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N THUY
THANH
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
TO
AN CAO C
P
Ta
.
p 3
Phep tnh tch ph an. L y thuye
t chuo
i.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi ph an
NH
`
A XU
T BA
N DA
.
I HO
.
C QU
C GIA H
`
A N
O
.
I
Mu
.
c lu
.
c
10 Tch phan ba
t di
.
nh 4
10.1 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
10.1.1 Nguyen h`am v`a tch phan bat di
.
nh . . . . . . . 4
10.1.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.1.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n . . . . . . . 21
10.2 Cac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap . . . . 30
10.2.1 Tch phan cac h`am h u
.
u ty . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.2.2 Tch phan mo
.
t so h`am vo ty do
.
n gia n . . . . . 37
10.2.3 Tch phan cac h`am lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac . . . . . . . . . . 48
11 Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann 57
11.1 H`am kha tch Riemann v`a tch phan xac di
.
nh . . . . . 58
11.1.1 D
-
i
.
nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.1.2 D
-
ie
`
u kie
.
n de
ng v`a the
tch va
.
t the
. . . . 78
11.3.2 Tnh do
.
d`ai cung v`a die
.
n tch ma
.
t tr`on xoay . . 89
11.4 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.1 Tch phan suy r o
.
ng ca
.
n vo ha
.
n . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.2 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng cu a h`am khong bi
.
cha
.
n . . 107
2 MU
.
C LU
.
C
12 Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n 117
12.1 Tch phan 2-lo
.
p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.1 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n ch u
.
nha
.
t . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.2 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.3 Mo
.
t v`ai u
.
ng du
.
ng trong h`nh ho
.
c . . . . . . . . 121
12.2 Tch phan 3-lo
.
p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
12.2.1 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n h`nh ho
.
p . . . . . . . . . . . 133
12.2.2 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
12.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.2.4 Nh a
.
n xet chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.3 Tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.1 C ac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.2 Tnh tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
12.4 Tch phan ma
.
t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.4.1 C ac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.4.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan ma
.
t . . . . . . . . 160
12.4.3 C ong th u
.
c Gauss-Ostrogradski . . . . . . . . . 162
12.4.4 C ong th u
.
c Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
13 L y thuye
t chuo
i 177
13.1 Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.1.1 C ac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.1.2 Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
13.2 Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi v`a ho
.
i tu
.
khong tuye
.
t doi . . . 191
13.2.1 C ac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
13.2.2 Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
13.3.1 C ac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
13.3.2 D
-
ie
`
u kie
.
n khai trie
n v`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap khai trie
n 201
13.4 Chuo
i Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13.4.1 C ac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
MU
.
C LU
.
C 3
13.4.2 D au hie
.
u du ve
`
su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i Fourier . . . 212
14 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan 224
14.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan c ap 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
14.1.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach bie
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
14.1.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh d a
ng cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.1.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
14.1.4 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernoulli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
14.1.5 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan to`an pha
`
n . . . . . . . . 247
14.1.6 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Lagrange v`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Clairaut255
14.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan c ap cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
14.2.1 C ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cho phep ha
.
thap cap . . . . 260
14.2.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 2 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
14.2.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh thua
`
n nhat
cap nnn (ptvptn cap nnn) vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng . . . . . . 273
14.3 He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh c ap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng290
15 Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng 304
15.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan c ap 1 tuye
n tnh doi vo
.
i cac da
.
o
h`am rieng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
15.2 Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng cap 2 do
.
n gia n nhat 310
15.3 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . 313
15.3.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n song . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
15.3.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n nhie
.
t . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
15.3.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
T`ai lie
.
u tham kha o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Chu
.
o
.
ng 10
Tch phan ba
t di
.
nh
10.1 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan . . . . . . 4
10.1.1 Nguyen h`am v`a tch phan bat di
.
nh . . . . . 4
10.1.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.1.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n . . . . . 21
10.2 Cac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am
so
.
cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.2.1 Tch phan cac h`am h u
.
u ty . . . . . . . . . 30
10.2.2 Tch phan mo
.
t so h`am vo ty do
.
n gia n . . . 37
10.2.3 Tch phan cac h`am lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac . . . . . . . 48
10.1 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan
10.1.1 Nguyen h`am v`a tch phan ba
t di
.
nh
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 10.1.1. H`am F(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nguyen h`am cu a h`am
f(x) tren khoa ng n`ao do ne
u F(x) lien tu
.
c tren khoa ng do v`a kha vi
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 5
ta
.
i m o
i die
(x) = f(x).
D
-
i
.
nh l y 10.1.1. (ve
`
su
.
.
to
`
n ta
.
i nguyen h`am) Mo
.
i h` am lien tu
.
c tren
doa
.
n [a, b] de
`
u co nguyen h`am tren khoa ng (a, b).
D
-
i
.
nh l y 10.1.2. Cac nguyen h`am b at k`y cu a c` ung mo
.
t h`am l`a ch
khac nhau bo
.
i mo
.
t ha
`
ng so co
.
ng.
Khac vo
.
i da
.
o h`am, nguyen h`am cu a h`am so
.
cap khong pha i bao
gi`o
.
c ung l`a h`am so
.
cap. Cha
ng ha
.
n, nguyen h`am cu a cac h`am e
x
2
,
cos(x
2
), sin(x
2
),
1
lnx
,
cos x
x
,
sin x
x
,... l`a nh u
.
ng h`am khong so
.
cap.
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 10.1.2. Ta
.
p ho
.
.
p mo
.
i nguyen h`am cu a h`am f(x) tren
khoa ng (a, b) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan bat di
.
nh cu a h`am f(x) tren khoa ng
(a, b) v` a du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u l`a
_
f(x)dx.
Ne
u F(x) l`a mo
.
t trong cac nguyen h`am cu a h`am f(x) tren khoa ng
(a, b) th` theo di
.
nh l y 10.1.2
_
f(x)dx = F(x) +C, C R
trong do C l`a ha
`
ng so t` uy y v`a da
ng th u
.
c c a
`
n hie
u l`a da
ng th u
.
c gi u
.
a
hai ta
.
p ho
.
.
p.
Cac tnh chat co
.
ba n cu a tch phan bat di
.
nh:
1) d
_
_
f(x)dx
_
= f(x)dx.
2)
_
_
f(x)dx
_
= f(x).
3)
_
df(x) =
_
f
dx =
x
+1
+ 1
+C, ,= 1
IV.
_
dx
x
= ln[x[ +C, x ,= 0.
V.
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
lna
+C (0 < a ,= 1);
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+C.
VI.
_
sinxdx = cos x +C.
VII.
_
cos xdx = sinx +C.
VIII.
_
dx
cos
2
x
= tgx +C, x ,=
2
+n, n Z.
IX.
_
dx
sin
2
x
= cotgx +C, x ,= n, n Z.
X.
_
dx
1 x
2
=
_
_
_
arc sinx +C,
arc cos x +C
1 < x < 1.
XI.
_
dx
1 +x
2
=
_
_
_
arctgx +C,
arccotgx +C.
XII.
_
dx
x
2
1
= ln[x +
x
2
1[ +C
(trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p dau tr` u
.
th` x < 1 hoa
.
c x > 1).
XIII.
_
dx
1 x
2
=
1
2
ln
1 +x
1 x
+C, [x[ , = 1.
Cac quy ta
u
_
f(x)dx = F(x) + C v`a u = (x) kha vi lien tu
.
c th`
_
f(u)du = F(u) +C.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng h`am y = signx co nguyen h`am tren
khoa ng bat k` y khong ch u
.
a die
m x = 0.
Gia i. 1) Tren khoa ng bat k` y khong ch u
.
a die
mx = 0 h`am y = signx
l`a ha
`
ng so. Ch a
ng ha
.
n vo
.
i mo
.
i khoa ng (a, b), 0 < a < b ta co signx = 1
v`a do do mo
.
i nguyen h`am cu a n o tren (a, b) c o da
.
ng
F(x) = x +C, C R.
2) Ta xet khoa ng (a, b) m` a a < 0 < b. Tren khoa ng (a, 0) mo
.
i
nguyen h`am cu a signx co da
.
ng F(x) = x+C
1
c`on tren khoa ng (0, b)
nguyen h`am co da
.
ng F(x) = x + C
2
. Vo
.
i mo
.
i cach cho
.
n ha
`
ng so C
1
v`a C
2
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c h`am [tren (a, b)] khong co da
.
o h`am ta
.
i die
m x = 0.
Ne
u ta cho
.
n C = C
1
= C
2
th` thu du
.
o
.
.
c h`am lien tu
.
c y = [x[ + C
nhu
.
ng khong kha vi ta
.
i die
m x = 0. T` u
.
do, theo di
.
nh ngha 1 h`am
signx khong co nguyen h`am tren (a, b), a < 0 < b.
V du
.
2. T`m nguyen h`am cu a h`am f(x) = e
|x|
tren to`an tru
.
c so.
Gia i. Vo
.
i x 0 ta co e
|x|
= e
x
v`a do do trong mie
`
n x > 0 mo
.
t
trong cac nguyen h`am l`a e
x
. Khi x < 0 ta co e
|x|
= e
x
v`a do va
.
y
trong mie
`
n x < 0 mo
.
t trong c ac nguyen h`am l`a e
x
+ C vo
.
i ha
`
ng
so C bat k` y.
Theo di
.
nh ngha, nguyen h`am cu a h`am e
|x|
pha i lien tu
.
c nen no
8 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
pha i thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n
lim
x0+0
e
x
= lim
x00
(e
x
+C)
t u
.
c l`a 1 = 1 +C C = 2.
Nhu
.
va
.
y
F(x) =
_
_
e
x
ne
u x > 0,
1 ne
u x = 0,
e
x
+ 2 ne
u x < 0
l`a h`am lien tu
.
c tren to`an tru
.
c so. Ta ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng F(x) l`a nguyen
h`am cu a h`am e
|x|
tren to`an tru
.
c so. Th a
.
t va
.
y, vo
.
i x > 0 ta c o
F
(x) = e
x
= e
|x|
, vo
.
i x < 0 th` F
(x) = e
x
= e
|x|
. Ta c`on ca
`
n pha i
ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng F
(0) = e
0
= 1. Ta c o
F
+
(0) = lim
x0+0
F(x) F(0)
x
= lim
x0+0
e
x
1
x
= 1,
F
(0) = lim
x00
F(x) F(0)
x
= lim
x00
e
x
+ 2 1
x
= 1.
Nhu
.
va
.
y F
+
(0) = F
(0) = F
(0) = 1 = e
|x|
. T` u
.
do co the
vie
t:
_
e
|x|
dx = F(x) +C =
_
_
_
e
x
+C, x < 0
e
x
+ 2 +C, x < 0.
V du
.
3. T`m nguyen h`am c o do
`
thi
.
qua die
m (2, 2) doi v o
.
i h`am
f(x) =
1
x
, x (, 0).
Gia i. V` (ln[x[)
=
1
x
nen ln[x[ l`a mo
.
t trong c ac nguyen h`am cu a
h`am f(x) =
1
x
. Do v a
.
y, nguyen h`am cu a f l`a h`am F(x) = ln[x[ +C,
C R. H a
`
ng so C du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh t` u
.
die
`
u kie
.
n F(2) = 2, t u
.
c l`a
ln2 +C = 2 C = 2 ln2. Nhu
.
va
.
y
F(x) = ln[x[ + 2 ln2 = ln
x
2
+ 2.
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 9
V du
.
4. Tnh cac tch phan sau day:
1)
_
2
x+1
5
x1
10
x
dx, 2)
_
2x + 3
3x + 2
dx.
Gia i. 1) Ta c o
I =
_
_
2
2
x
10
x
5
x
5 10
x
_
dx =
_
_
2
_
1
5
_
x
1
5
_
1
2
_
x
_
dx
= 2
_
_
1
5
_
x
dx
1
5
_
_
1
2
_
x
dx
= 2
_
1
5
_
x
ln
_
1
5
_
1
5
_
1
2
_
x
ln
1
2
+C
=
2
5
x
ln5
+
1
5 2
x
ln2
+C.
2)
I =
_
2
_
x +
3
2
_
3
_
x +
2
3
_
dx =
2
3
__
x +
2
3
_
+
5
6
_
_
x +
2
3
_
dx
=
2
3
x +
5
9
ln
x +
2
3
+C.
V du
.
5. Tnh cac tch phan sau day:
1)
_
tg
2
xdx, 2)
_
1 + cos
2
x
1 + cos 2x
dx, 3)
_
1 sin 2xdx.
Gia i. 1)
_
tg
2
xdx =
_
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
dx =
_
1 cos
2
x
cos
2
x
dx
=
_
dx
cos
2
x
_
dx = tgx x +C.
10 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
2)
_
1 + cos
2
x
1 + cos 2x
dx =
_
1 + cos
2
x
2 cos
2
x
dx =
1
2
_
_
dx
cos
2
x
+
_
dx
_
=
1
2
(tgx +x) +C.
3)
_
1 sin2xdx =
_
_
sin
2
x 2 sin xcos x + cos
2
xdx
=
_
_
(sinx cos x)
2
dx =
_
[ sinx cos x[dx
= (sinx + cos x)sign(cos x sin x) +C.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Ba
`
ng cac phep bie
n do
i do
`
ng nhat, hay du
.
a cac tch phan da cho
ve
`
tch phan ba ng v`a tnh c ac tch phan do
1
1.
_
dx
x
4
1
. (DS.
1
4
ln
x 1
x + 1
1
2
arctgx)
2.
_
1 + 2x
2
x
2
(1 +x
2
)
dx. (DS. arctgx
1
x
)
3.
_
x
2
+ 1 +
1 x
2
1 x
4
dx. (DS. arc sin x + ln[x +
1 +x
2
[)
4.
_
x
2
+ 1
1 x
2
x
4
1
dx. (DS. ln[x +
x
2
1[ ln[x +
x
2
+ 1[)
5.
_
x
4
+x
4
+ 2
x
3
dx. (DS. ln[x[
1
4x
4
)
6.
_
2
3x
1
e
x
1
dx. (DS.
e
2x
2
+e
x
+ 1)
1
De
cho go
.
n, trong cac Dap so cu a chu
.
o
.
ng n`ay ch ung toi bo qua khong vie
t
cac ha
`
ng so co
.
ng C.
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 11
7.
_
2
2x
1
2
x
dx. (DS.
2
ln2
_
2
3x
2
3
+ 2
x
2
_
)
8.
_
dx
x(2 + ln
2
x)
. (DS.
1
2
arctg
lnx
2
)
9.
_ 3
ln
2
x
x
dx. (DS.
3
5
ln
5/3
x)
10.
_
e
x
+e
2x
1 e
x
dx. (DS. e
x
2ln[e
x
1[)
11.
_
e
x
dx
1 +e
x
. (DS. ln(1 +e
x
))
12.
_
sin
2
x
2
dx. (DS.
1
2
x
sin x
2
)
13.
_
cotg
2
xdx. (DS. x cotgx)
14.
_
1 + sin2xdx, x
_
0,
2
_
. (DS. cos x + sinx)
15.
_
e
cosx
sinxdx. (DS. e
cos x
)
16.
_
e
x
cos e
x
dx. (DS. sine
x
)
17.
_
1
1 + cos x
dx. (DS. tg
x
2
)
18.
_
dx
sinx + cos x
. (DS.
1
2
ln
tg
_
x
2
+
8
_
)
19.
_
1 + cos x
(x + sin x)
3
dx. (DS.
2
2(x + sinx)
2
)
20.
_
sin2x
_
1 4 sin
2
x
dx. (DS.
1
2
_
1 4 sin
2
x)
21.
_
sinx
_
2 sin
2
x
dx. (DS. ln[ cos x +
1 + cos
2
x[)
12 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
22.
_
sinxcos x
_
3 sin
4
x
dx. (DS.
1
2
arc sin
_
sin
2
x
3
_
)
23.
_
arccotg3x
1 + 9x
2
dx. (DS.
1
6
arccotg
2
3x)
24.
_
x +
arctg2x
1 + 4x
2
dx. (DS.
1
8
ln(1 + 4x
2
) +
1
3
arctg
3/2
2x)
25.
_
arc sinx arc cos x
1 x
2
dx. (DS.
1
2
(arc sin
2
x + arc cos
2
x))
26.
_
x + arc sin
3
2x
1 4x
2
dx. (DS.
1
4
1 4x
2
+
1
8
arc sin
4
2x)
27.
_
x + arc cos
3/2
x
1 x
2
dx. (DS.
1 x
2
2
5
arc cos
5/2
x)
28.
_
x[x[dx. (DS.
[x[
3
3
)
29.
_
(2x 3)[x 2[dx.
(DS. F(x) =
_
2
3
x
3
+
7
2
x
2
6x +C, x < 2
2
3
x
3
7
2
x
2
+ 6x +C, x 2
)
30.
_
f(x)dx, f(x) =
_
_
_
1 x
2
, [x[ 1,
1 [x[, [x[ > 1.
(DS. F(x) =
_
_
x
x
3
3
+C ne
u [x[ 1
x
x[x[
2
+
1
6
signx +C ne
u[x[ > 1
)
10.1.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n
D
-
i
.
nh l y. Gia su
.
:
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 13
1) H`am x = (t) xac di
.
nh v`a kha vi tren khoa ng T vo
.
i ta
.
p ho
.
.
p gi a
tri
.
l`a khoa ng X.
2) H`am y = f(x) xac di
.
nh v`a c o nguyen h`am F(x) tren khoa ng X.
Khi do h`am F((t)) l`a nguyen h` am cu a h`am f((t))
(t) tren
khoa ng T.
T` u
.
di
.
nh l y 10.1.1 suy ra
`
ng
_
f((t))
x=(t)
=
_
f(x)dx
x=(t)
cho nen da
ng th u
.
c (10.1) co the
vie
t du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
_
f(x)dx
x=(t)
=
_
f((t))
(t)dt. (10.2)
Da
ng th u
.
c (10.2) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a c ong th u
.
c do
i bie
(t)dt
t=
1
(x)
. (10.3)
Ta neu mo
.
t v`ai v du
.
ve
`
phep do
i bie
n.
i) Ne
u bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan co ch u
.
a can
a
2
x
2
, a > 0
th` su
.
du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n x = a sint, t
_
2
,
2
_
.
ii) Ne
u bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan co ch u
.
a can
x
2
a
2
, a > 0
th` d` ung phep do
i bie
n x =
a
cos t
, 0 < t <
2
hoa
.
c x = acht.
iii) Ne
u h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan ch u
.
a can th u
.
c
a
2
+x
2
, a > 0
th` c o the
da
.
t x = atgt, t
_
2
,
2
_
hoa
.
c x = asht.
iv) Ne
u h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan l`a f(x) = R(e
x
, e
2x
, . . . .e
nx
) th`
co the
da
.
t t = e
x
(o
.
day R l`a h`am h u
.
u ty ).
14 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh
_
dx
cos x
.
Gia i. Ta co
_
dx
cos x
=
_
cos xdx
1 sin
2
x
(da
.
t t = sinx, dt = cos xdx)
=
_
dt
1 t
2
=
1
2
ln
1 +t
1 t
+C = ln
tg
_
x
2
+
4
_
+C.
V du
.
2. Tnh I =
_
x
3
dx
x
8
2
.
Gia i. ta co
I =
_
1
4
d(x
4
)
x
8
2
=
_
2
4
d
_
x
4
2
_
2
_
1
_
x
4
2
_
2
_
Da
.
t t =
x
4
2
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I =
2
8
ln
2 +x
4
2 x
4
+C.
V du
.
3. Tnh I =
_
x
2
dx
_
(x
2
+a
2
)
3
Gia i. Da
.
t x(t) = atgt dx =
adt
cos
2
t
. Do do
I =
_
a
3
tg
2
t cos
3
tdt
a
3
cos
2
t
=
_
sin
2
t
cos t
dt =
_
dt
cos t
_
cos tdt
= ln
tg
_
t
2
+
4
_
sin t +C.
V` t = arctg
x
a
nen
I = ln
tg
_
1
2
arctg
x
a
+
4
_
sin
_
arctg
x
a
_
+C
=
x
x
2
+a
2
+ ln[x +
x
2
+a
2
[ +C.
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 15
Tha
.
t va
.
y, v` sin = cos tg nen de
d`ang thay ra
`
ng
sin
_
arctg
x
a
_
=
x
x
2
+a
2
Tie
p theo ta c o
sin
_
1
2
arctg
x
a
+
4
_
cos
_
1
2
arctg
x
a
+
4
_
=
1 cos
_
arctg
x
a
+
2
_
sin
_
arctg
x
a
+
2
_ =
1 + sin
_
arctg
x
a
_
cos
_
arctg
x
a
_
=
x +
a
2
+x
2
a
v`a t` u
.
do suy ra die
`
u pha i ch u
.
ng minh.
V du
.
4. Tnh I =
_
a
2
+x
2
dx.
Gia i. Da
.
t x = asht. Khi do
I =
_
_
a
2
(1 + sh
2
t)achtdt = a
2
_
ch
2
tdt
= a
2
_
ch2t + 1
2
dt =
a
2
2
_
1
2
sh2t +t
_
+C
=
a
2
2
(sht cht +t) +C.
V` cht =
_
1 + sh
2
t =
_
1 +
x
2
a
2
. e
t
= sht + cht =
x +
a
2
+x
2
a
nen
t = ln
x +
a
2
+x
2
a
v`a do do
_
a
2
+x
2
dx =
x
2
a
2
+x
2
+
a
2
2
ln[x +
a
2
+x
2
[ +C.
V du
.
5. Tnh
1) I
1
=
_
x
2
+ 1
x
6
7x
4
+x
2
dx, 2) I
2
=
_
3x + 4
x
2
+ 6x 8
dx.
16 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
Gia i. 1) Ta c o
I
1
=
_
1 +
1
x
2
_
x
2
7 +
1
x
2
dx =
_
d
_
x
1
x
_
_
_
x
1
x
_
2
5
=
_
dt
t
2
5
= ln[t +
t
2
5[ +C = ln
x
1
x
+
_
x
2
7 +
1
x
2
+C.
2) Ta vie
t bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
f(x) =
3
2
2x + 6
x
2
+ 6x 8
+ 13
1
x
2
+ 6x 8
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I
2
=
_
f(x)dx
=
3
2
_
(x
2
+ 6x 8)
1
2
d(x
2
+ 6x 8) + 13
_
d(x 3)
_
1 (x 3)
2
= 3
x
2
+ 6x 8 + 13 arc sin(x 3) +C.
V du
.
6. Tnh
1)
_
dx
sinx
, 2) I
2
=
_
sinxcos
3
x
1 + cos
2
x
dx.
Gia i
1) Cach I. Ta c o
_
dx
sinx
=
_
sinx
sin
2
x
dx =
_
d(cos x)
cos
2
x 1
=
1
2
ln
1 cos x
1 + cos x
+C.
Cach II.
_
dx
sinx
=
_
d
_
x
2
_
sin
x
2
cos
x
2
=
_
d
_
x
2
_
tg
x
2
cos
2
x
2
=
_
d
_
tg
x
2
_
tg
x
2
= ln
tg
x
2
+C.
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 17
2) Ta c o
I
2
=
_
sinxcos x[(cos
2
x + 1) 1]
1 + cos
2
x
dx.
Ta da
.
t t = 1 + cos
2
x. T` u
.
do dt = 2 cos xsin xdx. Do do
I
2
=
1
2
_
t 1
t
dt =
t
2
+ ln[t[ +C,
trong do t = 1 + cos
2
x.
V du
.
7. Tnh
1) I
1
=
_
e
x
dx
e
2x
+ 5
, 2) I
2
=
_
e
x
+ 1
e
x
1
dx.
Gia i
1) Da
.
t e
x
= t. Ta co e
x
dx = dt v`a
I
1
=
_
dt
t
2
+ 5
= ln[t +
t
2
+ 5[ +C = ln[e
x
+
e
2x
+ 5[ +C.
2) Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
, da
.
t e
x
= t, e
x
dx = dt, dx =
dt
t
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I
2
=
_
t + 1
t 1
dt
t
=
_
2dt
t 1
_
dt
t
= 2ln[t 1[ ln[t[ +C
= 2ln[e
x
1[ lne
x
+c
= ln(e
x
1)
2
x +C.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan:
1.
_
e
2x
4
e
x
+ 1
dx. (DS.
4
21
(3e
x
4)
4
_
(e
x
+ 1)
3
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t e
x
+ 1 = t
4
.
18 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
2.
_
dx
e
x
+ 1
. (DS. ln
1 +e
x
1
1 +e
x
+ 1
)
3.
_
e
2x
e
x
1
dx. (DS. e
x
+ ln[e
x
1[)
4.
_
1 + lnx
x
dx. (DS.
2
3
_
(1 + lnx)
3
)
5.
_
1 + lnx
xlnx
dx.
(DS. 2
1 + lnx 1[)
6.
_
dx
e
x/2
+e
x
. (DS. x 2e
x
2
+ 2ln(1 +e
x
2
))
7.
_
arctg
x
dx
1 +x
. (DS. (arctg
x)
2
)
8.
_
e
3x
+e
2x
dx. (DS.
2
3
(e
x
+ 1)
3/2
)
9.
_
e
2x
2
+2x1
(2x + 1)dx. (DS.
1
2
e
2x
2
+2x1
)
10.
_
dx
e
x
1
. (DS. 2arctg
e
x
1)
11.
_
e
2x
dx
e
4x
+ 1
. (DS.
1
2
ln(e
2x
+
e
4x
+ 1))
12.
_
2
x
dx
1 4
x
. (DS.
arc sin2
x
ln2
)
13.
_
dx
1 +
x + 1
. (DS. 2[
x + 1 ln(1 +
x + 1)])
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x + 1 = t
2
.
14.
_
x + 1
x
x 2
dx. (DS. 2
x 2 +
2arctg
_
x 2
2
)
15.
_
dx
ax +b +m
. (DS.
2
a
_
ax +b mln[
ax +b +m[
)
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 19
16.
_
dx
3
x(
3
x 1)
. (DS. 3
3
x + 3ln[
3
x 1[)
17.
_
dx
(1 x
2
)
3/2
. (DS. tg(arc sinx))
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = sint, t
_
2
,
2
_
)
18.
_
dx
(x
2
+a
2
)
3/2
. (DS.
1
a
2
sin
_
arctg
x
a
_
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = atgt, t
_
2
,
2
_
.
19.
_
dx
(x
2
1)
3/2
. (DS.
1
cos t
, t = arc sin
1
x
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
1
sint
,
2
< t < 0, 0 < t <
2
.
20.
_
a
2
x
2
dx. (DS.
a
2
2
arc sin
x
a
+
x
a
2
x
2
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = a sint.
21.
_
a
2
+x
2
dx. (DS.
x
2
a
2
+x
2
+
a
2
2
ln[x +
a
2
+x
2
[)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = asht.
22.
_
x
2
a
2
+x
2
dx. (DS.
1
2
_
x
a
2
+x
2
a
2
ln(x +
a
2
+x
2
)
)
23.
_
dx
x
2
x
2
+a
2
. (DS.
x
2
+a
2
a
2
x
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
1
t
hoa
.
c x = atgt, hoa
.
c x = asht.
24.
_
x
2
dx
a
2
x
2
. (DS.
a
2
2
arc sin
x
a
x
a
a
2
x
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = a sint.
25.
_
dx
x
x
2
a
2
. (DS.
1
a
arc sin
a
x
)
20 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
1
t
, hoa
.
c x =
a
cos t
hoa
.
c x = acht.
26.
_
1 x
2
x
2
dx. (DS.
1 x
2
x
arc sinx)
27.
_
dx
_
(a
2
+x
2
)
3
. (DS.
x
a
2
x
2
+a
2
)
28.
_
dx
x
2
x
2
9
. (DS.
x
2
9
9x
)
29.
_
dx
_
(x
2
a
2
)
3
. (DS.
x
a
2
x
2
a
2
)
30.
_
x
2
a
2
x
2
dx.
(DS.
x
4
(a
2
x
2
)
3/2
+
a
2
8
x
x
2
a
2
+
a
4
8
arc sin
x
a
)
31.
_
_
a +x
a x
dx. (DS.
a
2
x
2
+ arc sin
x
a
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = a cos 2t.
32.
_
_
x a
x +a
dx.
(DS.
x
2
a
2
2aln(
x a +
x +a) ne
u x > a,
x
2
a
2
+ 2aln(
x +a +
x a) ne
u x < a)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
a
cos 2t
.
33.
_
_
x 1
x + 1
dx
x
2
. (DS. arc cos
1
x
x
2
1
x
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
1
t
.
34.
_
dx
x x
2
. (DS. 2arc sin
x)
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 21
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = sin
2
t.
35.
_
x
2
+ 1
x
dx. (DS.
x
2
+ 1 ln
1 +
x
2
+ 1
x
)
36.
_
x
3
dx
2 x
2
. (DS.
x
2
3
2 x
2
4
3
2 x
2
)
37.
_
_
(9 x
2
)
2
x
6
dx. (DS.
_
(9 x
2
)
5
45x
5
)
38.
_
x
2
dx
x
2
a
2
. (DS.
x
2
x
2
a
2
+
a
2
2
ln[x +
x
2
a
2
[)
39.
_
(x + 1)dx
x(1 +xe
x
)
. (DS. ln
xe
x
1 +xe
x
)
Ch da
n. Nhan tu
.
so v`a ma
u so vo
.
i e
x
ro
`
i da
.
t xe
x
= t.
40.
_
dx
(x
2
+a
2
)
2
. (DS.
1
2a
3
_
arctg
x
a
+
ax
x
2
+a
2
_
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = atgt.
10.1.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n du
.
.
a tren di
.
nh l y sau day.
D
-
i
.
nh l y. Gia su
.
tren khoa ng D cac h` am u(x) v` a v(x) kha vi v`a h`am
v(x)u
(x)dx = u(x)v(x)
_
v(x)u
(x)dx. (10.4)
Cong th u
.
c (10.4) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cong th u
.
c tnh tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n.
V` u
(x)dx = du v`a v
vie
t du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
_
udv = uv
_
vdu. (10.4*)
Thu
.
.
c te
cho thay ra
`
ng pha
`
n lo
.
n c ac tch phan tnh du
.
o
.
.
c ba
`
ng
phep tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n co the
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan.
Nhom II go
`
m nh u
.
ng tch phan m`a bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan
co da
.
ng P(x)e
ax
, P(x) cos bx, P(x) sin bx trong do P(x) l`a da th u
.
c, a,
b l`a ha
`
ng so.
De
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan. Sau mo
i
la
`
n tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n ba
.
c cu a da th u
.
c se gia m mo
.
t do
.
n vi
.
.
Nhom III go
`
m nh u
.
ng tch phan m`a h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan c o
da
.
ng: e
ax
sinbx, e
ax
cos bx, sin(lnx), cos(lnx),... Sau hai la
`
n tch phan
t` u
.
ng pha
`
n ta la
.
i thu du
.
o
.
.
c tch phan ban da
`
u vo
.
i he
.
so n`ao do. Do l`a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh vo
.
i a
t mo
.
i tch phan
tnh du
.
o
.
.
c ba
`
ng tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n (xem v du
.
6).
Nha
.
n xet. Nh`o
.
cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
a +x
a x
+C, a ,= 0.
3)
_
dx
a
2
x
2
= arc sin
x
a
+C, a ,= 0.
4)
_
dx
x
2
a
2
= ln[x +
x
2
a
2
[ +C.
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 23
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh tch phan I =
_
xarctg
xdx.
Gia i. Tch phan da cho thuo
.
c nhom I. Ta da
.
t
u(x) = arctg
x,
dv =
xdx.
Khi do du =
1
1 +x
dx
2
x
, v =
2
3
x
3
2
. Do do
I =
2
3
x
3
2
arctg
x
1
3
_
x
1 +x
dx
=
2
3
x
3
2
arctg
x
1
3
_
_
1
1
1 +x
_
dx
=
2
3
x
3
2
arctg
x
1
3
(x ln[1 +x[) +C.
V du
.
2. Tnh I =
_
arc cos
2
xdx.
Gia i. Gia su
.
u = arc cos
2
x, dv = dx. Khi do
du =
2arc cos x
1 x
2
dx, v = x.
Theo (10.4*) ta co
I = xarc cos
2
x + 2
_
xarc cos x
1 x
2
dx.
De
pha i da
ng th u
.
c thu du
.
o
.
.
c ta da
.
t u =
arc cos x, dv =
xdx
1 x
2
. Khi do
du =
dx
1 x
2
, v =
_
d(
1 x
2
) =
1 x
2
+C
1
v`a ta ch ca
`
n lay v =
1 x
2
:
_
xarc cos x
21 x
2
dx =
1 x
2
arc cos x
_
dx
=
1 x
2
arc cos x x +C
2
.
24 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
Cuoi c` ung ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I = xarc cos
2
x 2
1 x
2
arc cos x 2x +C.
V du
.
3. Tnh I =
_
x
2
sin3xdx.
Gia i. Tch phan da cho thuo
.
c nhom II. Ta da
.
t
u(x) = x
2
,
dv = sin3xdx.
Khi do du = 2xdx, v =
1
3
cos 3x v`a
I =
1
3
x
2
cos 3x +
2
3
_
xcos 3xdx =
1
3
x
2
cos 3x +
2
3
I
1
.
Ta c a
`
n tnh I
1
. Da
.
t u = x, dv = cos 3xdx. Khi do du = 1dx,
v =
1
3
sin3x. T` u
.
do
I =
1
3
x
2
cos 3x +
2
3
_
1
3
xsin3x
1
3
_
sin3xdx
_
=
1
3
x
2
cos 3x +
2
9
xsin3x +
2
27
cos 3x +C.
Nha
.
n xet. Ne
u da
.
t u = sin 3x, dv = x
2
dx th` la
`
n tch phan t` u
.
ng
pha
`
n th u
.
nhat khong du
.
a de
n tch phan do
.
n gia n ho
.
n.
V du
.
4. Tnh I =
_
e
ax
cos bx; a, b ,= 0.
Gia i. Day l`a tch phan thuo
.
c nhom III. Ta da
.
t u = e
ax
, dv =
cos bxdx. Khi do du = ae
ax
dx, v =
1
b
sinbx v`a
I =
1
b
e
ax
sinbx
a
b
_
e
ax
sinbxdx =
1
b
e
ax
sinbx
a
b
I
1
.
De
tnh I
1
ta da
.
t u = e
ax
, dv = sinbxdx. Khi do du = ae
ax
dx,
v =
1
b
cos bx v`a
I
1
=
1
b
e
ax
cos bx +
a
b
_
e
ax
cos bxdx.
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 25
The
I
1
v`ao bie
u th u
.
c doi vo
.
i I ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
_
e
ax
cos bxdx =
1
b
e
ax
sinbx +
a
b
2
cos bx
a
2
b
2
_
e
ax
cos bxdx.
Nhu
.
va
.
y sau hai la
`
n tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh tuye
n tnh vo
.
i a
tnh I
1
ta la
.
i da
.
t u = cos(lnx), dv = dx. Khi do du =
1
x
sin(lnx)dx, v = x v`a
I
1
= xcos(lnx) +
_
sin(lnx)dx.
Thay I
1
v`ao bie
u th u
.
c doi vo
.
i I thu du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
I = x(sinlnx cos lnx) I
v`a t` u
.
do
I =
x
2
(sin lnx cos lnx) +C.
Nha
.
n xet. Trong c ac v du
.
tren day ta da thay ra
`
ng t` u
.
vi phan da
bie
cho
.
n v l`a h`am bat k` y vo
.
i vi phan da cho
dv.
26 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
V du
.
6. Tnh
1) I =
_
xdx
sin
2
x
; 2) I
n
=
_
dx
(x
2
+a
2
)
n
, n N.
Gia i. 1) R o r`ang tch phan n`ay khong thuo
.
c bat c u
.
nhom n`ao
trong ba nhom da neu. The
nhu
.
ng ba
`
ng cach da
.
t u = x, dv =
dx
sin
2
x
v`a ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n ta c o
I = xcotgx +
_
cotgxdx = xcotgx +
_
cos x
sinx
dx
= xcotgx +
_
d(sinx)
sin x
= xcotgx + ln[ sinx[ +C.
2) Tch phan I
n
du
.
o
.
.
c bie
u die
n du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
I
n
=
1
a
2
_
x
2
+a
2
x
2
(x
2
+a
2
)
n
dx =
1
a
2
_
_
dx
(x
2
+a
2
)
n1
_
x
2
dx
(x
2
+a
2
)
n
_
=
1
a
2
I
n1
1
2a
2
_
x
2xdx
(x
2
+a
2
)
n
Ta tnh tch phan o
.
ve
pha i ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng
pha
`
n. Da
.
t u = x, dv =
2xdx
(x
2
+a
2
)
n
=
d(x
2
+a
2
)
(x
2
+a
2
)
n
. Khi do du = dx,
v =
1
(n 1)(x
2
+a
2
)
n1
v`a
1
2a
2
_
x
2xdx
(x
2
+a
2
)
n
=
x
2a
2
(n 1)(x
2
+a
2
)
n1
+
1
2a
2
(n 1)
I
n1
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
I
n
=
1
a
2
I
n1
+
x
2a
2
(n 1)(x
2
+a
2
)
n1
1
2a
2
(n 1)
I
n1
hay l`a
I
n
=
x
2a
2
(n 1)(x
2
+a
2
)
n1
+
2n 3
2a
2
(n 1)
I
n1
. (*)
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 27
Ta nha
.
n xet ra
`
ng tch phan I
n
khong thuo
.
c bat c u
.
nhom n`ao trong
ba nhom da ch ra.
Khi n = 1 ta co
I
1
=
_
dx
x
2
+a
2
=
1
a
arctg
x
a
+C.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c truy ho
`
i (*) ta co the
tnh I
2
qua I
1
ro
`
i I
3
qua
I
2
,...
V du
.
7. Tnh I =
_
xe
ax
cos bxdx.
Gia i. Da
.
t u = x, dv = e
ax
cos bxdx. Khi do du = dx,
v = e
ax
a cos bx +b sinbx
a
2
+b
2
(xem v du
.
4). Nhu
.
va
.
y
I = xe
ax
a cos bx +b sin bx
a
2
+b
2
1
a
2
+b
2
_
e
ax
(a cos bx +b sin bx)dx
= xe
ax
a cos bx +b sin bx
a
2
+b
2
a
a
2
+b
2
_
e
ax
cos bxdx
b
a
2
+b
2
_
e
ax
sinbxdx.
Tch phan th u
.
nhat o
.
ve
pha i du
.
o
.
.
c tnh trong v du
.
4, tch phan
th u
.
hai du
.
o
.
.
c tnh tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
v`a ba
`
ng
_
e
ax
sinbxdx = e
ax
a sinbx b cos bx
a
2
+b
2
Thay c ac ke
t qua thu du
.
o
.
.
c v`ao bie
u th u
.
c doi vo
.
i I ta co
I =
e
ax
a
2
+b
2
__
x
a
a
2
+b
2
_
(a cos bx +b sinbx)
b
a
2
+b
2
(a sin bx b cos bx)
_
+C
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
28 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
1.
_
x2
x
dx. (DS.
2
x
(xln2 1)
ln
2
2
)
2.
_
x
2
e
x
dx. (DS. x
2
e
x
2xe
x
2e
x
)
3.
_
x
3
e
x
2
dx. (DS.
1
2
(x
2
+ 1)e
x
2
)
4.
_
(x
3
+x)e
5x
dx. (DS.
1
5
e
5x
_
x
3
3
5
x
2
+
31
25
x
31
125
_
)
5.
_
arc sinxdx. (DS. xarc sinx +
1 x
2
)
6.
_
xarc sin xdx. (DS.
1
4
(2x
2
1)arc sinx +
1
4
x
1 x
2
)
7.
_
x
2
arc sin2xdx. (DS.
x
3
3
arc sin2x +
2x
2
+ 1
36
1 4x
2
)
8.
_
arctgxdx. (DS. xarctgx
1
2
ln(1 +x
2
))
9.
_
arctg
x)
10.
_
x
3
arctgxdx. (DS.
x
4
1
4
arctgx
x
3
12
+
x
4
)
11.
_
(arctgx)
2
xdx. (DS.
x
2
+ 1
2
(arctgx)
2
xarctgx +
1
2
ln(1 +x
2
))
12.
_
(arc sinx)
2
dx. (DS. x(arc sinx)
2
+ 2arc sinx
1 x
2
2x)
13.
_
arc sinx
x + 1
dx. (DS. 2
x + 1arc sinx + 4
1 x)
14.
_
arc sinx
x
2
dx. (DS.
arc sinx
x
ln
1 +
1 x
2
x
)
15.
_
xarctgx
1 +x
2
dx. (DS.
1 +x
2
arcrgx ln(x +
1 +x
2
))
10.1. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan 29
16.
_
arc sin
1 x
dx. (DS. 2(
1 xarc sin
x))
17.
_
lnxdx. (DS. x(lnx 1))
18.
_
xln
2
xdx. (DS.
2
3
x
3/2
_
ln
2
x
4
3
lnx +
8
9
_
)
19.
_
ln(x +
16 +x
2
)dsx. (DS. xln(x +
16 +x
2
)
16 +x
2
)
20.
_
xln(x +
1 +x
2
)
1 +x
2
dx. (DS.
1 +x
2
ln(x +
1 +x
2
) x)
21.
_
sinxln(tgx)dx. (DS. ln
_
tg
x
2
_
cos xln(tgx))
22.
_
x
2
ln(1 +x)dx. (DS.
(x
3
+ 1) ln(x + 1)
3
x
3
9
+
x
2
6
x
3
)
23.
_
x
2
sin 2xdx. (DS.
1 2x
2
4
cos 2x +
x
2
sin2x)
24.
_
x
3
cos(2x
2
)dx. (DS.
1
8
(2x
2
sin2x
2
+ cos 2x
2
))
25.
_
e
x
sinxdx. (DS.
e
x
(sinx cos x)
2
)
26.
_
3
x
cos xdx. (DS.
sinx + (ln3) cos x
1 + ln
2
3
3
x
)
27.
_
e
3x
(sin2x cos 2x)dx. (DS.
e
3x
13
(sin2x 5 cos 2x))
28.
_
xe
2x
sin5xdx.
(DS.
e
2x
29
__
2x +
21
29
_
sin5x +
_
5x +
20
29
_
cos 5x
_
)
29.
_
x
2
e
x
sinxdx. (DS.
1
2
_
(x
2
1) sin x (x 1)
2
cos x
e
x
)
30 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
30.
_
x
2
e
x
cos xdx. (DS.
(x 1)
2
sinx + (x
2
1) cos x
2
e
x
)
31.
_
x
2
sin(lnx)dx. (DS.
[3 sinx(lnx) cos(lnx)]x
3
10
)
32. T`m cong th u
.
c truy ho
`
i doi vo
.
i mo
i tch phan I
n
du
.
o
.
.
c cho du
.
o
.
i
day:
1) I
n
=
_
x
n
e
ax
dx, a ,= 0. (DS. I
n
=
1
a
x
n
e
ax
n
a
I
n1
)
2) I
n
=
_
ln
n
xdx. (DS. I
n
= xln
n
x nI
n1
)
3) I
n
=
_
x
ln
n
xdx, ,= 1. (DS. I
n
=
x
+1
ln
n
x
+ 1
n
+ 1
I
n1
)
4) I
n
=
_
x
n
dx
x
2
+a
, n > 2. (DS. I
n
=
x
n1
x
2
+a
n
n 1
n
aI
n2
)
5) I
n
=
_
sin
n
xdx, n > 2. (DS. I
n
=
cos xsin
n1
x
n
+
n 1
n
I
n2
)
6) I
n
=
_
cos
n
xdx, n > 2. (DS. I
n
=
sin xcos
n1
x
n
+
n 1
n
I
n2
)
7) I
n
=
_
dx
cos
n
x
, n > 2. (DS. I
n
=
sinx
(n 1) cos
n1
x
+
n 2
n 1
I
n2
)
10.2 Cac lo
.
p h`am kha
tch trong lo
.
p cac
h` am so
.
ca
p
10.2.1 Tch phan cac h`am h u
.
u ty
1) Phu
.
o
.
ng phap he
.
so bat di
.
nh. H`am da
.
ng
R(x) =
P
m
(x)
Q
n
(x)
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 31
trong do P
m
(x) l`a da th u
.
c ba
.
c m, Q
n
(x) l`a da th u
.
c ba
.
c n du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a
h`am h u
.
u ty (hay phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty ). Ne
u m n th` P
m
(x)/Q
n
(x)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty khong thu
.
.
c su
.
.
; ne
u m < n th`
P
m
(x)/Q
n
(x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty thu
.
.
c su
.
.
.
Ne
tach pha
`
n nguyen W(x) l`a da th u
.
c sao cho
R(x) =
P
m
(x)
Q
n
(x)
= W(x) +
P
k
(x)
Q
n
(x)
(10.5)
trong do k < n v`a W(x) l`a da th u
.
c ba
.
c mn.
T` u
.
(10.5) suy ra
`
ng vie
.
c tnh tch phan phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty khong
thu
.
.
c su
.
.
du
.
o
.
.
c quy ve
`
tnh tch phan phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty thu
.
.
c su
.
.
v`a tch
phan mo
.
t da th u
.
c.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 10.2.1. Gia su
.
P
m
(x)/Q
n
(x) l` a phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty thu
.
.
c su
.
.
v`a
Q(x) = (x a)
(x b)
(x
2
+px +q)
(x
2
+rx +s)
(x a)
+ +
A
1
x a
+ +
B
(x b)
+
B
1
(x b)
1
+ +
+
B
1
x b
+
M
x +N
(x
2
+px +q)
+ +
M
1
x +N
1
x
2
+px +q
+ +
+
K
x +L
(x
2
+rx +s)
+ +
K
1
x +L
1
x
2
+rx +s
, (10.6)
trong do A
i
, B
i
, M
i
, N
i
, K
i
v`a L
i
l` a cac s o thu
.
.
c.
Cac phan th u
.
c o
.
ve
pha i cu a (10.6) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cac phan th u
.
c do
.
n
gia n hay cac phan th u
.
c co
.
ba n v`a da
ng th u
.
c (10.6) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a khai
trie
n phan th u
.
c h u
.
u ty thu
.
.
c su
.
.
P(x)/Q(x) th`anh to
ng cac phan th u
.
c
co
.
ba n vo
.
i he
.
so thu
.
.
c.
De
tnh c ac he
.
so A
i
, B
i
, . . . , K
i
, L
i
ta co the
ap du
.
ng
32 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap I. Quy do
`
ng ma
u so da
ng th u
.
c (10.6) v`a sau do can
ba
`
ng cac he
.
so cu a l uy th` u
.
a c` ung ba
.
c cu a bie
n x v`a di de
n he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh de
xac di
.
nh A
i
, . . . , L
i
(phu
.
o
.
ng phap he
.
so bat di
.
nh).
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap II. C ac he
.
so A
i
, . . . , L
i
c ung co the
xac di
.
nh ba
`
ng
cach thay x trong (10.6) (hoa
.
c da
ng th u
.
c tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i (10.6)) bo
.
i
cac so du
.
o
.
.
c cho
.
n mo
.
t c ach thch ho
.
.
p.
T` u
.
(10.6) ta co
D
-
i
.
nh l y 10.2.2. Tch phan bat di
.
nh cu a mo
.
i h` am h u
.
u ty de
`
u bie
u
die
n du
.
o
.
.
c qua cac h`am so
.
cap m`a cu
.
the
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh I =
_
xdx
(x 1)(x + 1)
2
Gia i. Ta co
x
(x 1)(x + 1)
2
=
A
x 1
+
B
1
x + 1
+
B
2
(x + 1)
2
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
x = A(x + 1)
2
+B
1
(x 1)(x + 1) +B
2
(x 1). (10.7)
Ta xac di
.
nh cac he
.
so A, B
1
, B
2
ba
`
ng cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap sau day.
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap I. Vie
t da
ng th u
.
c (10.7) du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x (A+B
1
)x
2
+ (2A+B
2
)x + (AB
1
B
2
).
Can ba
`
ng cac he
.
so cu a l uy th` u
.
a c` ung ba
.
c cu a x ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
_
_
A+B
1
= 0
2A+B
2
= 1
AB
1
B
2
= 0.
T` u
.
do A =
1
4
, B
1
=
1
4
, B
2
=
1
2
.
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 33
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap II. Thay x = 1 v`ao (10.7) ta c o 1 = A 4 A =
1
4
.
Tie
t`m B
1
ta the
gia tri
.
x = 0 v`ao (10.7) v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
0 = AB
1
B
2
hay l`a B
1
= AB
2
=
1
4
.
Do do
I =
1
4
_
dx
x 1
1
4
_
dx
x + 1
+
1
2
_
dx
(x + 1)
2
=
1
2(x + 1)
+
1
4
ln
x 1
x + 1
+C.
V du
.
2. Tnh I =
_
3x + 1
x(1 +x
2
)
2
dx.
Gia i. Khai trie
n h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan th`anh to
ng cac phan
th u
.
c co
.
ba n
3x + 1
x(1 +x
2
)
2
=
A
x
+
Bx +C
1 +x
2
+
Dx +F
(1 +x
2
)
2
T` u
.
do
3x + 1 (A+B)x
4
+Cx
3
+ (2A+B +D)x
2
+ (C +F)x +A.
Can ba
`
ng cac he
.
so cu a cac l uy th` u
.
a c` ung ba
.
c cu a x ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
_
_
A+B = 0
C = 0
2A+B +D = 0 A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, D = 1, F = 3
C +F = 3
A = 1.
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
I =
_
dx
x
_
xdx
1 +x
2
_
xdx
(1 +x
2
)
2
+ 3
_
dx
(1 +x
2
)
2
= ln[x[
1
2
ln(1 +x
2
)
1
2
(1 +x
2
)
2
d(1 +x
2
) + 3
_
dx
(1 +x
2
)
2
= ln[x[
1
2
ln(1 +x
2
) +
1
2(1 +x
2
)
+ 3I
2
.
34 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
Ta tnh I
2
=
_
dx
(1 +x
2
)
2
ba
`
ng cong th u
.
c truy ho
`
i thu du
.
o
.
.
c trong
10.1. Ta c o
I
2
=
1
2
x
1 +x
2
+
1
2
I
1
=
x
2(1 +x
2
)
+
1
2
_
dx
1 +x
2
=
x
2(1 +x
2
)
+
1
2
arctgx +C.
Cuoi c` ung ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I = ln[x[
1
2
ln(1 +x
2
) +
3x + 1
2(1 +x
2
)
+
3
2
arctgx +C.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan (1-12)
1.
_
xdx
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
.
(DS.
1
4
ln[x + 1[
2
5
ln[x + 2[ +
3
20
[x 3[)
2.
_
2x
4
+ 5x
2
2
2x
3
x 1
dx.
DS.
x
2
2
+ ln[x 1[ + ln(2x
2
+ 2x + 1) + arctg(2x + 1))
3.
_
2x
3
+x
2
+ 5x + 1
(x
2
+ 3)(x
2
x + 1)
dx.
DS.
1
3
arctg
x
3
+ ln(x
2
x + 1) +
2
3
arctg
2x 1
3
)
4.
_
x
4
+x
2
+ 1
x(x 2)(x + 2)
dx.
(DS.
x
2
2
1
4
ln[x[ +
21
8
ln[x 2[ +
21
8
ln[x + 2[)
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 35
5.
_
dx
x(x 1)(x
2
x + 1)
2
.
(DS. ln
x 1
x
10
3
3
arctg
2x 1
1
3
2x 1
x
2
x + 1
)
6.
_
x
4
x
2
+ 1
(x
2
1)(x
2
+ 4)(x
2
2)
dx.
(DS.
1
10
ln
x 1
x + 1
+
7
20
arctg
x
2
+
1
4
2
ln
2
x +
)
7.
_
3x
2
+ 5x + 12
(x
2
+ 3)(x
2
+ 1)
dx.
(DS.
5
4
ln(x
2
+ 3)
3
2
arctg
x
3
+
5
4
ln(x
2
+ 1) +
9
2
arctgx)
8.
_
(x
4
+ 1)dx
x
5
+x
4
x
3
x
2
.
(DS. ln[x[ +
1
x
+
1
2
ln[x 1[
1
2
ln[x + 1[ +
1
x + 1
)
9.
_
x
3
+x + 1
x
4
1
dx.
(DS.
3
4
ln[x 1[ +
1
4
ln[x + 1[
1
2
arctgx)
10.
_
x
4
1 x
4
dx.
(DS. x + ln
x + 1
x 1
+
1
2
arctgx)
11.
_
3x + 5
(x
2
+ 2x + 2)
2
dx.
(DS.
2x 1
2(x
2
+ 2x + 2)
+ arctg(x + 1))
36 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
12.
_
x
4
2x
2
+ 2
(x
2
2x + 2)
2
dx.
(DS. x +
3 x
x
2
2x + 2
+ 2 ln(x
2
2x + 2) + arctg(x 1))
13.
_
x
2
+ 2x + 7
(x 2)(x
2
+ 1)
3
dx.
(DS.
3
5
ln[x
2
2[
3
10
ln[x
2
+ 1[ +
1 x
x
2
+ 1
11
5
arctgx)
14.
_
x
2
(x + 2)
2
(x + 1)
dx.
(DS.
4
x + 2
+ ln[x + 1[)
15.
_
x
2
+ 1
(x 1)
3
(x + 3)
dx.
(DS.
1
4(x 1)
2
3
8(x 1)
+
5
32
ln
x 1
x + 3
)
16.
_
dx
x
5
x
2
(DS.
1
x
+
1
6
ln
(x 1)
2
x
2
+x + 1
+
1
3
arctg
2x + 1
3
)
17.
_
3x
2
+ 8
x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 4x
dx.
(DS. 2 ln[x[ + ln[x + 2[ +
10
x + 2
)
18.
_
2x
5
+ 6x
3
+ 1
x
4
+ 3x
2
dx.
(DS. x
2
1
3x
1
3
3
arctg
x
3
)
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 37
19.
_
x
3
+ 4x
2
2x + 1
x
4
+x
dx.
(DS. ln
[x[(x
2
x + 1)
(x + 1)
2
+
2
3
arctg
2x 1
3
)
20.
_
x
3
3
x
4
+ 10x
2
+ 25
dx.
(DS.
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 5) +
25 3x
10(x
2
+ 5)
3
10
5
arctg
x
5
)
Ch da
n. x
4
+ 10x
2
+ 25 = (x
2
+ 5)
2
.
10.2.2 Tch phan m o
.
t so
h`am v o ty do
.
n gia n
Mo
.
t so tch phan h`am vo ty thu
.
`o
.
ng ga
.
p co the
tnh du
.
o
.
.
c ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng
phap h u
.
u ty hoa h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan. No
.
i dung cu a phu
.
o
.
ng phap
n`ay l`a t`m mo
.
t phep bie
n do
i du
.
a tch phan da cho cu a h`am vo ty ve
`
tch phan h`am h u
.
u ty . Trong tie
i
bie
n cho phep h u
.
u ty hoa doi vo
.
i mo
.
t so lo
.
p h`am vo ty quan tro
.
ng
nhat. Ta quy u
.
o
.
c k y hie
.
u R(x
1
, x
2
, . . . ) hay r(x
1
, x
2
, . . . ) l`a h`am h u
.
u
ty doi vo
.
i mo
i bie
n x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
.
I. Tch phan cac h`am v o ty phan tuye
i bie
n
ax +b
cx +d
= t
m
o
.
day m l`a ma
u so chung cu a cac so h u
.
u ty p
1
, . . . , p
n
.
II. Tch phan da
.
ng
_
R(x,
ax
2
+bx +c)dx, a ,= 0, b
2
4ac ,= 0 (10.9)
38 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
co the
h u
.
u ty hoa nh`o
.
phep the
Euler:
(i)
ax
2
+bx +c =
ax t, ne
u a > 0;
(ii)
ax
2
+bx +c = xt
c, ne
u c > 0;
(iii)
ax
2
+bx +c = (x x
1
)t
ax
2
+bx +c = (x x
2
)t
trong do x
1
v`a x
2
l`a cac nghie
.
m thu
.
.
c khac nhau cu a tam th u
.
c ba
.
c hai
ax
2
+ nbx + c. (Dau o
.
cac ve
pha i cu a da
ng th u
.
c co the
lay theo to
ho
.
.
p t` uy y).
III. Tch phan cu a vi phan nhi
.
th u
.
c. Do l`a nh u
.
ng tch phan da
.
ng
_
x
m
(ax
n
+b)
p
dx (10.10)
trong do a, b R, m, n, p Q v`a a ,= 0, b ,= 0, n ,= 0, p ,= 0; bie
u th u
.
c
x
m
(zx
n
+b)
p
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a vi phan nhi
.
th u
.
c.
Tch phan vi phan nhi
.
th u
.
c (10.10) du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ve
`
tch phan h`am
h u
.
u ty trong ba tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p sau day:
1) p l`a so nguyen,
2)
m+ 1
n
l`a so nguyen,
3)
m+ 1
n
+p l`a so nguyen.
D
-
i
.
nh l y (Trebu
.
sep). Tch phan vi ph an nhi
.
th u
.
c (10.10) bie
u die
n
du
.
o
.
.
c du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng h u
.
u ha
.
n nh` o
.
c ac h`am so
.
cap (t u
.
c l`a du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ve
`
tch phan h`am h u
.
u ty hay h u
.
u ty hoa du
.
o
.
.
c) khi v` a ch khi t nhat mo
.
t
trong ba so p,
m+ 1
n
,
m+ 1
n
+p l`a so nguyen.
1) Ne
u
m+ 1
n
l`a so nguyen th` da
.
t
ax
n
+b = t
M
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 39
trong do M l`a ma
u so cu a p.
3) Ne
u
m+ 1
n
+p l`a so nguyen th` da
.
t
a +bx
n
= t
M
trong do M l`a ma
u so cu a p.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh
1) I
1
=
_
x +
3
x
2
+
6
x
x(1 +
3
x)
dx, 2) I
2
=
_
dx
3
_
(2 +x)(2 x)
5
u so chung cu a p
1
, p
2
, p
3
l`a m = 6. Do do ta da
.
t x = t
6
.
Khi do:
I = 6
_
t
6
+t
4
+t
t
6
(1 +t
2
)
t
5
dt = 6
_
t
5
+t
3
+ 1
1 +t
2
dt
= 6
_
t
3
dt + 6
_
dt
1 +t
2
=
3
2
3
x
2
+ 6arctg
6
x +C.
2) Ba
`
ng phep bie
n do
i so
.
cap ta c o
I
2
=
_
3
_
2 x
2 +x
dx
(2 x)
2
40 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
T` u
.
do
I
2
= 12
_
t
3
(t
3
+ 1)
2
dt
16t
6
(t
3
+ 1)
2
=
3
4
_
dt
t
3
=
3
8
3
_
_
2 +x
2 x
_
2
+C.
V du
.
2. Tnh cac tch phan
1) I
1
=
_
dx
x
x
2
+x + 1
, 2) I
2
=
_
dx
(x 2)
x
2
+ 4x 3
,
3) I
3
=
_
dx
(x + 1)
1 +x x
2
,
Gia i. 1) Tch phan I
1
l`a tch phan da
.
ng II v`a a = 1 > 0 nen ta su
.
du
.
ng phep the
Euler (i)
x
2
+x + 1 = x +t, x
2
+x + 1 = x
2
+ 2tx +t
2
x =
t
2
1
1 2t
,
x
2
+x + 1 = x +t =
t
2
+t 1
1 2t
dx =
2(t
2
+t 1)
(1 2t)
2
dt.
T` u
.
do
I
1
= 2
_
dt
t
2
1
= ln
1 t
1 +t
+C = ln
1 +x
x
2
+x + 1
1 x +
x
2
+x + 1
+C.
2) Doi vo
.
i tch phan I
2
(da
.
ng II) ta co
x
2
+ 4x 3 = (x 1)(x 3)
v`a do do ta su
.
du
.
ng phep the
Euler (iii):
x
2
+ 4x 3 = t(x 1).
Khi do
(x 1)(x 3) = t
2
(x 1)
2
, (x 3) = t
2
(x 1), t =
_
3 x
x 1
,
x =
t
2
+ 3
t
2
+ 1
,
x
2
+ 4x 3 = t(x 1) =
2t
t
2
+ 1
dx =
4tdt
(t
2
+ 1)
2
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 41
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I
2
= 2
_
dt
t
2
1
= ln
1 t
1 +t
+C = ln
x 1
3 x
x 1 +
3 x
+C.
3) Doi vo
.
i tch phan I
3
(da
.
ng III) ta co C = 1 > 0. Ta su
.
du
.
ng
phep the
1 +x x
2
= tx 1, 1 +x x
2
= t
2
x
2
2tx + 1,
x =
2t + 1
t
2
+ 1
,
1 +x x
2
= tx 1 =
t
2
+t 1
t
2
+ 1
,
t =
1 +
1 +x x
2
x
, dx =
2(t
2
+t 1)
(t
2
+ 1)
2
Do do
I
3
= 2
_
dt
t
2
+ 2t + 2
= 2
_
d(t + 1)
1 + (t + 1)
2
= 2arctg(t + 1) +C
= 2arctg
1 +x +
1 +x x
2
x
+C.
V du
.
3. Tnh cac tch phan
1) I
1
=
_
x
(1 +
3
x)
2
dx, x 0; 2) I
2
=
_
x
_
4
1
1
x
3
_
dx;
3) I
3
=
_
dx
x
2
3
_
(1 +x
3
)
5
Gia i. 1) Ta c o
I
1
=
_
x
1
2
_
1 +x
1
3
_
2
dx,
trong do m =
1
2
, n =
1
3
, p = 2, ma
u so chung cu a m v`a n ba
`
ng 6.
V` p = 2 l`a so nguyen, ta ap du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n x = t
6
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I
1
= 6
_
t
8
(1 +t
2
)
2
dt = 6
_
_
t
4
2t
2
+ 3
4t
2
+ 3
(1 +t
2
)
2
_
dt
=
6
5
t
5
4t
3
+ 18t 18
_
dt
1 +t
2
6
_
t
2
(1 +t
2
)
2
dt.
42 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
V`
_
t
2
dt
(1 +t
2
)
2
=
1
2
_
td
_
1
1 +t
2
_
=
t
2(1 +t
2
)
+
1
2
arctgt
nen cuoi c` ung ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I
1
=
6
5
x
5/6
4x
1/2
+ 18x
1/6
+
3x
1/6
1 +x
1/3
21arctgx
1/6
+C.
2) Ta vie
t I
2
du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
I
2
=
_
x
1
2
_
1 x
3
2
_1
4
dx.
O
.
day m =
1
2
, n =
3
2
, p =
1
4
v`a
m+ 1
n
= 1 l`a so nguyen v`a ta
co tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p th u
.
hai. Ta su
.
du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n
1
1
x
3
= t
4
.
Khi do x = (1 t
4
)
2
3
, dx =
8
3
(1 t
4
)
5
3
t
3
dt v`a do va
.
y
I
2
=
8
3
_
t
4
(1 t
4
)
2
dt =
2
3
_
td
_
1
1 t
4
_
=
2
3
_
t
1 t
4
_
dt
1 t
2
_
=
2t
3(1 t
4
)
1
3
_
_
1
1 t
2
+
1
1 +t
2
_
dt
=
2t
3(1 t
4
)
1
6
ln
1 +t
1 t
1
3
arctgt +C,
trong do t =
_
1 x
3/2
_
1/4
.
3) Ta vie
t I
3
du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
I
3
=
_
x
2
(1 +x
3
)
5
3
dx.
O
.
day m = 2, n = 3, p =
5
3
v`a
m+ 1
n
+p = 2 l`a so nguyen.
Do va
.
y ta c o tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p th u
.
ba. Ta thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep do
i bie
n
1 +x
3
= t
3
1 +x
3
= t
3
x
3
.
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 43
T` u
.
do
x
3
=
1
t
3
1
, 1 +x
3
=
t
3
t
3
1
, x = (t
3
1)
1
3
dx = t
2
(t
3
1)
4
3
dt, x
2
= (t
3
1)
2
3
.
Do va
.
y
I
3
=
_
(t
3
1)
2/3
_
t
3
t
3
1
_
5/3
t
2
(t
3
1)
4
3
dt =
_
1 t
3
t
3
dt
=
_
t
3
dt
_
dt =
t
2
2
t +C = C
1 + 2t
3
2t
3
= C
2 + 3x
3
2x
3
_
(1 +x
3
)
2
44 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan (1-15)
1.
_
dx
2x 1
3
2x 1
.
(DS. u
3
+
3
2
u
2
+ 3u + 3 ln [u 1[, u
6
= 2x 1)
2.
_
xdx
(3x 1)
3x 1
.
(DS.
2
9
3x 2
3x 1
)
3.
_
_
1 x
1 +x
dx
x
.
(DS.
1
1 x
2
x
arc sinx)
4.
_
3
_
x + 1
x 1
dx
x + 1
.
(DS.
1
2
ln
(1 t)
2
1 +t +t
2
+
3arctg
2t + 1
3
, t =
3
_
x + 1
x 1
)
5.
_
x + 1
x 1
x + 1 +
x 1
dx.
(DS.
1
2
(x
2
x
x
2
1 + ln[x +
x
2
1[)
6.
_
xdx
x + 1
3
x + 1
.
(DS. 6
_
1
9
u
9
+
1
8
u
8
+
1
7
u
7
+
1
6
u
6
+
1
5
u
5
+
1
4
u
4
_
, u
6
= x + 1)
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 45
7.
_
(x 2)
_
1 +x
1 x
dx.
(DS.
_
1
1
2
x
_
1 x
2
3
2
arc sinx)
8.
_
3
_
x + 1
x 1
dx
(x 1)
3
.
(DS.
3
16
3
_
_
x + 1
x 1
_
4
3
28
3
_
_
x + 1
x 1
_
3
)
9.
_
dx
_
(x 1)
3
(x 2)
. (DS. 2
_
x 2
x 1
)
Ch da
n. Vie
t
_
(x 1)
3
(x 2) = (x 1)(x 2)
_
x 1
x 2
, da
.
t
t =
_
x 1
x 2
.
10.
_
dx
3
_
(x 1)
2
(x + 1)
.
(DS.
1
2
ln
u
2
+u + 1
u
2
2u + 1
3arctg
2u + 1
3
, u
3
=
x + 1
x 1
)
11.
_
dx
3
_
(x + 1)
2
(x 1)
4
. (DS.
3
2
3
_
1 +x
x 1
)
12.
_
dx
4
_
(x 1)
3
(x + 2)
5
. (DS.
4
3
4
_
x 1
x + 2
)
13.
_
dx
3
_
(x 1)
7
(x + 1)
2
. (DS.
3
16
3x 5
x 1
3
_
x + 1
x 1
)
14.
_
dx
6
_
(x 7)
7
(x 5)
5
. (DS. 3
6
_
x 5
x 7
)
15.
_
dx
n
_
(x a)
n+1
(x b)
n1
, a ,= b. (DS.
n
b a
n
_
x b
x a
)
46 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
16.
_
x + 1
x 1
x + 1 +
x 1
dx.
(DS.
x
2
3
x
x
2
1
2
+
1
2
ln[x +
x
2
1[)
Su
.
du
.
ng cac phep the
Euler de
x
2
+x + 1
. (DS. ln
1 +x
x
2
+x + 1
1 x +
x
2
+x + 1
)
18.
_
dx
(x 2)
x
2
+ 4x 3
. (DS. ln
x 1
3 x
x 1 +
3 x
)
19.
_
dx
(x + 1)
1 +x x
2
. (DS. 2arctg
1 +x +
1 +x x
2
x
)
20.
_
dx
(x 1)
x
2
+x + 1
.
(DS.
3
3
ln
x 1
3 + 3x + 2
_
3(x
2
+x + 1)
)
21.
_
(x 1)dx
(x
2
+ 2x)
x
2
+ 2x
. (DS.
1 + 2x
x
2
+ 2x
)
22.
_
5x + 4
x
2
+ 2x + 5
dx.
(DS. 5
x
2
+ 2x + 5 ln
x + 1 +
x
2
+ 2x + 5
)
Ch da
n. Co the
do
i bie
n t =
1
2
(x
2
+ 2x + 5)
= x + 1.
Tnh cac tch phan cu a vi phan nhi
.
th u
.
c
23.
_
x
1
3
(1 x
1/6
)
1
dx. (DS. 6x
1
6
+ 3x
1
3
+ 2x
1
2
+ 6 ln
x
1
6
1
)
24.
_
x
2
3
(1 +x
1
3
)
3
dx. (DS.
3
2
(1 +x
1
3
)
2
)
25.
_
x
1
2
(1 +x
1
4
)
10
dx. (DS.
4
9
(1 +x
1
4
)
9
1
2
(1 +x
1
4
)
8
)
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 47
26.
_
x
_
1 +
3
x
2
dx. (DS. 3
_
t
5
5
2t
3
3
+t
_
, t =
1 +x
2/3
)
27.
_
x
3
(1 + 2x
2
)
2
3
dx. (DS.
x
2
+ 1
2
2x
2
+ 1
)
28.
_
dx
x
4
1 +x
2
. (DS.
1
3
x
3
(2x
2
1)
x
2
+ 1)
29.
_
dx
x
2
(1 +x
3
)
5/3
. (DS.
1
8
x
1
(3x + 4)(2 +x
3
)
2
3
)
30.
_
dx
x
3
3
_
1 +
4
x
3
. (DS. 2
3
_
(x
3
4
+ 1)
2
)
31.
_
dx
3
x
2
(
3
x + 1)
3
. (DS.
3
2(
3
x + 1)
2
)
32.
_
3
x
_
3
x + 1
dx.
(DS. 6
_
u
7
7
3
5
u
5
+u
3
u
2
, u
2
=
3
x + 1
_
)
33.
_
dx
x
6
x
2
1
.
(DS.
u
5
5
2u
3
3
+u, u =
1 x
2
)
34.
_
dx
x
3
1 +x
5
.
(DS.
1
10
ln
u
2
2u + 1
u
2
+u + 1
3
5
arctg
2u + 1
3
, u
3
= 1 +x
5
)
35.
_
x
7
1 +x
2
dx.
(DS.
u
9
9
3u
7
7
+
3u
5
5
u
3
3
, u
2
= 1 +x
2
)
48 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
36.
_
dx
3
1 +x
3
.
(DS.
1
6
ln
u
2
+u + 1
u
2
2u + 1
3
arctg
2u + 1
3
, u
3
= 1 +x
3
)
37.
_
dx
4
1 +x
4
.
(DS.
1
4
ln
u + 1
u 1
1
2
arctgu, u
4
= 1 +x
4
)
38.
_
3
x x
3
dx.
(DS.
u
2(u
3
+ 1)
1
12
ln
u
2
+ 2u + 1
u
2
u + 1
1
2
3
arctg
2u 1
3
, u
3
= x
2
1)
10.2.3 Tch phan cac h`am lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac
I. Tch phan da
.
ng
_
R(sinx, cos x)dx (10.11)
trong do R(u, v) l`a h`am h u
.
u ty cu a cac bie
h u
.
u ty hoa du
.
o
.
.
c nh`o
.
phep do
i bie
n t = tg
x
2
, x (, ). T` u
.
do
sinx =
2t
1 +t
2
, cos x =
1 t
2
1 +t
2
, dx =
2dt
1 +t
2
Nhu
.
o
.
.
c die
m cu a phep h u
.
u ty hoa n`ay l`a no thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
a de
n nh u
.
ng
tnh toan rat ph u
.
c ta
.
p.
V` va
.
y, trong nhie
`
u tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p phep h u
.
u ty hoa c o the
thu
.
.
c hie
.
n
du
.
o
.
.
c nh`o
.
nh u
.
ng phep do
i bie
n khac.
II. Ne
i
bie
n
t = cos x, x (0, )
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 49
v`a l uc do
dx =
dt
1 t
2
III. Ne
i
bie
n
t = sinx, dx =
dt
1 t
2
, x
_
2
,
2
_
.
IV. Ne
2
,
2
_
:
sinx =
t
1 +t
2
, cos x =
1
1 +t
2
, x = arctgt, dx =
dt
1 +t
2
V. Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p rieng cu a tch phan da
.
ng (10.11) l`a tch phan
_
sin
m
xcos
n
xdx, m, n Z (10.12)
(i) Ne
u so m le th` da
.
t t = cos x, ne
u n le th` da
.
t sinx = t.
(ii) Ne
u m v`a n l`a nh u
.
ng so cha
t l`a thay
sin
2
x v` a cos
2
x theo cac cong th u
.
c
sin
2
x =
1
2
(1 cos 2x), cos
2
x =
1
2
(1 + cos 2x).
(iii) Ne
u m v`a n cha
n, trong do co mo
.
t so am th` phep do
i bie
n se
l`a tgx = t hay cotgx = t.
(iv) Ne
t bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch
phan bo
.
i da
.
ng phan th u
.
c v`a tach cos
2
x (hoa
.
c sin
2
x) ra khoi ma
u so.
Bie
u th u
.
c
dx
cos
2
x
(hoa
.
c
dx
sin
2
x
) du
.
o
.
.
c thay bo
.
i d(tgx) (hoa
.
c d(cotgx))
v`a ap du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n t = tgx (hoa
.
c t = cotgx).
VI. Tch phan da
.
ng
_
sin
xcos
xdx, , Q. (10.13)
50 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
Ba
`
ng phep do
i bie
n sin
2
x = t ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I =
1
2
_
t
1
2
(1 t)
1
2
dt
v`a b`ai toan du
.
o
.
.
c quy ve
`
tch phan cu a vi phan nhi
.
th u
.
c.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh tch ph an
I =
_
dx
3 sinx + 4 cos x + 5
Gia i. Da
.
t t = tg
x
2
, x (, ). Khi do
I = 2
_
dt
t
2
+ 6t + 9
= 2
_
(t + 3)
2
dt
=
2
t + 3
+C =
2
3 + tg
x
2
+C.
V du
.
2. Tnh
J =
_
dx
(3 + cos 5x) sin5x
Gia i. Da
.
t 5x = t. Ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
J =
1
5
_
dt
(3 + cos t) sint
v`a (tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p II) do do ba
`
ng cach da
.
t phep do
i bie
n z = cos t ta co
J =
1
5
_
dz
(z + 3)(z
2
1)
=
1
5
_
_
A
z 1
+
B
z 1
+
C
z + 3
_
dz
=
1
5
_
_
1
8(z 1)
1
4(z + 1)
+
1
8(z + 3)
_
dz
=
1
5
_
1
8
ln[z 1[
1
4
ln[z + 1[ +
1
8
ln[z + 3[
_
+C
=
1
40
ln
(z 1)(z + 3)
(z + 1)
2
+C
=
1
40
ln
cos
2
x + 2 cos 5x 3
(cos 5x + 1)
2
+C.
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 51
V du
.
3. Tnh
J =
_
2 sinx + 3 cos x
sin
2
xcos x + 9 cos
3
x
dx
Gia i. H`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan c o tnh chat l`a
R(sinx, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x).
Do do ta su
.
du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n t = tgx, x
_
2
,
2
_
. Chia tu
.
so
v`a ma
u so cu a bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i d au tch phan cho cos
3
x ta co
J =
_
2tgx + 3
tg
2
x + 9
d(tgx) =
_
2t + 3
t
2
+ 9
dt
= ln(t
2
+ 9) + arctg
_
t
3
_
+C
= ln(tg
2
x + 9) + arctg
_
tgx
3
_
+C.
V du
.
4. Tnh
J =
_
dx
sin
6
x + cos
6
x
Gia i.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
cos
2
x =
1
2
(1 + cos 2x), sin
2
x =
1
2
(1 sin2x)
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
cos
6
x + sin
6
x =
1
4
(1 + 3 cos
2
2x).
Da
.
t t = tg2x, ta t`m du
.
o
.
.
c
J =
_
4dx
1 + 3 cos
2
2x
= 2
_
dt
t
2
+ 4
= arctg
t
2
+C = arctg
tg2x
2
+C.
52 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
V du
.
5. Tnh
J =
_
sin
3
2
xcos
1
2
xdx.
Gia i. Da
.
t z = sin
2
x ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
J =
1
2
_
z
1/4
(1 z)
1
4
dx.
Do l`a tch phan cu a vi phan nhi
.
th u
.
c v`a
m+ 1
n
+p =
1
4
+ 1
1
1
4
= 1.
Do va
.
y ta thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep do
i bie
n
1
z
1 = t
4
,
dz
z
2
= 4t
3
dt, z
2
=
1
(t
4
+ 1)
2
v`a do do
J = 2
_
t
2
(t
4
+ 1)
2
dt.
Da
.
t t =
1
y
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
J = 2
_
y
4
(1 +y
4
)
2
dy.
Thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n ba
`
ng cach da
.
t
u = y, dv =
y
3
(1 +y
4
)
2
dy du = dy, v =
1
4(1 +y
2
)
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
J = 2
_
y
4(1 +y
4
)
+
1
4
_
dy
1 +y
4
_
=
y
2(1 +y
4
)
+
1
2
J
1
.
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 53
De
tnh J
1
ta bie
u die
n tu
.
so cu a bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan
nhu
.
sau:
1 =
1
2
_
(y
2
+ 1) (y
2
1)
v`a khi do
J
1
=
1
2
_
y
2
+ 1
y
4
+ 1
dy
1
2
_
y
2
1
y
4
+ 1
dy
=
1
2
_
_
1 +
1
y
2
_
dy
y
2
+
1
y
2
1
2
_
_
1
1
y
2
_
dy
y
2
+
1
y
2
=
1
2
_
d
_
y +
1
y
_
_
y
1
y
_
2
+ 2
1
2
_
d
_
y +
1
y
_
_
y +
1
y
_
2
2
=
1
2
2
arctg
y
1
y
1
4
2
ln
y +
1
y
2
yb +
1
y
+
+C.
Cuoi c` ung ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
J =
y
2(1 +y
4
)
+
1
4
2
arctg
y
1
4
1
8
2
ln
y +
1
y
2
y +
1
y
+
+C
trong do
y =
1
t
, t =
4
_
1
z
1 , z = sin
2
x.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan ba
`
ng cach su
.
du
.
ng cac c ong th u
.
c lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac
de
bie
n do
i h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan.
54 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
1.
_
sin
3
xdx. (DS. cos x +
cos
3
x
3
)
2.
_
cos
4
xdx. (DS.
3x
8
+
sin2x
4
+
sin4x
32
)
3.
_
sin
5
xdx. (DS.
2
3
cos
3
x
cos
5
x
5
cos x)
4.
_
cos
7
xdx. (DS. sinx sin
3
x +
3 sin
5
x
5
sin
7
x
7
)
5.
_
cos
2
xsin
2
xdx. (DS.
x
8
sin4x
32
)
6.
_
sin
3
xcos
2
xdx. (DS.
cos
5
x
5
cos
3
x
3
)
7.
_
cos
3
xsin
5
xdx. (DS.
sin
6
x
6
sin
8
x
8
)
8.
_
dx
sin 2x
. (DS.
1
2
ln[tgx[)
9.
_
dx
cos
x
3
. (DS. 3 ln
tg
_
4
+
x
6
_
)
10.
_
sin x + cos x
sin2x
dx. (DS.
1
2
_
ln
tg
x
2
+ ln
tg
_
4
+
x
2
_
_
)
11.
_
sin
2
x
cos
6
x
dx. (DS.
tg
5
x
5
+
tg
3
x
3
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t t = tgx.
12.
_
sin3xcos xdx. (DS.
1
8
(cos 4x + 2 cos 2x))
13.
_
sin
x
3
cos
2x
3
dx. (DS.
3
2
cos
x
3
1
2
cos x)
14.
_
cos
3
x
sin
2
x
dx. (DS.
1
sinx
sinx)
15.
_
sin
3
x
cos
2
x
dx. (DS.
1
cos x
+ cos x)
10.2. C ac lo
.
p h`am kha tch trong lo
.
p cac h`am so
.
cap 55
16.
_
cos
3
x
sin
5
x
dx. (DS.
cotg
4
x
4
)
17.
_
sin
5
x
cos
3
x
dx. (DS.
1
2 cos
2
x
+ 2 ln [ cos x[
cos
2
x
2
)
18.
_
tg
5
xdx. (DS.
tg
4
x
4
tg
2
x
2
ln[ cos x[)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day hay ap du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n
t = tg
x
2
, sin x =
2t
1 +t
2
, cos x =
1 t
2
1 +t
2
, x = 2arctgt, dx =
2dt
1 +t
2
19.
_
dx
3 + 5 cos x
. (DS.
1
4
ln
2 + tg
x
2
2 tg
x
2
)
20.
_
dx
sinx + cos x
. (DS.
1
2
ln
tg
_
x
2
+
8
_
)
21.
_
3 sin x + 2 cos x
2 sin x + 3 cos x
dx.
(DS.
1
13
(12x 5 ln [2tgx + 3[ 5 ln [ cos x[)
22.
_
dx
1 + sinx + cos x
. (DS. ln
1 + tg
x
2
)
23.
_
dx
(2 sinx)(3 sinx)
.
(DS.
2
3
arctg
2tg
x
2
1
2
arctg
3tg
x
2
1
2
2
)
Tnh cac tch phan da
.
ng
_
sin
m
xcos
n
xdx, m, n N.
24.
_
sin
3
xcos
5
xdx. (DS.
1
8
cos
8
x
1
6
cos
6
x)
56 Chu
.
o
.
ng 10. Tch phan bat di
.
nh
25.
_
sin
2
xcos
4
xdx. (DS.
1
16
_
x
1
4
sin 4x +
1
3
sin
2
2x
_
)
26.
_
sin
4
xcos
6
xdx.
(DS.
1
2
11
sin 8x
1
2
8
sin4x +
1
5 2
6
sin
5
2x +
3
2
8
x)
27.
_
sin
4
xcos
2
xdx. (DS.
x
16
sin4x
64
sin
2
2x
48
)
28.
_
sin
4
xcos
5
xdx. (DS.
1
5
sin
5
x
2
7
sin
7
x +
1
9
sin
9
x)
29.
_
sin
6
xcos
3
xdx. (DS.
1
7
sin
7
x
1
9
sin
9
x)
Tnh cac tch phan da
.
ng
_
sin
xcos
xdx, , Q.
30.
_
sin
3
x
cos x
3
cos x
dx. (DS.
3
5
cos x
3
cos
2
x +
3
3
cos x
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t t = cos x.
31.
_
dx
3
sin
11
xcos x
. (DS.
3(1 + 4tg
2
x)
8tg
2
x
3
_
tg
2
x
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t t = tgx.
32.
_
sin
3
x
3
cos
2
x
dx. (DS. 3
3
cos x
_
1
7
cos
2
x 1
_
)
33.
_
3
cos
2
xsin
3
xdx. (DS.
3
5
cos
5/3
x +
3
11
cos
11
3
x)
34.
_
dx
4
sin
3
xcos
5
x
. (DS. 4
4
tgx)
35.
_
sin
3
x
5
cos x
dx. (DS.
5
14
cos
14
5
x
5
4
cos
4
5
x)
Chu
.
o
.
ng 11
Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
11.1 H`am kha tch Riemann v`a tch phan xac
di
.
nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.1.1 D
-
i
.
nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.1.2 D
-
ie `u kie
.
n de
ng v`a the
tch va
.
t the
. . 78
11.3.2 Tnh do
.
d`ai cung v`a die
.
n tch ma
.
t tr`on xoay 89
11.4 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.1 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng ca
.
n vo ha
.
n . . . . . . . 98
11.4.2 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng cu a h`am khong bi
.
cha
.
n 107
58 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
11.1 H`am kha
m
_
x
k
_
n
k=0
:
a = x
0
< x
1
< x
2
< < x
n1
< x
n
= b
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phep phan hoa
.
ch doa
.
n [a, b] v`a du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u l`a T[a, b] hay
do
.
n gia n l`a T.
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 11.1.1. Gia su
.
[a, b] R, T[a, b] = a = x
0
< x
1
<
< x
n
= b l`a phep phan hoa
.
ch doa
.
n [a, b]. Tren mo
i doa
.
n [x
j1
, x
j
],
j = 1, . . . , n ta cho
.
n mo
.
t c ach t` uy y die
m
j
v`a la
.
p to
ng
S(f, T, ) =
n
j=1
f(
j
)x
j
, x
j
= x
j
x
j1
go
.
i l`a to
m
j
, j = 1, n. Ne
u gio
.
i
ha
.
n
lim
d(T)0
S(f, T, ) = lim
d(T)0
n
j=1
f(
j
)x
j
(11.1)
to
`
n ta
.
i h u
.
u ha
.
n khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao phep phan hoa
.
ch T v`a cach
cho
.
n cac die
m
j
, j = 1, n th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan xac
di
.
nh cu a h`am f(x).
Ta
.
p ho
.
.
p mo
.
i h`am kha tch Riemann tren doa
.
n [a, b] du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u
l`a 1[a, b].
11.1. H` am kha tch Riemann v`a tch phan xac di
.
nh 59
11.1.2 D
-
ie
`
u kie
.
n de
m gian doa
.
n cu a n o. H` am f(x) kha tch Riemann
tren doa
.
n [a, b] khi v`a ch khi ta
.
p ho
.
.
p E c o d o
.
do - khong, t u
.
c l`a E
thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n: > 0, to
`
n ta
.
i he
.
de
m du
.
o
.
.
c (hay h u
.
u ha
.
n) c ac
khoa ng (a
i
, b
i
) sao cho
E
_
i=1
(a
i
, b
i
),
i=1
(b
i
a
i
) = lim
N
N
i=1
(b
i
a
i
) < .
Ne
u c ac die
`
u kie
.
n cu a di
.
nh l y 11.1.2 (go
.
i l`a tieu chua
n kha tch
Lo
.
be (Lebesgue)) du
.
o
.
.
c thoa man th` gia tri
.
cu a tch phan
b
_
a
f(x)dx
khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao gia tri
.
cu a h`am f(x) ta
.
i cac die
m gian doa
.
n v`a
ta
.
i cac die
m do h`am f(x) du
.
o
.
.
c bo
sung mo
.
t c ach t` uy y nhu
.
ng pha i
ba o to`an tnh bi
.
cha
.
n cu a h`am tren [a, b].
11.1.3 Cac tnh cha
t co
.
ba n cu a tch phan xac
di
.
nh
1)
a
_
a
f(x)dx = 0.
2)
b
_
a
f(x)dx =
a
_
b
f(x)dx.
3) Ne
b
_
a
f(x)dx
b
_
a
[f(x)[dx, a < b.
5) Ne
m c co
the
sa
p xe
p t` uy y so vo
.
i cac die
m a v`a b.
Trong c ac tnh chat sau day ta luon luon xem a < b.
8) Ne
n thien.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 11.2.1. H`am f(x) lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [a, b] l` a co nguyen h`am
tren doa
.
n do. Mo
.
t trong cac nguyen h`am cu a h`am f(x) l` a h`am
F(x) =
x
_
a
f(t)dt. (11.2)
Tch phan vo
.
i ca
.
n tren bie
n thien du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh doi vo
.
i mo
.
i h`am
f(x) kha tch tren [a, b]. Tuy nhien, de
h`amF(x) da
.
ng (11.2) l`a nguyen
h`am cu a f(x) die
`
u cot ye
u
1) F(x) lien tu
.
c tren [a, b].
2) F
(x) = f(x) ta
.
i cac die
m lien tu
.
c cu a f(x).
Nha
.
n xet. H`am lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [a, b] l`a tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p rieng cu a
h`am lien tu
.
c t` u
.
ng doa
.
n. Do do doi vo
.
i h`am lien tu
.
c di
.
nh ngha 11.2.1
ve
`
nguyen h`am l`a tr` ung vo
.
i di
.
nh ngha c u tru
.
o
.
c day v` F
(x) = f(x)
x [a, b] v`a tnh lien tu
.
c cu a F(x) du
.
o
.
.
c suy ra t` u
.
tnh kha vi.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 11.2.2. H`am f(x) lien tu
.
c t` u
.
ng doa
.
n tren [a, b] l`a co nguyen
h`am tren [a, b] theo ngha cu a di
.
nh ngha mo
.
ro
.
ng. M o
.
t trong c ac
62 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
nguyen h`am l`a
F(x) =
x
_
a
f(t)dt.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 11.2.3. (Newton-Leibniz) D oi v o
.
i h` am lien tu
.
c t` u
.
ng doa
.
n
tren [a, b] ta co cong th u
.
c Newton-Leibniz:
b
_
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a) (11.3)
trong do F(x) l`a nguyen h`am cu a f(x) tren [a, b] v o
.
i ngha mo
.
ro
.
ng.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 11.2.4 (Phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n) Gia su
.
:
(i) f(x) xac di
.
nh v`a lien tu
.
c tren [a, b],
(ii) x = g(t) xac di
.
nh v`a lien tu
.
c c` ung v o
.
i da
.
o h`am cu a n o tren
doa
.
n [, ], trong do g() = a, g() = b v`a a g(t) b.
Khi do
b
_
a
f(x)dx =
f(g(t))g
(t)dt. (11.4)
D
-
i
.
nh l y 11.2.5 (Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n). Ne
u f(x) v` a
g(x) co da
.
o h`am lien tu
.
c tren [a, b] th`
b
_
a
f(x)g
(x)dx = f(x)g(x)
b
a
b
_
a
f
(x)g(x)dx. (11.5)
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng tren doa
.
n [1, 1] h`am
f(x) = signx =
_
_
1 vo
.
i x > 0,
0 vo
.
i x = 0, x [1, 1]
1 vo
.
i x < 0
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 63
a) kha tch, b) khong c o nguyen h`am, c) co nguyen h`am mo
.
ro
.
ng.
Gia i. a) H`am f(x) kha tch v` no l`a h`am lien tu
.
c t` u
.
ng doa
.
n.
b) Ta ch u
.
ng minh h`am f(x) khong co nguyen h`am theo ngha c u.
Tha
.
t va
.
y mo
.
i h`am da
.
ng
F(x) =
_
_
_
x +C
1
khi x < 0
x +C
2
khi x 0
de
`
u co da
.
o h`am ba
`
ng signx x ,= 0, trong do C
1
v`a C
2
l`a cac so t` uy
y. Tuy nhien, tha
.
m ch h`am tot nhat trong so cac h`am n`ay
F(x) = [x[ +C
(ne
u C
1
= C
2
= C) c ung khong co da
.
o h`am ta
.
i die
m x = 0. Do do
h`am signx (v`a do do mo
.
i h`am lien tu
.
c t` u
.
ng doa
.
n) khong c o da
.
o h`am
tren khoa ng bat k` y ch u
.
a die
m gian doa
.
n.
c) Tren doa
.
n [1, 1] h`am signx co nguyen h`am mo
.
ro
.
ng l`a h`am
F(x) = [x[ v` no lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [1, 1] v`a F
V du
.
2. Tnh
a
_
0
a
2
x
2
dx, a > 0.
Gia i. Da
.
t x = a sint. Ne
u t cha
.
y he
t doa
.
n
_
0,
2
_
th` x cha
.
y he
t
doa
.
n [0, a]. Do do
a
_
0
a
2
x
2
dx =
/2
_
0
a
2
cos
2
tdt = a
2
/2
_
0
1 + cos 2t
2
dt
=
a
2
2
/2
_
0
dt +
a
2
2
/2
_
0
cos 2tdt =
a
2
4
V du
.
3. Tnh tch phan
I =
2/2
_
0
_
1 +x
1 x
dx.
64 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
Gia i. Ta thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep do
i bie
n x = cos t. Phep do
i bie
n n`ay
thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n sau:
(1) x = (t) = cos t lien tu
.
c t R
(2) Khi t bie
4
,
4
_
th` x cha
.
y he
t doa
.
n
_
0,
2
2
_
.
(3)
_
4
_
=
2
2
,
_
2
_
= 0.
(4)
4
,
2
_
.
Nhu
.
va
.
y phep do
i bie
n thoa man di
.
nh l y 11.2.4 v`a do do
x = cos t, dx = sin tdt,
2
_
= 0,
_
4
_
=
2
2
Nhu
.
va
.
y
I =
4
_
2
cotg
t
2
(sin t)dt =
2
_
4
(1 + cos t)dt
=
_
t + sin t
/2
/4
=
4
+ 1
2
2
.
V du
.
4. Tnh tch ph an
I =
3/2
_
1/2
dx
x
1 x
2
Gia i. Ta thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep do
i bie
n
x = sint dx = cos tdt
v`a bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan c o da
.
ng
cos tdt
sint
cos
2
t
=
_
_
dt
sint
ne
u cos t > 0,
dt
sint
ne
u cos t < 0.
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 65
Cac ca
.
n v`a cu a tch phan theo t du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i
1
2
= sint =
6
,
3
2
= sint =
3
(Ta c ung co the
lay
1
=
5
6
v`a
1
=
2
3
). Trong ca hai tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p
bie
n x = sint de
`
u cha
.
y he
t doa
.
n [a, b] =
_
1
2
,
3
2
_
. Ta se thay ke
t qua
tch phan l`a nhu
.
nhau. Tha
.
t va
.
y trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p th u
.
nhat ta c o
cos t > 0 v`a
I =
/3
_
/6
dt
sint
= lntg
t
2
/3
_
/6
= ln
2 +
3
3
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p th u
.
hai t
_
5
6
,
2
3
_
ta co cos t < 0 v`a
I =
2/3
_
5/6
dt
sint
= lntg
t
2
2/3
5/6
= ln
2 +
3
3
V du
.
5. Tnh tch phan
I =
/3
_
0
xsinx
cos
2
x
dx.
Gia i. Ta tnh ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n.
Da
.
t
u = x du = dx,
dv =
sin xdx
cos
2
x
v =
1
cos x
66 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
Do do
I = x
1
cos x
/3
0
/3
_
0
dx
cos x
=
3 cos
3
lntg
_
x
2
+
4
_
/3
0
=
2
3
lntg
_
6
+
4
_
+ lntg
4
=
2
3
lntg
5
12
V du
.
6. Tnh tch ph an
I =
1
_
0
x
2
(1 x)
3
dx.
Gia i. Ta da
.
t
u = x
2
, dv = (1 x)
3
dx
du = 2xdx, v =
(1 x)
4
4
Do do
I = x
2
(1 x)
4
4
1
0
+
1
_
0
2x
(1 x)
4
4
dx
. .
I
1
= 0 +I
1
.
Tnh I
1
. Tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n I
1
ta co
I
1
=
1
2
1
_
0
x(1 x)
4
dx =
1
2
x
(1 x)
5
5
1
0
+
1
2
1
_
0
(1 x)
5
5
dx
= 0
1
10
(1 x)
6
6
1
0
=
1
60
I =
1
60
V du
.
7.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Newton-Leibnitz de
1 cos 2xdx, 2) I
2
=
1
_
0
e
x
arc sin(e
x
)dx.
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 67
Gia i. Ta co
1 cos 2x =
2[ sinx[. Do do
100
_
0
1 cos 2xdx =
2
100
_
0
[ sinx[dx
=
2
_
_
0
sin xdx
2
_
sin xdx +
3
_
2
sinxdx . . .
+ +
100
_
99
sinxdx
_
=
2[2 + 2 + + 2] = 200
2.
2) Thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep do
i bie
n t = e
x
, sau do ap du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap
tch ph an t` u
.
ng pha
`
n. Ta co
_
e
x
arc sin(e
x
)dx =
_
arc sin t
t
2
dt
=
1
t
arc sint
_
dt
t
1 t
2
=
1
t
arc sint +I
1
.
I
1
=
_
dt
t
1 t
2
=
_
d
_
1
t
_
_
_
1
t
_
2
1
= ln
_
1
t
+
_
1
t
2
1
_
+C.
Do do
_
e
x
arc sine
x
dx =
arc sint
t
+ ln
_
1
t
+
_
_
1
t
2
1
_
+C
= e
x
arc sine
x
+ ln(e
x
+
e
2x
1) +C
Nguyen h`am v` u
.
a thu du
.
o
.
.
c co gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n ta
.
i die
m x = 0. do
do theo cong th u
.
c (11.3) ta co
1
_
0
e
x
arc sine
x
dx = earc sine
1
2
+ ln(e +
e
2
1).
68 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
V du
.
8. Tnh tch phan Dirichlet
/2
_
0
sin(2n 1)x
sinx
dx, n N.
Gia i. Ta co cong th u
.
c
1
2
+
n1
k=1
cos 2kx =
sin(2n 1)x
2 sin x
T` u
.
do v`a lu
.
u y ra
`
ng
/2
_
0
cos 2kxdx = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1 ta co
/2
_
0
sin(2n 1)x
sin x
dx =
2
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan sau day ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n (1-14).
1.
5
_
0
xdx
1 + 3x
. (DS. 4)
2.
ln3
_
ln2
dx
e
x
e
x
. (DS.
ln
3
2
2
)
3.
3
_
1
(x
3
+ 1)dx
x
2
4 x
2
. (DS.
7
2
3
1). Da
.
t x = 2 sin t.
4.
/2
_
0
dx
2 + cos x
. (DS.
3
3
)
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 69
5.
1
_
0
x
2
dx
(x + 1)
4
. (DS.
1
24
)
6.
ln2
_
0
e
x
1dx. (DS.
4
2
)
7.
7
_
3
x
3
dx
3
_
(x
2
+ 1)
2
. (DS. 3)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t t = x
2
+ 1.
8.
e
_
1
4
1 + lnx
x
dx. (DS. 0, 8(2
4
2 1))
Ch da
n. Da
.
t t = 1 + lnx.
9.
+
3
_
3
x
2
9 x
2
dx. (DS.
81
8
)
ch da
n. Da
.
t x = 3 cos t.
10.
3
_
0
_
x
6 x
dx. (DS.
3( 2)
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = 6 sin
2
t.
11.
_
0
sin
6
x
2
dx. (DS.
5
16
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = 2t.
12.
/4
_
0
cos
7
2xdx. (DS.
8
35
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
t
2
70 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
13.
2/2
_
0
_
1 +x
1 x
dx. (DS.
4
+ 1
2
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = cos t.
14.
29
_
3
3
_
(x 2)
2
3 +
3
_
(x 2)
2
dx. (DS. 8 +
3
3
2
)
Tnh c ac tch phan sau day ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap tch phan t` u
.
ng
pha
`
n (15-32).
15.
1
_
0
x
3
arctgxdx. (DS.
1
6
)
16.
e
_
1/e
[ lnx[dx. (DS. 2(1 1/e))
17.
_
0
e
x
sinxdx. (DS.
1
2
(e
+ 1))
18.
1
_
0
x
3
e
2x
dx. (DS.
e
2
+ 3
8
)
19.
1
_
0
arc sinx
1 +x
dx. (DS.
2 4)
20.
/4
_
0
ln(1 + tgx)dx. (DS.
ln2
8
)
21.
/b
_
0
e
ax
sin bxdx. (DS.
b
a
2
+b
2
_
e
a
b
+ 1
_
)
22.
1
_
0
e
x
ln(e
x
+ 1)dx. (DS.
1 +e
e
ln(e + 1) + 2 ln 2 + 1)
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 71
23.
/2
_
0
sin2x arctg(sinx)dx. (DS.
2
1)
24.
2
_
1
sin(lnx)dx. (DS. sin(ln2) cos(ln2) +
1
2
)
25.
_
0
x
3
sin xdx. (DS.
3
6)
26.
2
_
1
xlog
2
xdx. (DS. 2
3
4 ln 2
)
27.
a
7
_
0
x
3
3
a
2
+x
2
dx. (DS.
141a
3 3
a
20
)
28.
a
_
0
a
2
x
2
dx. (DS.
a
2
4
)
29.
/2
_
/6
x + sin x
1 + cos x
dx. (DS.
6
(1 +
3))
30.
/2
_
0
sin
m
xcos(m+ 2)xdx. (DS.
cos
m
2
m+ 1
)
31.
/2
_
0
cos
m
xcos(m+ 2)xdx. (DS. 0)
32.
/2
_
0
cos xcos 2nxdx. (DS.
4n
(1)
n1
)
72 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
33. Tnh
2
_
0
f(x)dx, trong do
f(x) =
_
_
_
x
2
khi 0 x 1
2 x khi 1 x 2
ba
`
ng hai phu
.
o
.
ng phap; a) su
.
du
.
ng nguyen h`am cu a f(x) tren doa
.
n
[0, 2]; b) chia doa
.
n [0, 2] th`anh hai doa
.
n [0, 1] v`a [1, 2]. (DS.
5
6
)
34. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng ne
u f(x) lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [, ] th`
(i)
f(x)dx = 2
_
0
f(x)dx khi f(x) l`a h`am cha
n;
(ii)
ng th u
.
c sau day du
.
o
.
.
c thoa
man:
(i)
sin mxsinnxdx = 0, m ,= n.
36. Ch u
.
ng minh da
ng th u
.
c
b
_
a
f(x)dx =
b
_
a
f(a +b x)dx.
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = a +b t.
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 73
37. Ch u
.
ng minh da
ng th u
.
c
/2
_
0
f(cos x)dx =
/2
_
0
f(sinx)dx.
Ch da
n. Da
.
t t =
2
x.
38. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng ne
u f(x) lien tu
.
c khi x 0 th`
a
_
0
x
3
f(x
2
)dx =
1
2
a
2
_
0
xf(x)dx.
39. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng ne
n,
t u
.
c l` a
x
_
a
f(t)dt =
x
_
a
f(t)dt.
Ch da
n. Da
.
t t = x v`a bie
u die
n
x
_
a
f(t)dt =
a
_
a
+
x
_
a
v`a su
.
du
.
ng tnh cha
n le cu a h`am f.
Tnh cac tch phan sau day (40-65) ba
`
ng cach ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
Newton-Leibnitz.
40.
5
_
0
xdx
1 + 3x
. (DS. 4)
41.
ln3
_
ln2
dx
e
x
e
x
. (DS.
ln1, 5
2
)
74 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
42.
3
_
0
(x
3
+ 1)dx
x
2
4 x
2
. (DS.
7
2
3
1)
43.
/2
_
0
dx
2 + cos x
. (DS.
3
3
)
44.
ln2
_
0
e
x
1dx. (DS.
4
2
)
45.
7
_
3
x
3
dx
3
_
(x
2
+ 1)
2
. (DS. 3)
46.
e
_
1
4
1 + lnx
x
dx. (DS. 0, 8(2
4
2 1))
47.
3
_
3
x
2
9 x
2
dx. (DS.
81
8
)
48.
3
_
0
_
x
6 x
dx. (DS.
3( 2)
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = 6 sin
2
t.
49.
4
_
3
x
2
+ 3
x 2
dx. (DS.
11
2
+ 7ln2)
50.
1
_
2
x + 1
x
2
(x 1)
dx. (DS. 2 ln
4
3
1
2
)
51.
1
_
0
(x
2
+ 3x)dx
(x + 1)(x
2
+ 1)
. (DS.
4
)
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 75
52.
1
_
0
dx
x
2
+ 2x + 2
. (DS. ln
2 +
5
1 +
2
)
53.
4
_
0
dx
1 +
2x + 1
. (DS. 2 ln2)
54.
2
_
1
e
1
x
x
3
dx. (DS.
1
2
(e e
1
4
))
55.
e
_
1
dx
x(1 + ln
2
x)
. (DS.
4
)
56.
e
_
1
cos(lnx)
x
dx. (DS. sin 1)
57.
1
_
0
xe
x
dx. (DS. 1
2
e
)
58.
/3
_
/4
xdx
sin
2
x
. (DS.
(9 4
3)
36
)
59.
3
_
1
lnxdx. (DS. 3 ln3 2)
60.
2
_
1
xlnxdx. (DS. 2 ln 2
3
4
)
61.
1/2
_
0
arc sinxdx. (DS.
12
+
3
2
1)
62.
_
0
x
3
sin xdx. (DS.
3
6)
76 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
63.
/2
_
0
e
2x
cos xdx. (DS.
e
2
5
)
64.
2
_
0
[1 x[dx. (DS. 1)
65.
b
_
a
[x[
x
dx. (DS. [b[ [a[)
Tnh cac tch phan sau day
66.
a/b
_
0
dx
a
2
+b
2
x
=
4ab
67.
1
_
0
x
2
dx
4 + 2x
=
9
5
6
64
15
68.
2
_
0
dx
x
2
+ 5x + 4
=
1
3
ln
5
4
69.
1
_
0
dx
x
2
x + 1
=
2
3
3
70.
1
_
0
(x
2
+ 1)
x
4
+x
2
+ 1
dx =
2
2
71.
pi/2
_
0
dx
1 + cos x
= 1
72.
1
_
0
x
2
+ 1dx =
1
2
+
1
2
ln(1 +
2)
11.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan xac di
.
nh 77
73.
1
_
0
_
1
3
x
2
_
3/2
dx =
3
32
Da
.
t x = sin
3
.
74.
a
_
0
x
2
_
a x
a +x
dx =
_
4
2
3
_
a
2
, a > 0.
Da
.
t x = a cos .
75.
2a
_
0
2ax x
2
dx =
a
2
2
Da
.
t x = 2a sin
2
.
76.
1
_
0
ln(1 +x)
1 +x
2
dx =
8
ln2.
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = tgt ro
`
i ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
sint + cos t =
2 cos
_
4
t
_
77.
_
0
xsin x
1 + cos
2
x
dx =
2
4
Ch da
n. Bie
u die
_
0
=
/2
_
0
+
_
/2
ro
`
i thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep do
i bie
n trong
tch ph an t` u
.
/2 de
n .
78.
sinxdx = 0
79.
e
x
2
sinxdx = 0
78 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
80.
/2
_
/2
(cos
2
x +x
2
sinx)dx =
2
81.
1
_
1
(e
x
+e
x
)tgxdx = 0
82.
pi/2
_
0
sinxsin2x sin3xdx =
1
6
83.
e
_
1/e
[ lnx[dx = 2(1 e
1
)
84.
_
0
e
x
cos
2
xdx =
3
5
(e
1)
85.
e
_
1
(1 + lnx)
2
dx = 2e 1
Ch da
n. Tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n.
11.3 Mo
.
t so
u
.
ng du
.
ng cu
ng v`a the
tch va
.
t the
1 Die
.
n tch h`nh pha
ng
1
+
. Die
.
n tch h`nh thang cong D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng cong L co
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y = f(x), f(x) 0 x [a, b] v` a cac du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 79
x = a, x = b v`a tru
.
c Ox du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
S
D
=
b
_
a
f(x)dx. (11.6)
Ne
u du
.
`o
.
ng cong L du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tham sox = (t),
y = (t), t [, ] th`
S
D
=
(t)
(t)dt. (11.7)
3
+
Die
.
n tch cu a h`nh qua
.
t gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng cong cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c = f() v` a cac tia =
0
v`a =
1
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo cong
th u
.
c
S
Q
=
1
2
1
_
0
[f()]
2
d. (11.8)
4
+
Ne
u mie
`
n D = (x, y) : a x b; f
1
(x) y f
2
(x) th`
S
D
=
b
_
a
[f
2
(x) f
1
(x)]dx. (11.9)
80 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
2. The
tch va
.
t the
1
+
Ne
u bie
t du
.
o
.
.
c die
.
n tch S(x) cu a thie
t die
.
n ta
.
o nen bo
.
i va
.
t the
v`a ma
.
t pha
ng vuong g oc vo
.
i tru
.
c Ox ta
.
i die
m co ho`anh do
.
x th` khi
x thay do
i mo
.
t da
.
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng ba
`
ng dx th` vi phan cu a the
tch ba
`
ng
dv = S(x)dx,
v`a the
tch to`an v a
.
t the
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
V =
b
_
a
S(x)dx (11.10)
trong do [a, b] l`a h`nh chie
u vuong goc cu a va
.
t the
len tru
.
c Ox.
2
+
Ne
u va
.
t the
du
.
o
.
.
c ta
.
o nen do phep quay h`nh thang cong gio
.
i
ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng cong y = f(x), f(x) 0 x [a, b], tru
.
c Ox v`a cac
du
.
`o
.
ng tha
tr`on xoay do du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
V
x
=
b
_
a
[f(x)]
2
dx. (11.11)
Ne
tch
V
y
=
d
_
c
[x(y)]
2
dy, x = x(y); [c, d] = pr
Oy
V. (11.12)
3
+
Ne
u h`am y = f(x) du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tham so
x = x(t)
y = y(t), t [, ]
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 81
thoa man nh u
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n n`ao do th` the
tch va
.
t the
ta
.
o nen bo
.
i
phep quay h`nh thang cong xung quanh tru
.
c Ox ba
`
ng
V
x
=
y
2
(t)x
(t)dt (11.13)
4
+
Ne
tch va
.
t the
ta
.
o nen do phep quay h`nh thang do xung quanh
tru
.
c Ox ba
`
ng
V
x
=
b
_
a
_
(y
2
(x))
2
(y
1
(x))
2
dx. (11.14)
5
+
Doi vo
.
i va
.
t the
thu du
.
o
.
.
c bo
.
i phep quay h`nh thang cong xung
quanh tru
.
c Oy v`a thoa man mo
.
t so die
`
u kie
.
n tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
ta co
V
y
=
x
2
(t)y
(t)dt (11.15)
V
y
=
d
_
c
_
(x
2
(y))
2
(x
1
(y))
2
dy. (11.16)
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. T`m die
.
n tch h`nh pha
ng gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng astroid
x = a cos
3
t, y = a sin
3
t.
Gia i.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (11.7). V` du
.
`o
.
ng astroid doi x u
.
ng qua
82 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
cac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
(hay ve h`nh !) nen
S = 4S
1
= 4
0
_
/2
a sin
3
t 3a cos
2
t(sint)dt
= 12a
2
/2
_
0
sin
4
t cos
2
tdt
=
3
2
a
2
/2
_
0
(1 cos 2t)(1 cos
2
2t)dt
=
3a
3
8
V du
.
2. Tren hypecbon x
2
y
2
= a
2
cho die
m M(x
0
, y
0
) x
0
> 0,
y
0
> 0. Tnh die
.
n tch h`nh pha
ng gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i tru
.
c Ox, hypecbon v`a
tia OM.
Gia i. Ta chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c theo cong th u
.
c x = r cos ,
y = r sin. Khi do phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh hypecbon c o da
.
ng
r
2
=
a
2
cos
2
sin
2
=
a
2
cos 2
Da
.
t tg =
y
0
x
0
v`a lu
.
u y ra
`
ng x
2
0
y
2
0
= a
2
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
S =
1
2
_
0
r
2
d =
a
2
2
_
0
d
cos 2
=
a
2
4
ln
1 + tg
1 tg
=
a
2
4
ln
(x
0
+y
0
)
2
a
2
=
a
2
2
ln
x
0
+y
0
a
O
.
day ta da su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
_
dt
cos t
= ln
tg
_
t
2
+
4
_
+C.
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 83
V du
.
3. Tnh die
.
n tch h`nh pha
ng gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng c o phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh x
2
+y
2
= 2y, x
2
+y
2
= 4y; y = x v`a y = x.
Gia i. Du
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on ve
`
da
.
ng chnh ta
c ta co:
x
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 1 v`a x
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 4. Do l`a hai du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on tie
p x uc
trong ta
.
i tie
p die
m O(0, 0). T` u
.
do mie
`
n pha
ng D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac
du
.
`o
.
ng da cho doi x u
.
ng qua tru
.
c Oy. L`o
.
i gia i se du
.
o
.
.
c do
.
n gia n ho
.
n
ne
u ta chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c (vo
.
i tru
.
c cu
.
.
c tr` ung vo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng
cu a tru
.
c ho`anh):
x = r cos
y = r sin
_
x
2
+y
2
= 2y r = 2 sin,
x
2
+y
2
= 4y r = 4 sin,
v`a
D =
_
(r, ) :
4
3
4
; 2 sin r 4 sin
_
.
K y hie
.
u S
l`a die
.
n tch pha
`
n h`nh tr`on gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+
y
2
= 4y (t u
.
c l`a r = 4 sin ) v`a hai tia =
4
v`a =
3
4
; S l`a die
.
n
tch ph an h`nh tr`on gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i x
2
+ y
2
= 2y (t u
.
c l`a r = 2 sin ) v`a
hai tia da neu. Khi do
S
D
= S
S = 2
_
1
2
/2
_
/4
(4 sin)
2
d
1
2
/2
_
/4
(2 sin)
2
d
_
= 12
/2
_
/4
sin
2
d =
3
2
+ 3.
V du
.
4. Tnh the
tch va
.
t tr`on xoay ta
.
o nen do phep quay h`nh
thang cong gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng y = b,
x
2
a
2
y
2
b
2
= 1 xung quanh
tru
.
c Oy.
Gia i. Do tnh doi x u
.
ng cu a va
.
t tr`on xoay doi vo
.
i ma
.
t pha
ng xOz
(ba
.
n do
.
c hay tu
.
.
ve h`nh) ta ch ca
`
n tnh nu
.
a ben pha i ma
.
t pha
ng xOz
84 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
l`a du . Ta co
V = 2V
1
= 2
b
_
0
x
2
dy = 2a
2
b
_
0
_
1 +
y
2
b
2
_
dy
= 2a
2
_
y +
y
3
3b
2
_
b
0
=
8
3
a
2
b.
V du
.
5. Tnh the
tch va
.
t the
la
.
p nen do quay astroid x = a cos
3
t,
y = a sin
3
t, 0 t 2 xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
Gia i. Du
.
`o
.
ng astroid doi x u
.
ng doi vo
.
i cac tru
.
c Ox v`a Oy. Do do
V
x
=
a
_
a
y
2
dx = 2
a
_
0
y
2
dx
y
2
= a
2
sin
6
t, dx = 3a cos
2
t sintdt
t =
2
khi x = 0, t = 0 khi x = a.
Do do
V = 2
a
_
0
y
2
dx = 6a
3
0
_
/2
sin
6
t cos
2
t sintdt
= 6a
3
0
_
/2
(1 cos
2
t)
3
cos
2
t(sintdt)
= 6a
3
0
_
/2
(cos
2
t 3 cos
4
t + 3 cos
6
t cos
8
t)(d(cos t)
= =
32
105
a
3
.
V du
.
6. Tnh the
tch va
.
t the
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i hypecboloid mo
.
t ta
`
ng
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
z
2
c
2
= 1
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 85
v`a cac ma
.
t pha
ng z = 0, z = h (h > 0).
Gia i. Ta se ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (11.10), trong do ta xet cac thie
t
die
.
n ta
.
o nen bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng vuong goc vo
.
i tru
.
c Oz. Khi do (11.10)
co da
.
ng
V =
h
_
0
S(z)dz,
trong do S(z) l`a die
.
n tch cu a thie
t die
.
n phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao z. Khi c a
t v a
.
t
the
bo
.
i ma
.
t pha
ng z = const ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c elip vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1 +
z
2
c
2
z = const
_
_
_
_
x
2
a
2
_
1 +
z
2
c
2
_
+
y
2
b
2
_
1 +
z
2
c
2
_
= 1
z = const
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
a
1
=
_
a
2
_
1 +
z
2
c
2
_
, b
1
=
_
b
2
_
1 +
z
2
c
2
_
l`a cac ban tru
.
c cu a elip. Nhu
.
ng ta bie
t ra
`
ng die
.
n tch h`nh elip vo
.
i
ban tru
.
c a
1
, b
1
l`a a
1
b
1
(co the
tnh ba
`
ng cong th u
.
c (11.7) doi vo
.
i elip
co phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tham so x = a
1
cos t, y = b
1
sin t, t [0, 2]).
Nhu
.
va
.
y
S(z) = ab
_
1 +
z
2
c
2
_
, z [0, h].
T` u
.
do theo cong th u
.
c (11.10) ta c o
V =
h
_
0
ab
_
1 +
z
2
c
2
_
dz = abh
_
1 +
h
2
3c
2
_
.
V du
.
7. Tnh the
tch va
.
t the
thu du
.
o
.
.
c bo
.
i phep quay h`nh pha
ng
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng y = 4 x
2
v`a y = 0 xung quanh du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng
x = 3 (hay ve h`nh).
86 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
Gia i. Va
.
t tr`on xoay thu du
.
o
.
.
c co tnh chat l`a mo
.
i thie
t die
.
n ta
.
o
bo
.
i ma
.
t pha
ng vuong g oc vo
.
i tru
.
c quay de
`
u l`a v`anh tr`on gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i
cac du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on do
`
ng tam. Xet thie
t die
.
n cach goc to
.
a do
.
khoa ng ba
`
ng
y (0 y 4). Ta co
S = R
2
r
2
= [(3 +x)
2
(3 x)
2
] = 12x = 12
_
4 y
v` x l`a ho`anh do
.
cu a die
i da
.
i
lu
.
o
.
.
ng dy th` vi phan the
tch
dv = S(y)dy = 12
_
4 ydy.
Do do the
tch to`an va
.
t ba
`
ng
V = 12
4
_
0
_
4 ydy = 8(4 y)
3/2
0
4
= 64.
V du
.
8. T`m the
tch va
.
t the
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
;
y = 0, z = 0,
x
R
+
z
h
1 = 0,
x
R
z
h
1 = 0.
Gia i. Do tnh doi x u
.
ng (hay ve h`nh) cu a va
.
t the
doi vo
.
i ma
.
t
pha
ng x = 0 nen ta ch ca
`
n tnh the
tch pha
`
n na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n
tam th u
.
nhat. Mo
.
i thie
t die
.
n ta
.
o nen bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng Ox de
`
u
l`a h`nh ch u
.
nha
.
t ABCD vo
.
i OA = x. Khi do
S(x) = S
ABCD
= AB AD =
h
R
(R x)
R
2
x
2
.
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c
V = 2
R
_
0
S(x)dx = 2
h
R
R
_
0
(R x)
R
2
x
2
dx (da
.
t x = Rsint)
= 2hR
2
/2
_
0
(1 sint) cos
2
tdt =
hR
2
(3 4)
6
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 87
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day (1-17) tnh die
.
n tch cac h`nh pha
ng
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng da ch ra.
1. y = 6x x
2
7, y = x 3. (DS.
9
2
)
2. y = 6x x
2
, y = 0. (DS. 36)
3. 4y = 8x x
2
, 4y = x + 6. (DS. 5
5
24
)
4. y = 4 x
2
, y = x
2
2x. (DS. 9)
5. 6x = y
3
16y, 24x = y
3
16y. (DS. 16)
6. y = 1 e
x
, x = 2, y = 0. (DS. e
2
3)
7. y = x
2
6x + 10, y = 6x x
2
; x = 1. (DS. 21
1
3
)
8. y = arc sin x, y =
2
, x = 0. (DS. 2)
9. y = e
x
, y = e
x
, x = 1. (DS.
(e 1)
2
e
)
10. y
2
= 2px, x
2
= 2py. (DS.
4
3
p
2
)
11. x
2
+y
2
+ 6x 2y + 8 = 0, y = x
2
+ 6x + 10
(DS. S
1
=
3 + 2
6
, S
2
=
9 2
6
)
12. x = a(t sint), y = a(1 cos t), t [0, 2]. (DS. 3a
2
)
Ch da
Cac du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on = 2
3a cos , = 2a sin.
(DS. a
2
_
5
6
3
_
)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau (18-22) hay tnh the
tch va
.
t the
theo die
.
n
tch cac thie
t die
.
n song song.
18. The
tch va
.
t the
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= a
2
, y
2
+z
2
= a
2
.
(DS.
16
3
a
3
)
Ch da
n. Do tnh doi x u
.
ng, ch ca
`
n tnh the
tch mo
.
t pha
`
n tam
va
.
t the
vo
.
i x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 l`a du . C o the
t die
.
n song
song vo
.
i ma
.
t pha
tch va
.
t the
h`nh non vo
.
i ban knh day R v`a chie
`
u cao h.
(DS.
R
2
h
3
)
Ch da
n. Di
.
ch chuye
n h`nh non ve
`
vi
.
tr vo
.
i d nh ta
.
i goc to
.
a do
.
v`a tru
.
c doi x u
.
ng l`a Ox. Thie
t die
.
n ca
`
n t`m l`a h`nh tr`on vo
.
i ban knh
r(x) =
R
x
x (?).
21. The
tch va
.
t the
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t non
(z 2)
2
=
x
2
3
+
y
2
2
v`a ma
.
t pha
ng z = 0.
(DS.
8
6
3
)
22. The
tch va
.
t the
gi o
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i ma
.
t tru
.
partabolic z = 4 y
2
, cac
ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a do
.
v`a ma
.
t pha
ng x = a. (DS.
16a
3
)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day (23-34) hay tnh the
tch cu a va
.
t tr`on
xoay thu du
.
o
.
.
c bo
.
i phep quay h`nh pha
ng D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng (cac
du
.
`o
.
ng) cho tru
.
o
.
c xung quanh tru
.
c cho tru
.
o
.
c
23. D : y
2
= 2px, x = a; xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS. pa
2
)
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 89
24. D :
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
1 (b < a) xung quanh tru
.
c Oy. (DS.
4
3
a
2
b)
25. D :
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
1 (b < a) xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS.
4
3
ab
2
)
26. D : 2y = x
2
; 2x+2y 3 = 0 xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS. 18
2
15
)
27. D : x
2
+y
2
= 1; x +y = 1 xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS.
3
)
28. D : x
2
+y
2
= 4, x = 1, x = 1, y > 0 xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS. 8)
29. D : y = sinx, 0 x , y = 0 xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS.
2
2
)
30. D :
x
2
a
2
y
2
b
2
= 1, y = 0, y = b xung quanh tru
.
c Oy. (DS.
4
3
a
2
b)
31. D : y
2
+x 4 = 0, x = 0 xung quanh tru
.
c Oy. (DS. 34
2
15
)
32. D : xy = 4, y = 0, x = 1, x = 4 xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS. 12)
33. D : x
2
+ (y b)
2
R
2
(0 < R b) xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS. 2
2
bR
2
)
Ch da
xem nhu
.
hie
.
u cu a hai thang cong
D
1
=
_
(x, y) : R x R, 0 y
R
2
x
2
_
v`a
D
2
=
_
(x, y) : R x R, 0 y +
R
2
x
2
_
.
34
. D =
_
(x, y) : 0 y
R
2
x
2
_
xung quanh du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng
y = R.
(DS.
3 4
3
R
3
)
Ch da
n. Chuye
n goc to
.
a do
.
ve
`
die
m (0, R).
11.3.2 Tnh do
.
d`ai cung v`a die
.
n tch ma
.
t tr`on
xoay
1
+
Ne
u du
.
`o
.
ng cong L(A, B) du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y = y(x),
x [a, b] (hay x = g(y)) hoa
.
c bo
.
i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tham so x = (t),
90 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
y = (t) th` vi phan do
.
d`ai cung du
.
o
.
.
c bie
u die
n bo
.
i cong th u
.
c
d =
_
1 + (y
x
)
2
dx =
_
1 + (x
y
)
2
dy =
_
x
t
2
+y
t
2
dt (11.17)
v`a do
.
d`ai cu a du
.
`o
.
ng cong L(A, B) du
.
o
.
.
c tnh bo
.
i cong th u
.
c
(A, B) =
x
B
=b
_
x
A
=a
_
1 + (y
)
2
dx =
y
B
_
y
A
_
1 + (x
y
)
2
dy
=
t
B
_
t
A
_
x
t
2
+y
t
2
dt. (11.18)
Ne
u du
.
`o
.
ng cong du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh trong to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c = ()
th`
d =
_
2
+
_
_
2
d
v`a
(A, B) =
B
_
A
_
2
+
_
_
2
d. (11.19)
2
+
Ne
u m a
.
t thu du
.
o
.
.
c do quay du
.
`o
.
ng cong cho tren [a, b] bo
.
i
h`am khong am y = f(x) 0 xung quanh tru
.
c Ox th` vi phan die
.
n
tch ma
.
t
ds = 2
y + (y +dy)
2
d = (2y +dy)d 2yd
v`a die
.
n tch ma
.
t tr`on xoay du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
S
x
= 2
b
_
a
f(x)
_
1 + (f
x
)
2
dx. (11.20)
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 91
Ne
u quay du
.
`o
.
ng cong L(A, B) xung quanh tru
.
c Oy th` ds 2x(y)d
v`a
S
y
= 2
y
B
_
y
A
x(y)
_
1 + (x
y
)
2
dy. (11.21)
Ne
u du
.
`o
.
ng cong L(A, B) du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tham so x = (t),
y = (t) 0 (t [, ]) th`
S
x
= 2
(t)
_
2
+
2
dt. (11.22)
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
ta c o
S
y
= 2
(t)
_
2
+
2
dt, (t) 0. (11.23)
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh do
.
d`ai du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on ban knh R.
Gia i. Ta c o the
xem du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on da cho co tam ta
.
i g oc to
.
a do
.
.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng tham so co da
.
ng x = Rcos t,
y = Rsint, t [0, 2]. Ta ch ca
`
n tnh do
.
d`ai cu a mo
.
t pha
`
n tu
.
du
.
`o
.
ng
tr`on u
.
ng vo
.
i 0 t
2
l`a du . Theo cong th u
.
c (11.18) ta c o
= 4
/2
_
0
_
(Rsint)
2
+ (Rcos t)
2
dt = 4Rt
/2
0
= 2R.
V du
.
2. Tnh do
.
d`ai cu a v`ong th u
.
nhat cu a du
.
`o
.
ng xoa
n oc
Archimedes = a.
Gia i. Theo di
.
nh ngha, du
.
`o
.
ng xoa
n oc Archimedes l`a du
.
`o
.
ng cong
pha
ng va
.
ch nen bo
.
i mo
.
t die
m chuye
n do
.
ng de
`
u theo mo
.
t tia xuat phat
92 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
t` u
.
goc-cu
.
.
c m`a tia n`ay la
.
i quay xung quanh goc cu
.
.
c vo
.
i va
.
n toc goc
co di
.
nh. V` ong th u
.
nhat cu a du
.
`o
.
ng xoa
n oc Archimedes du
.
o
.
.
c ta
.
o nen
khi goc cu
.
.
c bie
n thien t` u
.
0 de
n 2. Do do theo cong th u
.
c (11.19)
ta co
=
2
_
0
_
a
2
2
+a
2
d = a
2
_
0
_
2
+ 1d.
Tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n b a
`
ng cach da
.
t u =
_
2
+ 1, dv = d ta co
= a
_
2
+ 1
2
0
2
_
0
2
_
2
+ 1
d
_
= a
_
2
+ 1
2
0
2
_
0
2
+ 1 1
_
2
+ 1
d
_
= a
_
1
2
2
+ 1 +
1
2
ln( +
_
2
+ 1)
_
2
0
= a
_
4
2
+ 1 +
1
2
_
2 +
4
2
+ 1
_
_
.
V du
.
3. Tnh die
.
n tch ma
.
t c a
`
u ban knh R.
Gia i. Co the
xem ma
.
t c a
`
u co tam ta
.
i goc to
.
a do
.
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c bo
.
i
phep quay nu
.
a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on y =
R
2
x
2
xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on co da
.
ng x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
. Do do y
R
2
x
2
. Theo cong th u
.
c (11.20) ta c o
S
x
= 2
R
_
R
R
2
x
2
1 +
x
2
R
2
x
2
dx = 2
R
_
R
R
2
x
2
+x
2
dx
= 2Rx
R
R
= 4R
2
.
V du
.
4. Tnh die
.
n tch ma
.
t ta
.
o nen bo
.
i phep quay du
.
`o
.
ng lemniscat
= a
n ch nha
.
n gia tri
.
thu
.
.
c khi cos 2 0 t u
.
c l`a khi
/4 /4 (nhanh ben pha i) hay khi 3/4 5/4 (nhanh
ben trai). Vi phan cung cu a lemniscat ba
`
ng
d =
_
2
+
2
d =
a
2
cos 2 + (
a sin2
cos 2
_
2
d
=
ad
cos 2
Ngo` ai ra y = sin = a
cos 2 sin. T` u
.
do die
.
n tch ca
`
n t`m ba
`
ng
hai la
`
n die
.
n tch cu a ma
.
t thu du
.
o
.
.
c bo
.
i phep quay nhanh pha i. Do do
theo (11.20)
S = 2 2
/4
_
0
yds = 4
/4
_
0
a
cos 2 sin ad
cos 2
= 4
/4
_
0
a
2
sind = 2a
2
(2
2).
V du
.
5. T`m die
.
n tch ma
.
t ta
.
o nen bo
.
i phep quay cung parabon
y =
x
2
2
, 0 x
=
1
2y
. Do do, ap du
.
ng c ong th u
.
c
(11.18) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
S = 2
3/2
_
0
_
2y
_
1 +
1
2y
dy = 2
3/2
_
0
_
2y + 1dy
= 2
(2y + 1)
3/2
3
3/2
0
=
14
3
V du
.
6. T`m die
.
n tch ma
.
t ta
.
o nen bo
.
i phep quay elip x
2
+4y
2
= 26
xung quanh: a) tru
.
c Ox; b) tru
.
c Oy.
Gia i. Nu
.
a tren cu a elip da cho co the
xem nhu
.
do
`
thi
.
cu a h`am
y =
1
2
36 x
2
; 6 x 6. H`am n`ay khong co da
.
o h`am khi x = 6,
94 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
c`on tren khoa ng (6, 6) da
.
o h`am khong bi
.
cha
.
n. Do va
.
y khong the
tnh ba
`
ng cong th u
.
c (11.20) trong to
.
a do
.
De
`
cac du
.
o
.
.
c.
De
kha
c phu
.
c kho khan do, ta d` ung phep tham so hoa du
.
`o
.
ng elip:
x = 6 cos t, y = 3 sin t, 0 t 2.
1
+
Phep quay xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. Ta xet nu
.
a tren cu a elip tu
.
o
.
ng
u
.
ng vo
.
i 0 t . Theo cong th u
.
c (11.22) du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng tham so ta co
S
x
= 2
_
0
3 sin t
_
36 sin
2
t + 9 cos
2
tdt.
Da
.
t cos t =
2
3
sin ta co
S
x
= 24
3
/3
_
/3
cos
2
d = 2
3(4 + 3
3).
2
+
Phep quay xung quanh tru
.
c Oy. Ta xet nu
.
a ben pha i cu a elip
(tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i t
_
2
,
2
_
. Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
tren ta ap du
.
ng (11.23)
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
S
y
= 2
/2
_
/2
6 cos t
_
36 sin
2
t + 9 cos
2
tdt
_
Da
.
t sint =
1
3
sh
_
= 24
3
arcsh
3
_
arcsh
3
ch
2
d = 24
3
_
2
3 + ln(2 +
3)
_
.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh do
.
d`ai cung cu a du
.
`o
.
ng cong
1. y = x
3/2
t` u
.
x = 0 de
n x = 4. (DS.
8
27
(10
10 1))
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 95
2. y = x
2
1 t` u
.
x = 1 de
n x = 1. (DS.
5 +
1
2
ln(2 +
5))
3. y =
a
2
_
e
x/a
+e
x/a
_
t` u
.
x = 0 de
n x = a. (DS.
a(e
2
1)
2e
)
4. y = lncos x t` u
.
x = 0 de
n x =
6
. (DS.
1
2
ln3)
5. y = lnsinx t` u
.
x =
3
de
n x =
2
3
. (DS. ln3)
6. x = e
t
sint, y = e
t
cos t, 0 t
2
. (DS.
2(e
/2
1))
7. x = a(t sint), y = a(1 cos t); 0 t 2. (DS. 8a)
8. x = a cos
3
t, y = a sin
3
t; 0 t 2. (DS. 6a)
Ch da
n. V`
_
x
t
2
+y
t
2
=
3a
1
[ sin2t[ v`a h`am [ sin 2t[ co chu k` y /2
nen = 4
/2
_
0
d.
9. x = e
t
cos t, y = e
t
sint t` u
.
t = 0 de
n t = ln. (DS.
2( 1))
10. x = 8 sint + 6 cos t, y = 6 sin t 8 cos t t` u
.
t = 0 de
n t =
2
. (DS.
5)
11. = ae
k
(du
.
`o
.
ng xoa
n oc loga) t` u
.
= 0 de
n = T.
(DS.
a
k
1 +k
2
(e
kT
1))
12. = a(1 cos ), a > 0, 0 2 (du
.
`o
.
ng h`nh tim). (DS. 8a)
13
. = 1 t` u
.
die
m A
_
2,
1
2
_
de
n die
m B
_
1
2
, 2
_
- du
.
`o
.
ng xoa
n oc
hypecbon.
(DS.
5
2
+ ln
3 +
5
2
)
Tnh die
.
n tch c ac ma
.
t tr`on xoay thu du
.
o
.
.
c khi quay cung du
.
`o
.
ng
cong hay du
.
`o
.
ng cong xung quanh tru
.
c cho tru
.
o
.
c.
14. Cung cu a du
.
`o
.
ng y = x
3
t` u
.
x =
2
3
de
n x =
2
3
xung quang tru
.
c
Ox.
96 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
(DS.
2
27
_
125
27
1
_
)
15. Du
.
`o
.
ng x = a cos
3
t, y = a sin
3
t xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS.
12
5
a
2
)
16.
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1, a > b xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS. 2b
_
b +
a
arc sin
_
, l`a tam sai cu a elip)
Ch da
n. Da
.
o h`am hai ve
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh elip ro
`
i r ut ra yy
bx
2
a
2
, c` on bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan du
.
o
.
.
c vie
t y
_
1 +y
2
dx =
_
y
2
+ (yy
)
3
dx.
17. Cung du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+ (y b)
2
= R (khong ca
t tru
.
c Oy) t` u
.
y
1
de
n y
2
xung quanh tru
.
c Oy. (DS. 2R(y
2
y
1
))
Ch da
n. Ma
.
t thu du
.
o
.
.
c l`a do
.
i ca
`
u.
18. y = sinx t` u
.
x = 0 de
2)
)
19. y =
x
3
3
t` u
.
x = 2 de
17 2
9
)
20. Cung ben trai du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng x = 2 cu a du
.
`o
.
ng cong y
2
= 4 + x,
xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS.
62
3
)
21. y =
a
2
_
e
x/a
+e
x/a
_
t` u
.
x = 0 de
n x = a (a > 0).
(DS.
a
2
4
(e
2
+ 4 e
2
))
22. y
2
= 4x t` u
.
x = 0 de
n t =
2
, xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS.
2
2
5
(e
2))
11.3. Mo
.
t so u
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh 97
24. x = a cos
3
t, y = a sin
3
t, 0 t 2; quay xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS.
12
5
a
2
)
Ch da
n. V` du
.
`o
.
ng cong co tnh doi x u
.
ng qua cac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
nen
ch ca
`
n tnh die
.
n tch ta
.
o nen bo
.
i mo
.
t pha
`
n tu
.
du
.
`o
.
ng thuo
.
c goc I
quay xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
25. x = t sin t, y = 1 cos t (die
.
n tch du
.
o
.
.
c ta
.
o th`anh khi quay
mo
.
t cung); xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS.
64
3
)
26. y = sin2x t` u
.
x = 0 de
n x =
2
; xung quanh tru
.
c Ox.
(DS.
2
_
2
5 + ln(
5 + 2)
)
27. 3x
2
+ 4y
2
= 12; xung quanh tru
.
c Oy. (DS. 2(4 + 3 ln 3))
28. x
2
= y + 4, y = 2; xung quanh tru
.
c Oy. (DS.
62
3
)
29. Cung cu a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
= 4 (y > 0) gi u
.
a hai die
m co ho`anh
do
.
x = 1 v`a x = 1; xung quanh tru
.
c Ox. (DS. 8)
30. Du
.
`o
.
ng h`nh tim (cacdiod) = a(1 + cos ); quay xung quanh
tru
.
c cu
.
.
c.
(DS.
32a
2
5
)
31. Du
.
` o
.
ng tr`on = 2r sin ; quay xung quanh tru
.
c cu
.
.
c. (DS. 4
2
r
2
)
32. Cung
AB cu a du
.
`o
.
ng xicloid x = a(t sint), y = a(1 cos t);
quay xung quanh du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng y = a. (DS. 16
2
a
2
3
)
Ch da
n.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c
S = 2
3
_
/2
2(y(t) a)
_
x
t
2
+y
t
2
dt.
98 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
11.4 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng
11.4.1 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng ca
.
n v o ha
.
n
1. Gia su
.
h`am f(x) xac di
.
nh x a v`a kha tch tren mo
.
i doa
.
n [a, b].
Ne
u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n
lim
b+
b
_
a
f(x)dx (11.24)
th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan suy ro
.
ng cu a h`am f(x) tren
khoa ng [a, +) v` a k y hie
.
u l`a
+
_
a
f(x)dx.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay ngu
.
`o
.
i ta c`on noi ra
`
ng tch phan suy ro
.
ng
(11.24) ho
.
i tu
.
v`a h`am f(x) kha tch theo ngha suy ro
.
ng tren khoa ng
[a, +). Ne
u gio
.
i ha
.
n (11.24) khong to
`
n ta
.
i th` tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan phan k` y v`a h`am f(x) khong kha tch theo ngha
suy ro
.
ng tren [a, +).
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
tren, theo di
.
nh ngha
b
_
f(x)dx = lim
a
b
_
a
f(x)dx (11.25)
+
_
f(x)dx =
c
_
f(x)dx +
+
_
c
f(x)dx, c R. (11.26)
2. Cac cong th u
.
c co
.
ba n do
i vo
.
i tch phan suy ro
.
ng
1) Tnh tuye
n tnh. Ne
+
a
= F(+) F(a)
trong do F(+) = lim
x+
F(x).
3) Cong th u
.
c do
i bie
n. Gia su
.
f(x), x [a, +) l`a h`am lien tu
.
c,
(t), t [, ] l`a kha vi lien tu
.
c v`a a = () (t) < lim
t0
(t) =
+. Khi do:
+
_
a
f(x)dx =
f((t))
(t)dt. (11.27)
4) Cong th u
.
c tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n. Ne
+
a
+
_
a
vdu (11.28)
trong do uv
+
a
= lim
x+
(uv) u(a)v(a).
3. Cac die
`
u kie
.
n ho
.
i tu
.
1) Tieu chu a
b
2
_
b
1
f(x)dx
< .
100 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
2) Dau hie
.
u so sanh I. Gia su
.
g(x) f(x) 0 x a v`a f(x),
g(x) kha tch tren mo
.
i doa
.
n [a, b], b < +. Khi do:
(i) Ne
u tch phan
+
_
a
g(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
th` tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
.
(ii) Ne
u tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx phan k` y th` tch phan
+
_
a
g(x)dx phan
k` y.
3) Dau hie
.
u so s anh II. Gia su
.
f(x) 0, g(x) > 0 x a v`a
lim
x+
f(x)
g(x)
= .
Khi do:
(i) Ne
u = 0 v` a tch phan
+
_
a
g(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
th` tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
.
(iii) Ne
so sanh ta thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng tch phan
+
_
a
dx
x
ho
.
i tu
.
ne
u > 1,
phan k` y ne
u 1.
(11.29)
11.4. Tch phan suy ro
.
ng 101
D
-
i
.
nh ngha. Tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi ne
u
tch phan
+
_
a
[f(x)[dx ho
.
i tu
.
v`a du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n ne
u
tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
nhu
.
ng tch phan
+
_
a
[f(x)[dx phan k` y.
Mo
.
i tch phan ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t d oi de
`
u ho
.
i tu
.
.
3) T` u
.
dau hie
.
u so sanh II v`a (11.29) r ut ra
Dau hie
.
u thu
.
.
c h`anh. Ne
u khi x + h`am du
.
o
.
ng f(x) l`a vo
c` ung be cap > 0 so vo
.
i
1
x
th`
(i) tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
khi > 1;
(ii) tch phan
+
_
a
f(x)dx phan k` y khi 1.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh tch phan
I =
+
_
2
dx
x
2
x
2
1
Gia i. Theo di
.
nh ngha ta c o
+
_
2
dx
x
2
x
2
1
= lim
b+
b
_
2
dx
x
2
x
2
1
Da
.
t x =
1
t
, ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
102 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
I(b) =
b
_
2
dx
x
2
x
2
1
=
1/b
_
1/2
dt
t
2
1
t
2
_
1
t
2
1
=
1/b
_
1/2
tdt
1 t
2
=
1 t
2
1/b
1/2
=
_
1
1
b
2
_
1
1
4
.
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng I = lim
b+
I(b) =
2
3
2
. Nhu
.
va
.
y tch phan da cho
ho
.
i tu
.
.
V du
.
2. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan
+
_
1
2x
2
+ 1
x
3
+ 3x + 4
dx.
Gia i. H`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan > 0 x 1. Ta co
f(x) =
2x
2
+ 1
x
3
+ 3x + 4
=
2 +
1
x
2
x +
3
x
+
4
x
2
Vo
.
i x du lo
.
n h`am f(x) co dang die
.
u nhu
.
2
x
. Do do ta lay h`am
(x) =
1
x
de
so sanh v`a co
lim
x+
f(x)
(x)
= lim
x+
(2x
2
+ 1)x
x
2
+ 3x + 4
= 2 ,= 0.
V` tch phan
_
1
dx
x
phan k` y nen theo dau hie
.
u so sanh II tch phan da
cho phan k` y.
V du
.
3. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan
_
2
dx
3
x
3
12
ng th u
.
c
1
3
x
3
1
>
1
x
khi x > 2.
Nhu
.
ng tch phan
_
2
dx
x
phan k` y, do do theo dau hie
.
u so sanh I tch
phan d a cho phan k` y.
V du
.
4. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a da
.
c tnh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan
+
_
1
sinx
x
dx.
Gia i. Da
`
u tien ta tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n mo
.
t c ach h`nh th u
.
c
+
_
1
sin x
x
dx =
cos x
x
+
1
+
_
1
cos x
x
2
dx = cos 1
+
_
1
cos x
x
2
dx.
(11.30)
Tch phan
+
_
1
cos x
x
2
dx ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi, do do no ho
.
i tu
.
. Nhu
.
va
.
y
ca hai so ha
.
ng o
.
ve
pha i (11.30) h u
.
u ha
.
n. T` u
.
do suy ra phep tch
phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n da thu
.
.
c hie
.
n l`a ho
.
.
p l y v`a ve
pha i do ho
.
i tu
.
(die
`
u do du
.
o
.
.
c suy ra ba
`
ng cach tch phan t` u
.
ng
pha
`
n nhu
.
(11.30)). Qua gi o
.
i ha
.
n (11.31) khi b + ta c o ve
pha i
cu a (11.31) da
`
n de
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan suy ro
.
ng ca
.
n vo ha
.
n
1.
_
0
xe
x
2
dx (DS.
1
2
)
2.
_
0
dx
x
x
2
1
. (DS.
6
)
3.
_
0
dx
(x
2
+ 1)
2
. (DS.
2
8
)
4.
_
0
xsin xdx. (DS. Phan k` y)
5.
2xdx
x
2
+ 1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
6.
_
0
e
x
sinxdx. (DS.
1
2
)
7.
+
_
2
_
1
x
2
1
+
2
(x + 1)
2
_
dx. (DS.
2
3
+
1
2
ln3)
8.
+
_
dx
x
2
+ 4x + 9
. (DS.
5
5
)
11.4. Tch phan suy ro
.
ng 105
9.
+
_
2
xdx
(x
2
+ 1)
3
. (DS.
1
36
). Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
t.
10.
+
_
1
dx
x
x
2
+x + 1
. (DS. ln
_
1 +
2
3
_
). Ch da
n. Da
.
t x =
1
t
.
11.
+
_
1
arctgx
x
2
dx. (DS.
4
+
ln2
2
)
12.
+
_
3
2x + 5
x
2
+ 3x 10
dx. (DS. Phan k` y)
13.
_
0
e
ax
sinbxdx, a > 0. (DS.
b
a
2
+b
2
)
14.
+
_
0
e
ax
cos bxdx, a > 0. (DS.
a
a
2
+b
2
)
Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a cac tch phan suy ro
.
ng ca
.
n vo ha
.
n
15.
_
1
e
x
x
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
Ch da
n.
Ap du
.
ng bat da
ng th u
.
c
e
x
x
e
x
x 1.
16.
+
_
2
xdx
x
4
+ 1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
Ch da
n.
Ap du
.
ng bat da
ng th u
.
c
x
x
4
+ 1
>
x
x
4
+x
4
x 2.
17.
+
_
1
sin
2
3x
3
x
4
+ 1
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
106 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
18.
+
_
1
dx
4x + lnx
. (DS. Phan k` y)
19.
+
_
1
ln
_
1 +
1
x
_
x
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
ne
u > 0)
20.
+
_
0
xdx
3
x
5
+ 2
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
21.
+
_
1
cos 5x cos 7x
x
2
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
22.
+
_
0
xdx
3
1 +x
7
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
23.
+
_
0
x + 1
1 + 2
x +x
2
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
24.
_
1
1
x
(e
1/x
1)dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
25.
_
1
x +
x + 1
x
2
+ 2
5
x
4
+ 1
dx. (DS. Phan k` y)
26.
_
3
dx
_
x(x 1)(x 2)
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
27
_
0
(3x
4
x
2
)e
x
2
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
Ch da
n. So sanh v o
.
i tch phan ho
.
i tu
.
+
_
0
e
x
2
2
dx (ta
.
i sao ?) v`a ap
du
.
ng dau hie
.
u so sanh II.
11.4. Tch phan suy ro
.
ng 107
28
.
+
_
5
ln(x 2)
x
5
+x
2
+ 1
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
Ch da
n.
Ap du
.
nng he
.
th u
.
c
lim
t+
lnt
t
= 0 > 0 lim
x+
ln(x 2)
x
= 0 > 0.
T` u
.
do so sanh tch phan da cho vo
.
i tch phan ho
.
i tu
.
+
_
5
dx
x
, > 1.
Tie
p de
n ap du
.
ng dau hie
.
u so sanh II.
11.4.2 Tch phan suy ro
.
ng cu a h`am kh ong bi
.
cha
.
n
1. Gia su
.
h`am f(x) xac di
.
nh tren khoa ng [a, b) v`a kha tch tren mo
.
i
doa
.
n [a, ], < b. Ne
u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n
lim
b0
_
0
f(x)dx (11.32)
th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan suy ro
.
ng cu a h`am f(x) tren [a, b)
v`a k y hie
.
u l`a:
b
_
a
f(x)dx. (11.33)
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay tch phan suy ro
.
ng (11.33) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch
phan ho
.
i tu
.
. Ne
u gi o
.
i ha
.
n (11.32) khong to
`
n ta
.
i th` tch phan suy
ro
.
ng (11.33) phan k` y.
Di
.
nh ngha tch phan suy ro
.
ng cu a h`am f(x) xac di
.
nh tren khoa ng
(a, b] du
.
o
.
.
c phat bie
u tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
.
Ne
ng th u
.
c:
b
_
a
f(x)dx =
c
_
a
f(x)dx +
b
_
c
f(x)dx.
2. Cac cong th u
.
c co
.
ba n
1) Ne
b0
a
= F(b 0) F(a),
F(b 0) = lim
xb0
F(x).
3) C ong th u
.
c do
i bie
n. Gia su
.
f(x) lien tu
.
c tren [a, b) c` on (t),
t [, ) kha vi lien tu
.
c v`a a = () (t) < lim
t0
(t) = b. Khi
do:
b
_
a
f(x)dx =
f[(t)]
(t)dt.
11.4. Tch phan suy ro
.
ng 109
4) Cong th u
.
c tch phan t` u
.
ng pha
`
n. Gia su
.
u(x), x [a, b) v`a v(x),
x [a, b) l`a nh u
.
ng h`am kha vi lien tu
.
c v`a lim
xb0
(uv) to
`
n ta
.
i. Khi do;
b
_
a
udv = uv
b
a
b
_
a
vdu
uv
b
a
= lim
xb0
(uv) u(a)v(a).
3. Cac die
`
u kie
.
n ho
.
i tu
.
1) Tieu chua
n Cauchy. Gia su
.
h`am f(x) xac di
.
nh tren khoa ng
[a, b), kha tch theo ngha thong thu
.
`o
.
ng tren mo
.
i doa
.
n [a, ], < b
v`a khong bi
.
cha
.
n trong lan ca
.
n ben trai cu a die
m x = b. Khi do
tch phan
b
_
a
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
khi v`a ch khi > 0, [a, b) sao cho
1
,
2
(, b) th`
2
_
1
f(x)dx
< .
2) Dau hie
.
u so sanh I. Gia su
.
g(x) f(x) 0 tren khoa ng [a, b)
v`a kha tch tren mo
i doa
.
n con [a, ], < b. Khi do:
(i) Ne
u tch phan
b
_
a
g(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
th` tch phan
b
_
a
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
.
(ii) Ne
u tch phan
b
_
a
f(x)dx phan k` y th` tch phan
b
_
a
g(x)dx phan
k` y.
3) Dau hie
.
u so s anh II. Gia su
.
f(x) 0, g(x) > 0, x [a, b) v` a
lim
xb0
f(x)
g(x)
= .
Khi do:
110 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
(i) Ne
so sanh ta thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng tch phan:
b
_
a
dx
(b x)
ho
.
i tu
.
ne
u < 1
phan k` y ne
u 1
hoa
.
c
b
_
a
dx
(x a)
ho
.
i tu
.
ne
u < 1
phan k` y ne
u 1.
D
-
i
.
nh ngha. Tch phan
b
_
a
f(x)dx du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi ne
u
tch phan
b
_
a
[f(x)[dx ho
.
i tu
.
v`a du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n ne
u tch
phan
b
_
a
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
nhu
.
ng
b
_
a
[f(x)[dx phan k` y.
4) Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
trong 11.4.1 ta co
11.4. Tch phan suy ro
.
ng 111
Dau hie
.
u thu
.
.
c h`anh. Ne
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Xet tch phan
1
_
0
dx
1 x
2
.
Gia i. H`am f(x) =
1
1 x
2
lien tu
.
c v`a do do no kha tch tren mo
.
i
doa
.
n [0, 1 ], > 0, nhu
.
ng khi x 1 0 th` f(x) +. Ta co
lim
0
1
_
0
dx
1 x
2
= lim
0
arc sin(1 ) = asrc sin1 =
2
Nhu
.
va
.
y tch phan da cho ho
.
i tu
.
.
V du
.
2. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan
1
_
0
xdx
1 x
4
Gia i. H`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan co gian doa
.
n vo c` ung ta
.
i die
m
x = 1. Ta c o
1 x
4
1 x
x [0, 1).
Nhu
.
ng tch phan
1
_
0
dx
1 x
ho
.
i tu
.
, nen theo dau hie
.
u so sanh I
tch ph an da cho ho
.
i tu
.
.
112 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
V du
.
3. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan
1
_
0
dx
e
x
cos x
Gia i. O
.
day h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan c o gi an doa
.
n vo c` ung ta
.
i
die
m x = 0. Khi x (0, 1] ta c o
1
e
x
cos x
1
xe
v` ra
`
ng xe e
x
cos x (ta
.
i sao ?). Nhu
.
ng tch phan
1
_
0
1
xe
dx phan k` y
nen tch phan da cho phan k` y.
V du
.
4. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan
+
_
0
arctgx
x
dx, 0.
Gia i. Ta chia khoa ng lay tch phan l`am hai sao cho khoa ng th u
.
nhat h`am c o bat thu
.
`o
.
ng ta
.
i die
m x = 0. Cha
ng ha
.
n ta chia th`anh hai
nu
.
a khoa ng (0, 1] v`a [1, +). Khi do ta c o
+
_
0
arctgx
x
dx =
1
_
0
arctgx
x
dx +
+
_
0
arctgx
x
dx. (11.34)
Da
`
u tien xet tch phan
1
_
0
arctgx
x
dx, Ta c o
f(x) =
arctgx
x
(x0)
x
x
=
1
x
1
= (x)
11.4. Tch phan suy ro
.
ng 113
Tch phan
1
_
0
(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
khi 1 < 1 < 2. Do do tch
phan
1
_
0
f(x)dx c ung ho
.
i tu
.
khi < 2 theo dau hie
.
u so sanh II.
Xet tch phan
_
1
f(x)dx.
Ap du
.
ng dau hie
.
u so sanh II trong 1
ta
da
.
t (x) =
1
x
v`a co
lim
x+
f(x)
(x)
= lim
x+
x
arctgx
x
=
2
V` tch phan
_
0
dx
x
ho
.
i tu
.
khi > 1 nen vo
.
i > 1 tch phan du
.
o
.
.
c
xet ho
.
i tu
.
. Nhu
.
va
.
y ca hai tch phan o
.
ve
pha i (11.34) ch ho
.
i tu
.
khi
1 < < 2.
Do chnh l`a die
`
u kie
.
n ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan da cho.
V du
.
5. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a tch phan
1
_
0
ln(1 +
3
x
2
)
xsin
x
dx.
Gia i. H`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch ph an khong bi
.
cha
.
n trong lan ca
.
n pha i
cu a die
m x = 0. Khi x 0 + 0 ta co
ln(1 +
3
x
2
)
xsin
x
(x0+0)
3
x
2
x
=
1
3
x
= (x).
V` tch phan
1
_
0
dx
3
x
ho
.
i tu
.
nen theo dau hie
.
u so sanh II, tch phan
da cho ho
.
i tu
.
.
114 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan suy ro
.
ng sau.
1.
6
_
2
dx
3
_
(4 x)
2
. (DS. 6
3
2)
2.
2
_
0
dx
3
_
(x 1)
2
. (DS. 6)
3.
e
_
1
dx
xlnx
. (DS. Phan k` y)
4.
2
_
0
dx
x
2
4x + 3
. (DS. Phan k` y)
5.
1
_
0
xlnxdx. (DS. 0, 25)
6.
3
_
2
xdx
4
x
2
4
. (DS.
2
3
4
125)
7.
2
_
0
dx
(x 1)
2
. (DS. Phan k` y)
8.
2
_
2
xdx
x
2
1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
9.
2
_
0
x
3
dx
4 x
2
. (DS.
16
3
). Ch da
n. Da
.
t x = 2 sint.
10.
0
_
1
e
1/x
x
3
dx. (DS.
2
e
)
11.4. Tch phan suy ro
.
ng 115
11.
1
_
0
e
1/x
x
3
dx. (DS. Phan k` y)
12.
1
_
0
dx
_
x(1 x)
. (DS. )
13.
b
_
a
dx
_
(x a)(b x)
; a < b. (DS. )
14.
1
_
0
xln
2
xdx. (DS.
1
4
)
Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a cac tch phan suy ro
.
ng sau day.
15.
1
_
0
cos
2
x
3
1 x
2
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
16.
1
_
0
ln(1 +
3
x
e
sinx
1
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
17.
1
_
0
dx
e
x
1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
18.
1
_
0
xdx
e
sinx
1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
19.
1
_
0
x
2
dx
3
_
(1 x
2
)
5
. (DS. Phan k` y)
20.
1
_
0
x
3
dx
3
_
(1 x
2
)
5
. (DS. Phan k` y)
116 Chu
.
o
.
ng 11. Tch phan xac di
.
nh Riemann
21.
1
_
0
dx
e
x
cos x
. (DS. Phan k` y)
22.
/4
_
0
ln(sin2x)
5
x
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
23.
1
_
0
lnx
x
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
Ch da
n. Su
.
du
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c lim
x0+0
x
lay
=
1
4
cha
ng ha
.
n
[lnx[
x
<
1
x
3/4
.
24.
1
_
0
sin x
x
2
dx. (DS. Phan k` y)
25.
2
_
0
dx
x x
3
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
26.
2
_
1
(x 2)
x
2
3x
2
+ 4
dx. (DS. Phan k` y)
27.
1
_
0
dx
_
x(e
x
e
x
)
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
28.
2
_
0
16 +x
4
16 x
4
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
29.
1
_
0
e
x
1
sinx
dx. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
30.
1
_
0
3
_
ln(1 +x)
1 cos x
dx. (DS. Phan k` y)
Chu
.
o
.
ng 12
Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
12.1 Tch phan 2-lo
.
p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.1 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie `n ch u
.
nha
.
t . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.2 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie `n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.3 Mo
.
t v`ai u
.
ng du
.
ng trong h`nh ho
.
c . . . . . . 121
12.2 Tch phan 3-lo
.
p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
12.2.1 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie `n h`nh ho
.
p . . . . . . . . . 133
12.2.2 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie `n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
12.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.2.4 Nha
.
n xet chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.3 Tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.2 Tnh tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
12.4 Tch phan ma
.
t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.4.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.4.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan ma
.
t . . . . . . 160
118 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
12.4.3 Cong th u
.
c Gauss-Ostrogradski . . . . . . . 162
12.4.4 Cong th u
.
c Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
12.1 Tch phan 2-lo
.
p
12.1.1 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n ch u
.
nha
.
t
Gia su
.
t qua thu du
.
o
.
.
c I(x) theo x. Doi vo
.
i (12.2) ta
c ung tie
n h`anh tu
.
o
.
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
ng theo th u
.
tu
.
.
ngu
.
o
.
.
c la
.
i.
12.1.2 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n cong
Gia su
.
h`am f(x, y) lien tu
.
c trong mie
`
n bi
.
cha
.
n
D = (x, y) : a x b;
1
(x) y
2
(x)
12.1. Tch phan 2-lo
.
p 119
trong do y =
1
(x) l`a bien du
.
o
.
i, y =
2
(x) l`a bien tren, ho a
.
c
D = (x, y) : c y d; g
1
(y) x g
2
(y)
trong do x = g
1
(y) l`a bien trai c` on x = g
2
(y) l`a bien pha i, o
.
day
ta luon gia thie
t c ac h`am
1
,
2
, g
1
, g
2
de
`
u lien tu
.
c trong c ac khoa ng
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng. Khi do tch phan 2-lo
.
p theo mie
`
n D luon luon to
`
n ta
.
i.
De
ap du
.
ng mo
.
t trong hai phu
.
o
.
ng
phap sau.
1
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap Fubini du
.
.
a tren di
.
nh l y Fubini ve
`
vie
.
c du
.
a tch
phan 2-lo
.
p ve
`
tch phan la
.
p. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap n`ay cho phep ta du
.
a tch
phan 2-lo
.
p ve
`
tch phan la
.
p theo hai th u
.
tu
.
.
khac nhau:
__
D
f(M)dxdy =
b
_
a
_
2
(x)
_
1
(x)
f(M)dy
_
dx =
b
_
a
dx
2
(x)
_
1
(x)
f(M)dy, (12.3)
__
D
f(M)dxdy =
d
_
c
_
g
2
(y)
_
g
1
(y)
f(M)dx
_
dy =
d
_
c
dy
g
2
(y)
_
g
1
(y)
f(M)dx. (12.4)
T` u
.
(12.3) v`a (12.4) suy ra
`
ng ca
.
n cu a cac tch phan trong bie
n thien
v`a phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao bie
i. Ca
.
n cu a tch phan ngo`ai lu on luon l` a h a
`
ng s o.
Ne
u trong cong th u
.
c (12.3) (tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng: (12.4)) pha
`
n bien du
.
o
.
i
hay ph a
`
n bien tren (tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng: pha
`
n bien trai hay pha i) g o
`
m t` u
.
mo
.
t
so pha
`
n v`a mo
i pha
`
n co phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh rieng th` mie
`
n D ca
`
n chia th`anh
nh u
.
ng mie
`
n con bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng song song vo
.
i tru
.
c Oy (tu
.
o
.
ng
u
.
ng: song song vo
.
i tru
.
c Ox) sao cho mo
i mie
`
n con do cac pha
`
n bien
du
.
o
.
i hay tren (tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng: pha
`
n bien trai, pha i) de
`
u ch du
.
o
.
.
c bie
u
die
n bo
.
i mo
.
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh.
2
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n. Phep do
i bie
D(x, y)
D(u, v)
dudv (12.5)
120 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
trong do D
l`a mie
`
n bie
n thien cu a to
.
a do
.
cong (u, v) tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng
khi c ac die
m (x, y) bie
, (x, y) D; c`on
J =
D(x, y)
D(u, v)
=
x
u
x
v
y
u
y
v
,= 0 (12.6)
l`a Jacobien cu a cac h`am x = (u, v), y = (u, v).
To
.
a do
.
cong thu
.
`o
.
ng d` ung ho
.
n ca l`a to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c (r, ). Ch ung
lien he
.
vo
.
i to
.
a do
.
Decac bo
.
i c ac he
.
th u
.
c x = r cos , y = r sin,
0 r < +, 0 < 2. T` u
.
(12.6) suy ra J = r v`a trong to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c (12.5) co da
.
ng
__
D
f(M)dxdy =
__
D
). C o cac tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p cu
.
the
sau
day.
(i) Ne
u cu
.
.
c cu a he
.
to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c na
`
m ngo`ai D th`
I(D
) =
2
_
1
d
r
2
()
_
r
1
()
f(r cos , r sin)rdr. (12.8)
(ii) Ne
u cu
.
.
c na
`
m trong D v`a mo
i tia di ra t` u
.
cu
.
.
c ca
t bien D
khong qua mo
.
t die
m th`
I(D
) =
2
_
0
d
r()
_
0
f(r cos , r sin)rdr. (12.9)
(iii) Ne
u cu
.
.
c na
`
m tren bien D cu a D th`
I(D
) =
2
_
1
d
r()
_
0
f(r cos , r sin)rdr. (12.10)
12.1. Tch phan 2-lo
.
p 121
12.1.3 Mo
.
t v`ai u
.
ng du
.
ng trong h`nh ho
.
c
1
+
Die
.
n tch S
D
cu a mie
`
n ph a
ng D du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
S
D
=
__
D
dxdy S
D
=
__
D
rdrd. (12.11)
2
+
The
tch va
.
t the
h`nh tru
.
tha
ng d u
.
ng co day l`a mie
`
n D (thuo
.
c
ma
.
t pha
ng Oxy) v`a gi o
.
i ha
.
n pha tren bo
.
i ma
.
t z = f(x, y) > 0 du
.
o
.
.
c
tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
V =
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy. (12.12)
3
+
Ne
u ma
.
t () du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh z = f(x, y) th` die
.
n
tch cu a no du
.
o
.
.
c bie
u die
n bo
.
i tch phan 2-lo
.
p
S
=
__
D(x,y)
_
1 + (f
x
)
2
+ (f
y
)
2
dxdy, (12.13)
trong do D(x, y) l`a h`nh chie
u vuong goc cu a ma
.
t () len ma
.
t pha
ng
to
.
a do
.
Oxy.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh tch phan
__
D
xydxdy, D = (x, y) : 1 x 2; 1 y 2.
Gia i. Theo cong th u
.
c (12.2):
__
D
xydxdy =
2
_
1
dy
2
_
1
xydx.
122 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
Tnh tch phan trong (xem y l`a khong do
i) ta co
I(x) =
2
_
1
xydx = y
x
2
2
2
1
= 2y
1
2
y.
Bay gi` o
.
tnh tch phan ngo`ai:
__
D
xydxdy =
2
_
1
_
2y
1
2
y
_
dy =
9
4
V du
.
2. Tnh tch phan
__
D
xydxdy ne
u D du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac
du
.
`o
.
ng cong y = x 4, y
2
= 2x.
Gia i. Ba
`
ng cach du
.
.
ng cac du
.
`o
.
ng gi u
.
a cac giao die
m A(8, 4) v`a
B(2, 2) cu a ch ung, ba
.
n do
.
c se thu du
.
o
.
.
c mie
`
n lay tch phan D.
Ne
u da
`
u tien lay tch phan theo x v`a tie
p de
u die
n bo
.
i mo
.
t tch phan bo
.
i
I =
__
D
xydxdy =
4
_
2
ydy
y
4
_
y
2
/2
xdx,
trong do doa
.
n [2, 4] l`a h`nh chie
u cu a mie
`
n D len tru
.
c Oy. T` u
.
do
I =
4
_
2
y
_
x
2
2
y
4
y
2
/2
_
dy =
1
2
4
_
2
y
_
(y + 4)
2
y
4
4
_
dy = 90.
Ne
ng qua B v`a
song song vo
.
i tru
.
c Oy v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I =
__
D
1
+
__
D
2
=
2
_
0
xdx
2x
_
2x
ydy +
8
_
2
xdx
2x
_
x4
ydy
=
2
_
0
xdx 0 +
8
_
2
x
_
y
2
2
2x
x4
_
dx = 90.
12.1. Tch phan 2-lo
.
p 123
Nhu
.
va
.
y tch phan 2-lo
.
p da cho kh ong phu
.
thuo
.
c th u
.
tu
.
.
tnh tch
phan. Do va
.
y, ca
`
n cho
.
n mo
.
t th u
.
tu
.
.
tch phan de
ng y = x + 1, y = x 3, y =
1
3
x +
7
3
,
y =
1
3
x + 5.
Gia i. De
tranh su
.
.
ph u
.
c ta
.
p, ta su
.
du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n u = y x;
v = y +
1
3
x v`a ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (12.5). Qua phep do
i bie
n da cho
.
n,
du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng y = x + 1 bie
n th`anh du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng u = 1; c`on y = x 3
bie
n th`anh u = 3 trong ma
.
t pha
ng Ouv; tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
, cac du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng
y =
1
3
x+
7
3
, y =
1
3
x+5 bie
n th`anh cac du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng v =
7
3
, v = 5.
Do do mie
`
n D
tro
.
th`anh mie
`
n D
= [3, 1]
_
7
3
, 5
. De
d`ang thay
ra
`
ng
D(x, y)
D(u, v)
=
3
4
. Do do theo cong th u
.
c (12.5):
__
D
(y x)dxdy =
__
D
__
1
4
u +
3
4
v
_
3
4
u +
3
4
v
__
3
4
dudv
=
__
D
3
4
ududv =
5
_
7/3
dv
4
_
3
3
4
udu = 8.
Nha
.
n xet. Phep do
i bie
l uc do h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch
phan tro
.
nen ph u
.
c ta
.
p ho
.
n.
V du
.
4. Tnh tch phan
__
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy, trong do D l`a h`nh tr`on
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
= 2x.
Gia i. Ta chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c v`a ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (12.7).
Cong th u
.
c lien he
.
(x, y) vo
.
i to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c (r, ) v o
.
i cu
.
.
c ta
.
i die
m O(0, 0)
124 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
co da
.
ng
x = r cos , y = r sin. (12.14)
The
=
_
(r, ) :
2
2
, 0 r 2 cos
_
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c
I =
__
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy =
__
D
r
3
drd =
/2
_
/2
d
2 cos
_
0
r
3
dr
=
/2
_
/2
_
r
4
4
2 cos
0
_
d = 4
/2
_
/2
cos
4
f =
3
2
Nha
.
n xet. Ne
u lay cu
.
.
c ta
.
i tam h`nh tr`on th`
x 1 = r cos
y = r sin
D
=
_
(r, ) : 0 r 1, 0 2
v`a do x
2
+y
2
= 1 + 2r cos +r
2
nen
I =
__
D
r(1 + 2r cos +r
2
)drd
=
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
(r + 2r
2
cos +r
3
)dr =
3
2
V du
.
5. Tnh the
tch va
.
t the
T gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i paraboloid z = x
2
+y
2
,
ma
.
t tru
.
y = x
2
v`a cac ma
.
t pha
ng y = 1, z = 0.
12.1. Tch phan 2-lo
.
p 125
Gia i. H`nh chie
u cu a va
.
t the
T len ma
.
t pha
ng Oxy l`a
D(x, y) =
_
(x, y) : 1 x 1, x
2
y 1
_
.
Do do ap du
.
ng (12.12) ta co
V (T) =
__
D(x,y)
zdxdy =
__
D(x,y)
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy =
1
_
1
dx
1
_
x
2
(x
2
+y
2
)dy
=
1
_
1
__
x
2
y +
y
3
3
_
1
x
2
_
dx =
88
105
V du
.
6. T`m die
.
n tch ma
.
t c a
`
u ban knh R vo
.
i tam ta
.
i goc to
.
a do
.
.
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ma
.
t c a
`
u da cho c o da
.
ng
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
.
Do do phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh nu
.
a tren m a
.
t c a
`
u l`a
z =
_
R
2
x
2
y
2
.
Do tnh doi x u
.
ng nen ta ch tnh die
.
n tch nu
.
a tren l`a du . Ta co
ds =
_
1 + z
x
2
+z
y
2
dxdy =
Rdxdy
_
R
2
x
2
y
2
Mie
`
n lay tch phan D(x, y) = (x, y) : x
2
+y
2
R
2
. Do do
S = 2
__
D(x,y)
R
_
R
2
x
2
y
2
dxdy =
x = r cos
y = r sin
J = r
= 2R
2
_
0
d
R
_
0
rdr
R
2
r
2
= 4R
_
R
2
r
2
R
0
_
= 4R
2
.
126 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
V du
.
7. Tnh die
.
n tch pha
`
n ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
= 2z gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i giao
tuye
n cu a ma
.
t tru
.
do vo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng x2y = 0, y = 2x, x = 2
2.
Gia i. De
thay ra
`
ng h`nh chie
u cu a pha
`
n ma
.
t da neu l`a tam giac
vo
.
i cac ca
.
nh na
`
m tren giao tuye
n cu a ma
.
t pha
ng Oxy vo
.
i cac ma
.
t
pha
ng da cho.
T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh m a
.
t tru
.
ta co z =
x
2
2
, do va
.
y
z
x
= x,
z
y
= 0 dS =
1 +x
2
dxdy.
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
S =
2
2
_
0
1 +x
2
dx
2x
_
x/2
dy =
3
2
2
2
_
0
x
1 +x
2
dx = 13.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
T`m ca
.
n cu a tch phan hai lo
.
p
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy theo mie
`
n D gio
.
i
ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng da ch ra . (De
nga
n go
.
n ta k y hie
.
u f(x, y) = f()).
1. x = 3, x = 5, 3x 2y + 4 = 0, 3x 2y + 1 = 0.
(DS.
5
_
3
dx
3x+4
5
_
3x+1
5
f()dy)
2. x = 0, y = 0, x +y = 2
(DS.
2
_
0
dx
2x
_
0
f()dy)
12.1. Tch phan 2-lo
.
p 127
3. x
2
+y
2
1, x 0, y 0.
(DS.
1
_
0
dx
1x
2
_
0
f()dy)
4. x +y 1, x y 1, x 0.
(DS.
1
_
0
dx
1x
_
x1
f()dy)
5. y x
2
, y 4 x
2
.
(DS.
2
_
2
dx
4x
2
_
x
2
f()dy)
6.
x
2
4
+
y
2
9
1.
(DS.
+2
_
2
dx
3
2
4x
2
_
3
2
4x
2
f()dy)
7. y = x
2
, y =
x.
(DS.
1
_
0
dx
x
_
x
2
f()dy)
8. y = x, y = 2x, x +y = 6.
(DS.
2
_
0
dx
2x
_
x
f()dy +
3
_
2
dx
6x
_
x
f()dy)
Thay do
i th u
.
tu
.
.
tch phan trong cac tch phan
128 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
9.
4
_
0
dy
4
_
y
f()dx. (DS.
4
_
2
dx
x
_
2
f()dy)
10.
0
_
1
dx
1x
2
_
x+1
f()dy. (DS.
1
_
0
dy
y1
_
1y
2
f()dx)
11.
1
_
0
dx
2x
2
_
x
f()dy. (DS.
1
_
0
dy
y
_
0
fdx +
2
_
1
dy
2y
_
0
fdx)
12.
2
_
1
dy
y
_
1/y
fdx. (DS.
1
_
1/2
dx
2
_
1/x
fdy +
2
_
1
dx
2
_
x
fdy)
Tnh cac tch phan la
.
p sau
13.
1
_
0
dx
2x
_
x
(x y + 1)dy. (DS.
1
3
)
14.
4
_
2
dy
y
_
0
y
3
x
2
+y
2
dx. (DS. 6)
15.
0
_
2
dy
y
2
_
0
(x + 2y)dx. (DS. 11, 2)
16.
5
_
0
dx
5x
_
0
_
4 +x +ydy. (DS.
506
15
)
17.
4
_
3
dx
2
_
1
dy
(x +y)
2
. (DS.
25
24
)
18.
a
_
0
dx
2
ax
_
2
ax
(x
2
+y
2
)dy. (DS.
344
105
a
4
)
12.1. Tch phan 2-lo
.
p 129
19.
2
_
0
d
a
_
a sin
rdr. (DS.
a
2
2
)
20
.
1
_
0
dx
1x
2
_
0
_
1 x
2
y
2
dy. (DS.
6
)
Tnh cac tch phan 2-lo
.
p theo cac h`nh ch u
.
nha
.
t da ch ra.
21.
__
D
(x +y
2
)dxdy; 2 x 3, 1 y 2. (DS. 4
5
6
)
22.
__
D
(x
2
+y)dxdy; 1 x 2, 0 y 1. (DS. 2
5
6
)
23.
__
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy; 0 x 1, 0 y 1. (DS.
2
3
)
24.
__
D
3y
2
dxdy
1 +x
2
; 0 x 1, 0 y 1. (DS.
4
)
25.
__
D
sin(x +y)dxdy; 0 x
2
, 0 y
2
. (DS. 2)
26.
__
D
xe
xy
dxdy; 0 x 1, 1 y 0. (DS.
1
e
)
27.
__
D
dxdy
(x y)
2
; 1 x 2, 3 y 4. (DS. ln
4
3
)
Tnh cac tch phan 2-lo
.
p theo mie
`
n D gio
.
i ha
.
n cac du
.
`o
.
ng da ch
ra
28.
__
D
xydxdy; y = 0, y = x, x = 1. (DS.
1
8
)
29.
__
D
xydxdy; y = x
2
, x = y
2
. (DS.
1
12
)
130 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
30.
__
D
xdxdy; y = x
3
, x +y = 2, x = 0. (DS.
7
15
)
31.
__
D
xdxdy; xy = 6, x +y 7 = 0. (DS. 20
5
6
)
32.
__
D
y
2
xdxdy; x
2
+y
2
= 4, x +y 2 = 0. (DS. 1
3
5
)
33.
__
D
(x +y)dxdy; 0 y , 0 x siny. (DS.
5
4
)
34.
__
D
sin(x +y)dxdy; x = y, x +y =
2
, y = 0. (DS.
1
2
)
35.
__
D
e
y
2
dxdy; D l`a tam gi ac vo
.
i d nh O(0, 0), B(0, 1), A(1, 1).
(DS.
1
2e
+
1
2
)
36.
__
D
xydxdy; D l`a h`nh elip 4x
2
+y
2
4. (DS. 0)
37.
__
D
x
2
ydxdy; y = 0, y =
2ax x
2
. (DS.
4a
5
5
)
38.
__
D
xdxdy
x
2
+y
2
; y = x, x = 2, x = 2y. (DS.
2
2arctg
1
2
)
39.
__
D
x +ydxdy; x = 0, y = 0, x +y = 1. (DS.
2
5
)
40.
__
D
(x y)dxdy; y = 2 x
2
, y = 2x 1. (DS. 4
4
15
)
41.
__
D
(x + 2y)dxdy; y = x, y = 2x, x = 2, x = 3. (DS. 25
1
3
)
12.1. Tch phan 2-lo
.
p 131
42.
__
D
xdxdy; x = 2 + sin y, x = 0, y = 0, y = 2. (DS.
9
2
)
43.
__
D
xydxdy; (x 2)
2
+y
2
= 1. (DS.
4
3
)
44.
__
D
dxdy
2a x
; D l`a h`nh tr`on ban knh a na
`
m trong goc vuong I
v`a tie
p x uc vo
.
i cac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
. (DS.
8
3
a
2a)
45.
__
D
ydxdy; x = R(t sint), y = R(1cos t), 0 t 2 (l`a mie
`
n
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i v`om cu a xicloid.) (DS.
5
2
R
3
)
Ch da
n.
__
D
ydxdy =
2R
_
0
dx
y=f(x)
_
0
ydy
Chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c v`a tnh tch phan trong to
.
a do
.
mo
.
i
46.
__
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy; D : x
2
+y
2
R
2
, y 0. (DS.
R
4
4
)
47.
__
D
e
x
2
+y
2
dxdy; D : x
2
+y
2
1, x 0, y 0. (DS.
4
(e 1))
48.
__
D
e
x
2
+y
2
dxdy; D : x
2
+y
2
R
2
. (DS. 2(e
R
2
1))
49.
__
D
_
1 x
2
y
2
dxdy; D : x
2
+y
2
x. (DS.
1
4
_
4
3
_
)
50.
__
D
1 x
2
y
2
1 +x
2
+y
2
dxdy; D : x
2
+y
2
1, x 0, y 0.
(DS.
( 2)
2
)
132 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
51.
__
D
ln(x
2
+y
2
)
x
2
+y
2
dxdy; D : 1 x
2
+y
2
e. (DS. 2)
52.
__
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy; D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on
x
2
+y
2
+ 2x 1 = 0, x
2
+y
2
+ 2x = 0. (DS.
5
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t x 1 = r cos , y = r sin.
Tnh the
tch cu a v a
.
t the
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t da ch ra.
53. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x +y +z = 1. (DS.
1
6
)
54. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x +y = 1, z = x
2
+y
2
. (DS.
1
6
)
55. z = x
2
+y
2
, y = x
2
, y = 1, z = 0. (DS.
88
105
)
56. z =
_
x
2
+y
2
, x
2
+y
2
= a
2
, z = 0. (DS.
2
3
a
3
)
57. z = x
2
+y
2
, x
2
+y
2
= a
2
, z = 0. (DS.
a
4
2
)
58. z = x, x
2
+y
2
= a
2
, z = 0. (DS.
4a
3
3
)
59. z = 4 x
2
y
2
, x = 1, y = 1. (DS. 13
1
3
)
60. 2 x y 2z = 0, y = x
2
, y = x. (DS.
11
120
)
61. x
2
+y
2
= 4x, z = x, z = 2x. (DS. 4)
Tnh die
.
n tch cac pha
`
n ma
.
t da ch ra.
62. Pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng 6x + 3y + 2z = 12 na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam I.
(DS. 14)
63. Pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng x +y +z = 2a na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= a
2
.
(DS. 2a
2
3)
12.2. Tch phan 3-lo
.
p 133
64. Pha
`
n ma
.
t paraboloid z = x
2
+y
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= 4.
(DS.
6
(17
17 1))
65. Pha
`
n ma
.
t 2z = x
2
+y
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= 1.
(DS.
2
3
(2
2 1))
66. Pha
`
n ma
.
t non z =
_
x
2
+y
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= a
2
.
(DS. a
2
2)
67. Pha
`
n ma
.
t ca
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= Rx.
(DS. 2R
2
( 2))
68. Pha
`
n ma
.
t non z
2
= x
2
+y
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= 2x.
(DS. 2
2)
69. Ph a
`
n ma
.
t tru
.
z
2
= 4x na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam th u I v`a gi o
.
i ha
.
n
bo
.
i ma
.
t tru
.
y
2
= 4x v`a ma
.
t pha
ng x = 1. (DS.
4
3
(2
2 1))
70. Ph a
`
n ma
.
t c a
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= a
2
(a R). (DS. 4a(a
a
2
R
2
))
12.2 Tch phan 3-lo
.
p
12.2.1 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n h`nh ho
.
p
Gia su
.
mie
`
n D R
3
:
D = [a, b] [c, d] [e, g] = (x, y, z) : a x b, c y d, e z g
v`a h`am f(x, y, z) lien tu
.
c trong D. Khi do tch phan 3-lo
.
p cu a h`am
f(x, y, z) theo mie
`
n D du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
___
D
f(x, y, z)dxdydz =
b
_
a
_
d
_
c
_
g
_
e
f(x, y, z)dz
_
dy
_
dx
=
b
_
a
dx
d
_
c
dy
g
_
e
f(M)dx. (12.15)
134 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
T` u
.
(12.15) suy ra cac giai doa
.
n tnh tch phan 3-lo
.
p:
(i) Da
`
u tien tnh I(x, y) =
g
_
e
f(M)dz;
(ii) Tie
n tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
: da
`
u tien tnh tch phan trong, tie
p de
n tnh tch
phan gi u
.
a v`a sau c` ung l`a tnh tch phan ngo`ai.
12.2.2 Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p mie
`
n cong
1
+
Gia su
.
h`am f(M) lien tu
.
c trong mie
`
n bi
.
cha
.
n
D =
_
(x, y, z) : a x b,
1
(x) y
2
(x), g
1
(x, y) z g
2
(x, y)
_
.
Khi do tch phan 3-lo
.
p cu a h`am f(M) theo mie
`
n D du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo
cong th u
.
c
___
D
f(M)dxdydz =
b
_
a
_
2
(x)
_
1
(x)
_
g
2
(x,y)
_
g
1
(x,y)
f(M)dx
_
dy
_
dx (12.16)
hoa
.
c
___
D
f(M)dxdydz =
__
D(x,y)
dxdy
g
2
(x,y)
_
g
1
(x,y)
f(M)dz, (12.17)
trong do D(x, y) l`a h`nh chie
ng Oxy.
Vie
.
c tnh tch phan 3-lo
.
p du
.
o
.
.
c quy ve
`
tnh lien tie
p de
n tch phan gi u
.
a v`a
sau c` ung l`a tnh tch phan ngo`ai. Khi tnh tch phan 3-lo
.
p theo cong
th u
.
c (12.17): da
`
u tien tnh tch phan trong v`a sau do co the
tnh tch
phan 2-lo
.
p theo mie
`
n D(x, y) theo c ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap da co trong 12.1.
2
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n. Phep do
i bie
f
_
(u, v, w), (u, v, w), (u, v, w)
D(x, y, z)
D(u, v, w)
dudvdw, (12.18)
trong do D
l`a mie
`
n bie
n thien cu a to
.
a do
.
cong u, v, w tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng khi
cac die
m (x, y, z) bie
,= 0. (12.19)
Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p da
.
c bie
.
t cu a to
.
a do
.
cong l`a to
.
a do
.
tru
.
v`a to
.
a do
.
ca
`
u.
(i) Bu
.
o
.
c chuye
n t` u
.
to
.
a do
.
Dec ac sang to
.
a do
.
tru
.
(r, , z) du
.
o
.
.
c thu
.
.
c
hie
.
n theo c ac he
.
th u
.
c x = r cos , y = r sin, z = z; 0 r < +,
0 < 2, < z < +. T` u
.
(12.19) suy ra J = r v`a trong to
.
a
do
.
tru
.
ta co
___
D
f(M)dxdydz =
___
D
f
_
r cos , r sin, z
rdrddz, (12.20)
trong do D
l`a mie
`
n bie
n thien cu a to
.
a do
.
tru
.
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng khi die
m
(x, y, z) bie
n thien trong D.
136 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
(ii) Bu
.
o
.
c chuye
n t` u
.
to
.
a do
.
Dec ac sang to
.
a do
.
ca
`
u (r, , ) du
.
o
.
.
c
thu
.
.
c hie
.
n theo cac he
.
th u
.
c x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin, z =
r cos , 0 r < +, 0 < 2, 0 . T` u
.
(12.19) ta c o
J = r
2
sin v`a trong to
.
a do
.
ca
`
u ta c o
___
D
f(M)dxdydz =
=
___
D
f
_
r sin cos , r sin sin, r cos
r
2
sindrdd, (12.21)
trong do D
l`a mie
`
n bie
n thien cu a to
.
a do
.
ca
`
u tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng khi die
m
(x, y, z) bie
n thien trong D.
12.2.3
The
tch cu a va
.
t the
cho an he
t mie
`
n D R
3
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong
th u
.
c
V
D
=
___
D
dxdydz. (12.22)
12.2.4 Nha
.
n xet chung
Ba
`
ng cach thay do
i th u
.
tu
.
.
tnh tch phan trong tch phan 3-lo
.
p ta se
thu du
.
o
.
.
c c ac cong th u
.
c tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
cong th u
.
c (12.16) de
tnh tch
phan. Vie
.
c t`m c a
.
n cho tch phan do
.
n thong thu
.
`o
.
ng khi chuye
n tch
phan 3-lo
.
p ve
`
tch phan la
.
p du
.
o
.
.
c thu
.
.
c hie
.
n nhu
.
doi vo
.
i tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p
tch phan 2-lo
.
p.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh tch phan la
.
p
I =
1
_
1
dx
1
_
x
2
dy
2
_
0
(4 +z)dx.
12.2. Tch phan 3-lo
.
p 137
Gia i. Ta tnh lien tie
t
da
`
u t` u
.
tch phan trong
I(x, y) =
2
_
0
(4 +z)dz = 4z
2
0
+
z
2
2
2
0
= 10;
I(x) =
1
_
x
2
I(x, y)dy = 10
1
_
x
2
dy = 10(1 x
2
);
I =
1
_
1
I(x)dx =
1
_
1
10(1 x
2
)dx =
40
3
V du
.
2. Tnh tch phan
I =
___
D
(x +y +z)dxdydz,
trong do mie
`
n D du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a do
.
v`a ma
.
t
pha
ng x +y +z = 1.
Gia i. Mie
`
n D da cho l`a mo
.
t t u
.
die
.
n co h`nh chie
ng x = 0,
y = 0, x + y = 1. Ro r`ang l`a x bie
n thien t` u
.
0 de
n 1 (doa
.
n [0, 1] l`a
h`nh chie
u cu a D len tru
.
c Ox). Khi c o di
.
nh x, 0 x 1 th` y bie
n
thien t` u
.
0 de
n 1x. Ne
u co di
.
nh ca x v`a y (0 x 1, 0 y 1x)
th` die
m (x, y, z) bie
n thien theo du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng d u
.
ng t` u
.
ma
.
t pha
ng
z = 0 de
n ma
.
t pha
ng x + y + z = 1, t u
.
c l`a z bie
n thien t` u
.
0 de
n
1 x y. Theo cong th u
.
c (12.16) ta c o
I =
1
_
0
dx
1x
_
0
dy
1xy
_
0
(x +y +z)dz.
138 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
De
d`ang thay ra
`
ng
I =
1
_
0
dx
1x
_
0
_
xz +yz +
z
2
2
_
1xy
0
dy
=
1
2
1
_
0
__
y yx
2
xy
2
y
3
3
_
1x
0
_
dx
=
1
6
1
_
0
(2 3x +x
3
)dx =
1
8
V du
.
3. Tnh I =
___
D
dxdydz
(x +y +z)
3
, trong do mie
`
n D du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i
ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng x +z = 3, y = 2, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Gia i. Mie
`
n D da cho l`a mo
.
t h`nh lang tru
.
co h`nh chie
u vuong
goc len ma
.
t pha
m M(x, y) co di
.
nh thuo
.
c D(x, y) die
m
(x, y, z) D bie
n thien tren du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng d u
.
ng t` u
.
ma
.
t pha
ng Oxy
(z = 0) de
n ma
.
t pha
ng x +z = 3, t u
.
c l`a z bie
n thien t` u
.
0 de
n 3 x:
0 z 3 x. T` u
.
do theo (12.17) ta co
___
D
f(M)dxdydz =
__
D(x,y)
dxdy
z=3x
_
z=0
(x +y +z + 1)
3
dz
=
__
D(x,y)
_
(x +y +z + 1)
2
2
3x
0
_
dxdy = =
4 ln 2 1
8
V du
.
4. Tnh tch phan
___
D
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)dxdydz, trong do mie
`
n
D du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i m a
.
t 3(x
2
+y
2
) +z
2
= 3a
2
.
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ma
.
t bien cu a D co the
vie
t du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
(a
3)
2
= 1.
12.2. Tch phan 3-lo
.
p 139
Do l`a ma
.
t elipxoid tr`on xoay, t u
.
c l`a D l`a h`nh elipxoid tr`on xoay.
H`nh chie
m M(x, y) D(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c co di
.
nh th` die
m
(x, y, z) cu a mie
`
n D bie
n thien tren du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng d u
.
ng M(x, y) t` u
.
ma
.
t bien du
.
o
.
i cu a D
z =
_
3(a
2
x
2
y
2
)
de
n ma
.
t bien tren
z = +
_
3(a
2
x
2
y
2
).
T` u
.
do theo (12.17) ta co
I =
__
D(x,y)
dxdy
+
3(a
2
x
2
y
2
)
_
3(a
2
x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dz
= 2a
2
3
__
x
2
+y
2
a
2
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
dxdy = [chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c[
= 2a
2
3
__
ra
a
2
r
2
rdrd = a
2
3
2
_
0
d
a
_
0
(a
2
r
2
)
1/2
rdr
=
4a
5
3
V du
.
5. Tnh the
tch cu a v a
.
t the
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac ma
.
t pha
ng
x +y +z = 4, x = 3, y = 2, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Gia i. Mie
`
n D da cho l`a mo
.
t h`nh lu
.
c die
.
n trong khong gian. No
co h`nh chie
ng x = 0, y = 0, x = 3, y = 2 v`a
140 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
x +y = 4. Do do ap du
.
ng (12.17) ta co
V
D
=
___
D
dxdydz =
__
D(x,y)
dxdy
4xy
_
0
dz =
__
D(x,y)
(4 x y)dxdy
=
1
_
0
dy
3
_
0
(4 x y)dx +
2
_
1
dy
4y
_
0
(4 x y)dx
=
1
_
0
__
(4 y)x
x
2
2
_
3
0
_
dy +
2
_
1
__
(4 y)x
x
2
2
_
4y
0
_
dy
=
1
_
0
_
15
2
3y
_
dy +
1
2
2
_
1
(4 y)
2
dy =
55
6
V du
.
6. Tnh tch ph an
I =
___
D
z
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdydz,
trong do mie
`
n D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i ma
.
t pha
ng y = 0, z = 0, z = a v`a ma
.
t
tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= 2x (x 0, y 0, a > 0).
Gia i. Chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
tru
.
ta thay phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+
y
2
= 2x trong to
.
a do
.
tru
.
co da
.
ng r = 2 cos , 0
2
(hay ve h`nh
!). Do do theo cong th u
.
c (12.20) ta c o
I =
/2
_
0
d
2 cos
_
0
r
2
dr
a
_
0
zdz =
a
2
2
/2
_
0
d
2 cos
_
0
r
2
dr
=
4a
2
3
/2
_
0
cos
3
d =
8
9
a
2
.
V du
.
7. Tnh tch ph an
I =
___
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdydz,
12.2. Tch phan 3-lo
.
p 141
ne
u mie
`
n D l`a nu
.
a tren cu a h`nh ca
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
R
2
, z 0.
Gia i. Chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
ca
`
u, mie
`
n bie
n thien D
cu a cac to
.
a do
.
ca
`
u tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng khi die
m (x, y, z) bie
: 0 < 2, 0
2
, 0 r R.
T` u
.
do
I =
___
D
r
2
sin
2
r
2
sindrdd =
2
_
0
d
/2
_
0
sin
3
d
R
_
0
r
4
dr
=
4
15
R
5
.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan la
.
p sau
1.
1
_
0
dx
x
_
0
ydy
22x
_
1x
dz. (DS.
1
12
)
2.
a
_
0
ydy
h
_
0
dx
ay
_
0
dz. (DS.
a
3
h
6
)
3.
2
_
0
dy
2
_
2yy
2
xdx
3
_
0
z
2
dz. (DS. 30)
4.
1
_
0
dx
1x
_
0
dy
1xy
_
0
dz
(1 +x +y +z)
3
. (DS.
ln2
2
5
16
)
5.
c
_
0
dz
b
_
0
dy
a
_
0
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dx. (DS.
_
abc
3
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
_
)
142 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
6.
a
_
0
dx
ax
_
0
dy
axy
_
0
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dz. (DS.
a
5
20
)
Tnh cac tch phan 3-lo
.
p theo mie
`
n D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t da ch
ra.
7.
___
D
(x +y z)dxdydz; x = 1, x = 1; y = 0, y = 1;
z = 0, z = 2. (DS. 2)
8.
___
D
xydxdydz; x = 1, x = 2; y = 2, y = 1; z = 0, z =
1
2
.
(DS.
8
9
)
9.
___
D
dxdydz
(x +y +z)
2
; x = 1, x = 2; y = 1, y = 2; z = 1, z = 2.
(DS.
1
2
ln
128
125
)
10.
___
D
(x + 2y + 3z + 4)dxdydz; x = 0, x = 3; y = 0, y = 2;
z = 0, z = 1. (DS. 54)
11.
___
D
zdxdydz; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0; x +y +z = 1. (DS.
1
24
)
12.
___
D
xdxdydz; x = 0. y = 0, z = 0, y = 1; x +z = 1. (DS.
1
6
)
13.
___
D
yzdxdydz; x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1, z 0. (DS. 0)
14.
___
D
xydxdydz; x
2
+y
2
= 1, z = 0, z = 1 (x 0, y 0).
(DS.
1
8
)
15.
___
D
xyzdxdydz; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1
12.2. Tch phan 3-lo
.
p 143
(x 0, y 0, z 0). (DS.
1
48
)
16.
___
D
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdydz; x
2
+y
2
= z
2
, z = 0, z = 1. (DS. /6)
17.
___
D
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dxdydz; x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b,
z = 0, z = c. (DS.
abc
3
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
))
18.
___
D
ydxdydz; y =
x
2
+z
2
, y = h, h > 0. (DS.
h
4
4
)
Tnh cac tch phan 3-lo
.
p sau ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n.
19.
___
D
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dxdydz; x
2
+y
2
+z
2
R
2
. (DS.
4R
5
5
)
20.
___
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdydz; z = x
2
+y
2
, z = 1. (DS.
6
)
21.
___
D
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
dxdydz; x
2
+y
2
+z
2
R
2
. (DS. R
4
)
22.
___
D
z
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdydz; x
2
+y
2
= 2x, y = 0, z = 0, z = 3.
(DS. 8)
23.
___
D
zdxdydz; x
2
+y
2
+z
2
R
2
, x 0, y 0, z 0.
(DS.
R
4
16
)
24.
___
D
(x
2
y
2
)dxdydz; x
2
+y
2
= 2z, z = 2. (DS.
16
3
)
25.
___
D
z
_
x
2
+y
2
dxdydz; y
2
= 3x x
2
, z = 0, z = 2. (DS. 24)
144 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
Tnh the
tch cu a cac va
.
t the
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t da ch ra.
26. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + 2y +z 6 = 0. (DS. 36)
27. 2x + 3y + 4z = 12; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. (DS. 12)
28.
x
a
+
y
b
+
z
c
= 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. (DS.
abc
6
)
29. ax = y
2
+z
2
, x = a. (DS.
a
3
2
)
30. 2z = x
2
+y
2
, z = 2. (DS. 4)
31. z = x
2
+y
2
, x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 2. (DS.
6
[8
2 7])
32. z =
_
x
2
+y
2
, z = x
2
+y
2
. (DS.
6
)
33. x
2
+y
2
z = 1, z = 0. (DS.
2
)
34. 2z = x
2
+y
2
, y +z = 4. (DS.
81
4
)
35.
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
= 1. (DS.
4
3
abc)
12.3 Tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng
12.3.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n
Gia su
.
h`am f(M), P(M) v`a Q(M), M = (x, y) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i mo
.
i die
m
cu a du
.
`o
.
ng cong do du
.
o
.
.
c L = L(A, B) vo
.
i die
m da
`
u A v`a die
m cuoi B.
Chia mo
.
t c ach t` uy y L(A, B) th`anh n cung nho vo
.
i do
.
d`ai tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng
l`a s
0
, s
1
, s
2
, . . . , s
n1
. Da
.
t d = max
0in1
(s
i
). Trong mo
i cung
nho, lay mo
.
t cach t` uy y die
m N
0
, N
1
, . . . , N
n1
. tnh gia tri
.
f(N
i
),
P(N
i
) v`a Q(N
i
) ta
.
i die
m N
i
do.
Xet hai phu
.
o
.
ng phap la
.
p to
ng tch phan
1
=
n1
i=0
f(N
i
)s
i
. (*)
Phu
.
o
.
ng ph ap II. Khac vo
.
i c ach la
.
p to
ng
x
=
n1
i=0
P(N
i
)x
i
; x
i
= pro
Ox
s
i
,
y
=
n1
i=0
Q(N
i
)y
i
; y
i
= pro
Oy
s
i
.
Mo
i c ach la
.
p to
n de
n mo
.
t kie
u tch
phan du
.
`o
.
ng.
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 12.3.1. Ne
u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n lim
d0
1
khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao phep phan hoa
.
ch du
.
`o
.
ng cong L th`anh cac cung nho v`a
khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao vie
.
c cho
.
n cac die
m trung gian N
i
tren mo
i cung
nho th` gi o
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo do
.
d`ai (hay tch
phan du
.
`o
.
ng kie
u tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
trong di
.
nh ngha 12.3.1:
1
+
. lim
d0
x
= lim
d0
n1
i=0
P(N
i
)x
i
=
_
L(A,B)
P(x, y)dx
(12.24)
146 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
go
.
i l`a tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo ho`anh do
.
(ne
u (12.24) to
`
n ta
.
i h u
.
u ha
.
n)
2
+
. lim
d0
y
= lim
d0
n1
i=0
Q(N
i
)y
i
=
_
L(A,B)
Q(x, y)dy
(12.25)
go
.
i l`a tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo tung do
.
(ne
u (12.25) to
`
n ta
.
i h u
.
u ha
.
n)
Thong thu
.
`o
.
ng ngu
.
`o
.
i ta la
.
p to
ng tch phan da
.
ng
=
n1
i=0
P(N
i
)x
i
+
n1
o=0
Q(N
i
)y
i
v`a ne
u lim
d0
th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo to
.
a
do
.
da
.
ng to
ng quat:
_
L(A,B)
P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy. (12.26)
D
-
i
.
nh l y. Ne
u cu a
cung (h`nh chie
u do
i d au khi do
i hu
.
o
.
ng cu a cung) suy ra tnh chat
quan tro
.
ng cu a tch ph an du
.
`o
.
ng: tch phan du
.
` o
.
ng theo d o
.
d`ai khong
phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao hu
.
o
.
ng cu a du
.
`o
.
ng cong; tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo to
.
a d o
.
do
i dau khi do
i hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
` o
.
ng cong.
12.3.2 Tnh tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap chung de
n do
i bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i
dau tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng th`anh bie
u th u
.
c mo
.
t bie
n do
ta
.
i die
m da
`
u A v`a die
m cuoi B se l`a c a
.
n cu a tch phan xac di
.
nh thu
du
.
o
.
.
c.
1
+
Ne
u L(A, B) du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tham so x = (t),
y = (t), t [a, b] (trong do , kha vi lien tu
.
c v`a
2
+
2
> 0) th`
ds =
_
2
+
2
dt
_
L(A,B)
f(x, y)ds =
b
_
a
f[(t), (t)]
_
2
+
2
dt (12.27)
v`a
_
L(A,B)
P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy =
=
b
_
a
_
P
_
(t), (t)
_
(t) +Q
_
(t), (t)
_
(t)
dt. (12.28)
2
+
Ne
u L(A, B) du
.
o
.
.
c cho bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y = g(x), x [a, b]
(trong do g(x) kha vi lien tu
.
c tren [a, b]) th`
ds =
_
1 +g
2
(x)dx
_
L(A,B)
f(x, y)ds =
b
_
a
f[x, g(x)]
_
1 +g
2
(x)dx. (12.29)
v`a
_
L(A,B)
Pdx +Qdy =
b
_
a
_
P(x, g(x)) +Q(x, g(x))g
(x)
dx. (12.30)
148 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
3
+
Ne
u L(A, B) du
.
o
.
.
c cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c = ()
th`
ds =
_
2
+
2
d
_
L(A,B)
f(x, y)ds =
f[ cos , sin]
_
2
+
2
d. (12.31)
4
+
Tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo to
.
a do
.
co the
tnh nh`o
.
cong th u
.
c Green.
Ne
t tro
.
n t` u
.
ng kh uc
L = D th`
_
L
+
Pdx +Qdy =
__
D
_
Q
x
P
y
_
dxdy. (12.32)
Cong th u
.
c (12.32) go
.
i l`a c ong th u
.
c Green, trong do
_
L
+
l`a tch phan
theo du
.
`o
.
ng cong kn co hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng L
+
.
He
.
qua . Die
.
n tch mie
`
n D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng cong L du
.
o
.
.
c tnh
theo c ong th u
.
c
S
D
=
1
2
_
L
xdy ydx. (12.33)
5
+
Nha
.
n xet ve
`
tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng trong khong gian. Gia su
.
L =
L(A, B) l`a du
.
`o
.
ng cong khong gian; f, P, Q, R l`a nh u
.
ng h`am ba bie
n
lien tu
.
c tren L. Khi do tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p du
.
`o
.
ng cong pha
ng
ta co the
di
.
nh ngha tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo do
.
d`ai
_
L(A,B)
f(x, y, z)ds v`a
tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo to
.
a do
.
_
L
P(x, y, z)dx,
_
L
Q(x, y, z)dy,
_
L
R(x, y, z)dz
12.3. Tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng 149
v`a
_
L
Pdx +Qdy +Rdz.
Ve
`
thu
.
.
c chat k y thua
.
t tnh cac tch phan n`ay khong khac bie
.
t g`
so vo
.
i tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p du
.
`o
.
ng cong pha
ng.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng
_
L
x
y
ds, trong do L l`a cung parabon
y
2
= 2x t` u
.
die
m (1,
2) de
n die
m (2, 2).
Gia i. Ta t`m vi phan do
.
d`ai cung. Ta c o
y =
2x, y
=
1
2x
,
ds =
_
1 +y
2
dx =
_
1 +
1
2x
dx =
1 + 2x
2x
dx.
Tu
.
do suy ra
_
L
x
y
ds =
2
_
1
x
2x
1 + 2x
2x
dx =
1
6
[5
5 3
3].
V du
.
2. Tnh do
.
d`ai cu a du
.
`o
.
ng astroid x = a cos
3
t, y = a sin
3
t,
t [0, 2].
Gia i. Ta ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c: do
.
d`ai (L) =
_
L
ds. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng
ho
.
.
p n`ay ta c o
x
= 3a cos
2
t sin t, y
= 3a sin
2
t cos t, ds =
3a
2
sin2tdt.
V` du
.
`o
.
ng cong doi x u
.
ng vo
.
i cac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
nen
do
.
d`ai(L) = 4
/2
_
0
3a
2
sin2tdt = 6a
_
cos 2t
2
_
/2
0
= 6a.
150 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
V du
.
3. Tnh
_
L
(x y)ds, trong do L : x
2
+y
2
= 2ax.
Gia i. Chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c x = r cos , y = r sin. Trong to
.
a
do
.
cu
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on co da
.
ng r = 2a cos ,
2
2
.
Vi phan do
.
d`ai cung
ds =
_
r
2
+r
2
d =
_
4a
2
cos
2
+ 4a
2
sin
2
d = 2ad.
Do do
I =
_
L
(x y)ds =
/2
_
/2
_
(2a cos ) cos (2a sin ) sin
2ad
= 4a
2
/2
_
/2
cos
2
d = 2a
2
.
V du
.
4. Tnh tch ph an
_
L
(3x
2
+y)dx + (x 2y
2
)dy, trong do L l`a
bien cu a h`nh tam giac vo
.
i d nh A(0, 0), B(1, 0), C(0, 1).
Gia i. Theo tnh chat cu a tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng ta c o
_
L
=
_
AB
+
_
BC
+
_
CA
.
a) Tren ca
.
nh AB ta co y = 0 dy = 0. Do do
_
AB
=
1
_
0
3x
2
dx = 1.
b) Tren ca
.
nh BC ta co x+y = 1 y = x+1, dy = dx. Do do
_
BC
=
0
_
1
[3x
2
+ (1 x) x + 2(1 x
2
)]dx =
5
3
Nhu
.
va
.
y
_
L
= 1
5
3
+
2
3
= 0.
V du
.
5. Tnh tch phan
_
L
(x+y)dx(xy)dy, trong do L l`a du
.
`o
.
ng
elip
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1 co di
.
nh hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng.
Gia i. 1
+
Ta co the
tnh tru
.
.
c tie
ng ha
.
n ba
`
ng cach tham so hoa phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh elip).
2
+
Nhu
.
ng do
.
n gia n ho
.
n ca l`a su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Green. Ta co
P = x +y, Q = (x y)
Q
x
P
y
= 2.
Do do theo cong th u
.
c Green ta co
_
L
=
__
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
1
(2)dxdy = 2ab,
v` die
.
n tch h`nh elip ba
`
ng ab.
V du
.
6. Tnh tch phan
_
L
2(x
2
+y
2
)dx+x(4y +3)dy, trong do L l`a
du
.
`o
.
ng gap kh uc ABC vo
.
i d nh A(0, 0), B(1, 1) v`a C(0, 2).
Gia i. Ne
u ta noi A vo
.
i C th` thu du
.
o
.
.
c du
.
`o
.
ng gap kh uc kn L
gio
.
i ha
.
n ABC. Tren ca
.
nh CA ta co x = 0 nen dx = 0 v`a t` u
.
do
_
CA
2(x
2
+y
2
)dx +x(4y + 3)dy = 0.
152 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
Do do
_
L
+
_
CA
=
_
L
_
L
=
_
L
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Green ta co
_
L
=
__
ABC
[(4y + 3) 4y]dxdy = 3
__
ABC
dxdy
= 3S
ABC
= 3.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo do
.
d`ai sau day
1.
_
C
(x +y)ds, ( l`a doa
.
n tha
ng noi A(9, 6) vo
.
i B(1, 2). (DS. 36
5)
2.
_
C
xyds, ( l`a bien h`nh vuong [x[ +[y[ = a, a > 0. (DS. 0)
3.
_
C
(x +y)ds, ( l`a bien cu a tam gi ac d nh A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(0, 0).
(DS. 1 +
2)
4.
_
C
ds
x y
, ( l`a doa
.
n tha
ng noi A(0, 2) vo
.
i B(4, 0). (DS.
5 ln 2)
5.
_
C
_
x
2
+y
2
ds, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
= ax. (DS. 2a
2
)
6.
_
C
(x
2
+y
2
)
n
ds, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
= a
2
. (DS. 2a
2n+1
)
7.
_
C
e
x
2
+y
2
ds, ( l`a bien h`nh qua
.
t tr`on
12.3. Tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng 153
_
(r, ) : 0 r a, 0
4
_
.
(DS. 2(e
a
1) +
ae
a
4
)
8.
_
C
xyds, ( l`a mo
.
t pha
`
n tu
.
elip na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tu
.
I.
(DS.
ab
3
a
2
+ab +b
2
a +b
)
Ch da
n. Su
.
du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tham so cu a du
.
`o
.
ng elip: x =
a cos t, y = b sint.
9.
_
C
ds
_
x
2
+y
2
+ 4
, ( l`a doa
.
n tha
ng noi die
m O(0, 0) vo
.
i A(1, 2).
(DS. ln
5 + 3
4
)
10.
_
C
(x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
)ds, ( l`a cung du
.
`o
.
ng cong x = a cos t, y = a sint,
z = bt; 0 t 2, a > 0, b > 0.
(DS.
2
3
a
2
+b
2
(3a
2
+ 4
2
b
2
))
11.
_
C
x
2
ds, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on
_
_
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= a
2
x +y +z = 0
(DS.
2a
3
3
)
Ch da
n. Ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng
_
C
x
2
ds =
_
C
y
2
ds =
_
C
z
2
ds v`a t` u
.
do suy
ra
I =
1
3
_
C
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)ds.
154 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
12.
_
C
(x +y)ds, ( l`a mo
.
t pha
`
n tu
.
du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on
_
_
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
y = x
na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS. R
2
2)
13. Tnh
_
C
xyzds, ( l` a mo
.
t pha
`
n tu
.
du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on
_
_
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
x
2
+y
2
=
R
2
4
na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam I.
Tnh cac tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng theo to
.
a do
.
sau day
14.
_
C
y
2
dx +x
2
dy, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng t` u
.
die
m (0, 0) de
n die
m (1, 1):
1) ( l`a doa
.
n tha
ng.
2) ( l`a cung parabol y = x
2
.
3) ( l`a cung parabol y =
x.
(DS. 1)
2
3
; 2)
7
10
; 3)
7
10
)
15.
_
C
y
2
dx x
2
dy, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on ban knh R = 1 v`a co hu
.
o
.
ng
ngu
.
o
.
.
c chie
`
u kim do
`
ng ho
`
v`a:
1) vo
.
i tam ta
.
i goc to
.
a do
.
.
2) vo
.
i tam ta
.
i die
m (1, 1).
(DS. 1) 0; 2) 4)
16.
_
C
xdy ydx, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng gap kh uc d nh ta
.
i cac die
ng t` u
.
die
m (2, 2) de
n die
m
(2, 2). (DS. 2 sin2)
18.
_
C
(x
2
+y
2
)dx + (x
2
y
2
)dy, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng cong y = 1 [1 x[,
0 x 2. (DS.
4
3
)
19.
_
C
(x +y)dx + (x y)dy, ( l`a elip co hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1.
(DS. 0)
20.
_
C
(2a y)dx +xdy, ( l`a mo
.
t v`om cu on cu a du
.
`o
.
ng xicloid
x = a(t sint), y = a(1 cos t), 0 t 2. (DS. 2a
2
)
21.
_
C
dx +dy
[z[ +[y[
, ( l`a bien co hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng cu a h`nh vuong vo
.
i d nh
ta
.
i die
m
(0, 1) de
n die
m
(0, 1) de
n die
n
x = a(t sint), y = a(1 cos t), a > 0 co di
.
nh hu
.
o
.
ng theo hu
.
o
.
ng
tang cu a tham so. (DS. a
3
(5 2))
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Green de
2
)
31.
_
C
(x
2
+y
2
)dx + (x
2
y
2
)dy, ( l`a bien cu a tam gi ac ABC vo
.
i
A = (0, 0), B = (1, 0), C = (0, 1), Kie
m tra ke
t qua ba
`
ng cach
tnh tru
.
.
c tie
p. (DS. 0)
32.
_
C
(2xy x
2
)dx +(x +y
3
)dy, ( l`a bien cu a mie
`
n bi
.
cha
.
n gio
.
i ha
.
n
bo
.
i hai du
.
`o
.
ng y = x
2
v`a y
2
= x. Kie
m tra ke
t qua ba
`
ng cach tnh
tru
.
.
c tie
p. (DS.
1
30
)
33.
_
C
e
x
[(1 cos y)dx (y siny)dy], ( l`a bien cu a tam giac ABC
vo
.
i A = (1, 1), B = (0, 2) v`a C = (0, 0). (DS. 2(2 e))
12.3. Tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng 157
34.
_
C
(xy +x +y)dx + (xy +x y)dy, trong do ( l`a
a) elip
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1;
b) du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
= ax (a > 0). (DS. a) 0; b)
a
3
8
)
35.
_
C
xy
2
dx x
2
ydy, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
= R
2
. (DS.
R
4
2
)
36.
_
C
2(x
2
+ y
2
)dx + x(4y + 3)dy, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng gap kh uc vo
.
i d nh
A = (0, 0), B = (1, 1), C = (0, 2). Kie
m tra ke
t qua ba
`
ng cach tnh
tru
.
.
c tie
p. (DS. 3)
Ch da
n. Bo
ng de
thu du
.
o
.
.
c chu tuye
n dong.
37. Hay so sanh hai tch phan
I
1
=
_
AmB
(x +y)
2
dx (x y)
2
dy v`a I
2
=
_
AnB
(x +y)
2
dx (x y)
2
dy
ne
ng noi A(1, 1) vo
.
i B(2, 6) v`a AnB l`a cung parabol
qua A. B v`a goc to
.
a do
.
. (DS. I
1
I
2
= 2)
38. Tnh I =
_
AmBnA
(x + y)dx (x y)dy, trong do AmB l`a cung
parabol qua A(1, 0) v`a B(2, 3) v`a co tru
.
c doi x u
.
ng l`a tru
.
c Oy, c` on
AnB l`a doa
.
n tha
ng noi A vo
.
i B.
(DS.
1
3
)
Ch da
n. Da
`
u tien vie
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh parabol v`a du
.
`o
.
ng tha
ng, sau
do ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Green.
39. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng gia tri
.
cu a tch phan
_
C
(2xy y)dx + x
2
dy,
trong do ( l`a chu tuye
n dong, ba
`
ng die
.
n tch mie
`
n pha
ng vo
.
i bien l`a
(.
158 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
40.
_
C
(x +y)
2
dx (x
2
+y
2
)dy, ( l`a bien cu a ABC vo
.
i d nh
A(1, 1), B(3, 2) v`a C(2, 5). (DS. 46
2
3
)
41.
_
C
(y x
2
)dx + (x +y
2
)dy, ( l`a bien h`nh qua
.
t ban knh R v`a
goc (0
2
). (DS. 0)
42.
_
C
y
2
dx + (x +y)
2
dy, ( l`a bien cu a h`nh tam giac ABC vo
.
i
A(a, 0), B(a, a), C(0, a). (DS.
2a
3
3
)
12.4 Tch phan ma
.
t
12.4.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n
Gia su
.
cac h`am f(M), P(M), Q(M) v`a R(M), M = (x, y, z) lien tu
.
c
ta
.
i mo
.
i die
m M cu a ma
.
t tro
.
n, do du
.
o
.
.
c () (ma
.
t tro
.
n l`a ma
.
t c o ma
.
t
pha
ng tie
p x uc ta
.
i mo
.
i die
m cu a no). Chia mo
.
t c ach t` uy y ma
.
t ()
th`anh n ma nh con
0
,
1
, . . . ,
n1
vo
.
i die
.
n tch tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng l`a S
0
,
S
1
, . . . , S
n1
. Da
.
t d
k
= diam
k
; d = max
0kn1
d
k
. Trong mo
i ma nh
ma
.
t ta lay mo
.
t c ach t` uy y die
m N
i
. Tnh gia tri
.
cu a cac h`am da cho
ta
.
i die
m N
i
, i = 0, n 1. Ta k y hie
.
u cos (N
i
), cos (N
i
) v`a cos (N
i
)
l`a cac cosin ch phu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.
phap tuye
n n(N
i
) ta
.
i die
m N
i
cu a
ma
.
t ().
Xet hai cach la
.
p to
ng
n1
i=0
f(N
i
)S
i
12.4. Tch phan ma
.
t 159
(II) Kh ac vo
.
i cach la
.
p to
u cu a
cac ma nh do len cac ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a do
.
Oxy, Oxz v`a Oyz, t u
.
c l`a la
.
p
cac to
ng da
.
ng
xy
=
n1
i=0
P(N
i
)m(
i
xy
), m(
i
xy
) = pro
Oxy
(
i
);
xz
=
n1
i=0
Q(N
i
)m(
i
xz
), m(
i
xz
) = pro
Oxz
(
i
);
yz
=
n1
i=0
R(N
i
)m(
i
yz
), m(
i
yz
) = pro
Oyz
(
i
).
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 12.4.1. Ne
u to
`
n ta
.
i gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n
lim
d0
n1
i=1
f(N
i
)S
i
(12.34)
khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao phep phan hoa
.
ch ma
.
t () th`anh cac ma nh con
v`a khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao cach cho
.
n cac die
m trung gian N
i
i
th`
gio
.
i ha
.
n do go
.
i l`a tch phan ma
.
t theo die
.
n tch.
K y hie
.
u :
__
()
f(x, y, z)dS.
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 12.4.2. Cac tch phan ma
.
t theo to
.
a do
.
du
.
o
.
.
c di
.
nh ngha
bo
.
i
__
()
P(M)dxdy
def
= lim
d0
n1
i=0
P(N
i
)m(
i
xy
) (12.35)
__
()
Q(M)dxdz
def
= lim
d0
n1
i=0
Q(N
i
)m(
i
xz
) (12.36)
__
()
R(M)dydz
def
= lim
d0
n1
i=0
R(N
i
)m(
i
yz
) (12.37)
160 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
ne
u cac gio
.
i ha
.
n o
.
ve
pha i (12.35)-(12.37) to
`
n ta
.
i h u
.
u ha
.
n khong phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao phep phan hoa
.
ch ma
.
t () v`a cach cho
.
n die
m trung gian N
i
,
i = 0, n 1.
Tch phan ma
.
t theo to
.
a do
.
da
.
ng to
ng quat
__
()
P(M)dxdy +Q(M)dxdz +R(M)dydz
l`a to
u () l`a ma
.
t dong (kn !) th` tch phan ma
.
t theo pha ngo`ai cu a
no du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u
__
()
+
hoa
.
c do
.
n gia n l`a
__
()
ne
u noi ro () l`a ma
.
t n`ao;
c`on tch phan theo pha trong du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u
__
()
hoa
.
c do
.
n gia n l`a
__
()
khi da noi ro () l`a ma
.
t n`ao.
12.4.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng phap tnh tch phan ma
.
t
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap chung de
n do
i bie
u th u
.
c du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan th`anh bie
u th u
.
c hai bie
n m`a
mie
`
n bie
u do
.
n tri
.
cu a () len ma
.
t pha
ng
to
.
a do
.
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i cac bie
n do.
1
+
Ne
u ma
.
t () co phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh z = (x, y) th` tch phan ma
.
t
theo die
.
n tch du
.
o
.
.
c bie
n do
x
2
+
y
2
dxdy
__
()
f(x, y, z)dS =
__
D(x,y)
f[x, y, (x, y)]
_
1 +
x
2
+
y
2
dxdy (12.38)
trong do D(x, y) l`a h`nh chie
ng Oxy.
12.4. Tch phan ma
.
t 161
Ne
u ma
.
t () c o phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y = (x, z) th`
__
()
f(x, y, z)dS =
__
D(x,z)
f[x, (x, z), z]
_
1 +
x
2
+
z
2
dxdz, (12.39)
trong do D(x, z) = pro
Oxz
().
Ne
u ma
.
t () c o phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh x = g(y, z) th`
__
()
f()dS =
__
D(y,z)
f[g(y, z), y, z]
_
1 +g
y
2
+g
z
2
dydz, (12.40)
trong do D(y, z) = pro
Oyz
().
2
+
Gia thie
t ma
.
t () chie
u du
.
o
.
.
c do
.
n tri
.
len c ac ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a do
.
,
t u
.
c l` a ma
.
t c o phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng
z = (x, y), (x, y) D(x, y);
y = (x, z), (x, z) D(x, z);
x = g(y, z), (y, z) D(y, z).
Ta k y hie
.
u e
1
, e
2
, e
3
l`a c ac vecto
.
co
.
so
.
cu a R
3
v`a cos (M) = cos(
n, e
1
),
cos (M) = cos(
n, e
2
), cos (M) = cos(
n, e
3
). Do l`a cac cosin ch
phu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.
phap tuye
n v o
.
i ma
.
t () ta
.
i die
m M (). Khi do
cac tch phan ma
.
t theo to
.
a do
.
lay theo ma
.
t hai pha du
.
o
.
.
c tnh nhu
.
sau.
__
()
P(M)dxdy =
_
_
+
__
D(x,y)
P(x, y, (x, y))dxdy ne
u cos > 0;
__
D(x,y)
P(x, y, (x, y))dxdy ne
u cos < 0
(t u
.
c l` a dau + tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i phep tch phan theo pha ngo` ai (pha
tren) cu a ma
.
t, c` on dau tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i phep tch phan theo pha
trong (pha du
.
o
.
i) cu a ma
.
t.
162 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
ta c o
__
()
Q(M)dxdz =
_
_
+
__
D(x,z)
Q(x, (x, z), z)dxdz ne
u cos > 0,
__
D(x,z)
Q()dxdz ne
u cos < 0;
__
()
R(M)dydz =
_
_
+
__
D(y,z)
R(g(y, z), y, z)dydz ne
u cos > 0
__
D(y,z)
R()dydz ne
u cos < 0.
Nha
.
n xet. Tch phan ma
.
t theo to
.
a do
.
lay theo pha
`
n ma
.
t tru
.
vo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng
sinh song song vo
.
i tru
.
c Oz l`a ba
`
ng 0. Trong cac tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p tu
.
o
.
ng
tu
.
.
, cac tch phan ma
.
t theo to
.
a do
.
x, z hay y, z c ung = 0.
12.4.3 Cong th u
.
c Gauss-Ostrogradski
Do l`a cong th u
.
c
___
D
_
P
x
+
Q
y
+
R
z
_
dxdydz =
__
D
Pdydz +Qdxdz +Rdxdy.
No xac la
.
p moi lien he
.
gi u
.
a tch phan ma
.
t theo ma
.
t bien D cu a D
vo
.
i tch phan 3-lo
.
p lay theo mie
`
n D R
3
.
12.4.4 Cong th u
.
c Stokes
Do l`a cong th u
.
c
_
L
Pdx +Qdy +Rdz =
__
()
_
Q
x
P
y
_
dxdy +
_
R
y
Q
z
_
dydz
+
_
P
z
R
x
_
dzdx.
12.4. Tch phan ma
.
t 163
No xac la
.
p moi lien he
.
gi u
.
a tch phan ma
.
t theo ma
.
t () vo
.
i tch phan
du
.
`o
.
ng lay theo b`o
.
L cu a ma
.
t ().
Ta nha
.
n xet ra
`
ng so ha
.
ng th u
.
nhat o
.
ve
pha i cu a c ong th u
.
c Stokes
c ung chnh l`a ve
pha i cong th u
.
c Green. Hai so ha
.
ng c`on la
.
i thu du
.
o
.
.
c
t` u
.
do bo
.
i phep hoan vi
.
tua
`
n ho`an cac bie
n x, y, z v`a c ac h`am P, Q, R:
x
z y
P
R Q
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Tnh tch phan
__
()
(6x + 4y + 3z)dS, trong do () l`a pha
`
n
ma
.
t pha
ng x + 2y + 3z = 6 na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam th u
.
nhat.
Gia i. Ma
.
t tch phan l`a tam giac ABC tronng do A(6, 0, 0),
B(0, 3, 0) v`a C(0, 0, 2). Su
.
du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cu a () de
bie
n do
i
tch phan ma
.
t th`anh tch phan 2-lo
.
p. T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cu a () r ut
ra z =
1
3
(6 x 2y). T` u
.
do
dS =
_
1 +z
x
2
+z
y
2
dxdy =
14
2
dxdy.
Do do
I =
14
3
__
OAB
[(6x + 4y +
3
3
(6 x 2y)]dxdy
=
14
3
3
_
0
dy
62y
_
0
(5x + 2y + 6)dx
=
14
3
3
_
0
__
5
2
x
2
+ 2xy + 6x
_
62y
0
_
dy = 54
14.
164 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
V du
.
2. Tnh
__
()
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
dS, () l`a pha
`
n paraboloid tr`on
xoay z = 1 x
2
y
2
na
`
m tren ma
.
t pha
ng Oxy.
Gia i. Ma
.
t () chie
u du
.
o
.
.
c do
.
n tri
.
len ma
.
t pha
u cu a no: D(x, y) =
_
(x, y) : x
2
+y
2
1
_
. Ta
tnh dS. Ta co z
x
= 2x, z
y
= 2y dS =
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
dxdy.
Do va
.
y
__
()
=
__
D(x,y)
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
dxdy
=
__
x
2
+y
2
1
(1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
)dxdy.
Ba
`
ng cach chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c ta co
I =
2
_
0
d
1
_
0
(1 + 4r
2
)rdr = 3.
V du
.
3. Tnh tch phan
__
()
(y
2
+z
2
dxdy, trong do () l`a pha ngo`ai
cu a ma
.
t z =
1 x
2
gi o
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng y = 0, y = 1.
Gia i. Ma
.
t () l`a nu
.
a tren cu a ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+ z
2
= 1, z 0. Do do
h`nh chie
u cu a () len ma
.
t pha
1 x
2
nen
cos > 0 v`a
__
()
(y
2
+z
2
)dxdy =
__
D(x,y)
[y
2
+ (
1 x
2
)
2
]dxdy
=
1
_
1
dx
1
_
0
(y
2
+ 1 x
2
)dy = 2.
12.4. Tch phan ma
.
t 165
V du
.
4. Tnh tch phan
__
()
2dxdy +ydxdz x
2
zdydz, trong do ()
l`a pha tren cu a pha
`
n elipxoid 4x
2
+y
2
+4z
2
= 1 na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n
tam I.
Gia i. Ta vie
bie
n do
i mo
i tch phan. Lu
.
u
y ra
`
ng cos > 0, cos > 0, cos > 0.
(i) V` h`nh chie
u cu a ma
.
t () len ma
.
t pha
u cu a () len ma
.
t pha
1 x
2
z
2
dxdz = [chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c[
= 2
/2
_
0
d
1
_
0
1 r
2
rdr =
3
(iii) H`nh chie
u cu a () len ma
.
t pha
ng Oyz l`a mo
.
t pha
`
n tu
.
h`nh
elip
y
2
4
+ z
2
1 (y 0, z 0). T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ma
.
t () r ut ra
166 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
x =
_
1
y
2
4
z
2
ro
`
i the
v`ao h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan cu a I
3
:
I
3
=
__
()
x
2
zdydz =
__
D(y,z)
z
_
1
y
2
4
z
2
_
dydz
=
1
_
0
dz
2
1z
2
_
0
z
_
1
y
2
4
z
2
_
dy = =
4
15
Nhu
.
va
.
y I = 2I
1
+I
2
I
3
=
4
3
4
15
V du
.
5. Tnh
__
()
ng x+y +z = 1 v`a c ac ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a do
.
, tch phan du
.
o
.
.
c
lay theo pha trong cu a t u
.
die
.
n.
Gia i. Ma
.
t pha
ng x + y + z = 1 ca
t c ac tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
ta
.
i A(1, 0, 0),
B(0, 1, 0) v`a C = (0, 0, 1). Ta k y hie
.
u goc to
.
a do
.
l`a O(0, 0, 0). T` u
.
do
suy ra ma
.
t kn () go
`
m t` u
.
4 h`nh tam giac ABC, BCO, ACO
v`a ABO. Do va
.
y tch phan da cho l`a to
(Lu
.
u y ra
`
ng cos = cos(n, Oy) < 0 v` vecto
.
n la
.
p vo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng
tru
.
c Oy mo
.
t goc t` u, do do tru
.
o
.
c tch phan theo ACO xuat hie
.
n dau
tr` u
.
)
(ii)
__
(BCD)
ydxdz =
__
(ABO)
ydxdz = 0
12.4. Tch phan ma
.
t 167
v` ma
.
t pha
ng Oxz.
(iii)
__
(ACO)
ydxdz =
__
ACO
0dxdz = 0.
Va
.
y I =
1
6
.
V du
.
6. Tnh tch phan I =
__
()
x
3
dydz + y
3
dzdx + z
3
dxdy, trong
do () l` a pha ngo`ai ma
.
t c a
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
.
Gia i.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Gauss-Ostrogradski ta c o
__
()
= 3
___
D
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dxdydz
trong do D R
3
l`a mie
`
n vo
.
i bien l`a ma
.
t (). Chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
ca
`
u ta c o
3
___
D
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dxdydz = 3
2
_
0
d
_
0
sind
R
_
0
r
4
dr
=
12R
5
5
Va
.
y I =
12R
5
5
V du
.
7. Tnh tch phan
_
L
x
2
y
3
dx +dy +zdz, trong do L l`a du
.
`o
.
ng
tr`on x
2
+ y
2
= 1, z = 0, c`on ma
.
t () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a nu
.
a ma
.
t c a
`
u
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1, z > 0 v`a L co di
.
nh hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng.
Gia i. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay P = x
2
y
3
, Q = 1, R = z. Do do
Q
x
P
y
= 3x
2
y
2
,
R
y
Q
z
= 0,
P
z
R
x
= 0
168 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
v`a do do theo cong th u
.
c Stokes ta c o
_
L
= 3
__
()
x
2
y
2
dxdy =
8
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tnh cac tch phan ma
.
t theo die
.
n tch sau day
1.
__
()
(x +y +z)dS, () l`a ma
.
t la
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng 0 x 1, 0 1,
0 z 1. (DS. 9)
2.
__
()
(2x+y +z)dS, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng x+y +z = 1 na
`
m trong
goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS.
2
3
3
)
3.
__
()
_
z + 2x +
4y
3
_
dS, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng 6x + 4y + 3z = 12
na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS. 4
61)
4.
__
()
_
x
2
+y
2
dS, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t non z
2
= x
2
+y
2
, 0 z 1.
(DS.
2
2
3
)
5.
__
()
(y + z +
a
2
x
2
)dS, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
na
`
m
gi u
.
a hai ma
.
t pha
3)+(
31) ln 2)
10.
__
()
(x
2
+ y
2
)dS, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t paraboloid x
2
+ y
2
= 2z du
.
o
.
.
c
ca
t ra bo
.
i ma
.
t pha
ng z = 1. (DS.
55 + 9
3
65
)
11.
__
()
_
1 + 4x
2
+ 4y
2
dS, () l` a pha
`
n ma
.
t paraboloid z = 1x
2
y
2
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng z = 0 v`a z = 1. (DS. 3)
12.
__
()
(x
2
+ y
2
)dS, () l`a ph a
`
n ma
.
t non z =
_
x
2
+y
2
na
`
m gi u
.
a
cac ma
.
t pha
ng z = 0 v`a z = 1. (DS.
2
2
)
13.
__
()
(xy + yz + zx)dS, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t non z =
_
x
2
+y
2
na
`
m
trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= 2ax (a > 0). (DS.
64a
4
2
15
)
14.
__
()
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)dS, () l`a ma
.
t c a
`
u. (DS. 4)
15.
__
()
xds, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t du
.
o
.
.
c c a
t ra t` u
.
partaboloid 10x = y
2
+z
2
170 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
bo
.
i ma
.
t pha
ng x = 10. (DS.
50
3
(1 + 25
5))
Su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c tnh die
.
n tch ma
.
t S() =
__
()
dS de
tnh die
.
n
tch cu a pha
`
n ma
.
t () ne
u
16. () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng 2x + 2y +z = 8a na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= R
2
. (DS. 3R
2
)
17. () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t tru
.
y +z
2
= R
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= R
2
. (DS. 8R
2
)
18. () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t paraboloid x
2
+y
2
= 6z na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= 27. (DS. 42)
19. () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t c a
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 3a
2
na
`
m trong paraboloid
x
2
+y
2
= 2az. (DS. 2a
2
(3
3))
20. () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t non z
2
= 2xy na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam I gi u
.
a
hai ma
.
t pha
ng x = 2, y = 4. (DS. 16)
21. () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= Rx na
`
m trong ma
.
t c a
`
u
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
. (DS. 4R
2
)
Tnh cac tch phan ma
.
t theo to
.
a do
.
sau:
22.
__
()
dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai pha
`
n ma
.
t non z =
_
x
2
+y
2
khi
0 z 1. (DS. )
23.
__
()
ydzdx, () l`a pha tren cu a pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng x + y + z = a
(a > 0) na
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS.
a
3
6
)
24.
__
()
xdydz +ydzdx+zdxdy, () l`a pha tren cu a pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng
x +z 1 = 0 na
`
m gi u
.
a hai ma
.
t pha
ng 2x + 3y +z = 6 thuo
.
c goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS. 6)
26.
__
()
yzdydz +xzdxdz +xydxdy, () l`a pha tren cu a tam giac ta
.
o
bo
.
i giao tuye
n cu a ma
.
t pha
ng x + y + z = a vo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a
do
.
. (DS.
a
4
8
)
27.
__
()
x
2
dydz +z
2
dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a pha
`
n ma
.
t non
x
2
+y
2
= z
2
, 0 z 1. (DS.
4
3
)
28.
__
()
xdydz +ydzdx +zdxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai pha
`
n ma
.
t c a
`
u
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= a
2
. (DS. 4a
3
)
29.
__
()
x
2
dydz y
2
dzdx +z
2
dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a ma
.
t c a
`
u
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
thuo
.
c goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS.
a
4
8
)
30.
__
()
2dxdy + ydzdx x
2
zdydz, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a pha
`
n ma
.
t
elipxoid 4x
2
+y
2
+ 4z
2
= 4 thuo
.
c goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS.
4
3
4
15
)
31.
__
()
(y
2
+z
2
)dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a ma
.
t tru
.
z
2
= 1 x
2
,
0 y 1. (DS.
3
)
32.
__
()
(z R)
2
dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a nu
.
a ma
.
t c a
`
u
x
2
+y
2
+ (z R)
2
= R
2
, R z 2R. (DS.
5
24
)
172 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
33.
__
()
x
2
dydz +y
2
dzdx +z
2
dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a pha
`
n ma
.
t
ca
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= a
2
thuo
.
c goc pha
`
n tam I. (DS.
3a
4
8
)
34.
__
()
z
2
dxdy, () l`a pha trong cu a ma
.
t elipxoid
x
2
+y
2
+ 2z
2
= 2. (DS. 0)
35.
__
()
(z + 1)dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a ma
.
t c a
`
u
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
. (DS.
4R
3
3
)
36.
__
()
x
2
dydz +y
2
dzdx +z
2
dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a ma
.
t c a
`
u
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
. (DS.
8R
3
3
(a +b +c))
37.
__
()
x
2
y
2
zdxdy, () l`a pha trong cu a nu
.
a du
.
o
.
i ma
.
t c a
`
u
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
. (DS.
2R
7
105
)
38.
__
()
xzdxdy +xydydz +yzdxdz, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a t u
.
die
.
n ta
.
o
bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a do
.
v`a ma
.
t pha
ng x +y +z = 1. (DS.
1
8
)
Ch da
n. Su
.
du
.
ng nha
.
n xet neu trong pha
`
n l y thuye
t.
39.
__
()
yzdydz + xzdxdz + xydxdy, () l`a pha ngo` ai cu a ma
.
t bien
t u
.
die
.
n la
.
p bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = a.
(DS. 0)
40.
__
()
x
2
dydz + y
2
dzdx + z
2
dxdy, () l`a pha ngo`ai cu a nu
.
a tren
12.4. Tch phan ma
.
t 173
ma
.
t c a
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
(z 0). (DS.
R
4
2
)
Ap du
.
ng c ong th u
.
c Gauss-Ostrogradski de
u ma
.
t khong kn th` bo
sung de
no tro
.
th`anh
kn)
41.
__
()
x
2
dydz +y
2
dzdx +z
2
dxdy, () l`a ma
.
t c a
`
u
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
. (DS.
8
3
(a +b +c)R
3
)
42.
__
()
xdydz +ydzdx +zdxdy, () l`a ma
.
t c a
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
.
(DS. 4R
3
)
43.
__
()
4x
3
dydz + 4y
3
dzdx 6z
2
dxdy, () l`a bien cu a pha
`
n h`nh
tru
.
x
2
+y
2
a
2
, 0 z h. (DS. 6a
2
(a
2
h
2
))
44.
__
()
(y z)dydz + (z x)dzdx + (x y)dxdy, () l`a pha
`
n ma
.
t
non x
2
+y
2
= z
2
, 0 x h. (DS. 0)
Ch da
n. V` () khong kn nen c a
`
n bo
sung pha
`
n ma
.
t pha
ng z = h
na
`
m trong non de
thu du
.
o
.
.
c ma
.
t kn.
45.
__
()
dydz +zxdzdx +xydxdy, () l`a bien cu a mie
`
n
(x, y, z) : x
2
+y
2
a
2
, 0 z h. (DS. 0)
46.
__
()
ydydz + zdzdx + xdxdy, () l`a ma
.
t cu a h`nh chop gio
.
i ha
.
n
bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng
x +y +z = a (a > 0), x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. (DS. 0)
47.
__
()
x
3
dydz +y
3
dzdx +z
3
dxdy, () l`a ma
.
t c a
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= x.
174 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
(DS.
5
)
48.
__
()
x
3
dydz +y
3
dzdx +z
3
dxdy, () l`a ma
.
t c a
`
u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= a
2
.
(DS.
12a
5
5
)
49.
__
()
z
2
dxdy, () l`a ma
.
t elipxoid
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
= 1. (DS. 0)
Ch da
n. Xem v du
.
10, mu
.
c III.
50.
__
()
xdydz +ydzdx+zdxdy, () l`a ma
.
t elipxoid
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
= 1.
(Ds. 4abc)
51.
__
()
xdydz +ydzdx +zdxdy, () l`a bien h`nh tru
.
x
2
+y
2
a
2
,
h z h. (DS. 6a
2
h)
52.
__
()
x
2
dydz +y
2
dzdx +z
2
dxdy, () l`a bien cu a h`nh la
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng
0 x a, 0 y a, 0 z a. (DS. 3a
4
)
De
ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Stokes, ta lu
.
u y la
.
i quy u
.
o
.
c
Hu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng cu a chu tuye
n cu a ma
.
t () du
.
o
.
.
c quy u
.
o
.
c nhu
.
sau: Ne
u mo
.
t ngu
.
`o
.
i quan tra
c d u
.
ng tren pha du
.
o
.
.
c cho
.
n cu a ma
.
t (t u
.
c
l`a hu
.
o
.
ng t` u
.
chan de
n da
`
u tr` ung vo
.
i hu
.
o
.
ng cu a vecto
.
phap tuye
n) th`
khi ngu
.
`o
.
i quan sat di chuye
n tren theo hu
.
o
.
ng do th` ma
.
t () luon
luon na
`
m ben trai.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Stokes de
n cu a ma
.
t pha
ng 2x 3y +
4z 12 = 0 vo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng to
.
a do
.
. (DS. 7)
12.4. Tch phan ma
.
t 175
54.
_
C
ydx+zdy+xdz, ( l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= R
2
, x+y+z = 0
co hu
.
o
.
ng ngu
.
o
.
.
c chie
`
u kim do
`
ng ho
`
ne
u nh`n t` u
.
pha
`
n du
.
o
.
ng tru
.
c Ox.
(DS.
3R
2
)
55.
_
C
(y z)dx + (z x)dy + (x y)dz, ( l`a elip x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
,
x
a
+
z
h
= 1 (a > 0, h > 0) c o hu
.
o
.
ng ngu
.
o
.
.
c chie
`
u kim do
`
ng ho
`
ne
u
nh`n t` u
.
die
2a
2
sin
_
4
))
57.
_
C
(yz)dx+(z x)dy+(xy)dz, ( l`a elip x
2
+y
2
= 1, x+z = 1
co hu
.
o
.
ng ngu
.
o
.
.
c chie
`
u kim do
`
ng ho
`
ne
u nh`n t` u
.
pha
`
n du
.
o
.
ng tru
.
c Oz.
(DS. 4)
58.
_
C
(y
2
z
2
)dx+(z
2
x
2
)dy +(x
2
y
2
)dz, ( l`a bien cu a thie
t die
.
n
cu a la
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng 0 x a, 0 y a, 0 z a vo
.
i ma
.
t pha
ng
x +y +z =
3a
2
co hu
.
o
.
ng ngu
.
o
.
.
c chie
`
u kim do
`
ng ho
`
ne
u nh`n t` u
.
die
m
(2a, 0, 0). (DS.
9
2
a
3
)
59.
_
C
e
x
dx + z(x
2
+ y
2
)
3/2
dy + yz
3
dz, ( l`a giao tuye
n cu a ma
.
t z =
_
x
2
+y
2
vo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha
ng x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 1.
(DS. 14)
60.
_
C
8y
_
(1 x
2
z
2
)
3
dx+xy
3
dy +sin zdz, ( l`a bien cu a mo
.
t pha
`
n
tu
.
elipxoid 4x
2
+y
2
+ 4z
2
= 4 n a
`
m trong goc pha
`
n tam th u
.
I.
176 Chu
.
o
.
ng 12. Tch phan h`am nhie
`
u bie
n
(DS.
32
5
)
Chu
.
o
.
ng 13
L y thuye
t chuo
i
13.1 Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.1.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.1.2 Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
13.2 Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi v`a ho
.
i tu
.
khong
tuye
.
t doi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
13.2.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
13.2.2 Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
13.3.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
13.3.2 D
-
ie `u kie
.
n khai trie
n v`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap khai
trie
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
13.4 Chuo
i Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13.4.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13.4.2 Dau hie
.
u du ve ` su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i Fourier 212
178 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
13.1 Chuo
i so
du
.
o
.
ng
13.1.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n
Gia su
.
cho day so (a
n
). Bie
u th u
.
c da
.
ng
a
1
+a
2
+ +a
n
+ =
n=1
a
n
=
n1
a
n
(13.1)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chu o
i s o (hay do
.
n gia n l`a chuo
i). C ac so a
1
, . . . , a
n
, . . .
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cac so ha
.
ng cu a chuo
i, so ha
.
ng a
n
go
.
i l`a s o ha
.
ng to
ng qu at
cu a chuo
i. To
ng n so ha
.
ng da
`
u tien cu a chuo
i du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a to
ng rieng
th u
.
n cu a chuo
i v`a k y hie
.
u l`a s
n
, t u
.
c l`a
s
n
= a
1
+a
2
+ +a
n
.
V` so so ha
.
ng cu a chuo
i l`a vo ha
.
n nen cac to
ng rieng cu a chuo
i la
.
p
th`anh day vo ha
.
n cac to
ng rieng s
1
, s
2
, . . . , s
n
, . . .
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 13.1.1. Chuo
i (13.1) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chu o
i h o
.
i tu
.
ne
u day
cac to
ng rieng (s
n
) cu a no co gi o
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n v`a gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c
go
.
i l`a to
ng cu a chuo
i h o
.
i tu
.
. Ne
u day (s
n
) khong co gio
.
i ha
.
n h u
.
u ha
.
n
th` chuo
chu o
i (13.1) ho
.
i tu
.
l` a s o ha
.
ng t o
ng
quat cu a no da
`
n de
n 0 khi n , t u
.
c l`a lim
n
a
n
= 0.
Di
.
nh l y 13.1.1 ch l`a die
`
u kie
.
n c a
`
n ch u
.
khong l`a die
`
u kie
.
n du .
Nhu
.
ng t` u
.
do c o the
r ut ra die
`
u kie
.
n du de
chuo
i phan k` y: Ne
u
lim
n
a
n
,= 0 th` chu o
n1
a
n
phan k`y.
Chuo
nm+1
a
n
thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
chuo
n1
a
n
sau khi ca
t bo m so ha
.
ng
da
`
u tien du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a pha
`
n du
.
th u
.
m cu a chuo
n1
a
n
. Ne
u chuo
i (13.1)
ho
.
i tu
.
th` mo
.
i pha
`
n du
.
cu a no de
`
u ho
.
i tu
.
, v` a mo
.
t pha
`
n du
.
n`ao do
ho
.
i tu
.
th` ba n than chuo
i c ung ho
.
i tu
.
. Ne
u pha
`
n du
.
th u
.
m cu a chuo
i
13.1. Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng 179
(13.1) ho
.
i tu
.
v`a to
ng cu a no ba
`
ng R
m
th` s = s
m
+R
m
. Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
co c ac tnh chat quan tro
.
ng l`a
(i) Vo
.
i so m co di
.
nh bat k` y chuo
i pha
`
n du
.
th u
.
m
cu a no do
`
ng th`o
.
i ho
.
i tu
.
hoa
.
c do
`
ng th`o
.
i phan k` y.
(ii) Ne
u chuo
i (13.1) ho
.
i tu
.
th` R
m
0 khi m
(iii) Ne
u cac chuo
n1
a
n
v`a
n1
b
n
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a , l`a ha
`
ng so th`
n1
(a
n
+b
n
) =
n1
a
n
+
n1
b
n
.
13.1.2 Chuo
i so
du
.
o
.
ng
Chuo
i so
n1
a
n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng ne
u a
n
0 n N. Ne
u
a
n
> 0 n th` chuo
i du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l` a chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng thu
.
.
c su
.
.
.
Tieu chu a
n ho
.
i tu
.
. Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng ho
.
i tu
.
khi v`a ch khi day to
ng
rieng cu a no bi
.
cha
.
n tren.
Nh`o
.
die
`
u kie
.
n n`ay, ta co the
thu du
.
o
.
.
c nh u
.
ng dau hie
.
u du sau day:
Dau hie
.
u so s anh I. Gia su
.
cho hai chuo
i so
A :
n1
a
n
, a
n
0 n N v`a B :
n1
b
n
, b
n
0 n N
v`a a
n
b
n
n N. Khi do:
(i) Ne
u chuo
i so B ho
.
i tu
.
th` chuo
i so A ho
.
i tu
.
,
(ii) Ne
u chuo
i so B phan k` y.
Dau hie
.
u so sanh II. Gia su
.
cac chuo
i so A v`a B l`a nh u
.
ng chuo
i
so du
.
o
.
ng thu
.
.
c su
.
.
v`a lim
n
a
n
b
n
= (ro r`ang l`a 0 +). Khi
do:
(i) Ne
u < th` t` u
.
su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i so B keo theo su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i so A
(ii) Ne
u > 0 th` t` u
.
su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i so A keo theo su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i so B
180 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
(iii) Ne
i A v`a B do
`
ng th`o
.
i ho
.
i tu
.
hoa
.
c
do
`
ng th`o
.
i phan k` y.
Trong thu
.
.
c h`anh dau hie
.
u so sanh thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c su
.
du
.
ng du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
thu
.
.
c h`anh sau day:
Dau hie
.
u thu
.
.
c h`anh. Ne
u doi vo
.
i day so du
.
o
.
ng (a
n
) to
`
n ta
.
i cac so
p v`a C > 0 sao cho a
n
C
n
p
, n th` chuo
n1
a
n
ho
.
i tu
.
ne
u p > 1
v`a phan k` y ne
u p 1.
Cac chuo
i thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c d` ung de
so sanh l`a
1) Chuo
i cap so nhan
n0
aq
n
, a ,= 0 ho
.
i tu
.
khi 0 q < 1 v`a phan
k` y khi q 1.
2) Chuo
i Dirichlet:
n1
1
n
ho
.
i tu
.
khi > 1 v`a phan k` y khi 1.
Chuo
i phan k` y
n1
1
n
go
.
i l`a chuo
i die
`
u h`oa.
T` u
.
dau hie
.
u so sanh I v`a chuo
i so sanh 1) ta r ut ra:
Dau hie
.
u DAlembert. Ne
u chuo
i a
1
+a
2
+ +a
n
+. . . , a
n
> 0
n co
lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
= T
th` chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
khi T < 1 v`a phan k` y khi T > 1.
Dau hie
.
u Cauchy. Ne
u chuo
i a
1
+ a
2
+ +a
n
+. . . , a
n
0 n
co
lim
n
n
a
n
= (
th` chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
khi ( < 1 v`a phan k` y khi ( > 1.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi T = ( = 1 th` ca hai dau hie
.
u n`ay de
`
u
khong cho cau tra l`o
.
i kha
ng di
.
nh v` to
`
n ta
.
i chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
la
n chuo
i
phan k` y vo
.
i T hoa
.
c ( ba
`
ng 1.
Dau hie
.
u tch phan. Ne
n1
f(n) ho
.
i tu
.
khi v`a ch khi tch phan suy ro
.
ng
13.1. Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng 181
_
0
f(x)dx ho
.
i tu
.
.
T` u
.
dau hie
.
u tch phan suy ra chuo
n1
1
n
ho
.
i tu
.
khi > 1 v`a
phan k` y khi 0 < 1. Ne
u 0 th` do a
n
=
1
n
,0 khi 0 v`a
n nen chuo
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a cac chuo
i
1)
n1
1
_
n(n + 1)
; 2)
n7
1
n
ln n
Gia i. 1) Su
.
du
.
ng bat da
ng th u
.
c hie
n nhien
1
_
n(n + 1)
>
1
n + 1
V` chuo
n1
1
n + 1
l`a pha
`
n du
.
sau so ha
.
ng th u
.
nhat cu a chuo
i die
`
u
h`oa nen no phan k` y.
Do do theo dau hie
.
u so sanh I chuo
i da cho phan k` y.
2) V` lnn > 2 n > 7 nen
1
n
ln n
<
1
n
2
n > 7.
Do chuo
i Dirichlet
n7
1
n
2
ho
.
i tu
.
nen suy ra ra
`
ng chuo
i da cho ho
.
i
tu
.
.
V du
.
2. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a cac chuo
i:
1)
n1
(n 1)
n
n
n+1
, 2)
n1
n
2
e
n
.
Gia i. 1) Ta vie
t so ha
.
ng to
i du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng:
(n 1)
n
n
n+1
=
1
n
_
1
1
n
_
n
.
182 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
Ta bie
t ra
`
ng lim
n
_
1
1
n
_
n
=
1
e
nen a
n
n
1
ne
.
Nhu
.
ng chuo
n
1
ne
phan k` y, do do chuo
i da cho phan k` y.
2) R o r`ang l`a dau hie
.
u DAlembert v`a Cauchy khong gia i quye
t
du
.
o
.
.
c v an de
`
ve
`
su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
. Ta nha
.
n xet ra
`
ng e
n
= 0(n
2
) khi n
( > 0). T` u
.
do
n1
a
n
=
n1
1
n
a
0
2
2
ho
.
i tu
.
ne
u a
0
> 6. Do va
.
y theo dau hie
.
u so sanh I chuo
n1
n
2
e
n
ho
.
i tu
.
.
V du
.
3. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i
1)
n1
2
n
+n
2
3
n
+n
, 2)
n1
(n!)
2
(2n)!
Gia i. 1) Ta c o:
a
n+1
a
n
=
2
n+1
+ (n + 1)
2
3
n+1
+ (n + 1)
3
n
+n
2
n
+n
2
=
_
2 +
(n + 1)
2
2
n
_
3 +
n + 1
3
n
1 +
n
3
n
1 +
n
2
2
n
,
n
a
n
=
2
3
n
_
1 +
n
2
2
n
1 +
n
3
n
T` u
.
do suy ra lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
=
2
3
v`a lim
n
n
a
n
=
2
3
. V`a ca hai dau hie
.
u
Cauchy, DAlembert de
`
u cho ke
t lua
.
n chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
.
2)
Ap du
.
ng dau hie
.
u DAlembert ta c o:
T = lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
= lim
n
(n + 1)
2
(2n + 2)(2n + 1)
=
1
4
< 1.
Do do chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
.
13.1. Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng 183
Nha
.
n xet. Ne
u ap du
.
ng bat da
ng th u
.
c
_
n
e
_
n
< n! < e
_
n
2
_
n
th`
(n!)
2
n
_
(2n)!
_1
n
<
e
2
n
_
n
2
_
2
_
2n
e
_
2
=
e
2+
2
n
4
2
,
do do lim
n
n
a
n
<
_
e
4
_
2
< 1 v`a khi do dau hie
.
u Cauchy c ung cho ta
ke
t lua
.
n.
V du
.
4. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i
1)
n1
2n
n
2
+ 1
, 2)
n2
1
nln
p
n
, p > 0.
Gia i. 1) Ta co a
n
=
2n
n
2
+ 1
= f(n). Trong bie
u th u
.
c cu a so ha
.
ng
to
ng quat cu a a
n
=
2n
n
2
+ 1
ta thay n bo
.
i bie
n lien tu
.
c x v`a ch u
.
ng to
ra
`
ng h`am f(x) thu du
.
o
.
.
c lien tu
.
c do
.
n die
.
u gia m tren nu
.
a tru
.
c du
.
o
.
ng.
Ta co:
+
_
1
2x
x
2
+ 1
dx = lim
A+
A
_
1
2x
x
2
+ 1
dx = lim
A+
ln(x
2
+ 1)
A
1
= ln(+) ln2 = .
Do do chuo
i 1) phan k` y.
2) Nhu
.
tren, ta da
.
t f(x) =
1
xln
p
x
, p > 0, x 2. H` am f(x) thoa
man mo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n cu a dau hie
.
u tch phan. V` tch phan
+
_
2
dx
xln
p
x
ho
.
i
tu
.
khi p > 1 v`a phan k` y khi p 1 nen chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
khi p > 1
v`a phan k` y khi 0 < p 1-
184 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
V du
.
5. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng chuo
n1
n + 2
(n + 1)
n
thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n
ca
`
n ho
.
i tu
.
nhu
.
ng chuo
i phan k` y.
Gia i. Ta co
a
n
=
n + 2
(n + 1)
n
(n)
1
n
lim
n
a
n
= 0.
Tie
p theo k = 1, 2, . . . , n ta co
a
k
=
k + 2
(k + 1)
k
>
1
n
v`a do do
s
n
=
n
k=1
a
k
n
1
n
=
n + khi n
v`a do do chuo
i phan k` y.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day, ba
`
ng cach kha o sat gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a to
ng
rieng, hay xac la
.
p tnh ho
.
i tu
.
(v`a tnh to
i
1.
n1
1
3
n1
. (DS. S =
3
2
)
2.
n0
(1)
n
2
n
. (DS.
2
3
)
3.
n1
(1)
n1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
4.
n0
ln
2n
2. (DS.
1
1 ln
2
2
)
5.
n1
1
n(n + 5)
. (DS.
137
300
)
13.1. Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng 185
6.
n1
1
( +n)( +n + 1)
, 0. (DS.
1
+ 1
)
7.
n3
1
n
2
4
. (DS.
25
48
)
8.
n1
2n + 1
n
2
(n + 1)
2
. (DS. 1)
9.
n1
(
3
n + 2 1
3
n + 1 +
3
n). (DS. 1
3
2)
10.
n1
1
n(n + 3)(n + 6)
. (DS.
73
1080
)
Su
.
du
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n ca
`
n 2) de
xac di
.
nh xem cac chuo
i
n`ao phan k` y.
11.
n1
(1)
n1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
12.
n1
2n 1
3n + 2
. (DS. Phan k` y)
13.
n1
n
_
0, 001. (DS. Phan k` y)
14.
n1
1
2n
. (DS. Dau hie
.
u ca
`
n khong cho c au tra l`o
.
i)
15.
n1
2n
3
n
. (DS. Dau hie
.
u ca
`
n khong cho c au tra l`o
.
i)
16.
n1
1
n
0, 3
. (DS. Phan k` y)
17.
n1
1
n
n!
. (DS. Phan k` y)
18.
n1
n
2
sin
1
n
2
+n + 1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
186 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
19.
n1
_
1 +
1
n
_
n
2
e
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
20.
n1
_
2n
2
+ 1
2n
2
+ 3
_
n
2
. (DS. Phan k` y)
21.
n1
n
n+
1
n
_
n +
1
n
_
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
22.
n1
n + 2
(n + 1)
n
. (DS. Dau hie
.
u ca
`
n khong cho c au tra l`o
.
i)
23.
n1
(n + 1)arctg
1
n + 2
. (DS. Phan k` y)
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day, hay d` ung dau hie
.
u so sanh de
kha o
sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a cac chuo
i da cho
24
n1
1
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
25.
n1
1
n
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
). Ch da
n. n
n
> 2
n
n 3.
26.
n1
1
lnn
. (DS. Phan k` y). Ch da
n. So sanh vo
.
i chuo
i die
`
u h`oa.
27.
n1
1
n3
n1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
28.
n1
1
3
n + 1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
29.
n1
1
2
n
+ 1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
30.
n1
n
(n + 2)2
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
13.1. Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng 187
31.
n1
1
_
(n + 2)(n
2
+ 1)
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
32.
n1
5n
2
3n + 10
3n
5
+ 2n + 17
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
33.
n1
5 + 3(1)
n
2
n+3
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
). Ch da
n. 2 5 + 3(1)
n
8.
34.
n1
lnn
n
. (DS. Phan k` y). Ch da
n1
lnn
n
2
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
Ch da
n. Su
.
du
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c lnn < n
> 0 v`a n du lo
.
n.
36.
n1
lnn
3
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
37.
n1
n
5
5
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
38.
n1
1
n
sin
1
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
39.
n1
n
4
+ 4n
2
+ 1
2
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
40.
n1
n
2
(
n
a
n+1
n1
(
n
2
n+1
2). (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
42.
n1
1
1 +a
n
, a > 0. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
khi a > 1. Phan k` y khi 0 < a 1)
43.
n1
sin
n
n
2
n +n + 1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day, hay xac di
.
nh nh u
.
ng gia tri
.
cu a tham
so p de
chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
hoa
.
c phan k` y:
188 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
44.
n1
_
sin
n
_
p
, p > 0. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
ne
u p > 1, phan k` y ne
u p 1)
45.
n1
tg
p
n + 2
, p > 0. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
khi p > 1, phan k` y khi p 1)
46.
n1
sin
1
n
p
tg
1
n
q
, p > 0, q > 0.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
khi p +q > 1, phan k` y khi p +q 1)
47.
n1
_
1 cos
1
n
p
_
, p > 0.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
khi p >
1
2
, phan k` y khi p
1
2
)
48.
n1
(
n + 1
n)
p
ln
2n + 1
2n + 3
.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
khi p > 0, phan k` y khi p 0)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day, hay kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i da
cho nh`o
.
dau hie
.
u du DAlembert
49.
n1
n
2
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
50.
n1
2
n1
n
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
51.
n1
2
n1
(n 1)!
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
52.
n1
n!
2
n
+ 1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
53.
n1
4
n
n!
n
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
54.
n1
3
n
n2
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
13.1. Chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng 189
55.
n1
1 3 (2n 1)
3
n
n!
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
56.
n1
n
2
sin
2
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
57.
n1
n(n + 1)
3
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
58.
n1
7
3n
(2n 5)!
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
59.
n1
(n + 1)!
2
n
n!
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
60.
n1
(2n 1)!!
n!
. (DS. Phan k` y)
61.
n1
n!(2n + 1)!
(3n)!
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
62.
n1
n
n
sin
2
n
n!
. (DS. Phan k` y)
63.
n1
n
n
n!3
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
64.
n1
n!a
n
n
n
, a ,= e, a > 0. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
khi a < e, phan k` y khi a > e)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day, hay kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i da
cho nh`o
.
dau hie
.
u du Cauchy
65.
n1
_
n
2n + 1
_
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
66.
n1
_
arc sin
1
n
_
n
. (DS. ho
.
i tu
.
)
67.
n1
1
3
n
_
n + 1
n
_
n
2
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
190 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
68.
n1
n
5
_
3n + 2
4n + 3
_
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
69.
n1
_
3n
n + 5
_
n
_
n + 2
n + 3
_
n
2
. (DS. Phan k` y)
70.
n1
n!
n
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
Ch dan. Su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c Stirling n!
_
n
e
_
n
2n, n
71.
n1
_
n 1
n + 1
_
n(n1)
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
72.
n1
_
n
2
+ 3
n
2
+ 4
_
n
3
+1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
73.
n1
3
n
_
n
n + 1
_
n
2
. (DS. Phan k` y)
74.
n10
arctg
n
3n + 2
n + 1
. (DS. Phan k` y)
75.
n1
_
an
n + 2
_
n
, a > 0.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
khi 0 < a < 1, phan k` y khi a 1)
76.
n1
n
_
ln(n + 1)
n/2
, > 0. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
77.
n1
5 + (1)
n
4
n+1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
78.
n1
2
(1)
n
+n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
79.
n1
2
(1)
n
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
80.
n1
[5 (1)
n
]
n
n
2
4
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
13.2. Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi v`a ho
.
i tu
.
khong tuye
.
t doi 191
81.
n1
[5 + (1)
n
]
n
n
2
7
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
82.
n1
[3 + (1)
n
]
3
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
83.
n1
n
4
[
5 + (1)
n
]
n
4
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
84.
n1
2 + (1)
n
5 + (1)
n+1
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
)
13.2 Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t do
i v`a ho
.
i tu
.
khong tuye
.
t do
i
13.2.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n
Chuo
i vo
.
i cac so ha
.
ng co dau khac nhau
a
1
+a
2
+ +a
n
+ =
n1
a
n
(13.2)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chu o
i h o
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi ne
u chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng
[a
1
[ +[a
2
[ + +[a
n
[ + =
n1
[a
n
[ (13.3)
ho
.
i tu
.
. Chuo
i (13.2) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n (kh ong tuye
.
t
doi) ne
u no ho
.
i tu
.
c`on chuo
i (13.3) phan k` y.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 13.2.1. Mo
.
i chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi de
`
u ho
.
i tu
.
, t u
.
c l`a su
.
.
ho
.
i
tu
.
cu a chuo
i (13.2).
Chu o
i ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n co tnh chat rat da
.
c bie
.
t l`a: ne
u chuo
i
(13.2) ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n th` vo
.
i so A R bat k` y luon luon co the
hoan vi
.
cac so ha
.
ng cu a chuo
i do de
chuo
i thu du
.
o
.
.
c c o to
ng ba
`
ng A.
192 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
13.2.2 Chuo
i dan da
u v`a da
u hie
.
u Leibnitz
Chuo
i da
.
ng
n1
(1)
n1
a
n
= a
1
a
2
+a
3
a
4
+ + (1)
n1
a
n
+. . . ,
a
n
0 n N (13.4)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chu o
i dan dau.
Dau hie
.
u Leibnitz. Ne
u lim
n
a
n
= 0 v`a a
n
a
n+1
> 0 n N th`
chuo
ng cu a chuo
i (13.4), S
n
l`a to
ng rieng th u
.
n cu a no.
Nhu
.
va
.
y de
kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i dan dau ta c a
`
n kie
m tra
hai die
`
u kie
.
n
i) a
n
a
n+1
> 0 n N,
ii) lim
n
a
n
= 0.
He
.
th u
.
c (13.5) ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng sai so ga
.
p pha i khi thay to
ng S cu a
chuo
i dan dau ho
.
i tu
.
bo
.
i to
ng cu a mo
.
t so so ha
.
ng da
`
u tien cu a no l`a
khong vu
.
o
.
.
t qua gia tri
.
tuye
.
t doi cu a so ha
.
ng th u
.
nhat cu a chuo
i du
.
bi
.
ca
t bo.
De
xac la
.
p su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i vo
.
i cac so ha
.
ng co dau khac nhau ta
co the
su
.
du
.
ng cac dau hie
.
u ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i du
.
o
.
ng v`a di
.
nh l y 13.1.1.
Ne
u chuo
n1
[a
n
[ phan k` y th` su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
n1
a
n
tro
.
th`anh
van de
`
de
mo
.
ngoa
.
i tr` u
.
tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p su
.
du
.
ng dau hie
.
u DAlembert v`a
dau hie
.
u Cauchy v` cac dau hie
.
u n`ay xac la
.
p su
.
.
phan k` y cu a chuo
i
ch du
.
.
a tren su
.
.
pha vo
.
die
`
u kie
.
n ca
`
n.
Nha
.
n xet. Chuo
i
Leibnitz.
C
AC V
I DU
.
13.2. Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi v`a ho
.
i tu
.
khong tuye
.
t doi 193
V du
.
1. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a da
.
c tnh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
n1
(1)
n1
n
.
Gia i. Day so
_
1
n
_
do
.
n die
.
u gia m da
`
n de
n 0 khi n . Do do
theo dau hie
.
u Leibnitz no ho
.
i tu
.
. De
kha o sat da
.
c tnh ho
.
i tu
.
(tuye
.
t
doi hay khong tuye
.
t doi) ta xet chuo
i du
.
o
.
ng
n1
1
n
. Chuo
i n`ay phan
k` y. Do va
.
y chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n.
V du
.
2. Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a da
.
c tnh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
n1
(1)
n1
ln
2
n
n
Gia i. De
(x) =
lnx
x
2
(2 lnx). T` u
.
do suy
ra khi x > e
2
th`
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
. De
d`ang thay
ra
`
ng chuo
i so du
.
o
.
ng
n1
ln
2
n
n
phan k` y nen chuo
n1
cos n
2
n
Gia i. Day l`a chuo
i do
i du
.
o
.
ng
n1
[ cos n[
2
n
(*)
V`
[ cos n[
2
n
1
2
n
n N nen theo dau hie
.
u so sanh chuo
i (*) ho
.
i tu
.
v`a do v a
.
y chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi.
194 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
V du
.
4. C ung hoi nhu
.
tren doi vo
.
i chuo
n1
(1)
n
n(n + 1)
Gia i. De
d`ang thay ra
`
ng day
1
n(n + 1)
do
.
n die
.
u gia m da
`
n de
n 0
khi n . Do do theo dau hie
.
u Leibnitz no ho
.
i tu
.
. Ta xet su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i du
.
o
.
ng
n1
1
n(n + 1)
. Chuo
i n`ay ho
.
i tu
.
, cha
ng ha
.
n theo dau
hie
.
u tch phan
_
1
dx
x(x + 1)
= lim
A
A
_
1
d
_
x +
1
2
_
_
x +
1
2
_
2
1
4
= lim
A
ln
x
x + 1
A
1
= ln2.
Do do chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi.
V du
.
5. Ca
`
n lay bao nhieu so ha
.
ng cu a chuo
n1
(1)
n1
1
n
2
de
to
ng
cu a ch ung sai khac vo
.
i to
ng cu a chuo
i Leibnitz. Do do pha
`
n du
.
cu a no
thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n
[R
n
[ < a
n+1
[R
n
[ <
1
(n + 1)
2
De
tnh to
ng cu a chuo
i da cho vo
.
i su
.
.
sai khac khong qua 0,01 ta ca
`
n
d`oi hoi l`a
[R
n
[ < 0, 01
1
(n + 1)
2
< 0, 01 n > 10.
Nhu
.
va
.
y de
tnh to
ng cu a chuo
i vo
.
i sai so khong vu
.
o
.
.
t qua 0,01 ta ch
ca
`
n tnh to
ng mu
.
`o
.
i so ha
.
ng da
`
u l`a du .
2
+
De
tnh to
ng cu a chuo
i vo
.
i sai so khong vu
.
o
.
.
t qua 0,001 ta c a
`
n
tnh to
ng 31 so ha
.
ng da
`
u l`a du (ta
.
i sao ?)
13.2. Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi v`a ho
.
i tu
.
khong tuye
.
t doi 195
Nha
.
n xet. Ta thay ra
`
ng chuo
i du
.
o
.
ng. Cha
ng ha
.
n de
tnh to
ng cu a chuo
n1
1
n
2
vo
.
i sai so khong vu
.
o
.
.
t qua 0,001 ta ca
`
n pha i lay 1001 so ha
.
ng mo
.
i du .
Tha
.
t va
.
y ta c o the
ap du
.
ng dau hie
.
u tch phan. Ta co
_
n+1
f(x)dx < R
n
<
_
n
f(x)dx.
T` u
.
do
R
n
<
_
n
dx
x
2
=
1
x
n
=
1
n
T`m n de
1
n
< 0, 001. Gia i bat phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh doi vo
.
i n ta co n > 1000,
t u
.
c l`a R
1001
< 0, 001. V a
.
y ta ca
`
n lay 1001 so ha
.
ng da
`
u de
tnh to
ng
mo
.
i co du
.
o
.
.
c sai so khong qua 0,001.
V du
.
6. Ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng chuo
i
2 +
_
5
4
7
8
_
+
_
10
9
26
27
_
+ +
_
n
2
+ 1
n
2
n
3
1
n
3
_
+. . . (*)
ho
.
i tu
.
, c`on chuo
i
2 +
5
4
7
8
+
10
9
26
27
+ +
n
2
+ 1
n
2
n
3
1
n
3
+. . . (**)
thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
chuo
i phan
k` y.
Gia i. So ha
.
ng to
ng quat cu a chuo
i (*) co da
.
ng
a
n
=
n
2
+ 1
n
2
n
3
1
n
3
=
n + 1
n
3
Do do n > 1 ta c o
n + 1
n
3
=
1
n
2
+
1
n
3
196 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
v`a do chuo
n1
1
n
ho
.
i tu
.
> 1 nen chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
.
Bay gi`o
.
xet chuo
i (**). Ro r`ang so ha
.
ng to
n 0 khi n , do do chuo
i (**) phan k` y.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Su
.
du
.
ng dau hie
.
u Leibnitz de
ch u
.
ng minh c ac chuo
i sau day ho
.
i
tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n
1.
n4
(1)
n+1
n
2
4n + 1
2.
n1
(1)
n+1
n
9
n
20
+ 4n
3
+ 1
3.
n1
(1)
n
n
(n + 1)
3
n + 2
4.
n1
(1)
n
n
n + 20
5.
n1
(1)
n
1
4
n
6.
n1
(1)
n
lnn
n
7.
n1
(1)
n+1
2n + 1
n(n + 1)
8.
n1
(1)
n
cos
n
n
9.
n1
(1)
n
(
n
2 1)
10.
n1
(1)
n
n 1
n + 1
1
100
n
Kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
v`a da
.
c tnh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a cac chuo
i
11.
n1
(1)
n
_
2n + 1
3n 2
_
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
12.
n1
(1)
n
_
3n + 1
3n 2
_
5n+2
. (DS. Phan k` y)
13.
n1
(1)
n
2 + (1)
n
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
14.
n1
(1)
n1
n
sin
n
n + 1
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
13.2. Chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi v`a ho
.
i tu
.
khong tuye
.
t doi 197
15.
n1
(1)
n+1
arctg
ln(n + 1)
(n + 1)
2
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
Ch da
n. Su
.
du
.
ng bat da
ng th u
.
c ln(n + 1) <
n + 1, n > 2.
16.
n1
(1)
n+1
1
n ln
3
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day hay xac di
.
nh gia tri
.
cu a tham so p de
chuo
i so ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi hoa
.
c h o
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n
17.
n1
(1)
n1
(2n 1)
p
, p > 0.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi khi p > 1; ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n khi 0 < p 1)
18.
n1
(1)
n1
tg
p
1
n
n
, p > 0.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi khi p >
2
3
; ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n khi 0 < p
2
3
)
19.
n1
(1)
n1
sin
p
5n + 1
n
2
n + 3
, p > 0.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi khi p >
2
3
; ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n khi 0 < p
2
3
)
20.
n1
(1)
n1
n
_
ln
n + 3
n + 1
_
p
, p > 0.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi khi p >
1
2
; ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n khi 0 < p
1
2
)
Kha o sat da
.
c tnh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a cac chuo
i (21-32):
21.
n1
(1)
n+1
n
3
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
22.
n1
(1)
n+1
1
(2n 1)
3
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
198 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
23.
n1
(1)
n1
(2n + 1)!!
2 5 8 (3n 1)
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
24.
n1
(1)
n+1
_
1 cos
n
_
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n)
25.
n1
(1)
n
sin
n
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
26.
n1
(1)
n
n + 2
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n)
27.
n1
(1)
n
n
n
. (DS. Phan k` y)
28.
n1
(1)
n+1
n lnn
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n)
29.
n1
(1)
n1
(n + 1)a
2n
.
(DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t d oi khi [a[ > 1, ho
.
i tu
.
co die
`
u kie
.
n khi [a[ = 1,
phan k` y khi [a[ < 1)
30.
n1
(1)
n
(n + 1)(
n + 1 1)
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
31.
n1
(1)
n+1
_
2 +
1
n
_
n
5
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
32.
n1
(1)
n
tg
3
n
. (DS. Ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi)
Trong c ac b`ai toan sau day, hay t`m so so ha
.
ng cu a chuo
i da cho
ca
`
n lay de
to
ng cu a ch ung v`a to
ng cu a chuo
i tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng sai khac nhau
mo
.
t da
.
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng khong vu
.
o
.
.
t qua so cho tru
.
o
.
c
33.
n1
(1)
n1
1
2n
2
, = 0, 01. (DS. No = 7)
13.3. Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a 199
34.
n1
cos(n)
n!
, = 0, 001. (DS. No = 5)
35.
n1
(1)
n1
n
2
+ 1
, = 10
6
. (DS. No = 10
6
)
36.
n1
cos n
2
n
(n + 1)
, = 10
6
. (DS. No = 15)
37.
n1
(1)
n
2n
(4n + 1)5
n
, = 0, 1?; = 0, 01? (DS. No = 2, No = 3)
38.
n1
(1)
n
n!
, = 0, 1; = 0, 001? (DS. No = 4, No = 6)
13.3 Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a
13.3.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n
Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a doi vo
.
i bie
n thu
.
.
c x l`a chuo
i da
.
ng
n0
a
n
x
n
= a
0
+a
1
x +a
2
x
2
+ +a
n
x
n
+. . . (13.6)
hay
n0
a
n
(x a)
n
= a
0
+a
1
(x a) + +a
n
(x a)
n
+. . . (13.7)
trong do cac he
.
so a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
n
, . . . l`a nh u
.
ng ha
`
ng so. B a
`
ng phep do
i
bie
n x bo
.
i x a t` u
.
(13.6) thu du
.
o
.
.
c (13.7). Do do de
tie
.
n tr`nh b`ay
ta ch ca
`
n xet (13.6) l`a du (t u
.
c l` a xem a = 0).
Chu o
i (13.6) luon ho
.
i tu
.
ta
.
i die
m x = 0, c` on (13.7) ho
.
i tu
.
ta
.
i x = a.
Do do ta
.
p ho
.
.
p die
m m`a chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a ho
.
i tu
.
luon luon ,= .
Doi vo
.
i chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a bat k` y (13.6) luon luon to
`
n ta
.
i so thu
.
.
c
R : 0 R + sao cho chuo
i do ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t doi khi [x[ < R v`a
phan k` y khi [x[ > R. So R do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ban knh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i
200 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
(13.6) v`a khoa ng I(R) = (R, R) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a khoa ng ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i
l uy th` u
.
a (13.6).
Ban knh ho
.
i tu
.
R cu a chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a co the
u gio
.
i ha
.
n o
.
ve
n du
.
o
.
.
c
th`anh chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a
n0
a
n
x
n
tren khoa ng (R, R) ne
u tren khoa ng
do chuo
i da neu ho
.
i tu
.
v`a to
ng cu a no ba
`
ng f(x), t u
.
c l`a
f(x) =
n0
a
n
x
n
, x (R, R).
Di
.
nh ngha 13.3.2. 1
+
Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a da
.
ng
f(x
0
) +
f
(x
0
)
1!
(x x
0
) + +
f
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(x x
0
)
n
+. . .
=
n0
f
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(x x
0
)
n
(13.10)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chuo
m x
0
(o
.
day
0! = 1, f
(0)
(x
0
) = f(x
0
)).
2
+
Cac he
.
so cu a chuo
i Taylor
a
0
= f(x
0
), a
1
=
f
(x
0
)
1!
, . . . , a
n
=
f
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(13.11)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cac he
.
so Taylor cu a h`am f(x).
13.3. Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a 201
3
+
Khi x
0
= 0, chuo
i Taylor
f(0) +
f
(0)
1!
x + +
f
(n)
(0)
n!
x
n
+ =
n0
f
(n)
(0)
n!
x
n
(13.12)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chuo
i Maclaurin.
13.3.2 D
-
ie
`
u kie
.
n khai trie
n v`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap khai
trie
n
D
-
i
.
nh l y 13.3.1 (Tieu chua
n khai trie
n du
.
o
.
.
c
th`anh chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a
n0
a
n
x
n
tren khoa ng (R, R) khi v`a ch khi tren khoa ng do h`am f(x) c o da
.
o
h`am mo
.
i cap v`a trong c ong th u
.
c Taylor
f(x) = f(0) +
f
(0)
1!
x + +
f
(n)
(0)
n!
x
n
+R
n
(x)
pha
`
n du
.
R
n
(x) 0 khi n x (R, R).
Trong thu
.
.
c h`anh ngu
.
`o
.
i ta thu
.
`o
.
ng su
.
du
.
ng dau hie
.
u du nhu
.
sau.
D
-
i
.
nh l y 13.3.2. De
n du
.
o
.
.
c th`anh chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a
n0
a
n
x
n
, x (R, R)
die
`
u kie
.
n du l`a tren khoa ng do h`am f(x) c o da
.
o h`am mo
.
i cap v`a cac
da
.
o h` am do bi
.
cha
.
n, t u
.
c l`a M > 0 : n = 0, 1, 2, . . . v` a x
(R, R) th`
[f
(n)
(x)[ M.
Ta neu ra day hai phu
.
o
.
ng phap khai trie
i l uy
th` u
.
a
202 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
1. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap I (phu
.
o
.
ng phap tru
.
.
c tie
p) g o
`
m cac bu
.
o
.
c sau:
a) Tnh cac he
.
so theo cong th u
.
c (13.11)
b) Ch u
.
ng to ra
`
ng lim
n
R
n
(x) = 0.
Nhu
.
o
.
.
c die
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng phap n`ay l`a tnh toan qua co
`
ng ke
`
nh v`a
sau n u
.
a l`a vie
.
c kha o sat gio
.
i ha
.
n R
n
(x) 0 (n ) la
.
i c`ang ph u
.
c
ta
.
p ho
.
n.
2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap II (phu
.
o
.
ng phap gian tie
p) l`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap du
.
.
a
tren ba ng cac khai trie
n co sa
n ba ng) c` ung vo
.
i cac
phep tnh doi vo
.
i chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a.
I. e
x
= 1 +x +
x
2
2!
+ +
x
n
n!
=
n0
x
n
n!
, x R.
II. sinx = x
x
3
3!
+
x
5
5!
+ (1)
n
x
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
+ =
=
n0
(1)
n
x
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
, x R.
III. cos x = 1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!
+ (1)
n
x
2n
(2n)!
+ =
=
n0
(1)
n
x
2n
(2n)!
, x R.
IV.
(1 +x)
= 1 +x +
( 1)
2!
x
2
+ +
( 1) ( n + 1)
n!
x
n
+. . .
= 1 +
n1
_
n
_
x
n
, 1 < x < 1,
_
0
_
= 1,
_
n
_
=
( 1) ( n + 1)
n!
,
_
n
_
= C
n
ne
u N.
13.3. Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a 203
Khi = 1 ta co
1
1 +x
= 1 x +x
2
+ (1)
n
x
n
+. . .
=
n0
(1)
n
x
n
, 1 < x < 1.
1
1 x
= 1 +x +x
2
+ +x
n
+ =
n0
x
n
, 1 < x < 1.
V.
ln(1 +x) = x
x
2
2
+
x
3
3
+ (1)
n1
x
n
n
+. . . ; 1 < x < 1
ln(1 x) = x
x
2
2
x
n
n
. . . , 1 < x < 1.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. T`m mie
`
n ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a
n1
(1)
n1
nx
n
.
Gia i. 1
+
Ta se ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (13.8). V` a
n
= (1)
n1
n v`a
a
n+1
= (1)
n
(n + 1) nen ta co
R = lim
n
[a
n
[
[a
n+1
[
= lim
n
n
n + 1
= 1.
Nhu
.
va
.
y chuo
i ho
.
i tu
.
bo
.
i 1 < x < 1.
2
+
Ta c` on ca
`
n kha o sat su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i ta
.
i cac da
`
u m ut cu a
khoa ng ho
.
i tu
.
.
Vo
.
i x = 1 ta c o
n1
(1)
n1
n(1)
n
=
n1
(1)
2n1
n =
n1
(n).
Do do chuo
i da cho phan k` y ta
.
i die
t chuo
i
Vo
.
i x = 1 ta co
n1
(1)
n1
n lim
n
(1)
n1
n khong to
`
n ta
.
i
Do do chuo
i phan k` y ta
.
i die
m x = 1. Va
.
y mie
`
n ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i l`a
(1, 1).
V du
.
2. T`m khoa ng ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
n1
(1)
n
(x 2)
n
n
n
Gia i. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay ta su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (13.9) v`a thu
du
.
o
.
.
c
R = lim
n
1
n
_
[a
n
[
= lim
n
1
n
_
(1)
n
n
n
= lim
n
n = +.
Die
`
u do c o ngha l`a chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
vo
.
i mo
.
i gia tri
.
x, t u
.
c l`a
I(R) = (, +).
V du
.
3. T`m khoa ng ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
n0
n!x
n
, 0! 1.
Gia i.
Ap du
.
ng cong th u
.
c (13.8) ta co
R = lim
n
[a
n
[
[a
n+1
[
= lim
n
n!
n!(n + 1)
= lim
n
1
n + 1
= 0.
Va
.
y R = 0. Die
`
u do co ngha ra
`
ng chuo
i da cho ho
.
i tu
.
ta
.
i die
m x = 0.
V du
.
4. Khai trie
n h`am
1
4 x
th`anh chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a ta
.
i lan ca
.
n die
m
x
0
= 2 (c ung t u
.
c l`a: theo c ac l uy th` u
.
a cu a hie
.
u x 2 hay chuo
i l uy
th` u
.
a vo
.
i tam ta
.
i die
m x
0
= 2).
13.3. Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a 205
Gia i. Ta bie
n do
i h`am da cho de
co the
ap du
.
ng khai trie
n ba ng:
1
1 t
=
n0
t
n
, 1 < t < 1.
Ta co
1
4 x
=
1
2
1
1
x 2
2
Xem t =
x 2
2
ta co:
1
4 x
=
1
2
_
1 +
_
x 2
2
_
+
_
x 2
2
_
2
+ +
_
x 2
2
_
n
+. . .
_
1
4 x
=
n0
1
2
n+1
(x 2)
n
.
Khai trie
x 2
2
d`ang thu du
.
o
.
.
c khai trie
n tren day
ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap tru
.
.
c tie
p.
V du
.
5. Khai trie
i Taylor vo
.
i tam
ta
.
i die
m x
0
= 2.
Gia i. Ta bie
n do
4
(x 2) +
2
_
= cos
4
(x 2).
Xem
4
(x 2) = t v`a ap du
.
ng khai trie
n ba ng III ta co
sin
4
x =
n0
(1)
n
(2n)!
_
4
(x 2)
_
2n
=
n0
(1)
n
2n
4
2n
(2n)!
(x 2)
2n
, x R.
206 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
V du
.
6. Khai trie
n h`am f(x) = ln
1 +x
1 x
th`anh chuo
i Maclaurin.
Gia i. Ta co ln
1 +x
1 x
= ln(1 +x) ln(1 x). Ma
.
t khac
ln(1 +x) = x
x
2
2
+ + (1)
n1
x
n
n
+. . . , 1 < x < 1;
ln(1 x) = x
x
2
2
x
n
n
. . . , 1 < x < 1.
T` u
.
do
ln(1 +x) ln(1 x) = 2x +
2x
3
3
+
2x
5
5
+ +
2x
2n1
2n 1
+. . .
1 < x < 1.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Su
.
du
.
ng cac khai trie
n ba ng de
khai trie
i l uy
th` u
.
a vo
.
i tam ta
.
i die
m x
0
= 0 v`a ch ra ban knh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i
1. f(x) = e
2x
. (DS.
n0
(1)
n
2
n
n!
x
n
, R = +)
2. f(x) = ln
1
1 2x
. (DS.
n1
2
n
n
x
n
, R =
1
2
)
3. f(x) = xln
_
1 +
x
3
3
_
. (DS.
n1
(1)
n
x
3n+1
3
n
n
x
n
, R =
3
3)
4. f(x) =
3
1 4x. (DS. 1
4
3
x +
n2
4
n
2 5 (3n 4)
3
n
n!
x
n
;
R = 1)
5. f(x) = sin5x. (DS.
n0
(1)
n
5
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
x
2n+1
; R = +)
6. f(x) = cos
x
3
3
. (DS.
n0
(1)
n
x
6n
3
2n
(2n)!
; R = +)
13.3. Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a 207
Ba
`
ng cach bie
n do
i (trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p ca
`
n thie
ap
du
.
ng cac khai trie
n ba ng de
khai trie
i l uy th` u
.
a
vo
.
i tam ta
.
i die
m x
0
. H ay ch ra ban knh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i
7. f(x) = e
x
2
, x
0
= 10. (DS. e
5
n0
(1)
n
n!
(x 10)
n
2
n
, R = +)
8. f(x) = 2
x
, x
0
= a. (DS. 2
a
n0
ln
n
2
n!
(x a)
n
, R = +)
9. f(x) = 2
x
3
x
, x
0
= 0. (DS.
n0
_
ln
2
3
_
n
n!
x
n
, R = +)
10. f(x) = e
12x
3
, x
0
= 0. (DS.
n0
(1)
n
2
n
e
n!
x
3n
, R = +)
11. f(x) = (2 +x)e
x1
, x
0
= 2. (DS.
1
e
3
n0
(x + 2)
n+1
n!
, R = +)
12. f(x) = sin(a +x), x
0
= 0.
(DS. sina
n0
(1)
n
x
2n
2n!
+ cos a
n0
(1)
n
x
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
, R = +)
13. f(x) = sin xcos 3x, x
0
= 0.
(DS.
1
2
n0
(1)
n
(4x)
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
1
2
n0
(1)
n
(2x)
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
, R = +)
14. f(x) =
_
_
_
cos x 1
x
, x ,= 0
0, x = 0
; x
0
= 0.
(DS.
n0
(1)
n
(x)
2n1
(2n)!
, R = +)
15. f(x) = cos x, x
0
=
2
. (DS.
n1
(1)
n
_
x
2
_
2n1
(2n 1)!
, R = +)
16. f(x) = sin
2
xcos
2
x, x = 0.
208 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
(DS.
n1
(1)
n+1
2
4n3
(2n)!
x
2n
, R = +)
17. f(x) = ln(x
2
+ 3x + 2), x
0
= 0.
(DS. ln2 +
n1
(1)
n1
[1 + 2
n
]
x
n
n
, R = +)
18. f(x) = ln(4 + 3x x
2
), x
0
= 2.
DS. ln6 +
n1
1
n
_
(1)
n1
3
n
2
n
(x 2)
n
)
19. f(x) =
1
x
2
2x 3
, x
0
= 0; x
0
= 4.
(DS. 1)
n0
_
(1)
n+1
4
1
12
_
1
3
_
n
_
x
n
, [x[ < 1;
2)
n0
_
(1)
n
4
1
20
(1)
n
5
n
_
(x 4)
n
, [x 4[ < 1)
Ch da
n. Bie
u die
n f(x) =
1
4
_
1
x 3
1
x + 1
_
.
20. f(x) =
x
2
+x + 1
(x 1)(x + 2)
, x
0
= 0.
(DS. 1
n0
2
n+1
(1)
n
2
n+1
x
n
, R = 1)
21. f(x) =
1
x
2
+ 4x + 7
, x
0
= 2.
(DS.
n0
(1)
n
(x + 2)
2n
3
n+1
, R =
3)
Su
.
du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap da
.
o h`am hoa
.
c tch phan cu a chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a
de
khai trie
i l uy th` u
.
a vo
.
i tam x
0
= 0 v`a ch
ra ban knh ho
.
i tu
.
.
22. f(x) = arcctgx. (DS.
2
x +
x
3
3
+ +
(1)
n
x
2n1
2n 1
+. . . , [x[ 1)
13.3. Chuo
i l uy th` u
.
a 209
Ch da
n. Khai trie
n arctgx v`a su
.
du
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c arcctgx =
2
arctgx.
23. f(x) =
1
(1 x)
3
. (DS.
1
2
n0
(n + 1)(n + 2)x
n
, R = 1)
24. f(x) = arc sinx. (DS. x +
n1
(2n 1)!!x
2n+1
(2n)!!(2n + 1)
, R = 1)
25. f(x) =
x
_
0
sint
2
t
dt. (DS.
n1
(1)
n
x
4n+2
(2n + 1)!(4n + 2)
, R = +)
26. f(x) =
x
_
0
ln(1 +t)
t
dt. (DS.
n1
(1)
n1
x
n
n
2
, R = 1)
27. f(x) =
x
_
0
1 cos 2t
t
2
dt. (DS.
n1
(1)
n
4
n
x
2n1
(2n 1)(2n)!
, R = +)
28. f(x) =
x
_
0
g(t)dt, g(x) =
_
_
_
ln(1 +x)
x
, x ,= 0,
1, x = 0.
(DS.
n1
(1)
n1
x
n
n
2
, R = 1)
29. f(x) = ln(x +
x
2
+ 1).
(DS. x +
n1
(1)
n
(2n 1)!!
(2n)!!
x
2n+1
, R = 1)
Ch da
n. f(x) =
x
_
0
dt
1 +t
2
.
Ap du
.
ng cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap thch ho
.
.
p de
khai trie
i l uy th` u
.
a vo
.
i tam ta
.
i x
0
v` a ch ra ban knh ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i
30. f(x) = e
x1
, x
0
= 4. (DS. e
3
n0
(x 4)
n
n!
, R = +)
210 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
31. f(x) = e
3x
2e
x
, x
0
= 0. (DS.
n0
3
n
2(1)
n
n!
x
n
, R = +)
32. f(x) =
1
2
3x2
, x
0
= 1. (DS. 32
n0
(ln8)
n
n!
(x + 1)
n
, R = +)
33. f(x) = 2
x
e
x1
, x
0
= 1. (DS. 2
n0
(ln2 + 1)
n
n!
(x 1)
n
, R = +)
34. f(x) = sin3x, x
0
=
4
.
(DS.
2
2
n0
(1)
n
3
2n
(2n)!
_
x
4
_
2n
2
2
n0
(1)
n
3
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
_
x
4
_
2n+1
, R = +)
35. f(x) = cos
x
2
, x
0
=
3
.
(DS.
n0
(1)
n
_
x +
3
_
2n
(2n)!2
2n+1
+
n0
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!(2
2n+1
_
x +
3
_
x +
3
_
2n+1
, R = +)
36. f(x) = cos
2
x, x
0
=
4
.
(DS.
1
2
+
n1
(1)
n
4
n1
_
x
4
_
2n1
(2n 1)!
, R = +)
37. f(x) = sinxcos
2
x, x
0
= 0.
(DS.
n0
(1)
n
4(2n)!
(1 + 3
2n+1
)x
2n+1
, R = +)
38. f(x) = cos xcos 2x, x
0
= 0.
(DS.
1
2
n0
(1)
n
_
1
(2n)!
+
3
2n
(2n)!
_
x
2n
, R = +)
13.4. Chuo
i Fourier 211
39. f(x) = xlnx, x
0
= 1.
(DS.
n1
(1)
n1
(x 1)
n+1
n
+
n1
(1)
n1
(x 1)
n
n
, R = 1)
40. f(x) = ln(2x + 3), x
0
= 4.
(DS. ln11 +
n1
(1)
n
_
2
11
_
n+1
1
n + 1
(x 4)
n
, R =
11
2
)
41. f(x) = ln(3 4x), x
0
= 2.
(DS. ln11
n1
_
4
11
_
n
(x + 2)
n
n
, x
_
19
4
,
3
4
_
)
42. f(x) = arctg
x + 3
x 3
, x
0
= 0.
(DS.
4
+
n0
(1)
n+1
3
2n+1
x
2n+1
2n + 1
, R = 3)
Ch da
n. f
(x) =
3
x
2
+ 9
=
n0
(1)
n+1
x
2n
3
2n+1
. T` u
.
do
x
_
0
f(t)dt = f(x) f(0) =
n0
(1)
n+1
3
2n+1
x
_
0
t
2n
dt.
13.4 Chuo
i Fourier
13.4.1 Cac di
.
nh ngha co
.
ba n
He
.
h`am
1
2
, cos
x
, sin
x
, . . . , cos
nx
, sin
nx
, . . . (13.13)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a he
.
lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac co
.
so
.
. Do l`a he
.
tru
.
.
c giao tren doa
.
n [, ]
(t u
.
c l`a tch phan theo doa
.
n do cu a tch hai h`am khac nhau bat k` y cu a
he
.
ba
`
ng 0).
212 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
D
-
i
.
nh ngha 13.4.1. 1) Chuo
i h`am da
.
ng
a
0
2
+
n1
_
a
n
cos
nx
+b
n
sin
nx
_
, (13.14)
trong do > 0; a
n
, b
n
l`a cac ha
`
ng so (go
.
i l`a he
.
so cu a chuo
i (13.14))
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chuo
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac.
2) Chuo
i lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac (13.14) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a chuo
i Fourier cu a h`am
f(x) theo he
.
lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac co
.
so
.
(13.13) (go
.
i ta
t l`a chuo
i Fourier) ne
u
cac he
.
so cu a no du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos
nx
dx, n = 0, 1, . . .
(13.15)
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin
nx
dx, n = 1, 2, . . .
Cac he
.
so a
n
, b
n
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo cong th u
.
c (13.15) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a he
.
so
Fourier cu a h`am f theo he
.
lu
.
o
.
.
ng giac co
.
so
.
.
Gia su
.
h`am f(x) thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n
i
Fourier doi vo
.
i h`am f(x) v`a vie
t
f(x)
a
0
2
+
n1
_
a
n
cos
nx
+b
n
sin
nx
_
, (13.16)
o
.
day dau du
.
o
.
.
c d` ung khi da
ng th u
.
c chu
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ch u
.
ng minh (v`a
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a dau tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng).
13.4.2 Da
u hie
.
u du ve
`
su
.
.
ho
.
i tu
.
cu a chuo
i Fourier
Dau tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng trong he
.
th u
.
c (13.16) co the
thay ba
`
ng dau da
ng
th u
.
c ne
n h`am
th`anh chuo
i Fourier.
13.4. Chuo
i Fourier 213
D
-
i
.
nh l y Dirichlet. Gia su
.
f(x) l`a h`am tua
`
n ho`an chu k`y T (go
.
i l`a
h`am T-tua
`
n ho`an), f(x) v`a f
(x) hoa
.
c lien tu
.
c kh a
p no
.
i hoa
.
c lien tu
.
c
t` u
.
ng kh uc (t u
.
c l`a ch co mo
.
t so h u
.
u ha
.
n die
m gi an doa
.
n loa
.
i I trong
mo
i chu k`y).
Khi do chu o
n to
ng S(x)
v`a
1) Ta
.
i mo
.
i die
m lien tu
.
c cu a h`am f(x), chu o
i ho
.
i tu
.
de
n chnh
h`am f(x) t u
.
c l`a S(x) = f(x).
2) Ta
.
i mo
.
i die
m gi an doa
.
n, chu o
i ho
.
i tu
.
de
n nu
.
a to
ng cac gio
.
i
ha
.
n mo
.
t pha ben trai v`a ben pha i cu a h`am, t u
.
c l`a
S(x
0
) =
f(x
0
+ 0) +f(x
0
0)
2
, x
0
l`a die
m gian doa
.
n.
3) Ne
u f(x) lien tu
.
c kh a
p no
.
i th` chuo
i Fourier cu a no ho
.
i tu
.
tuye
.
t
doi v`a de
`
u.
Co hai tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p da
.
c bie
.
t sau day:
1) Ne
n, t u
.
c l`a f(x) = f(x) x th` b
n
= 0
n 1 v`a chuo
i Fourier cu a no ch ch u
.
a cac h`am cosin:
f(x) =
a
0
2
+
n1
a
n
cos
nx
, a
n
=
2
_
0
f(x) cos
nx
dx n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2) Ne
i Fourier cu a no ch ch u
.
a cac h`am sin:
f(x) =
n1
b
n
sin
nx
, b
n
=
2
_
0
f(x) sin
nx
dx n = 1, 2, . . .
Ne
du
.
.
ng h`am phu
.
F(x) sao cho
F(x) =
_
_
_
f(x), x [a, b]
g(x), x [, ] [a, b],
214 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
trong do g(x) l`a h`am kha tch t` uy y.
Sau do gia thie
n tua
`
n ho`an f(x).
H`am f(x) du
.
o
.
.
c cho tren [0, ] co the
thac trie
n t` uy y sang khoa ng
ke
`
[, 0] v`a do va
.
y n o du
.
o
.
.
c bie
u die
n bo
.
i c ac chuo
i Fourier khac
nhau (m`a thu
.
`o
.
ng ga
.
p l`a chuo
i Fourier ch ch u
.
a hoa
.
c cac h`am cosin
hoa
.
c c ac h`am sin).
Ta xet hai tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p da
.
c bie
.
t sau day:
1) Chuo
n cha
n
h`am da cho tren doa
.
n [0, ] sang khoa ng ke
`
[, 0]. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p
n`ay do
`
thi
.
cu a h`am F(x) doi x u
.
ng qua tru
.
c tung.
2) Chuo
n le h`am
da cho sang khoa ng ke
`
[, 0). Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay do
`
thi
.
cu a h`am
F(x) l`a doi x u
.
ng qua goc to
.
a do
.
.
Gia su
.
h`am f(x) lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n [, ] v`a f() = f() v`a a
0
,
a
n
, b
n
, n N l`a cac he
.
so Fourier cu a h`am f(x). Khi do ta c o da
ng
th u
.
c
1
f
2
(x)dx =
a
2
0
2
+
n1
(a
2
n
+b
2
n
). (13.17)
Da
ng th u
.
c (13.17) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
ng th u
.
c Parseval.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Khai trie
i
Fourier v`a su
.
du
.
ng khai trie
n ay de
t`m to
ng cu a chuo
i Leibnitz
n1
(1)
n
2n + 1
13.4. Chuo
i Fourier 215
Gia i. V` h`am f(x) le nen a
n
= 0, n = 0, 1, . . . v`a
b
n
=
2
_
0
signxsinnxdx =
2
cos nx
n
0
_
=
2
n
([1 cos n]) =
_
_
4
(2m1)
ne
u n = 2m1
0 ne
u n = 2m
, m N.
Do do vo
.
i < x < ta c o
signx =
4
m1
sin(2m1)x
2m1
Ne
u da
.
t x =
2
th` t` u
.
chuo
i Fourier thu du
.
o
.
.
c, ta co
1 =
4
m1
(1)
m+1
2m1
m0
(1)
m
2m+ 1
=
4
V du
.
2. T`m khai trie
t chuo
i
a
n
=
1
_
1
(x
3
+x
2
x 1) cos nxdx
=
1
n
_
(x
2
1) sinnx
1
1
2
1
_
1
xsinnxdx
_
=
2
2
n
2
_
xcos nx
1
1
1
_
1
cos nxdx
_
=
4
2
n
2
(1)
n
, n = 1, 2, . . .
b
n
=
1
_
1
(x
3
+x
2
x 1) sin nxdx =
12
3
n
3
(1)
n
, n = 1, 2, . . .
V` h`am f(x) kha vi tren khoa ng (1, 1) nen ta c o
x
3
+x
2
x 1 =
2
3
+
4
n1
_
(1)
n
n
2
cos nx +
3(1)
n
n
3
sinnx
_
,
x (1, 1).
V du
.
3. Khai trie
khai trie
n cha
(x) = [x[, x [, ]. T` u
.
do thac
trie
n 2-tua
`
n ho`an h`am f
n nhien h`am f
(x)
lien tu
.
c x R. Ta co:
a
0
=
2
_
0
xdx = ,
a
n
=
2
_
0
xcos
nx
dx =
_
_
_
0 ne
u n cha
n,
4
n
2
2
ne
u n le.
13.4. Chuo
i Fourier 217
T` u
.
do ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
x =
2
4
n1
cos(2n 1)x
(2n 1)
2
, 0 x .
2) De
khai trie
(x) = x, x [, ]. T` u
.
do thac trie
n 2-tua
`
n ho`an h`am f
(x)
ra to`an tru
.
c so. H`am da du
.
o
.
.
c thac trie
n thoa man di
.
nh l y Dirichlet.
Do va
.
y ta c o: a
0
= 0, a
n
= 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
b
n
=
2
_
0
xsin
nx
dx =
2
x
n
cos
nx
0
+
n
_
0
cos
nx
dx
_
=
2
n
(1)
n+1
.
Do do
x =
2
n1
(1)
n+1
n
sin
nx
, 0 x ,
V du
.
4. Khai trie
n h`am
f(x) =
_
_
_
0 ne
u x
2
[x[
2
ne
u
2
< [x[ <
v`a f(x + 2) = f(x), x R th`anh chuo
i Fourier.
Gia i. H`am f(x) l`a h`am cha
n du
.
o
.
.
c th`anh chuo
i
Fourier theo c ac h`am cosin. Ta co
a
0
=
2
_
0
f(x)dx =
2
_
/2
_
x
2
_
dx =
4
,
a
n
=
2
_
0
f(x) cos nxdx =
2
_
/2
_
x
2
_
cos nxdx
=
2
_
cos n
n
2
cos
n
2
n
2
_
, n N.
218 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
T` u
.
do suy ra ra
`
ng v o
.
i x (, )
f(x) =
8
+
2
n1
_
cos n
n
2
cos
n
2
n
2
_
cos nx
=
8
+
2
n1
(1)
n
n
2
cos nx
1
2
n1
(1)
n
n
2
cos 2nx,
trong do ta da su
.
du
.
ng cac he
.
th u
.
c
cos
n
2
n
2
cos nx = 0 vo
.
i n = 2m1
cos
n
2
n
2
cos nx =
(1)
m
4m
2
cos 2mx, n = 2m.
13.4. Chuo
i Fourier 219
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Khai trie
n thu du
.
o
.
.
c de
tnh
to
ng cu a chuo
i so:
1. f(x) =
x
2
, x (0, 2). (DS.
2
n1
sinnx
n
)
2. f(x) =
_
_
_
6 ne
u 0 < x < 1
3x ne
u 2 < x < 4.
(DS.
15
2
+
12
2
_
cos
x
2
+
1
9
cos
3x
2
+
1
25
cos
5x
2
+. . .
_
_
sin
x
2
+
1
2
sin
2x
2
+
1
3
sin
3x
2
+. . .
_
)
3. f(x) = e
x
, x (, ).
(DS. e
x
=
e
_
1
2
+
n1
(1)
n
1 +n
2
(cos nx +nsin nx)
_
)
4. f(x) = x
2
, x [, ). Tnh to
ng cac chuo
i so
n1
(1)
n1
n
2
v`a
n1
1
n
2
.
(DS. x
2
=
2
3
4
n1
(1)
n1
cos nx
n
2
. Thay x
0
= 0, ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
n1
(1)
n1
n
2
=
2
12
. Thay x = thu du
.
o
.
.
c
n1
1
n
2
=
2
6
)
5. f(x) = x
2
, x (0, ), f(x) = f(x +pi).
(DS.
2
3
+
n1
_
1
n
2
cos 2nx
n
sin 2nx
_
)
220 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
6. f(x) = cos
x
2
, x (0, 2], f(x) = f(x + 2).
(DS. cos
x
2
=
8
n1
nsin nx
(2n 1)(2n + 1)
)
7. f(x) =
_
_
_
0 ne
u 3 < x 2
x ne
u 0 < x < 3.
Tnh to
ng cu a chuo
n1
1
(2n 1)
2
.
(DS.
3
4
6
n1
1
(2n 1)
2
cos
(2n 1)nx
3
3
n1
(1)
n
n
sin
nx
3
,
to
ng cu a chuo
i ba
`
ng
2
8
vo
.
i x
0
= 0)
8. f(x) = xsinx, x [, ].
(DS. 1
cos x
2
+ 2
n2
(1)
n
cos nx
n
2
1
)
Hay khai trie
ng chuo
n0
4n
2
+ 1
(4n
2
1)
2
.
(DS. 1) xcos x =
2
+
2
cos x
4
n1
4n
2
+ 1
(4n
2
1)
2
cos 2nx.
2) xcos x =
sinx
x
+ 2
n2
(1)
n
n
n
2
1
sin nx, 0 x < .
3)
n0
4n
2
+ 1
(4n
2
1)
=
2
8
+
1
2
(the
x = 0 v`ao 1))
10. f(x) = x( x), 0 x < , f(x) = f(x +).
(DS.
2
6
n1
cos
2nx
n
2
)
13.4. Chuo
i Fourier 221
11. f(x) = cos x, x
_
0,
2
_
. Tnh S =
n1
(1)
n
(2n 1)(2n + 1)
.
(DS.
4
_
1
2
n1
(1)
n
cos 2nx
4n
2
1
_
; S =
1
2
4
khi x
0
= 0)
12. f(x) =
_
_
_
1 ne
u 0 x 1
0 ne
u 1 < x .
Tnh
1
=
n1
sinn
n
;
2
=
n1
(1)
n
sinn
n
(DS.
2
_
1
2
+
n1
sinn
n
cos nx
_
,
1
=
1
2
;
khi x
0
= 0;
2
=
1
2
vo
.
i x = )
13. f(x) = [ cos x[. Tnh
S
1
=
n1
(1)
n
1
4n
2
1
v`a S
2
=
n1
1
4n
2
1
.
(DS.
2
+
4
n1
(1)
n+1
4n
2
1
cos 2nx;
S
1
=
2
4
khi x
0
= 0, S
2
=
1
2
khi x
0
=
2
)
14. f(x) = [ sin x[, x [, ]. Tnh S =
n1
1
(2n1)(2n+1)
.
(DS.
2
n1
cos 2nx
(2n 1)(2n + 1)
, S =
1
2
khi x
0
= 0)
15. f(x) = sign(sinx). Tnh S =
n1
(1)
n1
2n 1
.
(DS.
4
n1
sin(2n 1)x
2n 1
,
n1
(1)
n+1
2n 1
=
4
vo
.
i x
0
=
2
)
222 Chu
.
o
.
ng 13. L y thuye
t chuo
i
16. f(x) = x [x] = x - pha
`
n tha
.
p phan cu a so x.
(DS. x =
1
2
1
n1
sin2nx
n
)
17. f(x) =
_
_
_
x ne
u x 0
x
2
ne
u 0 < x .
(DS.
5
12
+
n1
_
3(1)
n
1
n
2
cos nx
4
2
(2n 1)
3
sin(2n 1)x
_
)
18. f(x) =
_
_
_
0 khi 2 x 0
1
2
x khi 0 < x 2.
(DS.
1
4
+
n1
_
2
(2n 1)
3
cos
nx
2
+
(1)
n+1
n
sin
nx
2
_
)
19. f(x) = x, x [3, 5]. (DS. 4 +
n1
2
n
(1)
n+1
sinnx)
Ch da
n. Ta hie
u khai trie
2
,
2
_
.
(DS.
2
5
+ sin 2x +
20
n1
(1)
n
4n
2
25
cos 2nx)
21. f(x) = xsin2x, x
_
4
,
4
_
.
(DS.
1
+
8
n1
(1)
n+1
n
4n
2
1
cos 4nx)
13.4. Chuo
i Fourier 223
22. f(x) =
_
_
_
0, x 0
sinx, 0 < x
tren doa
.
n [, ].
(DS.
1
+
1
2
sinx
n1
2
(4n
2
1)
cos 2nx)
23. f(x) =
_
_
_
0,
2
[x[
cos x, [x[ <
2
tren doa
.
n [, ].
(DS.
1
+
1
2
cos x
n1
2
(4n
2
1)
cos 2nx)
24. f(x) =
_
_
_
cos x, x
_
0,
2
_
cos x, x
_
2
,
_
tren doa
.
n [0, ].
(DS.
4
_
1
2
+
n1
(1)
n+1
cos 2nx
4n
2
1
_
)
25. Gia su
.
S
n
(f, x) =
a
0
2
+
n
k=1
(a
k
cos kx+b
k
sinkx) l`a to
ng rieng th u
.
n cu a chuo
f(t)
sin
_
n +
1
2
_
(t x)
2 sin
t x
2
dt.
Ch da
n. Su
.
du
.
ng cac cong th u
.
c tnh he
.
so Fourier cu a h`am f(x)
v`a he
.
th u
.
c
1
2
+ cos + cos 2 + + cos n =
sin
_
n +
1
2
_
2 sin
2
Chu
.
o
.
ng 14
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
14.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 . . . . . . . . . 225
14.1.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach bie
n . . . . . . . . . . . 226
14.1.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng cap . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.1.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh . . . . . . . . . . 237
14.1.4 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernoulli . . . . . . . . . . . 244
14.1.5 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan to`an pha
`
n . . . . . . 247
14.1.6 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Lagrange v`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
Clairaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
14.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao . . . . . . . . 259
14.2.1 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cho phep ha
.
thap cap . . 260
14.2.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 2 vo
.
i
he
.
so ha
`
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
14.2.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh thua
`
n
nhat cap nnn (ptvptn cap nnn) vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng . 273
14.3 He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap
1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 225
14.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan ca
p 1
Trong mu
.
c n`ay ta xet cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan thu
.
`o
.
ng cap 1, t u
.
c l`a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng F(x, y, y
) = 0 ho a
.
c du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng gia i du
.
o
.
.
c vo
.
i y
l`a
y
= f(x, y).
H`am kha vi y = (x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi
phan ne
n h`am cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ta se thu du
.
o
.
.
c
do
`
ng nhat th u
.
c.
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan c ap 1: y
= f(x, y)
trong mie
`
n D R
2
l`a h`am y = (x, C) thoa man cac tnh chat sau:
1
+
No l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho C thuo
.
c ta
.
p ho
.
.
p n`ao
do;
2
+
Vo
.
i mo
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u y(x
0
) = y
0
sao cho (x
0
, y
0
) D ch
co mo
.
t gia tri
.
duy nhat C = C
0
l`am cho nghie
.
m y = (x, C
0
) thoa
man die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u da cho.
Mo
.
i nghie
.
m y = (x, C
0
) nha
.
n du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
nghie
.
m to
ng quat y =
(x, C) u
.
ng vo
.
i gia tri
.
cu
.
the
C = C
0
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m rieng.
B`ai toan t`m nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
nghie
.
m to
ng quat vo
.
i bat c u
.
gia tri
.
C n`ao.
Nghie
.
m nhu
.
va
.
y go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m k`y di
.
(b at thu
.
`o
.
ng!) Cha
ng ha
.
n phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh y
=
_
1 y
2
co nghie
.
m to
thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
nghie
.
m to
ng quat vo
.
i
bat c u
.
gia tri
.
C n`ao. Do l`a nghie
.
m k` y di
.
.
226 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
14.1.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach bie
n
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan c ap 1 da
.
ng
P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy = 0
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach bie
n ne
i th` u
.
a so ch phu
.
thuo
.
c
v`ao mo
.
t bie
n:
f
1
(x)f
2
(y)dx +
1
(x)
2
(y)dy = 0. (14.1)
De
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
(14.1) cho f
2
(y)
1
(x) ,= 0 v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
f
1
(x)
1
(x)
dx +
2
(y)
f
2
(y)
dy = 0 (14.2)
v`a t` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c tch phan to
ng quat
_
f
1
(x)
1
(x)
dx +
_
2
(y)
f
1
(y)
dy = C. (14.3)
Trong phep chia de
co (14.2), c o the
thu du
.
o
.
.
c to`an bo
.
nghie
.
m cu a (14.1) ta ca
`
n ho
.
.
p nhat v`ao (14.3) cac khong die
m cu a h`am
f
1
(y) v`a
1
(x).
Nha
.
n xet. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng
dy
dx
= f(ax +by),
trong do f(ax + by) h`am lien tu
.
c, co the
du
.
a ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach
bie
n
[a +bf(t)]dx dt = 0
bo
.
i phep do
i bie
n t = ax +by.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 227
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
_
y
2
+ 1dx = xydy.
Gia i. Do l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng (14.1). Chia hai ve
cho tch
x
_
y
2
+ 1 ta co
dx
x
=
ydy
_
y
2
+ 1
, x ,= 0
v`a t` u
.
do
_
dx
x
=
_
ydy
_
y
2
+ 1
+C ln[x[
_
y
2
+ 1 = C.
Nhu
.
va
.
y, mo
.
i nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a
ln[x[
_
y
2
+ 1 = C, v`a x = 0.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (x
2
1)y
+ 2xy
2
= 0, y(0) = 1.
Gia i. Da
`
u tien ta t`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh. Ta co
(x
2
1)dy + 2xy
2
dx = 0
dy
y
2
+
2xdx
x
2
1
= 0.
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c
1
y
+ ln[x
2
1[ = C. (14.4)
Do va
.
y mo
.
i nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a
1
y
+ ln[x
2
1[ = C, v`a y = 0.
T` u
.
ta
.
p ho
.
.
p mo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng cong tch phan thu du
.
o
.
.
c ta t`m du
.
`o
.
ng
cong qua die
= e
x
, y(0) = 1.
Gia i. Ta co
(1 +e
x
)y
dy
dx
= e
x
ydy =
e
x
dx
1 +e
x
y
2
2
= ln(1 +e
x
) +C. (14.5)
Thay x = 0 v`a y = 1 v`ao (14.5) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m rieng
y
2
= 1 + ln
_
1 +e
x
2
_
2
y =
_
1 + ln
_
1 +e
x
2
_
2
.
T` u
.
die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u suy ra
`
ng y > 0 (y
x=0
= 1 > 0) do va
.
y tru
.
o
.
c
dau can ta lay dau +. Nhu
.
va
.
y nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m l`a
y =
_
1 + ln
_
1 +e
x
2
_
2
.
V du
.
4. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
dy
dx
= cos(x +y).
Gia i.
Ap du
.
ng nha
.
n xet da neu, ta da
.
t z = x +y. Khi do ta co
dz
dx
= 1 +
dy
dx
v`a t` u
.
do phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho c o da
.
ng
dz
dx
= 1 + cos z
dz
1 + cos z
= dx
_
dz
1 + cos z
=
_
dx +C
_
dz
2 cos
2
z
2
= x +C tg
z
2
= x +C z = 2[arctg(x +C) +n].
V` khi gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ta da chia hai ve
cho 1 + cos z. Do va
.
y,
ca
`
n kie
z
n
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ta thay z
n
l`a nghie
.
m cu a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho. Tro
.
ve
`
bie
n c u ta c o nghie
.
m:
y = x + 2arctg(x +C) + 2n,
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 229
v`a
y = x + (2n + 1).
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. (1 +y
2
)dx + (1 +x
2
)dy = 0. (DS. arctgx + arctgy = C)
2. (1 +y
2
)dx +xydy = 0. (DS. x
2
(1 +y
2
) = C)
3. (1 +y
2
)dx = xdy. (DS. y = tg lnCx)
4. x
_
1 +y
2
+yy
1 +x
2
= 0. (DS.
1 +x
2
+
_
1 +y
2
= C)
5. e
y
(1 +y
) = 1. (DS. e
x
= C(1 e
y
))
6. y
= a
x+y
(0 < a ,= 1). (DS. a
x
+a
y
= C)
7. e
y
(1 +x
2
)dy 2x(1 +e
y
)dx = 0. (DS. 1 +e
y
= C(1 +x
2
))
8. y
2
sin xdx + cos
2
xlnydy = 0. (DS. (1 +Cy + lny) cos x)
9. e
x
sin
3
y + (1 +e
2x
) cos y y
. (DS. arctge
x
=
1
2 sin
2
y
+C)
10. y
= 2x 3. (DS. y = 1 2x +Ce
x
)
Ch da
n. Do
i bie
n z = y + 2x 3.
13. (x + 1)
3
dy (y 2)
2
dx = 0. (DS.
1
y 2
+
1
2(x + 1)
2
= C)
14. (
xy +
x)y
y = 0. (DS. 2
y + ln[y[ 2
x = C)
15. 2
x+y
+ 3
x2y
y
= 0. (DS.
_
2
3
_
x
ln
2
3
18
y
ln18
= C)
230 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
16. (y +xy)dx + (x xy)dy = 0. (DS. x y + ln[xy[ = C)
17. yy
+x = 1. (DS. (x 1)
2
+y
2
= C
2
)
18. 1 + (1 +y
)e
y
= 0. (DS. (e
y
+ 1)e
x
= C)
19. y
=
1
2
_
cos(x y) cos(x +y)
.
(DS. y = 2
_
arctg(C
1
e
cos x
+n
)
20. 3e
x
tgydx + (2 e
x
)
dy
cos
2
y
= 0. (DS. tgy C(2 e
x
)
3
= 0)
T`m nghie
.
m rieng cu a cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thoa man c ac die
`
u kie
.
n
ban da
`
u da ch ra.
21. ydx + cotgxdy = 0, y
_
3
_
= 1. (DS. y = 2 cos x)
22. y
2
+x
2
y
= 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. x +y = 0)
23. 2(1 +e
x
)yy
= e
x
, y(0) = 0. (DS. 2e
y
2
= e
x
+ 1)
24. xy
+y = y
2
, y(1) =
1
2
. (DS. 4xy(1 y) 1 = 0)
25. y
sinx = y lny, a) y
_
2
_
= e, b) y
_
2
_
= 1.
(DS. a) y = e
tg
x
2
, b) y 1)
26. y
sinx y cos x = 0, y
_
2
_
= 1. (DS. y = sinx)
27. y lnydx +xdy = 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. y = 1)
28. x
_
1 y
2
dx +y
1 x
2
dy = 0, y(0) = 1.
(DS.
1 x
2
+
_
1 y
2
= 1, y = 1)
29. (2x +1)dy +y
2
dx = 0, y(4) = 1. (DS. ln
_
2
9
x +
1
9
_
= 2
_
1
y
1
_
)
30. (1 +y
2
)dx xydy = 0, y(2) = 1. (DS. x
2
= 2 + 2y
2
)
31. y
= (2y + 1)cotgx, y
_
4
_
=
1
2
. (DS. y = 2 sin
2
x
1
2
)
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 231
32. y
tgx y = 1, y
_
2
_
= 1. (DS. y = 2 sinx 1)
33. siny cos xdy = cos y sinydx, y(0) =
4
. (DS. cos x =
2 cos y)
34. y
sin x = y lny, y
_
2
_
= 1. (DS. y = 1)
35. xydx + (1 +y
2
)
1 +x
2
dy = 0, y(
8) = 1.
(DS. 2
1 +x
2
+ lny
2
+y
2
= 7)
14.1.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng ca
p
1. Tru
.
o
.
c he
t lu
.
u y ra
`
ng h`am f(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am da
ng c ap cap m
doi vo
.
i cac bie
n cu a no ne
u no thoa man do
`
ng nhat th u
.
c f(tx, ty) =
t
m
f(x, y).
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
dy
dx
= f(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng
cap doi vo
.
i cac bie
n x v`a y ne
ng cap cap 0
doi vo
.
i cac bie
n cu a no.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
bie
u die
n du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
dy
dx
=
_
y
x
_
.
Nh`o
.
phep do
i bie
n
u =
y
x
ta du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng cap ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach bie
n da bie
t
cach gia i:
x
du
dx
= (u) u.
Ne
u u = u
0
l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (u) u = 0 th` phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh d a
ng c ap
232 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
i) Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
ng
y = f
_
a
1
x +b
1
y +c
1
a
2
x +b
2
y +c
2
_
, a
i
= const, b
i
= const, i = 1, 2. (14.6)
co the
du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng cap ne
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
= a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
,= 0.
De
l`am vie
.
c do, ta da
.
t x = u+, y = v + v`a cho
.
n v`a sao cho ve
pha i cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.6) co da
.
ng f
_
a
1
u +b
1
v
a
2
u +b
2
v
_
. Noi cach khac
v`a l`a nghie
.
m cu a he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
a
1
+b
1
+c
1
= 0,
(14.7)
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 0.
T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
dv
du
= f
_
a
1
u +b
1
v
a
2
u +b
2
v
_
ro
`
i thay u bo
.
i x , thay v bo
.
i y ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat
cu a (14.6).
ii) Ne
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
= a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
= 0 th` a
1
x + b
1
y = (a
2
x + b
2
y),
= const. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.6) du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach bie
n ba
`
ng cach da
.
t z = a
2
x +b
2
y.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh 2x
2
dy = (x
2
+y
2
)dx.
Gia i. Chia hai ve
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cho x
2
dx ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
2
dy
dx
= 1 +
_
y
x
_
2
.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 233
Da
.
t y = ux y
= xu
+u v` a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
2xu
+ 2u = 1 +u
2
2x
dy
dx
= u
2
2u + 1
2du
(u 1)
2
=
dx
x
Tch phan phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh n`ay ta c o
2
u 1
= ln[x[ + lnC
2
y
x
1
= lnCx Cx = e
2x
yx
Khi thu
.
.
c hie
.
n vie
.
c chia cho x v`a u1 ta ca
`
n xem x ,= 0 v`a u ,= 1.
Kie
m tra tru
.
.
c tie
p ta thay x = 0 v`a u = 1 (t u
.
c l`a y = x) c ung l`a
nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho. Va
.
y
Cx = e
2x
yx
, y = x, x = 0.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
xy
= y
_
1 + ln
y
x
_
, y(1) = e
1
2
.
Gia i. Trong phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng c ap y
=
y
x
_
1+ln
y
x
_
ta da
.
t u =
y
x
,
y
= u +xu
. Ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tach bie
n
u +x
du
dx
= u(1 + lnu) x
du
dx
= ulnu
_
du
ulnu
=
_
dx
x
+ lnC ln[ lnu[ = ln[x[ + lnC
lnu = Cx.
Thay u bo
.
i
y
x
ta co
ln
y
x
= Cx y = xe
Cx
.
Do l`a nghie
.
m to
1
2
ta c o
C =
1
2
v`a do do nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m l`a y = xe
x
2
.
234 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
V du
.
3. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (x +y 2)dx + (x y + 4)dy = 0.
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
= 2 ,=
0.
Ta t`m cac so v`a ba
`
ng cach gia i he
.
x +y 2 = 0
x y + 4 = 0
_
= x
0
= 1, = y
0
= 3.
Thu
.
.
c hie
.
n phep do
i bie
n x = u 1, y = v + 3. Khi do phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh da cho tro
.
th`anh
(u +v)du + (u v)dv = 0. (14.8)
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.8) l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng cap. Da
.
t v = zu ta thu
du
.
o
.
.
c
(u +uz)du + (u uz)(udz +zdu) = 0,
(1 + 2z z
2
)du +u(1 z)dz = 0,
du
u
+
1 z
1 + 2z z
2
dz = 0,
ln[u[ +
1
2
ln[1 + 2z z
2
[ = lnC
hay l`a
u
2
(1 + 2z z
2
) = C.
Tro
.
ve
`
bie
n c u x v`a y ta c o
(x + 1)
2
_
1 + 2
y 3
x + 1
(y 3)
2
(x + 1)
2
_
= C
1
hay l`a
x
2
+ 2xy y
2
4x + 8y = C. (C = C
1
+ 14).
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 235
V du
.
4. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
(x +y + 1)dx + (2x + 2y 1)dy = 0.
Gia i. Ro r`ang l`a doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ta c o
1 1
2 2
= 0, t u
.
c
l`a he
.
x +y + 1 = 0
2x + 2y 1 = 0
_
vo nghie
.
m. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n` ay ta da
.
t
z = x +y, dy = dz dx
v`a
(2 z)dx + (2z 1)dz = 0 dx
2z 1
z 2
dz = 0
x 2z 3 ln [z 2[ = C.
Tro
.
ve
`
bie
n c u ta c o x + 2y + 3 ln[x +y 2[ = C.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. (x y)dx +xdy = 0. (DS. y = x(C lnx))
2. xy
cos
y
x
= y cos
y
x
x. (DS. sin
y
x
+ lnx = C)
5. y
= e
y
x
+
y
x
. (DS. lnCx = e
y
x
)
6. xy
= y ln
x
y
. (DS. y = xe
Cx+1
)
236 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
7. x
2
dy = (y
2
xy +x
2
)dx. (DS. (x y) lnCx = x)
8. xy
= y +
_
y
2
x
2
. (DS. y +
_
y
2
x
2
= Cx
2
, y = x)
9. (4x 3y)dx + (2y 3x)dy = 0. (DS. y
2
3xy + 2x
2
= C)
10. (y x)dx + (y +x)dy = 0. (DS. x
2
+ 2xy x
2
= C)
11. xy
= y ln
x
y
. (DS. y = xe
Cx
)
13. y xy
= x +yy
. (DS. arctg
y
x
+ lnC
_
x
2
+y
2
= 0)
14. ydy + (x 2y)dx. (DS. x = (y x) lnC(y x))
15. ydx + (2
xy x)dy = 0. (DS.
x +
y lnCy = 0)
16. xy
cos
y
x
= y cos
y
x
x. (DS. sin
y
x
+ lnx = C)
17. (y +
_
x
2
+y
2
)dx xdy = 0. (DS. y =
1
2C
(x
2
C
2
))
18. (x +y)dx + (x y)dy = 0. (DS. x
2
+ 2xy y
2
= C)
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
.
ng tr`nh vi phan du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng cap
sau
19. y
=
x 2y + 5
2x y + 4
. (DS.
y x 3
(y +x + 1)
3
= C)
20. (2x y + 1)dx + (2y x 1)dy = 0.
(DS. x
2
xy +y
2
x y = C)
21. y
=
2x +y 1
4x + 2y + 5
.
(DS. 10y 5x + 7 ln(10x + 5y + 9) = C)
22. (x +y + 2)dx + (2x + 2y 1)dy = 0.
(DS. x + 2y + 5 ln [x +y 3[ = C)
23. (x 2y + 3)dy + (2x +y 1)dx = 0.
(DS. x
2
+xy y
2
x + 3y = C)
24. (x y + 4)dy + (x +y 2)dx = 0.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 237
(DS. x
2
+ 2xy y
2
4x + 8y = C)
T`m nghie
.
m rieng cu a cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
ng cap hoa
.
c du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c
ve
`
da
ng cap sau
25. xdy ydx = ydy, y(1) = 1. (DS. x = y(1 + ln[y[))
26. xydx + (y
2
x
2
)dy = 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. x
2
+y
2
(lny
2
1) = 0)
27. xy
y = xtg
_
y
x
_
, y(1) =
2
. (DS. y = xarc sin x)
28. x
2
y
2
+ 2xyy
= 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. x
2
+ 2x +y
2
= 0)
14.1.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng
dy
dx
+P(x)y = Q(x) (14.9)
trong do P(x) v`a Q(x) l`a nh u
.
ng h`am lien tu
.
c, du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh o
.
day co ngha
l`a a
n h`am y v`a da
.
o h`am y
n tnh, t u
.
c l`a co ba
.
c ba
`
ng 1.
Ne
n tnh thua
`
n
nhat cap 1. Ne
n
tnh kh ong thua
`
n nhat.
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap gia i. Hai phu
.
o
.
ng phap thu
.
`o
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c su
.
du
.
ng l`a
1
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n thien ha
`
ng s o
.
Da
`
u tien t`m nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat
dy
dx
+P(x)y = 0. (14.10)
Sau do trong cong th u
.
c nghie
.
m to
nghie
.
m to
ng quat
238 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
cu a (14.10) v`ao (14.9). Phu
.
o
.
ng phap v` u
.
a neu go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap
Lagrange.
2
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i bie
n c`on go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap Bernoulli.
De
t
cu a x: y = u(x)v(x). The
y v`ao (14.9) ta c o
v[u
+P(x)u] +v
u = Q(x). (14.11)
V` y l`a tch cu a hai h`am nen mo
.
t trong hai co the
cho
.
n t` uy y, c`on
h`am kia du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i (14.11). Thong thu
.
`o
.
ng ta cho
.
n u(x) sao
cho bie
u th u
.
c trong dau ngoa
.
c vuong ba
`
ng 0, t u
.
c l`a u
+P(x)u = 0.
De
co die
`
u do ta ch ca
`
n lay u(x) l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
u
u(x)
v`ao (14.11) ta c o
v
u = Q(x)
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a (14.9).
Trong nhie
`
u tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 khong tuye
n
tnh doi vo
.
i y m`a l`a tuye
n tnh doi vo
.
i x, t u
.
c l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co the
du
.
a ve
`
da
.
ng
dx
dy
+F(y)x = R(y). (14.12)
Vie
.
c gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.12) tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.9)
vo
.
i ch u y l`a: y l`a doi so, x = x(y) l`a a
n h`am.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 239
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
+ 3y = e
2x
.
Gia i. Ta se gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n thien
ha
`
ng so.
Da
`
u tien gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat
y
+ 3y = 0
dy
y
= 3dx.
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c:
ln[y[ = 3x + ln[C
1
[ y = C
1
e
3x
= Ce
3x
.
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua
`
n nhat da cho se
du
.
o
.
.
c t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng y = C(x)e
3x
. Lay da
.
o h`am y
ro
`
i the
cac bie
u
th u
.
c cu a y v`a y
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ta co
C
(x)e
3x
= e
2x
C
(x) = e
5x
C(x) =
1
5
e
5x
+C
2
trong do C
2
l`a ha
`
ng so t` uy y. T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho
y = C(x)e
3x
=
_
1
5
e
5x
+C
2
_
=
1
5
e
5x
+C
2
e
3x
.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh trong v du
.
1 ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
i
bie
n.
Gia i. Da
.
t y = uv. Khi do y
= u
v + v
v +uv
+ 3uv = e
2x
u[v
+ 3v] +u
v = e
2x
. (14.13)
T` u
.
do ta co hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh de
t`m u v`a v:
v
+ 3v = 0, (14.14)
vu
= e
2x
. (14.15)
240 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
T` u
.
(14.14) suy ra
dv
3v
= dx v = e
3x
.
The
v = e
3x
v`ao (14.15) ta du
.
o
.
.
c
e
3x
u
= e
2x
u
= e
5x
u =
1
5
e
5x
+C
v`a do do
y = e
3x
_
1
5
e
5x
+C
_
=
1
5
e
2x
+Ce
3x
.
Ro r`ang l`a ca hai cach gia i de
`
u cho mo
.
t ke
t qua .
V du
.
3. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
dy
dx
=
1
xcos y +a sin 2y
(14.16)
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho khong pha i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh
doi vo
.
i y. Tuy nhien, ba
`
ng phep bie
n do
i do
.
n gia n ta bie
n do
i no ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh doi vo
.
i x v`a x
:
dx
dy
xcos y = a sin2y.
Da
.
t x = u(y)v(y)
dx
dy
= u
dv
dy
+v
du
dy
. The
x v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh v` u
.
a
thu du
.
o
.
.
c ta co hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh de
xac di
.
nh u v`a v
du
dy
ucos y = 0, (14.17)
u
dv
dy
= a sin 2y. (14.18)
Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.17) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c u = e
siny
. The
ke
t`m v. Ta co
e
siny
dv
dy
= a sin2y
v(y) = 2a
_
siny cos ye
siny
dy +C
= 2a(siny + 1)e
sin y
+C.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 241
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng qu at
x(y) = u v = e
siny
_
2a(siny + 1)e
siny
+C
= 2a(siny + 1) +Ce
siny
.
V du
.
4. Gia i b`ai toan Cauchy
x(x 1)y +y = x
2
(2x 1), y(2) = 4.
Gia i. T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
y = u(x)v(x) y
= u
v +v
u.
The
y v`a y
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ta se co hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh de
xac
di
.
nh u(x) v`a v(x):
x(x 1)v
+v = 0, (14.19)
x(x 1)vu
= x
2
(2x 1). (14.20)
Gia i (14.19) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c v =
x
x 1
. The
v`ao (14.20) ta c o
u
= 2x 1 u(x) = x
2
x +C.
Do do nghie
.
m to
ng quat c o da
.
ng
y = uv = (x
2
x +C)
x
x 1
y =
Cx
x 1
+x
2
.
v`a su
.
du
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
4 = C
2
2 1
+ 2
2
C = 0 y = x
2
.
Nhu
.
va
.
y nghie
.
m cu a b`ai toan Cauchy l`a y = x
2
.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
242 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. y
y = e
x
. (DS. y = (x +C)e
x
)
2. y
+ 2y = e
x
. (DS. y = Ce
2x
+e
x
)
3. y
= x +y. (DS. y = Ce
x
x 1)
4. y
+x
2
y = x
2
. (DS. y = 1 +Ce
x
3
3
)
5. xy
+y = 3. (DS. y = 3 +
C
x
)
6. xy
+y = e
x
. (DS. y =
e
x
+C
x
)
7. y
+ 2xy = 2xe
x
2
. (DS. y = (x
2
+C)e
x
2
)
8. y
2xy = 2xe
x
2
. (DS. y = (x +C)e
x
2
)
9. y
+ 2xy = e
x
2
. (DS. y = (x +C)e
x
2
)
10. y
+y = cos x. (DS. y = Ce
x
+
1
2
(cos x + sinx))
11. y
2y = x
3
cos x. (DS. y = Cx
2
+x
2
sinx)
13. xy
+
2y
x
=
e
x
2
x
. (DS. y =
C e
x
2
2x
2
)
15. y
xlnx y = 3x
3
ln
2
x. (DS. y = (C +x
3
) lnx)
17. y
2
x
y =
e
x
(x 2)
x
. (DS. y = Cx
2
+e
x
)
19. y
+ 2xy = 2x
2
e
x
2
. (DS. y = e
x
2
_
2x
3
3
+C))
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 243
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh doi vo
.
i x sau day
20. y
=
y
2y lny +y x
. (DS. x =
C
y
+y lny)
21. (e
y
2
2
xy)dy dx = 0. (DS. x = (C +y)e
y
2
2
)
22. (sin
2
y +xcotgy)y
= 1. (DS. x = Ce
y
+e
y
)
25. (y
2
6x)y
+ 2y = 0. (DS. x =
1
2
y
2
+Cy
3
)
26. y = xy
+y
= y. (DS. x =
1
lny + 1 Cy
)
28. (2xy + 3)dy y
2
dx = 0. (DS. x = Cy
2
1
y
)
29. (y
4
+ 2x)y
= y. (DS. x = Cy
2
+
y
4
2
)
30. ydx + (x +x
2
y
2
)dy = 0. (DS. x =
1
y(y +C)
)
31. e
x
dy
dx
e
x
= e
y
. (DS. e
y
= Ce
x
1
2
e
x
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t z(x) = e
y
.
32. 3dy + (1 +e
x+3y
)dx = 0. (DS. y =
1
3
ln(C +x)
x
3
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t z(x) = e
3y
.
Gia i cac b`ai toan Cauchy sau
33. ydx (3x + 1 + lny)dy = 0. y
_
1
3
_
= 1.
(DS. x =
y
3
4
9
1
3
lny)
Ch da
n. Xem x l`a a
n h`am.
34. x
2
+xy
= y, y(1) = 0. (DS. y = x x
2
)
244 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
35. y
ytgx =
1
cos
3
x
, y(0) = 0. (DS. y =
sinx
cos
2
x
)
37. y
+y) = e
x
, y(2) = 0. (DS. e
x
ln[1 x[)
39. y
sinx y cos x = 1; y
_
2
_
= 0. (DS. y = cos x)
41. y
ytgx =
1
cos x
, y(0) = 1. (DS. y =
x
cos x
+ 1)
42. y
+x
2
y = x
2
, y(2) = 1. (DS. y = 1)
43. y
y
1
sinxcos x
=
1
sinx
sinx, y
_
4
_
= 1 +
2
2
.
(DS. tgx + cos x)
44. y
+P(x)y = Q(x)y
, = const, ,= 0, ,= 1, (14.21)
trong do P(x) v`a Q(x) l`a nh u
.
ng h`am lien tu
.
c, du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh Bernoolli.
C ung giong nhu
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh, phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernoulli
du
.
o
.
.
c gia i nh`o
.
phu
.
o
.
ng phap
a) do
i bie
n y = u(x)v(x),
b) bie
n thien ha
`
ng so t` uy y.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.21) c o the
du
.
a ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh bo
.
i
phep do
i bie
n
z = y
1
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 245
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh x
2
y
2
y
+xy
3
= 1.
Gia i. Chia hai ve
cho x
2
y
2
:
y
+
y
x
= y
2
1
x
2
(14.22)
Do l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernolli. Thay y = uv v`ao (14.22) ta c o:
u
v +v
u +
uv
x
=
1
x
2
u
2
v
2
,
u
v +u
_
v
+
v
x
_
=
1
x
2
u
2
v
2
T` u
.
do de
+
v
x
= 0; 2) vu
=
1
x
2
u
2
v
2
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh 1) cho ta nghie
.
m v =
1
x
v`a t` u
.
do
u
x
=
1
u
2
u
2
u
= x u
2
du = xdx
u
3
3
=
x
2
2
+
C
3
u =
3
_
3x
2
2
+C.
Do va
.
y nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho c o da
.
ng
y = uv =
3
_
3
2x
+
C
x
3
.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
2xy = 3x
3
y
2
.
Gia i. Do l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernolli. Chia hai ve
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
cho y
2
:
y
2
y
2xy
1
= 2x
3
.
Da
.
t z = y
1
y
2
y
= z
. Do do
z
+ 2xz = 2x
3
.
246 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh n`ay ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
z = Ce
x
2
+ 1 x
2
v`a do do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a
y =
1
Ce
x
2
+ 1 x
2
V du
.
3. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh xy
+y = y
2
lnx.
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bertnoulli. Ta se ba
`
ng
phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n thien ha
`
ng so.
1
+
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng l`a
y =
C
x
.
2
+
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua
`
n nhat se du
.
o
.
.
c
t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng y =
C(x)
x
, trong do C(x) l`a h`am mo
.
i chu
.
a bie
t. Thay
y =
C(x)
x
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
C
(x) = C
2
(x)
lnx
x
2
dC
C
2
=
lnx
x
2
dx
1
C(x)
=
lnx
x
+
1
x
+C C(x) =
x
1 +Cx + lnx
v`a do do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a no l`a
y =
1
1 +Cx + lnx
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernoulli sau
1. y
+ 2xy = 2xy
2
. (DS. y =
1
1 +Ce
x
2
)
2. 3xy
2
y
2y
3
= x
3
. (DS. y
3
= x
3
+Cx
2
)
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 247
3. (x
3
+e
y
)y
= 3x
2
. (DS. x
3
e
y
= C +y)
4. y
+ 2xy = y
2
e
x
2
. (DS. y =
e
x
2
C x
)
5. y
y cos x = y
2
cos x. (DS. y =
1
Ce
sinx
1
)
6. 2y
sinx +y cos x = y
3
sin
2
x. (DS. y
2
(C x) sin x = 1)
Su
.
du
.
ng phep do
i bie
n du
.
a cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh phi tuye
n sau day
ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh ho a
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernoulli. Gia i c ac
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh do.
7. y
tgy = e
x
1
cos y
. (DS. siny = (x +C)e
x
.
Ch da
n. Da
.
t z = siny.
8. y
= y(e
x
+ lny). (DS. lny = (x +C)e
x
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t z = lny.
9. y
n. Da
.
t z = siny.
10. yy
+ 1 = (x 1)e
y
2
2
. (DS. x 2 +Ce
x
= e
y
2
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t z = e
y
2
2
11. y
+xsin2y = 2xe
x
2
cos
2
y. (DS. tgy = (C +x
2
)e
x
2
)
Ch da
n. Da
.
t z = tgy.
14.1.5 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan to`an pha
`
n
I. Ne
u trong phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan c ap 1
P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy = 0 (14.23)
cac he
.
so P v`a Q thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n
Q
x
=
P
y
(14.24)
248 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
th` ve
ng quat cu a (14.25) co da
.
ng
V (x, y) = C,
trong do C l`a ha
`
ng so t` uy y v`a du
.
o
.
.
c t`m theo c ac phu
.
o
.
ng phap sau.
1
+
Tch phan bie
u th u
.
c dV (x, y) theo du
.
`o
.
ng L(A, M) D bat k` y
gi u
.
a hai die
m A(x
0
, y
0
) v`a M(x, y) v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m cu a ptvptp:
V (x, y) =
(x,y)
_
(x
0
,y
0
)
Pdx +Qdy = C.
Thong thu
.
`o
.
ng lay L(A, M) l`a du
.
`o
.
ng gap kh uc vo
.
i cac ca
.
nh song song
vo
.
i tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
A(x
0
, y
0
), B(x, y
0
), M(x, y)):
V (x, y) =
x
_
x
0
P(t, y
0
)dt +
y
_
y
0
Q(x, t)dt = C.
2
+
V` dV (x, y) = d
x
V (x, y) + d
y
V (x, y), trong do d
x
V v`a d
y
V l`a
cac vi phan rieng cu a V (x, y) nen ba
`
ng cach tch phan rieng bie
.
t mo
i
bie
u th u
.
c do, ta c o V (x, y) bie
u die
n bo
.
i hai da
.
ng sau
1) V (x, y) =
_
Pdx +(y), xem y l`a khong do
i,
2) V (x, y) =
_
Qdy +(x), xem x khong do
i.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 249
De
n day, hoa
.
c xuat phat t` u
.
1) ta t`m (y) du
.
.
a v`ao die
`
u kie
.
n l`a
V
y
= Q(x, y)
_
_
Pdx
_
y
+
(y) = Q(x, y)
v`a t` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c (y).
Hoa
.
c t`m (x) du
.
.
a v`ao die
`
u kie
.
n l`a
V
x
= P(x, y)
_
_
Qdy
_
x
+
(x) = P(x, y)
v`a t` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c (x).
II. Th` u
.
a so tch phan
Ne
u phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.23) khong l`a ptvptp nhu
.
ng to
`
n ta
.
i h`am
= (x, y) , 0 sao cho sau khi nhan hai ve
cu a (14.23) vo
.
i m`a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thu du
.
o
.
.
c trong ke
u
_
P
y
Q
x
_
/Q l`a h`am ch cu a bie
n x th` phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
(14.23) c o th` u
.
a so tch phan = (x) ch phu
.
thuo
.
c x v`a du
.
o
.
.
c xac
di
.
nh bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
d ln
dx
=
P
y
Q
x
Q
(14.26)
2
+
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
ne
u
_
Q
x
P
y
_
/P l`a h`am ch cu a bie
n y th` (14.23)
co th` u
.
a so tch phan = (y) ch phu
.
thuo
.
c y v`a du
.
o
.
.
c t`m t` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh
d ln
dy
=
Q
x
P
y
P
(14.27)
C
AC V
I DU
.
250 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
V du
.
1. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
(x +y + 1)dx + (x y
2
+ 3)dy = 0.
Gia i. O
.
day P = x +y + 1, Q = x y
2
+ 3. V`
P
y
= 1 =
Q
x
nen ve
trai cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a vi phan to`an pha
`
n cu a h`am
V (x, y) n`ao do v`a
1)
V
x
= x +y + 1,
2)
V
y
= x y
2
+ 3.
T` u
.
1) thu du
.
o
.
.
c
V =
_
P(x, y)dx +(y) =
_
(x +y + 1)dx +(y)
=
x
2
2
+yx +x +(y). (*)
De
t`m (y) ta ca
`
n su
.
du
.
ng 2) v` a ke
t qua v` u
.
a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
y
_
x
2
2
+yx +x +(y)
_
= x y
2
+ 3
(y) = y
2
+ 3
(y) =
_
(y
2
+ 3)dy (y) =
y
3
3
+ 3y +C
1
.
The
bie
u th u
.
c (y) v`ao (*) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
V (x, y) =
x
2
2
+xy +x
y
3
3
+ 3y +C
1
.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho c o da
.
ng dV (x., y) = 0 v`a nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a
no du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
V (x, y) = C
2
hay
x
2
2
+xy +x
y
3
3
+ 3y +C
1
= C
2
.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 251
Da
.
t 6(C
2
C
1
) = C - ha
`
ng so t` uy y v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a
3x
2
+ 6xy + 6x 2y
3
+ 18y = C.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
(1 +x
_
x
2
+y
2
)dx + (1 +
_
x
2
+y
2
)ydy = 0.
Gia i. De
kie
m tra ra
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a ptvptp. Tha
.
t va
.
y
v`
P
y
Q
x
=
xy
_
x
2
+y
2
lien tu
.
c kha
p no
.
i trong ma
.
t pha
ng nen
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a ptvptp. Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a no co the
vie
t
du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng tch phan du
.
`o
.
ng
(x,y)
_
(x
0
,y
0
)
[Pdx +Qdy] = C.
Cho
.
n du
.
`o
.
ng tch phan l`a du
.
`o
.
ng gap kh uc co c ac ca
.
nh song song vo
.
i
tru
.
c to
.
a do
.
MNK, trong do M(x
0
, y
0
), K(x, y
0
), N(x, y) v` a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
x
_
x
0
P(t, y
0
)dt +
y
_
y
0
Q(x, t)dt = C.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay ta cho
.
n M(0; 1) v`a co
P(x, 1) = 1 +x
x
2
+ 1; Q(x, y) = (1 +
_
x
2
+y
2
)y.
Do do tch phan to
ng quat c o da
.
ng
x
_
0
[1 +t
t
2
+ 1]dt +
y
_
1
[1 +
x
2
+t
2
]tdt = C
hay l`a
x +
1
3
(x
2
+y
2
)
3/2
y
2
2
= C.
252 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
Ne
u ta cho
.
n M l`a die
m khac cu a ma
.
t pha
ng th` thu du
.
o
.
.
c ke
t qua khac
ke
t qua tren bo
.
i da
.
ng cu a ha
`
ng so t` uy y.
V du
.
3. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
(x +y
2
)dx 2xydy = 0.
Gia i. O
.
day P = x + y
2
, Q = 2xy. Ta thay ngay phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
da cho khong l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan to`an pha
`
n. Ta co
P
y
Q
x
Q
=
2y + 2y
2xy
=
2
x
v`a do va
.
y
d ln
dx
=
2
x
ln = 2ln[x[ =
1
x
2
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
x +y
2
x
2
dx 2
xy
x
2
dy = 0
l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan to`an pha
`
n. Ve
trai cu a no co the
vie
t du
.
o
.
i
da
.
ng
dx
x
2xydy y
2
dx
x
2
= 0 d
_
ln[x[
y
2
x
_
= 0.
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c tch ph an to
ng quat
x = Ce
y
2
/x
.
V du
.
4. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
2xy lnydx + (x
2
+y
2
_
y
2
+ 1)dy = 0.
Gia i. O
.
14.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 253
Nhan =
1
y
vo
.
i hai ve
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh vi phan to`an pha
`
n
2xy lnydx
y
+
x
2
+y
2
_
y
2
+ 1
y
dy = 0
hay l`a
d(x
2
lny) +y
_
y
2
+ 1dy = 0 x
2
lny +
1
3
(y
2
+ 1)
3/2
= C.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. (3x
2
+ 6xy
2
)dx + (6x
2
y + 4y
3
)dy = 0. (DS. x
3
+ 3x
2
y
2
+y
4
= C)
2. 3xe
y
dx + (x
3
e
y
1)dy = 0. (DS. x
3
e
y
y = C)
3. e
y
dx + (1 xe
y
)dy = 0. (DS. y +xe
y
= C)
4. 2xcos
2
ydx + (2y x
2
sin2y)dy = 0. (DS. x
2
cos
2
y +y
2
= C)
5. (3x
2
+ 2y)dx + (2x 3)dy = 0. (DS. x
3
+ 2xy 3y = C)
6. (3x
2
y 4xy
2
)dx + (x
3
4x
2
y + 12y
3
)dy = 0.
(DS. x
3
y 2x
2
y
2
+ 3y
4
= C)
7. (xcos 2y + 1)dx x
2
sin 2ydy = 0. (DS.
x
2
cos 2y
2
+x = C)
8. (3x
2
e
y
)dx + (x
3
e
y
1)dy = 0. (DS. x
3
e
y
y = C)
9. (2y 3)dx + (2x + 3y
2
)dy = 0. (DS. 2xy 3x +y
3
= C)
10. (x + ln[y[)dx +
_
1 +
x
y
+ siny)dy = 0.
(DS.
x
2
2
+xln[y[ +y cos y = C)
11. (3x
2
y
2
+ 7)dx + 2x
3
ydy = 0. (DS. x
3
y
2
+ 7x = C)
12. (e
y
+ye
x
+ 3)dx = (2 xe
y
e
x
)dy.
254 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
(DS. xe
y
+ye
x
+ 3x 2y = C)
13. sin(x +y)dx +xcos(x +y)(dx +dy) = 0.
(DS. xsin(x +y) = C)
14. e
y
dx + (1 xe
y
)dy = 0. (DS. xe
y
+y = C)
15. (12x + 5y 9)dx + (5x + 2y 4)dy = 0.
(DS. 6x
2
+ 5xy +y
2
9x 4y = C)
16. (3xy
2
x
2
)dx + (3x
2
y 6y
2
1)dy = 0.
(DS. 6y + 12y
3
9x
2
y
2
+ 2x
3
= C)
17. (lny 2x)dx +
_
x
y
2y
_
dy = 0.
(DS. xlny x
2
y
2
= C)
18.
_
sin 2x
y
+x
_
dx +
_
y
sin
2
x
y
2
_
dy = 0.
(DS.
sin
2
x
y
+
x
2
+y
2
2
= C)
19. (3x
2
2x y)dx + (2y x + 3y
2
)dy = 0.
(DS. x
3
+y
3
x
2
xy +y
2
= C)
20.
_
siny +y sin x +
1
x
_
dx +
_
xcos y cos x +
1
y
_
dy = 0.
(DS. xsiny y cos x + ln[xy[ = C)
T`m th` u
.
a so tch ph an de
7
y
3xy = C, =
1
y
2
)
Gia i cac b`ai toan Cauchy sau
28. (2x +ye
xy
)dx + (1 +xe
xy
)dy = 0, y(0) = 1.
(DS. x
2
+y +e
xy
= 2)
29. 2xcos
2
ydx + (2y x
2
sin2y)dy = 0, y(0) = 0.
(DS. 2y
2
+x
2
cos 2y +x
2
= 0)
30. 3x
2
e
y
+ (x
3
e
y
1)y
= 0, y(0) = 1. (DS. x
3
e
y
y = 1)
31.
2xdx
y
3
+
y
2
3x
2
y
4
dy = 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. y = x)
14.1.6 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Lagrange v`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
Clairaut
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
ng
y = x(y
) +(y
) (14.28)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Lagrange, trong do (y
) v`a (y
t cu a y
.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi (y
) = y
th` (14.28) co da
.
ng
y = xy
+(y
) (14.29)
256 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
v`a du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Clairaut.
1
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Lagrange
a) Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.28) doi vo
.
i y
(de
t`m bie
u th u
.
c y
qua x
v`a y) ne
p de
= f(x, y).
b) Phu
.
o
.
ng phap du
.
a tham so. Du
.
a v`ao tham so
dy
dx
= p
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c he
.
th u
.
c th u
.
nhat lien he
.
x, y v`a tham so p:
y = x(p) +(p). (14.30)
De
co he
.
th u
.
c th u
.
hai c a
`
n thie
t de
xac di
.
nh x v`a y ta lay da
.
o h`am hai
ve
cu a (14.30) ro
`
i thay
dy
dx
= p v`ao:
p = (p) +x
(p)
dp
dx
+
(p)
dp
dx
,
p (p) = [x
(p) +
(p)]
dp
dx
, (14.31)
[p (p)]
dx
dp
= x
(p) +
(p). (14.32)
Day l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh doi vo
.
i a
n t` u
.
(14.31) de
n (14.32) ta ca
`
n
chia cho
dp
dx
v`a khi do bi
.
mat c ac nghie
.
m m`a p l`a ha
`
ng so
_
dp
dx
= 0
_
.
Do do ne
u xem p khong do
ng.
2
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Clairaut
Da
.
t y
= p ta co
y = xp +(p). (14.34)
Lay da
.
o h`am da
ng th u
.
c n`ay theo x ta c o
p = p +x
dp
dx
+
(p)
dp
dx
[x +
(p)]
dp
dx
= 0
dp
dx
= 0 p = const = C, (14.35)
_
x +
(p) = 0. (14.36)
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p (14.35) t` u
.
(14.34) ta co
y = Cx +C
l`a nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.29).
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p (14.36) nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Clairaut du
.
o
.
.
c
xac di
.
nh bo
.
i
y = xp +(p),
x =
(p).
_
(14.37)
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Clairaut co the
co nghie
.
m bat thu
.
`o
.
ng thu du
.
o
.
.
c bo
.
i
vie
.
c khu
.
p t` u
.
(14.37).
258 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y = 2xy
+ lny
.
Gia i. Da
.
t y
Thay gi a tri
.
x v` u
.
a thu du
.
o
.
.
c v`ao bie
u th u
.
c doi vo
.
i y ta co
x =
C
p
2
1
p
2
, y = lnp +
2C
p
2.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y = xy
+
a
2y
(a = const).
Gia i. Da
.
t y
= p ta co
y = xp +
a
2p
Lay da
.
o h`am da
ng th u
.
c n`ay ro
`
i thay dy bo
.
i pdx ta co
pdx = pdx +xdp
a
2p
2
dp
_
x
a
2p
2
_
dp = 0
a) dp = 0 p = const = C nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh l`a y = Cx +
a
2C
.
b) x
a
2p
2
= 0 x =
a
2p
2
. Khu
.
p t` u
.
hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh x =
a
2p
2
v`a y = xp +
a
2p
ta c o y
2
= 2ax. Do l`a nghie
.
m bat thu
.
`o
.
ng.
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 259
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. y = 2xy
+ sin y
.
(DS. x =
C
p
2
cos p
p
2
sinp
p
, y =
2C
p
2 cos p
p
sinp, y = 0)
2. y = x(1 +y
) +y
2
.
(DS. x = 2(1 p) +Ce
p
, y = [2(1 p) +Ce
p
](1 +p) +p
2
)
3. y = xy
1
y
.
(DS. x =
Cp
2
+ 2p 1
2p
2
(p 1)
2
, y =
Cp
2
+ 2p 1
2(p 1)
2
1
p
.)
4. y = xy
+
a
y
2
. (DS. y = Cx +
a
C
2
, 4y
3
= 27ax
2
)
5. y = xy
+y
2
. (DS. y = Cx +C
2
, y =
x
2
4
)
6. xy
2
yy
+ 1 = 0. (DS. y = Cx
C 1
C
, (y + 1)
2
= 4x)
7.
_
y
2
+ 1 +xy
y = 0.
(DS. y = Cx +
1 +C
2
,
_
_
_
x =
p
_
1 p
2
,
y = px +
_
1 +p
2
.
)
8. y
+y = xy
2
. (DS. x =
p lnp +C
(1 p)
2
, y = xp p
2
)
14.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan ca
p cao
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap n l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng
F(x, y, y
, . . . , y
(n)
) = 0 (14.38)
260 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
hay (ne
u no gia i du
.
o
.
.
c doi vo
.
i da
.
o h`am y
(n)
):
y
(n)
= f(x, y, y
, . . . , y
(n1)
). (14.39)
B`ai toan t`m nghie
.
m y = (x) cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.39) thoa man
die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u
y(x
0
) = y
0
, y
(x
0
) = y
0
, . . . , y
(n1)
(x
0
) = y
(n1)
0
(14.40)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a b`ai toan Cauchy doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.39).
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap n (14.39) l`a ta
.
p
ho
.
.
p mo
.
i nghie
.
m xac di
.
nh bo
.
i c ong th u
.
c y = (x, C
1
, C
2
, . . . , C
n
)
ch u
.
a n ha
`
ng so t` uy y C
1
, C
2
, . . . , C
n
sao cho ne
u cho tru
.
o
.
c cac die
`
u
kie
.
n ban da
`
u (14.40) th` t`m du
.
o
.
.
c cac ha
`
ng so
C
1
,
C
2
, . . . ,
C
n
de
y =
(x,
C
1
, . . . ,
C
n
) l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.39) thoa man cac
die
`
u kie
.
n (14.40).
Mo
.
i nghie
.
m thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
nghie
.
m to
ng quat vo
.
i cac gia tri
.
cu
.
the
cu a cac ha
`
ng so t` uy y C
1
, C
2
, . . . , C
n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan (14.39).
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng (x, y, C
1
, C
2
, . . . , C
n
) = 0 xac di
.
nh nghie
.
m
to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng a
n du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch
phan to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh.
14.2.1 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cho phep ha
.
tha
p ca
p
Da
.
ng I. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng y
(n)
= f(x).
Sau n la
`
n tch phan ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat
y =
_
. . .
_
. .
n
f(x) dx dx
. .
n
+C
1
x
n1
(n 1)!
+C
2
x
n1
(n 2)!
+ +C
n1
x +C
n
.
V du
.
1. T`m nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(3)
=
lnx
x
2
, y(1) = 0, y
(1) = 1, y
(1) = 2.
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 261
Gia i. Tch phan 3 la
`
n phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ta co
y
=
_
lnx
x
2
dx =
lnx
x
1
x
+C
1
,
y
=
1
2
ln
2
x lnx +C
1
x +C
2
,
y =
x
2
ln
2
x +C
1
x
2
2
+C
2
x +C
3
.
Su
.
du
.
ng cac die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u ta c o
C
1
2
+C
2
+C
3
= 0
C
1
+C
2
= 1
1 +C
1
= 2
_
_
C
1
= 3, C
2
= 2, C
3
=
1
2
T` u
.
do suy ra nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m l`a
y =
x
2
ln
2
x +
3
2
x
2
2x +
1
2
Da
.
ng II. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.38) khong ch u
.
a a
n h`am v`a da
.
o h`am de
n
cap k 1:
F(x, y
(k)
, y
(k+1)
, . . . , y
(n)
) = 0.
Khi do ba
`
ng cach da
.
t
y
(k)
= p(x)
cap cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh se ha
.
xuong k do
.
n vi
.
.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh xy
(5)
y
(4)
= 0.
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho khong ch u
.
a a
n cap 3. Do do ta da
.
t
y
(4)
= p
262 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
x
dp
dx
p = 0 p = C
1
x y
(4)
= C
1
x.
Tch phan lien tie
p ta c o
y
(3)
= C
1
x
2
2
+C
2
,
y
(2)
= C
1
x
3
6
+C
2
x +C
3
,
y
= C
1
x
4
24
+C
2
x
2
2
+C
3
x +C
4
,
y = C
1
x
5
120
+C
2
x
3
6
+C
3
x
2
2
+C
4
x +C
5
= C
1
x
5
+C
2
x
3
+C
3
x
2
+C
4
x +C
5
;
C
1
=
C
1
120
, C
2
=
C
2
6
, C
3
=
C
3
2
Da
.
ng III. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.38) khong ch u
.
a bie
n do
.
c la
.
p
F(y, y
, y
, . . . , y
(n)
) = 0. (14.41)
Khi do ba
`
ng cach da
.
t
y
= p
(trong do p du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a h`am cu a y : p = p(y)) cap cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
ha
.
xuong 1 do
.
n vi
.
.
De
gia i ta ca
`
n bie
u die
n cac da
.
o h`am y
, y
, . . . , y
(n)
qua cac da
.
o
h`am cu a h`am p = p(y). Ta co
y
=
dy
dx
= p,
y
=
dp
dx
=
dp
dy
dy
dx
= p
dp
dy
,
y
=
d
dx
_
p
dp
dy
_
=
d
dy
_
p
dp
dy
_
dy
dx
= p
2
d
2
p
dy
2
+p
_
dp
dy
_
2
, . . .
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 263
The
cac ke
+y
2
= 2e
y
.
Gia i. Day l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong ch u
.
a bie
n do
.
c la
.
p x. Da
.
t y
=
p y
= p
dp
dy
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c
p
dp
dy
+p
2
= 2e
y
.
Do l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernoulli. Ba
`
ng phep do
i a
n h`am p
2
= z ta thu
du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh
dz
dy
+ 2z = 4e
y
, z = y
2
.
No c o nghie
.
m to
ng quat l`a z = 4e
y
+C
1
e
2y
. Thay z bo
.
i y
2
ta thu
du
.
o
.
.
c
dy
dx
=
_
4e
y
+C
1
e
2y
.
Tach bie
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. y
(3)
= 60x
2
. (DS. y = x
5
+C
1
x
2
2
+C
2
x +C
3
)
2. (x 3)y
= 0. (DS. y = C
1
ln[x 3[ +C
2
)
3. y
(3)
= x + cos x. (DS. y =
x
4
24
sinx +C
1
x
2
+C
2
x +C
3
)
264 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
4. y
= xe
x
; y(0) = y
= y
. (DS. y = C
1
x
2
+C
2
)
6. xy
+y
= 0. (DS. y = C
1
ln[x[ +C
2
)
7. xy
= (1 + 2x
2
)y
. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
2
+C
2
)
8. xy
= y
+x
2
. (DS. y =
x
3
3
+C
1
x
2
+C
2
)
9. xy
(3)
y
= 0. (DS. y = C
1
x
3
+C
2
x +C
3
)
10. y
= y
2
. (DS. y = C
2
ln[C
1
x[)
11. y
= 1 +y
2
. (DS. y = C
2
ln[ cos(x +C
1
)[)
12. y
+y
+ 2 = 0; y(0) = 0, y
n tnh ca
p 2 vo
.
i
he
.
so
ha
`
ng
I. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh thua
`
n nh a
t
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
ng
y
+a
1
y
+a
2
y = 0 (14.42)
trong do a
1
, a
2
l`a cac ha
`
ng so, du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh
thua
`
n nhat c ap 2 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng.
1. Ne
u y
1
v`a y
2
l`a cac nghie
.
m rieng cu a (14.42) sao cho
y
1
(x)
y
2
(x)
,=
const th` y = C
1
y
1
+C
2
y
2
l`a nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a (14.42).
2. Ne
xac di
.
nh c ac nghie
.
m rieng y
1
(x) v`a y
2
(x) da
`
u tien c a
`
n gia i
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng (ptdt) thu du
.
o
.
.
c ba
`
ng cach da
.
t y = e
x
2
+a
1
+a
2
= 0. (14.43)
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 265
Hie
t sau
Nghie
.
m cu a ptdt
Nghie
.
m rieng
cu a (14.42)
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat
cu a (14.42)
I.
1
,
2
R,
1
,=
2
y
1
= e
1
x
,
y
2
= e
2
x
y = C
1
e
1
x
+C
2
e
2
x
II.
1
=
2
= R
y
1
= e
x
,
y
2
= xe
x
y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
xe
x
= e
x
(C
1
+C
2
x)
III.
1
,
2
C y
1
= e
x
cos x y = e
x
(C
1
cos x
= i y
2
= e
x
sinx +C
2
sinx)
V du
.
1. T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
+y
2y = 0.
Gia i. T`m nghie
.
m trong da
.
ng y = e
x
, ta co y
= e
x
, y
=
2
e
x
.
Thay v` ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
2
+ 2 = 0
_
1
= 1,
2
= 2.
Ca hai nghie
.
m
1
,
2
R v`a khac nhau nen theo tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p I o
.
ba ng
ta co y
1
= e
x
, y
2
= e
2x
v`a do do
y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
2x
.
V du
.
2. C ung hoi nhu
.
tren doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
+ 2y
+y = 0.
266 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
.
ng tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng co da
.
ng
2
2 + 1 = 0
1
=
2
= 1.
Cac nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng thu
.
.
c v`a ba
`
ng nhau nen y
1
=
e
x
, y
2
= xe
x
. Do do
y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
xe
x
= e
x
(C
1
+C
2
x).
V du
.
3. T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
4y
+ 13y = 0.
Gia i. Ptdt tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng co da
.
ng
2
4 + 13 = 0
_
1
= 2 + 3i,
2
= 2 3i.
.
Cac nghie
.
m ph u
.
c n`ay tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i cac nghie
.
m rieng do
.
c la
.
p tuye
n
tnh l`a y
1
= e
2x
cos 3x, y
2
= e
2x
sin3x. Do do nghie
.
m to
ng quavt co
da
.
ng
y = C
1
e
2x
cos 3x +C
2
e
2x
sin3x
= e
2x
(C
1
cos 3x +C
2
sin3x).
II. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
t
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng
y
+a
1
y
+a
2
y = f(x) (14.44)
trong do a
1
, a
2
l`a nh u
.
ng ha
`
ng so thu
.
.
c, f(x) l`a h`am lien tu
.
c du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i
l`a ptvp tuye
ng qu at cu a (14.44) l`a to
ng cu a nghie
.
m to
ng qu at
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng v` a m o
.
t nghie
.
m rieng n` ao d o
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua
`
n nhat (14.44).
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 267
T` u
.
I v`a di
.
nh l y v` u
.
a phat bie
u suy ra
`
ng b`ai toan t`m nghie
.
m to
ng
quat cu a (14.44) du
.
o
.
.
c du
.
a ve
`
b`ai toan t`m nghie
.
m rieng y cu a no. Noi
chung phep tch phan (14.44) luon luon co the
thu
.
.
c hie
.
n nh`o
.
phu
.
o
.
ng
phap bie
n thien ha
`
ng so Lagrange.
Ne
u ve
pha i co da
.
ng da
.
c bie
.
t ta co the
t`m nghie
.
m rieng cu a (14.44)
nh`o
.
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap cho
.
n (phu
.
o
.
ng phap he
.
so bat di
.
nh khong ch u
.
a qua
tr`nh tch phan). Ta co ba ng tom ta
t sau trong do P
n
(x), Q
m
(x), . . .
l`a cac da th u
.
c da
.
i so ba
.
c tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng.
Ve
[P
n
(x) cos x+ nghie
.
m bo
.
i r [Q
1
(x) cos x+
Q
m
(x) sinx] cu a ptdt Q
2
(x) sinx],
Q
1
v`a Q
2
l`a da th u
.
c ba
.
c
s = max(m, n)
V. Ve
pha i cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh l`a to
ng cu a hai h`am
y
+a
1
y
+a
2
y = f
1
(x) +f
2
(x).
268 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
Khi do nghie
.
m rieng co the
t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
y = y
1
+ y
2
trong do y
1
l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
+a
1
y
+a
2
y = f
1
(x),
c`on y
2
l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
+a
1
y
+a
2
y = f
2
(x).
V du
.
4. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
2y
+y = x + 1 (da
.
ng I)
Gia i. Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng
co da
.
ng Y = e
x
(C
1
+C
2
x). V`
1
=
2
= 1 nen so 0 khong l`a nghie
.
m
cu a ptdt v`a do do r = 0 v`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho
(tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p I) ca
`
n t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
y = x
0
(Ax +B)
trong do A, B l`a nh u
.
ng ha
`
ng so ca
`
n xac di
.
nh. The
y v`a y
, y
v`ao
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh v`a so sanh c ac he
.
so cu a cac l uy th` u
.
a c` ung ba
.
c cu a x ta
thu du
.
o
.
.
c A = 1, 2A+B = 1 A = 1, B = 3. Do va
.
y y = x+3 v` a
y = y +Y = 3 +x +e
x
(C
1
+C
2
x).
V du
.
5. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
4y
+ 3y = xe
x
(da
.
ng II).
Gia i. Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng
co da
.
ng Y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
3x
. V` ve
pha i f(x) = xe
x
nen (xem II) ta
co P
n
(x) = x, = 1 v` a nhu
.
va
.
y so = 1 l`a nghie
.
m do
.
n cu a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng; r = 1. Do va
.
y nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
y = (Ax +B)xe
x
Tnh y
, y
ro
`
i the
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c A =
1
4
,
B =
1
4
v`a t` u
.
do
y = y +Y =
1
4
(x + 1)xe
x
+C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
3x
= C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
3x
1
4
x(x + 1)e
x
.
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 269
V du
.
6. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
+y = sin x (da
.
ng III).
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
2
+ 1 = 0 co nghie
.
m
1
= i,
2
= i. Do do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat l`a
Y = C
1
cos x+C
2
sinx. V` f(x) = sinx = 0 cos x+1 sinx nen a = 0,
b = 1, = 1. V` i = i l`a nghie
.
m do
.
n cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
nen r = 1 v`a nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
y = (Acos x +Bsinx)x.
The
y v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c A =
1
2
, B = 0 v`a
y =
1
2
cos x +C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx.
V du
.
7. Xet phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
+y = sin2x (da
.
ng III).
Gia i. Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
trong v du
.
6 ta co
Y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho c o = 2. V` i = 2i khong l`a nghie
.
m cu a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng nen r = 0 v`a
y = Acos 2x +Bsin 2x
The
y v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho c` ung vo
.
i y
, y
ta co A = 0, B =
1
3
.
Do do
y = y +Y =
1
3
sin 2x +C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx.
V du
.
8. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y
2y
+y = sinx +e
x
(da
.
ng V).
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng co nghie
.
m
1
=
2
= 1. Do va
.
y
nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng co da
.
ng
Y = e
x
(C
1
+C
2
x).
270 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
V` ve
pha i cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a to
2y
+y = sinx (14.45)
c`on y
2
l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
2y
+y = e
x
(14.46)
T`m y
1
. V` f(x) = sin x = 1. Tie
p do v` i = i khong l`a
nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng nen r = 0 v`a nghie
.
m rieng y ca
`
n
t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng y
1
= Acos x +Bsinx.
Thay y
1
, y
1
, y
1
v`ao (14.45) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c A =
1
2
, B = 0:
y
1
=
1
2
cos x.
T`m y
2
. Ve
pha i f(x) = e
x
(xem II). So = 1 khong l`a nghie
.
m
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng nen r = 0 nen nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m du
.
o
.
i
da
.
ng
y
2
= Ae
x
.
Thay y
2
, y
2
, y
2
v`ao (14.46) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c A =
1
4
v`a do va
.
y
y
2
=
1
4
e
x
.
Nhu
.
va
.
y y = y
1
+ y
2
=
1
2
cos x +
1
4
e
x
v`a
y = y +Y =
1
2
cos x +
1
4
e
x
+e
x
(C
1
+C
2
x).
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 271
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan sau
1. y
5y
+ 4 = 0. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
4x
)
2. y
6y
+ 9y = 0. (DS. y = e
3x
(C
1
+C
2
x))
3. y
+ 8y
+ 25y = 0. (DS. y = e
4x
(C
1
cos 3x +C
2
sin3x))
4. y
3y
+ 2y = 0. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
2x
)
5. y
4y
+ 4y = 0. (DS. y = e
2x
(C
1
+C
2
x))
6. y
2y
+ 2y = 0. (DS. y = e
x
(C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx))
Gia i cac b`ai toan Cauchy sau
7. y
+ 4y
+ 5y = 0; y(0) = 3, y
(0) = 0.
(DS. y = 3e
2x
(cos x + 2 sin x))
8. y
4y
+ 3y = 0; y(0) = 6, y
2y
+ 2y = 0; y(0) = 0, y
(0) = 1. (DS. y = e
x
sinx)
10. y
2y
+ 3y = 0; y(0) = 1, y
(0) = 3.
(DS. y = e
x
(cos
2x +
2 sin
2x))
11. y
+ 4y
= 0; y(0) = 7, y
(0) = 8. (DS. y = 9 2e
4x
)
12. y
+ 4y = 0; y(0) = 0, y
+ 2y
+y = e
x
. (DS. y = (C
1
x +C
2
)e
x
+
1
4
e
x
)
14. y
3y
+ 2y = e
x
. (DS. y = C
1
e
2x
+ (C
2
x)e
x
)
15. y
+y
2y = 6x
2
. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
x
3(x
2
+x + 1, 5))
16. y
+ 3y
= 9x. (DS. y = C
1
+C
2
e
3x
+
3
2
x
2
x)
17. y
2y = xe
x
. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
2
+C
2
e
x
2
(x 2)e
x
)
18. y
4y = 8x
3
. (DS. y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2
e
2x
2x
3
3x)
19. y
5y
+ 6y = 13 sin 3x.
272 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
(DS. y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2
e
3x
+
1
6
(5 cos 3x sin3x))
20. y
+ 4y = sin2x. (DS. y = C
1
cos 2x +C
2
sin2x
1
4
xcos 2x)
22. y
+y = xcos x.
(DS. y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx +
1
4
xcos x +
1
4
x
2
sinx)
23. y
2y
+ 3y = e
x
cos x.
(DS. y = e
x
(C
1
cos
2x +C
2
sin
2x) +
e
x
41
(5 cos x 4 sin x))
24. y
3y
+ 2y = e
3x
(x
2
+x).
(DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
2x
+
e
3x
2
(x
2
2x + 2))
25. y
+y = x + 2e
x
. (DS. y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sin x +x +e
x
)
26. y
2y
+y = 3e
x
+x + 1.
(DS. y =
3
2
e
x
x
2
+x + 3 +e
x
(C
1
x +C
2
))
27. y
6y
+ 8y = e
x
+e
2x
.
(DS. y =
1
3
e
x
1
2
xe
2x
+C
1
e
2x
+C
2
e
4x
)
28. y
+ 9y = e
x
cos 3x.
(DS. y = C
1
cos 3x +C
2
sin3x +
e
x
37
(cos 3x + 6 sin 3x))
29. y
4y
+ 4y = xe
2x
. (DS. y = (C
1
x +C
2
)e
2x
+
1
6
x
3
e
2x
)
30. y
+y = 4 cos x + (x
2
+ 1)e
x
.
(DS. y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx + 2xsin x +e
x
(1 x +
1
2
x
2
))
31. y
6y
+ 9y = 25e
x
sinx.
(DS. y = (C
1
+C
2
x)e
3x
+e
x
(4 cos x + 3 sin x))
32. y
+ 2y
+ 5y = e
x
sin2x.
(DS. y = (C
1
cos 2x +C
2
sin 2x)e
x
1
4
xe
x
cos 2x)
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 273
33. y
+y
= 4x
2
e
x
. (DS. y = C
1
+C
2
e
x
+ (2x
2
6x + 7)e
x
)
34. y
+ 10y
+ 25y = 4e
5x
. (DS. y = (C
1
+C
2
x)e
5x
+ 2x
2
e
5x
)
14.2.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh thua
`
n
nha
t ca
p nnn (ptvptn ca
p nnn) v o
.
i he
.
so
ha
`
ng
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
ng
L(y) y
(n)
+a
1
y
(n1)
+ +a
n1
y
+a
n
y = 0 (14.47)
trong do a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
l`a nh u
.
ng ha
`
ng so thu
.
.
c du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
vi phan tuye
n tnh thua
`
n nhat c ap n (ptvptn c ap n) vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng.
1. Ne
u y
1
(x) v`a y
2
(x) l`a nghie
.
m cu a (14.47): Ly = 0 th` y =
C
1
y
1
(x) +C
2
y
2
(x) c ung l`a nghie
.
m cu a no;
2. Ne
_
La
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
() =
n
+a
1
n1
+ +x
n1
+A
n
= 0
_
T`m nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
= 0 :
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
.
_
274 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
T`m nghie
.
m rieng do
.
c la
.
p tuye
n tnh (dtt)
y
1
(x), y
2
(x), . . . , y
n
(x)
cu a ptvptn:L(y) = 0
_
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh L(y) = 0
y = C
1
y
1
(x) +C
2
y
2
(x) + +C
n
y
n
(x)
C
1
, C
2
, . . . , C
n
l`a cac ha
`
ng so t` uy y
Gia su
.
t`m du
.
o
.
.
c cac nghie
.
m
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c
tru
.
ng doi v o
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.47). Khi do t` uy thuo
.
c v`ao d a
.
c tnh
cu a nghie
.
m
1
, . . . ,
n
ta vie
t du
.
o
.
.
c c ac nghie
.
m rieng dltt cu a (14.47).
1
+
Ne
u
i
R,
i
,=
j
i ,= j th` mo
i
i
se tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i nghie
.
m
rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.47) l`a
e
i
x
, i = 1, n
v`a nghie
.
m to
1
x
+C
2
e
2
x
+ +C
n
e
nx
. (14.48)
2
+
Ne
u phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng co nghie
.
m bo
.
i cha
ng ha
.
n
1
=
2
= =
k
=
v`a n k nghie
.
m c` on la
.
i de
`
u khac nhau th` c ac
nghie
.
m rieng dltt se l`a
e
x
, xe
x
, . . . , x
k1
e
x
, e
k+1
x
, . . . , e
nx
v`a nghie
.
m to
ng quat c o da
.
ng
y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
xe
x
+ +C
k
x
k1
e
x
+C
k+1
e
k+1
x
+ +C
n
e
nx
.
(14.49)
3
+
Ne
u phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng c o nghie
.
m ph u
.
c xuat hie
.
n t` u
.
ng c a
.
p
lien ho
.
.
p, cha
ng ha
.
n de
xac di
.
nh ta gia thie
t
1
= +i,
2
= i,
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 275
3
= +i,
4
= i v`a c ac nghie
.
m c`on la
.
i de
`
u thu
.
.
c th` cac nghie
.
m
rieng dltt l`a
e
x
cos x, e
x
sinx, e
x
cos x, e
x
sinx, e
5
x
, . . . , e
nx
v`a khi do nghie
.
m to
ng quat c o da
.
ng
y = C
1
e
x
cos x +C
2
e
x
sinx +C
3
e
x
cos x
+C
4
e
x
sinx +C
5
e
5
x
+ +C
n
e
nx
. (14.50)
4
+
Sau c` ung ne
u
1
= + i l`a nghie
.
m bo
.
i k cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
da
.
c tru
.
ng
_
k
n
2
_
th`
2
= i c ung l`a nghie
.
m bo
.
i k cu a no. Cac
nghie
.
m dltt se l`a
e
x
cos x,e
x
sin x, xe
x
cos x, xe
x
sin x, . . . ,
x
k1
e
x
cos x, x
k1
e
x
sinx, e
2k+1
x
, . . . , e
nx
v`a t` u
.
do vie
t du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(3)
2y
(2)
3y
= 0.
Gia i. La
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
() =
3
2
2
3 = 0.
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng co ba nghie
.
m khac nhau l`a
1
= 0,
2
= 1,
3
= 3. Khi do ap du
.
ng (14.48) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat
y = C
1
+C
2
e
x
+C
3
e
3x
.
V du
.
2. C ung hoi nhu
.
tren vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(3)
+ 2y
+y
= 0.
276 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng co da
.
ng
3
+ 2
2
+ = 0.
T` u
.
do suy ra
1
=
2
= 1,
3
= 0. Cac nghie
.
m n`ay de
`
u thu
.
.
c v`a
= 1 l`a nghie
.
m kep nen ap du
.
ng (14.49) ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
xe
x
+C
3
.
V du
.
3. C ung hoi nhu
.
tren doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(3)
+ 4y
(2)
+ 13y
= 0.
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
3
+ 4
2
+ 13 = 0 co cac nghie
.
m
1
= 0,
2
= 2 3i,
3
= 2 + 3i. Do do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a no
co da
.
ng
y = C
1
+C
2
e
2x
cos 3x +C
3
e
2x
sin3x.
V du
.
4. Xet phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(5)
2y
(4)
+ 2y
(3)
4y
(2)
+y
2y = 0.
Gia i. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
5
2
4
+ 2
3
4
2
+ 2 = 0
co cac nghie
.
m:
1
= 2 - nghie
.
m do
.
n;
2
= i l`a ca
.
p nghie
.
m ph u
.
c lien
ho
.
.
p bo
.
i 2. Khi do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng
y = C
1
e
2x
+C
2
cos x +C
3
xcos x +C
4
sinx +C
5
xsinx
= C
1
e
2x
+ (C
2
+C
3
x) cos x + (C
4
+C
5
x) sinx.
V du
.
5. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(4)
+ 4y
(3)
+ 8y
(2)
+ 8y
+ 4y = 0.
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 277
Gia i. La
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
4
+ 4
3
+ 8
2
+ 8 + 4 = 0 (
2
+ 2 + 2)
2
= 0.
No c o cac nghie
.
m kep ph u
.
c
1
=
2
= 1 i;
3
=
4
= 1 +i. Do
do t` u
.
4
+
suy ra nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a no se l`a
y = C
1
e
x
cos x +C
2
e
x
sinx +C
3
xe
x
cos x +C
4
xe
x
sinx
= e
x
[C
1
+C
3
x] cos x +e
x
[C
2
+C
4
x] sinx.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. y
(3)
+ 6y
(2)
+ 11y
+ 6y = 0. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
2x
+C
3
e
3x
)
2. y
(3)
8y = 0. (DS. y = C
1
e
2x
+e
x
(C
2
cos
3x +C
3
sin
3x))
3. y
(4)
y = 0. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
x
+C
3
cos x +C
4
sinx)
4. y
(3)
3y
2y = 0. (DS. y = e
x
(C
1
+C
2
x) +C
3
e
2x
)
5. 2y
(3)
3y
(2)
+y
= 0. (DS. y = C
1
+C
2
e
x
+C
3
e
x/2
)
6. y
(3)
6y
(2)
+ 13y
= 0. (DS. y = C
1
+e
3x
(C
2
cos 2x +C
3
sin2x))
7. y
(4)
+ 13y
(2)
+ 36y = 0.
(DS. y = C
1
cos 2x +C
2
sin 2x +C
3
cos 3x +C
4
sin 3x)
Gia i cac b`ai toan Cauchy sau day
8. y
+ 4y
+ 5y = 0; y(0) = 3, y
(0) = 0.
(DS. y = 3e
2x
(cos x + 2 sin x))
9. y
(3)
+ 3y
(2)
+ 3y
+y = 0; y(0) = 1, y
(0) = 2, y
(0) = 3.
(DS. y = e
x
(3x
2
+x 1))
10. y
(3)
3y
(2)
+ 3y
y = 0; y(0) = 1, y
(0) = 2, y
(0) = 3.
(DS. y = e
x
(1 +x))
278 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
11. y
(3)
+y
(2)
= 0; y(0) = 1, y
(0) = 0, y
(0) = 1.
(DS. y = x +e
x
)
Bay gi`o
.
xet phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
+a
n
y = f(x) (14.51)
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cap 2 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng b`ai
toan tch phan phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.51) du
.
o
.
.
c quy ve
`
t`m mo
.
t nghie
.
m
rieng n`ao do cu a (14.51). Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p to
thu
.
.
c hie
.
n nh`o
.
phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n thien
ha
`
ng so t` uy y. Doi vo
.
i mo
.
t so da
.
ng da
.
c bie
.
t cu a ve
pha i nghie
.
m rieng
cu a (14.51) du
.
o
.
.
c t`m bo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng phap do
.
n gia n ho
.
n: do l`a phu
.
o
.
ng
phap cho
.
n. Da
.
ng to
ng quat cu a ve
ap du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c l` a
f(x) = e
x
[P
(x) cos x +Q
m
(x) sinx]
trong do P
(x) v` a Q
m
(x) l`a nh u
.
ng da th u
.
c ba
.
c v`a m tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p n`ay nghie
.
m rieng cu a (14.51) c a
`
n du
.
o
.
.
c t`m du
.
o
.
i
da
.
ng
y = x
r
e
x
_
P
k
(x) cos x +
Q
k
(x) sinx
k = max(, m),
P
k
v`a
Q
k
l`a nh u
.
ng da th u
.
c ba
.
c k cu a x da
.
ng to
ng quat
vo
.
i cac he
.
so chu
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh, r l`a bo
.
i cu a nghie
.
m = +i cu a
ptdt (ne
n thien ha
`
ng so Lagrange doi vo
.
i
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan c ap cao l`a nhu
.
sau.
Gia su
.
y
1
(x), y
2
(x), . . . , y
n
(x) l`a he
.
cac nghie
.
m rieng do
.
c la
.
p tuye
n
tnh cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng cu a (14.51) v`a
Y (x) = C
1
y
1
(x) +C
2
y
2
(x) + +C
n
y)n(x)
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 279
l`a nghie
.
m to
t cu a bie
n
x. De
xac di
.
nh ch ung ta la
.
p he
.
_
_
y
1
(x)C
1
(x) +y
2
(x)C
2
(x) + +y
n
(x)C
n
(x) = 0,
y
1
(x)C
1
(x) +y
2
(x)C
2
(x) + +y
n
(x)C
n
(x) = 0,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y
(n1)
1
(x)C
1
(x) +y
(n1)
2
(x)C
2
(x) + +y
(n1)
n
(x)C
n
(x) = f(x).
(14.53)
V` y
1
, . . . , y
n
l`a dltt nen di
.
nh th u
.
c cu a he
.
(Wronskian) luon ,= 0
v`a he
.
co nghie
.
m duy nhat:
dC
i
(x)
dx
=
i
(x) C
i
(x) =
_
i
(x)dx +
C
i
, i = 1, n. (14.54)
trong do
C
i
l`a ha
`
ng so t` uy y. The
ng quat cu a (14.51).
Nha
.
n xet. Doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cap 2 he
.
(14.53) co da
.
ng
_
y
1
(x)C
1
(x) +y
2
(x)C
2
(x) = 0,
y
1
(x)C
1
(x) +y
2
(x)C
2
(x) = f(x).
(14.55)
Ba ng tom ta
t c ac da
.
ng nghie
.
m rieng
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i mo
.
t so da
.
ng ve
pha i cu a phu
.
o
.
ng Nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng C ac da
.
ng
N
pha i cu a phu
.
o
.
ng Nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng Cac da
.
ng
N
u f(x) = f
1
(x) + f
2
(x) + + f
m
(x), trong do
f
1
, . . . , f
m
l`a c ac h`am da
.
ng I-IV o
.
ba ng v`a y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
m
l`a c ac nghie
.
m
rieng tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i f
i
(x), i = 1, m th`
y = y
1
+ y
2
+ + y
m
l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.51). Day c ung chnh l`a no
.
i dung
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng phap ch o
`
ng nghie
.
m.
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
1) y
(3)
y
(2)
+y
y = x
2
+x;
2) y
(3)
y
(2)
= 12x
2
+ 6x.
Gia i. 1) Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
3
2
+1 = 0 c o cac nghie
.
m
khac nhau
1
= 1,
2
= i,
3
= i. Do do phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i 1) c o nghie
.
m to
ng quat l`a
Y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx
(o
.
day so = 0). V` so = 0 khong l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c
tru
.
ng nen theo tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p I. 2, ta co y = A
1
x
2
+ A
2
x + A
3
, trong
do A
1
, A
2
, A
3
l`a nh u
.
ng he
.
so ca
`
n du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh. The
nghie
.
m rieng y
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh 1), ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
A
1
x
2
+ (2A
1
A
2
)x + (A
2
2A
1
A
3
) = x
2
+x,
t` u
.
do suy ra ra
`
ng A
1
= 1, A
2
= 3, A
3
= 1. Do do y = x
2
3x1
v`a nghie
.
m to
ng quat c o da
.
ng
y = Y + y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx x
2
3x 1.
2) Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
3
2
= 0 co nghie
.
m
1
=
2
= 0,
3
= 1. Do do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng
u
.
ng vo
.
i 2) c o da
.
ng
Y = C
1
+C
2
x +C
3
e
x
.
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 283
V` so = 0 l`a nghie
.
m kep cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng nen theo
tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p I. 2, ta co
y = x
2
(A
1
x
2
+A
2
x +A
3
) = A
1
x
4
+A
2
x
3
+A
3
x
2
.
The
y v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh 2), ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
12A
1
x
2
+ (24A
1
6A
2
)x + (6A
2
2A
3
) = 12x
2
+ 6x
v`a t` u
.
do A
1
= 1, A
2
= 5, A
3
= 15 v`a
y = x
4
5x
3
15x
2
.
Nhu
.
va
.
y
y = Y + y = C
1
+C
2
x +C
3
e
x
x
4
5x
3
15x
2
.
V du
.
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(3)
2y
(2)
+ 2y
t nghie
.
m
rieng. Tru
.
o
.
c tien ta bie
n do
i ve
pha i cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh. Ta co
4 cos xcos 3x + 6 sin
2
x = 2 cos 4x cos 2x + 3.
Khi do
y
(3)
2y
(2)
+ 2y
= 2 cos 4x cos 2x + 3.
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng l`a
Y = C
1
+ (C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx)e
x
.
De
t`m nghie
.
m rieng, ta se ap du
.
ng nha
.
n xet da neu: Ta ca
`
n t`m
nghie
.
m rieng cu a ba phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(3)
2y
(2)
+ 2y
= 2 cos 4x,
y
(3)
2y
(2)
+ 2y
= cos 2x,
y
(3)
2y
(2)
+ 2y
= 3.
284 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
De
d`ang thay ra
`
ng
y
1
=
1
65
(cos 4x
7
4
sin4x); y
2
=
1
10
(
1
2
sin2x cos 2x); y
3
=
3
2
x.
Do do
y = y
1
+ y
2
+ y
3
=
1
65
(cos 4x
7
4
sin4x) +
1
10
(
1
2
sin 2x cos 2x) +
3
2
x.
T` u
.
do suy ra ra
`
ng
y = Y + y = C
1
+ (C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx)e
x
+
1
65
(cos 4x
7
4
sin 4x)
+
1
10
_
sin2x
2
cos 2x
_
+
3
2
x.
V du
.
3. T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
(3)
+y
= tgx.
Gia i. De
d`ang thay ra
`
ng nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng y
(3)
+y
= 0 l`a
Y = C
1
+C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx.
Ta t`m nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua
`
n nhat ba
`
ng
phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n phan ha
`
ng so. Tru
.
o
.
c tien, ta la
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh de
xac di
.
nh cac h`am C
i
(x), i = 1, 3. Ta co
_
_
C
1
+C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx = 0,
C
2
sinx +C
3
cos x = 0,
C
2
cos x C
3
sinx = tgx.
Nhan phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
hai vo
.
i sin x, phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
ba vo
.
i cos x
ro
`
i co
.
ng la
.
i, ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c C
2
= sinx. T` u
.
do C
3
=
sin
2
x
cos x
. Tie
p de
n,
co
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
nhat vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
ba, ta co C
1
= tgx.
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 285
T` u
.
cac ke
tg
_
4
+
x
2
_
v`a do do nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m co da
.
ng
y = ln[ cos x[ + cos
2
x + sinx
_
sinx ln
tg
_
4
+
x
2
_
_
= ln[ cos x[ + 1 sin xln
tg
_
4
+
x
2
_
.
T` u
.
y v`a Y ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho
y = Y + y = C
1
+C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx
ln[ cos x[ sinxln
tg
_
4
+
x
2
_
+ 1.
V du
.
4. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
4y
+ 5y =
e
2x
cos x
Gia i. Da
`
u tien t`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n
nhat. De
thay ra
`
ng
Y = C
1
e
2x
cos x +C
2
e
2x
sinx.
V` ve
pha i f(x) =
e
2x
cos x
khong thuo
.
c v`ao nhom cac h`am da
.
ng da
.
c bie
.
t
da xet o
.
tren, nen vie
.
c cho
.
n nghie
.
m rieng theo ve
n thien ha
`
ng so Lagrange. (Lu
.
u y ra
`
ng do
l`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap to
ng quat co the
ap du
.
ng cho phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vo
.
i ve
pha i lien tu
.
c bat k` y f(x)).
Ta la
.
p he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh de
t`m C
1
(x) v`a C
2
(x):
C
1
(x) cos x +C
2
(x) sinx = 0,
C
1
(x)(2 cos x sinx) +C
2
(x)(2 sin x + cos x) =
1
cos x
286 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
T` u
.
do suy ra C
1
(x) = tgx, C
2
(x) = 1 v`a do do
C
1
(x) =
_
tgxdx = ln[ cos x[ +
C
1
,
C
2
(x) =
_
dx = x +
C
2
.
Thay C
1
(x) v`a C
2
(x) v`ao bie
u th u
.
c cu a Y ta co nghie
.
m to
ng quat
y =
_
ln[ cos x[ +
C
1
_
e
2x
cos x +
_
x +
C
2
_
e
2x
sinx,
trong do
C
1
,
C
2
l`a nh u
.
ng ha
`
ng so t` uy y.
V du
.
5. Gia i b`ai toan Cauchy doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
y
=
1
1 +e
x
, y(0) = 1, y
(0) = 2.
Gia i. Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n nhat l`a
Y = C
1
+C
2
e
x
.
Da
.
t C
1
= C
1
(x), C
2
= C
2
(x). Ta la
.
p he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh de
xac di
.
nh
C
1
(x) v`a C
2
(x). Ta co
C
1
(x) +C
2
(x)e
x
= 0,
C
2
(x)e
x
=
1
1 +e
x
_
_
_
(v` y
1
(x) = 1 y
1
(x) = 0; y
2
(x) = e
x
y
2
(x) = e
x
). Gia i he
.
n`ay ta
thu du
.
o
.
.
c
C
1
(x) =
1
1 +e
x
C
1
(x) = x + ln(1 +e
x
) +
C
1
C
2
(x) =
1
e
x
(1 +e
x
)
C
2
(x) = e
x
x + ln(1 +e
x
) +
C
2
.
T` u
.
do thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat
y = x + ln(1 +e
x
) +e
x
_
e
x
x + ln(1 +e
x
) +
C
2
+
C
1
.
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 287
Thay x = 0, y = 1 v`ao nghie
.
m to
ng quat ta co
1 = 2 ln2 1 +
C
2
+
C
1
.
Tnh y
(x) ro
`
i thay x = 0 v`a y
(0) = 2 v`ao ta co
2 = 1 +
C
2
+ ln2
C
2
= 3 ln2
C
1
= ln2 1.
Sau c` unh nghie
.
m rieng ca
`
n t`m co da
.
ng
y = (1 +e
x
) ln(1 +e
x
) +e
x
_
3 ln2 x
_
(2 + ln2 +x).
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Hay xac di
.
nh da
.
ng nghie
.
m rieng cu a cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1. y
(3)
+y = x. (DS. y = A
1
+A
2
x)
2. y
(3)
+y
= 2. (DS. y = Ax)
3. y
(3)
+y
(2)
= 3. (DS. y = Ax
2
)
4. y
(4)
y = 1. (DS. y = A, A = const)
5. y
(4)
y
= 2. (DS. y = Ax)
6. y
(4)
y
(2)
= 3. (DS. y = Ax
2
)
7. y
(4)
y
(3)
= 4. (DS. y = Ax
3
)
8. y
(4)
+ 2y
(3)
+y
(2)
= e
4x
. (DS. y = Ae
4x
)
9. y
(4)
+ 2y
(3)
+y
(2)
= e
x
. (DS. y = Ax
2
e
x
)
10. y
(4)
+ 2y
(3)
+y
(2)
= xe
x
. (DS. y = (A
1
x
2
+A
2
x
3
)e
x
)
11. y
(4)
+ 4y
(2)
+ 4y = sin 2x. (DS. y = A
1
cos 2x +A
2
sin 2x)
12. y
(4)
+ 4y
(2)
+ 4y = xsin 2x.
288 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
(DS. y = (A
1
+A
2
x) sin2x + (B
1
+B
2
x) cos 2x)
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
x
3
+
x
3
3
)
15. y
(4)
2y
(3)
+ 2y
(2)
2y
+y = 1.
(DS. y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx + (C
3
+C
4
x)e
x
+ 1)
16. y
(3)
y
(2)
+y
y = x
2
+x.
(DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
cos x +C
3
sinx (x
2
+ 3x + 1))
17. y
(4)
+y
(2)
= x
2
+x.
(DS. y = C
1
+C
2
x +C
3
cos x +C
4
sinx +
x
4
12
+
x
3
6
x
2
)
18. y
(4)
2y
(2)
+y = cos x.
(DS. y = (C
1
+C
2
x)e
x
+ (C
3
+C
4
x)e
x
+
1
4
cos x)
19. y
(3)
3y
(2)
+ 3y
y = e
x
cos x.
(DS. y = (C
1
+C
2
x +C
3
x
2
)e
x
e
x
8
sin2x)
20. y
(4)
3y
(2)
= 9x
2
.
(DS. y = C
1
+C
2
x +C
3
e
3x
+C
4
e
3x
x
4
4
x
2
)
21. 4y
(3)
+y
= 3e
x
+ 2 sin
x
2
.
(DS. y = C
1
+C
2
cos
x
2
+C
3
sin
x
2
+
3
5
e
x
xsin
x
2
)
22. y
(3)
+y
(2)
= 12x
2
.
(DS. y = x
4
4x
3
+ 12x
2
+C
1
+C
2
x +C
3
e
x
)
23. y
(3)
5y
(2)
+ 8y
4y = e
2x
.
(DS. y = C
1
e
x
+ (C
2
+C
3
x)e
2x
+
1
2
x
2
e
2x
)
14.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap cao 289
T`m cac nghie
.
m rieng thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u da ch ra.
24. y
(3)
y
= 2x; y(0) = 0, y
(0) = 1, y
(0) = 0, y
(2)
(0) = 1, y
(3)
(0) = 0.
(DS. y = cos x + 2 sin x +e
x
+ (2x 3)e
x
)
26. y
(4)
y = 8e
x
; y(0) = 0, y
(0) = 2, y
(2)
(0) = 4, y
(3)
(0) = 6. (DS.
y = 2xe
x
)
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau b a
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n thien ha
`
ng so.
27. y
+y = tgx; y(0) = y
_
6
_
= 0.
(DS. y =
3
2
ln3 sinx cos x lntg
_
x
2
+
4
_
)
28. y
+y =
1
sinx
. (DS. y = (C
1
x) cos x + (C
2
+ ln[ sinx[) sinx)
29. y
+y =
1
cos
3
x
. (DS. y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx
cos 2x
2 cos x
)
30. y
+y =
2
sin
3
x
. (DS. y = C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx +
cos 2x
sinx
)
31. y
2y
+y =
e
x
x
. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
x
xe
x
+xe
x
ln[x[)
32. x
3
(y
y) = x
2
2. (DS. y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
x
1
x
)
290 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
14.3 He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh
ca
p 1 vo
.
i he
.
so
ha
`
ng
He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
ng
dx
1
dt
= f
1
(t, x
1
, . . . , x
n
),
dx
2
dt
= f
2
(t, x
2
, . . . , x
n
),
. . . . . . . . . . . .
dx
n
dt
= f
n
(t, x
1
, . . . , x
n
),
_
_
(14.56)
trong do x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
l`a cac a
n h`am cu a bie
n do
.
c la
.
p t, du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a
he
.
chu a
n ta
c.
Ta
.
p ho
.
.
p n h`am x
1
=
1
(t), . . . , x
n
=
n
(t) xac di
.
nh tren khoa ng
(a, b) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m cu a he
.
chua
n ta
c (14.56) ne
u khi the
ch ung
v`ao c ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (14.56) th` cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh n`ay tro
.
th`anh do
`
ng
nhat th u
.
c.
B`ai toan Cauchy doi vo
.
i he
.
(14.56) l`a b`ai toan t`m nghie
.
m x
1
=
x
1
(t), . . . , x
n
= x
n
(t) cu a he
.
do thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u
x
1
(t
0
) = x
0
1
, x
2
(t
0
) = x
0
2
, . . . , x
n
(t
0
) = x
0
n
trong do t
0
, x
0
1
, . . . , x
0
n
l`a nh u
.
ng so cho tru
.
o
.
c
Ta
.
p ho
.
.
p n h`am
x
1
=
1
(t, C
1
, . . . , C
n
),
x
2
=
2
(t, C
1
, . . . , C
n
),
. . . . . . . . . . . .
x
n
=
n
(t, C
1
, . . . , C
n
)
_
_
(14.57)
phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao t v`a n ha
`
ng so t` uy y C
1
, C
2
, . . . , C
n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m
to
ng quat cu a he
.
(14.56) trong mie
`
n D n`ao do ne
u:
1
+
Vo
.
i mo
i gi a tri
.
cho phep cu a cac ha
`
ng so C
1
, C
2
, . . . , C
n
cac
h`am n`ay l`a nghie
.
m cu a he
.
(14.56);
14.3. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng 291
2
+
Trong mie
`
n D cac h`am (14.57) l`a nghie
.
m cu a mo
.
i b`ai toan
Cauchy doi vo
.
i he
.
(14.56).
Cac phu
.
o
.
ng phap gia i
I. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap khu
.
. No
.
i dung cu a no l`a du
.
a he
.
da cho ve
`
mo
.
t
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cap n doi vo
.
i mo
.
t a
n h`am.
II. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap to
ho
.
.
p kha tch. Trong phu
.
o
.
ng phap n`ay, ba
`
ng
cac phep toan so ho
.
c, t` u
.
cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cu a he
.
ta la
.
p du
.
o
.
.
c cac to
ho
.
.
p (go
.
i l`a to
ho
.
.
p kha tch) m`a vie
.
c tch phan se du
.
o
.
.
c thu
.
.
c hie
.
n de
ho
.
n.
III. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n phan ha
`
ng s o
(Phu
.
o
.
ng phap Lagrange).
Ba
`
ng cach xuat phat t` u
.
he
.
nghie
.
m co
.
so
.
cu a he
.
thua
`
n nhat v`a vo
.
i
vie
.
c ap du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
n phan ha
`
ng so t` uy y ta se thu du
.
o
.
.
c
nghie
.
m cu a he
.
(14.56).
IV. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap Euler. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap n`ay ch ap du
.
ng du
.
o
.
.
c cho
he
.
vo
.
i he
.
s o ha
`
ng.
Ta se tr`nh b`ay phu
.
o
.
ng phap Euler v`a phu
.
o
.
ng phap Lagrange de
gia i he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng. Tru
.
o
.
c he
t ta tr`nh
b`ay phu
.
o
.
ng phap Euler. De
tie
.
n tr`nh b`ay ba n chat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng phap,
ta xet he
.
ba phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vo
.
i ba a
n h`am
dx
dt
= a
11
x +a
12
y +a
13
z,
dy
dt
= a
21
x +a
22
y +a
23
z, (14.58)
dz
dt
= a
31
x +a
32
y +a
33
z.
Ta se t`m nghie
.
m rieng cu a he
.
do du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x = e
kx
,
y = e
kx
, (14.59)
z = e
kx
,
292 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
trong do ta ca
`
n pha i xac di
.
nh cac ha
`
ng so , , v`a k sao cho (14.59) l`a
nghie
.
m cu a (14.58). Thay (14.59) v`ao (14.58) v`a gia n u
.
o
.
c cho e
kx
,= 0
ta co
k = a
11
+a
12
+a
13
,
k = a
21
+a
22
+a
23
,
k = a
31
+a
32
+a
33
,
hay l`a
(a
11
k) +a
12
+a
13
= 0,
a
21
+ (a
22
k) +a
33
= 0, (14.60)
a
31
+a
32
+ (a
33
k) = 0.
He
.
(14.60) l`a he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n tnh thua
`
n nhat. No co
nghie
.
m khac 0 khi v`a ch khi
a
11
k a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
k a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
k
= 0. (14.61)
Da
ng th u
.
c (14.61) l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ba
.
c ba doi v o
.
i k v`a no du
.
o
.
.
c
go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng cu a he
.
(14.58).
Ta ch ha
.
n che
xet tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi (14.61) co cac nghie
.
m khac
nhau k
1
, k
2
v`a k
3
.
Doi vo
.
i mo
i nghie
.
m v` u
.
a thu du
.
o
.
.
c ta thay v`ao (14.60) v`a xac di
.
nh
du
.
o
.
.
c
1
,
1
,
1
;
2
,
2
,
2
;
3
,
3
,
3
.
Ne
u k y hie
.
u cac nghie
.
m rieng cu a he
.
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i cac nghie
.
m
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng l`a:
i) doi vo
.
i k
1
: x
1
, y
1
, z
1
;
ii) doi vo
.
i k
2
: x
2
, y
2
, z
2
;
14.3. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng 293
iii) doi vo
.
i k
3
: x
3
, y
3
, z
3
th` nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a he
.
(14.58) co the
vie
t du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x(t) = C
1
x
1
+C
2
x
2
+C
3
x
3
,
y(t) = C
1
y
1
+C
2
y
2
+C
3
y
3
,
z(t) = C
1
z
1
+C
2
z
2
+C
3
z
3
,
hay l`a
x(t) = C
1
1
e
k
1
t
+C
2
2
e
k
2
t
+C
3
3
e
k
3
t
,
y(t) = C
1
1
e
k
1
t
+C
2
2
e
k
2
t
+C
3
3
e
k
3
t
, (14.62)
z(t) = C
1
1
e
k
1
t
+C
2
2
e
k
2
t
+C
3
3
e
k
3
t
.
Ta xet mo
.
t v du
.
minh ho
.
a.
V du
.
1. T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a he
.
dx
dt
= 2x 3y,
dy
dt
= x.
Gia i. La
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng
2 k 3
1 0 k
= 0
k
2
+ 2k 3 = 0
_
k
1
= 3,
k
2
= 1.
Nghie
.
m rieng cu a he
.
du
.
o
.
.
c t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x
1
=
1
e
k
1
t
,
y
1
=
1
e
k
1
t
,
x
2
=
2
e
k
2
t
,
y
2
=
2
e
k
2
t
.
294 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
La
.
p he
.
(14.60)
[2 (3)]
1
3
1
= 0,
1
+ [0 (3)]
1
= 0,
hay l`a
1
3
1
= 0,
1
+ 3
1
= 0.
He
.
n`ay co vo so nghie
.
m. Ch a
ng ha
.
n ta cho
1
= 1. Khi do
1
= 3.
Nhu
.
va
.
y vo
.
i nghie
.
m k
1
= 3 cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng ta co
cac nghie
.
m rieng
x
1
= 3e
3t
,
y
1
= e
3t
.
Doi vo
.
i nghie
.
m k = 1 cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng ta c o
3
2
3
2
= 0,
2
= 0.
Ta co the
lay
2
= 1,
2
= 1. Khi do tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i k = 1 ta co
x
2
= e
t
,
y
2
= e
t
.
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a he
.
da cho (theo (14.62)) co da
.
ng
x(t) = 3C
1
e
3t
+C
2
e
t
,
y(t) = C
1
e
3t
C
2
e
t
.
Ta se minh ho
.
a no
.
i dung phu
.
o
.
ng phap Lagrange (phu
.
o
.
ng phap
bie
n thien ha
`
ng so) tren v du
.
he
.
ba phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua
`
n nhat.
14.3. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng 295
Gia su
.
cho he
.
x
+a
11
x +a
12
y +a
13
z = f
1
(t),
y
+a
21
x +a
22
y +a
23
z = f
2
(t), (14.63)
z
+a
31
x +a
32
y +a
33
z = f
3
(t).
Ta gia thie
t ra
`
ng nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a he
.
thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng da
du
.
o
.
.
c t`m du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x = C
1
x
1
+C
2
x
2
+C
3
x
3
,
y = C
1
y
1
+C
2
y
2
+C
3
y
3
, (14.64)
z = C
1
z
1
+C
2
z
2
+C
3
z
3
.
Ta t`m nghie
.
m cu a he
.
thua
`
n nhat (14.63) du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x = C
1
(t)x
1
+C
2
(t)x
2
+C
3
(t)x
3
,
y = C
1
(t)y
1
+C
2
(t)y
2
+C
3
(t)y
3
, (14.65)
z = C
1
(t)z
1
+C
2
(t)z
2
+C
2
(t)z
3
,
trong do C
1
(t), C
2
(t), C
3
(t) l`a nh u
.
ng h`am c`on chu
.
a bie
t.
The
1
x
1
+C
2
x
2
+C
3
x
3
+C
1
(x
1
+a
11
x
1
+a
12
y
1
+a
13
z
1
)
+C
2
(x
2
+a
11
x
2
+a
12
y
2
+a
13
z
2
)
+C
3
(x
3
+a
11
x
3
+a
12
y
3
+a
13
z
3
) = f
1
(t). (14.66)
Cac to
1
x
1
+C
2
x
2
+C
3
x
3
= f
1
(t). (14.67)
296 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
Tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
va
.
y sau khi the
1
y
1
+C
2
y
2
+C
3
y
3
= f
2
(t),
(14.68)
C
1
z
1
+C
2
z
2
+C
3
z
3
= f
3
(t).
He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh go
`
m (14.67) v`a (14.68) l`a he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuye
n
tnh doi vo
.
i C
1
, C
2
v`a C
3
. He
.
n`ay co nghie
.
m v` di
.
nh th u
.
c
x
1
x
2
x
3
y
1
y
2
y
3
z
1
z
2
z
3
,= 0
(do tnh do
.
c la
.
p tuye
1
(t), C
2
(t), C
3
(t) ta se t`m du
.
o
.
.
c C
1
(t), C
2
(t)
v`a C
3
(t) ba
`
ng phep tch phan v`a do do thu du
.
o
.
.
c (14.65).
V du
.
2. Gia i he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
dx
dt
+ 2x + 4y = 1 + 4t,
dy
dt
+x y =
3
2
t
2
.
Gia i. Da
`
u tien ta gia i he
.
thua
`
n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng
x
+ 2x + 4y = 0,
(14.69)
y
+x y = 0.
T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
hai cu a (14.69) ta co x = y y
v`a do do
x
= y
.
Thay bie
u th u
.
c doi vo
.
i x v`a x
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
nhat cu a (14.69)
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
d
2
y
dt
2
+
dy
dt
6y = 0. (14.70)
14.3. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng 297
Nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a (14.70)co da
.
ng
y = C
1
e
2t
+C
2
e
3t
.
V` x = y
dy
dt
x = C
1
e
2t
+ 4C
2
e
3t
.
Nhu
.
va
.
y, nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a he
.
(14.69) l`a
x = C
1
e
2t
+ 4C
2
e
3t
,
y = C
1
e
2t
+C
2
e
3t
.
Ta se t`m nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x = C
1
(t)e
2t
+ 4C
2
(t)e
3t
,
(14.71)
y = C
1
(t)e
2t
+C
2
(t)e
3t
.
Sau khi the
1
(t)e
2t
+ 4C
2
(t)e
3t
= 1 + 4t,
C
1
(t)e
2t
+C
2
(t)e
3t
=
3
2
t
2
.
T` u
.
do suy ra
C
1
(t) =
(6t
2
4t 1)e
2t
5
,
C
2
(t) =
(3t
2
+ 8t + 2)e
3t
10
Ba
`
ng phep tch phan ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
C
1
(t) =
1
5
(t + 3t
2
)e
2t
+C
1
,
(14.72)
C
2
(t) =
1
10
(2t +t
2
)e
3t
+C
2
,
298 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
trong do C
1
v`a C
2
l`a nh u
.
ng ha
`
ng so t` uy y. The
(14.72) v` ao (14.71)
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho
x = C
1
e
2t
+ 4C
2
e
3t
+t
2
+t,
y = C
1
e
2t
+C
2
e
3t
1
2
t
2
.
V du
.
3. Gia i cac he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap to
ho
.
.
p kha
tch
1)
_
_
dx
dt
=
y
t
,
dy
dt
=
x
t
, t > 0.
2)
_
_
dx
dt
= x
2
y,
dy
dt
=
y
t
xy
2
.
Gia i. 1) Co
.
ng ve
vo
.
i ve
hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cu a he
.
, ta du
.
o
.
.
c
d(x +y)
dt
=
1
t
(x +y).
T` u
.
do x +y =
C
1
t
. Tr` u
.
ve
vo
.
i ve
hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cu a he
.
, ta c o
d(x y)
dt
=
1
t
(x y).
T` u
.
do x y = C
2
t. T` u
.
he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
x +y =
C
1
t
,
x y = C
2
t,
ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
x =
1
2
_
C
1
t
+C
2
t
_
,
y =
1
2
_
C
1
t
C
2
t
_
.
2) Nhan hai ve
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
nhat vo
.
i y, cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
th u
.
hai vo
.
i x, ro
`
i co
.
ng cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thu du
.
o
.
.
c, ta co
y
dx
dt
+x
dy
dt
=
xy
t
d
dt
(xy) =
xy
t
14.3. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng 299
T` u
.
do
xy = C
1
t (14.73)
The
bie
u th u
.
c xy = C
1
t v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
nhat, ta du
.
o
.
.
c
dx
dt
= C
1
tx.
T` u
.
do x = C
2
e
C
1
t
2
2
.
T` u
.
(14.73) vo
.
i C
2
,= 0 ta co
y =
C
1
t
x
=
C
1
C
2
te
C
1
t
2
2
.
Ngo` ai ra ne
u x = 0 th` t` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
hai ta du
.
o
.
.
c y = Ct
v`a ne
u y = 0 th` t` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh th u
.
nhat ta co x = C.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Gia i cac he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan sau ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap khu
.
a
n
h`am:
1.
_
_
dx
dt
= 9y,
dy
dt
= x.
(DS.
_
x = 3C
1
cos t 3C
2
sin3t,
y = C
2
cos 3t +C
1
sin 3t.
)
2.
_
_
dx
dt
= y +t,
dy
dt
= x t.
(DS.
_
x = C
1
e
t
C
2
e
t
+t 1,
y = C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
t
t + 1.
)
3.
_
_
4
dx
dt
dy
dt
+ 3x = sint,
dy
dt
+y = cos t.
(DS.
_
x = C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
3t
,
y = C
1
e
t
+ 3C
2
e
3t
+ cos t.
)
300 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
4.
_
_
dx
dt
= y +z,
dy
dt
z,
dz
dt
= x +z.
(DS.
_
_
x = (C
1
C
2
) cos t + (C
1
+C
2
) sint,
y = C
1
sint C
2
cos t +C
3
e
t
,
z = C
1
cos t +C
2
sint +C
3
e
t
.
)
5.
_
_
dx
dt
+ 3x + 4y = 0,
dy
dt
+ 2x + 5y = 0,
x(0) = 1, y(0) = 4.
(DS.
_
x = 2e
t
+ 3e
7t
,
y = e
t
+ 3e
7t
.
)
6.
_
_
dx
dt
= xsint,
dy
dt
= xe
cost
.
(DS.
_
x = C
1
e
cos t
,
y = C
1
t +C
2
.
)
7.
_
_
dx
dt
= ax +y,
dy
dt
= x +ay.
(DS.
_
x = e
at
(C
1
cos t +C
2
sint),
y = e
at
(C
1
sint +C
2
cos t).
)
8.
_
_
t
dx
dt
= x +yt,
t
2
dy
dt
= 2x +yt.
(DS.
_
_
_
x = C
1
+C
2
t,
y =
C
1
t
+ 2C
2
, t ,= 0.
)
Gia i cac he
.
sau ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap to
ho
.
.
p kha tch
9.
_
_
dx
dt
= x
2
+y
2
,
dy
dt
= 2xy.
(DS.
_
_
1
x +y
+ t = C
1
,
1
x y
+t = C
2
.
)
10.
_
_
dx
dt
=
1
y
,
dy
dt
=
1
x
(DS.
_
_
x = C
2
e
t
C
1
,
y =
C
1
C
2
e
t
C
1
.
)
11.
_
_
dx
dt
=
x
y
,
dy
dt
=
y
x
(DS.
_
_
_
1
x
1
y
= C
1
,
1 +C
1
x = C
2
e
C
1
t
.
)
14.3. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng 301
12.
_
_
dx
dt
=
y
x y
,
dy
dt
=
x
x y
(DS.
_
x
2
y
2
= C
1
,
x y +t = C
2
.
)
13.
_
_
e
t
dx
dt
=
1
y
,
e
t
dy
dt
=
1
x
(DS.
_
y = C
1
x,
C
1
x
2
= C
2
2e
t
.
)
14.
_
_
dx
dt
= sin xcos y,
dy
dt
= cos xsiny.
(DS.
_
_
tg
x +y
2
= C
1
e
t
,
tg
x y
2
= C
2
e
t
.
)
15.
_
_
dx
dt
= y z,
dy
dt
= x
2
+y,
dz
dt
= x
2
+z.
(DS.
_
_
x = C
2
e
t
+C
1
,
y = C
2
1
+ (2C
1
C
2
t +C
3
)e
t
+C
2
2
e
2t
,
z = C
2
e
t
+ (2C
1
C
2
t +C
3
)e
t
+C
2
2
e
2t
C
2
1
.
)
Gia i cac he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan sau ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap Euler:
16.
_
_
dx
dt
= 8y x,
dy
dt
= x +y.
(DS.
_
x = 2C
1
e
3t
4C
2
e
3t
,
y = C
1
e
3t
+C
2
e
3t
.
)
17.
_
_
dx
dt
= x y,
dy
dt
= y x.
(DS.
_
x = C
1
+C
2
e
t
,
y = C
1
.
)
18.
_
_
dx
dt
= 2x +y,
dy
dt
= x 3y,
x(0) = y(0) = 0.
(DS.
_
x 0,
y 0.
)
302 Chu
.
o
.
ng 14. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
19.
_
_
dx
dt
= x +y,
dy
dt
= 4y 2x,
x(0) = 0, y(0) = 1.
(DS.
_
x = e
2t
e
3t
,
y = e
2t
2e
3t
.
)
20.
_
_
dx
dt
= x 2y,
dy
dt
= 3x + 4y,
x(0) = 1, y(0) = 2.
(DS.
_
x = e
t
2e
2t
,
y = e
t
+ 3e
2t
.
)
Gia i c ac he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan khong thua
`
n nhat sau ba
`
ng
phu
.
o
.
ng phap bie
_
dx
dt
+ 2x y = e
2t
,
dy
dt
+ 3x 2y = 6e
2t
.
(DS.
_
_
x =
8
3
e
2t
+ 2C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
t
,
y =
29
3
e
2t
+ 3C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
t
.
)
22.
_
_
dx
dt
= x +y cos t,
dy
dt
= y 2x + cos t + sint,
x(0) = 1, y(0) = 2.
(DS.
_
x = (1 t) cos t sint,
y = (t 2) cos t +t sint.
)
23.
_
_
dx
dt
= y + tg
2
t 1,
dy
dt
= x + tgt.
(DS.
_
x = C
1
cos t +C
2
sint + tgt,
y = C
1
sint +C
2
cos t + 2.
)
24.
_
_
dx
dt
= 3x + 2y + 3e
2t
,
dy
dt
= x + 2y +e
2t
.
(DS.
_
x = C
1
e
t
+ 2C
2
e
4t
e
2t
,
y = C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
4t
e
2t
.
)
25.
_
_
dx
dt
= 2x +y e
2t
,
dy
dt
= 3x + 2y + 6e
2x
,
(DS.
_
x = 2e
2t
+C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
t
,
y = 9e
2t
+ 3C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
t
.
)
14.3. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuye
n tnh cap 1 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng 303
26.
_
_
dx
dt
= x y + 1,
dy
dt
= y 4x +t.
(DS.
_
_
x = C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
3t
+
1
9
+
t
3
,
y = 2C
1
e
t
2C
2
e
3t
+
7
9
+
t
3
)
27.
_
_
dx
dt
= x y +e
t
,
dy
dt
= x 4y +e
3t
.
(DS.
_
_
x = C
1
e
t
+C
2
e
3t
+
1 4t
16
e
3t
,
y = 2C
1
e
t
2C
2
e
3t
+e
t
+
1
8
(1 + 4t)e
3t
.
)
Chu
.
o
.
ng 15
Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
15.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 tuye
n tnh
doi vo
.
i cac da
.
o h`am rieng . . . . . . . . . . 306
15.2 Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng cap 2
do
.
n gia n nhat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
15.3 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n . . . 313
15.3.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye `n song . . . . . . . . . . 314
15.3.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye `n nhie
.
t . . . . . . . . . 317
15.3.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
T`ai lie
.
u tham kha o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Da
ng th u
.
c ch u
.
a a
n do
.
c la
.
p), ch u
.
a cac bie
n
do
.
c la
.
p v` a c ac da
.
o h`am rieng cu a a
n do
.
c la
.
p do
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng.
305
Cap cao nhat cu a da
.
o h`am rieng hie
.
n die
.
n trong phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cap cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh. Mo
.
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o
h`am rieng bao gi`o
.
c ung pha i ch u
.
a t nhat mo
.
t trong cac da
.
o h`am
rieng cu a a
n h`am.
Mo
.
t h`am co cac da
.
o h`am rieng tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng (vo
.
i gia thie
t ch ung lien
tu
.
c) m` a khi the
v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng th` phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh do
tro
.
th`anh do
`
ng nhat th u
.
c du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh do.
Qua tr`nh t`m nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a
phep tch phan phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng. Th ong thu
.
`o
.
ng vie
.
c tch
phan mo
.
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng se cho phep thu du
.
o
.
.
c mo
.
t ho
.
nghie
.
m phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao c ac h`am t` uy y ch u
.
khong pha i cac ha
`
ng so t` uy
y nhu
.
trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan thu
.
`o
.
ng.
Ne
u phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ch u
.
a a
n h`am z ch phu
.
thuo
.
c hai bie
n do
.
c la
.
p
x v`a y th` nghie
.
m z = z(x, y) cu a no tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i mo
.
t ma
.
t n`ao
do trong khong gian (x, y, z). Ma
.
t n`ay du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma
.
t tch phan cu a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho.
Doi vo
.
i tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi a
n h`am phu
.
thuo
.
c hai bie
n do
.
c la
.
p c ac
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau day du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a nh u
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co
.
ba n:
1
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n song
2
u
t
2
= a
2
2
u
x
2
,
(day l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng hypecbolic).
2
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n nhie
.
t
u
t
= a
2
2
u
x
2
,
(phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng parabolic)
3
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace
2
u
x
2
+
2
u
y
2
= 0
(phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
ng eliptic).
306 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
Phu
.
o
.
ng phap thu
.
`o
.
ng d` ung de
gia i c ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tren day l`a
phu
.
o
.
ng phap Fourier.
Da
`
u tien, t`m c ac nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
tch cac h`am m`a mo
i h`am ch phu
.
thuo
.
c mo
.
t doi so. Sau do xuat phat
t` u
.
cac die
`
u kie
.
n go
.
i l`a die
`
u kie
.
n bien ngu
.
`o
.
i ta xac di
.
nh cac gia tri
.
cu a
cac ha
`
ng so t` uy y ch u
.
a trong cac nghie
.
m rieng do. Sau c` ung nghie
.
m
ca
`
n t`m (thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh v`a c ac die
`
u kie
.
n bien) thu du
.
o
.
.
c du
.
o
.
i
da
.
ng chuo
i la
.
p nen t` u
.
cac nghie
.
m rieng do.
15.1 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan ca
p 1 tuye
n
tnh do
i vo
.
i cac da
.
o h`am rieng
Gia su
.
xet phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
X
1
z
x
+X
2
z
y
= R, (15.1)
trong do X
1
, X
2
, R l`a c ac h`am cu a x, y, z. Ne
u bie
n z khong tham
gia trong X
1
, X
2
v`a R 0 th` (15.1) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua
`
n
nhat. Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p ngu
.
o
.
.
c la
.
i (15.1) go
.
i l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong
thua
`
n nhat.
Trong tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p thua
`
n nhat
X
1
z
x
+X
2
z
y
= 0 (15.2)
th` (15.2) luon luon c o nghie
.
m z = C l`a ha
`
ng so bat k` y. Nghie
.
m n`ay
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m hie
n nhien.
De
gia i (15.1) da
`
u tien ta gia i so
.
bo
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan thu
.
`o
.
ng
dx
X
1
=
dy
X
2
=
dz
R
(15.3)
Gia su
.
nghie
.
m cu a he
.
do du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i cac da
ng th u
.
c
1
(x, y, z) = C
1
,
2
(x, y, z) = C
2
.
15.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 tuye
n tnh doi vo
.
i cac da
.
o h`am rieng307
Khi do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a (15.1) c o da
.
ng
[
1
(x, y, z),
2
(x, y, z)] = 0.
trong do (
1
,
2
) l`a h`am kha vi lien tu
.
c t` uy y.
Ne
u trong phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vo
.
i hai bie
n do
.
c la
.
p
P(x, y)
z
x
+Q(x, y)
y
y
= 0 (15.4)
th` he
.
(15.3) c o da
.
ng
dx
P(x, y)
=
dy
Q(x, y)
Ne
n do
.
c la
.
p b`ai toan Cauchy co no
.
i dung nhu
.
sau: T`m nghie
.
m z = f(x, y) sao cho z(x
0
) = (y).
308 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
C
AC V
I DU
.
V du
.
1. T`m nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
(x
2
+y
2
)
z
x
+ 2xy
z
y
= 0.
Gia i. Ta la
.
p he
.
dx
x
2
+y
2
=
dy
2xy
Su
.
du
.
ng tnh chat cu a ty le
.
th u
.
c ta co
dx +dy
x
2
+y
2
+ 2xy
=
dx dy
x
2
+y
2
2xy
d(x +y)
(x +y)
2
=
d(x y)
(x y)
2
1
(x +y)
=
1
x y
+C
1
x y
1
x +y
= C
2y
x
2
y
2
= C
y
x
2
y
2
= C
1
.
Ma
.
t khac dz = 0 z = C
2
. Nhu
.
va
.
y nghie
.
m to
ng quat c o da
.
ng
F
_
y
x
2
y
2
, z
_
= 0
hay l`a
z = G
_
y
x
2
y
2
_
.
V du
.
2. T`m ma
.
t thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
x
z
x
+ (y +x
2
)
z
y
= z; z = y 4 khi x = 2.
Gia i. La
.
p he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng
dx
x
=
dy
y +x
2
=
dz
z
15.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 tuye
n tnh doi vo
.
i cac da
.
o h`am rieng309
T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
dx
x
=
dy
y +x
2
suy ra
y = x(C
1
+x)
y x
2
x
= C
1
1
=
y x
2
x
T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
dx
x
=
dz
z
suy ra
z
x
= C
2
2
=
z
x
Do do nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a
F
_
y x
2
x
,
z
x
_
= 0
hay l`a
z = xf
_
y x
2
x
_
. (15.5)
De
t`m nghie
.
m (ma
.
t !) thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n da cho ta the
x = 2
v`ao
1
v`a
2
ta co
1
=
y x
2
x
x=2
=
y 4
2
y = 2
1
+ 4;
2
=
z
x
x=2
=
z
2
z = 2
2
.
The
y, z v`ao die
`
u kie
.
n z = y 4 v`a the
1
,
2
bo
.
i
1
v`a
2
ta co
2
2
= 2
1
+ 4 4
2
=
1
z
x
=
y x
2
x
hay l`a z = y x
2
. Nghie
.
m n`ay thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
(15.5) khi f(t) t.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
Tch phan cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau
1
1
Trong cac dap so ta bo qua cu
.
m t` u
.
. . . trong do , , . . . l`a nh u
.
ng h`am kha
vi lien tu
.
c t` uy y.
310 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
1. x
z
x
+y
z
y
= z. (DS. z = x
_
y
x
_
)
2. yz
z
x
+xz
z
y
= xy. (DS. z
2
= x
2
+(y
2
x
2
))
3. T`m ma
.
t thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
1
x
z
x
+
1
y
z
y
= 4
v`a di qua parabon y
2
= z, x = 0.
(DS. Paraboloid tr`on xoay z = x
2
+y
2
)
4. (1 +x
2
)
z
x
+xy
z
y
= 0, z(0) = y
2
.
(DS. z =
_
y
2
1 +x
2
_
; z =
y
2
1 +x
2
)
5. yz
z
x
+xz
z
y
= 2xy.
(DS. x +
z
2
2
= (x
2
y
2
))
6. x
z
x
z
z
y
= 0, x > 0. (DS. F(z, lnx +
y
z
) = 0)
Ch da
y
co ch u
.
a z. Da
`
u tien c a
`
n gia i dz = 0 z = C
1
sau the
z = C
1
v`ao he
.
dx
x
=
dy
z
=
dy
C
1
15.2 Gia
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h` am rieng
ca
p 2 do
.
n gia
n nh a
t
15.2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng cap 2 do
.
n gia n nhat 311
V du
.
1. T`m nghie
.
m t o
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
o h`am rieng
(ptdhr)
2
z(x, y)
x
2
= 0
trong do z(x, y) l`a a
n h`am cu a bie
n do
.
c la
.
p.
Gia i. Ta co
2
z
x
2
=
x
_
z
x
_
= 0.
T` u
.
do suy ra
z
x
khong phu
.
thuo
.
c x. Do do
z
x
= C
1
(y),
trong do C
1
(y) l`a h`am t` uy y cu a y. T` u
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh n`ay thu du
.
o
.
.
c
z(x, y) =
_
C
1
(y)dx = xC
1
(y) +C
2
(y)
trong do C
1
(y), C
2
(y) l`a nh u
.
ng h`am t` uy y cu a y. Ne
u h`am thu du
.
o
.
.
c
hai la
`
n kha vi theo x th`
2
z
x
2
= 0, do va
.
y h`am thu du
.
o
.
.
c l`a nghie
.
m
ca
`
n t`m.
V du
.
2.
2
z(x, y)
xy
= x
2
y.
Gia i. Vie
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
y
_
z
x
_
= x
2
y
z
x
=
_
(x
2
y)dy = x
2
y
y
2
2
+C
1
(x).
T` u
.
do lay tch phan bie
u th u
.
c thu du
.
o
.
.
c theo x ta co
z(x, y) =
_
_
x
2
y
y
2
2
+C
1
(x)
_
dx =
x
3
y
3
y
2
x
2
+C
1
(x) +C
2
(y),
312 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
trong do C
1
(x) =
_
C
1
(x)dx. Nhu
.
va
.
y nghie
.
m to
ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh da cho l`a
z(x, y) =
x
3
y
3
y
2
x
2
+C
1
(x) +C
2
(y)
trong do C
1
(x) v` a C
2
(y) l`a nh u
.
ng h`am t` uy y v`a C
1
(x) l`a h`am kha vi.
V du
.
3. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
2
z
xy
= 2
z
x
(15.6)
Gia i. Ta vie
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (15.6) du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng
x
_
z
y
2z
_
= 0.
Tch phan da
ng th u
.
c n`ay ta co
z
y
2z = C
1
(y).
Trong phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh n`ay da
.
o h`am rieng
z
y
co the
xem nhu
.
da
.
o h`am
thong thu
.
`o
.
ng theo y, c`on x du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a tham so
dz
dy
2z = C
1
(y) z(x, y) = e
2dy
_
C
2
(x) +
_
C
1
(y)e
2dy
dy
_
= C
2
(x)e
2y
+C
1
(y).
Nhu
.
va
.
y
z(x, y) = C
2
(x)e
2y
+C
1
(y)
trong do C
2
(x) v`a C
1
(y) l`a nh u
.
ng h`am t` uy y.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
15.3. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n 313
Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau.
1.
z
x
= 1. (DS. z = x +(y))
2.
2
z
y
2
= 6y. (DS. z = y
3
+y(x) +(x))
3.
2
z
xy
= 0. (DS. z = (x) +(y))
4.
2
z
xy
= 1. (DS. z = xy +(x) +(y))
5.
2
z
x
2
= x
2
+y. (DS. z =
x
4
12
+
yx
2
2
+xC
1
(y) +C
2
(y))
6.
2
z
xy
= x +y. (DS. z =
x
2
y
2
+
xy
2
2
+C
1
(x) +C
2
(y))
7.
2
z
y
2
= e
x+y
. (DS. z = e
x+y
+yC
1
(x) +C
2
(y))
8.
2
z
xy
+
1
x
z
x
= 0. (DS. z = C
1
(x) +
1
x
C
2
(y))
9.
2
z
xy
= 2y
z
x
(DS. z = C
1
(x)e
y
2
+C
2
(y))
10.
2
z
xy
= 2x. (DS. z = x
2
y +C
1
(y) +C
2
(x))
11.
2
z
x
2
= x +y. (DS. z =
xy
2
2
+
y
3
6
+yC
1
(x) +C
2
(x))
15.3 Cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba
n
Doi vo
.
i tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p khi a
n h`am phu
.
thuo
.
c hai bie
n do
.
c la
.
p cac phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh va
.
t l y toan sau day du
.
o
.
.
c xem l`a nh u
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co
.
ba n.
1
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n song
2
u
t
2
= a
2
2
u
x
2
(15.7)
314 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
2
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n nhie
.
t
u
t
= a
2
2
u
x
2
(15.8)
3
+
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace
2
u
x
2
+
2
u
y
2
= 0. (15.9)
Thong thu
.
`o
.
ng ngu
.
`o
.
i ta khong t`m nghie
.
m to
a
2
TX
= 0
X
X
=
T
a
2
T
(15.11)
Ve
y ra khi ca hai ve
n
t t u
.
c l`a ba
`
ng mo
.
t ha
`
ng so. K y hie
.
u ha
`
ng so do l`a
2
. Ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
X
X
=
2
X
+
2
X = 0 X = Acos x +Bsinx, (15.12)
T
a
2
T
=
2
T
+a
2
2
T = 0 T = C cos at +Dsin at,
(15.13)
15.3. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n 315
trong do A, B, C, D l`a nh u
.
ng ha
`
ng so t` uy y. T` u
.
(15.12), (15.13) v`a
(15.10) suy ra
`
ng
u(x, t) = (Acos x +Bsinx)(C cos at +Dsin at). (15.14)
Ap du
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n bien
u(0, t) = 0, u(, t) = 0
cho (15.14) v`a sau khi da do
.
n gia n cho T(t) , 0 ta co
0 = Acos 0 +Bsin0 A = 0,
0 = Acos +Bsin sin = 0 (v` B ,= 0 khi A = 0).
T` u
.
do ta xac di
.
nh du
.
o
.
.
c tham so =
n
, n = 1, 2, . . . l`a tham so t` uy
y. Lu
.
u y ra
`
ng ne
i gi a tri
.
(hay n) de
`
u tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i nghie
.
m rieng
da
.
ng
u
n
= X
n
T
n
=
_
n
cos
ant
+
n
sin
ant
_
sin
nx
trong do
n
= B
n
C
n
,
n
= B
n
D
n
l`a cac ha
`
ng so t` uy y.
V` phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho l`a tuye
ng cac
nghie
.
m c ung l`a nghie
.
m. Do do to
ng cu a chuo
i
u(x, t) =
n1
u
n
=
n1
_
n
cos
ant
+
n
sin
ant
_
sin
nx
(15.15)
c ung l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho v`a no thoa man c ac die
`
u kie
.
n
bien.
316 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
De
xac di
.
nh
n
v`a
n
ta se ap du
.
ng cac die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u: khi
t = 0 th` u(x, t) =
1
(x) nen
1
(x) =
n=1
n
sin
nx
(15.16)
T` u
.
(15.15) ta c` on c o
u
t
=
n1
an
n
cos
ant
n
sin
ant
_
sin
nx
v`a do die
`
u kie
.
n u
t
(x, 0) =
2
(x) nen
2
(x) =
n1
an
n
sin
nx
(15.17)
Cac da
ng th u
.
c (15.16) v`a (15.17) l`a khai trie
n cu a cac h`am
1
(x) v`a
2
(x) th`anh chuo
n n`ay ch
ch u
.
a h`am sin. Cac he
.
so cu a khai trie
n du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c
n
=
2
_
0
1
(x) sin
nx
dx;
n
=
2
na
_
0
2
(x) sin
nx
dx.
(15.18)
Nhu
.
va
.
y nghie
.
m rieng thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n da neu l`a h`am
(15.15) vo
.
i cac he
.
so
n
v`a
n
du
.
o
.
.
c tnh theo c ong th u
.
c (15.18).
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
T`m nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
2
u
t
2
= a
2
2
u
x
2
(15.19)
thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u v`a die
`
u kie
.
n bien
15.3. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n 317
1. (i) Cac die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u
u(x, 0) = f(x) =
_
_
x
5
vo
.
i 0 x
2
,
1
5
(x ) vo
.
i
2
x
u(x, 0)
t
= (x) = 0.
(ii) Cac die
`
u kie
.
n bien u(0, t) = 0, u(, t) = 0.
(DS. u(x, t) =
4
5
2
n1
(1)
n1
1
(2n 1)
2
cos
ant
sin
nx
)
2. (i) u(x, 0) = 0,
u(x, 0)
t
= 1;
(ii) u(0, t) = u(, t) = 0.
(DS. u(x, t) =
2
2
a
n1
1
(2n 1)
2
sin
2n 1
at sin
(2n 1)x
)
3. C ung hoi nhu
.
tren doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
2
u
t
2
= 4
2
u
x
2
v`a cac die
`
u kie
.
n:
(i) u(x, 0) = sin
4x
3
, u
t
(x, 0) = 0;
(ii) u(0, t) = 0, u(3, t) = 0.
(DS. u(x, t) = cos
8t
3
sin
4x
3
)
15.3.2 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh truye
`
n nhie
.
t
B`ai toan co
.
ba n. T`m nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
u
t
= a
2
2
u
x
2
318 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n
1) u(x, 0) = (x)
2) u(0, t) = u(, t) = 0.
Gia i.
Ap du
.
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap Fourier, ta da
.
t
u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
v`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho tro
.
th`anh
X
X
=
T
a
2
T
=
2
v`a thu du
.
o
.
.
c hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
X
+
2
X = 0 X = Acos x +Bsinx,
T
+a
2
2
T = 0 T = Ce
a
2
2
t
.
Do do
u(x, t) = e
a
2
2
t
_
cos x + sinx
Ap du
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n 2) ta co
0 = cos 0 + sin0
0 = cos + sin
= 0, =
n
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
C ung nhu
.
trong 1
+
, mo
i gia tri
.
(hay n) tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i nghie
.
m rieng
u
n
=
n
e
a
2
n
2
2
t
2
sin
nx
v`a to
n1
n
e
a
2
n
2
2
t
2
sin
nx
(15.20)
15.3. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n 319
Bay gi` o
.
ap du
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n 1) ta co: u(x, 0) = (x):
(x) =
n1
n
sin
nx
Do l`a khai trie
n
=
2
_
0
(x) sin
nx
dx. (15.21)
Nhu
.
va
.
y to
ng chuo
i (15.20) vo
.
i he
.
so tnh theo vong th u
.
c (15.21) l`a
nghie
.
m rieng thoa man cac die
`
u kie
.
n da cho.
B
`
AI T
A
.
P
1. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
u
t
= a
2
2
u
x
2
(15.22)
u(x, 0) =
_
_
x vo
.
i 0 x
2
,
x vo
.
i
2
x ;
u(0, t) = u(, t) = 0.
(DS. u =
4
n1
(1)
n1
1
(2n 1)
2
e
2
a
2
(2n1)
2
2
t
sin
(2n1)
x
)
2. Gia i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (15.22) v o
.
i cac die
`
u kie
.
n
u(x, 0) = f(x); u(0, t) = A, u(, t) = B; A, B const.
Ch da
n. Du
.
a v`ao a
n h`am mo
.
i
v(x, t) = u(x, t)
B A
x A.
320 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
Khi do (15.22) tro
.
th`anh
v
t
= a
2
2
v
x
2
vo
.
i cac die
`
u kie
.
n v(0, t) = 0,
v(, t) = 0, v(x, 0) = u(x, 0)
B A
x A = f(x)
B A
x A =
g(x). Do l`a b`ai toan da bie
t c ach gia i.
3. T`m nghie
.
m u(x, y) cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
u
y
=
2
u
x
2
thoa man c ac die
`
u
kie
.
n bien u(0, y) = u(, y) = 0 v`a die
`
u kie
.
n ban da
`
u u(x, 0) = 3 sin 2x.
(DS. u(x, y) = 3e
4y
sin 2x)
15.3.3 Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace
H`am u(x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am die
`
u h`oa trong mie
`
n pha
ng D ne
u no
co cac da
.
o h`am rieng lien tu
.
c cap 2 tren D v`a tren D no thoa man
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
u
2
u
x
2
+
2
u
y
2
= 0. (15.23)
Ta
.
p ho
.
.
p c ac h`am die
`
u h`oa - chnh l`a ta
.
p ho
.
.
p mo
.
i nghie
.
m cu a
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace. C ung nhu
.
doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
thu
.
`o
.
ng, de
tach mo
.
t nghie
.
m xac di
.
nh cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace ngu
.
`o
.
i
ta pha i cho nh u
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n bo
sung. Doi vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace
nh u
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n bo
sung do du
.
o
.
.
c phat bie
u du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng die
`
u kie
.
n bien,
t u
.
c l`a cho nh u
.
ng he
.
th u
.
c m`a nghie
.
m ca
`
n t`m pha i thoa man tren bien.
Die
`
u kie
.
n do
.
n gia n nhat trong so do l`a cho gia tri
.
cu a h`am die
`
u h`oa
ca
`
n t`m ta
.
i mo
i die
m bien cu a mie
`
n. Ngu
.
`o
.
i ta go
.
i b`ai toan n`ay l`a b`ai
toan bien th u
.
nhat hay b`ai toan Dirichlet.
B`ai toan bien cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace du
.
o
.
.
c da
.
t ra nhu
.
sau. Gia
su
.
mie
`
n D R
2
vo
.
i bien D l`a du
.
`o
.
ng cong dong. H ay t`m h`am
u(x, y) lien tu
.
c trong D = D D sao cho
a) Thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace trong D.
b) Thoa man die
`
u kie
.
n bien
u(x, y)
(x,y)D
= f(x, y),
15.3. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n 321
trong do f(x, y) l`a h`am du
.
o
.
.
c cho tren bien D.
B`ai toan v` u
.
a neu c`on du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a b`ai toan Dirichlet. Trong giao
tr`nh n`ay ta ch xet b`ai toan Dirichlet doi vo
.
i h`nh tr` on.
Bo
de
`
1. Trong to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c (r, ) phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace (15.23) c o
da
.
ng
2
u
r
2
+
1
r
2
2
u
2
+
1
r
u
r
= 0. (15.24)
L`o
.
i gia i cu a b`ai toan Dirichlet doi vo
.
i h`nh tr`on (c ung t u
.
c l`a l`o
.
i
gia i cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace (15.23) hay (15.24)) v o
.
i die
`
u kie
.
n bien
cho tru
.
o
.
c du
.
o
.
.
c mo ta trong di
.
nh l y sau day.
D
-
i
.
nh l y. Gia su
.
S l`a h`nh tr`on do
.
n vi
.
mo
.
vo
.
i tam ta
.
i goc to
.
a do
.
v` a
gia su
.
tren bien S cho h`am 2-tu a
`
n ho` an lien tu
.
c f(), trong d o
l`a goc cu
.
.
c cu a cac die
m bien cu a D.
Khi do trong mie
`
n S = S +S to
`
n ta
.
i h` am duy nhat u(x, y) lien
tu
.
c tren S v`a die
`
u h`oa tren S sao cho u(x, y)
(x,y)S
= f(). Trong
to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c (r, ) h`am u(r, ) bie
u die
n du
.
o
.
.
c du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng chu o
i
u(r, ) =
a
0
2
+
n1
r
n
(a
n
cos n +b
n
sinn)
trong do
a
n
b
n
_
=
1
f()
_
cos n
sinn
_
d, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
l`a cac he
.
s o Fourier cu a h`am f().
H`am die
`
u h`oa co tnh chat da
.
c bie
.
t l`a thoa man Di
.
nh ly ve
`
gi a tri
.
trung b`nh
D
-
i
.
nh l y. Ne
_
u = 0.
V du
.
2. Ch u
.
ng minh B o
de
`
1.
Gia i. Xet u(x, y) = u(r cos , r sin). Ta co
u
r
= cos
u
x
+ sin
u
y
,
u
= r sin
u
x
+r cos
u
y
_
u
x
= cos
u
r
sin
r
u
,
(15.25)
u
y
= sin
u
r
+
cos
r
u
15.3. C ac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh va
.
t l y toan co
.
ba n 323
Ap du
.
ng (15.25) de
tnh
2
u
x
2
v`a
2
u
y
2
. Ta co
2
u
x
2
= cos
r
_
cos
u
r
sin
r
u
sin
r
_
cos
u
r
sin
r
u
_
= cos
2
2
u
r
2
2
sin cos
r
2
u
r
+
sin
2
r
2
2
u
2
+
2 sin cos
r
2
u
+
sin
2
r
u
r
2
u
y
2
= sin
2
2
u
r
2
+
2 sin cos
r
2
u
r
+
cos
2
r
2
2
u
2 sin cos
r
2
u
+
cos
2
r
u
r
T` u
.
do suy ra
`
ng
u =
2
u
x
2
+
2
u
y
2
=
2
u
r
2
+
1
r
u
r
+
1
r
2
2
u
2
V du
.
3. Hay t`m gia tri
.
cu a h`am die
`
u h`oa u(x, y) ta
.
i tam h`nh tr`on
x
2
+y
2
R
2
ne
u
u(x, y)
x
2
+y
2
=R
2
= xy +x 1.
Gia i.
Ap du
.
ng di
.
nh l y trung b`nh da phat bie
u o
.
tren ta co
u(0, 0) =
1
2R
_
x
2
+y
2
=R
2
u(x, y)ds.
Chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c: x = Rcos , y = Rsin ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c
u
x
2
+y
2
=R
2
= f(); ds = Rd
v`a do do
u(0, 0) =
1
2
2
_
0
f()d.
324 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
Theo gia thie
t
f() = Rcos Rsin +Rcos 1 =
R
2
sin2
2
+Rcos 1
v`a do do
u(0, 0) =
1
2
2
_
0
_
R
2
sin2
2
+Rcos 1
_
d
=
1
2
_
R
2
4
cos 2 +Rsin
2
0
= 1.
V du
.
4. T`m h`am u(x, y) die
`
u h`oa trong h`nh tr`on x
2
+y
2
< R
2
v`a
tren bien h`nh tr`on no nha
.
n cac gi a tri
.
u
x
2
+y
2
=R
2
= x
2
y
2
+
1
2
y.
Gia i. B`ai toan da
.
t ra l`a b`ai toan Dirichlet doi vo
.
i h`nh tr`on.
Chuye
n sang to
.
a do
.
cu
.
.
c ta co
u
x
2
+y
2
=R
2
= u(R, ) = R
2
cos
2
R
2
sin
2
+
1
2
Rsin
= R
2
cos 2 +
R
2
sin. (15.26)
Trong l y thuye
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Laplace ngu
.
`o
.
i ta da ch u
.
ng minh
ra
`
ng ne
u gia tri
.
cu a h`am die
`
u h`oa u(r, ) tren du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on ban knh
R co khai trie
n Fourier da
.
ng
u(R, ) = f() =
n0
R
n
(A
n
cos n +B
n
sinn)
th` trong h`nh tr`on ta co
u(r, ) =
n0
r
n
(A
n
cos n +B
n
sinn) (15.27)
A
0
=
1
2
f()d, A
n
=
1
R
n
n0
(R
n
A
n
cos n +R
n
B
n
sin n)
So sanh c ac he
.
so cu a cos 2 v`a sin ta thu du
.
o
.
.
c R
2
= R
2
A
2
,
1
2
R =
R B
1
. Do do A
2
= 1, B
1
=
1
2
; tat ca cac so c`on la
.
i de
`
u ba
`
ng 0. The
A
.
P
Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng cac h`am d a cho l`a nh u
.
ng h`am die
`
u h`oa
1. u = ln
1
r
. Ch da
n.
Ap du
.
ng v du
.
2.
2. u = r
n
cos n, v = r
n
sinn.
3. u x
3
3y
2
x.
4. u =
_
x +
_
x
2
+y
2
. Ch da
n. Da
.
t t = x +
_
x
2
+y
2
.
5. u = arctg
y
x
.
T`m gia tri
.
cu a h`am die
`
u h`oa u(x, y) ta
.
i tam h`nh tr`on x
2
+y
2
R
2
ne
)
326 Chu
.
o
.
ng 15. Khai nie
.
m ve
`
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da
.
o h`am rieng
9. u(x, y) = 2 + 3y. (DS. u(0, 0) = 2)
Gia i b`ai toan Dirichlet doi vo
.
i h`nh tr`on x
2
+y
2
R
2
ne
u cho c ac
die
`
u kie
.
n bien du
.
o
.
i day (10-11):
10. u
r=R
=
3x
R
. (DS. u(r, ) =
3
R
r cos =
3x
R
)
11. u
r=R
= 3 5y. (DS. u = 3 5y = 3 5r sin)
T`ai lie
.
u tham kha
o
[1] R. Ph. Apatenok. Co
.
so
.
Da
.
i s o tuye
ng
Nga)
[2] Ia. S. Bugrov, S. M. Nikolski. Co
.
so
.
Da
.
i s o tuye
n tnh v` a H`nh
ho
.
c gia i tch, M. 1988 (tie
ng Nga)
[3] Ia. S. Bugrow, S, M. Nikolski. B`ai t a
.
p Toan cao cap, M. 1987
(tie
ng Nga)
[4] P. E. Danko v`a cac tac gia khac. B`ai t a
.
p toan cao cap T1, 2. H`a
No
.
i 1983.
[5] V u Van Khu
.
o
.
ng. Da
.
i so tuye
n tnh, H`a No
.
i 2002.
[6] M. L. Krasnov v`a c ac tac gia khac. B`ai t a
.
p phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan
thu
.
`o
.
ng, M. 1978 (tie
ng Nga)
[7] L. D. Kudriasev v` a cac tac gia khac. B`ai t a
.
p gia i tch. T1, 2, M.
1985 (tie
ng Nga)
[8] L. Ia. Okunev. B`ai ta
.
p da
.
i so cao c ap, M. 1964 (tie
ng Nga)
[9] L. B. Sneperman. B`ai ta
.
p da
.
i s o v`a ly thuye
ng Nga)
[10] V. S. Sipatchev. B`ai ta
.
p toan cao cap, M. 1997 (tie
ng Nga)
328 T`ai lie
.
u tham kha o
[11] I. Ia. Vilenkin v`a cac tac gia khac. B`ai t a
.
p gia i tch, T1, 2, M.
1971 (tie
ng Nga)
[12] D. K. Phadeev, I. S. Sominski. B` ai t a
.
p da
.
i so cao c ap, M. 1977.
[13] Nguye
n Thuy Thanh. B` ai t a
.
p gia i tch, NXBGD, H`a No
.
i 2002.
[14] Nguye
n Thuy Thanh, Do
D u
.
c Giao. Hu
.
o
.
ng da
n gia i b`ai t a
.
p gia i
tch toan ho
.
c. T1, 2, DHQG H` a No
.
i 1999.