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Bi tp ton cao cp

Tp 2

Nguyn Thy Thanh
NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007, 158 Tr.

T kho: Bi tp ton cao cp, Gii hn dy s, Gii hn hm s, Tnh lin tc
ca hm s, Hm lin tc, Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin,
o hm, Vi phn, Cng thc Taylor, o hm ring, Vi phn ca hm nhiu
bin, Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin.

Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th s dng cho mc
ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n
phc v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v
tc gi.


NGUY

N THUY

THANH
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
TO

AN CAO C

P
Ta
.
p 2
Phep tnh vi phan cac h` am
NH
`
A XU

T BA

N DA
.
I HO
.
C QU

C GIA H
`
A N

O
.
I
Mu
.
c lu
.
c
7 Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am s o

3
7.1 Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7.1.1 C ac b`ai toan lien quan to
.
i di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n . 5
7.1.2 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day so du
.
.
a tren cac
di
.
nh l y ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1.3 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day so du
.
.
a tren die
`
u
kie
.
n du de

day ho
.
i tu
.
(nguyen l y
Bolzano-Weierstrass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.1.4 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day so du
.
.
a tren die
`
u
kie
.
n ca
`
n v`a du de

day ho
.
i tu
.
(nguyen l y ho
.
i tu
.
Bolzano-Cauchy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2 Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.1 C ac khai nie
.
m v`a di
.
nh l y co
.
ba n ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n . . 27
7.3 H`am lien tu
.
c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4 Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n . . . . . . . . 51
8 Phep tnh vi phan h`am m o
.
t bie

n 60
8.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.1.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.1.2 D
-
a
.
o h`am cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.2 Vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2.1 Vi phan c ap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2 MU
.
C LU
.
C
8.2.2 Vi phan c ap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.3 Cac di
.
nh l y co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi. Quy ta

c lHospital.
Cong th u
.
c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.3.1 C ac di
.
nh l y co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi . . . . . . . . 84
8.3.2 Khu
.
cac da
.
ng vo di
.
nh. Quy ta

c Lopitan
(LHospitale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.3.3 C ong th u
.
c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9 Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 109
9.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.1.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.1.2 D
-
a
.
o h`am cu a h`am ho
.
.
p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1.3 H` am kha vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1.4 D
-
a
.
o h`am theo hu
.
o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.1.5 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.2 Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
9.2.1 Vi phan c ap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.2.2

Ap du
.
ng vi phan de

tnh ga
`
n d ung . . . . . . . 126
9.2.3 C ac tnh chat cu a vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.4 Vi phan c ap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.5 C ong th u
.
c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.2.6 Vi phan cu a h`am a

n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
9.3 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.3.1 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.3.2 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.3.3 Gia tri
.
lo
.
n nhat v`a be nhat cu a h`am . . . . . . 147
Chu
.
o
.
ng 7
Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu

a
h`am so

7.1 Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7.1.1 Cac b`ai toan lien quan to
.
i di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i
ha
.
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.1.2 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day so du
.
.
a tren
cac di
.
nh ly ve ` gio
.
i ha
.
n . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1.3 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day so du
.
.
a
tren die `u kie
.
n du de

day ho
.
i tu
.
(nguyen ly
Bolzano-Weierstrass) . . . . . . . . 17
7.1.4 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day so du
.
.
a tren
die `u kie
.
n ca
`
n v`a du de

day ho
.
i tu
.
(nguyen
ly ho
.
i tu
.
Bolzano-Cauchy) . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.2 Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am m o
.
t bie

n . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.1 Cac khai nie
.
m v`a di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve ` gio
.
i ha
.
n 27
7.3 H`am lien tu
.
c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4 Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am nhie `u bie

n . 51
4 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
7.1 Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu

a d ay so

H`am so xac di
.
nh tren ta
.
p ho
.
.
p N du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a day so vo ha
.
n. Day so
thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c vie

t du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng:
a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
, . . . (7.1)
hoa
.
c {a
n
}, trong do a
n
= f(n), n N du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a so ha
.
ng to

ng quat
cu a day, n l`a so hie
.
u cu a so ha
.
ng trong day.
Ta ca
`
n lu
.
u y cac khai nie
.
m sau day:
i) D ay (7.1) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a bi
.
cha
.
n ne

u M R
+
: n N |a
n
|
M; v`a go
.
i l`a khong bi
.
cha
.
n ne

u: M R
+
: n N |a
n
| > M.
ii) So a du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day (7.1) ne

u:
> 0, N() : n N |a
n
a| < . (7.2)
iii) So a khong pha i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day (7.1) ne

u:
> 0, N : n N |a
n
a| . (7.3)
iv) Day c o gio
.
i ha
.
n du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a day ho
.
i tu
.
, trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p ngu
.
o
.
.
c
la
.
i day (7.1) go
.
i l`a day phan k` y.
v) D ay (7.1) go
.
i l`a day vo c` ung be ne

u lim
n
a
n
= 0 v`a go
.
i l`a day
vo c` ung lo
.
n ne

u A > 0, N sao cho n > N |a


n
| > A v`a vie

t
lima
n
= .
vi) Die
`
u kie
.
n ca
`
n de

day ho
.
i tu
.
l`a day do pha i bi
.
cha
.
n.
Ch u y: i) He
.
th u
.
c (7.2) tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i:
< a
n
a < a < a
n
< a + . (7.4)
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 5
He
.
th u
.
c (7.4) ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng mo
.
i so ha
.
ng vo
.
i ch so n > N cu a day
ho
.
i tu
.
de
`
u na
`
m trong khoa ng (a , a + ), khoa ng n`ay go
.
i l`a -lan
ca
.
n cu a die

m a.
Nhu
.
va
.
y, ne

u day (7.1) ho
.
i tu
.
de

n so a th` mo
.
i so ha
.
ng cu a no tr` u
.
ra mo
.
t so h u
.
u ha
.
n so ha
.
ng de
`
u na
`
m trong -lan c a
.
n bat k` y be bao
nhieu t` uy y cu a die

m a.
ii) Ta lu
.
u y ra
`
ng day so vo c` ung lo
.
n khong ho
.
i tu
.
v`a k y hie
.
u
lima
n
= () ch co ngha l`a day a
n
l`a vo c` ung lo
.
n v`a k y hie
.
u do
ho`an to` an khong co ngha l`a day co gio
.
i ha
.
n.
7.1.1 Cac b`ai toan lien quan to
.
i di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i
ha
.
n
De

ch u
.
ng minh lima
n
= a ba
`
ng cach su
.
du
.
ng di
.
nh ngha, ta c a
`
n tie

n
h`anh theo cac bu
.
o
.
c sau day:
i) La
.
p bie

u th u
.
c |a
n
a|
ii) Cho
.
n day b
n
(ne

u die
`
u do co lo
.
.
i) sao cho |a
n
a| b
n
n v`a
vo
.
i du be bat k` y bat phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh doi vo
.
i n:
b
n
< (7.5)
co the

gia i mo
.
t cach de

d`ang. Gia su
.
(7.5) co nghie
.
m l`a n > f(),
f() > 0. Khi do ta co the

lay n l`a [f()], trong do [f()] l`a pha


`
n
nguyen cu a f().
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia su
.
a
n
= n
(1)
n
. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng:
i) D ay a
n
khong bi
.
cha
.
n.
ii) D ay a
n
khong pha i l`a vo c` ung lo
.
n.
Gia i. i) Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng a
n
thoa man di
.
nh ngha day khong
bi
.
cha
.
n. Th a
.
t va
.
y, M > 0 so ha
.
ng vo
.
i so hie
.
u n = 2([M] + 1) ba
`
ng
n v`a lo
.
n ho
.
n M. Die
`
u do co ngha l`a day a
n
khong bi
.
cha
.
n.
6 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
ii) Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng a
n
khong pha i l`a v o c` ung lo
.
n. Tha
.
t va
.
y,
ta xet khoa ng (2, 2). Hie

n nhien mo
.
i so ha
.
ng cu a day vo
.
i so hie
.
u le
de
`
u thuo
.
c khoa ng (2, 2) v` khi n le th` ta co:
n
(1)
n
= n
1
= 1/n (2, 2).
Nhu
.
va
.
y trong khong (2, 2) c o vo so so ha
.
ng cu a day. T` u
.
do,
theo di
.
nh ngha suy ra a
n
khong pha i l`a vo c` ung lo
.
n.
V du
.
2. D` ung di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n day so de

ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng:
1) lim
n
(1)
n1
n
= 0. 2) lim
n
n
n + 1
= 1.
Gia i. De

ch u
.
ng minh day a
n
co gi o
.
i ha
.
n l`a a, ta c a
`
n ch u
.
ng minh
ra
`
ng doi v o
.
i mo

i so > 0 cho tru


.
o
.
c co the

t`m du
.
o
.
.
c so N (N phu
.
thuo
.
c ) sao cho khi n > N th` suy ra |a
n
a| < . Th ong thu
.
`o
.
ng ta
co the

ch ra cong th u
.
c tu
.
`o
.
ng minh bie

u die

n N qua .
1) Ta c o:
|a
n
0| =

(1)
n1
n

=
1
n

Gia su
.
l`a so du
.
o
.
ng cho tru
.
o
.
c t` uy y. Khi do:
1
n
< n >
1


V` the

ta co the

lay N l`a so tu
.
.
nhien n`ao do thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n:
N >
1


1
N
< .
(Cha

ng ha
.
n, ta co the

lay N = [1/], trong do [1/] l`a pha


`
n nguyen
cu a 1/).
Khi do n N th`:
|a
n
0| =
1
n

1
N
< .
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 7
Die
`
u do co ngha l`a lim
n
(1)
n
n
= 0.
2) Ta lay so > 0 bat k` y v` a t`m so tu
.
.
nhien N() sao cho n >
N() th`:

n
n + 1
1

< .
Bat da

ng th u
.
c
|a
n
1| <
1
n + 1
<
1

1.
Do do ta co the

lay so N() l`a pha


`
n nguyen cu a
1

1, t u
.
c l`a:
N() = E((1/) 1).
Khi do vo
.
i mo
.
i n N ta c o:

n
n + 1
1

=
1
n + 1

1
N + 1
< lim
n
n
n + 1
= 1.
V du
.
3. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng cac day sau day phan k` y:
1) a
n
= n, n N (7.6)
2) a
n
= (1)
n
, n N (7.7)
3) a
n
= (1)
n
+
1
n
(7.8)
Gia i. 1) Gia su
.
day (7.6) ho
.
i tu
.
v`a co gi o
.
i ha
.
n l`a a. Ta lay = 1.
Khi do theo di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n to
`
n ta
.
i so hie
.
u N sao cho n > N th`
ta co |a
n
a| < 1 ngha l`a |na| < 1 n > N. T` u
.
do 1 < na < 1
n > N a 1 < n < a + 1 n > N.
Nhu
.
ng bat da

ng th u
.
c n < a + 1, n > N l`a vo l y v` ta
.
p ho
.
.
p cac
so tu
.
.
nhien khong bi
.
cha
.
n.
2) Cach 1. Gia su
.
day a
n
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a co gio
.
i ha
.
n l`a a. Ta lay lan
ca
.
n
_
a
1
2
, a +
1
2
_
cu a die

m a. Ta vie

t day da cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng:
{a
n
} = 1, 1, 1, 1, . . . . (7.9)
8 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
V` do
.
d`ai cu a khoa ng
_
a
1
2
, a +
1
2
_
l`a ba
`
ng 1 nen hai die

m 1
v`a +1 khong the

do
`
ng th`o
.
i thuo
.
c lan ca
.
n
_
a
1
2
, a +
1
2
_
cu a die

m a,
v` khoa ng cach gi u
.
a 1 v`a +1 ba
`
ng 2. Die
`
u do co ngha l`a o
.
ngo`ai
lan ca
.
n
_
a
1
2
, a +
1
2
_
co vo so so ha
.
ng cu a day v`a v` the

(xem ch u
y o
.
tren) so a khong the

l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day.
Cach 2. Gia su
.
a
n
a. Khi do > 0 (lay =
1
2
) ta co
|a
n
a| <
1
2
n N.
V` a
n
= 1 nen
|1 a| <
1
2
, | 1 a| <
1
2
2 = |(1 a) + (1 + a)| |1 a| +|a + 1|
1
2
+
1
2
= 1
2 < 1, vo l y.
3) Lu
.
u y ra
`
ng vo
.
i n = 2m a
2m
= 1 +
1
2m
. So ha
.
ng ke
`
vo
.
i no
co so hie
.
u le 2m + 1 (hay 2m1) v`a
a
2m+1
= 1 +
1
2m + 1
< 0 (hay a
2m1
= 1 +
1
2m1
0).
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
|a
n
a
n1
| > 1.
Ne

u so a n`ao do l`a gio


.
i ha
.
n cu a day (a
n
) th` ba

t da
`
u t` u
.
so hie
.
u n`ao
do (a
n
) thoa man bat da

ng th u
.
c |a
n
a| <
1
2
. Khi do
|a
n
a
n+1
| |a
n
a| +|a
n+1
a| <
1
2
+
1
2
= 1.
Nhu
.
ng hie
.
u gi u
.
a hai so ha
.
ng ke
`
nhau bat k` y cu a day da cho luon luon
lo
.
n ho
.
n 1. Die
`
u mau thua

n n`ay ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng khong mo
.
t so thu
.
.
c
n`ao co the

l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day da cho.
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 9
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Hay su
.
du
.
ng di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n de

ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
1. lim
n
a
n
= 1 ne

u a
n
=
2n 1
2n + 2
2. lim
n
a
n
=
3
5
ne

u a
n
=
3n
2
+ 1
5n
2
1
Ba

t da
`
u t` u
.
so hie
.
u N n`ao th`:
|a
n
3/5| < 0, 01 (DS. N = 5)
3. lim
n
a
n
= 1 ne

u a
n
=
3
n
+ 1
3
n
.
4. lim
n
cos n
n
= 0.
5. lim
n
2
n
+ 5 6
n
3
n
+ 6
n
= 5.
6. lim
n
3

n
2
sinn
2
n + 1
= 0.
7. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng so a = 0 khong pha i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day a
n
=
n
2
2
2n
2
9
.
8. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
lim
n
n
2
+ 2n + 1 + sinn
n
2
+ n + 1
= 1.
9. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day: a
n
= (1)
n
+ 1/n phan k` y.
10. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day; a
n
= sinn
0
phan k` y.
11. T`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day: 0, 2; 0, 22; 0, 222; . . . , 0, 22 . . . 2
. .
n
, . . .
Ch da

n. Bie

u die

n a
n
du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
a
n
= 0, 22 . . . 2 =
2
10
+
2
10
2
+ +
2
10
n
(DS. lima
n
= 2/9)
10 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
12. T`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so:
0, 2; 0, 23; 0, 233; 0, 2333; . . . , 0, 2 33 . . . 3
. .
n
, . . .
Ch da

n. Bie

u die

n a
n
du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
a
n
=
2
10
+
_
3
10
2
+
3
10
3
+ +
3
10
n
_
(DS. 7/30)
13. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng ne

u day a
n
ho
.
i tu
.
de

n a, c`on day b
n
da
`
n de

n
th` day a
n
/b
n
da
`
n de

n 0.
14. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
i) lim
n
n
2
n
= 0.
ii) lim
n
n
a
n
= 0 (a > 1).
Ch da

n. i) Su
.
du
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c:
2
n
= (1 + 1)
n
= 1 + n +
n(n 1)
2
+ + 1 > n +
n(n 1)
2
>
n
2
2

v`a u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng |a
n
0|.
ii) Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
i). Su
.
du
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c:
a
n
= [1 + (a 1)]
n
>
n(n 1)
2
(a 1).
15. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
lima
n
= 2 ne

u a
n
= 1 +
1
2
+ +
1
2
n
Ch da

n.

Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c tnh to

ng cap so nhan de

tnh a
n
ro
`
i
u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng |a
n
2|.
16. Bie

t ra
`
ng day a
n
co gio
.
i ha
.
n, c`on day b
n
khong co gio
.
i ha
.
n. Co
the

noi g` ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day:
i) {a
n
+ b
n
}.
ii) {a
n
b
n
}.
(DS. i) lim{a
n
+ b
n
} khong to
`
n ta
.
i. H ay ch u
.
ng minh.
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 11
ii) Co the

ga
.
p ca hai tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p co gi o
.
i ha
.
n v`a khong c o gio
.
i ha
.
n,
v du
.
:
a
n
=
n 1
n
, b
n
= (1)
n
; a
n
=
1
n
, b
n
= (1)
n
.
7.1.2 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
h o
.
i tu
.
cu a day s o

du
.
.
a tren
cac di
.
nh l y ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n
De

tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so, ngu
.
`o
.
i ta thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng cac di
.
nh l y v`a
khai nie
.
m sau day:
Gia su
.
lima
n
= a, limb
n
= b.
i) lim(a
n
b
n
) = lima
n
limb
n
= a b.
ii) lima
n
b
n
= lima
n
limb
n
= a b.
iii) Ne

u b = 0 th` ba

t da
`
u t` u
.
mo
.
t so hie
.
u n`ao do day a
n
/b
n
xac
di
.
nh (ngha l`a N : n N b
n
= 0) v`a:
lim
a
n
b
n
=
lima
n
limb
n
=
a
b

iv) Ne

u lima
n
= a, limb
n
= a v`a ba

t da
`
u t` u
.
mo
.
t so hie
.
u n`ao do
a
n
z
n
b
n
th` limz
n
= a (Nguyen l y bi
.
cha
.
n hai phia).
v) Tch cu a day vo c` ung be vo
.
i day bi
.
cha
.
n l`a day vo c` ung be.
vi) Ne

u (a
n
) l`a day vo c` ung lo
.
n v`a a
n
= 0 th` day
_
1
a
n
_
l`a day vo
c` ung be; ngu
.
o
.
.
c la
.
i, ne

u
n
l`a day vo c` ung be v`a
n
= 0 th` day
_
1

n
_
l`a vo c` ung lo
.
n.
Nha
.
n xet. De

ap du
.
ng d ung da

n cac di
.
nh l y tren ta ca
`
n lu
.
u y mo
.
t
so nha
.
n xet sau day:
i) Di
.
nh l y (iii) ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a thu
.
o
.
ng se khong ap du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c ne

u
tu
.
so v`a ma

u so khong co gi o
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n hoa
.
c ma

u so co gio
.
i ha
.
n
ba
`
ng 0. Trong nh u
.
ng tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p do nen bie

n do

i so
.
bo
.
day thu
.
o
.
ng,
cha

ng ha
.
n ba
`
ng cach chia hoa
.
c nhan tu
.
so v`a ma

u so vo
.
i c` ung mo
.
t
bie

u th u
.
c.
12 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
ii) Doi vo
.
i di
.
nh l y (i) v`a (ii) c ung ca
`
n pha i tha
.
n tro
.
ng khi ap du
.
ng.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay ta ca
`
n pha i bie

n do

i cac bie

u th u
.
c a
n
b
n
v`a
a
n
b
n
tru
.
o
.
c khi tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n (xem v du
.
1, iii).
iii) Ne

u a
n
= a const n th` lim
n
a
n
= a.
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. T`m lima
n
ne

u:
1) a
n
= (1 + 7
n+2
)/(3 7
n
)
2) a
n
= (2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n)/[1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n + 1)]
3) a
n
= n
3
/(1
2
+ 2
2
+ + n
2
)
Gia i. De

gia i cac b`ai toan n`ay ta d` ung l y thuye

t c ap so
1) Nhan tu
.
so v`a ma

u so phan th u
.
c vo
.
i 7
n
ta co:
a
n
=
1 + 7
n+2
3 7
n
=
7
n
+ 7
2
3 7
n
1
Do do
lima
n
= lim
7
n
+ 7
2
3 7
n
1
= 49 v` lim7
n
= 0, n .
2) Tu
.
so v`a ma

u so de
`
u l`a cap so co
.
ng nen ta co:
2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n =
2 + 2n
2
n;
1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n + 1) =
1 + (2n + 2)
2
(n + 1).
Do do
a
n
=
n
n + 1
lima
n
= 1.
3) Nhu
.
ta bie

t:
1
2
+ 2
2
+ + n
2
=
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 13
v`a do do:
lima
n
= lim
6n
3
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim
6
(1 + 1/n)(2 + 1/n)
= 3.
V du
.
2. T`m gio
.
i ha
.
n
lim
1 +
1
2
+
1
4
+ +
1
2
n
1 +
1
3
+
1
9
+ +
1
3
n
Gia i. Tu
.
so v`a ma

u so de
`
u l`a cap so nhan nen
1 +
1
2
+ +
1
2
n
=
2(2
n
1)
2
n
,
1 +
1
3
+ +
1
3
n
=
3(3
n
1)
2 3
n
v`a do do:
lima
n
= lim
2(2
n
1)
2
n

2 3
n
3(3
n
1)
= 2 lim
2
n
1
2
n

2
3
lim
3
n
3
n
1
= 2 lim[1 (1/2)
n
]
2
3
lim
1
1 (1/3)
n
= 2 1
2
3
1 =
4
3

V du
.
3.
1) a
n
=

n
2
+ n n
2) a
n
=
3

n + 2
3

n
3) a
n
=
3

n
2
n
3
+ n
Gia i.
1) Ta bie

n do

i a
n
ba
`
ng cach nhan v`a chia cho da
.
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng lien ho
.
.
p
a
n
=
(

n
2
+ n n)(

n
2
+ n + n)

n
2
+ n + n
=
n

n
2
+ n + n
=
1
_
1 + 1/n + 1
Do do
lima
n
=
1
lim
n
(
_
1 + 1/n + 1)
=
1
2

14 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
2) Bie

n do

i a
n
tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
1) ta co:
a
n
=
_
3

n + 2
_
3

_
3

n
_
3
_
3

n + 2
_
2
+
3

n + 2
3

n +
_
3

n
_
2
a
n
=
2
_
3

n + 2
_
2
+
3

n + 2
3

n +
_
3

n
_
2
Bie

u th u
.
c ma

u so ba
`
ng:
n
2/3
__
3
_
1 + 2/n
_
2
+
3
_
1 + 2/n + 1


khi n v`a do do lima
n
= 0.
3) Ta c o the

vie

t n =
3

n
3
v`a ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c:
a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
)
suy ra
a
n
=
_
3

n
2
n
3
+ n
___
3

n
2
n
3
_
2
n
3

n
2
n
3
+ n
2

_
3

n
2
n
3
_
2
n
3

n
2
n
3
+ n
2
=
n
2
_
3

n
2
n
3
_
2
n
3

n
2
n
3
+ n
2
=
1
[1/n 1]
2/3
[1/n 1]
1/3
+ 1
suy ra lima
n
=
1
3

V du
.
4. T`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a cac day sau
a
n
=
n

n
2
+ n
, b
n
=
n

n
2
+ 1
,
c
n
=
1

n + 1
+
1

n
2
+ 2
+ +
1

n
2
+ n

Gia i. Da
`
u tien ta ch u
.
ng minh lima
n
= 1. Tha
.
t va
.
y:
lima
n
= lim
n
n
_
1 + 1/n
= lim
1
_
1 + 1/n
= 1.
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 15
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
limb
n
= 1.
De

t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a c
n
ta se ap du
.
ng Nguyen l y bi
.
cha
.
n hai pha.
Mo
.
t m a
.
t ta co:
c
n
<
1

n
2
+ 1
+
1

n
2
+ 1
+ +
1

n
2
+ 1
=
n

n
2
+ 1
= b
n
nhu
.
ng ma
.
t khac:
c
n
>
1

n
2
+ n
+
1

n
2
+ n
+ +
1

n
2
+ n
= a
n
.
Nhu
.
v a
.
y a
n
< c
n
< b
n
v`a lim
n
a
n
= lim
n
b
n
= 1. T` u
.
do suy ra
lim
n
c
n
= 1.
V du
.
5. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day (q
n
) l`a: 1) day vo c` ung lo
.
n ne

u
|q| > 1; 2) day vo c` ung be khi |q| < 1.
Gia i. 1) Gia su
.
|q| > 1. Ta lay so A > 0 bat k` y. T` u
.
da

ng th u
.
c
|q|
n
> A ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c n > log
|q|
A. Ne

u ta lay N = [log
|q|
A] th` n > N
ta co |q|
n
> A. Do do day (q
n
) l`a day vo c` ung lo
.
n.
2) Gia su
.
|q| < 1, q = 0. Khi do q
n
=
__
1
q
_
n
_
1
. V`

1
q

> 1 nen
day
_
_
1
q
_
n
_
l`a day vo c` ung lo
.
n v`a do do day
__
_
1
q
_
n
_
1
_
l`a vo c` ung
be, t u
.
c l`a day (q
n
) l`a day vo c` ung be khi |q| < 1.
3) Ne

u q = 0 th` q
n
= 0, |q|
n
< n v`a do do (q
n
) l`a vo c` ung be.

B
`
AI T

A
.
P
T`m gio
.
i ha
.
n lim
n
a
n
ne

u
1. a
n
=
n
2
n
n

n
. (DS. )
2. a
n
= n
2
(n

n
2
+ 1). (DS. )
16 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
3. a
n
=
1 + 2 + 3 + + n

9n
4
+ 1
. (DS. 1/6)
4. a
n
=

ncos n
n + 1
. (DS. 0)
5. a
n
=
5n
n + 1
+
sinn
n
. (DS. 5)
6. a
n
=
n
3
n
2
+ 1

3n
2
3n + 1
. (DS. 1/3)
7. a
n
=
n
n + 11

cos n
10n
. (DS. 1)
8. a
n
=
n
3
+ 1
n
2
1
(DS. )
9. a
n
=
cos n
3
n

3n
6n + 1
. (DS.
1
2
)
10. a
n
=
(1)
n
5

n + 1
. (DS. 0)
11. a
n
=

n
2
+ 1 +

n
3

n
3
+ n

n
. (DS. +)
12. a
n
=
3

1 n
3
+ n. (DS. 0)
13. a
n
=

n
2
+ 4n
3

n
3
3n
2
. (DS. 1)
14. a
n
=
(n + 3)!
2(n + 1)! (n + 2)!
. (DS. )
15. a
n
=
2 + 4 + + 2n
n + 2
2. (DS. 1)
16. a
n
= n
3

n
3
n
2
. (DS.
1
3
)
17. a
n
=
1 2 + 3 4 + 5 2n

n
2
+ 1 +

4n
2
+ 1
. (DS.
1
3
)
18. a
n
=
1
1 2
+
1
2 3
+ +
1
n(n + 1)
.
Ch da

n.

Ap du
.
ng
1
n(n + 1)
=
1
n

1
n + 1
(DS. 1)
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 17
19. a
n
= 1
1
3
+
1
9

1
27
+ +
(1)
n1
3
n1
. (DS.
3
4
)
20. a
n
=
2
n+1
+ 3
n+1
2
n
+ 3
n
. (DS. 3)
21. a
n
=
n + (1)
n
n (1)
n
. (DS. 1)
22. a
n
=
_
1

n
__
1

1 +

3
+
1

3 +

5
+ +
1

2n 1 +

2n + 1
Ch da

n. Tru
.
c c an th u
.
c o
.
ma

u so cac bie

u th u
.
c trong dau ngoa
.
c.
(DS.
1

2
)
23. a
n
=
1
1 2 3
+
1
2 3 4
+ +
1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
Ch da

n. Tru
.
o
.
c he

t ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
=
1
2
_
1
n(n + 1)

1
(n + 1)(n + 2)
_
(DS.
1
4
)
24. a
n
=
1
a
1
a
2
+
1
a
2
a
3
+ +
1
a
n
a
n+1
. (DS.
1
a
1
d
)
trong do {a
n
} l`a cap so co
.
ng vo
.
i cong sai d = 0, a
n
= 0.
25. a
n
= (1 1/4)(1 1/9) (1 1/(n + 1)
2
). (DS.
1
2
)
Ch da

n. Ba
`
ng quy na
.
p toan ho
.
c ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng a
n
=
n + 2
2n + 2
.
7.1.3 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
h o
.
i tu
.
cu a day s o

du
.
.
a tren
die
`
u kie
.
n du de

day ho
.
i tu
.
(nguyen l y
Bolzano-Weierstrass)
Day so a
n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a:
i) D ay tang ne

u a
n+1
> a
n
n
ii) D ay gia m ne

u a
n+1
< a
n
n
Cac day tang hoa
.
c gia m c`on du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a day do
.
n die
.
u. Ta lu
.
u y
ra
`
ng day do
.
n die
.
u bao gi`o
.
c ung bi
.
cha
.
n t nhat l`a mo
.
t pha. Ne

u day
18 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
do
.
n die
.
u tang th` no bi
.
cha
.
n du
.
o
.
i bo
.
i so ha
.
ng da
`
u tien cu a no, day
do
.
n die
.
u gia m th` bi
.
ch a
.
n tren bo
.
i so ha
.
ng da
`
u. Ta co di
.
nh l y sau day
thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c su
.
du
.
ng de

tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day do
.
n die
.
u.
D
-
i
.
nh l y Bolzano-Weierstrass. Day do
.
n die
.
u v`a bi
.
cha
.
n th` ho
.
i tu
.
.
Di
.
nh l y n`ay kha

ng di
.
nh ve
`
su
.
.
to
`
n ta
.
i cu a gio
.
i ha
.
n m`a khong ch
ra du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng phap t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n do. Tuy va
.
y, trong nhie
`
u tru
.
`o
.
ng
ho
.
.
p khi bie

t gi o
.
i ha
.
n cu a day to
`
n ta
.
i, co the

ch ra phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh
no. Vie
.
c tnh toan thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
.
a tren da

ng th u
.
c d ung vo
.
i mo
.
i day ho
.
i
tu
.
:
lim
n
a
n+1
= lim
n
a
n
.
Khi tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n du
.
.
a tren da

ng th u
.
c v` u
.
a neu tie
.
n lo
.
.
i ho
.
n ca l`a su
.

du
.
ng cach cho day ba
`
ng cong th u
.
c truy ho
`
i.
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Ch u
.
nh minh ra
`
ng day:
a
n
=
1
5 + 1
+
1
5
2
+ 1
+ +
1
5
n
+ 1
ho
.
i tu
.
.
Gia i. Day da cho do
.
n die
.
u tang. Tha
.
t va
.
y v`:
a
n+1
= a
n
+
1
5
n+1
+ 1
nen a
n+1
> a
n
.
Day da cho bi
.
cha
.
n tren. Tha
.
t va
.
y:
a
n
=
1
5 + 1
+
1
5
2
+ 1
+
1
5
3
+ 1
+ +
1
5
n
+ 1
<
1
5
+
1
5
2
+ +
1
5
n
=
1
5

1
5
n+1
1
1
5
=
1
4
_
1
1
5
n
_
<
1
4

Nhu
.
va
.
y day a
n
da cho do
.
n die
.
u tang v`a bi
.
cha
.
n tren nen no ho
.
i
tu
.
.
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 19
V du
.
2. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day a
n
=
2
n
n!
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a
no.
Gia i. Day da cho c o da
.
ng
2
1
,
2
2
2
, . . . ,
2
n
n!
, . . .
Day a
n
do
.
n die
.
u gia m. Th a
.
t va
.
y
a
n+1
a
n
=
2
n+1
(n + 1)!
:
2
n
n!
=
2
n + 1
< 1 n > 1.
Do do a
n+1
< a
n
v`a day bi
.
cha
.
n tren bo
.
i pha
`
n tu
.
a
1
. Ngo`ai ra
a
n
> 0, n nen day bi
.
cha
.
n du
.
o
.
i. Do do day do
.
n die
.
u gia m v`a bi
.
cha
.
n. N o ho
.
i tu
.
theo di
.
nh l y Weierstrass. Gia su
.
a l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a no.
Ta co:
a
n+1
a
n
=
2
n + 1
a
n+1
=
2
n + 1
a
n
.
T` u
.
do
lima
n+1
= lim
2a
n
n + 1
= lim
2
n + 1
lima
n
v`a nhu
.
va
.
y: a = 0 a a = 0. Va
.
y: lim
2
n
n!
= 0.
V du
.
3. Cho day a
n
=

2, a
n+1
=

2a
n
. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day ho
.
i
tu
.
v`a t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a no.
Gia i. Hie

n nhien ra
`
ng: a
1
< a
2
< a
3
< < . Do l`a day do
.
n die
.
u
tang v`a bi
.
cha
.
n du
.
o
.
i bo
.
i so

2. Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng no bi
.
cha
.
n tren
bo
.
i so 2.
Tha
.
t va
.
y
a
1
=

2; a
2
=

2a
1
<

2 2 = 2.
Gia su
.
da ch u
.
ng minh du
.
o
.
.
c ra
`
ng a
n
2.
Khi do:
a
n+1
=

2a
n

2 2 = 2.
20 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
Va
.
y theo tien de
`
quy na
.
p ta c o a
n
2 n.
Nhu
.
the

day a
n
do
.
n die
.
u tang v`a bi
.
cha
.
n nen no c o gio
.
i ha
.
n do
l`a a.
Ta co:
a
n+1
=

2a
n
a
2
n+1
= 2a
n
.
Do do:
lima
2
n+1
= 2 lima
n
hay a
2
2a = 0 v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c a
1
= 0, a
2
= 2.
V` day do
.
n die
.
u tang n nen gio
.
i ha
.
n a = 2.
V du
.
4. Ch u
.
ng minh tnh ho
.
i tu
.
v`a t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day
x
1
=

a; x
2
=
_
a +

a, . . . ,
x
n
=
_
a +
_
a + +

a, a > 0, n dau can.


Gia i. i) R o r`ang: x
1
< x
2
< x
3
< < x
n
< x
n+1
< . . . ngha l`a
day da cho l`a day tang.
ii) Ta ch u
.
ng minh day x
n
l`a day bi
.
cha
.
n. Th a
.
t va
.
y, ta co:
x
1
=

a <

a + 1
x
2
=
_
a +

a <
_
a +

a + 1 <
_
a + 2

a + 1 =

a + 1.
Gia su
.
da ch u
.
ng minh du
.
o
.
.
c ra
`
ng: x
n
<

a + 1.
Ta ca
`
n ch u
.
ng minh x
n+1
<

a + 1. Tha
.
t va
.
y, ta co:
x
n+1
=

a + x
n
<
_
a +

a + 1 <
_
a + 2

a + 1 =

a + 1.
Do do nh`o
.
phep quy na
.
p toan ho
.
c ta da ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day da
cho bi
.
cha
.
n tren bo
.
i

a + 1.
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 21
iii) De

t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n ta xet he
.
th u
.
c x
n
=

a + x
n1
hay
x
2
n
= a + x
n1
.
T` u
.
do:
limx
2
n
= lim(a + x
n1
) = a + limx
n1
hay ne

u gia thie

t limx
n
= A th`: A
2
= a + A A
2
Aa = 0 v`a
A
1
=
1 +

1 + 4a
2
, A
2
=
1

1 + 4a
2

V` A
2
< 0 nen gia tri
.
A
2
bi
.
loa
.
i v` x
n
> 0.
Do do;
limx
n
=
1 +

1 + 4a
2

V du
.
5. T`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day a
n
du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh nhu
.
sau: a
1
l`a so
t` uy y m`a
0 < a
1
< 1, a
n+1
= a
n
(2 a
n
) n 1. (7.10)
Gia i. i) Da
`
u tien ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng a
n
bi
.
cha
.
n, m`a cu
.
the

l`a ba
`
ng
phep quy na
.
p toan ho
.
c ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
0 < a
n
< 1. (7.11)
Ta co 0 < a
1
< 1. Gia su
.
(7.11) da du
.
o
.
.
c ch u
.
ng minh vo
.
i n v`a ta
se ch u
.
ng minh (7.11) d ung vo
.
i n + 1 .
T` u
.
(7.10) ta co; a
n+1
= 1 (1 a
n
)
2
.
T` u
.
he
.
th u
.
c n`ay suy ra 0 < (1 a
n
)
2
< 1, v` 0 < a
n
< 1.
T` u
.
do suy ra: 0 < a
n+1
< 1 n.
ii) B ay gi`o
.
ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng a
n
l`a day tang.
Tha
.
t va
.
y, v` a
n
< 1 nen 2 a
n
> 1. Chia (7.10) cho a
n
ta thu
du
.
o
.
.
c:
a
n+1
a
n
= 2 a
n
> 1.
22 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
T` u
.
do a
n+1
> a
n
n. Nhu
.
va
.
y day a
n
do
.
n die
.
u tang v`a bi
.
cha
.
n.
Do do theo di
.
nh l y Weierstrass, limA
n
to
`
n ta
.
i v`a ta k y hie
.
u no l`a a.
iii) T` u
.
(7.10) ta co:
lima
n+1
= lima
n
lim(2 a
n
)
hay a = a(2 a).
T` u
.
do a = 0 v`a a = 1. V` x
1
> 0 v`a day a
n
tang nen
a = 1 = lima
n
.
V du
.
6. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day a
n
=
n!
n
n
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a
no.
Gia i. i) Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day a
n
do
.
n die
.
u gia m, tha
.
t va
.
y:
a
n+1
=
(n + 1)!
(n + 1)
n+1
=
n!
(n + 1)
n
=
n!
n
n

n
n
(n + 1)
n
=
n
n
(n + 1)
n
a
n
v`
n
n
(n + 1)
n
< 1 nen a
n+1
< a
n
.
V` a
n
> 0 nen no bi
.
cha
.
n du
.
o
.
i v` a do do lima
n
to
`
n ta
.
i, k y hie
.
u
lima
n
= a v`a ro r`ang l`a a = lima
n
0.
ii) Ta ch u
.
ng minh a = 0. Tha
.
t va
.
y ta c o:
(n + 1)
n
n
n
=
_
n + 1
n
_
n
=
_
1 +
1
n
_
n
1 +
n
n
= 2.
Do do:
n
n
(n + 1)
n
<
1
2
v`a a
n+1
<
1
2
a
n
.
Chuye

n qua gio
.
i ha
.
n ta du
.
o
.
.
c a
a
2
a = 0.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 23
1. Cho c ac day so:
1) a
n
=
5n
2
n
2
+ 3
2) b
n
= (1)
n
2n
n + 1
sinn. 3) c
n
= ncos n.
Hay ch ra day n`ao bi
.
cha
.
n v`a day n`ao khong bi
.
cha
.
n.
(DS. 1) v`a 2) bi
.
cha
.
n; 3) khong bi
.
cha
.
n)
2. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day:
a
1
=
a
0
a + a
0
, a
2
=
a
1
a + a
1
, a
3
=
a
2
a + a
2
, . . . ,
a
n
=
a
n1
a + a
n1
, . . . (a > 1, a
0
> 0)
ho
.
i tu
.
.
3. Ch u
.
ng minh cac day sau day ho
.
i tu
.
1) a
n
=
n
2
1
n
2
2) a
n
= 2 +
1
2!
+
1
3!
+ +
1
n!
Ch da

n. Tnh bi
.
cha
.
n du
.
o
.
.
c suy t` u
.
n! 2
n1
v`a do do
a
n
2 +
1
2
+
1
2
2
+ +
1
2
n1
= 3
1
2
n1
< 3.
4. Ch u
.
ng minh cac day sau day ho
.
i tu
.
v`a t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n a cu a ch ung
1) a
1
=
k

5, a
n+1
=
k

5a
n
, k N. (DS.
k1

5)
2) a
n
=
2
n
(n + 2)!
Ch da

n.
a
n+1
a
n
=
2
n + 3
< 1. (DS. a = 0)
3) a
n
=
E(nx)
n
trong do E(nx) l`a pha
`
n nguyen cu a nx.
Ch da

n. Su
.
du
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c: nx1 < E(nx) nx. (DS. a = x)
5. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day: a
n
= a
1/2
n
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a no
(a > 1).
24 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
(DS. a = 1. Ch da

n. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng a
n
l`a day do
.
n die
.
u gia m
v`
a
n+1
= a
1/2
n+1
= a
1/(2
n
2)
=

a
n
, a
n
> 1)
6. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day
a
n
= 1 +
1
2
2
+
1
3
2
+ +
1
n
2
ho
.
i tu
.
.
Ch da

n. Ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng day do
.
n die
.
u tang, tnh bi
.
cha
.
n cu a no
du
.
o
.
.
c xac la
.
p ba
`
ng cach su
.
du
.
ng cac bat da

ng th u
.
c:
1
n
2
<
1
n(n 1)
=
1
n 1

1
n
, n 2.
7. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day
a
n
=
1
3 + 1
+
1
3
2
+ 2
+ +
1
3
n
+ n
co gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n.
Ch da

n. Tnh bi
.
cha
.
n cu a a
n
du
.
o
.
.
c xac la
.
p ba
`
ng cach so sanh a
n
vo
.
i to

ng mo
.
t c ap so nhan n`ao do.
8. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day
_
_
1 +
1
n
_
n+1
_
do
.
n die
.
u gia m v`a
lim
n
_
1 +
1
n
_
n+1
= e.
9. Tnh lim
n
a
n
, ne

u
1) a
n
=
_
1 +
1
n + k
_
n
, k N. (DS. e)
2) a
n
=
_
n
n + 1
_
n
. (DS.
1
e
)
3) a
n
=
_
1 +
1
2n
_
n
. (DS.

e)
4) a
n
=
_
2
n
+ 1
2
n
_
2
n
. (DS. e)
7.1. Gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a day so 25
7.1.4 Ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
h o
.
i tu
.
cu a day s o

du
.
.
a tren
die
`
u kie
.
n ca
`
n v`a du de

day ho
.
i tu
.
(nguyen
l y ho
.
i tu
.
Bolzano-Cauchy)
Tren day ta da neu hai phu
.
o
.
ng phap ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day.
Hai phu
.
o
.
ng phap n`ay khong ap du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c doi vo
.
i cac day kh ong do
.
n
die
.
u du
.
o
.
.
c cho khong ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap gia i tch m`a du
.
o
.
.
c cho ba
`
ng
phu
.
o
.
ng phap khac (cha

ng ha
.
n ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap truy ho
`
i). Ma
.
t
khac, trong nhie
`
u tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p ngu
.
`o
.
i ta ch quan tam de

n su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
hay ph an k` y cu a day m`a thoi. Sau day ta phat bie

u mo
.
t tieu chua

n
co tnh chat no
.
i ta
.
i cho phep ke

t lua
.
n su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day ch du
.
.
a
tren gi a tri
.
cu a cac s o ha
.
ng cu a day:
Nguyen l y ho
.
i tu
.
. Day (a
n
) c o gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n khi v`a ch khi no
thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n:
> 0, N
0
= N
0
() N : n > N
0
v`a p N
|a
n
a
n+p
| < .
T` u
.
nguyen l y ho
.
i tu
.
r ut ra: Day (a
n
) khong co gio
.
i ha
.
n khi v`a ch
khi no thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n:
> 0, N N n N m N |a
n
a
m
| .
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day
a
n
=
cos 1
3
+
cos 2
3
2
+ +
cos n
3
n
, n N
ho
.
i tu
.
.
26 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
Gia i. Ta u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng hie
.
u
|a
n+p
a
n
| =

cos(n + 1)
3
n+1
+ +
cos(n + p)
3
n+p

1
3
n+1
+ +
1
3
n+p
=
1
3
n+1
1
1
3
p
1
1
3
<
1
2

1
3
n
<
1
3
n

Gia su
.
l`a so du
.
o
.
ng t` uy y. V` lim
n
1
3
n
= 0 nen vo
.
i so > 0 do,
to
`
n ta
.
i so N N sao cho n N ta co
1
3
n
< . Ngha l`a ne

u n N,
c`on p l`a so tu
.
.
nhien t` uy y th`
|a
n+p
a
n
| <
1
3
n
< .
Do do theo tieu chua

n ho
.
i tu
.
day da cho ho
.
i tu
.
.
V du
.
2. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng day
a
n
=
1

1
+
1

2
+ +
1

n
phan k` y.
Gia i. Ta u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng hie
.
u
|a
n
a
n+p
| =

n + 1
+
1

n + 2
+ +
1

n + p

n + p
n, p N.
Da
.
c bie
.
t vo
.
i p = n ta co
|a
n
a
2n
|

2
n. (*)
Ta lay =
1

2
. Khi do N N to
`
n ta
.
i nh u
.
ng gia tri
.
n > N v`a
p N sao cho |a
n
a
n+p
| . Th a
.
t va
.
y, theo bat da

ng th u
.
c (*) ta
7.2. Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n 27
ch ca
`
n lay so n > N bat k` y v`a p = n. T` u
.
do theo me
.
nh de
`
phu di
.
nh
nguyen l y ho
.
i tu
.
ta co day da cho phan k` y.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Su
.
du
.
ng tieu chua

n ho
.
i tu
.
de

ch u
.
ng minh su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a day (a
n
)
ne

u
1. a
n
=
n

k=1
sin n
2
n
, R.
2. a
n
=
n

k=1
a
k
q
k
, |q| < 1, |a
k
| < M k, M > 0.
3. a
n
=
n

k=1
(1)
k1
k(k + 1)

4. a
n
=
n

k=1
(1)
k
k!

5. a
n
= 0, 77 . . . 7
. .
nch u
.
so
.
6. a
n
=
n

k=1
1
2
k
+ k

Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng cac day sau day phan k` y:
7. a
n
= 1 +
1
2
+ +
1
n
, n N.
8. a
n
=
1
ln2
+
1
ln3
+ +
1
lnn
, n = 2, . . .
7.2 Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n
7.2.1 Cac khai nie
.
m v`a di
.
nh l y co
.
ba n ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n
Di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a cac h`am doi v o
.
i nam tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p: x a,
x a 0, x du
.
o
.
.
c phat bie

u nhu
.
sau.
28 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
1) So A du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m a (khi x a)
ne

u > 0 be bao nhieu t` uy y t`m du


.
o
.
.
c so = () > 0 ( = () >
0) sao cho x m`a
x D
f
{x; 0 < |x a| < ()}
th`
|f(x) A| < .
K y hie
.
u: lim
xa
f(x) = A.
2) So A du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n ben pha i (ben trai) cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i
die

m x = a ne

u > 0, = () > 0 sao cho vo


.
i mo
.
i x thoa man
die
`
u kie
.
n
x D
f
{x : a < x < a + } (x D
f
{x : a < x < a})
th`
|f(x) A| < .
K y hie
.
u:
lim
xa+0
f(x) = f(a + 0)
_
lim
xa0
f(x) = f(a 0)
_
.
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
:
3) lim
x+
f(x) = A > 0 > 0 : x D
f
{x : x > }
|f(x) A| < .
Di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n khi x du
.
o
.
.
c phat bie

u tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
.
4) Ne

u lim
x+
f(x) = lim
x
f(x) = A th` ngu
.
`o
.
i ta vie

t
lim
x
f(x) = A.
7.2. Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n 29
Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p da
.
c bie
.
t ne

u A = 0 th` h`am f(x) du


.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am vo
c` ung be khi x a (x a 0, x ).
Khai nie
.
m h`am vo c` ung lo
.
n ta
.
i die

m a c ung du
.
o
.
.
c phat bie

u doi
vo
.
i ca nam tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p.
Cha

ng ha
.
n, h`am f(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am vo c` ung lo
.
n ta
.
i die

m a ne

u
M > 0 = (M) > 0 : x D
f
{x : 0 < |x a| < }
|f(x)| > M.
Ngo` ai ra, ne

u f(x) > 0 (f(x) < 0) x D


f
{x : 0 < |xa| < }
th` ta vie

t
lim
xa
f(x) = +
_
lim
xa
f(x) =
_
.
Ta lu
.
u y ra
`
ng cac k y hie
.
u v` u
.
a neu ch ch u
.
ng to f(x) l`a vo c` ung
lo
.
n ch u
.
ho`an to`an khong co ngha ra
`
ng f co gi o
.
i ha
.
n.
Khi tnh gi o
.
i ha
.
n ta thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng cac die
`
u kha

ng di
.
nh sau day.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 7.2.1. Ne

u cac gio
.
i ha
.
n lim
xa
f
1
(x), lim
xa
f
2
(x) to
`
n ta
.
i h u
.
u ha
.
n
th`
1) lim
xa
[f
1
(x) + f
2
(x)] = lim
xa
f
1
(x) + lim
xa
f
2
(x)
2) lim
xa
[f
1
(x) f
2
(x)] = lim
xa
f
1
(x) lim
xa
f
2
(x)
3) Ne

u lim
xa
f
2
(x) = 0 th` lim
xa
f
1
(x)
f
2
(x)
=
lim
xa
f
1
(x)
lim
xa
f
2
(x)
4) Ne

u trong lan c a
.
n U(a; ) = {x : 0 < |x a| < } ta co
f
1
(x) f(x) f
2
(x) v`a lim
xa
f
1
(x) = lim
xa
f
2
(x) = A th` lim
xa
f(x) = A
(nguyen ly bi
.
cha
.
n hai phi a).
Di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am so co the

phat bie

u du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng ngon ng u
.
day nhu
.
sau.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 7.2.2. Gia su
.
D R, a R l`a die

m tu
.
cu a no; A R,
f : D R. Khi do
lim
xa
f(x) = A
30 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
khi v`a ch khi (a
n
), a
n
D \ {a}, a
n
a
f(a
n
) A
T` u
.
do de

ch u
.
ng minh mo
.
t h`am n`ao do khong co gi o
.
i ha
.
n khi x a,
ta ch ca
`
n ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng (a
n
), (a

n
) de
`
u ho
.
i tu
.
de

n a nhu
.
ng
lim
xa
f(a
n
) = lim
xa
f

(a
n
).
Cac di
.
nh l y co
.
ba n ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n da phat bie

u tren day khong ap


du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c doi vo
.
i cac gi o
.
i ha
.
n sau day khi x a, a R.
1) lim
xa
[f(x)+g(x)]; f, g l`a c ac vo c` ung lo
.
n (vo di
.
nh da
.
ng ).
2) lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
; f, g hoa
.
c do
`
ng th`o
.
i l`a hai vo c` ung be, hoa
.
c do
`
ng th`o
.
i
l`a hai vo c` ung lo
.
n (vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0/0 hoa
.
c /).
3) lim
xa
f(x) g(x); f l`a vo c` ung be, c` on g l`a vo c` ung lo
.
n hoa
.
c ngu
.
o
.
.
c
la
.
i (vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0 ).
4) lim
xa
_
f(x)

g(x)
:
a) khi f(x) 1, g(x) (vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 1

)
b) khi f(x) 0, g(x) 0 (vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0
0
)
c) khi f(x) , g(x) 0 (vo di
.
nh da
.
ng
0
)
Vie
.
c tnh gi o
.
i ha
.
n trong cac tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i
l`a khu
.
da
.
ng vo di
.
nh. Trong nhie
`
u tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n ta
thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng cac gio
.
i ha
.
n quan tro
.
ng sau day:
lim
x0
sinx
x
= 1, (7.12)
lim
x0
(1 + x)
1
x
= e (7.13)
7.2. Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n 31
v`a cac he
.
qua cu a (7.13)
lim
x
_
1 +
1
x
_
x
= e, (7.14)
lim
x0
log
a
(1 + x)
x
=
1
lna
, 0 < a = 1, (7.15)
lim
x0
a
x
1
x
= lna, 0 < a = 1. (7.16)
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Su
.
du
.
ng ( ) - di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n de

ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
lim
x3
x
2
= 9.
Gia i. Ta ca
`
n ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng > 0, > 0 sao cho vo
.
i
|x + 3| < th` ta co |x
2
9| < .
Ta ca
`
n u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng hie
.
u |x
2
9|. ta co
|x
2
9| = |x 3||x + 3|.
Do th` u
.
a so |x 3| khong bi
.
cha
.
n tren to`an tru
.
c so nen de

u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng
tch do
.
n gia n ho
.
n ta trch ra 1 - lan ca
.
n cu a die

m a = 3 t u
.
c l`a
khoa ng (4; 2). Vo
.
i mo
.
i x (4; 2) ta co |x 3| < 7 v`a do do
|x
2
9| < 7|x + 3|.
V` -lan ca
.
n die

m a = 3 [t u
.
c l`a khoa ng (3 ; 3 + )] khong
du
.
o
.
.
c vu
.
o
.
.
t ra khoi ranh gio
.
i cu a 1-lan ca
.
n nen ta lay = min
_
1,

7
_
.
Khi do vo
.
i 0 < |x + 3| < |x
2
9| < . Do va
.
y lim
x3
x
2
= 9.
V du
.
2. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng lim
x2

11 x = 3.
Gia i. Gia su
.
> 0 l`a so du
.
o
.
ng cho tru
.
o
.
c be bao nhieu t` uy y. Ta
xet bat phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
|

11 x 3| < . (7.17)
32 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
Ta co
(7.17) <

11 x 3 <
_
_
_

11 x 3 >

11 x 3 <

_
_
_
x 11 < (3 )
2
x 11 > (3 + )
2

_
_
_
x 2 < 6
3
x 2 > (6 +
2
).
V` 6
2
< | (6 + )
2
| = 6 +
2
nen ta c o the

lay () l`a so
6
2
. Vo
.
i so do ta thay ra
`
ng khi x thoa man bat da

ng th u
.
c
0 < |x 2| < th` |

11 x 3| < v`a
lim
x2

11 x = 3.
V du
.
3. Tnh cac gi o
.
i ha
.
n
1) lim
x2
2
x
x
2
x 2
(vo di
.
nh da
.
ng
0
0
);
2) lim
x

4
cotg2x cotg
_

4
x
_
(vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0 );
3) lim
x
_
e
1
x
+
1
x
_
x
(vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 1

).
Gia i
1) Ta c o
2
x
x
2
x 2
=
2
x
2
2
(x
2
2
2
)
x 2
= 4
2
x2
1
x 2

x
2
4
x 2

T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
lim
x2
2
x
x
2
x 2
= 4 lim
x2
2
x2
1
x 2
lim
x2
x
2
4
x 2
= 4ln2 4.
2) Da
.
t y =

4
x. Khi do
lim
x

4
cotg2x cotg
_

4
x
_
= lim
y0
cotg
_

2
2y
_
cotgy
= lim
y0
sin2y
siny

cos y
cos 2y
= 2.
7.2. Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n 33
3) Da
.
t y =
1
x
. Khi do
lim
x
_
e
1
x
+
1
x
_
x
= lim
y0
(e
y
+ y)
1
y
= e
lim
y0
ln(e
y
+y)
y
;
lim
y0
ln(e
y
+ y)
y
= lim
y0
ln[1 + (e
y
+ y 1)]
e
y
+ y 1

e
y
+ y 1
y
= lim
t0
ln(1 + t)
t
lim
y0
_
1 +
e
y
1
y
_
= 2.
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
lim
y0
_
e
y
+ y
_1
y
= e
2
.
V du
.
4. Ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng h`am f(x) = sin
1
x
khong co gio
.
i ha
.
n khi
x 0.
Gia i. Ta lu
.
u y me
.
nh de
`
phu di
.
nh doi vo
.
i di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n:
lim
xa
f(x) = A
0
> 0 > 0 x

(0 < |x

a| < )
|f(x
0
) A|
0
.
Ne

u A = 0 ta lay
0
=
1
2
v`a x
k
=
2

2
+ 2k
. Khi do > 0,
k N : 0 < x
k
< v`a
|f(x
k
) 0| = |f(x
k
)| = 1 >
0
v`a nhu
.
va
.
y A = 0 khong pha i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am da cho khi x 0.
Ne

u A = 0 th` ta lay
0
=
|A|
2
v`a x
k
=
1
2k
. Khi do > 0,
k N : 0 < x
k
< th` |f(x
k
) A| = |A| > . Nhu
.
va
.
y mo
.
i so
A = 0 de
`
u khong l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am sin
1
x
khi x 0.
V du
.
5. H`am Dirichlet D(x):
D(x) =
_
_
_
1 ne

u x Q,
0 ne

u x R \ Q
34 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
khong co gi o
.
i ha
.
n ta
.
i a R.
Gia i. Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng ta
.
i mo
.
i die

m a R h`am D(x) khong


thoa man Di
.
nh l y 2. De

l`am vie
.
c do, ta ch ca
`
n ch ra hai day (a
n
) v`a
(a

n
) c` ung ho
.
i tu
.
de

n a sao cho lim


n
D(a
n
) = lim
n
D(a

n
).
Da
`
u tien ta xet day cac die

m h u
.
u ty (a
n
) ho
.
i tu
.
de

n a. Ta c o
D(a
n
) = 1 n v`a do do lim
n
D(a
n
) = 1. Bay gi`o
.
ta xet day (a

n
) -
day cac die

m vo ty ho
.
i tu
.
de

n a. Ta c o D(a

n
) = 0 n v`a do va
.
y
lim
n
D(a

n
) = 0.
Nhu
.
va
.
y lim
n
D(a
n
) = lim
n
D(a

n
). T` u
.
do suy ra ra
`
ng ta
.
i die

m a
h`am D(x) khong c o gio
.
i ha
.
n .
V du
.
6. Gia su
.
lim
xa
f(x) = b, lim
xa
g(x) = +. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
lim
xa
[f(x) + g(x)] = +.
Gia i. Ta ca
`
n ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng M > 0, > 0 sao cho x : 0 <
|x a| < th` f(x) + g(x) > M.
V` lim
xa
f(x) = b nen to
`
n ta
.
i
1
-lan ca
.
n U(a,
1
) cu a die

m a sao cho
|f(x)| < C, x = a (7.18)
trong do C l`a ha
`
ng so du
.
o
.
ng n`ao do.
Gia su
.
M > 0 l`a so cho tru
.
o
.
c t` uy y. V` lim
xa
g(x) = + nen doi
vo
.
i so M + C, > 0 (
1
) sao cho x : 0 < |x a| < th`
g(x) > M + C (7.19)
T` u
.
cac bat da

ng th u
.
c (7.18) v`a(7.19) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c l`a: vo
.
i x thoa
man die
`
u kie
.
n 0 < |x a| <
1
th`
f(x) + g(x) g(x) |f(x)| > M + C C = M.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
7.2. Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n 35
1. Su
.
du
.
ng di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am so de

ch u
.
ng minh cac da

ng th u
.
c
sau day:
1) lim
x

6
sinx =
1
2
; 2) lim
x

2
sinx = 1;
3) lim
x0
xsin
1
x
= 0; 4) lim
x+
arctgx =

2
.
Ch da

n. D` ung he
.
th u
.
c

2
arctgx < tg
_

2
arctgx
_
=
1
x
)
5) lim
x
x 1
3x + 2
=
1
3
; 6) lim
x+
log
a
x = +;
7) lim
x+
_
x
2
+ 1 x
_
= 0; 8) lim
x5
x
2
+ 2x 15
x + 5
= 8;
9) lim
x1
(5x
2
7x + 6) = 4; 10) lim
x2
x
2
3x + 2
x
2
+ x 6
=
1
5
;
11) lim
x+
xsin x
x
2
100x + 3000
= 0.
2. Ch u
.
ng minh cac gio
.
i ha
.
n sau day khong to
`
n ta
.
i:
1) lim
x1
sin
1
x 1
; 2) lim
x
sinx; 3) lim
xo
2
1
x
;
4) lim
x0
e
1
x
; 5) lim
x
cos x.
Ne

u tu
.
so v`a ma

u so cu a phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty de
`
u trie
.
t tieu ta
.
i die

m
x = a th` c o the

gia n u
.
o
.
c phan th u
.
c cho x a (= 0) mo
.
t hoa
.
c mo
.
t
so la
`
n.
Su
.
du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap gia n u
.
o
.
c do, hay tnh c ac gio
.
i ha
.
n sau day
(3-10).
3. lim
x7
2x
2
11x 21
x
2
9x + 14
(DS.
17
5
)
4. lim
x1
x
4
x
3
+ x
2
3x + 2
x
3
x
2
x + 1
(DS. 2)
5. lim
x1
x
4
+ 2x
2
3
x
2
3x + 2
(DS. 8)
6. lim
x1
x
m
1
x
n
1
; m, n Z (DS.
m
n
)
36 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
7. lim
x1
_
1
1 x

3
1 x
3
_
(DS. 1)
8. lim
x1
_
a
1 x
a

b
1 x
b
_
; a, b N (DS.
a b
2
)
9. lim
x1
(x
n
1)(x
n1
1) (x
nk+1
1)
(x 1)(x
2
1) (x
k
1)
(DS. C
k
n
)
10. lim
xa
(x
n
a
n
) na
n1
(x a)
(x a)
2
, n N (DS.
n(n 1)
2
a
n1
)
Ch da

n. Do

i bie

n x a = t.
Cac b`ai toan sau day co the

du
.
a ve
`
da
.
ng tren nh`o
.
phep do

i bie

n
(11-14)
11. lim
x1
x
p
q
1
x
r
s
1
(DS.
ps
qr
)
12. lim
x1
1 +
3

x
1 +
5

x
(DS.
5
3
)
13. lim
x0
3
3

1 + x 4
4

1 + x + 1
2 2

1 + x + x
(DS.
1
6
)
14. lim
x0
n

1 + x 1
x
(DS.
1
n
)
Mo
.
t trong cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a cac bie

u th u
.
c vo ty
l`a chuye

n vo ty t` u
.
ma

u so len tu
.
so hoa
.
c ngu
.
o
.
.
c la
.
i (15-26)
15. lim
x0

1 + x + x
2
1
x
(DS.
1
2
)
16. lim
x2

3 + x + x
2

9 2x + x
2
x
2
3x + 2
(DS.
1
2
)
17. lim
x0
5x
3

1 + x
3

1 x
(DS.
15
2
)
18. lim
x0
3

1 + 3x
3

1 2x
x + x
2
(DS. 2)
19. lim
x
_
x
2
+ 1

x
2
1
_
(DS. 0)
7.2. Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n 37
20. lim
x
_
3

1 x
3
+ x
_
(DS. 0)
21. lim
x+
_
x
2
+ 5x + x
_
(DS. +)
22. lim
x
_
x
2
+ 5x + x
_
(DS.
5
2
)
23. lim
x+
_
x
2
+ 2x x
_
(DS. 1)
24. lim
x
_
x
2
+ 2x x
_
. (DS. +)
25. lim
x
_
(x + 1)
2
3
(x 1)
2
3
_
(DS. 0)
26. lim
x+
_
n
_
(x + a
1
)(x + a
2
) (x + a
n
) x

(DS.
a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
n
n
)
Khi gia i cac b`ai toan sau day ta thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c
lim
t0
(1 + t)

1
t
= (27-34)
27. lim
x0
5

1 + 3x
4

1 2x
3

1 + x

1 + x
(DS. 6)
28. lim
x0
n

a + x
n

a x
x
, n N (DS.
2
n
a
1
n
1
)
29. lim
x0

1 + 3x +
3

1 + x
5

1 + x
7

1 + x
4

1 + 2x + x
6

1 + x
(DS.
313
280
)
30. lim
x0
3

a
2
+ ax + x
2

a
2
ax + x
2

a + x

a x
(DS.
3
2
a
1
6
)
31. lim
x0
_
1 + x
2
+ x
_
n

_
1 + x
2
x
_
n
x
(DS. 2n)
32. lim
x0
n

a + x
n

a x
x
, n N, a > 0 (DS.
2
n

a
na
)
33. lim
x0
n

1 + ax
k

1 + bx
x
, n N, a > 0 (DS.
ak bn
nk
)
34. lim
x
_
n
_
(1 + x
2
)(2 + x
2
) (n + x
2
) x
2
_
(DS.
n + 1
2
)
38 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
Khi tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n cac bie

u th u
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac ta thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng c ong
th u
.
c co
.
ba n
lim
x0
sinx
x
= 1
c` ung vo
.
i su
.
.
ke

t ho
.
.
p c ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n da neu o
.
tren
(35-56).
35. lim
x
sin
x
2
x
(DS. 0)
36. lim
x
arctgx
2x
(DS. 0)
37. lim
x2
x
2
4
arctg(x + 2)
(DS. 4)
38. lim
x0
tgx sinx
x
3
(DS.
1
2
)
39. lim
x0
xcotg5x (DS.
1
5
)
40. lim
x1
(1 x)tg
x
2
(DS.
2

)
41. lim
x1
1 x
2
sinx
(DS.
2

)
42. lim
x
sinx

2
x
2
(DS.
1
2
)
43. lim
x0
cos mx cos nx
x
2
(DS.
1
2
(n
2
m
2
))
44. lim
x
x
2
_
cos
1
x
cos
3
x
_
(DS. 4)
45. lim
x0
sin(a + x) + sin(a x) 2 sin a
x
2
(DS. sina)
46. lim
x0
cos(a + x) + cos(a x) 2 cos a
1 cos x
(DS. 2 cos a)
47. lim
x
_
sin

x
2
+ 1 sin

x
2
1
_
(DS. 0)
7.2. Gio
.
i ha
.
n h`am mo
.
t bie

n 39
48. lim
x0

cos x 1
x
2
(DS.
1
4
)
49. lim
x

2
cos
x
2
sin
x
2
cos x
(DS.
1

2
)
50. lim
x

3
sin
_
x

3
_
1 2 cos x
(DS.
1

3
)
51. lim
x

2 cos x 1
1 tg
2
x
(DS.
1
4
)
52. lim
x0

1 + tgx

1 tgx
sinx
(DS. 1)
53. lim
x0
m

cos x
m

cos x
x
2
(DS.

2

2
2m
)
54. lim
x0
cos x
3

cos x
sin
2
x
(DS.
1
3
)
55. lim
x0
1 cos x

cos 2x
tgx
2
(DS.
3
2
)
56. lim
x0

1 + xsinx cos x
sin
2
x
2
(DS. 4)
De

tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n lim
xa
[f(x)]
(x)
, trong do
f(x) 1, (x) khi x a ta co the

bie

n do

i bie

u th u
.
c
[f(x)]
(x)
nhu
.
sau:
lim
xa
[f(x)]
(x)
= lim
xa
_
[1 + (f(x) 1)]
1
f(x)1
_
(x)[f(x)1]
= e
lim
xa
(x)[f(x)1]
o
.
day lim
xa
(x)[f(x) 1] du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap da neu tren
day. Ne

u lim
xa
(x)[f(x) 1] = A th`
lim
xa
[f(x)]
(x)
= e
A
(57-68).
40 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
57. lim
x
_
2x + 3
2x + 1
_
x+1
(DS. e)
58. lim
x
_
x
2
1
x
2
_
x
4
(DS. 0)
59. lim
x0
(1 + tgx)
cotgx
(DS. e)
60. lim
x0
(1 + 3tg
2
x)
cotg
2
x
(DS. e
3
)
61. lim
x0
_
cos x
cos 2x
_ 1
x
2
(DS. e
3
2
)
62. lim
x

2
(sinx)
1
cotgx
(DS. 1)
63. lim
x

2
(tgx)
tg2x
(DS. e
1
)
64. lim
x0
_
tg
_

4
+ x
__
cotg2x
(DS. e)
65. lim
x0
_
cos x
_ 1
x
2
(DS. e

1
2
)
66. lim
x0
_
cos 3x
_ 1
sin
2
x
(DS. e

9
2
)
67. lim
x0
_
1 + tgx
1 + sinx
_ 1
sinx
(DS. 1)
68. lim
x

4
_
sin 2x
_
tg
2
2x
(DS. e

1
2
)
Khi tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n cac bie

u th u
.
c c o ch u
.
a h`am lodarit v`a h`am m u ta
thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng cac c ong th u
.
c (7.15) v`a (7.16) v` a c ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap
tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n da neu o
.
tren (69-76).
69. lim
xe
lnx 1
x e
(DS. e
1
)
70. lim
x10
lgx 1
x 10
(DS.
1
10ln10
)
71. lim
x0
e
x
2
1

1 + sin
2
x 1
(DS. 2)
72. lim
x0
e
x
2
cos x
sin
2
x
(DS.
3
2
)
7.3. H`am lien tu
.
c 41
73. lim
x0
e
x
e
x
sinx sinx
(DS. 1)
74. lim
x0
e
sin5x
e
sinx
ln(1 + 2x)
(DS. 2)
75. lim
x0
a
x
2
b
x
2
lncos 2x
, a > 0, b > 0 (DS.
1
2
ln
a
b
)
76. lim
x0
_
a
sinx
+ b
sinx
2
_1
x
, a > 0, b > 0 (DS.

ab)
7.3 H` am lien tu
.
c
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 7.3.1. H`am f(x) xac di
.
nh trong lan ca
.
n cu a die

m x
0
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m do ne

u
lim
xx
0
f(x) = f(x
0
).
Di
.
nh ngha 7.3.1 tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 7.3.1

. H`am f(x) xac di


.
nh trong lan c a
.
n cu a die

m x
0
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m x
0
ne

u
> 0 > 0 x D
f
: |x x
0
| < |f(x) f(x
0
)| < .
Hie
.
u x x
0
= x du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a s o gia cu a doi s o, c`on hie
.
u f(x)
f(x
0
) = f du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a s o gia cu a h`am s o ta
.
i x
0
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i so
gia x, t u
.
c l`a
x = x x
0
, f(x
0
) = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
).
Vo
.
i ngon ng u
.
so gia di
.
nh ngha 7.3.1 co da
.
ng
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 7.3.1

. H`am f(x) xac di


.
nh trong lan ca
.
n cu a die

m x
0
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a lien tu
.
c ta
.
i x
0
ne

u
lim
x0
f = 0.
42 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
Ba
`
ng ngon ng u
.
day ta co di
.
nh ngha tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 7.3.1

. H`am f(x) xac di


.
nh trong lan ca
.
n die

m x
0
D
f
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m x
0
ne

u
(x
n
) D
f
: x
n
x
0
lim
n
f(x
n
) = f(x
0
).
D
-
i
.
nh l y 7.3.1. Die
`
u kie
.
n c a
`
n v` a du de

h`am f(x) lien tu


.
c ta
.
i die

m
x
0
l`a h`am f(x) thoa mac cac die
`
u kie
.
n sau day:
i) H`am pha i xac di
.
nh ta
.
i mo
.
t l an c a
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m x
0
.
ii) H`am c o c ac gio
.
i ha
.
n mo
.
t pha nhu
.
nhau
lim
xx
0
0
f(x) = lim
xx
0
+0
f(x).
iii) lim
xx
0
0
= lim
xx
0
+0
= f(x
0
).
Gia su
.
h`am f(x) xac di
.
nh trong nu
.
a lan ca
.
n ben pha i (ben trai)
cu a die

m x
0
, ngha l`a tren nu
.
a khoa ng [x
0
, x
0
+ ) (tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng: tren
(x
0
, x
0
]) n`ao do.
H`am f(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a lien tu
.
c ben pha i (ben trai) ta
.
i die

m x
0
ne

u
f(x
0
+ 0) = f(x
0
) (tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng: f(x
0
0) = f(x
0
)).
D
-
i
.
nh l y 7.3.2. H`am f(x) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m x
0
D
f
khi v`a ch khi
no lien tu
.
c ben pha i v`a ben trai ta
.
i die

m x
0
.
H`am lien tu
.
c ta
.
i mo
.
t die

m co cac tnh chat sau.


I) Ne

u cac h`am f(x) v`a g(x) lien tu


.
c ta
.
i die

m x
0
th` f(x) g(x),
f(x) g(x) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i x
0
, v`a f(x)/g(x) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i x
0
ne

u g(x
0
) = 0.
II) Gia su
.
h`am y = (x) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i x
0
, c` on h`am u = f(y) lien
tu
.
c ta
.
i y
0
= (x
0
). Khi do h`am ho
.
.
p u = f[(x)] lien tu
.
c ta
.
i x
0
.
T` u
.
do suy ra ra
`
ng
lim
xx
0
f[(x)] = f
_
lim
xx
0
(x)

.
H`am f(x) go
.
i l`a gian doa
.
n ta
.
i die

m x
0
ne

u no xac di
.
nh ta
.
i nh u
.
ng
die

m ga
`
n x
0
bao nhieu t` uy y nhu
.
ng ta
.
i chnh x
0
h`am khong thoa man
t nhat mo
.
t trong cac die
`
u kie
.
n lien tu
.
c o
.
tren.
7.3. H`am lien tu
.
c 43
Die

m x
0
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a
1) Die

m gian doa
.
n khu
.
du
.
o
.
.
c cu a h`am f(x) ne

u to
`
n ta
.
i lim
xx
0
f(x) =
b nhu
.
ng hoa
.
c f(x) khong xac di
.
nh ta
.
i die

m x
0
hoa
.
c f(x
0
) = b. Ne

u
bo

sung gi a tri
.
f(x
0
) = b th` h`am f(x) tro
.
nen lien tu
.
c ta
.
i x
0
, t u
.
c l`a
gian doa
.
n co the

khu
.
du
.
o
.
.
c.
2) Die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u I cu a h`am f(x) ne

u f(x
0
+0) v`a f(x
0
0)
nhu
.
ng f(x
0
+ 0) = f(x
0
0).
3) Die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u II cu a h`am f(x) ne

u ta
.
i die

m x
0
mo
.
t trong
cac gio
.
i ha
.
n lim
xx
0
+0
f(x) ho a
.
c lim
xx
0
0
f(c) khong to
`
n ta
.
i.
H`am f(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am so
.
cap ne

u no du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i mo
.
t bie

u
th u
.
c gia i tch la
.
p nen nh`o
.
mo
.
t so h u
.
u ha
.
n phep tnh so ho
.
c v`a cac
phep ho
.
.
p h`am thu
.
.
c hie
.
n tren cac h`am so
.
cap co
.
ba n.
Mo
.
i h`am so
.
cap x ac di
.
nh trong lan ca
.
n cu a mo
.
t die

m n`ao do l`a
lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m do.
Lu
.
u y ra
`
ng h`am khong so
.
cap co the

co gi an doa
.
n ta
.
i nh u
.
ng die

m
no khong x ac di
.
nh c ung nhu
.
ta
.
i nh u
.
ng die

m m`a no xac di
.
nh. Da
.
c bie
.
t
l`a ne

u h`am du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i nhie
`
u bie

u th u
.
c gia i tch khac nhau tren cac
khoa ng khac nhau th` no co the

co gi an doa
.
n ta
.
i nh u
.
ng die

m thay do

i
bie

u th u
.
c gia i tch.
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am f(x) = sin(2x 3) lien tu
.
c x R.
Gia i. Ta lay die

m x
0
R t` uy y. Xet hie
.
u
sin(2x 3) sin(2x
0
3) = 2 cos(x + x
0
3) sin(x x
0
) = (x).
V` | cos(x + x
0
3)| 1 v`a sin(x x
0
)| < |x x
0
| nen khi x x
0
h`am sin(x x
0
) l`a h`am vo c` ung be. T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng (x) l`a tch cu a
h`am bi
.
cha
.
n vo
.
i vo c` ung be v`a
lim
xx
0
sin(2x 3) = sin(2x
0
3).
44 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
V du
.
2. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am f(x) =

x + 4 lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die
`
m
x
0
= 5.
Gia i. Ta co f(5) = 3. Cho tru
.
o
.
c so > 0. Theo di
.
nh ngha 1

ta
la
.
p hie
.
u f(x) f(5) =

x + 4 3 v`a u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng modun cu a no. Ta
co
|

x + 4 3| =
|x 5|
|

x + 4 + 3|
<
|x 5|
3
(*)
Ne

u ta cho
.
n = 3 th` vo
.
i nh u
.
ng gia tri
.
x m`a |x 5| < = 3
ta se c o |

x + 4 3| < . T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng h`am f(x) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m
x
0
= 5.
V du
.
3. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am f(x) =

x lien tu
.
c ben pha i ta
.
i
die

m x
0
= 0.
Gia i. Gia su
.
cho tru
.
o
.
c so > 0 t` uy y. B at da

ng th u
.
c |

x0| <
tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i bat da

ng th u
.
c 0 x <
2
. Ta lay =
2
. Khi do
t` u
.
bat da

ng th u
.
c 0 x < suy ra
`
ng

x < . Die
`
u do co ngha ra
`
ng
lim
x0+0

x = 0.
V du
.
4. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am y = x
2
lien tu
.
c tren to`an tru
.
c so.
Gia i. Gia su
.
x
0
R l`a die

m t` uy y tren tru
.
c so v`a > 0 l`a so cho
tru
.
o
.
c t` uy y. Ta xet hie
.
u
|x
2
x
2
0
| = |x + x
0
||x x
0
|
v`a ca
`
n u
.
o
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng no. V` |x + x
0
| khong bi
.
cha
.
n tren R nen de

u
.
o
.
c
lu
.
o
.
.
ng hie
.
u tren ta xet mo
.
t lan ca
.
n n`ao do cu a x
0
, cha

ng ha
.
n U(x
0
; 1) =
(x
0
1; x
0
+ 1). V o
.
i x U(x
0
; 1) ta c o
|x + x
0
| = |x x
0
+ 2x
0
| |x x
0
| + 2|x
0
| < 1 + 2|x
0
|
v`a do do
|x
2
x
2
0
| < (1 + 2|x
0
|)|x x
0
|.
7.3. H`am lien tu
.
c 45
V` -lan ca
.
n cu a die

m x
0
ca
`
n pha i na
`
m trong U(x
0
; 1) nen ta lay
= min
_

1 + 2|x
0
|
; 1
_
v`a vo
.
i |x x
0
| < = min
_

1 + 2|x
0
|
; 1
_
ta se
co
|x
2
x
2
0
| < .
V du
.
5. Xac di
.
nh v`a phan loa
.
i die

m gian doa
.
n cu a h`am
f(x) =
1
1 + 2
1
x1

Gia i. H`am da cho xac di


.
nh x = 1. Nhu
.
va
.
y die

m gian doa
.
n l`a
die

m x
0
= 1.
Ne

u (x
n
) l`a day ho
.
i tu
.
de

n 1 v`a x
n
> 1 th`
_
1
x
n
1
_
l`a day v o
c` ung lo
.
n vo
.
i mo
.
i so ha
.
ng de
`
u du
.
o
.
ng. Do do
_
1 + 2
1
xn1
_
l`a day vo
c` ung lo
.
n. T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng f(x
n
) =
1
1 + 2
1
xn1
l`a day vo c` ung be, t u
.
c
l`a lim
n
f(x
n
) = 0 v`a lim
x1+0
f(x) = 0.
Ne

u (x
n
) 1 v`a x
n
< 1 th`
_
1
x
n
1
_
l`a day vo c` ung lo
.
n vo
.
i cac
so ha
.
ng de
`
u am. Do va
.
y
_
2
1
xn1
_
0 (n ) v`a
f(x
n
) =
1
1 + 2
1
xn1
1 (n ),
t u
.
c l`a lim
x10
f(x) = 1. Do do die

m x
0
= 1 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u I.
V du
.
6. Xac di
.
nh v`a phan loa
.
i die

m gian doa
.
n cu a h`am
f(x) =
_

_
xcos
1
x
khi x < 0
0 khi x = 0
cos
1
x
khi x > 0.
46 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
Gia i. Die

m gian doa
.
n co the

co cu a h`am l`a x
0
= 0. Ta xet cac gio
.
i
ha
.
n mo
.
t pha ta
.
i die

m x
0
= 0.
i) Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng lim
x00
f(x) = 0. Th a
.
t va
.
y, ne

u day (x
n
)
ho
.
i tu
.
de

n 0 v`a x
n
< 0 n th`
0 |f(x
n
)| = |x
n
|

cos
1
x
n

|x
n
|.
V` |x
n
| 0 khi n nen lim
n
f(x
n
) = 0.
ii) H`am da cho khong co gio
.
i ha
.
n ben pha i ta
.
i die

m x
0
= 0. De

ch u
.
ng minh die
`
u do ta xet hai day ho
.
i tu
.
de

n 0 la
.
p nen t` u
.
cac day
so du
.
o
.
ng x
n
=
1

2
+ n
v`a x

n
=
1
2n
. Ne

u nhu
.
h`am f co gio
.
i ha
.
n
ben pha i ta
.
i die

m x
0
= 0 th` hai day f(x
n
) v`a f(x

n
) pha i ho
.
i tu
.
de

n
c` ung mo
.
t gi o
.
i ha
.
n. The

nhu
.
ng f(x

n
) = cos 2n = 1 ho
.
i tu
.
de

n 1, c`on
f(x
n
) = cos
_

2
+ n
_
= 0 ho
.
i tu
.
de

n 0.
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng h`am co gian doa
.
n kie

u II ta
.
i die

m x
0
= 0.
V du
.
7. T`m v`a phan loa
.
i cac die

m gian doa
.
n cu a cac h`am:
1) y = (signx)
2
; 2) y = [x]
Gia i
1) T` u
.
di
.
nh ngha h`am signx suy ra
`
ng
(signx)
2
=
_
_
_
1, x = 0
0, x = 0.
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng h`am y = (signx)
2
lien tu
.
c x = 0 (hay du
.
.
ng do
`
thi
.
cu a h`am) v`a ta
.
i die

m x
0
= 0 ta co y(0 0) = y(0 + 0) = y(0).
Die
`
u do co ngha ra
`
ng x
0
= 0 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n khu
.
du
.
o
.
.
c.
2) Gia su
.
n Z. Ne

u n 1 x < n th` [x] = n 1, ne

u
n x < n + 1 th` [x] = n (hay du
.
.
ng do
`
thi
.
cu a h`am pha
`
n nguyen
[x]). Ne

u x
0
Z th` to
`
n ta
.
i lan ca
.
n cu a die

m x
0
(khong ch u
.
a cac so
7.3. H`am lien tu
.
c 47
nguyen) sao cho ta
.
i do h`am ba
`
ng ha
`
ng so. Do va
.
y no lien tu
.
c ta
.
i x
0
.
Ne

u x
0
= n l`a so nguyen th` [n 0] = n 1, [n + 0] = n. T` u
.
do suy
ra
`
ng x
0
= n l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u I.
V du
.
8. Kha o sat su
.
.
lien tu
.
c v`a phan loa
.
i die

m gian doa
.
n cu a cac
h`am
1) f(x) =
x
2
x
, 2) f(x) = e

1
x
, 3) f(x) =
_
_
_
x ne

u x 1
lnx ne

u x > 1.
Gia i
1) H`am f(x) = x ne

u x = 0 v`a khong xac di


.
nh khi x = 0. V` a
ta co lim
xa
x = a nen khi a = 0:
lim
xa
f(x) = a = f(a)
v`a do va
.
y h`am f(x) lien tu
.
c x = 0. Ta
.
i die

m x = 0 ta co gian doa
.
n
khu
.
du
.
o
.
.
c v` to
`
n ta
.
i
lim
x0
f(x) = lim
x0
x = 0.
2) H`am f(x) = e

1
x
l`a h`am so
.
cap v` no l`a ho
.
.
p cu a c ac h`am
y = x
1
v`a f = e
y
. Hie

n nhien l`a h`am f(x) xac di


.
nh x = 0 v`a
do do no lien tu
.
c x = 0. V` h`am f(x) xac di
.
nh trong lan ca
.
n die

m
x = 0 v`a khong xac di
.
nh ta
.
i chnh die

m x = 0 nen die

m x = 0 l`a die

m
gian doa
.
n. Ta tnh f(0 + 0) v`a f(0 0).
Ta xet day vo c` ung be t` uy y (x
n
) sao cho x
n
> 0 n. V`
lim
x
_

1
x
n
_
= nen lim
x
e

1
xn
= 0. T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng lim
x0+0
e

1
x
= 0.
Bay gi` o
.
ta xet day vo c` ung be bat k` y (x

n
) sao cho x

0
< 0 n. V`
lim
n
_

1
x

n
_
= + nen lim
x0
e

1
x

n
= +. Do do lim
x00
e

1
x
= +
t u
.
c l`a f(0 0) = +.
Nhu
.
va
.
y gio
.
i ha
.
n ben trai cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m x = 0 khong to
`
n
ta
.
i do do die

m x = 0 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u II.
48 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
3) Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng f(x) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m x = a = 1. Ta lay
< |a 1|, > 0. Khi do -lan ca
.
n cu a die

m x = a khong ch u
.
a die

m
x = 1 ne

u < |a 1|. Trong -lan ca


.
n n`ay h`am f(x) hoa
.
c tr` ung vo
.
i
h`am (x) = x ne

u a < 1 hoa
.
c tr` ung vo
.
i h`am (x) = lnx ne

u a > 1.
V` cac h`am so
.
cap co
.
ba n n`ay lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m x = a nen h`am f(x)


lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m x = a = 1.
Ta kha o sat tnh lien tu
.
c cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m x = a = 1. De

l`am
vie
.
c do ta ca
`
n tnh c ac gi o
.
i ha
.
n mo
.
t pha cu a f(x) ta
.
i die

m x = a = 1.
Ta co
f(1 + 0) = lim
x1+0
f(x) = lim
x1+0
lnx = 0,
f(1 0) = lim
x10
f(x) = lim
x10
x = lim
x1
x = 1.
Nhu
.
va
.
y f(1 +0) = f(1 0) v`a do do h`am f(x) c o gian doa
.
n kie

u
I ta
.
i x = a = 1.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Kha o sat tnh lien tu
.
c v`a phan loa
.
i die

m gian doa
.
n cu a h`am
1. f(x) =
|2x 3|
2x 3
(DS. H`am xac di
.
nh v`a lien tu
.
c x =
3
2
; ta
.
i
x
0
=
3
2
h`am co gian doa
.
n kie

u I)
2. f(x) =
_
_
_
1
x
ne

u x = 0
1 ne

u x = 0.
(DS. H`am lien tu
.
c x R)
3. Co to
`
n ta
.
i hay khong gia tri
.
a de

h`am f(x) lien tu


.
c ta
.
i x
0
ne

u:
1) f(x) =
_
_
_
4 3
x
ne

u x < 0
2a + x khi x 0.
(DS. H`am f lien tu
.
c x R ne

u a = 2)
7.3. H`am lien tu
.
c 49
2) f(x) =
_
_
_
xsin
1
x
, x = 0;
a, x = 0, x
0
= 0.
.
(DS. a = 0)
3) f(x) =
_
_
_
1 + x
1 + x
3
, x = 1
a, x = 1, x
0
= 1.
(DS. a =
1
3
)
4) f(x) =
_
_
_
cos x, x 0;
a(x 1), x > 0; x
0
= 0.
(DS. a = 1)
4. f(x) =
| sinx|
sinx
(DS. H`am co gian doa
.
n ta
.
i x = k, k Z v`:
f(x) =
_
_
_
1 ne

u sinx > 0
1 ne

u sinx < 0)
5. f(x) = E(x) E(x)
(DS. H`am co gian doa
.
n khu
.
du
.
o
.
.
c ta
.
i x = n, x Z v`:
f(x) =
_
_
_
1 ne

u x = n
0 ne

u x = n.)
6. f(x) =
_
_
_
e
1/x
khi x = 0
0 khi x = 0.
(DS. Ta
.
i die

m x = 0 h`am co gian doa


.
n kie

u II; f(0) = 0, f(+0) =


)
T`m die

m gian doa
.
n v`a tnh bu
.
o
.
c nha y cu a cac h`am:
7. f(x) = x +
x + 2
|x + 2|
(DS. x = 2 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u I, (2) = 2)
50 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
8. f(x) =
2|x 1|
x
2
x
3
(DS. x = 0 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u II, x = 1 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u
I, (1) = 4)
Hay bo

sung c ac h`am sau day ta


.
i die

m x = 0 de

ch ung tro
.
th`anh
lien tu
.
c
9. f(x) =
tgx
x
(DS. f(0) = 1)
10. f(x) =

1 + x 1
x
(DS. f(0) =
1
2
)
11. f(x) =
sin
2
x
1 cos x
(DS. f(0) = 2)
12. Hie
.
u cu a cac gio
.
i ha
.
n mo
.
t pha cu a h`am f(x):
d = lim
xx
0
+0
f(x) lim
xx
0
0
f(x)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a bu
.
o
.
c nha y cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m x
0
. T`m die

m gian doa
.
n
v`a bu
.
o
.
c nha y cu a h`am f(x) ne

u:
1) f(x) =
_
_
_

1
2
x
2
ne

u x 2,
x ne

u x > 2.
(DS. x
0
= 2 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u I; d = 4)
2) f(x) =
_

_
2

x ne

u 0 x 1;
4 2x ne

u 1 < x 2, 5;
2x 7 ne

u 2, 5 x < +.
(DS. x
0
= 2, 5 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u I; d = 1)
3) f(x) =
_
_
_
2x + 5 ne

u < x < 1,
1
x
ne

u 1 x < +.
(DS. x
0
= 0 l`a die

m gian doa
.
n kie

u II; die

m x
0
= 1 l`a die

m gian
doa
.
n kie

u I, d = 4)
7.4. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 51
7.4 Gio
.
i ha
.
n v` a lien tu
.
c cu

a h`am nhie
`
u
bie

n
1. Gia su
.
u = f(M) = f(x, y) xac di
.
nh tren ta
.
p ho
.
.
p D. Gia su
.

M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) l`a die

m co di
.
nh n`ao do cu a ma
.
t pha

ng v`a x x
0
, y y
0
,
khi do die

m M(x, y) M
0
(x
0
, y
0
). Die
`
u n`ay tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i khoa ng
cach (M, M
0
) gi u
.
a hai die

m M v`a M
0
da
`
n de

n 0. Ta lu
.
u y ra
`
ng
(M, M
0
) = [(x x
0
)
2
+ (y y
0
)
2
]
1/2
.
Ta co cac di
.
nh ngha sau day:
i) Di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n (theo Cauchy)
So b du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am f(M) khi M M
0
(hay ta
.
i
die

m M
0
) ne

u
> 0, = () > 0 : M {D : 0 < (M, M
0
) < ()}
|f(M) b| < .
ii) Di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n (theo Heine)
So b du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am f(M) ta
.
i die

m M
0
ne

u doi vo
.
i
day die

m {M
n
} bat k` y ho
.
i tu
.
de

n M
0
sao cho M
n
D, M
n
= M
0
n N th` day c ac gia tri
.
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng cu a h`am {f(M
n
)} ho
.
i tu
.
de

n b.
K y hie
.
u:
i) lim
MM
0
f(M) = b, hoa
.
c
ii) lim
x x
0
y y
0
f(x, y) = b
Hai di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n tren day tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i nhau.
Ch u y. Ta nhan ma
.
nh ra
`
ng theo di
.
nh ngha, gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am khong
phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng M da
`
n to
.
i M
0
. Do do ne

u M M
0
theo
cac hu
.
o
.
ng khac nhau m`a f(M) da
`
n de

n cac gi a tri
.
khac nhau th` khi
M M
0
h`am f(M) khong c o gio
.
i ha
.
n.
52 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
iii) So b du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am f(M) khi M ne

u
> 0, R > 0 : M {D : (M, 0) > R} |f(M) b| < .
Doi vo
.
i h`am nhie
`
u bie

n, c` ung vo
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n thong thu
.
`o
.
ng da neu o
.

tren (gio
.
i ha
.
n kep !), ngu
.
`o
.
i ta c`on xet gio
.
i ha
.
n la
.
p. Ta se xet khai
nie
.
m n`ay cho h`am hai bie

n u = f(M) = f(x, y).


Gia su
.
u = f(x, y) xac di
.
nh trong h`nh ch u
.
nha
.
t
Q = {(x, y) : |x x
0
| < d
1
, |y y
0
| < d
2
}
co the

tr` u
.
ra chnh cac die

m x = x
0
, y = y
0
. Khi co di
.
nh mo
.
t gia tri
.
y th` h`am f(x, y) tro
.
th`anh h`am mo
.
t bie

n. Gia su
.
doi vo
.
i gia tri
.
co
di
.
nh y bat k` y thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n 0 < |y y
0
| < d
2
to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n
lim
xx
0
y co di
.
nh
f(x, y) = (y).
Tie

p theo, gia su
.
lim
yy
0
(y) = b to
`
n ta
.
i. Khi do ngu
.
`o
.
i ta noi ra
`
ng
to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n la
.
p cu a h`am f(x, y) ta
.
i die

m M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) v`a vie

t
lim
yy
0
lim
xx
0
f(x, y) = b,
trong do gio
.
i ha
.
n lim
xx
0
y co di
.
nh
0<|yy
0
|<d
2
f(x, y) go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n trong. Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
, ta
co the

phat bie

u di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n la
.
p khac lim
xx
0
lim
yy
0
f(x, y) trong
do gio
.
i ha
.
n
lim
yy
0
x co di
.
nh
0<|xx
0
|<d
1
f(x, y)
l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n trong.
Moi quan he
.
gi u
.
a gio
.
i ha
.
n kep v`a cac gio
.
i ha
.
n la
.
p du
.
o
.
.
c the

hie
.
n
trong di
.
nh l y sau day:
7.4. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 53
Gia su
.
ta
.
i die

m M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) gio
.
i ha
.
n kep v` a c ac gio
.
i ha
.
n trong cu a
cac gi o
.
i ha
.
n la
.
p cu a h`am to
`
n ta
.
i. Khi do cac gio
.
i ha
.
n la
.
p to
`
n ta
.
i v`a
lim
xx
0
lim
yy
0
f(x, y) = lim
yy
0
lim
xx
0
= lim
xx
0
yy
0
f(x, y).
T` u
.
di
.
nh l y n`ay ta thay ra
`
ng vie
.
c thay do

i th u
.
tu
.
.
trong cac gi o
.
i
ha
.
n khong pha i bao gi`o
.
c ung du
.
o
.
.
c phep.
Doi vo
.
i h`am nhie
`
u bie

n ta c ung co nh u
.
ng di
.
nh l y ve
`
cac tnh chat
so ho
.
c cu a gio
.
i ha
.
n tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
cac di
.
nh l y ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am mo
.
t
bie

n.
2. T` u
.
khai nie
.
m gio
.
i ha
.
n ta se tr`nh b`ay khai nie
.
m ve
`
tnh lien tu
.
c
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n.
H`am u = f(M) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m M
0
ne

u:
i) f(M) xac di
.
nh ta
.
i chnh die

m M
0
c ung nhu
.
trong mo
.
t lan ca
.
n
n`ao do cu a die

m M
0
.
ii) Gio
.
i ha
.
n lim
MM
0
f(M) to
`
n ta
.
i.
iii) lim
MM
0
f(M) = f(M
0
).
Su
.
.
lien tu
.
c v` u
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c di
.
nh ngha go
.
i l`a su
.
.
lien tu
.
c theo ta
.
p ho
.
.
p
bie

n so.
H`am f(M) lien tu
.
c trong mie
`
n D ne

u no lien tu
.
c ta
.
i mo
.
i die

m cu a
mie
`
n do.
Die

m M
0
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a die

m gian doa
.
n cu a h`am f(M) ne

u doi vo
.
i
die

m M
0
co t nhat mo
.
t trong ba die
`
u kie
.
n trong di
.
nh ngha lien tu
.
c
khong thoa man. Die

m gian doa
.
n cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n co the

l`a nh u
.
ng
die

m co la
.
p, v`a c ung co the

l`a ca mo
.
t du
.
`o
.
ng (du
.
`o
.
ng gian doa
.
n).
Ne

u h`am f(x, y) lien tu


.
c ta
.
i die

m M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) theo ta
.
p ho
.
.
p bie

n so
th` no lien tu
.
c theo t` u
.
ng bie

n so. Die
`
u kha

ng di
.
nh ngu
.
o
.
.
c la
.
i l`a khong
d ung.
C ung nhu
.
doi vo
.
i h`am mo
.
t bie

n, to

ng, hie
.
u v`a tch c ac h`am lien
tu
.
c hai bie

n ta
.
i die

m M
0
l`a h`am lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m do; thu
.
o
.
ng cu a hai
h`am lien tu
.
c ta
.
i M
0
c ung l`a h`am lien tu
.
c ta
.
i M
0
ne

u ta
.
i die

m M
0
h`am
54 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
ma

u so khac 0. Ngo` ai ra, di


.
nh l y ve
`
tnh lien tu
.
c cu a h`am ho
.
.
p va

n
d ung trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay.
Nha
.
n xet. Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
tren ta c o the

tr`nh b`ay cac khai nie


.
m co
.
ba n lien quan de

n gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am ba bie

n,...
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am
f(x, y) = (x + y) sin
1
x
sin
1
y
l`a vo c` ung be ta
.
i die

m O(0, 0).
Gia i. Theo di
.
nh ngha vo c` ung be (tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
doi vo
.
i h`am mo
.
t
bie

n) ta ca
`
n ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng
lim
x0
y0
f(x, y) = 0.
Ta ap du
.
ng di
.
nh ngha gio
.
i ha
.
n theo Cauchy. Ta cho so > 0 t` uy
y v`a da
.
t =

2
. Khi do ne

_
M(x, y), O(0, 0)

=
_
x
2
+ y
2
< th` |x| < , |y| < .
Do do
|f(x, y) 0| =

(x + y) sin
1
x
sin
1
y

|x| +|y| < 2 = .


Die
`
u do ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng
lim
x0
y0
f(x, y) = 0.
V du
.
2. Tnh cac gi o
.
i ha
.
n sau day:
1) lim
x0
y2
_
1 + xy
_
2
x
2
+ xy
, 2) lim
x0
y2
_
x
2
+ (y x)
2
+ 1 1
x
2
+ (y 2)
2
,
3) lim
x0
y0
x
4
+ y
4
x
2
+ y
2
.
7.4. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 55
Gia i. 1) Ta bie

u die

n h`am du
.
o
.
i dau gio
.
i ha
.
n du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
_
_
1 + xy
_
1
xy
_
2y
x + y
.
V` t = xy 0 khi
_
x 0
y 0
_
nen
lim
x0
y2
_
1 + xy
_
1
xy
= lim
t0
_
1 + t
_
1
t
= e.
Tie

p theo v` lim
x0
y2
2
x + y
= 2 (theo di
.
nh l y thong thu
.
`o
.
ng ve
`
gio
.
i ha
.
n
cu a thu
.
o
.
ng), do do gio
.
i ha
.
n ca
`
n t`m ba
`
ng e
2
.
2) Ta t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n M(x, y) M
0
(0, 2). Khoa ng cach
gi u
.
a hai die

m M v`a M
0
ba
`
ng
=
_
x
2
+ (y 2)
2
.
Do do
lim
x0
y2
f(x, y) = lim
0
_

2
+ 1 1

2
= lim
0
(
2
+ 1) 1

2
(
_

2
+ 1 + 1)
= lim
0
1
_

2
+ 1 + 1
=
1
2

3) Chuye

n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c ta co x = cos , y = sin . Ta co
x
4
+ y
4
x
2
+ y
2
=

4
(cos
4
+ sin
4
)

2
(cos
2
+ sin
2
)
=
2
(cos
4
+ sin
4
).
V` cos
4
+ sin
4
2 nen
lim
x0
y0
x
4
+ y
4
x
2
+ y
2
= lim
0

2
(cos
4
+ sin
4
) = 0.
56 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
V du
.
3. 1) Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am
f
1
(x, y) =
x y
x + y
khong co gi o
.
i ha
.
n ta
.
i die

m (0, 0).
2) H`am
f
2
(x, y) =
xy
x
2
+ y
2
co gio
.
i ha
.
n ta
.
i die

m (0, 0) hay khong ?


Gia i. 1) H` am f
1
(x, y) xac di
.
nh kha

p no
.
i ngoa
.
i tr` u
.
du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng
x + y = 0. Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am khong co gio
.
i ha
.
n ta
.
i (0, 0). Ta
lay hai day die

m ho
.
i tu
.
de

n die

m (0, 0):
M
n
=
_
1
n
, 0
_
(0, 0), n ,
M

n
=
_
0,
1
n
_
(0, 0), n .
Khi do thu du
.
o
.
.
c
lim
n
f
1
(M
n
) = lim
n
1
n
0
1
n
+ 0
= 1;
lim
n
f
1
(M

n
) = lim
n
0
1
n
0 +
1
n
= 1.
Nhu
.
va
.
y hai day die

m khac nhau c` ung ho


.
i tu
.
de

n die

m (0, 0) nhu
.
ng
hai day gi a tri
.
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng cu a h`am khong c o c` ung gio
.
i ha
.
n. Do do
theo di
.
nh ngha h`am khong co gio
.
i ha
.
n ta
.
i (0, 0).
2) Gia su
.
die

m M(x, y) da
`
n de

n die

m (0, 0) theo du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng
y = kx qua goc to
.
a do
.
. Khi do ta c o
lim
x0
y0
(y=kx)
xy
x
2
+ y
2
= lim
x0
kx
2
x
2
+ k
2
x
2
=
k
1 + k
2

7.4. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 57
Nhu
.
va
.
y khi da
`
n de

n die

m (0, 0) theo cac du


.
`o
.
ng tha

ng khac nhau
(tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i cac gia tri
.
k khac nhau) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c cac gia tri
.
gio
.
i
ha
.
n khac nhau, t u
.
c l`a h`am da cho khong c o gio
.
i ha
.
n ta
.
i (0, 0).
V du
.
4. Kha o sat tnh lien tu
.
c cu a cac h`am
1) f(x, y) =
x
2
+ 2xy + 5
y
2
2x + 1
2) f(x, y) =
1
x
2
+ y
2
z
3) f(x, y) =
x + y
x
3
+ y
3
Gia i. 1) Die
`
u kie
.
n lien tu
.
c cu a h`am da cho bi
.
vi pha
.
m ta
.
i nh u
.
ng
die

m cu a ma
.
t pha

ng R
2
m`a to
.
a do
.
cu a ch ung thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
2
2x+1 = 0. Do l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh du
.
`o
.
ng parabon vo
.
i d nh ta
.
i die

m
_
1
2
, 0
_
. Nhu
.
va
.
y cac die

m cu a parabon n`ay l`a nh u


.
ng die

m gian doa
.
n
- do l`a du
.
`o
.
ng gian doa
.
n cu a h`am. Nh u
.
ng die

m cu a ma
.
t pha

ng R
2
khong thuo
.
c parabon do l`a nh u
.
ng die

m lien tu
.
c.
2) H`am da cho lien tu
.
c ta
.
i mo
.
i die

m cu a khong gian R
3
m`a to
.
a do
.
cu a ch ung thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n x
2
+ y
2
z = 0. Do l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
ma
.
t paraboloit tr`on xoay. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay ma
.
t paraboloit l`a
ma
.
t gi an doa
.
n cu a h`am.
3) V` tu
.
so v`a ma

u so l`a nh u
.
ng h`am lien tu
.
c nen thu
.
o
.
ng l`a h`am
lien tu
.
c ta
.
i nh u
.
ng die

m m`a ma

u so x
3
+y
3
= 0. H`am co gi an doa
.
n ta
.
i
nh u
.
ng die

m m`a x
3
+ y
3
= 0 hay y = x. Ngha l`a h`am co gian doa
.
n
tren du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng y = x.
Gia su
.
x
0
= 0, y
0
= 0. Khi do
lim
xx
0
yy
0
x + y
x
3
+ y
3
= lim
xx
0
yy
0
1
x
2
xy + y
2
=
1
x
2
0
x
0
y
0
+ y
2
0

T` u
.
do suy ra ra
`
ng cac die

m cu a du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng y = x (x = 0) l`a
58 Chu
.
o
.
ng 7. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am so
nhu
.
.
ng die

m gian doa
.
n khu
.
du
.
o
.
.
c. V`
lim
x0
y0
x + y
x
3
+ y
3
= lim
x0
y0
1
x
2
xy + y
2
= +
nen die

m O(0, 0) l`a die

m gian doa
.
n vo c` ung.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day (1-10) hay t`m mie
`
n xac di
.
nh cu a cac
h`am ne

u:
1. w =
_
x
2
y
2
. (DS. |y| |x|)
2. w =

xy. (DS. x 0, y 0 hoa


.
c x 0, y 0)
3. w =
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
. (DS. x
2
+ y
2
a
2
)
4. w =
1
_
x
2
+ y
2
a
2
. (DS. x
2
+ y
2
> a
2
)
5. w =
_
1
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
. (DS.
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
1)
6. w = ln(z
2
x
2
y
2
1). (DS. x
2
+ y
2
z
2
< 1)
7. w = arcsin
x
2
+

xy. (DS. Hai nu


.
a bang vo ha
.
n tha

ng d u
.
ng
{0 x 2, 0 y < +} v`a {2 x 0, < y 0})
8. w =
_
x
2
+ y
2
1 + ln(4 x
2
y
2
).
(DS. V`anh tr`on 1 x
2
+ y
2
< 4)
9. w =
_
sin(x
2
+ y
2
). (DS. Ta
.
p ho
.
.
p cac v` anh do
`
ng tam
0 x
2
+ y
2
1; 2 x
2
+ y
2
3; . . . )
10. w =
_
ln(1 + z x
2
y
2
).
(DS. Pha
`
n trong cu a ma
.
t paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
1).
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day (11-18) hay tnh cac gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am
7.4. Gio
.
i ha
.
n v`a lien tu
.
c cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 59
11. lim
x0
y0
sinxy
xy
. (DS. 1)
12. lim
x0
y0
sinxy
x
. (DS. 0)
13. lim
x0
y0
xy

xy + 1 1
. (DS. 2)
14. lim
x0
y0
x
2
+ y
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ 1 1
. (DS. 2)
Ch da

n. Su
.
du
.
ng khoa ng cach =
_
x
2
+ y
2
hoa
.
c nhan - chia
vo
.
i da
.
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng lien ho
.
.
p vo
.
i ma

u so.
15. lim
x0
y3
_
1 + xy
2
_
y
x
2
y + xy
2
. (DS. e
3
)
16. lim
x0
y0
x
2
y
x
2
+ y
2
. (DS. 0)
17. lim
x0
y5
_
(x
2
+ (y 5)
2
+ 1 1
x
2
+ (y 5)
2
. (DS.
1
2
)
18. lim
x1
y0
tg(2xy)
x
2
y
. (DS. 2).
Chu
.
o
.
ng 8
Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t
bie

n
8.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.1.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.1.2 D
-
a
.
o h`am cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.2 Vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2.1 Vi phan cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2.2 Vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.3 Cac di
.
nh l y co
.
ba n ve ` h`am kha vi. Quy
ta

c lHospital. Cong th u
.
c Taylor . . . . . . 84
8.3.1 Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve ` h`am kha vi . . . . . 84
8.3.2 Khu
.
cac da
.
ng vo di
.
nh. Quy ta

c Lopitan
(LHospitale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.3.3 Cong th u
.
c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am 61
8.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am
8.1.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am ca

p 1
Gia su
.
h`am y = f(x) xac di
.
nh trong -lan ca
.
n cu a die

m x
0
(U(x
0
; ) =
{x R : |x x
0
| < ) v`a f(x
0
) = f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
) l`a so gia cu a
no ta
.
i die

m x
0
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i so gia x = x x
0
cu a doi so.
Theo di
.
nh ngha: Ne

u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n
lim
x0
f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
)
x
khi x 0 th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i
die

m x
0
v`a du
.
o
.
.
c ch bo
.
i mo
.
t trong cac k y hie
.
u:
lim
x0
f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
)
x

dy
dx

d
dx
f(x) f

(x) y

.
Da
.
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng
f

+
(x
0
) = f

(x
0
+ 0) = lim
x0
x>0
y
x
= lim
x0+0
y
x
v`a
f

(x
0
) = f

(x
0
0) = lim
x0
x<0
y
x
= lim
x00
y
x
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am ben pha i v`a da
.
o h`am ben trai cu a h`am y = f(x)
ta
.
i die

m x
0
ne

u cac gi o
.
i ha
.
n da neu to
`
n ta
.
i.
Su
.
du
.
ng khai nie
.
m gio
.
i ha
.
n mo
.
t pha ta c o:
D
-
i
.
nh l y 8.1.1. H`am y = f(x) co da
.
o h`am ta
.
i die

m x khi v`a ch khi


cac da
.
o h`am mo
.
t pha to
`
n ta
.
i v`a ba
`
ng nhau:
f

(x + 0) = f

(x 0) = f

(x).
H`am f(x) kha vi ne

u no co da
.
o h`am f

(x) h u
.
u ha
.
n. H` am f(x) kha
vi lien tu
.
c ne

u da
.
o h`am f

(x) to
`
n ta
.
i v`a lien tu
.
c. Ne

u h`am f(x) kha


vi th` no lien tu
.
c. Die
`
u kha

ng di
.
nh ngu
.
o
.
.
c la
.
i l`a khong d ung.
62 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
8.1.2 D
-
a
.
o h`am ca

p cao
Da
.
o h`am f

(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am c ap 1 (hay da
.
o h`am b a
.
c nhat).
Da
.
o h`am cu a f

(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am c ap hai (hay da
.
o h`am th u
.
hai) cu a h`am f(x) v`a du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u l`a y

hay f

(x). Da
.
o h`am cu a
f

(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am cap 3 (hay da
.
o h`am th u
.
ba) cu a h`am f(x)
v`a du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u y

hay f

(x) (hay y
(3)
, f
(3)
(x) v.v...
Ta co ba ng da
.
o h`am cu a cac h`am so
.
cap co
.
ba n
f(x) f

(x) f
(n)
(x)
x
a
ax
a1
a(a 1)(a 2) (a n + 1)x
an
,
x > 0
e
x
e
x
e
x
a
x
a
x
lna a
x
(lna)
n
lnx
1
x
(1)
n1
(n 1)!
1
x
n
, x > 0
log
a
x
1
xlna
(1)
n1
(n 1)!
1
x
n
lna
, x > 0
sinx cos x sin
_
x +
n
2
_
8.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am 63
f(x) f

(x) f
(n)
(x)
cos x sinx cos
_
x +
n
2
_
tgx
1
cos
2
x
cotgx
1
sin
2
x
arc sinx
1

1 x
2
, |x| < 1
arccosx
1

1 x
2
, |x| < 1
arctgx
1
1 + x
2
arccotgx
1
1 + x
2
Vie
.
c tnh da
.
o h`am du
.
o
.
.
c du
.
.
a tren c ac quy ta

c sau day.
1
+
d
dx
[u + v] =
d
dx
u +
d
dx
v.
2
+
d
dx
(u) =
du
dx
, R.
3
+
d
dx
(uv) = v
du
dx
+ u
dv
dx
.
4
+
d
dx
_
u
v
_
=
1
v
2
_
v
du
dx
u
dv
dx
_
, v = 0.
5
+
d
dx
f[u(x)] =
df
du

du
dx
(da
.
o h`am cu a h`am ho
.
.
p).
6
+
Ne

u h`am y = y(x) co h`am ngu


.
o
.
.
c x = x(y) v`a
dy
dx
y

x
= 0 th`
dx
dy
x

y
=
1
y

64 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
7
+
Ne

u h`am y = y(x) du
.
o
.
.
c cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng a

n bo
.
i he
.
th u
.
c kha vi
F(x, y) = 0 v`a F

y
= 0 th`
dy
dx
=
F

x
F

y
trong do F

x
v`a F

y
l`a da
.
o h`am theo bie

n tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng cu a h`am F(x, y)
khi xem bie

n kia khong do

i.
8
+
Ne

u h`am y = y(x) du
.
o
.
.
c cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng tham so x = x(t),
y = y(t) (x

(t) = 0) th`
dy
dx
=
y

(t)
x

(t)

9
+
d
n
dx
n
(u + v) =
d
n
u
dx
n
+
d
n
v
dx
n
;
d
n
dx
n
uv =
n

k=0
C
k
n
d
nk
dx
nk
u
d
k
dx
k
v (quy ta

c Leibniz).
Nha
.
n xet. 1) Khi tnh da
.
o h`am cu a mo
.
t bie

u th u
.
c da cho ta c o the

bie

n do

i so
.
bo
.
bie

u th u
.
c do sao cho qua tr`nh tnh da
.
o h`am do
.
n gia n
ho
.
n. Cha

ng ha
.
n ne

u bie

u th u
.
c do l`a logarit th` co the

su
.
du
.
ng cac
tnh chat cu a logarit de

bie

n do

i... ro
`
i tnh da
.
o h`am. Trong nhie
`
u
tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi tnh da
.
o h`am ta nen lay logarit h`am da cho ro
`
i ap
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c da
.
o h`am loga
d
dx
lny(x) =
y

(x)
y(x)

2) Ne

u h`am kha vi tren mo


.
t khoa ng du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
F(x, y) = 0 th` da
.
o h`am y

(x) c o the

t`m t` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
d
dx
F(x, y) = 0.
C

AC V

I DU
.
8.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am 65
V du
.
1. Tnh da
.
o h`am y

ne

u:
1) y = ln
3
_
e
x
1 + cos x
; x = (2n + 1), n N
2) y =
1 + x
2
3

x
4
sin
7
x
, x = n, n N.
Gia i. 1) Tru
.
o
.
c he

t ta do
.
n gia n bie

u th u
.
c cu a h`am y ba
`
ng cach
du
.
.
a v`ao cac tnh chat cu a logarit. Ta co
y =
1
3
lne
x

1
3
ln(1 + cos x) =
x
3

1
3
ln(1 + cos x).
Do do
y

=
1
3

1
3
(cos x)

1 + cos x
=
1
3
+
1
3
sin x
1 + cosx
=
1 + tg
x
2
3

2) O
.

day tie
.
n lo
.
.
i ho
.
n ca l`a xet h`am z = ln|y|. Ta co
dz
dx
=
dz
dy

dy
dx
=
1
y
dy
dx

dy
dx
= y
dz
dx
(*)
Vie

t h`am z du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x = ln|y| = ln(1 + x
2
)
4
3
ln|x| 7ln| sinx|

dz
dx
=
2x
1 + x
2

4
3x
7
cos x
sinx

The

bie

u th u
.
c v` u
.
a thu du
.
o
.
.
c v`ao () ta co
dy
dx
=
1 + x
2
3

x
4
sin
7
x
_
2x
1 + x
2

4
3x
7
cos x
sinx
_
.
V du
.
2. Tnh da
.
o h`am y

ne

u: 1) y = (2+cos x)
x
, x R; 2) y = x
2
x
,
x > 0.
Gia i. 1) Theo di
.
nh ngha ta c o
y = e
xln(2+cos x)
.
66 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
T` u
.
do
y

= e
xln(2+cos x)
_
xln(2 + cos x)

= e
xln(2+cos x)
_
ln(2 + cos x) x
sinx
2 + cos x
_
, x R.
2) V` y = e
2
x
lnx
nen vo
.
i x > 0 ta co
y

= e
2
x
lnx
[2
x
lnx]

= e
2
x
lnx
_
1
x
2
x
+ 2
x
ln2 lnx
_
= 2
x
x
2
x
_
1
x
+ ln2 lnx
_
.
V du
.
3. Tnh da
.
o h`am cap 2 cu a h`am ngu
.
o
.
.
c vo
.
i h`am y = x + x
5
,
x R.
Gia i. H`am da cho lien tu
.
c v`a do
.
n die
.
u kha

p no
.
i, da
.
o h`am y

=
1 + 5x
4
khong trie
.
t tieu ta
.
i bat c u
.
die

m n`ao. Do do
x

y
=
1
y

x
=
1
1 + 5x
4

Lay da
.
o h`am da

ng th u
.
c n`ay theo y ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
x

yy
=
_
1
1 + 5x
4
_

x
x

y
=
20x
3
(1 + 5x
4
)
3

V du
.
4. Gia su
.
h`am y = f(x) du
.
o
.
.
c cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng tham so bo
.
i cac
cong th u
.
c x = x(t), y = y(t), t (a; b) v` a gia su
.
x(t), y(t) kha vi cap
2 v`a x

(t) = 0 t (a, b). T`m y

xx
.
Gia i. Ta co
dy
dx
=
dy
dt
dx
dt
=
y

t
x

t
y

x
=
y

t
x

Lay da
.
o h`am hai ve

cu a da

ng th u
.
c n`ay ta co
y

xx
=
_
y

t
x

t
_

t
t

x
=
_
y

t
x

t
_

1
x

t
=
x

t
y

tt
y

t
x

tt
x

t
3

8.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am 67
V du
.
5. Gia su
.
y = y(x), |x| > a l`a h`am gi a tri
.
du
.
o
.
ng cho du
.
o
.
i
da
.
ng a

n bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
= 1.
Tnh y

xx
.
Gia i. De

t`m y

ta ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
d
dx
F(x, y) = 0.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay ta c o
d
dx
_
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
1
_
= 0.
Lay da
.
o h`am ta c o
2x
a
2

2y
b
2
y

x
= 0, (8.1)
y

x
=
b
2
x
a
2
y
, |x| > 0, y > 0. (8.2)
Lay da
.
o h`am (8.1) theo x ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
1
a
2

1
b
2
_
y

x
_
2

y
b
2
y

xx
= 0
v`a t` u
.
(8.2) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c y

x
:
y

xx
=
1
y
_
b
2
a
2

_
y

x
_
2
_
=
1
y
_
b
2
a
2

b
4
a
4
x
2
y
2
_
=
b
4
a
2
y
3
_
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
_
=
b
4
a
2
y
3
, y > 0.
V du
.
6. Tnh y
(n)
ne

u: 1) y =
1
x
2
4
; 2) y = x
2
cos 2x.
Gia i. 1) Bie

u die

n h`am da cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng to

ng cac phan th u
.
c co
.
ba n
1
x
2
4
=
1
4
_
1
x 2

1
x + 2
_
68 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
v`a khi do
_
1
x
2
4
_
(n)
=
1
4
__
1
x 2
_
(n)

_
1
x + 2
_
(n)
_
.
Do
_
1
x 2
_
(n)
= (1)(2) (1 n + 1)(x 2)
1n
= (1)
n
n!
1
(x 2)
n+1
nen
_
1
x
2
4
_
(n)
=
(1)
n
n!
4
_
1
(x 2)
n+1

1
(x + 2)
n+1
_
.
2) Ta ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Leibniz doi vo
.
i da
.
o h`am cu a tch
(x
2
cos 2x) = C
0
n
x
2
(cos 2x)
(n)
+ C
1
n
(x
2
)

(cos 2x)
n1
+ C
2
n
(x
2
)

(cos 2x)
n2
.
Cac so ha
.
ng c`on la
.
i de
`
u = 0 v`
_
x
2
_
(k)
= 0 k > 2.

Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
(cos 2x)
(n)
= 2
n
cos
_
2x +
n
2
_
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
(x
2
cos 2x)
(n)
= 2
n
_
x
2

n(n 1)
4
_
cos
_
2x +
n
2
_
+ 2
n
nxsin
_
2x +
n
2
_
.
V du
.
7. Vo
.
i gia tri
.
n`ao cu a a v`a b th` h`am
f(x) =
_
_
_
e
x
, x 0,
x
2
+ ax + b, x > 0
8.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am 69
co da
.
o h`am tren to`an tru
.
c so.
Gia i. Ro r`ang l`a h`am f(x) c o da
.
o h`am x > 0 v`a x < 0. Ta ch
ca
`
n xet die

m x
0
= 0.
V` h`am f(x) pha i lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m x
0
= 0 nen
lim
x0+0
f(x) = lim
x00
f(x) = lim
x0
f(x)
t u
.
c l`a
lim
x0+0
(x
2
+ ax + b) = b = e
0
= 1 b = 1.
Tie

p do, f

+
(0) = (x

+ ax + b)

x
0
=0
= a v`a f

(0) = e
x

x
0
=0
= 1.
Do do f

(0) to
`
n ta
.
i ne

u a = 1 v`a b = 1. Nhu
.
va
.
y vo
.
i a = 1, b = 1
h`am da cho c o da
.
o h`am x R.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Tnh da
.
o h`am y

cu a h`am y = f(x) ne

u:
1. y =
4

x
3
+
5
x
2

3
x
3
+ 2. (DS.
3
4
4

x

10
x
3
+
9
x
4
)
2. y = log
2
x + 3log
3
x. (DS.
ln24
xln2 ln3
)
3. y = 5
x
+ 6
x
+
_
1
7
_
x
. (DS. 5
x
ln5 + 6
x
ln6 7
x
ln7)
4. y = ln(x + 1 +

x
2
+ 2x + 3). (DS.
1

x
2
+ 2x + 3
)
5. y = tg5x. (DS.
10
sin10x
)
6. y = ln(ln

x). (DS.
1
2xln

x
)
7. y = ln
_
1 + 2x
1 2x
. (DS.
2
1 4x
2
)
70 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
8. y = xarctg

2x 1

2x 1
2
. (DS. arctg

2x 1)
9. y = sin
2
x
3
. (DS. 3x
2
sin2x
3
)
10. y = sin
4
x + cos
4
x. (DS. sin 4x)
11. y =

xe

x
. (DS.
e

x
(1 +

x)
2

x
)
12. y = e
1
cos x
. (DS. e
1
cos x
sinx
cos
2
x
)
13. y = e
1
lnx
. (DS.
e
1
lnx
xln
2
x
)
14. y = ln
_
e
2x
+

e
4x
+ 1. (DS.
2e
2x

e
4x
+ 1
)
15. y = ln
_
e
4x
e
4x
+ 1
. (DS.
2
e
4x
+ 1
)
16. y = log
5
cos 7x. (DS.
7tg7x
ln5
)
17. y = log
7
cos

1 + x. (DS.
tg

1 + x
2

1 + xln7
)
18. y = arccos
_
e

x
2
2
_
. (DS.
xe

x
2
2

1 e
x
2
)
19. y = tg sin cos x. (DS.
sincos(cos x)
cos
2
(sincos x)
)
20. y = e
x
2
cotg3x
. (DS.
xe
c
2
cotg3x
sin
2
3x
(sin6x 3x))
21. y = e

1+lnx
. (DS.
e

1+lnx
2x

1 + lnx
)
22. y = x
1
x
. (DS. x
1
x
2
(1 lnx))
23. y = e
x
. (DS. x
x
(1 + lnx))
8.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am 71
24. y = x
sinx
. (DS. x
sinx
cos x lnx + x
sinx1
sinx)
25. y = (tgx)
sinx
. (DS. (tgx)
sinx
_
cos xlntgx +
1
cos x
_
)
26. y = x
sinx
. (DS. x
sinx
_
sinx
x
+ lnx cos x
_
)
27. y = x
x
2
. (DS. x
x
2
+1
(1 + 2lnx))
28. y = x
e
x
. (DS. e
x
x
e
x
_
1
x
+ lnx))
29. y = log
x
7. (DS.
1
xlnxlog
7
x
)
30. y =
1
2a
ln

x a
x + a

. (DS.
1
x
2
a
2
)
31. y = sinln|x|. (DS.
cos ln|x|
x
)
32. y = ln| sinx|. (DS. cotgx)
33. y = ln|x +

x
2
+ 1|. (DS.
1

x
2
+ 1
).
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day (34-40) tnh da
.
o h`am cu a h`am y du
.
o
.
.
c
cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng tham so.
34. x = a cos t, a sint, t (0, ). y

xx
? (DS.
1
a sin
3
t
)
35. x = t
3
, y = t
2
. y

xx
? (DS.
2
9t
4
)
36. x = 1 + e
at
, y = at + e
at
. y

xx
? (DS. 2e
3at
e
2at
)
37. x = a cos
3
t, y = a sin
3
t. y

xx
? (DS.
1
3a sin t cos
4
t
)
38. x = e
t
cos t, y = e
t
sint. y

xx
? (DS.
2
e
t
(cos t sint)
3
)
39. x = t sint, y = 1 cos t. y

xx
? (DS.
1
4 sin
4
t
2
)
40. x = t
2
+ 2t, y = ln(1 + t). y

xx
? (DS.
1
4(1 + t)
4
).
72 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day (41-47) tnh da
.
o h`am y

hoa
.
c y

cu a
h`am a

n du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho
41. x +

xy + y = a. y

? (DS.
2a 2x y
x + 2y a
)
42. arctg
y
x
= ln
_
x
2
+ y
2
. y

? (DS.
x + y
x y
)
43. e
x
sin y e
y
cos x = 0. y

? (DS.
e
x
siny + e
y
sinx
e
x
cos y + e
y
cos x
)
44. x
2
y + arctg
_
y
x
_
= 0. y

? (DS.
2x
3
y 2xy
3
+ y
x
4
+ x
2
y
2
+ x
)
45. e
x
e
y
= y x. y

? (DS.
(e
y
e
x
)(e
x+y
1)
(e
y
+ 1)
3
)
46. x + y = e
xy
. y

? (DS.
4(x + y)
(x + y + 1)
3
)
47. y = x + arctgy. y

? (DS.
(2y
2
+ 2)
y
5
).
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day (48-52) tnh da
.
o h`am cu a h`am ngu
.
o
.
.
c
vo
.
i h`am da cho.
48. y = x + x
3
, x R. x

y
? (DS. x

y
=
1
1 + 3x
2
)
49. y = x + lnx, x > 0. x

y
? (DS. x

y
=
x
x + 1
, y > 0)
50. y = x + e
x
. x

y
? (DS. x

y
=
1
1 + y x
, y R)
51. y = chx, x > 0. x

y
? (DS. x

y
=
1
_
y
2
1
)
52. y =
x
2
1 + x
2
, x < 0. x

y
? (DS. x

y
=
x
3
2y
2
, y (0, 1)).
53. Vo
.
i gia tri
.
n`ao cu a a v`a b th` h`am
f(x) =
_
_
_
x
3
ne

u x x
0
,
ax + b ne

u x > x
0
8.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am 73
lien tu
.
c v`a kha vi ta
.
i die

m x = x
0
?
(DS. a = 3x
2
0
, b = 2x
3
0
).
54. Xac di
.
nh v`a de

cac h`am sau: a) lien tu


.
c kha

p no
.
i; b) kha vi
kha

p no
.
i ne

u
1) f(x) =
_
_
_
x + ne

u x 1
x
2
ne

u x > 1
2) f(x) =
_

_
+ x
2
ne

u |x| < 1,
1
|x|
ne

u |x| 1.
(DS. 1) a) + = 1, b) = 2, = 1; 2) a) + = 1, b)
=
3
2
, =
1
2
).
55. Gia su
.
h`am y = f(x) xac di
.
nh tren tia (, x
0
) v`a kha vi ben
trai ta
.
i die

m x = x
0
. V o
.
i gia tri
.
n`ao cu a a v`a b th` h`am
f(x) =
_
_
_
f(x) ne

u x x
0
,
ax
2
+ b ne

u x > x
0
kha vi ta
.
i die

m x = x
0
(x
0
= 0) ?
(DS. a =
f

(x
0
0)
2x
0
, b = f(x
0
)
x
0
2
f

(x
0
0)).
Trong c ac b`ai toan (56-62) tnh da
.
o h`am y

ne

u
56. y = e
x
2
. (DS. 2e
x
2
(2x
2
1))
57. y = tgx. (DS.
2 sin x
cos
3
x
)
58. y =

1 + x
2
. (DS.
1
(1 + x
2
)
3/2
)
59. y = arcsin
x
2
. (DS.
x
(4 x
2
)
3/2
)
60. y = arctg
1
x
. (DS.
2x
(1 + x
2
)
2
)
74 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
61. y = xarcsinx. (DS.
2 x
2
(1 x
2
)

1 x
2
)
62. y = f(e
x
). (DS. e
x
f

(e
x
) + e
2x
f

(e
x
)).
Trong c ac b`ai toan (63-69) tnh da
.
o h`am cap 3 cu a y ne

u:
63. y = arctg
x
2
. (DS.
4(3x 4)
(4 + x
2
)
3
)
64. y = xe
x
. (DS. e
x
(3 x))
65. y = e
x
cos x. (DS. 2e
x
(cos x + sinx))
66. y = x
2
sinx. (DS. 2e
x
(cos x + sin x))
67. y = x
3
2
x
. (DS. 2
x
(x
3
ln
3
2 + 9x
2
ln
2
x + 18xln2 + 6))
68. y = x
2
sin2x. (DS. 4(2x
2
cos 2x + 6xsin2x 3 cos 2x))
69. y = (f(x
2
). (DS. 12xf

(x
2
) + 8x
3
f

(x
2
)).
Trong c ac b`ai toan (70-84) tnh da
.
o h`am y
(n)
ne

u
70. y = sin3x. (DS. 3
n
sin
_
3x +
n
2
_
)
72. y = e
x
2
. (DS. e
x
2
_
1
2
_
n
)
73. y = 2
3x
. (DS. 2
3x
(3ln2)
n
)
74. y = cos
2
x. (DS. 2
n1
cos
_
2x + n

2
_
)
75. y = (4x + 1)
n
. (DS. 4
n
n!)
76. y = ln(ax + b). (DS. (1)
n1
(n 1)!
a
n
(ax + b)
n
)
77. y = sin
4
x + cos
4
x. (DS. 4
n1
cos
_
4x +
n
2
_
)
Ch da

n. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng sin
4
x + cos
4
x =
3
4
+
1
4
cos 4x.
78. y = sin
3
x. (DS.
3
4
sin
_
x +
n
2
_

3
n
4
sin
_
3x + n

2
_
)
Ch da

n. D` ung cong th u
.
c sin3x = 3 sin x 4 sin
3
x.
8.2. Vi phan 75
79. y = sinxsin x.
(DS.
1
2
()
n
cos[()x+n

2
]
1
2
(+)
n
cos[(+)x+n

2
])
Ch da

n. Bie

n do

i tch th`anh to

ng.
80. y = e
x
sinx.
(DS. e
x
_
sinx
_

n(n 1)
1 2

n2

2
+ . . .
_
+
+cos x
_
n
n1

n(n 1)(n 2)
1 2 3

n3

3
+ . . .
_
)
Ch da

n. D` ung quy ta

c Leibniz.
81. y = e
x
(3x
2
4). (DS. e
x
[3x
2
+ 6nx + 3n(n 1) 4])
82. y = ln
ax + b
ax b
_
ax + b
ax b
> 0
_
(DS. (1)
n1
a
n
(n 1)!
_
1
(ax + b)
n

1
ax b)
n
_
)
83. y =
x
x
2
4x 12
. (DS.
(1)
n
n!
4
_
3
(x 6)
n+1
+
1
(x 2)
n+1
_
)
84. y =
3 2x
2
2x
2
+ 3x 2
. (DS. (1)
n
n!
_
2
n
(2x 1)
n+1
+
1
(x + 2)
n+1
_
)
Ch da

n. De

gia i b`ai 83 v`a 84 ca


`
n bie

u die

n h`am da cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
to

ng cac phan th u
.
c do
.
n gia n.
8.2 Vi phan
8.2.1 Vi phan ca

p 1
Gia su
.
h`am y = f(x) xac di
.
nh trong lan c a
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m x
0
v`a
x = x x
0
l`a so gia cu a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p. H` am y = f(x) c o vi phan cap
1 (vi phan th u
.
nhat) ta
.
i die

m x
0
ne

u khi doi so di
.
ch chuye

n t` u
.
gia tri
.
x = x
0
de

n gia tri
.
x = x
0
+x so gia tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng cu a h`am f(x) c o the

76 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
bie

u die

n du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
f(x
0
) f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
) = D(x
0
)x + o(x) (8.3)
trong do D(x
0
) khong phu
.
thuo
.
c x v`a
o(x)
x
0 khi x 0. Tch
D(x
0
)x du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a vi phan c ap 1 cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m x
0
v`a du
.
o
.
.
c
k y hie
.
u
dy df
dy
dx
dx.
So gia x cu a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p x du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a vi phan cu a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p,
t u
.
c l`a theo di
.
nh ngha: dx = x.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 8.2.1. H`am y = f(x) co vi phan cap 1 ta
.
i die

m x
0
khi v`a
ch khi h`am do co da
.
o h`am h u
.
u ha
.
n ta
.
i do v`a D(x
0
) = f

(x
0
).
Vi phan df(x
0
) cu a h`am f ta
.
i die

m x
0
bie

u die

n qua da
.
o h`am f

(x
0
)
bo
.
i cong th u
.
c
df(x
0
) = f

(x
0
)dx (8.4)
Cong th u
.
c (8.4) cho phep tnh vi phan cu a c ac h`am, ne

u bie

t da
.
o h`am
cu a ch ung.
T` u
.
(8.3) suy ra
y(x
0
+ x) = y(x
0
) + df(x
0
) + o(dx), dx 0.
Ne

u df(x
0
) = 0 th` de

tnh gia tri


.
ga
`
n d ung cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m
x
0
+ x ta co the

ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
y(x
0
+ x) y(x
0
) + df(x
0
) (8.5)
Vi phan cap 1 co cac tnh chat sau.
1
+
d(u + v) = du + dv,
d(uv) = udv + vdu,
d
_
u
v
_
=
vdu udv
v
2
, v = 0.
8.2. Vi phan 77
2
+
Cong th u
.
c vi phan dy = f

(x)dx luon luon thoa man bat lua


.
n
x l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p hay l`a h`am cu a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p khac. Tnh chat n`ay
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tnh b at bie

n ve
`
da
.
ng cu a vi phan cap 1.
8.2.2 Vi phan ca

p cao
Gia su
.
x l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p v`a h`am y = f(x) kha vi trong lan c a
.
n n`ao
do cu a die

m x
0
. Vi phan th u
.
nhat df = f

(x)dx l`a h`am cu a hai bie

n
x v`a dx, trong do dx l`a so t` uy y khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao x v`a do do
(dx)

= 0.
Vi phan cap hai (hay vi phan th u
.
hai) d
2
f cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m
x
0
du
.
o
.
.
c di
.
nh ngha nhu
.
l`a vi phan cu a h`am df = f

(x)dx ta
.
i die

m x
0
vo
.
i cac die
`
u kie
.
n sau day:
1) df pha i du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a h`am cu a ch mo
.
t bie

n do
.
c la
.
p x (noi cach
khac: khi tnh vi phan cu a f

(x)dx ta ca
`
n tnh vi phan cu a f

(x), c` on
dx du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a ha
`
ng so);
2) So gia cu a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p x xuat hie
.
n khi tnh vi phan cu a f

(x)
du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a ba
`
ng so gia da
`
u tien, t u
.
c l`a ba
`
ng dx.
Nhu
.
va
.
y theo di
.
nh ngha ta c o
d
2
f = d(df) = d(f

(x)dx) = (df

(x))dx = f

(x)dxdx
= f

(x)(dx)
2
hay l`a
d
2
f = f

(x)dx
2
, dx
2
= (dx)
2
. (8.6)
Ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap quy na
.
p, doi v o
.
i vi phan cap n ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
cong th u
.
c
d
n
f = f
(n)
(x)dx
n
(8.7)
78 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
Vi phan c ap n (n > 1) cu a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p x du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a ba
`
ng 0, t u
.
c
l`a
d
n
x = 0 vo
.
i n > 1. (8.8)
Ne

u d
n
f v`a d
n
g v`a , R th`
d
n
(f + g) = d
n
f + d
n
g (8.9)
d
n
fg =
n

k=0
C
k
n
d
nk
f d
k
g. (8.10)
Ch u y. 1) Khi n > 1, cac c ong th u
.
c (8.6) v`a (8.7) ch d ung khi x
l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p. Doi vo
.
i h`am ho
.
.
p y = y(x(t)) cong th u
.
c (8.6) du
.
o
.
.
c
khai quat nhu
.
sau:
d
2
y = d(dy) = d(y

x
dx) = d(y

x
)dx + y

x
d(dx)
v`a do do
d
2
y = y

xx
dx
2
+ y

x
d
2
x. (8.11)
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi x l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p th` d
2
x = 0 (xem (8.8)) v` a
cong th u
.
c (8.11) tr` ung vo
.
i (8.6).
2) Khi tnh vi phan cap n ta c o the

bie

n do

i so
.
bo
.
h`am da cho.
Cha

ng ha
.
n ne

u f(x) l`a h`am h u


.
u ty th` c a
`
n khai trie

n no th`anh to

ng
h u
.
u ha
.
n cac phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty co
.
ba n; ne

u f(x) l`a h`am lu


.
o
.
.
ng giac
th` c a
`
n ha
.
ba
.
c nh`o
.
cac cong th u
.
c ha
.
ba
.
c,...
3) T` u
.
cong th u
.
c (8.7) suy ra ra
`
ng
f
(n)
(x) =
d
n
f
dx
n
t u
.
c l`a da
.
o h`am cap n cu a h`am y = f(x) ta
.
i mo
.
t die

m n`ao do ba
`
ng ty
so gi u
.
a vi phan cap n cu a h`am f(x) chia cho l uy th` u
.
a ba
.
c n cu a vi
phan cu a doi so.
8.2. Vi phan 79
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh vi phan df ne

u
1) f(x) = ln(arctg(sinx)); 2) f(x) = x

64 x
2
+64arcsin
x
8
.
Gia i. 1)

Ap du
.
ng cac tnh chat cu a vi phan ta c o
df =
d[arctg(sinx)]
arctg(sinx)
=
d(sin x)
(1 + sin
2
x)arctg(sinx)
=
cos xdx
(1 + sin
2
x)arctg(sinx)

2)
df = d[x

64 x
2
] + d
_
64arcsin
x
8
_
= xd

64 x
2
+

64 x
2
dx + 64d
_
arcsin
x
8
_
= x
d(64 x
2
)
2

64 x
2
+

64 x
2
dx + 64
d
_
x
8
_
_
1
x
2
64
=
x
2
dx

64 x
2
+

64 x
2
dx + 64
dx

64 x
2
= 2

64 x
2
dx, |x| < 8.
V du
.
2. Tnh vi phan c ap 2 cu a cac h`am
1) f(x) = xe
x
, ne

u x l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p;
2) f(x) = sinx
2
ne

u
a) x l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p,
b) x l`a h`am cu a mo
.
t bie

n do
.
c la
.
p n`ao do.
Gia i. 1) Phu
.
o
.
ng phap I. Theo di
.
nh ngha vi phan cap 2 ta c o
d
2
f = d[df] = d[xde
x
+ e
x
dx]
= d(xe
x
dx + e
x
dx) = d(xe
x
)dx + d(e
x
)dx
= (xde
x
+ e
x
dx)dx e
x
dx
2
= xe
x
dx
2
e
x
dx
2
e
x
dx
2
= (x 2)e
x
dx
2
.
80 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap II. Tnh da
.
o h`am cap hai f

(x) ta co
f

(x) = (xe
x
)

= (e
x
xe
x
)

= e
x
e
x
+ xe
x
= (x 2)e
x
v`a theo cong th u
.
c (8.6) ta co
d
2
f = (x 2)e
x
dx
2
.
2) a) Phu
.
o
.
ng phap I. Theo di
.
nh ngha vi phan c ap hai ta c o
d
2
f = d[d sin x
2
] = d[2xcos x
2
dx] = d[2xcos x
2
]dx
=
_
2 cos x
2
dx + 2x(sinx
2
)2xdx
_
dx
= (2 cos x
2
4x
2
sinx
2
)dx
2
.
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap II. Tnh da
.
o h`am cap hai f

xx
ta co
f

x
= 2xcos x
2
, f

xx
= 2 cos x
2
4x
2
sinx
2
v`a theo (8.6) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
d
2
f = (2 cos x
2
4x
2
sinx
2
)dx
2
.
b) Ne

u x l`a bie

n trung gian th` noi chung d


2
x = 0 v`a do do ta c o
d
2
f = d(2xcos x
2
dx) = (2xcos x
2
)d
2
x + [d(2xcos x
2
)]dx
= 2xcos x
2
d
2
x + (2 cos x
2
4x
2
sin x
2
)dx
2
.
V du
.
3.

Ap du
.
ng vi phan de

tnh ga
`
n d ung cac gia tri
.
:
1)
5
_
2 0, 15
2 + 0, 15
; 2) arcsin0, 51; 3) sin29

.
Gia i. Cong th u
.
c co
.
ba n de

u
.
ng du
.
ng vi phan de

tnh ga
`
n d ung l`a
f(x
0
) df(x
0
) f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)x
f(x
0
+ x) f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)x
8.2. Vi phan 81
T` u
.
do, de

tnh ga
`
n d ung cac gia tri
.
ta c a
`
n thu
.
.
c hie
.
n nhu
.
sau:
1
+
Ch ra bie

u th u
.
c gia i tch doi vo
.
i h`am m`a gia tri
.
ga
`
n d ung cu a
no ca
`
n pha i tnh.
2
+
Cho
.
n die

m M
0
(x
0
) sao cho gia tri
.
cu a h`am v`a cu a da
.
o h`am cap
1 cu a no ta
.
i die

m ay co the

tnh m`a khong d` ung ba ng.


3
+
Tie

p de

n l`a ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c v` u
.
a neu.
1) Tnh ga
`
n d ung
5
_
2 0, 15
2 + 0, 15
So da cho l`a gia tri
.
cu a h`am
y =
5
_
2 x
2 + x
ta
.
i die

m x = 0, 15. Ta da
.
t x
0
= 0; x = 0, 15. Ta c o
y

=
4
5
_
2 x
2 + x
5(4 x
2
)
=
4y
5(4 x
2
)
y

(x
0
) = y

(0) =
1
5

Do do v` y(0) = 1 nen
y(0, 15) y(0) + y

(0)x
= 1
1
5
(0, 15) = 1 0, 03 = 0, 97.
2) Tnh ga
`
n d ung arcsin0, 51.
Xet h`am y = arcsinx. So ca
`
n tnh l`a gia tri
.
cu a h`am ta
.
i die

m
0, 51; t u
.
c l`a y(0, 51).
Da
.
t x
0
= 0, 5; x = 0, 01. Khi do ta c o
arcsin(x
0
+ x arcsinx
0
+ (arcsinx)

x=x
0
x
arcsin(0, 5 + 0, 01) arcsin0, 5 + (arcsinx)

x=0,5
0, 01
=

6
+
1
_
1 (0, 5)
2
(0, 01).
82 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
Co the

tnh ga
`
n d ung
_
1 (0, 5)
2
=

0, 75 0, 88 v`a do do
arcsin0, 51

6
+ 0, 011 0, 513.
3) So sin 29

l`a gia tri


.
cu a h`am y = sinx khi x =

180
29. Ta da
.
t
x
0
=

180
30 =

6
; y
_

6
_
=
1
2
, y = cos x y

6
_
= cos

6
=

3
2

Da
.
t x = x x
0
=
29
180


6
=

180
. Do do
sin29

y
_

6
_
+ y

6
_
x =
1
2
+

3
2
_


180
_
0, 48.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Tnh vi phan df ne

u:
1. f(x) = arctg
1
x
. (DS. df =
dx
1 + x
2
)
2. f(x) = 2
tg
2
x
. (DS. 2
tg
2
x
ln2 2tgx
dx
cos
2
x
)
3. f(x) = arccos(2
x
). (DS.
2
x
ln2dx

1 e
2x
)
4. f(x) = x
3
lnx. (DS. x
2
(1 + 3lnx)dx)
5. f(x) = cos
2
(

x). (DS. 2 cos

x sin

x
dx
2

x
)
6. f(x) = (1 + x
2
)arcotgx. (DS. (2xarccotgx 1)dx)
7. f(x) =
arctgx

1 + x
2
. (DS.
1 xarctgx
(1 + x
2
)
3/2
dx)
8. f(x) = sin
3
2x. (DS. 3 sin 2xsin 4xdx)
9. f(x) = ln(sin

x). (DS.
cotg

x
2

x
dx)
8.2. Vi phan 83
10. f(x) = e

1
cos x
. (DS.
tgx e

1
cos x
cos x
dx)
11. f(x) = 2
x
2
. (DS. 2xe
x
2
ln2dx)
12. f(x) = arctg

x
2
+ 1. (DS.
2xdx
2 + x
2
)
13. f(x) =

xarctg

x. (DS.
1
2

x
_
arctg

x +

x
1 + x
_
dx)
14. f(x) =
x
2
arcsinx
. (DS.
x
_
2arcsinx
x

1 x
2
_
(arcsinx)
2
dx).
Tnh vi phan c ap tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng cu a cac h`am sau
15. f(x) = 4
x
2
; d
2
f ? (DS. 4
x
2
2ln4(2x
2
ln4 1)(dx)
2
)
16. f(x) =
_
ln
2
x 4. d
2
f ? (DS.
4lnx 4 ln
3
x
x
2
_
(lnx 4)
3
(dx)
2
)
17. f(x) = sin
2
x. d
3
f ? (DS. 4 sin 2x(dx)
3
)
18. f(x) =

x 1, d
4
f ? (DS.
15
16(x 1)
7/2
(dx)
4
)
19. f(x) = xlnx, d
5
f ? (DS.
6
x
4
(dx)
5
, x > 0)
20. f(x) = xsin x; d
10
f ? (DS. (10 cos x xsinx)(dx)
10
)
Su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c ga
`
n d ung
f df
(khi f

(x) = 0) de

tnh ga
`
n d ung cac gia tri
.
sau
21. y =

3, 98. (DS. 1,955)
22. y =
3

26, 19. (DS. 2,97)


23. y =

(2, 037)
2
3
(2, 037)
2
+ 5
. (DS. 0,35)
24. y = cos 31

. (DS. 0,85)
84 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
25. y = tg45

10

. (DS. 0,99)
26. y = ln(10, 21). (DS. 1,009)
27. y = sin31

. (DS. 0,51)
28. y = arcsin0, 54. (DS. 0,57)
29. y = arctg(1, 05). (DS. 0,81)
30. y = (1, 03)
5
. (DS. 1,15)
8.3 C ac di
.
nh l y co
.
ba

n ve
`
h`am kha

vi.
Quy t a

c lHospital. C ong th u
.
c Tay-
lor
8.3.1 Cac di
.
nh l y co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi
D
-
i
.
nh l y Ron (Rolle). Gia su
.
:
i) f(x) lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [a, b].
ii) f(x) co da
.
o h`am h u
.
u ha
.
n trong (a, b).
iii) f(a) = f(b).
Khi do to
`
n ta
.
i die

m : a < < b sao cho f() = 0.


D
-
i
.
nh l y Lagr ang (Lagrange). Gia su
.
:
i) f(x) lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [a, b].
ii) f(x) co da
.
o h`am h u
.
u ha
.
n trong (a, b).
Khi do t`m du
.
o
.
.
c t nh at mo
.
t die

m (a, b) sao cho


f(b) f(a)
b a
= f

() (8.12)
hay l`a
f(b) = f(a) + f

()(b a). (8.13)


Cong th u
.
c (8.12) go
.
i l`a cong th u
.
c so gia h u
.
u ha
.
n.
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 85
D
-
i
.
nh l y Cosi (Cauchy). Gia su
.
:
i) f(x) v`a (x) lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [a, b].
ii) f(x) v`a (x) co da
.
o h`am h u
.
u ha
.
n trong (a, b).
iii) [f

(x)]
2
+ [

(x)]
2
= 0, ngha l`a c ac da
.
o h`am khong do
`
ng th`o
.
i
ba
`
ng 0.
iv) (a) = (b).
Khi do t`m du
.
o
.
.
c die

m (a, b) sao cho:


f(b) f(a)
(b) (a)
=
f

()

()
(8.14)
Di
.
nh l y Lagrange l`a tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p rieng cu a di
.
nh l y Cauchy v` khi
(x) = x th` t` u
.
(8.14) thu du
.
o
.
.
c (8.13). Di
.
nh l y R on c ung l`a tru
.
`o
.
ng
ho
.
.
p rieng cu a di
.
nh l y Lagrange vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n f(a) = f(b).
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia su
.
P(x) = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x 1).
Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng trong khoa ng (3, 1) to
`
n ta
.
i nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh P

() = 0.
Gia i. Da th u
.
c P(x) c o nghie
.
m ta
.
i cac die

m x
1
= 3, x
2
= 2,
x
3
= 1. Trong cac khoa ng (3, 2) v`a (2, 1) h`am P(x) kha vi v`a
thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n cu a di
.
nh l y Ron v`a:
P(3) = P(2) = 0,
P(2) = P(1) = 0.
Do do theo di
.
nh l y Ron, t`m du
.
o
.
.
c die

m
1
(3, 2);
2
(2, 1)
sao cho:
P

(
1
) = P

(
2
) = 0.
Bay gi`o
.
la
.
i ap du
.
ng di
.
nh l y Ron cho doa
.
n [
1
,
2
] v`a h`am P

(x), ta
la
.
i t`m du
.
o
.
.
c die

m (
1
,
2
) (3, 1) sao cho P

() = 0.
86 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
V du
.
2. Hay xet xem h`am f(x) = arcsinx tren doa
.
n [1, +1] co
thoa man di
.
nh l y Lagrange khong ? Ne

u thoa man th` hay t`m die

m
(xem (8.12)).
Gia i. H`am f(x) xac di
.
nh v`a lien tu
.
c tren [1, +1]. Ta t`m f

(x).
f

(x) =
1

1 x
2
f

(x) < , x (1, 1)


(Lu
.
u y ra
`
ng khi x = 1 da
.
o h`am khong to
`
n ta
.
i nhu
.
ng die

u do
khong a nh hu
.
o
.
ng de

n su
.
.
thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n cu a di
.
nh l y Lagrange !).
Nhu
.
va
.
y h`am f thoa man di
.
nh l y Lagrange.
Ta t`m die

m . Ta co:
arcsin1 arcsin(1)
1 (1)
=
1
_
1
2

2

_


2
_
2
=
1
_
1
2

_
1
2
=
2


1,2
=
_
1
4

2
Nhu
.
va
.
y trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay cong th u
.
c (8.12) thoa man doi vo
.
i
hai die

m.
V du
.
3. Hay kha o sat xem cac h`am f(x) = x
2
2x + 3 v`a (x) =
x
3
7x
2
+ 20x 5 co thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n di
.
nh l y Cauchy tren doa
.
n
[1, 4] khong ? Ne

u ch ung thoa man di


.
nh l y Cauchy th` hay t`m die

m
.
Gia i. i) Hie

n nhien ca f(x) v`a (x) lien tu


.
c khi x [1, 4].
ii) f(x) v`a (x) c o da
.
o h`am h u
.
u ha
.
n trong (1, 4).
iii) Die
`
u kie
.
n th u
.
iii) c ung thoa man v`:
g

(x) = 3x
2
14x + 20 > 0, x R.
iv) Hie

n nhien (1) = (4).


8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 87
Do do f(x) v`a (x) thoa man di
.
nh l y Cauchy v`a ta co
f(4) f(1)
(4) (1)
=
f

()

()
hay
11 2
27 9
=
2 2
3
2
14 + 20
, (1, 4).
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c
1
= 2,
2
= 4 v`a o
.
day ch co
1
= 2 l`a die

m trong
cu a (1, 4). Do do: = 2.
V du
.
4. Di
.
nh l y Cauchy co ap du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c cho cac h`am f(x) = cos x,
(x) = x
3
tren doa
.
n [/2, /2] hay khong ?
Gia i. Hie

n nhien f(x) v`a (x) thoa man c ac die


`
u kie
.
n i), ii) v`a
iv) cu a di
.
nh l y Cauchy. Tie

p theo ta co: f

(x) = sinx;

(x) = 3x
2
v`a ta
.
i x = 0 ta co: f

(0) = sin0 = 0;

(0) = 0 v`a nhu


.
va
.
y
[

(0)]
2
+ [f

(0)]
2
= 0. Do do die
`
u kie
.
n iii) khong du
.
o
.
.
c thoa man. Ta
xet ve

trai cu a (8.14):
f(b) f(a)
(b) (a)
=
cos(/2) cos(/2)
(/2)
3
(/2)
3
= 0.
Bay gi` o
.
ta xet ve

pha i cu a (8.14). Ta co:


f

()

()
=
sin
3
2

Nhu
.
ng doi vo
.
i ve

pha i n`ay ta c o:
lim
0
_

sin
3
2
_
= lim
0
sin

lim
0
_

1
3
_
= .
Die
`
u do ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng cac h`am da cho khong thoa man di
.
nh l y
Cauchy.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
1. H`am y = 1
3

x
2
tren doa
.
n [1, 1] co thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n cu a di
.
nh
l y Ron khong ? Ta
.
i sao ? (Tra l`o
.
i: Khong)
88 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
2. H`am y = 3x
2
5 co thoa man di
.
nh l y Lagrange tren doa
.
n [2, 0]
khong ? Ne

u no thoa man, hay t`m gi a tri


.
trung gian . (Tra l`o
.
i:
Co)
3. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am f(x) = x +1/x thoa man di
.
nh l y Lagrange
tren doa
.
n [1/2, 2]. T`m . (DS. = 1)
4. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng cac h`am f(x) = cos x, (x) = sinx thoa man
di
.
nh l y Cauchy tren doa
.
n [0, /2]. T`m ? (DS. = /4)
5. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am f(x) = e
x
v`a (x) = x
2
/(1 + x
2
) khong
thoa man di
.
nh l y Cauchy tren doa
.
n [3, 3].
6. Tren du
.
`o
.
ng cong y = x
3
hay t`m die

m m`a ta
.
i do tie

p tuye

n v o
.
i
du
.
`o
.
ng cong song song vo
.
i day cung noi die

m A(1, 1) vo
.
i B(2, 8).
(DS. M(1, 1))
Ch da

n. Du
.
.
a v`ao y ngha h`nh ho
.
c cu a c ong th u
.
c so gia h u
.
u ha
.
n.
8.3.2 Khu
.
cac da
.
ng vo di
.
nh. Quy ta

c Lopitan
(LHospitale)
Trong chu
.
o
.
ng II ta da de
`
ca
.
p de

n vie
.
c khu
.
cac da
.
ng vo di
.
nh. B ay gi`o
.
ta tr`nh b`ay quy ta

c Lopitan - c ong cu
.
co
.
ba n de

khu
.
cac da
.
ng vo
di
.
nh
Da
.
ng vo di
.
nh 0/0
Gia su
.
hai h`am f(x) v`a (x) thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n
i) lim
xa
f(x) = 0; lim
xa
(x) = 0.
ii) f(x) v`a (x) kha vi trong lan c a
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m x = a v`a

(x) = 0 trong lan c a


.
n do, co the

tr` u
.
ra chnh die

m x = a.
iii) T o
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n (h u
.
u ha
.
n hoa
.
c vo c` ung)
lim
xa
f

(x)

(x)
= k.
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 89
Khi do
lim
xa
f(x)
(x)
= lim
xa
f

(x)

(x)

Da
.
ng vo di
.
nh /
Gia su
.
f(x) v`a (x) thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n ii) v`a iii) cu a di
.
nh l y
tren day c`on die
`
u kie
.
n i) du
.
o
.
.
c thay bo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n:
i)

lim
xa
f(x) = , lim
xa
(x) = .
Khi do:
lim
xa
f(x)
(x)
= lim
xa
f

(x)

(x)
Ch u y. Ne

u thu
.
o
.
ng f

(x)/

(x) la
.
i c o da
.
ng v o di
.
nh 0/0 (hoa
.
c
/) ta
.
i die

m x = a v`a f

thoa man c ac die


`
u kie
.
n i), ii) v`a iii)
(tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng i)

, ii) v`a iii)) th` ta c o the

chuye

n sang da
.
o h`am c ap hai,...
Cac da
.
ng vo di
.
nh khac
a) De

khu
.
da
.
ng vo di
.
nh 0
_
lim
xa
f(x) = 0, lim
xa
(x) =
_
ta
bie

n do

i tch f(x) (x) th`anh:


i)
f(x)
1/(x)
(da
.
ng 0/0)
ii)
(x)
1/f(x)
(da
.
ng /).
b) De

khu
.
da
.
ng vo di
.
nh
Ta bie

n do

i f(x) (x) (trong do lim


xa
f(x) = , lim
xa
(x) = )
th`anh tch
f(x) (x) = f(x)(x)
_
1
(x)

1
f(x)
_
hoa
.
c th`anh tch da
.
ng
f(x) (x) = f(x)
_
1
(x)
f(x)
_
90 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
hoa
.
c
f(x) (x) = (x)
_
f(x)
(x)
1
_
.
c) Da
.
ng vo di
.
nh 0
0
,
0
, 1

Khi tnh gio


.
i ha
.
n cu a h`am da
.
ng F(x) = [f(x)]
(x)
thong thu
.
`o
.
ng
ta g a
.
p cac da
.
ng vo di
.
nh 0
0
,
0
hoa
.
c 1

. Trong nh u
.
ng tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p
n`ay ta co the

bie

n do

i F(x) de

du
.
a ve
`
da
.
ng vo di
.
nh 0 da noi trong
1) nh`o
.
phep bie

n do

i
F(x) = [f(x)]
(x)
= e
ln[f(x)]
(x)
= e
(x)lnf(x)
v`a do tnh lien tu
.
c cu a h`am m u ta se co:
lim
xa
[f(x)]
(x)
= e
lim[(x)lnf(x)]
Ch u y. Ta lu
.
u y ra
`
ng ma
.
c d` u quy ta

c Lopitan l`a mo
.
t cong cu
.
ma
.
nh de tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n nhu
.
ng no khong the

thay to`an bo
.
cac phu
.
o
.
ng
phap tnh gi o
.
i ha
.
n da xet trong chu
.
o
.
ng II. Die
`
u do du
.
o
.
.
c ch u
.
ng to
trong v du
.
7 sau day.
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh lim
x1
x
2
1 + lnx
e
x
e
Gia i. Ta c o vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0/0.

Ap du
.
ng quy ta

c LHospital ta
thu du
.
o
.
.
c
lim
x1
x
2
1 + lnx
e
x
e
= lim
x1
(x
2
1 + lnx)

(e
x
e)

= lim
x1
2x +
1
x
e
x
=
3
e
.
V du
.
2. Tnh lim
x+
x
n
e
x
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 91
Gia i. Ta co vo di
.
nh da
.
ng /.

Ap du
.
ng quy ta

c LHospital n
la
`
n ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
lim
x
x
n
e
x
= lim
x1
nx
n1
e
x
= lim
x1
n(n 1)x
n2
e
x
= = lim
x1
n(n 1) 2 1
e
x
= lim
x1
n!
e
x
= 0.
V du
.
3. Tnh lim
x0+0
xlnx.
Gia i. Ta co vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0 . Nhu
.
ng
xlnx =
lnx
1
x
v`a ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c vo di
.
nh da
.
ng /. Do do
lim
x0+0
xlnx = lim
x0+0
(lnx)

_
1
x
_

= lim
x0+0
1
x

1
x
2
= lim
x0+0
x = 0.
V du
.
4. Tnh lim
x0+0
x
x
.
Gia i. O
.

day ta c o vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0
0
. Nhu
.
ng
x
x
= e
xlnx
v`a ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0 o
.
so m u. Trong v du
.
3 ta da thu
du
.
o
.
.
c
lim
x0+0
(xlnx) = 0,
do do
lim
x0+0
x
x
= lim
x0+0
e
xlnx
= e
lim
x0+0
xlnx
= e
0
= 1.
V du
.
5. Tnh lim
x0
_
1 + x
2
_ 1
e
x
1x
92 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
Gia i. O
.

day ta c o vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 1

. Nhu
.
ng
_
1 + x
2
_ 1
e
x
1x
= e
ln(1+x
2
)
e
x
1x
v`a o
.
so m u cu a l uy th` u
.
a ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c vo di
.
nh da
.
ng 0/0.

Ap du
.
ng
quy ta

c LHospital ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
lim
x0
ln(1 + x
2
)
e
x
1 x
= lim
x0
2x
1 + x
2
e
x
1
= lim
x0
2x
(e
x
1)(1 + x
2
)
= lim
x0
2
e
x
(1 + x
2
) + (e
x
1)2x
=
2
1
= 2.
V du
.
6. Tnh lim
x

2
_
tgx
_
2cos x
.
Gia i. Ta co vo di
.
nh da
.
ng
0
. Nhu
.
ng
_
tgx
_
2cos x
= e
2cos xln tgx
= e
2ln tgx
1/ cos x
v`a o
.
so m u cu a l uy th` u
.
a ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c vo di
.
nh da
.
ng /.

Ap du
.
ng
quy ta

c LHospital ta co
lim
x

2
2ln tgx
1
cos x
= 2 lim
x

2
1
cos
2
x tgx
+sinx
cos
2
x
= 2 lim
x

2
1
cos x
tg
2
x
= 2 lim
x

sinx
cos
2
x
2tgx
1
cos
2
x
= lim
x

2
cos x = 0.
Do do
lim
x

2
_
tgx
_
2cos x
= e
lim
x

2
2 cos xln tgx
= e
0
= 1.
V du
.
7. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng gio
.
i ha
.
n
1) lim
x0
x
2
sin(1/x)
sinx
= 0
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 93
2) lim
x
x sinx
x + sinx
= 1
khong the

t`m du
.
o
.
.
c theo quy ta

c LHospital. Hay tnh c ac gio


.
i ha
.
n
do.
Gia i. 1) Quy ta

c LHospital khong ap du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c v` ty so cac da
.
o
h`am [2xsin(1/x) cos(1/x)]/ cos x khong co gi o
.
i ha
.
n khi x 0.
Ta tnh tru
.
.
c tie

p gio
.
i ha
.
n n`ay.
lim
x0
x
2
sin(1/x)
sinx
= lim
x0
x
sinx
lim
x0
xsin
1
x
= 1 0 = 0.
2) Quy ta

c LHospital khong ap du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c v` ty so cac da
.
o h`am
1 cos x
1 + cos x
= tg
2
(x/2)
khong co gi o
.
i ha
.
n khi x .
Ta tnh tru
.
.
c tie

p gio
.
i ha
.
n n`ay
lim
x
x sinx
x + sinx
= lim
x
[1 (sinx)/x]
[1 + (sinx)/x]
= 1 v` | sin x| 1.
Nhu
.
o
.
pha
`
n da
`
u cu a tie

t n`ay da noi, quy ta

c LHospital l`a mo
.
t
cong cu
.
ma
.
nh de

t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n nhu
.
ng die
`
u do khong co ngha l`a no co
the

thay cho to`an bo


.
cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap t`m gio
.
i ha
.
n. C a
`
n lu
.
u y ra
`
ng
quy ta

c LHospital ch l`a die


`
u kie
.
n du de

to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n: lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
ch u
.
khong pha i l`a die
`
u kie
.
n ca
`
n.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P

Ap du
.
ng quy ta

c LHospital de

tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n:
1. lim
x2
x
4
16
x
3
+ 5x
2
6x 16
. (DS.
16
13
)
2. lim
xa
x
m
a
m
x
n
a
n
. (DS.
m
n
a
mn
)
94 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
3. lim
x0
e
2x
1
sinx
. (DS. 2)
4. lim
x0
1 cos ax
1 + cos bx
. (DS.
a
2
b
2
)
5. lim
x0
e
x
e
x
2x
x sinx
. (DS. 2)
6. lim
x0
ln(1 + x
2
)
cos 3x e
x
. (DS. 0)
7. lim
x
e
1/x
2
1
2arctgx
2

. (Ds.
1
2
)
8. lim
x
2x + 1
3x
2
+ x 1
. (DS. 0)
9. lim
x
ln(1 + x
2
)
ln[(/2) arctgx]
. (DS. 2)
10. lim
x

x
2
1
x
. (DS. 1)
11. lim
x
x
ln(1 + x)
. (DS. +)
12. lim
x+0
lnsinx
lnsin 5x
. (DS. 1)
13. lim
xa
arcsin
x a
a
cotg(x a). (DS. 1/a)
14. lim
x
( 2arctgx)lnx. (DS. 0)
15. lim
x
(a
1/x
1)x, a > 0. (DS. lna)
16. lim
x1
(2 x)
tg
x
2
. (DS. e
2/
)
17. lim
x1
_
1
lnx

x
lnx
_
. (DS. 1)
18. lim
x
(x x
2
ln(1 + 1/x)). (Ds. 1/2)
19. lim
x0
_
1
x
2
cotg
2
x
_
. (DS. 2/3)
20. lim
x0
x
1/ln(e
x
1)
. (DS. e)
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 95
21. lim
x0+0
_
cotgx
_
tgx
. (DS. 1)
22. lim
x0
_
5
2 +

9 + x
_
1/sinx
. (DS. e
1/30
)
23. lim
x0
_
cos x
_
cotg
2
x
. (DS. e
1/2
)
24. lim
x0+0
_
ln2x
_
1/lnx
. (DS. 1)
25. lim
x0
_
1 + sin
2
x
_
1/tg
2
x
. (DS. e)
26. lim
x0+0
_
cotgx
_
1/lnx
. (DS. e
1
)
27. lim
x/2
_
sin x
_
tgx
. (DS. 1)
28. lim
x0
e
+x
e
x
2x
sinx x
. (DS. 2)
29. lim
x0
e
x
1 + x
x
2
2
e
x
3
1
. (DS.
1
6
)
30. lim
x0
e
x
1 + x
4
sin 2x
. (DS.
1
2
)
31. lim
x0
2
x
1 xln2
(1 x)
m
1 + mx
. (DS.
ln
2
2
m(m1)
)
32. lim
x0
_
2

arccosx
_
1/x
. (DS. e

)
33. lim
x
lnx
x

, > 0. (DS. 0)
34. lim
x
x
m
a
x
, 0 < a = 1. (DS. 0)
35. lim
x0+0
lnsin x
ln(1 cos x)
. (DS.
1
2
)
36. lim
x0
_
1
x
2
cotg
2
x
_
. (DS.
2
3
)
37. lim
x

4
_
tgx
_
tg2x
. (DS. e
1
)
38. lim
x

2
0
_
tgx
_
cotgx
. (DS. 1)
96 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
8.3.3 Cong th u
.
c Taylor
Gia su
.
h`am f(x) xac di
.
nh trong lan ca
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m x
0
v`a n la
`
n
kha vi ta
.
i die

m x
0
th`
f(x) = f(x
0
) +
f

(x
0
)
1!
(x x
0
) +
f

(x
0
)
2!
(x x
0
)
2
+ +
+
f
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(x x
0
)
n
+ o((x x
0
)
n
)
khi x x
0
hay:
f(x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
), x x
0
. (8.15)
Da th u
.
c
P
n
(x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(x x
0
)
k
(8.16)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da th u
.
c Taylor cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i die

m x
0
, c`on h`am:
R
n
(x) = f(x) P
n
(x)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a so ha
.
ng du
.
hay pha
`
n du
.
th u
.
n cu a cong th u
.
c Taylor.
Cong th u
.
c (8.15) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cong th u
.
c Taylor cap n doi vo
.
i h`am
f(x) ta
.
i lan c a
.
n cu a die

m x
0
vo
.
i pha
`
n du
.
da
.
ng Peano (no c ung c`on
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cong th u
.
c Taylor di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng). Ne

u h`am f(x) c o da
.
o h`am
de

n cap n th` no c o the

bie

u die

n duy nhat du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng:
f(x) =
n

k=0
a
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
), x x
0
vo
.
i cac he
.
so a
k
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c:
a
k
=
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
, k = 0, 1, . . . , n.
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 97
Ne

u x
0
= 0 th` (8.15) co da
.
ng
f(x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(0)
k!
x
k
+ o(x
n
), x 0 (8.17)
v`a go
.
i l`a cong th u
.
c Macloranh (Maclaurin).
Sau day l`a cong th u
.
c Taylor ta
.
i lan c a
.
n die

m x
0
= 0 cu a mo
.
t so
h`am so
.
cap
I. e
x
=
n

k=0
x
k
k!
+ o(x
n
)
II. sinx = x
x
3
3!
+
x
5
5!
+ +
(1)
n
x
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
+ o(x
2n+2
)
=
n

k=0
(1)
k
x
2k+1
(2k + 1)!
+ o(x
2n+2
)
III. cos x =
n

k=0
(1)
k
x
2k
(2k!)
+ o(x
2n+1
)
IV. (1 + x)

= 1 +
n

k=1
( 1) . . . ( k + 1)
k!
x
k
+ o(x
n
)
= 1 +
n

k=1
_

k
_
x
k
+ o(x
n
)
( 1) . . . ( k + 1)
k!
=
_

_
_
_

k
_
_
ne

u R,
C
k

ne

u N.
Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p rieng:
IV
1
.
1
1 + x
=
n

k=0
(1)
k
x
k
+ o(x
n
),
IV
2
.
1
1 x
=
n

k=0
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
98 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
V. ln(1 + x) =
n

k=1
(1)
k1
k
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
ln(1 x) =
n

k=1
x
k
k
+ o(x
n
).
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap khai trie

n theo cong th u
.
c Taylor
Nhu
.
va
.
y, de

khai trie

n h`am f(x) theo cong th u


.
c Taylor ta pha i ap
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
f(x) = T
n
(x) + R
n+1
(x),
T
n
(x) =
n

k=0
a
k
(x x
0
)
k
,
a
k
=
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(8.18)
1) Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tru
.
.
c tie

p: du
.
.
a v`ao c ong th u
.
c (8.18). Vie
.
c su
.

du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (8.18) da

n de

n nh u
.
ng tnh toan rat co
`
ng ke
`
nh ma
.
c
d` u no cho ta kha nang nguyen ta

c de

khai trie

n.
2) Phu
.
o
.
ng phap gian tie

p: du
.
.
a v`ao cac khai trie

n co sa

n I-V sau
khi da bie

n do

i so
.
bo
.
h`am da cho v`a lu
.
u y de

n cac quy ta

c thu
.
.
c hie
.
n
cac phep toan tren cac khai trie

n Taylor.
Ne

u
f(x) =
n

k=0
a
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
)
g(x) =
n

k=0
b
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
)
th`
a) f(x) + g(x) =
n

k=0
(a
k
+ b
k
)(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
);
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 99
b) f(x)g(x) =
n

k=0
c
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
)
c
k
=
k

p=0
a
p
b
kp
c) F(x) = f[g(x)] =
n

j=0
a
j
_
n

k=0
(b
k
(x x
0
)
k
x
0
_
j
+o
_
_
n

k=0
b
k
(x x
0
)
k
x
0
_
n
_
3) De

khai trie

n cac phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty theo cong th u
.
c Taylor thong
thu
.
`o
.
ng ta bie

u die

n phan th u
.
c do du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng to

ng cu a da th u
.
c v`a c ac
phan th u
.
c co
.
ba n (toi gia n !) ro
`
i ap du
.
ng VI
1
, IV
2
.
4) De

khai trie

n tch cac h`am lu


.
o
.
.
ng giac thong thu
.
`o
.
ng bie

n do

i
tch th`anh to

ng cac h`am.
5) Ne

u cho tru
.
o
.
c khai trie

n da
.
o h`am f

(x) theo c ong th u


.
c Taylor
th` vie
.
c t`m khai trie

n Taylor cu a h`am f(x) du


.
o
.
.
c thu
.
.
c hie
.
n nhu
.
sau.
Gia su
.
cho bie

t khai trie

n
f

(x) =
n

k=0
b
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
),
b
k
=
f
(k+1)
(x
0
)
k!

Khi do to
`
n ta
.
i f
(n+1)
(x
0
) v`a do do h`am f(x) co the

bie

u die

n du
.
o
.
i
da
.
ng
f(x) =
n+1

k=0
a
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n+1
)
= f(x
0
) +
n

k=0
a
k+1
(x x
0
)
k+1
+ o((x x
0
)
n+1
)
trong do
a
k+1
=
f
(k+1)
(x
0
)
(k + 1)!
=
f
(k+1)
(x
0
)
k!

1
k + 1
=
b
k
k + 1

100 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
Do do
f(x) = f(x
0
) +
n

k=0
b
k
k + 1
(x x
0
)
k+1
+ o((x x
0
)
n+1
) (8.19)
trong do b
k
l`a he
.
so cu a da th u
.
c Taylor doi vo
.
i h`am f

(x).
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Khai trie

n h`am f(x) theo cong th u


.
c Maclaurin de

n so ha
.
ng
o(x
n
), ne

u
1) f(x) = (x + 5)e
2x
; 2) f(x) = ln
3 + x
2 x
Gia i 1) Ta co f(x) = xe
2x
+ 5e
2x
.

Ap du
.
ng I ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
f(x) = x
_
n1

k=0
2
k
x
k
k!
+ o(x
n1
)
_
+ 5
_
n

k=0
2
k
x
k
k!
+ o(x
n
)
_
=
n1

k=0
2
k
k!
x
k+1
+
n

k=0
5 2
k
k!
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
V`
n1

k=0
2
k
x
k+1
k!
=
n

k=1
2
k1
(k 1)!
x
k
nen ta co
f(x) = 5 +
n

k=1
_
2
k1
(k 1)!
+
5 2
k
k!
_
x
k
+ o(x
n
)
=
n

k=0
2
k1
k!
(k + 10)x
k
+ o(x
n
).
2) T` u
.
da

ng th u
.
c
f(x) = ln
3
2
+ ln
_
1 +
x
3
_
ln
_
1
x
2
_
v`a V ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
f(x) = ln
3
2
+
n

k=1
1
k
_
1
2
k
+
(1)
k1
3
k
_
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 101
V du
.
2. Khai trie

n h`am f(x) theo cong th u


.
c Taylor ta
.
i lan ca
.
n die

m
x
0
= 1 de

n so ha
.
ng o((x + 1)
2n
) ne

u
f(x) =
3x + 3

3 2x x
2

Gia i. Ta co
f(x) =
3(x + 1)
_
4 (x + 1)
2
=
3
2
(x + 1)
_
1
(x + 1)
2
4
_

1
2
.

Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c IV ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
f(x) =
3
2
(x + 1) +
3
2
(x + 1)
n1

k=1
_
_

1
2
k
_
_
(1)
k
(x + 1)
2k
4
k
+ o((x + 1)
2n
)
trong do
_
_

1
2
k
_
_
(1)
k
= (1)
k
_

1
2
__

1
2
1
_
. . .
_

1
2
(k 1)
_
k!
=
(2k 1)!!
2
k
k!

Do do
f(x) =
3
2
(x + 1) +
n1

k=1
3(2k 1)!!
2
3k+1
k!
(x + 1)
2k+1
+ o((x + 1)
2n
).
V du
.
3. Khai trie

n h`am f(x) theo cong th u


.
c Taylor ta
.
i lan ca
.
n die

m
x
0
= 2 de

n so ha
.
ng o((x 2)
n
), ne

u
f(x) = ln(2x x
2
+ 3).
Gia i. Ta bie

u die

n
2x x
2
+ 3 = (3 x)(x + 1) = [1 (x 2)][3 + (x 2)]
= 3[1 (x 2)]
_
1 +
x 2
3
_
.
102 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
T` u
.
do suy ra ra
`
ng
f(x) = ln3 + ln[1 (x 2)] + ln
_
1 +
x 2
3
_
v`a ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c V ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
f(x) = ln3
n

k=1
1
k
(x 2)
k
+
n

k=1
(1)
k1
(x 2)
k
k3
k
+ o((x 2)
n
)
= ln3 +
n

k=1
_
(1)
k1
3
k
1
_
(x 2)
k
k
+ o((x 2)
n
).
V du
.
4. Khai trie

n h`am f(x) = lncos x theo cong th u


.
c Maclaurin
de

n so ha
.
ng ch u
.
a x
4
.
Gia i.

Ap du
.
ng III ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
ln(cos x) = ln
_
1
x
2
2
+
x
4
24
+ o(x
4
)
_
= ln(1 + t),
trong do ta da
.
t
t =
x
2
2
+
x
4
24
+ o(x
4
).
Tie

p theo ta ap du
.
ng khai trie

n V
ln(cos x) = ln(1 + t) = t
t
2
2
+ o(t
2
)
=
_

x
2
2
+
x
4
24
+ o(x
4
)
1
2
_

x
2
2
+
x
4
4
+ o(x
4
)
_
2
_
+ o
_
_

x
2
2
+
x
4
24
+ o(x
4
)
_
2
_
=
x
2
2
+
x
4
24

x
4
8
+ o(x
4
) =
x
2
2

x
4
12
+ o(x
4
).
V du
.
5. Khai trie

n h`am f(x) = e
xcos x
theo cong th u
.
c Maclaurin
de

n so ha
.
ng ch u
.
a x
3
.
Gia i. Khai trie

n ca
`
n t`m pha i co da
.
ng
e
xcos x
=
3

k=0
a
k
x
k
+ o(x
3
).
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 103
V` xcos x = x + 0(x), (xcos x)
k
= x
k
+ o(x
k
), k = 1, 2, . . . nen
trong c ong th u
.
c
e
w
=
n

k=0
w
k
k!
+ o(w
n
), w = xcos x
ta ca
`
n lay n = 3. Ta c o
w = xcos x = x
x
3
2!
+ o(x
4
)
w
2
= x
2
+ o(x
3
), w
3
= x
3
+ o(x
3
)
v`a do do
e
xcos x
=
3

k=0
w
k
k!
+ o(w
3
)
= 1 + x
x
3
2!
+ o(x
4
) +
1
2
_
x
2
+ 0(x
3
)
_
+
1
3!
_
x
3
+ o(x
3
)
_
+ 0(x
3
)
= 1 + x +
1
2
x
2

1
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
).
V du
.
6. Khai trie

n theo c ong th u
.
c Maclaurin de

n o(x
2n+1
) doi vo
.
i
cac h`am
1) arctgx, 2) arc sinx.
Gia i. 1) V`
(arctgx)

=
1
1 + x
2
=
n

k=0
(1)
k
x
2k
+ o(x
2n+1
)
nen theo cong th u
.
c (8.19) ta co
arctgx =
n

k=0
(1)
k
x
2k+1
(2k + 1)
+ o(x
2n+2
).
Vo
.
i n = 2 ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
arctgx = x
x
3
3
+
x
5
5
+ o(x
6
)
104 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
2) Ta c o
(arcsinx)

=
1

1 x
2
= 1 +
n

k=1
(1)
k
_
_

1
2
k
_
_
x
2k
+ o(x
2n+1
)
= 1 +
n

k=1
(1)
k
(2k 1)!!
2
k
k!
x
2k
+ o(x
2n+1
).
T` u
.
do ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (8.19) ta co
arc sinx = x +
n

k=0
(2k 1)!!
2
k
k!(2k + 1)
x
2k+1
+ o(x
2n+2
).
Vo
.
i n = 2 ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
arc sinx = x +
1
6
x
3
+
3
40
x
5
+ o(x
6
).
V du
.
7. Khai trie

n h`am f(x) = tgx theo cong th u


.
c Maclaurin de

n
o(x
5
).
Gia i. Ta se d` ung phu
.
o
.
ng phap he
.
so bat di
.
nh m`a no
.
i dung du
.
o
.
.
c
the

hie
.
n trong l`o
.
i gia i sau day.
V` tgx l`a h`am le v`a tgx = x + o(x) nen
tgx = x + a
3
x
3
+ a
s
x
5
+ o(x
6
).
Ta su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c sinx = tgx cos x v`a cac khai trie

n II v`a III
ta co
x
x
3
3
+
x
5
5
+ o(x
6
) =
_
x + a
3
x
3
+ a
5
x
5
+ o(x
6
)
_
_
1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!
+ 0(x
5
)
_
Can ba
`
ng cac he
.
so cu a x
3
v`a x
5
o
.
hai ve

ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
_

1
6
=
1
2
+ a
3
1
5!
=
1
4!

a
3
2!
+ a
5
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 105
T` u
.
do suy ra a
3
=
1
3
, a
5
=
2
15
. Do do
tgx = x +
x
3
3
+
2x
5
15
+ o(x
6
).
V du
.
8.

Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Maclaurin de

tnh c ac gio
.
i ha
.
n sau:
1) lim
x0
sinx x
x
3
, 2) lim
x0
e

x
2
2
cos x
x
3
sinx

Gia i. 1)

Ap du
.
ng khai trie

n doi vo
.
i h`am sinx vo
.
i n = 2 ta co
lim
x0
sin x x
x
3
= lim
x0
x
x
3
3!
+ o(x
4
) x
x
3
=
1
3!
+ lim
x0
o(x
4
)
x
3
=
1
3!
+ 0 =
1
3!

2)

Ap du
.
ng cac khai trie

n ba ng doi vo
.
i e
t
, cos t, sin t cho tru
.
`o
.
ng
ho
.
.
p n`ay ta c o
lim
x0
e

x
2
2
cos x
x
3
sinx
= lim
x0
1
x
2
2
+
x
4
8
+ o(x
4
) 1 +
x
2
2

x
4
24
+ 0(x
4
)
x
3
(x + 0(x))
= lim
x0
x
4
8

x
4
24
+ 0(x
4
)
x
4
+ 0(x
4
)
= lim
x0
1
8

1
24
+
o(x
4
)
x
4
1 +
0(x
4
)
x
4
=
1
8

1
24
+ 0
1 + 0
=
1
12

B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Khai trie

n cac h`am theo c ong th u


.
c Maclaurin de

n o(x
n
) (1-8)
1. f(x) =
1
3x + 4
. (DS.
n

k=0
(1)
k
3
k
4
k+1
x
k
+ o(x
n
))
106 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
2. f(x) =
1

1 + 4x
. (DS.
n

k=0
(1)
k
2
k
(2k1)!!
k!
x
k
+ o(x
n
))
3. f(x) =
1
(1 x)
2
. (DS.
n

k=0
(k + 1)x
k
+ o(x
n
))
4. f(x) = ln
2 3x
2 + 3x
. (DS. ln
2
3
+
n

k=1
(4)
k
9
k
k6
k
x
k
+ o(x
n
))
5. f(x) = ln(x
2
+ 3x + 2).
(DS. ln2 +
n

k=1
(1)
k1
k
(1 + 2
k
)x
k
+ o(x
n
))
6. f(x) = ln(2 + x x
2
). (DS. ln2 +
n

k=1
(1)
k1
2
k
k
x
k
+o(x
n
))
7. f(x) =
1 2x
2
2 + x x
2
.
(DS.
1
2
+
n

k=1
(1)
k+1
7 2
(k+1)
3
x
k
+ o(x
n
))
8. f(x) =
3x
2
+ 5x 5
x
2
+ x 2
. (DS.
5
2
+
n

k=1
_
(1)
k
2
(k+1)
1

x
k
+o(x
n
)).
Khai tre

n h`am theo cong th u


.
c Maclaurin de

n 0(x
2n+1
) (9-13)
9. f(x) = sin
2
xcos
2
x. (DS.
n

k=1
(1)
k+1
2
4k3
(2k)!
x
2k
+ o(x
2n+1
))
10. f(x) = cos
3
x. (DS.
n

k=0
3(1)
k
4(2k)!
(3
2k1
+ 1)x
2k
+ o(x
2n+1
))
Ch da

n. cos
3
x =
1
4
cos 3x +
3
4
cos x.
11. f(x) = cos
4
x + sin
4
x.
(DS. 1 +
n

k=1
(1)
k
4
2k
(2k)!
x
2k
+ 0(x
2k+1
))
Ch da

n. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng cos
4
x + sin
4
x =
3
4
+
1
4
cos 4x.
12. f(x) = cos
6
x + sin
6
x.
(DS. 1 +
n

k=1
3(1)
k
4
2k1
2(2k)!
x
2k
+ o(x
2n+1
))
8.3. Cac di
.
nh ly co
.
ba n ve
`
h`am kha vi 107
13. f(x) = sin xsin3x.
(DS.
n

k=0
(1)
k
2
2k1
(2k)!
(1 2
2k
)x
2k
+ o(x
2n+1
)).
Khai trie

n h`am theo c ong th u


.
c Taylor trong lan c a
.
n die

m x
0
de

n
o((x x
0
)
n
) (14-20)
14. f(x) =

x, x
0
= 1. (DS.
n

k=0
_
_
1
2
k
_
_
(x 1)
k
+ o((x 1)
n
))
15. f(x) = (x
2
1)e
2x
, x
0
= 1.
(DS.
n

k=1
e
2
2
k2
(k 5)
(k 1)!
(x + 1)
k
+ o((x + 1)
n
))
16. f(x) = ln(x
2
7x + 12), x
0
= 1.
(DS. ln6
n

k=1
2
k
+ 3
k
k
(x 1)
k
+ o(x 1)
n
))
17. f(x) = ln
(x 1)
x2
3 x
, x
0
= 2.
(DS. (x 2) +
n

k=2
_
1
k
+
(1)
k
k 1
_
(x 2)
k
+ o((x 2)
n
))
18. f(x) =
(x 2)
2
3 x
, x
0
= 2. (DS.
n

k=2
(x 2)
k
+ o((x 2)
n
))
19. f(x) =
x
2
3x + 3
x 2
, x = 3.
(DS. 3 +
n

k=2
(1)
k
(x 3)
k
+ o((x 3)
n
))
20. f(x) =
x
2
+ 4x + 4
x
2
+ 10x + 25
, x
0
= 2.
(DS.
n

k=2
(1)
k
(k 1)
3
k
(x + 2)
k
+ o((x + 2)
n
)).

Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Maclaurin de

tnh gio
.
i ha
.
n
21. lim
x0
e
x
e
x
2x
x sin x
. (DS. 2)
22. lim
x0
tgx + 2 sin x 3x
x
4
. (DS. 0)
108 Chu
.
o
.
ng 8. Phep tnh vi phan h`am mo
.
t bie

n
23. lim
x0
e
x
e
x
2
x
2
. (DS. 1)
24. lim
x0
_
1
x

1
sinx
_
. (DS. 0)
25. lim
x0
cos x e

x
2
2
x
4
. (DS.
1
12
)
26. lim
x0
1

1 + x
2
cos x
x
4
. (DS.
1
3
)
27. lim
x0
ln
_
cos x +
x
2
2
_
x(sinx x)
. (DS.
1
4
)
28. lim
x0
sin(sinx) x
3

1 x
2
x
5
. (DS.
19
90
)
Chu
.
o
.
ng 9
Phep tnh vi phan h`am
nhie
`
u bie

n
9.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.1.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.1.2 D
-
a
.
o h`am cu a h`am ho
.
.
p . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1.3 H`am kha vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.1.4 D
-
a
.
o h`am theo hu
.
o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
9.1.5 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
9.2 Vi phan cu a h`am nhie `u bie

n . . . . . . . . . 125
9.2.1 Vi phan cap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9.2.2

Ap du
.
ng vi phan de

tnh ga
`
n d ung . . . . . 126
9.2.3 Cac tnh chat cu a vi phan . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.4 Vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.2.5 Cong th u
.
c Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.2.6 Vi phan cu a h`am a

n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
9.3 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie `u bie

n . . . . . . . . . 145
110 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
9.3.1 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.3.2 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die `u kie
.
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.3.3 Gia tri
.
lo
.
n nhat v`a be nhat cu a h`am . . . . 147
9.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng
9.1.1 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng ca

p 1
Gia su
.
w = f(M), M = (x, y) xac di
.
nh trong lan c a
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m
M(x, y). Ta
.
i die

m M ta cho bie

n x so gia t` uy y x trong khi va

n gi u
.
gia tri
.
cu a bie

n y khong do

i. Khi do h`am f(x, y) nha


.
n so gia tu
.
o
.
ng
u
.
ng l`a

x
w = f(x + x, y) f(x, y)
go
.
i l`a s o gia rieng cu a h`am f(x, y) theo bie

n x ta
.
i die

m M(x, y).
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
da
.
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng

y
w = f(x, y + y) f(x, y)
go
.
i l`a s o gia rieng cu a h`am f(x, y) theo bie

n y ta
.
i die

m M(x, y).
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 9.1.1
1. Ne

u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n
lim
x0

x
w
x
= lim
x0
f(x + x, y) f(x, y)
x
th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am rieng cu a h`am f(x, y) theo bie

n
x ta
.
i die

m (x, y) v` a du
.
o
.
.
c ch bo
.
i mo
.
t trong cac k y hie
.
u
w
x
,
f(x, y)
x
, f

x
(x, y), w

x
.
9.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng 111
2. Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
: ne

u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n
lim
y0

y
w
y
= lim
y0
f(x, y + y) f(x, y)
y
th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am rieng cu a h`am f(x, y) theo bie

n
y ta
.
i die

m M(x, y) v`a du
.
o
.
.
c ch bo
.
i mo
.
t trong cac k y hie
.
u
w
y
,
f(x, y)
y
, f

y
(x, y), w

y
.
T` u
.
di
.
nh ngha suy ra
`
ng da
.
o h`am rieng cu a h`am hai bie

n theo bie

n
x l`a da
.
o h`am thong thu
.
`o
.
ng cu a h`am mo
.
t bie

n x khi co di
.
nh gia tri
.
cu a bie

n y. Do do cac da
.
o h`am rieng du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ac quy ta

c v`a
cong th u
.
c tnh da
.
o h`am thong thu
.
`o
.
ng cu a h`am mo
.
t bie

n.
Nha
.
n xet. Ho`an to`an tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
ta co the

di
.
nh ngha da
.
o h`am rieng
cu a h`am ba (hoa
.
c nhie
`
u ho
.
n ba) bie

n so.
9.1.2 D
-
a
.
o h`am cu a h`am ho
.
.
p
Ne

u h`am w = f(x, y), x = x(t), y = y(t) th` bie

u th u
.
c w =
f[x(t), y(t)] l`a h`am ho
.
.
p cu a t. Khi do
dw
dt
=
w
x

dx
dt
+
w
y

dy
dt
(9.1)
Ne

u w = f(x, y), trong do x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) th`


_

_
w
u
=
w
x
x
u
+
w
y
y
u
,
w
v
=
w
x
x
v
+
w
y
y
v

(9.2)
9.1.3 H`am kha vi
Gia su
.
h`am w = f(M) xac di
.
nh trong mo
.
t lan ca
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m
M(x, y). H`am f du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am kha vi ta
.
i die

m M(x, y) ne

u so gia
112 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
f(M) = f(x + , y + y) f(x, y) cu a h`am khi chuye

n t` u
.
die

m
M(x, y) de

n die

N(x + , y + y) c o the

bie

u die

n du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
f(M) = D
1
x + D
2
y + o(), 0
trong do =
_
x
2
+ y
2
.
Ne

u h`am f(x, y) kha vi ta


.
i die

m M(x, y) th`
f
x
(M) = D
1
,
f
y
(M) = D
2
v`a khi do
f(M) =
f
x
(M)x +
f
y
y + o(), 0. (9.3)
9.1.4 D
-
a
.
o h`am theo hu
.
o
.
ng
Gia su
.
:
(1) w = f(M) l`a h`am xac di
.
nh trong lan ca
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m
M(x, y);
(2) e = (cos , cos ) l`a vecto
.
do
.
n vi
.
tren du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng co hu
.
o
.
ng
L qua die

m M(x, y);
(3) N = N(x + x, y + y) l`a die

m thuo
.
c L v`a e l`a do
.
d`ai cu a
doa
.
n tha

ng MN.
Ne

u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n
lim
0
(NM)
w

th` gi o
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am ta
.
i die

m M(x, y) theo hu
.
o
.
ng cu a
vecto
.
e v`a du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u l`a
w
e
, t u
.
c l`a
w
e
= lim
0
w


9.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng 113
Da
.
o h`am theo hu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.
e = (cos , cos ) du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo
cong th u
.
c
f
e
=
f
x
(M) cos +
f
y
(M) cos . (9.4)
trong d o cos v`a cos l`a cac cosin ch phu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.
e.
Vecto
.
vo
.
i cac to
.
a do
.
f
x
v`a
F
y
(t u
.
c l`a vecto
.
_
f
x
,
f
y
_
) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i
l`a vecto
.
gradien cu a h`am f(M) ta
.
i die

m M(x, y) v`a du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u l`a
gradf(M).
T` u
.
do da
.
o h`am theo hu
.
o
.
ng
f
e
co bie

u th u
.
c l`a
f
e
=

gradf, e
_
.
Ta lu
.
u y ra
`
ng: 1) Ne

u h` am w = f(x, y) kha vi ta
.
i die

m M(x, y)
th` no lien tu
.
c ta
.
i M v`a co c ac da
.
o h`am rieng c ap 1 ta
.
i do;
2) Neu h`am w = f(x, y) co c ac da
.
o h`am rieng c ap 1 theo mo
.
i bie

n
trong lan ca
.
n n`ao do cu a die

m M(x, y) v`a c ac da
.
o h`am rieng n`ay lien
tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m M(x, y) th` no kha vi ta


.
i die

m M.
Ne

u h`am f(x, y) kha vi ta


.
i die

m M(x, y) th` no c o da
.
o h`am theo
mo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng ta
.
i die

m do.
Ch u y. Ne

u h`am f(x, y) c o da
.
o h`am theo mo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng ta
.
i die

m M
0
th` khong co g` da m ba o l`a h`am f(x, y) kha vi ta
.
i die

m M
0
(xem v
du
.
4).
9.1.5 D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng ca

p cao
Gia su
.
mie
`
n D R
2
v`a
f : D R
114 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
l`a h`am hai bie

n f(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c cho tren D. Ta da
.
t
D
x
=
_
(x, y) D :
f
x
=
_
,
D
y
=
_
(x, y) D :
f
y
=
_
.
D

= D
x
D
y
D
-
i
.
nh ngha. 1) C ac da
.
o h`am rieng
f
x
v`a
f
y
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a c ac da
.
o
h`am rieng cap 1.
2) Ne

u h`am
f
x
: D
x
R v`a
f
y
: D
y
R co c ac da
.
o h`am rieng

x
_
f
x
_
=

2
f
xx
=

2
f
x
2
,

y
_
f
x
_
=

2
f
xy
,

x
_
f
y
_
=

2
f
yx
,

y
_
f
y
_
=

2
f
yy
=

2
f
y
2
th` ch ung du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cac da
.
o h`am rieng c ap 2 theo x v`a theo y.
Cac da
.
o h`am rieng cap 3 du
.
o
.
.
c di
.
nh ngha nhu
.
l`a c ac da
.
o h`am rieng
cu a da
.
o h`am rieng cap 2, v.v...
Ta lu
.
u y ra
`
ng ne

u h`am f(x, y) c o cac da


.
o h`am ho

n ho
.
.
p

2
f
xy
v`a

2
f
yx
lien tu
.
c ta
.
i die

m (x, y) th` ta
.
i die

m do cac da
.
o h`am ho

n ho
.
.
p n`ay
ba
`
ng nhau:

2
f
xy
=

2
f
yx

AC V

I DU
.
9.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng 115
V du
.
1. Tnh da
.
o h`am rieng cap 1 cu a cac h`am
1) 4w = x
2
2xy
2
+ y
3
. 2) w = x
y
.
Gia i. 1) Da
.
o h`am rieng
w
x
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh nhu
.
l`a da
.
o h`am cu a h`am w
theo bie

n x vo
.
i gia thie

t y = const. Do do
w
x
= (x
2
2xy
2
+ y
3
)

x
= 2x 2y
2
+ 0 = 2(x y
2
).
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
, ta c o
w
y
= (x
2
2xy
2
+ y
3
)

y
= 0 4xy + 3y
2
= y(3y 4x).
2) Nhu
.
trong 1), xem y = const ta co
w
x
=
_
x
y
_

x
= yx
y1
.
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
, khi xem x l`a ha
`
ng so ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
w
y
= x
y
lnx.
(v` w = x
y
l`a h`am m u doi vo
.
i bie

n y khi x = const.
V du
.
2. Cho w = f(x, y) v`a x = cos , y = sin . Hay tnh
w

v`a
w

.
Gia i. De

ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (9.2), ta lu
.
u y ra
`
ng
w = f(x, y) = f( cos , sin) = F(, ).
Do do theo (9.2) v`a bie

u th u
.
c doi vo
.
i x v`a y ta co
w

=
w
x
x

+
w
y
y

=
w
x
cos +
w
y
sin
w

=
w
x
x

+
w
y
y

=
w
x
( sin) +
w
y
( cos )
=
_

w
x
sin +
w
y
cos
_
.
116 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
V du
.
3. Tnh da
.
o h`am cu a h`am w = x
2
+y
2
x ta
.
i die

m M
0
(1, 2) theo
hu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.

M
0
M
1
, trong do M
1
l`a die

m vo
.
i to
.
a do
.
(3, 0).
Gia i. Da
`
u tien ta t`m vecto
.
do
.
n vi
.
e co hu
.
o
.
ng l`a hu
.
o
.
ng da cho.
Ta co

M
0
M
1
= (2, 2) = 2e
1
2e
2
,
|

M
0
M
1
| = 2

2 e =
M
0
M
1
|M
0
M
1
|
=
2e
1
2e
2
2

2
=
1

2
e
1

2
e
2
.
trong do e
1
, e
2
l`a vecto
.
do
.
n vi
.
cu a cac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
. T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
cos =
1

2
, cos =
1

Tie

p theo ta tnh c ac da
.
o h`am rieng ta
.
i die

m M
0
(1, 2). Ta co
f

x
= 2x + y
2
f

x
(M
0
) = f

x
(1, 2) = 6,
f

y
= 2xy f

y
(M
0
) = f

y
(1, 2) = 4.
Do do theo cong th u
.
c (9.4) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
f
e
= 6
1

2
4
1

2
=

2.
V du
.
4. H`am f(x, y) = x + y +
_
|xy| co da
.
o h`am theo mo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng
ta
.
i die

m O(0, 0) nhu
.
ng khong kha vi ta
.
i do.
Gia i. 1. Su
.
.
to
`
n ta
.
i da
.
o h`am theo mo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng.
Ta xet hu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.
e di ra t` u
.
O v`a la
.
p vo
.
i tru
.
c Ox goc . Ta
co

e
f(0, 0) = x + y +
_
|xy|
=
_
cos + sin +
_
| cos sin|
_
,
9.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng 117
trong do =
_
x
2
+ y
2
, x = cos , y = sin.
T` u
.
do suy ra
f
e
(0, 0) = lim
0

e
f(0, 0)

= cos + sin +
_
| sincos |
t u
.
c l`a da
.
o h`am theo hu
.
o
.
ng to
`
n ta
.
i theo mo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng.
2. Tuy nhien h`am da cho khong kha vi ta
.
i O. Tha
.
t va
.
y, ta co
f(0, 0) = f(x, y) f(0, 0) = x + y +
_
|x| |y| 0.
V` f

x
= 1 v`a f

y
= 1 (ta
.
i sao ? ) nen ne

u f kha vi ta
.
i O(0, 0) th`
f(0, 0) = x + y +
_
|xy| = 1 x + 1 y + ()
() 0( 0), =
_
x
2
+ y
2
hay l`a lu
.
u y x = cos , y = sin ta co
() =
_
| cos sin|.
Ve

pha i da

ng th u
.
c n`ay khong pha i l`a vo c` ung be khi 0 (v` no
ho`an to` an khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao ). Do do theo di
.
nh ngha h`am f(x, y)
da cho khong kha vi ta
.
i die

m O.
V du
.
5. Tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng cap 2 cu a cac h`am:
1) w = x
y
, 2) w = arctg
x
y

Gia i. 1) Da
`
u tien tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng cap 1. Ta co
w
x
= yx
y1
,
w
y
= x
y
lnx.
Tie

p theo ta c o

2
w
x
2
= y(y 1)x
y2
,

2
w
yx
= x
y1
+ yx
y1
lnx = x
y1
(1 + ylnx),

2
w
xy
= yx
y1
lnx + x
y

1
x
= x
y1
(1 + ylnx),

2
f
y
2
= x
y
(lnx)
2
.
118 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
2) Ta c o
w
x
=
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
w
y
=
x
x
2
+ y
2

T` u
.
do

2
w
x
2
=

x
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
2xy
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,

2
w
y
2
=

y
_
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
2xy
x
2
+ y
2
,

2
w
xy
=

y
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,

2
w
yx
=

x
_

x
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2

Nha
.
n xet. Trong ca 1) la

n 2) ta de
`
u co

2
w
xy
=

2
w
yx
.
V du
.
6. Tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng c ap 1 cu a h`am w = f(x+y
2
, y+x
2
)
ta
.
i die

m M
0
(1, 1), trong do x v`a y l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p.
Gia i. Da
.
t t = x + y
2
, v = y + x
2
. Khi do
w = f(x + y
2
, y + x
2
) = f(t, v).
Nhu
.
va
.
y w = f(t, v) l`a h`am ho
.
.
p cu a hai bie

n do
.
c la
.
p x v`a y. N o phu
.
thuo
.
c c ac bie

n do
.
c la
.
p thong qua hai bie

n trung gian t, v. Theo cong


th u
.
c (9.2) ta co:
w
x
=
f
t

t
x
+
f
v

v
x
= f

t
(x + y
2
, y + x
2
) 1 + f

v
(x + y
2
, y + x
2
) 2x
= f

t
+ 2xf

v
.
9.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng 119
w
x
(1, 1) =
f
x
(0, 2) = f

t
(0, 2) 2f

v
(0, 2)
w
y
=
f
t

t
y
+
f
v

v
y
= f

t
()2y + f

v
()1
= 2yf

t
+ f

v
w
y
(1, 1) =
f
y
(0, 2) = 2f

t
(0, 2) + f

v
(0, 2).
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Tnh da
.
o h`am rieng cu a cac h`am sau day
1. f(x, y) = x
2
+ y
3
+ 3x
2
y
3
.
(DS. f

x
= 2x + 6xy
3
, f

y
= 3y
2
+ 9x
2
y
2
)
2. f(x, y, z) = xyz +
x
yz
.
(DS. f

x
= yz +
1
yz
, f

y
= xz
x
y
2
z
, f

z
= xy
x
yz
2
)
3. f(x, y, z) = sin(xy + yz). (DS. f

x
= y cos(xy + yz),
f

y
= (x + z) cos(xy + yz), f

z
= y cos(xy + yz))
4. f(x, y) = tg(x + y)e
x/y
.
(DS. f

x
=
e
x/y
cos
2
(x + y)
+ tg(x + y)e
x/y
1
y
,
f

y
=
e
x/y
cos
2
(x + y)
+ tg(x + y)e
x/y
_

x
y
2
_
.)
5. f = arc sin
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
. (DS. f

x
=
|y|
x
2
+ y
2
, f

y
=
xsigny
x
2
+ y
2
)
6. f(x, y) = xyln(xy). (DS. f

x
= yln(xy) + y, f

y
= xln(xy) + x)
120 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
7. f(x, y, z) =
_
y
x
_
z
.
(DS. f

x
= z
_
y
x
_
z1
_

y
x
2
_
=
z
x
_
y
x
_
z
,
f

y
=
z
y
_
y
x
_
z
, f

z
=
_
y
x
_
z
ln
y
x
)
8. f(x, y, z) = z
x/y
.
(DS. f

x
= x
x/y
lnz
_
1
y
_
, f

y
= z
x/y
lnz
_
x
y
2
_
, f

z
=
_
x
y
_
z
x/y1
)
9. f(x, y, z) = x
y
z
.
(DS. f

x
= y
z
x
y
z
1
, f

y
= x
y
z
zy
z1
lnx, f

z
= x
y
z
ln(x)
z
lny)
10. f(x, y, z) = x
y
y
z
z
x
.
(DS. f

x
= x
y1
y
z+1
z
x
+ x
y
y
z
z
x
lnz, f

y
= x
y
lnxy
z
z
x
+ x
y
y
z1
z
x+1
,
f

z
= x
y
y
z
lny z
x
+ x
y+1
y
z
z
x1
)
11. f(x, y) = lnsin
x + a

y
.
(DS. f

x
=
1

y
cotg
x + a

y
, f

y
=
x + a
y
cotg
x + a

y
)
12. f(x, y) =
x
y
e
x
arctgy.
(DS. f

x
=
1
y
e
x
arctgy, f

y
=
x
y
2

e
x
1 + y
2
)
13. f(x, y) = ln
_
x +
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
.
(DS. f

x
=
1
_
x
2
+ y
2
, f

y
=
1
x +
_
x
2
+ y
2

y
_
x
2
+ y
2
).
T`m da
.
o h`am rieng cu a h`am ho
.
.
p sau day (gia thie

t h`am f(x, y)
kha vi)
14. f(x, y) = f(x + y, x
2
+ y
2
).
(DS. f

x
= f

t
+ f

v
2x, f

y
= f

t
+ f

v
2y, t = x + y, v = x
2
+ y
2
)
15. f(x, y) = f
_
x
y
,
y
x
_
.
9.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng 121
(DS. f

x
=
1
y
f

t

y
x
2
f

v
, f

y
=
x
y
2
f

t
+
1
x
f

v
, t =
x
y
, v =
y
x
)
16. f(x, y) = f(x y, xy).
(DS. f

x
= f

t
+ yf

v
, f

y
= f

t
+ xf

v
, t = x y, v = xy)
17. f(x, y) = f(x y
2
, y x
2
, xy).
(DS. f

x
= f

t
2xf

v
+ yf

w
, f

y
= 2yf

t
+ f

v
+ xf

w
,
t = x y
2
, v = y x
2
, w = xy)
18. f(x, y, z) = f(
_
x
2
+ y
2
,
_
y
2
+ z
2
,

z
2
+ x
2
).
(DS. f

x
=
xf

t
_
x
2
+ y
2
+
xf

z
2
+ x
2
, f

y
=
yf

t
_
x
2
+ y
2
+
yf

x
2
+ z
2
,
f

z
=
zf

v
_
x
2
+ y
2
+
zf

z
2
+ x
2
, t =
_
x
2
+ y
2
,
v =
_
y
2
+ z
2
, w =

z
2
+ x
2
)
19. w = f(x, xy, xyz).
(DS. f

x
= f

t
+ yf

u
+ yzf

v
,
f

y
= xf

u
+ xzf

v
,
f

z
= xyf

v
t = x, u = xy, v = xyz).
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day hay ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng h`am f(x, y) thoa
man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng (f(x, y)-kha vi).
20. f = f(x
2
+ y
2
), y
f
x
x
f
y
= 0.
21. f = x
n
f
_
y
x
2
_
, x
f
y
+ 2y
f
y
= nf.
22. f = yf(x
2
y
2
), y
2
f
x
+ xy
f
y
= xyf.
23. f =
y
2
3x
+ f(x, y), x
2
f
x
xy
f
y
+ y
2
= 0.
122 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
24. f = x
n
f
_
y
x

,
z
x

_
, x
f
x
+ y
f
y
+ z
f
z
= nf.
25. f =
xy
z
lnx + xf
_
y
x
,
z
x
_
, x
f
x
+ y
f
y
+ z
f
z
= f +
xy
z
.
26. Tnh

2
f
x
2
,

2
f
xy
,

2
f
y
2
ne

u f = cos(xy)
(DS. f

xx
= y
2
cos xy, f

xy
= sinxy xy cos xy, f

yy
=
x
2
cos xy)
27. Tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng cap hai cu a h`am f = sin(x + yz).
(DS. f

xx
= sint, f

xy
= z sint, f

xz
= y sin t, f

yy
= z
2
sint,
f

yz
= yz sint, f

zz
= y
2
sint, t = x + yz)
28. Tnh

2
f
xy
ne

u f =
_
x
2
+ y
2
e
x+y
.
(DS.
e
x+y
(x
2
+ y
2
)
3/2
_
xy + (x + y)(x
2
+ y
2
) + (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
_
)
29. Tnh

2
f
xy
,

2
f
yz
,

2
f
xz
ne

u f = x
yz
.
(DS. f

xy
= x
yz1
z(1 + yzlnx), f

xz
= x
yz1
y(1 + yzlnx),
f

yz
= lnx x
yz
(1 + yzlnx))
30. Tnh

2
f
xy
ne

u f = arctg
x + y
1 xy
. (DS.

2
f
xy
= 0)
31. Tnh f

xx
(0, 0), f

xy
(0, 0), f

yy
(0, 0) ne

u
f(x, y) = (1 + x)
m
(1 + y)
n
.
(DS. f

xx
(0, 0) = m(m1), f

xy
(0, 0) = mn, f

yy
(0, 0) = n(n 1))
32. Tnh

2
r
x
2
ne

u r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
. (DS.
r
2
x
2
r
3
)
33. Tnh f

xy
, f

yz
, f

xz
ne

u f =
_
x
y
_
z
.
(DS. f

xy
= z
2
y
2
_
xy
1
_
z1
, f

xz
=
_
1
y
__
x
y
_
z1
_
1 + zln
x
y
_
,
9.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng 123
f

yz
=
1
y
_
x
y
_
z

_
1 + zln
x
y
_
)
34. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng

2
f
xy
=

2
f
yx
ne

u f = arc sin
_
x y
x
.
Tnh cac da
.
o h`am cap hai cu a cac h`am (gia thie

t hai la
`
n kha vi)
35. u = f(x + y, x
2
+ y
2
).
(DS. u

xx
= f

tt
+ 4xf

tv
+ 4x
2
f

vv
+ 2f

v
,
u

xy
= f

tt
+ 2(x + y)f

tv
+ 4xyf

vv
,
u

yy
= f

tt
+ 4yf

tv
+ 4y
2
f

vv
+ 2f

v
,
t = x + y, v = x
2
+ y
2
.)
36. u = f
_
xy,
x
y
_
.
(DS. u

xx
= y
2
f

tt
+ 2f

tv
+
1
y
2
f

vv
,
u

xy
= xyf

tt

x
y
3
f

vv
+ f

t

1
y
2
f

v
,
u

yy
= x
2
f

tt
2
x
2
y
2
f

tv
+
x
2
y
4
f

vv
+
2x
y
3
f

v
,
t = xy, v =
x
y
)
37. u = f(sin x + cos y).
(DS. u

xx
= cos
2
x f

sin x f

, u

xy
= siny cos x f

,
u

yy
= sin
2
y f

cos y f

)
38. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am
f =
1
2a

t
e

(xx
0
)
2
4a
2
t
(trong do a, x
0
l`a cac so) thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n nhie
.
t
f
t
= a
2

2
f
x
2

124 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
39. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am f =
1
r
trong do
r =
_
(x x
0
)
2
+ (y y
0
)
2
+ (z z
0
)
2
thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace:
f

2
f
x
2
+

2
f
y
2
+

2
f
z
2
= 0, r = 0.
Trong c ac b`ai toan 40 - 44 ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng cac h`am da cho thoa
man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng (gia thie

t f v`a g l`a nh u
.
ng h`am hai la
`
n
kha vi)
40. u = f(x at) + g(x + at),

2
u
t
2
= a
2

2
u
x
2
41. u = xf(x + y) + yg(x + y),

2
u
x
2
2

2
u
xy
+

2
u
y
2
= 0.
42. u = f
_
y
x
_
+ xg
_
y
x
_
, x
2

2
u
x
2
+ 2xy

2
u
xy
+ y
2

2
u
y
2
= 0.
43. u = x
n
f
_
y
x
_
+ x
1n
g
_
y
x
_
,
x
2

2
u
x
2
+ 2xy

2
u
xy
+ y
2

2
u
y
2
= n(n 1)u.
44. u = f(x + g(y)),
u
x


2
u
xy
=
u
y


2
u
x
2

45. T`m da
.
o h`am theo hu
.
o
.
ng = 135

cu a h`am so
f(x, y) = 3x
4
+ xy + y
3
ta
.
i die

m M(1, 2). (DS.

2
2
)
46. T`m da
.
o h`am cu a h`am f(x, y) = x
3
3x
2
y + 3xy
2
+ 1 ta
.
i die

m
M(3, 1) theo hu
.
o
.
ng t` u
.
die

m n`ay de

n die

m (6, 5). (DS. 0)


47. T`m da
.
o h`am cu a h`am f(x, y) = ln
_
x
2
+ y
2
ta
.
i die

m M(1, 1)
theo hu
.
o
.
ng phan giac cu a goc pha
`
n tu
.
th u
.
nhat. (DS.

2
2
)
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 125
48. T`m da
.
o h`am cu a h`am f(x, y, z) = z
2
3xy + 5 ta
.
i die

m
M(1, 2, 1) theo hu
.
o
.
ng la
.
p vo
.
i cac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
nh u
.
ng goc ba
`
ng nhau.
(DS.

3
3
)
49. T`m da
.
o h`am cu a h`am f(x, y, z) = ln(e
x
+e
y
+e
z
) ta
.
i goc to
.
a do
.
v`a hu
.
o
.
ng la
.
p vo
.
i cac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
x, y, z cac goc tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng l`a , , .
(DS.
cos + cos + cos
3
)
50. Tnh da
.
o h`am cu a h`am f(x, y) = 2x
2
3y
2
ta
.
i die

m M(1, 0) theo
hu
.
o
.
ng la
.
p vo
.
i tru
.
c ho`anh goc ba
`
ng 120

. (DS. 2)
51. T`m da
.
o h`am cu a h`am z = x
2
y
2
ta
.
i die

m M
0
(1, 1) theo hu
.
o
.
ng
vecto
.
e la
.
p vo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng tru
.
c ho`anh g oc = 60

. (DS. 1

3)
52. T`m da
.
o h`am cu a h`am z = ln(x
2
+ y
2
) ta
.
i die

m M
0
(3, 4) theo
hu
.
o
.
ng gradien cu a h`am do. (DS.
2
5
)
53. T`m gia tri
.
v`a hu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.
gradien cu a h`am
w = tgx x + 3 sin y sin
3
y + z + cotgz
ta
.
i die

m M
0
_

4
,

3
,

2
_
.
(DS. (gradw)
M
=

i +
3
8

j, cos =
8

73
, cos =
3

73
)
54. T`m da
.
o h`am cu a h`am w = arc sin
z
_
x
2
+ y
2
ta
.
i die

m M
0
(1, 1, 1)
theo hu
.
o
.
ng vecto
.

M
0
M, trong do M = (3, 2, 3). (DS.
1
6
)
9.2 Vi phan cu

a h` am nhie
`
u bie

n
Trong mu
.
c n`ay ta xet vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n m`a de

cho go
.
n ta
ch ca
`
n tr`nh b`ay cho h`am hai bie

n l`a du . Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p so bie

n lo
.
n
ho
.
n hai du
.
o
.
.
c tr`nh b`ay ho`an to`an tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
.
126 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
9.2.1 Vi phan ca

p 1
Gia su
.
h`am w = f(x, y) kha vi ta
.
i die

m M(x, y), t u
.
c l`a ta
.
i do so gia
to`an pha
`
n cu a h`am co the

bie

u die

n du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
f(M) = f(x + x, y + y) f(x, y)
= D
1
x + D
2
y + o() (9.5)
trong do =
_
x
2
+ y
2
, D
1
v`a D
2
khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao x v`a
y. Khi do bie

u th u
.
c (go
.
i l`a pha
`
n chnh tuye

n tnh doi vo
.
i x v`a y
cu a so gia f)
D
1
x + D
2
y
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a vi phan (hay vi phan to`an ph a
`
n hay vi phan th u
.
nhat)
cu a h`am w = f(x, y) v`a du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u l`a df:
df = D
1
x + D
2
y.
V` x = dx, y = dy v`a v` f(x, y) kha vi ta
.
i M nen D
1
=
f
y
,
D
2
=
f
y
v`a
df =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy (9.6)
Nhu
.
va
.
y, ne

u w = f(x, y) kha vi ta
.
i M(x, y) th` t` u
.
(9.5) v`a (9.6)
ta co
f(M) = df(M) + o() hay f(M) = df(M) + () (9.7)
trong do () 0 khi 0.
9.2.2

Ap du
.
ng vi phan de

tnh ga
`
n d ung
Doi vo
.
i x v`a y du be ta c o the

thay xap x so gia f(M) bo


.
i vi
phan df(M), t u
.
c l`a
f(M) df(M)
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 127
hay l`a
f(x + x, y + y) f(x, y) +
f
x
(M)x +
f
y
(M)y (9.8)
Cong th u
.
c (9.8) l`a co
.
so
.
de

ap du
.
ng vi phan tnh g a
`
n d ung. Doi
vo
.
i h`am co so bie

n nhie
`
u ho
.
n 2 ta c ung co cong th u
.
c tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
.
9.2.3 Cac tnh cha

t cu a vi phan
Doi vo
.
i cac h`am kha vi f v`a g ta co:
(i) d(f g) = df dg;
(ii) d(fg) = fdg + gdf, d(f) = df, R;
(iii) d
_
f
g
_
=
gdf fdg
g
2
, g = 0;
(iv) Vi phan cap 1 cu a h`am hai bie

n f(x, y) bat bie

n ve
`
da
.
ng bat
lua
.
n x v`a y l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p hay l`a h`am cu a cac bie

n do
.
c la
.
p khac.
9.2.4 Vi phan ca

p cao
Gia su
.
h`am w = f(x, y) kha vi trong mie
`
n D. Khi do vi phan c ap 1
cu a no ta
.
i die

m (x, y) D tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i cac so gia dx v`a dy cu a cac
bie

n do
.
c la
.
p du
.
o
.
.
c bie

u die

n bo
.
i cong th u
.
c
df =
f
x
dx +
f
y
dy. (9.9)
O
.

day, dx = x, dy = y l`a nh u
.
ng so gia t` uy y cu a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p, do
l`a nh u
.
ng so khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao x v`a y. Nhu
.
va
.
y, khi co di
.
nh dx v`a
dy vi phan df l`a h`am cu a x v`a y.
Theo di
.
nh ngha: Vi phan th u
.
hai d
2
f (hay vi phan cap 2) cu a
h`am f(x, y) ta
.
i die

m M(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c di
.
nh ngha nhu
.
l`a vi phan cu a vi
phan th u
.
nhat ta
.
i die

m M vo
.
i cac die
`
u kie
.
n sau day:
(1) Vi phan df l`a h`am ch cu a cac bie

n do
.
c la
.
p x v`a y.
128 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
(2) So gia cu a cac bie

n do
.
c la
.
p x v`a y xuat hie
.
n khi tnh vi phan
cu a f

x
v`a f

y
du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a ba
`
ng so gia da
`
u tien, t u
.
c l`a ba
`
ng dx v`a dy.
T` u
.
do
d
2
f(M) =

2
f(M)
x
2
dx
2
+ 2

2
f
xy
(M)dxdy +

2
f
y
2
(M)dy
2
(9.10)
trong do dx
2
= (dx)
2
, dy
2
= (dy)
2
v`a ta xem c ac da
.
o h`am rieng ho

n
ho
.
.
p ba
`
ng nhau.
Mo
.
t c ach h`nh th u
.
c da

ng th u
.
c (9.10) co the

vie

t du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
d
2
f =
_

x
dx +

y
dy
_
2
f(x, y)
t u
.
c l`a sau khi thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep b`nh phu
.
o
.
ng ta ca
`
n die
`
n f(x, y) v`ao
o trong.
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
d
3
f =
_

x
dx +

y
dy
_
3
f(x, y)
=

3
f
x
3
dx
3
+ 3

3
f
x
2
y
dx
2
dy + 3

3
f
xy
2
dxdy
2
+

3
f
y
3
dy
3
,
v.v... Mo
.
t c ach quy na
.
p ta c o
d
n
f(x, y) =
n

k=0
C
k
n

n
f
x
nk
y
k
dx
nk
dy
k
. (9.11)
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p ne

u
w = f(t, v), t = (x, y), v = (x, y)
th`
dw =
f
t
dt +
f
v
dx (tnh bat bie

n ve
`
da
.
ng !)
d
2
w =

2
f
t
2
dt
2
+ 2

2
f
tv
dtdy +

2
f
v
2
dv
2
+
f
t
d
2
t +
f
v
d
2
v. (9.12)
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 129
9.2.5 Cong th u
.
c Taylor
Ne

u h`am f(x, y) l`a n + 1 la


`
n kha vi trong -lan ca
.
n V cu a die

m
M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) th` doi vo
.
i die

m bat k` y M(x, y) V ta co c ong th u


.
c Taylor
f(x, y) = f(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
1!
_
f

x
(x
0
, y
0
)(x x
0
) + f

y
(x
0
, y
0
)(y y
0
)
_
+
1
2!
_
f

xx
(x
0
, y
0
)(x x
0
)
2
+ 2f

xy
(x
0
, y
0
)(x x
0
)(y y
0
)
+ f

yy
(x
0
, y
0
)(y y
0
)
_
+ +
1
n!
m

i=0
C
i
n

n
f(x
0
, y
0
)
x
ni
y
i
(x x
0
)
ni
(y y
0
)
i
+
1
(n + 1)!
n

i=0

n+1
f(, )
x
ni
y
i
(x x
0
)
ni
(y y
0
), (9.13)
trong do = x
0
+ (x x
0
), = y
0
+ (y y
0
), 0 < < 1.
hay l`a
f(x, y) = f(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
1!
df(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
2!
d
2
f(x
0
, y
0
) + . . .
+
1
n!
d
n
f(x
0
, y
0
) + R
n+1
,
= P
n
(x, y) + R
n+1
(9.14)
trong do P
n
(x, y) go
.
i l`a da th u
.
c Taylor ba
.
c n cu a hai bie

n x v`a y,
R
n+1
l`a so ha
.
ng du
.
. Ne

u da
.
t
=
_
x
2
+ y
2
th` (9.14) co the

vie

t du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
f(x, y) = P
n
(x, y) + 0(), 0,
o
.
day R
n+1
= o() l`a pha
`
n du
.
da
.
ng Peano.
130 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
9.2.6 Vi phan cu a h`am a

n
Theo di
.
nh ngha: bie

n w du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am a

n cu a cac bie

n do
.
c la
.
p
x, y, ..., t ne

u no du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
F(x, y, . . . , w) = 0
khong gia i du
.
o
.
.
c doi vo
.
i w.
De

tnh vi phan cu a h`am a

n w ta lay vi phan ca hai ve

cu a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh (xem nhu
.
do
`
ng nhat th u
.
c) ro
`
i t` u
.
do t`m dw. De

tnh d
2
w ta ca
`
n
lay vi phan cu a dw vo
.
i lu
.
u y ra
`
ng dx v`a dy l`a ha
`
ng so, c`on dw l`a vi
phan cu a h`am.
Ta c ung co the

thu du
.
o
.
.
c vi phan dw ba
`
ng cach tnh cac da
.
o h`am
rieng:
w

x
=
F

x
()
F

w
()
, w

y
=
F

y
()
F

w
()
, . . .
ro
`
i the

v`ao bie

u th u
.
c
dw =
w
x
dx +
w
y
dy + +
w
t
dt, v.v...
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh vi phan df ne

u
1) f(x, y) = xy
2
, 2) f(x, y) =
_
x
2
+ y
2
.
Gia i. 1) Ta c o
f

x
=
_
xy
2
_

x
= y
2
, f

y
=
_
xy
2
)

y
= 2xy.
Do do
df(x, y) = y
2
dx + 2xydy.
2) Ta tnh c ac da
.
o h`am rieng:
f

x
=
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
, f

y
=
y
_
x
2
+ y
2

9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie


`
u bie

n 131
Do do
df =
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
dx +
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
dy =
xdx + ydy
_
x
2
+ y
2

V du
.
2. Tnh df(M
0
) ne

u f(x, y, z) = e
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
v`a M
0
= M
0
(0, 1, 2).
Gia i. Ta co
df(M) =
f
x
(M)dx +
f
y
(M)dy +
f
z
(M)dz, M = M(x, y, z).
Ta tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng
f
x
= 2xe
x
2
+y
2
+z
2

f
x
(M
0
) = 0, (v` x = 0)
f
y
= 2ye
x
2
+y
2
+z
2

f
y
(M
0
) = 2e
5
,
f
z
= 2ze
x
2
+y
2
+z
2

f
z
(M
0
) = 4e
5
.
T` u
.
do
df(M
0
) = 2e
5
dy + 4e
5
dz.
V du
.
3. Tnh dw ta
.
i die

m M
0
(1, 1) ne

u
w = f(x + y
2
, y + x
2
).
Gia i. Cach 1. Tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng cu a h`am f(x, y) theo x v`a
theo y ro
`
i ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (9.9). T` u
.
v du
.
4, mu
.
c 9.1 ta co
f
x
(M
0
) = f

t
(0, 2) 2f

v
(0, 2)
f
y
(M
0
) = 2f

t
(0, 2) + f

v
(0, 2)
t = x + y
2
, v = y + x
2
v`a do do
df(M
0
) =
_
f

t
(0, 2) 2f

v
(0, 2)

dx + 2
_
2f

t
(0, 2) + f

v
(0, 2)

dy.
132 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
Cach 2.

Ap du
.
ng tnh bat bie

n ve
`
da
.
ng cu a vi phan cap 1.
Ta co
t = x + y
2
dt = dx + 2ydy,
v = y + x
2
dv = 2xdx + dy.
Do do
df(M
0
) =
f
t
(0, 2)dt +
f
v
(0, 2)dv
= f

t
(0, 2)[dx + 2ydy] + f

v
(0, 2)[2xdx + dy]
=
_
f

t
(0, 2) 2f

v
(0, 2)

dx +
_
2f

t
(0, 2) + f

v
(0, 2)

dy.
V du
.
4. 1) Cho h`am f(x, y) = x
y
. Hay t`m vi phan cap hai cu a f
ne

u x v`a y l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p.
2) T`m vi phan cap hai cu a h`am f(x + y, xy) ne

u x v`a y l`a bie

n
do
.
c la
.
p.
Gia i. 1) T` u
.
v du
.
2, 1) v`a c ong th u
.
c (9.10) ta co
d
2
f =

2
f
x
2
dx
2
+ 2

2
f
xy
dxdy +

2
f
y
2
dy
2
,
trong do

2
f
x
2
= y(y 1)x
y2
,

2
f
y
2
= x
y
(lnx)
2
,

2
f
xy
= x
y1
(1 + ylnx)
v`a do do
d
2
f = y(y 1)x
y2
dx
2
+ x
y1
(1 + ylnx)dxdy + x
y
(lnx)
2
dy
2
.
2) Ta vie

t h`am da cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng u = f(t, v), trong do t = x + y,
v = xy.
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 133
1
+
Cach I. Tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng ro
`
i ap du
.
ng (9.10). Ta co:
f
x
= f

t
(x + y, xy) + f

v
(x + y, xy) y,
f
y
= f

t
(x + y, xy) + f

v
(x + y, xy) x,

2
f
x
2
= f

tt
+ f

tv
y + f

tv
y + f

vv
y
2
= f

tt
+ 2yf

tv
+ y
2
f

vv
,

2
f
xy
= f

tt
+ f

tv
x + f

tv
y + f

vv
xy + f

v
= f

tt
+ (x + y)f

tv
+ xyf

vv
+ f

v
,

2
f
y
2
= f

tt
+ f

tv
x + f

tv
x + f

vv
x
2
= f

tt
+ 2xf

tv
+ x
2
f

vv
.
The

cac da
.
o h`am rieng t`m du
.
o
.
.
c v`ao (9.10) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
d
2
f = (f

tt
+ 2yf

tv
+ y
2
f

vv
)dx
2
+ 2(f

tt
+ (x + y)f

tv
+ xyf

vv
+ f

v
)dxdy
+ (f

tt
+ 2xf

tv
+ x
2
f

vv
)dy
2
.
2
+
Cach II. Ta c o the

thu du
.
o
.
.
c ke

t qua n`ay ne

u lu
.
u y ra
`
ng vo
.
i
t = x + y dt = dx + dy v`a v = xy dv = xdy + ydx v`a t` u
.
do
d
2
t = d(dx + dy) = d
2
x + d
2
y = 0
(v` x v` a y l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p) v`a
d
2
v = d(xdy + ydx) = dxdy + dxdy = 2dxdy.

Ap du
.
ng (9.12) ta co
d
2
f =

2
f
t
2
(dx + dy)
2
+ 2

2
f
tv
(dx + dy)(xdy + ydx)
+

2
f
v
2
(xdy + ydx)
2
+
f
t
0 +
f
v
(2dxdy)
=
_
f

tt
+ 2yf

tv
+ y
2
f

vv
_
dx
2
+
_
f

tt
+ 2xf

tv
+ x
2
f

vv
_
dy
2
+ 2
_
f

tt
+ (x + y)f

tv
+ xyf

vv
+ f

v
_
dxdy.
134 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
V du
.
5.

Ap du
.
ng vi phan de

tnh ga
`
n d ung cac gia tri
.
:
1) a = (1, 04)
2,03
2) b = arctg
_
1, 97
1, 02
1
_
3) c =
_
(1, 04)
1,99
+ ln(1, 02)
4) d =
sin1, 49 arctg0, 07
2
2,95
.
Gia i. De

ap du
.
ng vi phan v`ao tnh ga
`
n d ung ta c a
`
n thu
.
.
c hie
.
n cac
bu
.
o
.
c sau day:
Th u
.
nhat l`a ch ro bie

u th u
.
c gia i tch doi vo
.
i h`am m`a gi a tri
.
ga
`
n
d ung cu a no ca
`
n pha i tnh.
Th u
.
hai l`a cho
.
n die

m da
`
u M
0
sao cho gia tri
.
cu a h`am v`a cu a cac
da
.
o h`am rieng cu a no ta
.
i die

m ay c o the

tnh m`a khong ca


`
n d` ung
ba ng.
Cuoi c` ung ta ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
f(x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) = f(x
0
, y
0
) + f

x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f

y
(x
0
, y
0
)y.
1) Tnh a = (1, 04)
2,03
. Ta xet h`am f(x, y) = x
y
. So a ca
`
n tnh l`a
gia tri
.
cu a h`am khi x = 1, 04 v`a y = 2, 03.
Ta lay M
0
= M
0
(1, 2). Khi do x = 0, 04, y = 0, 03.
Tie

p theo ta c o
f
x
= yx
y1

f
x

M
0
= 2
f
y
= x
y
lnx
f
y

M
0
= 1 ln1 = 0.
Bay gi`o
.
ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c v` u
.
a neu o
.
tren ta co:
a = f(1, 04; 2, 03) = (1, 04)
2,03
f(1, 2) + 2 0, 04 = 1 + 0, 08 = 1, 08.
2) Ta nha
.
n xet ra
`
ng arctg
_
1, 97
1, 02
1
_
l`a gia tri
.
cu a h`am
f(x, y) = arctg
_
x
y
1
_
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 135
ta
.
i die

m M(1, 97; 1, 02).


Ta cho
.
n M
0
= M
0
(2, 1) v`a co
x = 1, 97 2 = 0, 03,
y = 1, 02 1 = 0, 02.
Tie

p de

n ta c o
f
x
=
1
y
1 +
_
x
y
1
_
2
=
y
y
2
+ (x y)
2
f
y
=
x
y
2
+ (x y)
2

T` u
.
do
f
x
(M
0
) = f

x
(2, 1) =
1
1
2
+ (2 1)
2
= 0, 5
f
y
(M
0
) = f

y
(2, 1) = 1.
Do do
arctg
_
1, 97
1, 02
1
_
= arctg
_
2
1
1
_
+ (0, 5) (0, 03) + 1 (0, 02)
=

4
0, 015 0, 02 = 0, 785 0, 035
= 0, 75.
3) Ta thay ra
`
ng c =
_
(1, 04)
1,99
+ ln(1, 02) l`a gia tri
.
cu a h`am
u = f(x, y, z) =

x
y
+ lnz ta
.
i die

m M(1, 04; 1, 99; 1, 02).


Ta cho
.
n M
0
= M
0
(1, 2, 1). Khi do
x = 1, 04 1 = 0, 04
y = 1, 99 2 = 0, 01
z = 1, 02 1 = 0, 02.
136 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
Bay gi`o
.
ta tnh gia tri
.
cac da
.
o h`am rieng ta
.
i die

m M
0
. Ta co
f
x
=
yx
y1
2

x
y
+ lnz

f
x
(M
0
) =
2 1
2

1 + ln1
= 1,
f
y
=
x
y
lnx
2

x
y
+ lnz

f
y
(M
0
) = 0,
f
z
=
1
2z

x
y
+ lnz

f
z
(M
0
) =
1
2

T` u
.
do suy ra
_
(1, 04)
1,99
+ ln(1, 02)

1 + ln1 + 1 (0, 04) + 0 (0, 01)


+ (1/2) 0, 02 = 1, 05.
4) Ta thay d l`a gia tri
.
cu a h`am f(x, y, z) = 2
x
siny arctgx ta
.
i die

m
M(2, 95; 1, 49; 0, 07)
Ta lay M
0
= M
0
_
3,

2
, 0
_
. Khi do
x = 2, 95 (3) = 0, 05
y = 1, 49 1, 57 = 0, 08
z = 0, 07.
Tie

p theo ta c o
f(M
0
) = 2
3
sin(/2) arctg0 = 0,
f

x
(M
0
) = 2
x
ln2 siny arctgz

M
0
= 0,
f

y
(M
0
) = 2
x
cos y arctgz

M
0
= 0,
f

z
(M
0
) =
2
x
sin y
1 + z
2

M
0
= 2
3
.
T` u
.
do ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
sin1, 49 arctg0, 07
2
2,95
2
3
0, 07 0, 01.
V du
.
6. Khai trie

n h`am f(x, y) = x
y
theo cong th u
.
c Taylor ta
.
i lan
ca
.
n die

m (1, 1) vo
.
i n = 3.
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 137
Gia i. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay cong th u
.
c Taylor co da
.
ng sau day
f(x, y) = f(1, 1) +
df(1, 1)
1!
+
d
2
f(1, 1)
2!
+
d
2
f(1, 1)
3!
+ R
3
. (*)
1
+
Tnh mo
.
i da
.
o h`am rieng cu a h`am cho de

n xap 3. Ta co
f

x
= yx
y1
, f

y
= x
y
lnx, f

x
2 = y(y 1)x
y2
,
f

xy
= x
y1
+ yx
y1
lnx, f

y
2 = x
y
(lnx)
2
,
f
(3)
x
3
= y(y 1)(y 2)x
y3
, f
(3)
x
2
y
= (2y 1)x
y2
+ y(y 1)x
y2
lnx,
f
(3)
xy
2
= 2x
y1
lnx + yx
y1
(lnx)
2
, f
(3)
y
3
= x
y
(lnx)
3
.
2+ Tnh gia tri
.
cu a cac da
.
o h`am rieng ta
.
i die

m (1, 1). Ta co
f(1, 1) = 1, f

x
(1, 1) = 1, f

y
(1, 1) = 0, f

x
2(1, 1) = 0,
f

xy
(1, 1) = 1, f

y
2 (1, 1) = 0, f
(3)
x
3
(1, 1) = 0, f
(3)
x
2
y
(1, 1) = 1,
f
(3)
xy
2
(1, 1) = 0, f
(3)
y
3
(1, 1) = 0.
3
+
The

v`ao c ong th u
.
c (*) ta co
df(1, 1) = f

x
(1, 1)x + f

y
(1, 1)y = x,
d
2
f(1, 1) = f

x
2(1, 1)x
2
+ 2f

xy
(1, 1)xy + f

y
2 (1, 1)y
2
= 2xy,
d
3
f(1, 1) = 3x
2
y
v`a do do
x
y
= 1 + x + xy +
1
2
x
2
y + R
3
.
V du
.
7. Tnh vi phan cu a h`am a

n w(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh
w
3
+ 3x
2
y + xw + y
2
w
2
+ y 2x = 0.
Gia i. Ta xem phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho nhu
.
mo
.
t do
`
ng nhat v`a lay vi
phan cu a ve

trai v`a ve

pha i:
3w
2
dw + 6xydx + 3x
2
dy + wdx + xdw + 2y w
2
dy
+ 2y
2
wdw 2dx + dy = 0
138 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
v`a t` u
.
do r ut ra dw. Ta co
(6xy + w 2)dx + (3x
2
+ 2yw
2
+ 1)dy + (3w
2
+ x + 2y
2
w)dw = 0
v`a do do
dw =
2 6xy w
3w
2
+ x + 2y
2
w
dx
3x
2
+ 2yw
2
+ 1
3w
2
+ x + 2y
2
w
dy.
V du
.
8. Tnh dw v`a d
2
w cu a h`am a

n w(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh
x
2
2
+
y
2
6
+
w
2
8
= 1.
Gia i. Da
`
u tien t`m dw. Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
trong v du
.
7 ta co
xdx +
ydy
3
+
wdw
4
= 0 dw =
4x
w
dx
4y
3w
dy. (*)
La
.
i lay vi phan to`an pha
`
n da

ng th u
.
c thu du
.
o
.
.
c vo
.
i lu
.
u y l`a dx, dy l`a
ha
`
ng so; dw l`a vi phan cu a h`am.
Ta co
d
2
w = 4
wdx xdw
w
2
dx
4
3

wdy ydw
w
2
dy
hay l`a
d
2
w = 4
_
1
w
dx
2

x
2
w
2
dxdw +
1
3w
dy
2

y
3w
2
dydw
_
(**)
De

co bie

u th u
.
c d
2
w qua x, y, w, dx v`a dy ta c a
`
n the

dw t` u
.
(*) v`ao
(**).
V du
.
9. Cac h`am a

n u(x, y) v`a v(x, y) du


.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i he
.
xy + uv = 1,
xv yu = 3.
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 139
Tnh du(1, 1), d
2
u(1, 1); dv(1, 1), d
2
v(1, 1) ne

u u(1, 1) = 1,
v(1, 1) = 2.
Gia i. Lay vi phan he
.
da cho hai la
`
n ta c o
_
ydx + xdy + udv + vdu = 0,
xdv + vdx ydu udy = 0.
(I)
_
2dxdy + 2dudv + ud
2
v + vd
2
u = 0,
2dxdv 2dudv + xd
2
v yd
2
u = 0.
(II)
The

v`ao (I) gia tri


.
x = 1, y = 1, u = 1, v = 2 ta co
_
dx + dy + dv + 2du = 0
2dx dy + dv + du = 0

du = 3dx 2dy
dv = 5dx + 3dy
(III)
T` u
.
(III) ta c ung thu du
.
o
.
.
c u

x
= 3, u

v
= 2; v

x
= 5, v

y
= 3.
Thay v`ao (II) cac gia tri
.
x = 1, y = 1, u = 1, v = 2 v`a du, dv t` u
.
(III) ta c o:
d
2
v + 2d
2
u = 2dxdy 2(3dx 2dy)(3dy 5dx)
d
2
v + d
2
u = 2dy(3dx 2dy) 2dx(3dy 5dx)
v`a do do
d
2
u = 4(5dx
2
10dxdy + 4dy
2
),
d
2
v = 10(dx
2
+ 4dxdy 2dy
2
).
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
Tnh vi phan dw cu a cac h`am sau
1. w = x
2
y y
2
x + 3. (DS. dw = (2xy y
2
)dx + (x
2
2xy)dy)
2. w = (x
2
+ y
2
)
3
. (DS. 6(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
(xdx + ydy))
3. w = x 3 sin y. (DS. dw = dx 3 cos ydy)
140 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
4. w = ln(x
2
+ y). (DS.
2xdx
x
2
+ y
+
dy
x
2
+ y
)
5. w =
_
y
x
_
x
. (DS.
__
y
x
_
x
ln
y
x

_
y
x
_
x
_
dx +
_
y
x
_
x1
dy)
6. w = ln tg
y
x
. (DS.
2ydx
x
2
sin
2y
x
+
2dy
xsin
2y
x
).
Tnh dw(M
0
) cu a cac h`am ta
.
i die

m M
0
da cho (7-14)
7. w = e

y
x
, M
0
(1, 0). (DS. dw(1, 0) = dy)
8. w = y
3

x, M
0
(1, 1). (DS. dw(1, 1) =
1
3
dx + dy)
9. f(x, y) =
yz
x
, M
0
(1, 2, 3). (DS. df

M
0
= 6dx + 3dy + 2dz)
10. f(x, y, z) = cos(xy + xz), M
0
_
1,

6
,

6
_
.
(DS. df

M
0
=

3
2
_

3
dx + dy + dz
_
)
11. f(x, y) = e
xy
, M
0
(0, 0). (DS. df

M
0
= 0)
12. f(x, y) = x
y
, M
0
(2, 3). (DS. df

M
0
= 12dx + 8ln2dy)
13. f(x, y) = xln(xy), M
0
(1, 1). (DS. df

M
0
= dx + dy)
14. f(x, y) = arctg
x
y
, M
)
(1, 2). (DS. df

M
0
=
1
5
(2dx dy)).
T`m vi phan cu a c ac h`am ho
.
.
p sau day ta
.
i cac die

m da ch ra (15-18)
15. f(x, y) = f(x y, x + y), M(x, y), M
0
(1, 1).
(DS. df

M
= (f

t
+ f

v
)dx + (f

v
f

t
)dy,
df

M
0
=
_
f

t
(2, 0) + f

v
(2, 0)

dx +
_
f

v
(2, 0) f

t
(2, 0)

dy,
t = x y, v = x + y)
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 141
16. f(x, y) = f
_
xy,
x
y
_
, M(x, y), M
0
(0, 1).
(DS. df

M
=
_
yf

t
+
1
y
f

v
_
dx +
_
xf

t

x
y
2
f

v
_
dy,
df

M
0
=
_
f

t
(0, 0) + f

v
(0, 0)

dx, t = xy, v =
x
y
)
17. f(x, y, z) = f(x
2
y
2
, y
2
z
2
, z
2
x
2
), M(x, y, z), M
0
(1, 1, 1).
(DS. df

M
= 2(xf

t
xf

w
)dx + 2y(f

v
f

t
)dy + 2z(f

w
f

v
)dz,
df

M
0
= 2(f

t
(0, 0, 0) f

w
(0, 0, 0))dx + 2(f

v
(0, 0, 0) f

t
(0, 0, 0))dy
+ 2(f

w
(0, 0, 0) f

v
(0, 0, 0))dz,
t = x
2
y
2
, v = y
2
z
2
, w = z
2
x
2
)
18. f(x, y, z) = f(sinx+sin y, cos xcos z), M(x, y, z) v`a M
0
(0, 0, 0).
(DS. df

M
= (f

t
cos x f

v
sinx)dx + f

t
cos ydy + f

v
sinzdz,
df

M
0
= f

t
(0, 0)dx + f

v
(0, 0)dy,
t = sinx + siny, v = cos x cos z).
Tnh vi phan dw v`a d
2
w ta
.
i die

m M(x, y) (19-22) ne

u:
19. w = f(lnz), z = x
2
+ y
2
.
(DS. d
2
w =
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
_
(2x
2
f

tt
x
2
f

t
+ y
2
f

t
)dx
2
+ (4xyf

tt
4xyf

t
)dxdy + (x
2
f

t
yf

t
+ 2yf

t
2)dy
2
)
20. w = f(, , ), = ax, = by, = cz; a, b, c-ha
`
ng so.
(DS. dw = af

dx + bf

dy + cf

dz;
d
2
w = a
2
f

2dx
2
+ b
2
f

2dy
2
+ c
2
f

2dz
2
+ 2(f

abdxdy + f

bcdydz + f

acdxdz))
21. w = f(x + y, x y). (DS. x + y = u, x y = v;
d
2
w = (f

u
2 + 2f

uv
+ f

v
2)dx
2
+ (f

u
2 2f

v
2 )dxdy + (f

u
2 2f

uv
+ f

v
2 )dy
2
)
142 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
22. w = xf
_
x
y
_
. (DS. dw =
_
f +
x
y
f

_
dx
x
2
y
2
f

dy,
d
2
w =
_
2
y
f

+
x
y
2
f

)dx
2

_
4x
y
2
f

+
2x
2
y
3
f

_
dxdy
_
2x
2
y
3
f


x
3
y
4
f

_
dy
2
)
Tnh vi phan cap hai cu a cac h`am sau day ta
.
i cac die

m M(x, y)
v`a M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) ne

u f l`a h`am hai la


`
n kha vi v`a x, y, z l`a bie

n do
.
c la
.
p
(23-25)
23. u = f(x y, x + y), M(x, y), M
0
(1, 1) .
(DS. d
2
u

M
= f

tt
(dx dy)
2
+ 2f

tv
(dx
2
dy
2
) + f

vv
(dx + dy)
2
,
d
2
u

M
0
= f

tt
(0, 2)dx(dx dy)
2
+ 2f

tv
(0, 2)(dx
2
dy
2
)
+ f

vv
(0, 2)(dx + dy)
2
)
24. u = f(x + y, z
2
), M(x, y, z), M
0
(1, 1, 0).
(DS. d
2
u

M
= f

tt
(dx + dy)
2
+ 4zf

tv
dz(dx + dy)
+ 4z
2
f

vv
dz
2
+ 2f

v
d
2
z,
d
2
u

M
0
= f

tt
(0, 0)(dx + dy)
2
+ 2f

v
(0, 0)dz
2
,
t = x + y, v = z
2
)
25. u = f(xy, x
2
+ y
2
), M(x, y), M
0
(0, 0).
(DS. d
2
u

M
= f

tt
(ydx + xdy)
2
+ 4f

tv
(ydz + xdy)(xdx + ydy)
+ 4f

vv
(xdx + ydy)
2
+ 2f

t
dxdy + 2f

v
(dx
2
+ dy
2
),
d
2
u

M
0
= 2f

t
(0, 0)dxdy + 2f

v
(0, 0)(dx
2
+ dy
2
),
t = xy, v = x
2
+ y
2
)
Tnh vi phan d
n
w (26-27) ne

u:
26. w = f(ax + by + cz).
(DS. d
n
w = f
(n)
(ax + by + cz)(adx + bdy + cdz)
n
)
9.2. Vi phan cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 143
27. w = f(ax, by, cz).
(DS. d
n
w =
_
a

dx + b

dy + c

dz
_
n
f(, , ),
= ax, = by, = cz)
Khai trie

n cac h`am da cho theo c ong th u


.
c Taylor de

n cac so ha
.
ng
cap 2 (28-30) ne

u
28. f(x, y) =
1
x y
(DS. w =
y x
(x y)
2
+
x
2
2xy + y
2
(x y)
3
+ R
2
)
29. f(x, y) =

x + y.
(DS. w =
x + y
2

x + y

x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
8(x + y)
3/2
+ R
2
)
30. f(x, y) = e
x+y
.
DS. w = e
x+y
(x + y) + e
x+y
(x + y)
2
2
+ R
2
).

Ap du
.
ng vi phan de

tnh ga
`
n d ung (31-35)
31. i) a = (0, 97)
2,02
(DS. 0, 94)
ii) b =
_
(4, 05)
2
+ (2, 93)
2
(DS. 4.998)
32. i) a =
_
(1.04)
2,99
+ ln1, 02. (DS. 1,05)
Ch da

n. Xet h`am

x
y
+ lnz.
ii) b =
3
_
(1, 02)
2
+ (0, 05)
2
. (DS. 1,013)
Ch da

n. Xet h`am
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
.
33. i) a = sin29

tg46

. (DS. 0, 502)
ii) b = sin 32

cos 59

. (DS. 0, 273)
34. i) a = ln(0, 09
3
+ 0, 99
3
). (DS. 0, 03)
144 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
Ch da

n. Xet h`am f = ln(x


3
+ y
3
), M
0
(0, 1).
ii) b =
_
5e
0,02
+ (2, 03)
2
. (DS. 3, 037)
Ch da

n. Xet h`am f =
_
5e
x
+ y
2
, M
0
(0, 2).
35. Tnh vi phan cu a h`am f(x, y) =
_
x
3
+ y
3
.

U
.
ng du
.
ng de

tnh
xap x
_
(1, 02)
3
+ (1, 97)
3
. (DS. 2, 95)
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day (36-38) hay tnh vi phan c ap 1 cu a
h`am a

n z(x, y) xac di
.
nh bo
.
i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng
36. z
3
+ 3x
2
z = 2xy. (DS. dz =
(2y 6xz)dx + 2xdy
3(x
2
+ z
2
)
)
37. cos
2
x + cos
2
y + cos
2
z = 1.
(DS. dz =
sin2xdx + sin2ydy
sin2z
).
38. x + y + z = e
(x+y+z)
. (DS. dz = dx dy)
39. Cho w l`a h`am cu a x v`a y xac di
.
nh bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
x
w
= ln
w
y
+ 1.
Tnh vi phan dw, d
2
w.
(DS. dw =
w(ydx + wdy)
y(x + w)
, d
2
w =
w
2
(ydx xdy)
2
y
2
(x + w)
2
).
40. Tnh dw v`a d
2
w ne

u h`am w(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
w x = arctg
y
w x
.
(DS. dw = dx +
(w x)dy
(w x)
2
+ y
2
+ y
,
d
2
w =
2(y + 1)(w x)[(w x)
2
+ y
2
]
[(w x)
2
+ y
2
+ y]
3
dy
2
).
9.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 145
9.3 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu

a h` am nhie
`
u bie

n
9.3.1 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
H`am f(x, y) c o cu
.
.
c da
.
i di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng (hoa
.
c cu
.
.
c tie

u di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng) ba
`
ng
f(x
0
, y
0
) ta
.
i die

m M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) D ne

u to
`
n ta
.
i -lan ca
.
n cu a die

m M
0
sao cho vo
.
i mo
.
i die

m M = M
0
thuo
.
c lan ca
.
n ay ta c o
f(M) < f(M
0
) (tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng : f(M) > f(M
0
)).
Go
.
i chung cu
.
.
c da
.
i, cu
.
.
c tie

u cu a h`am so l`a cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am so.
Die
`
u kie
.
n ca
`
n de

to
`
n ta
.
i cu
.
.
c tri
.
di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng: Ne

u ta
.
i die

m M
0
h`am
f(x, y) co cu
.
.
c tri
.
di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng th` ta
.
i die

m do ca hai da
.
o h`am rieng cap
1 (ne

u ch ung to
`
n ta
.
i) de
`
u ba
`
ng 0 hoa
.
c t nhat mo
.
t trong hai da
.
o h`am
rieng khong to
`
n ta
.
i (do l`a nh u
.
ng die

m to
.
i ha
.
n hoa
.
c die

m d` u
.
ng cu a
h`am f(x, y)). Khong pha i mo
.
i die

m d` u
.
ng de
`
u l`a die

m cu
.
.
c tri
.
.
Die
`
u kie
.
n du : gia su
.

xx
(M
0
) =, f

xy
(M
0
) = B, f

yy
(M
0
) = C.
Khi do:
i) Ne

u (M
0
) =

A B
B C

> 0 v`a A > 0 th` ta


.
i die

m M
0
h`am f co
cu
.
.
c tie

u di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng.
ii) Ne

u (M
0
) =

A B
B C

> 0 v`a A < 0 th` ta


.
i die

m M
0
h`am f co
cu
.
.
c da
.
i di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng.
iii) Ne

u (M
0
) =

A B
B C

< 0 th` M
0
l`a die

m yen ngu
.
.
a cu a f, t u
.
c
l`a ta
.
i M
0
h`am f khong co cu
.
.
c tri
.
.
iv) Ne

u (M
0
) =

A B
B C

= 0 th` M
0
l`a die

m nghi van (h`am f co


the

co v`a c ung co the

khong co cu
.
.
c tri
.
ta
.
i do).
146 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
9.3.2 Cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p do
.
n gia n nhat, cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n cu a h`am f(x, y)
l`a cu
.
.
c da
.
i hoa
.
c cu
.
.
c tie

u cu a h`am do da
.
t du
.
o
.
.
c vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n cac bie

n
x v`a y thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (x, y) = 0 (phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh r`ang bu o
.
c).
De

t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n r`ang buo
.
c (x, y) ta la
.
p
h`am Lagrange (h` am bo

tro
.
.
)
F(x, y) = f(x, y)

(x, y)
trong do l`a ha
`
ng so nhan chu
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh v`a di t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
thong
thu
.
`o
.
ng cu a h`am bo

tro
.
.
n`ay. Day l`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap th` u
.
a so bat di
.
nh
Lagrange.
T`m die
`
u kie
.
n ca
`
n de

to
`
n ta
.
i cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n chung quy l`a gia i
he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
_

_
F
x
=
f
x
+

x
= 0
F
y
=
f
y
+

y
= 0
(x, y) = 0
(9.15)
T` u
.
he
.
n`ay ta co the

xac di
.
nh x, y v`a .
Van de
`
to
`
n ta
.
i v`a da
.
c tnh cu a cu
.
.
c tri
.
di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c minh di
.
nh
tren co
.
so
.
xet dau cu a vi phan cap hai cu a h`am bo

tro
.
.
d
2
F =

2
F
x
2
dx
2
+ 2

2
F
xy
dxdy +

2
F
y
2
dy
2
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh doi vo
.
i cac gia tri
.
x, y, thu du
.
o
.
.
c khi gia i he
.
(9.15) vo
.
i die
`
u
kie
.
n l`a

x
dx +

y
dy = 0 (dx
2
+ dy
2
= 0).
Cu
.
the

l`a:
9.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 147
i) Ne

u d
2
F < 0 h`am f(x, y) c o cu
.
.
c da
.
i co die
`
u kie
.
n.
ii) Ne

u d
2
F > 0 h`am f(x, y) c o cu
.
.
c tie

u co die
`
u kie
.
n.
iii) Ne

u d
2
F = 0 th` c a
`
n pha i kha o sat.
Nha
.
n xet
i) Vie
.
c t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am ba bie

n hoa
.
c nhie
`
u ho
.
n du
.
o
.
.
c tie

n h`anh
tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
o
.
1.
ii) Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
co the

t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n cu a h`am ba bie

n hoa
.
c
nhie
`
u ho
.
n vo
.
i mo
.
t hoa
.
c nhie
`
u phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh r`ang buo
.
c (s o phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh r` ang bu o
.
c pha i be ho
.
n so bie

n). Khi do ca
`
n la
.
p h`am bo

tro
.
.
vo
.
i
so th` u
.
a so chu
.
a xac di
.
nh ba
`
ng so phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh r`ang buo
.
c.
iii) Ngo` ai phu
.
o
.
ng phap th` u
.
a so bat di
.
nh Lagrange, ngu
.
`o
.
i ta c`on
d` ung phu
.
o
.
ng phap khu
.
bie

n so de

t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n.
9.3.3 Gia tri
.
lo
.
n nha

t v`a be nha

t cu a h`am
H`am kha vi trong mie
`
n dong bi
.
cha
.
n da
.
t gia tri
.
lo
.
n nhat (nho nhat)
hoa
.
c ta
.
i die

m d` u
.
ng hoa
.
c ta
.
i die

m bien cu a mie
`
n.
C

AC V

I DU
.
V du
.
1. T`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng cu a h`am
f(x, y) = x
4
+ y
4
2x
2
+ 4xy 2y
2
.
Gia i. i) Mie
`
n xac di
.
nh cu a h`am l`a to`an ma
.
t pha

ng R
2
.
ii) Tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng f

x
v`a f

y
v`a t`m cac die

m to
.
i ha
.
n. Ta
co
f

x
= 4x
3
4x + 4y, f

y
= 4y
3
+ 4x 4y.
Do do
4x
3
4x + 4y = 0
4y
3
+ 4x 4y = 0
148 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
v`a t` u
.
do
_
x
1
= 0
y
1
= 0
_
x
2
=

2
y
2
=

2
_
x
3
=

2
y
3
=

2.
Nhu
.
va
.
y ta co ba die

m to
.
i ha
.
n. V` f

x
, f

y
to
`
n ta
.
i vo
.
i mo
.
i die

m
M(x, y) R
2
nen h`am khong c`on die

m to
.
i ha
.
n n`ao khac.
iii) Ta tnh c ac da
.
o h`am rieng cap hai v`a gia tri
.
cu a ch ung ta
.
i cac
die

m to
.
i ha
.
n.
f

xx
(x, y) = 12x
2
= 4, f

xy
= 4, f

yy
= 12y
2
4.
Ta
.
i die

m O(0, 0): A = 4, B = 4, C = 4
Ta
.
i die

m M
1
(

2, +

2): A = 20, B = 4, C = 20
Ta
.
i die

m M
2
(+

2,

2): A = 20, B = 4, C = 20.


iv) Ta
.
i die

m O(0, 0)ta c o

A B
B C

4 4
4 4

= 16 16 = 0.
Dau hie
.
u du khong cho ta c au tra l`o
.
i. Ta nha
.
n xet ra
`
ng trong lan
ca
.
n bat k` y cu a die

m O to
`
n ta
.
i nh u
.
ng die

m m`a f(x, y) > 0 v`a nh u


.
ng
die

m m`a f(x, y) < 0. Ch a

ng ha
.
n do
.
c theo trung c Ox (y = 0) ta c o
f(x, y)

y=0
= f(x, 0) = x
4
2x
2
= x
2
(2 x
2
) < 0
ta
.
i nh u
.
ng die

m du ga
`
n (0, 0), v`a do
.
c theo du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng y = x
f(x, y)

y=x
= f(x, x) = 2x
4
> 0
Nhu
.
va
.
y, ta
.
i nh u
.
ng die

m khac nhau cu a mo
.
t lan ca
.
n n`ao do cu a
die

m O(0, 0) so gia to`an pha


`
n f(x, .y) khong co c` ung mo
.
t dau v`a do
do ta
.
i O(0, 0) h`am khong co cu
.
.
c tri
.
di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng.
Ta
.
i die

m M
1
(

2,

2) ta co

A B
B C

20 4
4 20

= 400 16 > 0
9.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 149
v`a A > 0 nen ta
.
i M
1
(

2,

2) h`am co cu
.
.
c tie

u di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng v`a
f
min
= 8.
Ta
.
i die

m M
2
(

2,

2) ta co AC B
2
> 0 v`a A > 0 nen ta
.
i do
h`am co cu
.
.
c tie

u di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng v`a f
min
= 8.
V du
.
2. Kha o sat v`a t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am
f(x, y) = x
2
+ xy + y
2
2x 3y.
Gia i. i) Hie

n nhien D
f
R.
ii) T`m die

m d` u
.
ng. Ta co
f

x
= 2x + y 2
f

y
= x + 2y 3

2x + y 2 = 0,
x + 2y 3 = 0.
He
.
thu du
.
o
.
.
c co nghie
.
m l`a x
0
=
1
3
, y
0
=
4
3
. Do do
_
1
3
,
4
3
_
l`a die

m
d` u
.
ng v`a ngo`ai die

m d` u
.
ng do h`am f khong co die

m d` u
.
ng n`ao khac v`
f

x
v`a f

y
to
`
n ta
.
i (x, y).
iii) Kha o sat cu
.
.
c tri
.
. Ta co A = f

x
2
= 2, B f

xy
= 1, C = f

y
2
= 2.
Do do
(M
0
) =

2 1
1 2

= 3 > 0 v`a A = 2 > 0


nen h`am f co cu
.
.
c tie

u ta
.
i die

m M
0
(
1
3
,
4
3
_
.
V du
.
3. T`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am f(x, y) = 6 4x 3y vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n l`a
x v`a y lien he
.
vo
.
i nhau bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
Gia i. Ta la
.
p h`am Lagrange
F(x, y) = 6 4x 3y + (x
2
+ y
2
1).
Ta co
F
x
= 4 + 2x,
F
y
= 3 + 2y
150 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
v`a ta gia i he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
4 + 2x = 0
3 + 2x = 0
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
Gia i ra ta co

1
=
5
2
, x
1
=
4
5
, y
1
=
3
5

2
=
5
2
, x
2
=
4
5
, y
2
=
3
5
V`

2
F
x
2
= 2,

2
F
xy
= 0,

2
F
y
2
= 2
nen
d
2
F = 2(dx
2
+ dy
2
).
Ne

u =
5
2
, x =
4
5
, y =
3
5
th` d
2
F > 0 nen ta
.
i die

m
_
4
5
,
3
5
_
h`am
co cu
.
.
c tie

u co die
`
u kie
.
n.
Ne

u =
5
2
, x =
4
5
, y =
3
5
th` d
2
F < 0 v`a do do h`am co cu
.
.
c
da
.
i co die
`
u kie
.
n ta
.
i die

m
_

4
5
,
3
5
_
.
Nhu
.
va
.
y
f
max
= 6 +
16
5
+
9
5
= 11,
f
min
= 6
16
5

9
5
= 1.
V du
.
4. T`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n cu a h`am
1) f(x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
+ xy 5x 4y + 10, x + y = 4.
2) u = f(x, y, z) = x + y + z
2
_
z x = 1,
y xz = 1.
9.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 151
Gia i. 1) T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh r`ang buo
.
c x +y = 4 ta co y = 4 x v`a
f(x, y) = x
2
+ (4 x)
2
+ x(4 x) 5x 4(4 x) + 10
= x
2
5x + 10,
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c h`am mo
.
t bie

n so
g(x) = x
2
5x + 10
v`a cu
.
.
c tri
.
di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng cu a g(x) c ung chnh l`a cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n cu a
h`am f(x, y).

Ap du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap kha o sat h`am so mo
.
t bie

n so doi
vo
.
i g(x) ta t`m du
.
o
.
.
c g(x) c o cu
.
.
c tie

u di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng
g
min
= g
_
5
2
_
=
15
4

Nhu
.
ng khi do h`am f(x, y) da cho co
cu
.
.
c tie

u co die
`
u kie
.
n ta
.
i die

m
_
5
2
,
3
2
_
(y = 4 x y = 4
5
2
=
3
2
) v`a
f
min
= f
_
5
2
,
3
2
_
=
15
4

2) T` u
.
cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh r`ang buo
.
c ta co
z = 1 + x
y = x
2
+ x + 1
v`a the

v`ao h`am da cho ta du


.
o
.
.
c h`am mo
.
t bie

n so
u = f(x, y(x), z(x)) = g(x) = 2x
2
+ 4x + 2.
De

d`ang thay ra
`
ng h`am g(x) co cu
.
.
c tie

u ta
.
i x = 1 (khi do y = 1,
z = 0) v`a do do h`am f(x, y, z) co cu
.
.
c tie

u c o die
`
u kie
.
n ta
.
i die

m
(1, 1, 0) v`a
f
min
= f(1, 1, 0) = 0.
152 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
V du
.
5. Ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap th` u
.
a so bat di
.
nh Lagrange t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n cu a h`am
u = x + y + z
2
vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n
_
z x = 1
y xz = 1
(9.16)
(xem v du
.
4, ii)).
Gia i. Ta la
.
p h`am Lagrange
F(x, y, z) = x + y + z
2
+
1
(z x 1) +
2
(y zx 1)
v`a xet he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
_

_
F
x
= 1
1

2
z = 0
F
y
= 1 +
2
= 0
F
z
= 2z +
1

2
x = 0

1
= z x 1 = 0

2
= y xz 1 = 0.
He
.
n`ay co nghie
.
m duy nhat x = 1, y = 1, z = 0,
1
= 1 v`a

2
= 1 ngha l`a M
0
(1, 1, 0) l`a die

m duy nhat c o the

co cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a
h`am vo
.
i cac die
`
u kie
.
n r`ang buo
.
c
1
v`a
2
.
T` u
.
cac he
.
th u
.
c
z x = 1
y xz = 1
ta thay ra
`
ng (9.16) xac di
.
nh ca
.
p h`am a

n y(x) v`a z(x) (trong tru


.
`o
.
ng
ho
.
.
p n`ay y(x) v`a z(x) de

d`ang r ut ra t` u
.
(9.16)). Gia su
.
the

nghie
.
m
9.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 153
y(x) v`a z(x) v`ao he
.
(9.16) v`a ba
`
ng cach lay vi phan cac do
`
ng nhat
th u
.
c thu du
.
o
.
.
c ta co
_
dz dx = 0
dy xdz zdx = 0

_
dz = dx
dy = (x + z)dx.
(9.17)
Bay gi` o
.
tnh vi phan cap hai cu a h`am Lagrange
d
2
F = 2(dz)
2
2
2
dxdz. (9.18)
Thay gi a tri
.

2
= 1 v`a (9.17) v`ao (9.18) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c da
.
ng to`an
phu
.
o
.
ng xac di
.
nh du
.
o
.
ng l`a
d
2
F = 4dx
2
.
T` u
.
do suy ra h`am da cho co cu
.
.
c tie

u co die
`
u kie
.
n ta
.
i die

m
M
0
(1, 1, 0) v`a f
min
= 0.
V du
.
6. T`m gia tri
.
lo
.
n nhat v`a nho nhat cu a h`am
f(x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
xy + x + y
trong mie
`
n
D = {x 0, y 0, x + y 3}.
Gia i. Mie
`
n D da cho l`a tam giac OAB vo
.
i d nh ta
.
i A(3, 0),
B(0, 3) v`a O(0, 0).
i) T`m cac die

m d` u
.
ng:
f

x
= 2x y + 1 = 0
f

y
= 2y x + 1 = 0
T` u
.
do x = 1, y = 1. V a
.
y die

m d` u
.
ng l`a M(1, 1).
Ta
.
i die

m M ta co:
f(M) = f(1, 1) = 1.
154 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
ii) Ta co
A = f

xx
(1, 1) = 2
B = f

xy
(1, 1) = 1
C = f

yy
(1, 1) = 2.
Va
.
y ACB
2
= 41 = 3 > 0, nen h`am c o bie
.
t th u
.
c ACB
2
> 0
v`a A = 2 > 0. Do do ta
.
i die

m M no c o cu
.
.
c tie

u di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng v` a
f
min
= 1.
iii) Kha o sat h`am tren bien cu a mie
`
n D.
+) Khi x = 0 ta co f = y
2
+y. Doi vo
.
i h`am mo
.
t bie

n f = y
2
+y,
3 y 0 ta co
(f
ln
)

x=0
= 6 ta
.
i die

m (0, 3)
(f
nn
)

x=0
=
1
4
ta
.
i die

m
_
0,
1
2
_
.
+) Khi y = 0 ta co h`am mo
.
t bie

n f = x
2
+ x, 3 x 0 v`a
tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
:
(f
ln
)

y=0
= 6 ta
.
i die

m (0, 3)
(f
nn
)

y=0
=
1
4
ta
.
i die

m
_

1
2
, 0
_
.
+) Khi x + y = 3 y = 3 x ta c o f(x) = 3x
2
+ 9x + 6 v`a
(f
nn
)

x+y=3
=
3
4
ta
.
i die

m
_

3
2
,
3
2
_
(f
ln
)

x+y=3
= 6 ta
.
i die

m (0, 3) v`a (3, 0).


iv) So sanh cac gia tri
.
thu du
.
o
.
.
c doi vo
.
i f ta ke

t lua
.
n f
ln
= 6 ta
.
i
(0, 3) v`a (3, 0) v`a gia tri
.
f
nn
= 1 ta
.
i die

m d` u
.
ng (1, 1).
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
9.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 155
Hay t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a cac h`am sau day
1. f = 1 + 6x x
2
xy y
2
. (DS. f
max
= 13 ta
.
i die

m (4, 2))
2. f = (x 1)
2
+ 2y
2
. (DS. f
min
= 0 ta
.
i die

m (1, 0))
3. f = x
2
+ xy + y
2
2x y. (DS. f
min
= 1 ta
.
i die

m (1, 0))
4. f = x
3
y
2
(6xy) (x > 0, y > 0). (DS. f
max
= 108 ta
.
i die

m (3, 2))
5. f = 2x
4
+ y
4
x
2
2y
2
.
(DS. f
max
= 0 ta
.
i die

m (0, 0),
f
min
=
9
8
ta
.
i cac die

m M
1
_
1
2
, 1
_
v`a M
2
_
1
2
, 1
_
f
min
=
9
8
ta
.
i cac die

m M
3
_
1
2
, 1
_
v`a M
4
_
1
2
, 1
_
)
6. f = (5x + 7y 25)e
(x
2
+xy+y
2
)
.
(DS. f
max
= 3
13
ta
.
i die

m M
1
(1, 3),
f
min
= 26e
1/52
ta
.
i die

m M
2
_
1
26
,
3
26
_
)
7. f = xy +
50
x
+
20
y
, x > 0, y > 0. (DS. f
min
= 30 ta
.
i die

m (5, 2))
8. f = x
2
+ xy + y
2
6x 9y. (DS. f
min
= 21 ta
.
i die

m (1, 4))
9. f = x

y x
2
y + 6x + 3. (DS. f
max
= 15 ta
.
i die

m (4, 4))
10. f = (x
2
+ y)

e
y
. (DS. f
min
=
2
e
ta
.
i (0, 2))
11. f = 2 + (x 1)
4
(y + 1)
6
. (DS. f
min
= 2 ta
.
i die

m (1, 1))
Ch da

n. Ta
.
i die

m M
0
(1, 1) ta c o (M
0
) = 0. C a
`
n kha o sat dau
cu a f(M) f(M
0
) = f(1 + x, 1 + y) f(1, 1).
12. f = 1 (x 2)
4/5
y
4/5
. (DS. f
max
= 1 ta
.
i die

m (2, 0))
Ch da

n. Ta
.
i die

m (2, 0) h`am khong kha vi. Kha o sat dau cu a


f(M) f(M
0
), M
0
= (2, 0).
156 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
T`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n cu a cac h`am sau day
13. f = xy vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n x + y = 1.
(DS. f
max
=
1
4
ta
.
i die

m
_
1
2
,
1
2
_
)
14. f = x + 2y vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n x
2
+ y
2
= 5.
(DS. f
max
= 5 ta
.
i die

m (1, 2))
15. f = x
2
+ y
2
vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n
x
2
+
y
3
= 1.
(DS. f
min
=
36
13
ta
.
i die

m
_
18
13
,
12
13
_
)
16. f = x 2y + 2z vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9.
(DS. f
min
= 9 ta
.
i die

m (1, 2, 2); f
max
= 9 ta
.
i (1, 2, 2).)
17. f = xy vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n 2x + 3y = 5.
(DS. f
max
=
25
24
ta
.
i die

m
_
5
4
,
5
6
_
)
18. 1) f = x
2
+ y
2
vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n r`ang buo
.
c
x
4
+
y
3
= 1.
(DS. f
min
=
144
25
ta
.
i
_
36
25
,
48
25
_
)
2) f = e
xy
vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n x + y = 1.
(DS. f
max
= e
1/4
ta
.
i die

m
_
1
2
,
1
2
_
)
Ch da

n. Co the

su
.
du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap khu
.
bie

n.
19. f = x
2
+ y
2
+ 2z
2
vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n x y + z = 1.
(DS. f
min
= 0, 4 ta
.
i die

m (0, 4; 0, 4; 0, 2))
20. f = x
3
+ y
2
z
3
+ 5 vo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n x + y z = 1.
(DS. f
min
= 5 ta
.
i die

m (0, 0, 0) v`a f
max
= 7
10
27
ta
.
i die

m
_

4
3
,
8
3
,
4
3
_
)
9.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cu a h`am nhie
`
u bie

n 157
21. f = xyz vo
.
i cac die
`
u kie
.
n x + y + z = 5, xy + yz + zx = 8.
(DS. f
max
= 4
4
27
ta
.
i
_
4
3
,
4
3
,
7
3
_
;
_
4
3
,
7
3
,
4
3
_
;
_
7
3
,
4
3
,
4
3
_
f
min
= 4 ta
.
i (2, 2, 1); (2, 1, 2); (1, 2, 2))
T`m gia tri
.
lo
.
n nhat v`a nho nhat cu a cac h`am so sau.
22. f = x
2
y(2 x y), D l`a tam giac du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac doa
.
n
tha

ng x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 6.
(DS. f
ln
=
1
4
ta
.
i die

m (1, 2); f
nn
= 128 ta
.
i die

m (4, 2)).
23. f = x + y, D = {x
2
+ y
2
1}.
(DS. f
ln
=

2 ta
.
i die

m bien
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
;
f
nn
=

2 ta
.
i die

m bien
_

2
2
,

2
2
_
).
24. T` u
.
mo
.
i tam giac c o chu vi ba
`
ng 2p, hay t`m tam giac co die
.
n tch
lo
.
n nhat.
Ch da

n. Da
.
t a = x, b = y c = 2p x y v`a ap du
.
ng cong
th u
.
c Heron
S =
_
p(p x)(p y)(x + y p)
(DS. Tam giac de
`
u).
25. Xac di
.
nh gia tri
.
lo
.
n nhat v`a nho nhat cu a h`am
f = x
2
y
2
, D = {x
2
+ y
2
1}
(DS. f
ln
= 1 ta
.
i (1, 0) v`a (1, 0);
f
nn
= 1 ta
.
i (0, 1) v`a (0, 1)).
26. Xac di
.
nh gia tri
.
lo
.
n nhat v`a nho nhat cu a h`am
f = x
3
y
3
3xy, D = {0 x 2, 1 y 2}.
158 Chu
.
o
.
ng 9. Phep tnh vi phan h`am nhie
`
u bie

n
(DS. f
ln
= 13 ta
.
i die

m (2, 1);
f
nn
= 1 ta
.
i die

m (1, 1) v`a (0, 1)).

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