Delay (ms) 3 Delay, Avg (ms) 3

Delay, Min (ms) 3 Delay, Max (ms) 8 *********************************** Bng 3.5: log file cho cc gi kch thc 1500 byte. *********************************** [Port 1 Ping Results] Ping Req Tx 355 Ping Resp Rx 355 Ping Req Rx 377 Ping Resp Tx 377 Lost Pings 0 Lost Pings % 0 Delay (ms) 7 Delay, Avg (ms) 7 Delay, Min (ms) 7 Delay, Max (ms) 21 ************************************ Nhn thy vi cc gi c kch thc ln hn th tr, thi gian request cng ln hn. Cht lng ng truyn tt, khng c hin tng mt gi tin. - o throughput v tr : Tin hnh m phng throughput l 100 Mbps, 150 Mbps, v 170 Mbps. Kt qu cho thy, vi throughput l 100 M v 150 M, khng thy xy ra hin tng mt gi tin do ng truyn ti PE Hi Phng l ng STM1. i vi throughput l 170 M c hin tng mt gi tin Tuy nhin, do c cu hnh QoS trn Access Router u tin lp dch v video conferencing nn khi xy ra tc nghn do lu lng vo qu ln, n s u tin truyn lu lng thuc lp dch v v loi b bt cc gi tin thuc lp dch v khc. 3.3. Tng kt chng Chng 3 gii thiu tng quan v kin trc thc t mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc, cch thit lp QoS trong mng. Vi cc thit b khc nhau, cc kiu dch v khc nhau (voice, data, video,) ta s cu hnh cc thng s QoS khc nhau. Bn cnh chng ny cn a ra cc phng php, kt qu o kim nh gi bng thng, tr, tin cy ca mng.

KT LUN Cht lng dch v chnh l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht thc y s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh vin thng. Gii php chuyn mch nhn a giao thc l mt k thut mng mi vi mc tiu kt hp tnh mm do ca cng ngh IP v ATM. Vi nhng u im trn, cng ngh MPLS - VPN p ng c nhu cu ca th trng, mang li li ch thit thc, nh du s pht trin ca Internet trc xu th tch hp cng ngh thng tin v vin thng trong thi k mi. Sau mt thi gian tm hiu, bn lun vn tng kt c mt s vn sau: Cc khi nim v ngh MPLS, hot ng ca mng MPLS/VPN v nhng u, nhc im. Nhng tp tnh nng, tham s ca cht lng dch v. Thit k QoS cho tng loi dch v trong mng MPLS/VPN Tin hnh o kim cht lng ng truyn trn thit b core router 7613 ca Cisco t ti Core H Ni, v thit b access router 7606 Cisco t ti Hi Phng nh gi cht lng dch v videoconferencing s dng trong mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc. Vic nghin cu nng cao cht lng dch v, p ng c cc yu cu ca khch hng vn lun l ng lc v mc ch ca cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng. S dng cc dch v c cht lng cao khng ch l mong mun ca khch hng, m cn l trch nhim ca cc nh cung cp dch v. Do , cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng lun phi nghin cu, tm ra cc gii php tt nht p ng c yu cu . V thi gian c hn, kin thc cn hn ch nn bn lun vn khng trnh khi nhiu thiu st mong c cc thy c ch bo. Em xin trn trng cm n !