(Vnmath - Com) - Giai Tich 1

TRNG AI HOC A LAT
KHOA TOAN - TIN HOC
TA LE LI
GIAI TCH 1
(Giao Trnh)
-- Lu hanh noi bo -a Lat 2008
Hng dan sinh vien oc giao trnh

ay la giao trnh Giai tch 1 danh cho sinh vien nam th nhat nganh Toan hay nganh Toan Tin. Noi dung e cap en mot so khai niem c ban nhat cua gii han day va chuoi so thc, tnh lien tuc, phep tnh vi phan va tch phan cua ham so mot bien so thc. e oc c giao trnh nay sinh vien ch can biet chut t ly thuyet tap hp va anh xa, cung vi mot vai ly luan logic toan can ban (e.g. qui tac tam oan luan, phng phap phan chng, phng phap qui nap). Giao trnh c trnh bay theo loi tuyen tnh, vay ngi oc lan au nen oc lan lt tng phan theo th t. e oc mot cach tch cc, sau cac khai niem va nh ly sinh vien nen oc ky cac v du, lam mot so bai tap neu lien o. Ngoai ra hoc toan phai lam bai tap. Mot so bai tap can ban nhat cua moi chng c neu phan cuoi cua giao trnh. Ve nguyen tac nen oc moi phan cua giao trnh. Tuy vay, co the neu ay mot so iem can lu y tng chng: I. So thc - Day so. Lan au oc co the bo qua: khai niem gii han tren, gii han di ( 2.4), tnh khong em c cua R (muc 4.5)
II. Gii han va tnh lien tuc. III. Phep tnh vi phan.
ng cong (muc 4.7).

V. Chuoi so.
Lan au oc co the bo qua: khao sat tnh loi (muc 4.5), ve
Ky thuat tnh tch phan (muc 1.4) nen oc khi lam bai tap. Co the bo qua nh ly Riemann (muc 1.4). e viec t hoc co ket qua tot sinh vien nen tham khao them mot so tai lieu khac co noi dung lien quan (ac biet la phan hng dan giai cac bai tap). Kho co the neu het tai lieu nen tham khao, ay ch e ngh cac tai lieu sau (bang tieng Viet): [1] Jean-Marier Monier, Giai tch 1 , NXB Giao duc. [2] Y.Y. Liasko, A.C. Boiatruc, IA. G. Gai, G.P. Golovac, Giai tch toan hoc - Cac v du va cac bai toan, Tap I va Phan I (Tap II), NXB ai hoc va trung hoc chuyen nghiep. Ngoai ra, sinh vien nen tm hieu va s dung mot so phan mem may tnh ho tr cho viec hoc va lam toan nh Maple, Mathematica,... Chuc cac ban thanh cong!
IV. Phep tnh tch phan.
Giai tch 1
Ta Le Li Muc luc
Chng I. So thc - Day so
1. 2. 3. 4.
So thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Day so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Cac nh ly c ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Cac v du . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Gii han va tnh lien tuc
Chng II.
1. Ham so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2. Gi han cua ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. Ham so lien tuc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. ao ham - Vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cac nh ly c ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ao ham cap cao - Cong thc Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mot so ng dung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nguyen ham - Tch phan bat nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tch phan xac nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mot so ng dung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tch phan suy rong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chuoi so Phep tnh vi phan
Chng III.
37 39 41 43 57 67 75 79
Chng IV. Phep tnh tch phan
Chng V.
1. Chuoi so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2. Cac dau hieu hoi tu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Bai tap
I. So thc - Day so
Chng nay se e cap en tap cac so thc, la tap nen cho cac nghien cu cac chng sau. Phan tiep theo se nghien cu en day so thc cung vi khai niem c ban nhat cua giai tch: gii han.
I. So thc
Tap hp cac so hu t rat thuan tien khi bieu dien va thc hien cac phep toan tren cac so, nhng no khong u dung. Chang han, a t lau ngi ta nhan thay ng cheo cua hnh vuong la vo c. Noi mot cach so hoc, khong co so hu t q nao ma q 2 = 2, i.e. 2 khong la so hu t. Nh vay, ta can m rong tap so hu t e co the o hay bieu dien moi o dai. Tap cac so c them vao goi la cac so vo t, con tap m rong goi la tap cac so thc. Co nhieu phng phap xay dng tap cac so thc. Trong giao trnh nay ta dung phng phap tien e.
1.1 Cac tien e. Tap cac so thc R la mot trng so, c sap th t toan phan va
ay u, i.e.
R
thoa 3 tien e sau:
Tien e ve cau truc trng. Tren R co phep cong va nhan:

Hai phep toan tren thoa man:
+ : R R R, (x, y) x + y : R R R, (x, y) xy x+y (x + y) + z x+0 x + (x) xy (xy)z 1x xx1 x(y + z) = = = = = = = = =
x, y x, y, z 0, x, x, x x, y x, y, z 1 = 0, x x = 0, x1 x, y, z
y+x x + (y + z) x 0 yx x(yz) x 1 xy + xz
(tnh giao hoan) (tnh ket hp) (0 goi la so khong) (x goi la phan t oi cua x) (tnh giao hoan) (tnh ket hp) (1 goi la so mot) (x1 goi la phan t nghch ao cua x) (tnh phan phoi)
Tien e ve th t. Tren R co mot quan he th t toan phan thoa man:

x y hoac y x xx x y, y x x y, y z xy 0 x, 0 y x=y xz x+z y+z 0 xy
x, y x x, y x, y, z x, y, z x, y
(tnh phan xa) (tnh oi xng) (tnh bac cau)
tai can tren ung thuoc R.
Tien e ve can tren ung. Moi tap con cua R khac trong va b chan tren eu ton
2 Cac khai niem b chan tren va can tren ung se c lam ro sau. Trc het ta co nh ly sau (khong chng minh) Tnh duy nhat theo ngha la neu R la mot trng so thc, th ton tai mot song anh gia R va R bao toan cac phep toan cong, nhan va bao toan th t.
nh ly. Ton tai duy nhat trng so thc R.
Cac ky hieu va thuat ng.

Dau tong: Phep tr: So sanh:
n i=1
xi = x1 + + xn .
Dau tch: Phep chia:
n i=1
xi = x1 xn .
x y = x + (y)
x = xy 1 y
Khoang: khoang m (a, b) = {x R : a < x < b}, khoang ong hay oan [a, b] = {x R : a x b}. Tng t, nh ngha khoang na ong, na m [a, b), (a, b].
x y con viet y x, oc la x be hn hay bang y hay y ln hn hay bang x. x < y hay y > x neuu x y va x = y , oc la x be hn y hay y ln hn x. Neu 0 < x, th x goi la so dng. Neu x < 0, th x goi la so am.
R c bieu dien bang mot ng thang, tren o co nh mot goc O ng vi so 0, co nh mot iem 1 = 0 ng vi so 1, va nh hng dng la hng t 0 en 1. Khi o, moi iem M tren ng thang tng ng vi mot so thc goi la o dai ai so cua OM (dng neu M va 1 cung mot pha oi vi 0, am neu khac pha). M <0
Bieu dien hnh hoc.
M >0
Tap A R goi la b chan tren neuu ton tai b R, sao cho x b, x A. Khi o b goi la mot can tren cua A. Tap A R goi la b chan di neuu ton tai a R, sao cho a x, x A. Khi o a goi la mot can di cua A. Mot tap b chan neuu no va b chan tren va b chan di. b goi la can tren ung cua A, ky hieu b = sup A, neuu b la can tren be nhat cua A. a goi la can di ung cua A, ky hieu a = inf A, neuu a la can di ln nhat cua A. V du. Cho A = { 1 , 3 , , 2n 1 , }. Khi o sup A = 1, inf A = 1 . 2 4 2n 2 V du. Tap A = {q : q la so hu t va q 2 < 2} la tap khac trong, b chan. Theo tien e ve can tren ung ton tai a = inf A va b = sup A thuoc R. Tuy A la tap con cua tap cac so hu t nhng a va b eu khong la so hu t, v khong co so hu t q ma q 2 = 2. Nhan xet. Tap cac so hu t la mot trng c sap th t, i.e thoa hai tien e
1.2 Supremum - Infimum.
au cua 1.1. Vay tien e th ba ve can tren ung la cot yeu oi vi trng so thc. Ve mat hnh hoc, tap R lam ay cac cho trong cua tap cac so hu t tren ng thang. Khong nhat thiet sup A A hay inf A A. Khi chung thuoc A, ta nh ngha: M la phan t ln nhat cua A va ky hieu M = max A, neuu M = sup A va M A. m la phan t be nhat cua A va ky hieu m = min A, neuu m = inf A va m A. Bai tap: Cho A R la tap b chan tren. Chng minh: khi a la mot can tren cua A va > 0, x A : a < x
a = sup A
khi va ch
1.3 Cac tap con N, Z, Q. Tap cac so thc cha cac tap so t nhien, tap so nguyen, tap so hu t c ky hieu va nh ngha tng ng:
N = {n : n = 0 hay n = 1 + + 1 } Z = {p : p N hay p N } p Q = { : p Z, q N, q = 0 }/ , trong q
n lan
o quan he pq qp = 0 q q Cac tnh chat quen biet ve so bac trung hoc eu co the chng minh da vao cac tien e neu tren.
1.4 Tr tuyet oi. Cho x R. Tr tuyet oi cua x:

|x| = x x
neu neu
x0 x<0
Tnh chat. Vi moi so thc x, y ta co:
|x| 0, |xy| = |x||y|, |x + y| |x| + |y|
(bat ang thc tam giac).
1.5 Cac he qua. T he tien e ta suy ra mot so he qua quan trong sau Nguyen ly Archimede. Vi moi x R, ton tai n N, sao cho
x < n.
ton tai a = sup N. Do nh ngha ve sup, ton tai n0 N ma a 1 < n0 . Suy ra a < n0 + 1 N, vo ly. Bai tap: Chng minh: (1) Moi x, y > 0 eu ton tai n N, sao cho x < ny. 1 (2) Moi x > 0 eu ton tai n N, sao cho 0 < < x. n (3) Moi x > 0 eu ton tai n N, sao cho n x < n + 1.
Chng minh: Ga s ngc lai: n x, n N. Theo tien e ve can tren ung
Phan nguyen cua

Bai tap: Tnh [0, 5],
x R,
c ky hieu va nh ngha: so nguyen n thoa n x < n + 1
[x] =
[2, 5], [0, 0001].
4
Vi moi x, y R, x < y , ton tai r Q sao cho x < r < y . Vi moi x R, vi moi > 0, ton tai r Q, sao cho |x r| < . Chng minh: Hai phat bieu tren la tng ng (?).
Tnh tru mat cua so hu t trong R.
Theo nguyen ly tren, ton tai n N:
1 0 < < y x. n m+1 m . Ton tai m N: m nx < m + 1, i.e. x < n n m+1 m+1 m 1 Suy ra r = Q, thoa: x < r = = + < x + (y x) = y . n n n n
Bai tap: Chng minh tnh tru mat cua so vo t trong R. Nhan xet. Nh vay, tap so hu t cung nh tap so vo t eu tru mat hay day ac tren ng thang thc. Phan cuoi chng se thay tap so vo t nhieu hn tap so hu t.
Can bac n cua so dng. Vi moi so thc x > 0 va n N \ {0} ton tai duy nhat so thc y > 0, sao cho yn = x. n
Khi o ta goi y la can bac n cua x va ky hieu y =
x.
va b chan tren (bi 1 + x). Vay ton tai y = sup A. Ta chng minh y n = x: Gia s y n < x. Khi o vi 0 < h < 1 ta co
(y + h)n y n + h( x yn
n k=1
Chng minh: Xet tap A = {t R : tn x}. De thay A = (v cha t = 0)
k Cn y nk ) = y n + h((y + 1)n y n )
va h < 1, th (y + h)n < x, i.e. y + h A, ma Vay neu chon 0 < h < (y + 1)n y n y + h > y = sup A, vo ly. Gia s y n > x. Lap luan tng t nh tren ta tm c k > 0, (y k)n > x, i.e y k la mot chan tren cua A be hn y = sup A, vo ly. Nhan xet. Nh vay tren R con co phep toan lay can, chang han Bai tap: Cac so neu tren, so nao vo t? so nao hu t? ln. Ky hieu goi la vo cung va tap R = R {+, }. Qui c: Vi moi x R, < x < + va
2, 3, 3 5, 4 16.
1.6 Tap so thc m rong R. Trong nhieu trng hp ta can en cac so vo cung
x + (+) = +, x + () = x(+) = + neu x > 0, x(+) = neu x < 0 x x = =0 + Nhan xet. Khong the nh ngha hp ly: , 0 , . Khi tap con A khong b chan di (tren) ta ky hieu inf A = (sup A = +).
2. Day so.
2.0 Khai niem.

0 1 2 1 22
Khi thc hien phep chia 1 cho 3 ta lan lt co cac so hang: Archile uoi rua va chay nhanh gap oi rua nen khoang cach rut ngan dan:
1 1 0, 3 0, 33 0, 333 0, 3333 1 23 1 24
Thong tin lan truyen c mot ngi biet th sau o lai thong tin cho mot ngi khac: Day 0-1:
0 2 22 1 0 23 24
Cac dau cham cham e ch cac so con tiep tuc, tiep tuc na. Nhan xet. Cac v du tren cho cac day co tnh vo han va co th t. Cac so hang cua day au cang ngay cang gan 1 , cac so hang cua day th nh 3 cang ngay cang gan vi 0. Con cac so hang cua day th ba cang ngay cang rat ln. Day cuoi cung co cac so hang giao ong.
1 0
2.1 Day so. Mot day so trong X R la bo vo han co th t cac so trong X :

(xn )nN = x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ,
Mot cach chnh xac, mot day trong X la mot anh xa x : N X, n xn = x(n) Ve mat hnh hoc, day tren c bieu dien bi o th cua no trong mat phang R 2 , i.e. day iem { (n, xn ) : n N }
x
T s s s s s s s s s s s s s s E
xn
q q 1 2 3
q q q n
Tap cac so t nhien N = {0, 1, 2, } la vo han (neu n N, th n + 1 N) va co th t (0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < ), nen c dung e anh so cac so hang cua day. Thng ngi ta cho day so bang cac phng phap: Liet ke. V du: cac day cho tren, mot day ma hoa bi bang ma = {0, 1, , N } la day co dang (x0 , x1 , x2 , ), vi cac xn . Ham. V du: cac day tren co the cho bi xn = 3.101 + 3.102 + + 3.10n , 1 xn = n , xn = 2n , hay xn = 1 (1)n .
2
6 e qui. V du: Day xn = n! nh ngha bi x0 = 1, xn+1 = (n + 1)xn (n 1). Day e qui cap 1: x0 R la gia tr au, xn+1 = f (xn ) (n = 0, 1, ), trong o f la mot ham so cho trc. Day Fibonacci: x0 = 0, x1 = 1, xn+1 = xn + xn1 (n 2) la day e qui cap 2.
Bai tap: Tnh mi so ng au cua day Fibonaci. ha Bai tap: Cho f (x) = 1 + x hay f (x) = 4x(1 x) ( {0.7, 0.8, 0.9}). Hay ve o th cua day xn+1 = f (xn ), khi x0 = 1. Bai tap: Chng minh tap cac so nguyen to la vo han. Lap thuat toan tnh x n = so nguyen to th n.
Chu y. Ta ky hieu phan biet tap cac so {xn : n N} vi day so (xn )nN la bo th t. 2.2 Gii han. iem a R goi la gii han cua day so (xn)nN neuu vi moi > 0, be tuy y, eu tm c so t nhien N , u ln va phu thuoc , sao cho khi n > N , th |xn a| < , viet theo loi ky hieu
> 0, N : n > N |xn a| <
Khi o ta noi day (xn ) hoi tu ve a va ky hieu la lim xn = a hay lim xn = a hay n
x T a+ a
s s s s s s s s
xn a,
khi
1 2 3 q q
n q q q
Nhan xet. nh ngha gii han cua day khong phu thuoc vao hu han so hang au cua day. De thay: lim xn = a khi va ch khi lim |xn a| = 0 n n Ve mat hnh hoc, cac ieu tren co ngha la o th cua day tiem can vi ng thang {(x, y) : y = a } trong R2 . Neu (xn ) hoi tu, th gii han la duy nhat. Thc vay, neu a va b cung la gii han cua (xn ), th |a b| |a xn | + |xn b| 0, khi n . Vay |a b| = 0, hay a = b. Bai tap: Xet xn = , vi n = 1, 2, . Theo nh ngha hay kiem nghiem n lim xn = 0, bang cach ien tiep vao bang sau n
1 N 1
1 10 1 100 1 1.000 1 1.000.000
100
7
0<
1
Nhan xet. Neu cang be, th N cang ln, i.e.
<
e chng minh n xn = a ta can anh gia sai so |xn a|. Thng ta can tm lim mot bat ang thc dang |xn a| f (N ), khi n > N . T o co the tm c N phu thuoc sao cho f (N ) < . Sau o la viec viet chng minh hnh thc: Vi moi > 0. Goi N nh a tm c tren. Khi n > N , ta co |xn a| f (N ) < . V du. a) e chng minh Vay vi
lim 1 = 0, np
vi moi p > 0, tien hanh nh sau:

1 1 1 0| = p N , ta co bat ang thc |

> 0, chon so nguyen N > p 1 1 n > N , th | p 0| 0.
Goi N = [3/ ]. Khi n > N , ta co

n lan
0, 333
0, 3333
3 1 1 3 3 < |xn | = |0, 33 3 | < n < N < 3 3 10 10 N
2.3 Day phan ky. Day khong hoi tu goi la day phan ky. Co 2 loai:
Loai day tien ra vo cung nh day (2n ) tren. Ky hieu n xn = +, neuu E > 0, N : n > N lim Ky hieu n xn = , neuu E > 0, N : n > N lim
xn > E xn < E
Loai day giao ong nh day 0-1 v du tren. Day loai nay co cac so hang tap trung gan mot so gia tr, goi la cac gii han rieng ma se c e cap sau. V du. Ta co gii han quan trong sau (xem chng minh phan 4.1) 0 neu |a| < 1 1 neu a = 1 lim an = + n+ neu a > 1 giao ong neu a 1
2.4 Day con - Gii han rieng. Cho day (xn ). Cho mot day tang cac so t nhien
n0 < n1 < < nk < , khi o day (xnk )kN goi la mot day con cua day (xn ). Noi mot cach khac, mot day con la day cho bi qui tac hp cua mot day cac so t nhien tang va day (xn ) : N N R k n(k) = nk xnk = xn(k)
iem a R goi la mot gii han rieng cua day neuu ton tai mot day con cua no hoi tu ve a. Chang han day ((1)n ) khong hoi tu, day con cac so hang ch so chan la
8 day hang (1), con day con cac so hang ch so le la day hang (1). Vay day co hai gii han rieng la 1 va 1. Nhan xet. T nh ngha suy ra: Neu day (xn ) hoi tu ve a, th moi day con cua no cung hoi tu ve a. a la mot gii han rieng cua (xn ) khi va ch khi vi moi > 0, ton tai vo so ch so n N, sao cho |xn a| < .
Gii han tren, ky hieu lim sup xn = nxn = sup{a : a la gii han rieng cua (xn )} lim n Gii han di, ky hieu lim inf xn = lim xn = inf{a : a la gii han rieng cua (xn )} n
n
V du. a) Cho xn = (1)n . Khi o lim sup xn = 1, con lim inf xn = 1. b) Cho xn = (1)n n. Khi o lim sup xn = +, con lim inf xn = . n , con lim inf xn = . c) Cho xn = sin . Khi o lim sup xn = 2 d) Day ma a: Cho gia tr au x0 R. Vi n 1, nh ngha
xn = 3xn1 + 1 1 2 xn1
neu xn1 le neu xn1 chan
Chang han, vi x0 = 17 ta co day: 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, e y la khi mot so hang nao o cua day la 1, th sau o day lap: 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, . Bai toan sau van cha co li giai: vi moi gia tr au x0 , ton tai n e xn = 1 ? Nhan xet. T nh ngha ta co (xem nh bai tap): Luon ton tai lim sup xn , lim inf xn (co the la ). lim inf xn lim sup xn . (xn ) co gii han khi va ch khi lim inf xn = lim sup xn . lim sup xn = M hu han khi va ch khi vi moi > 0, co vo so so hang x n > M , va ch co hu han so hang xn > M + . lim inf xn = m hu han khi va ch khi vi moi > 0, co vo so so hang x n < m + va ch co hu han so hang xn < m . (1) Tnh b chan: Neu (xn ) hoi tu, th ton tai M sao cho |xn | < M, n. (2) Tnh bao toan cac phep toan: Gia s (xn ) va (yn ) la cac day hoi tu. Khi o cac
day (xn + yn ), (xn yn ),
xn yn
2.5 Tnh chat cua gii han.
(gia thiet them n yn = 0) hoi tu, va lim

n n n
lim (xn +yn ) = lim xn + lim yn , lim (xn yn ) = lim xn lim yn , lim
n n
lim xn xn = n n yn lim yn
n
xn yn .
(3) Tnh bao toan th t: Ga s (xn ) va (yn ) la cac day hoi tu va vi moi n u ln
Khi o n xn n yn lim lim (4) Tnh kep (sandwich): Ga s vi moi n u ln ta co xn yn zn , va n xn = lim

n
lim zn = a.
Khi o n yn = a. lim
(1) Theo nh ngha, vi = 1, ton tai N , sao cho |x n a| < 1, n > N . Goi M = max{|x0 |, , |xN |, |a| + 1}. Khi o |xn | < M, n. (2) Ta dung cac bat ang thc:
|(xn + yn ) (a + b)| |xn a| + |yn b| |xn yn ab| |xn yn xn b + xn b ab| M |yn b| + |b||xn a|.
Chng minh: Ga s n xn = a va n yn = b. lim lim
Ngoai ra, neu b = 0, th vi = |b|/2, ton tai N : |yn b| < |b|/2, n > N . Vay khi n > N , th |yn | = |b b + yn | |b| |yn b| > |b|/2 va ta co bat ang thc
xn a yn b = xn b yn a xn b ab ab yn a = + byn byn byn |xn a| |a||b yn | + |yn | |byn | |xn a| |a||b yn | + |b|/2 |b||b|/2
Khi n +, ve phai va do vay ve trai cac bat ang thc tren 0. Suy ra s ton tai cac gii han va cac cong thc (2). (3) Ga s khi n u ln xn yn . Ga s phan chng la a > b. Khi o vi = ab > 0, th vi moi n u ln, ta co |xn a| < va |yn b| < . Suy ra 2 yn 0. Theo ga thiet lim xn = lim zn = a, suy ra ton tai N1 sao cho: |xn a| < , |zn a| < , khi n > N1 . Theo ga thiet ton tai N2 sao cho xn yn zn , n N2 . Khi n max(N1 , N2 ), t cac bat ang thc tren suy ra < xn a yn a zn a < , i.e. |yn a| < . Vay lim yn = a. Nhan xet. Mot day b chan cha chac hoi tu, chang han day ((1)n ). Neu cac day (xn ), (yn ) hoi tu va xn < yn , n, th lim xn lim yn . n n
lim lim Bai tap: Chng minh neu n xn = a, th n |xn | = |a| va n lim
p
|xn | =
|a|.
V du. Tnh n2 3n + 6 . a) n 2 lim 3n + 4n + 2 b) n n( n + 2 n + 1). lim e tnh gii han au, chu y la n2 (luy tha bac cao nhat) la vo cung ln so vi n, nen ta a n2 lam tha so chung:
n2 3n + 6 n 3n2 + 4n + 2 lim = n2 (1 3/n + 6/n2 ) 1 3/n + 6/n2 = lim n n2 (3 + 4/n + 2/n2 ) n 3 + 4/n + 2/n2 2 1 1 lim 3/n + lim 6/n 10+0 = = = 2 3 + lim 4/n + lim 2/n 3+0+0 3 lim
10 e tnh gii han sau, ta nhan lng lien hiep e kh can:

( n + 2 n + 1)( n + 2 + n + 1) lim n( n + 2 n + 1) = lim n n n n+2+ n+1 (n + 2) (n + 1) n = lim n = lim n n + 2 + n + 1 n n( 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 ) n n 1 1 = = lim n 2 1 2 1 1+ n + 1+ n (lim 1 + n + lim 1 + n ) 1 1 = = 2 1+ 1
3. Cac nh ly c ban.
Theo ngon ng cua day so, tap cac so hu t la khong ay u v co cac day 1 so trong Q nhng khong hoi tu ve mot so thuoc Q, chang han day x n = (1 + )n . n Cac nh ly sau ay the hien tnh ay u cua tap so thc R.
3.1 Nguyen ly n ieu b chan.
Mot day n ieu khong giam va b chan tren th hoi tu, i.e.
(xn xn+1 , n)&(M, xn < M, n) lim xn
Mot day n ieu khong tang va b chan di th hoi tu, i.e.

(xn xn+1 , n)&(m, m < xn , n) lim xn
khong giam va b chan tren. Vay ch can chng minh cho trng hp (x n ) khong giam va b chan tren. Do gia thiet b chan tren suy ra a = sup{xn : n N} hu han. Ta chng minh lim xn = a. Cho > 0. Theo nh ngha cua can tren be nhat: moi xn a va ton tai xN sao cho a < xN . T tnh n ieu khong giam, khi n > N , a < x n a < a + , i.e |xn a| < . Vay lim xn = a.
(xn )
Chng minh: Trc het nhan xet la neu (xn ) khong tang va b chan di, th day
Nhan xet. Neu (xn ) khong giam nhng khong b chan tren, th lim x n = +. Tng t, neu (xn ) khong tang nhng khong b chan di, th lim x n = .
3.2 Nguyen ly day oan long nhau. Cho day cac oan long nhau In = [an , bn], sao cho In In+1 , n N. Khi o ton tai iem chung cho moi In , i.e. nN In =
Chng minh: T ga thiet ta co an an+1 bn+1 bn . Vay day (an ) khong
giam va b chan tren con (bn ) khong tang va b chan di. Theo nguyen ly tren ton
11 Hn na, do tnh bao toan th t,

a b.
tai a = lim an [a, b] In , n.
va
lim bn = b.
Ro rang
3.3 nh ly Bolzano-Weierstrass. Moi day b chan eu ton tai day con hoi tu.
Ga s a0 xn b0 , n. Chia oi oan I0 = [a0 , b0 ]. Mot trong hai oan chia cha vo so so hang xn , goi la I1 . Chon n1 , xn1 I1 . Tng t, chia oi I1 co mot trong hai oan con cha vo so so hang xn , goi la I2 . Chon n2 > n1 , xn2 I2 . Lap lai cach lam tren, ta co: a a) I0 I1 Ik b) o dai oan Ik la b02k 0 c) n1 < n2 < < nk va xnk Ik a Theo nguyen ly day oan long nhau ton tai a I k , k. Ta co |xnk a| b02k 0 0, khi k . Vay day con (xnk )kN hoi tu ve a.
Chng minh: Ta tm day con hoi tu bang phng phap chia oi:
3.4 Tieu chuan Cauchy. Day (xn) hoi tu khi va ch khi (xn) la day Cauchy, i.e.
> 0, N : n, m > N |xn xm | <
Chng minh: () Ga s lim xn = a. Khi o vi > 0, ton tai N : |xn a| < /2, n > N . Vay vi m, n > N , |xn xm | |xn a| + |xm a| < /2 + /2 = . () Ga s (xn ) la day Cauchy. Day (xn ) la b chan: v vi = 1, ton tai N sao cho xN 1 < xn < xN + 1, n > N . Chon M = max{|x0 |, , |xN |, |xN | + 1}. Khi o |xn | M, n. Theo nh ly Bolzano-Weierstrass, ton tai day con (x nk )kN hoi tu ve a. Ta chng minh day (xn ) hoi tu ve a: t bat ang thc |xk a| |xk xnk | + |xnk a|. Do nk k, khi k , th nk . Khi o |xk xnk | 0, do la day Cauchy; va |xnk a| 0, do day con hoi tu ve a. Vay lim xk = a.
k
Nhan xet. Trong thc hanh, thng dung tieu chuan Cauchy di dang:
|xn xn+p | 0 ,
khi n , vi moi p = 0, 1,
Nh vay khong can biet trc hoac phong oan trc gii han (neu co) cua mot day, tieu chuan Cauchy thuan li e kiem tra s hoi tu cua mot day.
4. Cac v du.
4.1 Mot so gii han c ban.

1
a) n p = 0 (p > 0) lim n b) n n a = 1 (a > 0) lim c) n n n = 1 lim d) n n n! = + lim e) n lim

np =0 an (a > 1)
12
lim f) n an = 0 neu |a| < 1 va n an = + neu a > 1 lim
b) Trng hp a 1, xet xn = n a 1. Ta chng minh lim xn = 0. Theo cong thc nh thc Newton, do xn 0, ta co a = (1 + xn )n 1 + nxn . a1 . T tnh chat sandwich lim xn = 0. Suy ra 0 xn
n 1 Trng hp 0 < a < 1, ap dung trng hp tren cho . a c) Xet xn = n n 1. T cong thc nh thc Newton suy n = (1 + xn )n
Chng minh: a) a chng minh.
ra
Vay
2 . 0 xn n1
n(n 1) 2 xn 2 lim n n = 1. n n n! > . 3
T tnh chat sandwich lim xn = 0, i.e.

n
n
(co the chng minh bang qui nap), suy ra d) T bat ang thc n! > 3 T o de suy ra gii han can tm. 1 e) V a > 1, a p = 1 + u (u > 0). Theo cong thc nh thc Newton suy ra
(a p )n = (1 + u)n >
1
Suy ra
lim
np an
= lim
n (a p )n
1
p = 0.
n(n 1) 2 u 2
f) Suy t e) vi p = 0
4.2 So e. Hai day so sau la hoi tu ve cung mot gii han

sn = 1 + 1 1 1 + + + 1! 2! n!
va
tn = 1 +
1 n
Ky hieu n sn = n tn = e goi la c so Neper. lim lim

Chng minh: Day (sn ) tang, sn = 1 + 1 +
1+ 1 1 1 + 2 + + n1 < 3. Vay theo 2 2 2 n n 1 nk+1 1 n n! 1 nn1 ... = = Ta co tn = 1 + n k!(n k)! nk k! n n n k=0 k=0 n 1 k1 1 1 ... 1 = k! n n k=0 Suy ra tn < tn+1 va tn sn < 3. Vay ton tai lim tn = e . Ta chng minh e = e . Do tn sn , suy ra e e. Mat khac, vi n m, ta co tn = 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 2! n 1 1 1+1+ 1 2! n 1 1 n1 1 ... 1 n! n n 1 1 m1 + + 1 ... 1 m! n n + + 1 1 1 + + + < 1+ 1.2 1.2.3 1.2 . . . n nguyen ly n ieu ton tai lim sn = e.
13
1+1+ 1 1 + + = sm 2! m!
Khi m co nh, n , suy ra e Cho m , ta co e e.
Menh e. e la so vo t. (e = 2, 71828 ).
Chng minh: Ga s phan chng e =
1 1 + < . 0 < e sn = (n + 1)! n!n 1 Khi o 0 < n!(e sn ) < . Do n!e, n!sn n m Q. n
Theo chng minh tren, ta co
la cac so nguyen, bat ang thc la vo ly.
a) xn = a0 + a1 x + + an xn , trong o |x| < 1 va |ak | < M, k, la day hoi tu. 1 1 la day phan ky. b) xn = 1 + + +
2 n
4.3 V du. Dung tieu chuan Cauchy, ta co:
Chng minh: a) Ta co anh gia

|xn+p xn | = |an+1 xn+1 + + an+p xn+p | |an+1 |x|n+1 | + + |an+p ||xn+p | M |x|n+1 + + M |x|n+p M |x|n+1 (1 + + |x|p ) 1 M |x|n+1 1 |x|
Suy ra khi n , |xn+p xn | 0, vi moi p, i.e. (xn ) la day Cauchy nen hoi tu. 1 1 1 + + > . Vay (xn ) khong thoa b) Vi n, m = 2n, ta co |xm xn | = n+1 2n 2 tieu chuan Cauchy nen phan ky.
a0 = [x] Z, an =
4.4 Bieu dien thap phan cua so thc. Cho

[10n (x xn = a0 +
x R. Khi o day so an1 a1 n1 )] {0, 1, , 9}, thoa a0 10 10 an a1 + + n x , 10 10
nguyen
khi n
Noi cach khac, ta co bieu dien x = a0 , a1 a2 an . Suy ra tap cac so hu t la tru mat trong R. Khi o a1 = [10(x a0 )] {0, 1, , 9} va thoa 1 x a0 < 1 . 10 10 (Ve mat hnh hoc, neu chia [0, 1] thanh mi oan bang nhau, th x a0 thuoc mot trong cac oan o). 1 a +1 a a a Do 0 x a0 1 < , ton tai a2 {0, 1, , 9}, 22 x a0 1 < 2 2 .
10 10
Chng minh: at a0 = [x]. Ta co a0 x < a0 + 1, i.e. 0 x a0 < 1.

a a +1
10 10 10 an a1 1 Lap ly luan tren, bc th n ta co 0 x a0 n < n . 10 10 10 a a Goi an+1 = [10n+1 (x a0 1 nn )]. Khi o an+1 {0, 1, , 9}, va 10 10 an a1 an+1 1 n n+1 < n+1 . 0 x a0 10 10 10 10
14
1 Vay vi xn xay dng tren ta co 0 x xn < 10n . Suy ra lim xn = x.
Nhan xet. Bieu dien thap phan mot so thc nh tren la khong duy nhat. Chang han,
1, 000 = 0, 999 0, 5 = 0, 4999
Bieu dien thap phan so hu t hoac co o dai hu han hoac co chu ky. Chang han,
1 1 1 = 0, 5 , = 0, 333 , 0, 123123123 = 123 3 2 3 10 1
Trong khi o bieu dien thap phan so vo t luon co o dai vo han va khong co chu ky. e xet en so lng phan t cua mot tap ta co khai niem lc lng . Hai tap X, Y goi la cung lc lng neuu ton tai mot song anh t X len Y . De thay quan he cung lc lng la quan he tng ng tren lp cac tap. Ba lp ang quan tam: (1) Mot tap goi la hu han n phan t neuu no cung lc lng vi {1, 2, , n}. (2) Mot tap goi la (vo han) em c neuu no cung lc lng vi N. Mot song anh N X con goi la mot phep anh so th t cac phan t cua X . Mot tap hu han hoac em c goi la tap khong qua em c. (3) Mot tap goi la khong em c neuu no la tap vo han va khong la tap em c. V du. Cac tap 2N, Z, Q la em c v co the anh so th t c (Bai tap).
4.5 Tnh khong em c cua R.
Menh e.
la khong em c.
Ga s phan chng la no em c, i.e. [a, b] = {x n : n N}. Chia oi [a, b], co mot oan I1 , sao cho x1 I1 . Lai chia oi I1 , co mot oan I2 , sao cho x2 I2 . Lap lai qua trnh nay, ta co day oan long nhau I1 I2 In , sao cho xn In . Theo nguyen ly day oan long nhau, ton tai x nN In . Vay x [a, b]. Mat khac, theo cach xay dng x = xn , n, nen x [a, b]. Mau thuan. Nhan xet. Vay co the noi so lng cac so hu t la t hn nhieu so vi so lng cac so vo t. Bai tap: e hieu them ve tap em c, hay chng minh cac ket qua: Mot tap con cua N la khong qua em c. (Hd: Neu X N vo han, th xay dng anh xa t N len X :
0 x0 = min X, n min(X \ {x0 , , xn1 })
Chng minh: Ta chng minh vi a, b R, a = b, khoang [a, b] la khong em c.
Roi chng minh anh xa tren song anh) Cho X la tap em c va f : X Y la toan anh. Khi o Y khong qua em c. (Hd: Xet anh xa m : Y X, m(y) = min f 1 (y). Chng minh m la song anh t Y m(Y ). T o ap dung bai tap tren.)
15
Tap N2 la em c. (Hd: Phep anh so theo ng cheo la song anh. Cu the o la anh xa:
f : N2 N, f (m, n) = N
T
(m + n)(m + n + 1) +n 2
sr db b b b b b d sr r db d b b b b b d d sb r r dr db db b b b d d d sb r b b dr d d d b b d b r r d bd bd rd r sb r r b b dr d d d d b d b b b r r r r dr dr db db db d d d d d
la mot ho em c cac tap em c, th hp cua chung X = nI Xn la em c. (Hd: Ta co song anh N I , n in va vi moi n mot song anh N Xn , m fn (m). Vay N2 X, (m, n) fin (m) la toan anh. Roi ap dung bai tap th hai) Tap moi day so ma cac so hang ch nhan gia tr 0 hay 1 la khong em c. (Hd: Ket qua nay hi la? e chng minh dung phan chng: gia s tap X neu tren em c, i.e. co song anh N X, n x n , vi
x0 = x0,0 x1 = x1,0 x2 = x2,0 x0,1 x1,1 x2,1 x0,2 x1,2 x2,2 xn,n
Neu (Xn )nI
xn = xn,0 xn,1 xn,2
.. .
...
.. .
.. .
...
xn,n = 0, yn = 0 neu xn,n = 1. khong thuoc X (v y = xn , n))
Dung qui tac ng cheo cua Cantor, xay dng day y = (y n ) nh sau: yn = 1 neu Khi o y va thuoc X (v la day ch co 0, 1) va
n!
4.6 Cong thc Stirling. e anh gia o ln cua

chng minh):
n! = n e
n
ta co cong thc sau (khong
2ne 12n ,
trong o 0 < n < 1
II. Gii han va tnh lien tuc
Ham so la mot mo hnh toan hoc e mo ta moi quan he gia mot ai lng phu thuoc vao mot ai lng khac. Chng nay se e cap en khai niem ham so va gii han cua ham so, nham nghien cu moi lien quan cua s bien oi cua cac ai lng. Phan cuoi se nghien cu tnh chat c ban cua cac ham so ma s phu thuoc neu tren la lien tuc.
1. Ham so
1.1 nh ngha. Mot ham so (thc cua mot bien thc) la mot anh xa
f : X Y, x y = f (x)
trong o X, Y la cac tap con cua R. Vay vi moi gia tr cua bien nhat mot gia tr y = f (x) Y . X goi la mien xac nh cua f f (X) = {y R : x X, y = f (x)} goi la mien gia tr cua f Thng ham c cho bi 3 cach sau:
x X,
co duy
(1) Cong thc: bieu th s phu thuoc cua ai lng y theo ai lng x bang mot cong thc. Chang han, y = 2x, y = mx, y = mx2 . Qui c la mien xac nh, neu khong c xac nh ro, c hieu la tap:
{x R : f (x)
co ngha (thc) }
V du. Ham f (x) =
x1 co mien xac nh la x2 {x R : x 1 0, x 2 = 0} = [1, 2) (2, +).
oi khi ham co the cho bi nhieu bieu thc, nh cac ham sau: Ham phan nguyen: f (x) = [x] = n la so nguyen thoa n x < n + 1. Ham dau (signum):
f (x) =
sign x =
D (x) =
+1
neu x < 0 neu x = 0 neu x > 0
Ham ac trng cua tap D: Bai tap: Tnh [1, 5],
1 0
[], [e], [sin x],
neu x D neu x D sign (2), sign (264 ), sign ([0, 3]).
Cac ham so con co the cho di dang gii han, tch phan, chuoi ham, ... se c e cap cac phan sau.
18 (2) o th: f = {(x, y) : x X, y = f (x)} la tap con cua R R = R2 . Viec cho ham bi o th co thuan li ve mat trc quan. Bieu dien hnh hoc cua R 2 la mat phang vi he toa o Descartes ma (0, 0) ong nhat vi goc O, R 0 la truc Ox, con 0 R la truc Oy la 2 ng thang vuong goc nhau. Khi o moi (x, y) R 2 tng ng 1-1 vi mot iem trem mat phang co hnh chieu vuong goc len Ox la (x, 0) va hnh chieu len Oy la (0, y). Nh vay o th ham f la tap con trong mat phang (thng la ng cong), ma khi nhn vao no ta co thong tin ve ham f (e.g. tnh tang giam, cc tr, nghiem,...).
y
T s(x, f (x))
e ve o th ham so ta thng dung 2 phng phap sau: - Ve trc tiep: cham mot so iem cua o th (x0 , f (x0 )), (x1 , f (x1 )), , (xn , f (xn )) tren mat phang roi noi chung lai bi cac ng thang hay ng cong. Thng ng cong nhan c cang gan vi o th f khi so iem cang nhieu. Phng phap nay thng c dung e ve o th bang may tnh. - Ve qua viec khao sat ham so: nh a c hoc trung hoc, va se c e cap chng sau. Phng phap nay xac nh iem mang thong tin quan trong cua ham (mien xac nh, cc tr, uon, nghiem,...) cung nh tnh chat cua ham tren tng mien (tang, giam, tiem can,...) Bai tap: Ve o th ham phan nguyen [x] va ham dau sign (x). (3) Lap bang: khi mien xac nh hu han. Thng dung trong th nghiem, thc nghiem hay kinh te.
x y x0 y0 x1 y1 xn yn
Bai tap: Lap cac bang cua cac phep hoan v 3 phan t.
Cong-Tr-Nhan-Chia: Cho f, g : X R. Khi o co the nh ngha cac ham f (neu g(x) = 0, x X ) mot cach t nhien nh sau: f g, f g,
g (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x), f g(x) = f (x)g(x), f (x) f (x) = , xX g g(x)
1.2 Cac phep toan tren ham.
Chng II. Gii han va tnh lien tuc
19
Ham hp: Cho f : X Y va g : Y Z . Khi o ham hp g f : X Z nh ngha la g f (x) = g(f (x)). Ham ngc: Cho f : X Y la song anh. Khi o co ham ngc f 1 : Y X , nh ngha la f 1 (y) = x y = f (x).
Bai tap: Ve o th ham phan d f (x) = x [x]. Bai tap: Cho f (x) = [x] va g(x) = sign (x). Tm f g va g f . Chung co bang nhau? Bai tap: Chng minh o th ham so ngc oi xng vi o th ham so qua phan giac th nhat.
1.3 Mot so tnh chat ac biet cua ham. Ham n ieu. Ham f goi la khong giam (t.. tang) tren X neuu
x1 , x2 X, x1 < x2 f (x1 ) f (x2 ) (
t.. f (x1 ) < f (x2 )) t.. f (x1 ) > f (x2 ))
Ham f goi la khong tang (t.. giam) tren X neuu

x1 , x2 X, x1 < x2 f (x1 ) f (x2 ) (
V du. a) Ham f (x) = xn , vi n N, la ham tang tren [0, +). b) Ham f (x) = [x] va g(x) = sign (x) la ham khong giam tren R. Bai tap: Tuy theo n chan hay le, xet tnh n ieu cua f (x) = x n tren R.
Ham chan - Ham le. Cho X la tap oi xng, i.e. neu x X th x X . Ham f goi la ham chan tren X neuu f (x) = f (x), x X . Ham f goi la ham le tren X neuu f (x) = f (x), x X .
V du. Cac ham x2 , cos x la chan, con x3 , sin x la le tren R. Nhan xet. Moi ham le:
f
tren tap oi xng la tong cua mot ham chan va mot ham
1 1 f (x) = (f (x) + f (x)) + (f (x) f (x)) 2 2
Bai tap: Chng minh o th ham so chan oi xng qua truc tung Oy va ham so le oi xng qua goc O. (xem toa o cua cac iem oi xng cua (x, y = f (x)))
y = x (y, x) s s(x, y) s(x + T, y) (x, y) s E 0 x (x, y) s T
20
f xac nh tren X goi la tuan hoan sao cho f (x + T ) = f (x), x X . Khi o so dng T nho nhat thoa ieu kien tren goi la chu ky
Ham tuan hoan. Ham
neuu ton tai cua f .
T > 0
Nhan xet. Neu x X , th x + T X va ... . Vay x + nT X vi moi n N. Hn na f (x + nT ) = f (x). Bai tap: o th mot ham tuan hoan chu ky T co tnh chat g? V du. a) Vi k Z \ {0}, cac ham sin kx, cos kx tuan hoan, co chu ky b) Ham phan d f (x) = x [x] la tuan hoan, co chu ky la 1. Bai tap: Chng minh ham ac trng cua tap Q: co chu ky.
Q , 2 . k
la ham tuan hoan nhng khong
1.4 Cac ham s cap.

Cac ham so s cap c ban la cac ham: x , ex , ln x, hieu arctg x). Sau ay ta nhac lai cac tnh chat c ban cua chung.
sin x, arctan x
(hay con ly
Ham exponent: exp(x) = ex = n+ 1 + lim . n (1) Mien xac nh la R, mien gia tr la (0, +). (2) Tnh chat can nh: e0 = 1, ex+x = ex ex (3) Ham n ieu tang.
Chng minh: Trc het ta chng minh bat ang thc:
1+ t n
n
1 |t|(e 1) t n
n n k=1 n k Cn
khi
k Cn
|t| 1
()
Theo cong thc nh thc

1+ t n
n
1+
=1+t
tk1 , nk
suy ra khi |t| 1, ta co
n k1 |t|k1 k |t| |t| Cn k nk n k=1 k=1 n n 1 k 1 |t| Cn k = |t| 1+ 1 |t|(e 1) n n k=1
|t|
. Ta can chng Bay gi ta chng minh (1). Cho x R. Xet day x n = 1 + n minh (xn ) co gii han. Khi x > 0, nh chng minh cho gii han cua e, (xn ) la day tang. e chng minh
21
day b chan tren, goi N N, x N . Khi o

xn 1 + N n
n
1+
1 n
N.n
1+
1 n
n.N
3N
x2 n ) x n2 = Khi x < 0, th x > 0 va ta co 1 + x n (1 )n n x2 x2 lim Theo bat ang thc (), vi t = , ta co n(1 2 )n = 1. T tnh chat n n x n 1 . Vay exp(x) xac nh vi moi x R. = thng n+ 1 + lim n exp(x) De thay e0 = 1. Ngoai ra, ta co
n
Vay ton tai exp(x) = n+ xn , khi x 0. lim
(1
gii han
1+
x n n
1+
x+x n
1+
x n n
xx = 1+ 2 n (1 + x+x ) n
Cho n , ap dung () vi t = e y la ex > 0 va et > 1 khi Vay ex la ham tang.
ex ex xx , ta co x+x = 1. Vay ta co (2). e n(1 + x+x ) n t > 0. Neu x < x , th ex ex = ex (1 ex x ) < 0.
Ham logarithm c so t nhien: ln x la ham ngc cua ham ex . Mien xac nh la (0, +), mien gia tr la R. Ham n ieu tang. Tnh chat can nh: ln e = 1, ln x + ln x = ln xx Ham luy tha: x ( R). - Luy tha nguyen dng: vi n N, x n = x x (tch n lan). Mien xac nh la R. Khi n le ham tang. Khi n chan ham giam tren (, 0), tang tren [0, +). 1 - Luy tha nguyen am: vi n N, xn = n . x Mien xac nh la R \ 0. Khi n le ham giam tren tng khoang xac nh. Khi n chan ham tang tren (, 0) va giam tren (0, +).
T E T E T E T E
y = x2n
y = x2n+1
y=
1 x2n+1
y=
1 x2n
22 - Ham can thc: vi n N, n x = x n . No la ham ngc cua ham luy tha nguyen xn . Khi n le, ham co mien xac nh la R va tang. Khi n chan, ham co mien xac nh la [0, +) vatang.
1
T E
T E
y=
2n
x
m
y=
2n+1
- Luy tha hu t: vi m, n Z, n > 0, x n = ( n x)m . Mien xac nh phu thuoc n chan hay le va m dng hay am. Bai tap: Tm mien xac nh cua ham luy tha hu t va mien n ieu cua no. - Luy tha vo t: khi la so vo t, x = e ln x . Mien xac nh la (0, +). Ham tang khi > 0 va giam khi < 0. Tnh chat can nh: (xx ) = x x
Ham mu: ax = ex ln a (a > 0). Mien xac nh la R, mien gia tr la 0 < a < 1. Tnh chat can nh: ax+x = ax ax
y (0, +).
Ham tang khi
a > 1
va giam khi
r 1
1 r
y = ax (a > 1) ln x
x y = ax (0 < a < 1)
((a > 0, a = 1). Ham logarithm: loga x = ln a Mien xac nh la (0, +), mien gia tr la R. Ham tang khi a > 1 va giam khi 0 < a < 1. Tnh chat can nh: loga x + loga x = loga xx , loga x = loga b logb x. loga x = loga x. x va log x la cac ham ngc cua nhau: y = log x ay = x Ham a a a

y y
23
T
y = loga x (a > 1)
y = loga x (0 < a < 1)
Cac ham lng giac: Co the dung vong tron lng giac e nh ngha cac ham lng giac. Cho vong tron n v trong he truc Descartes. Moi x R ng vi mot iem M tren ng tron co o dai cung t (1, 0) en M la x mod 2 . Nh vay, cac gia tr x khac nhau boi lan 2 se co chung mot iem tren ng tron. Khi o o dai ai so cua hnh chieu cua M len truc tung goi la sin x, va len truc hoanh goi la cos x.
T
1 sin x 1 0
M x
s E
cos x
Ham sin x: Mien xac nh la R, mien gia tr la [1, 1]. La ham le va tuan hoan chu ky 2 . Ham cos x: Mien xac nh la R, mien gia tr la [1, 1]. La ham chan va tuan hoan chu ky 2 . Tnh chat can nh: sin2 x + cos2 x = 1. sin x : Mien xac nh vi moi x = + k, k Z, mien gia tr la R. Ham tan x = cos x 2 La ham le va tuan hoan chu ky . cos x : Mien xac nh vi moi x = k, k Z, mien gia tr la R. La Ham cot x = sin x ham le va tuan hoan chu ky .
24
y 1 r
r T E
0 y = sin x
1 y
1 r
r
T E
2 y = cos x
Cac ham lng giac ngc: Han che tren mot mien n ieu cua ham lng giac, ta nh ngha: Ham arcsin x : [1, 1] [ , ], la ham ngc cua ham sin : [ , ] [1, 1]. 2 2 2 2 Ham arccos x : [1, 1] [0, ], la ham ngc cua ham cos : [0, ] [1, 1]. Ham arctan x : R ( , ), la ham ngc cua ham tan : ( , ) R. 2 2 2 2 Ham arccot x : R (0, ), la ham ngc cua ham cot : (0, ) R.
y T y T
0 2
y = tan x
y = arctan x
Cac ham s cap la cac ham c lap thanh bi mot so ham s cap c ban bang cac phep toan so hoc (cong, tr, nhan, chia) va cac phep hp thanh. x2 + ex tan 5x Chang han, f (x) = 2x + 3 x ln(ln(ln(x2 + 1))) hay f (x) =
Cung e y la cac ham:
x 1 + sin(x) x , ax , loga x, cos x, tan x, cot x, arcsin x = arctan 1 x2

x
25
arccot x = arctan x, arccos x = arccot c xem la khong c ban. 2 1 x2 Sau ay la cac ham s cap thng gap khac:
Ham a thc: f (x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn , vi a0 , a1 , , an R cho trc. V du. Ham bac mot, nh y = 2x + 1. Ham bac hai, nh y = x2 + 5x 1. Ham bac ba, nh y = x3 3x + 1. Ham hu t:
f (x) = P (x) , Q(x)
vi P, Q la cac ham a thc.

x1 . x+1
V du. Ham nhat bien, nh y =
Ham bac 2 tren bac 1, nh y =
x2 + 1 . x1
Cac ham Hyperbolic: cac ham sau goi la ham coshyperbolic, sinhyperbolic, tanhyperbolic va cotanhyperbolic
cosh x = ex ex sinh x cosh x ex + ex , sinh x = , tanh x = , coth x = 2 2 cosh x sinh x
Bai tap: Chng minh cac cong thc: Ve o th cac ham so tren.
cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1 sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + sinh y cosh x cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y .
2. Gii han cua ham.

2.1 Lan can - iem tu. Cho X R va a R. Mot lan can cua a la mot khoang tam a: {x R : |x a| < } = (a , a + ), vi > 0 nao o. a goi la iem tu cua X neuu vi moi lan can U cua a, U X \ {a} = , noi cach khac ton tai mot day (xn ) trong X \ {a} hoi tu ve a. 1 V du. Khoang m (a, b) co cac iem tu la moi iem x [a, b]. Tap { : n N } ch n co mot iem tu la 0.
f : X R va a la iem tu cua X . Ham f goi la co gii han L R khi x tien ti a neuu vi moi > 0 (be tuy y), ton tai > 0 (u be, phu thuoc a va ) sao cho khi x X ma 0 < |x a| < , th |f (x) L| < . Viet bang ky hieu: > 0, > 0 : x X, 0 < |x a| < |f (x) L| <
2.2 Gii han. Cho
Khi o ky hieu xa f (x) = L hay lim
f (x) L,
khi x a.
, a+ )
Ve mat hnh hoc: Vi moi > 0, ton tai > 0 sao cho o th cua f khi x (a cha trong hnh ch nhat tam (a, L) o dai cac canh 2 2 .
26 Nhan xet. Cac nhan xet sau xem nh bai tap: nh ngha theo ngon ng epsilon-delta tren cua Cauchy tng ng vi nh ngha theo ngon ng day cua Heine:
xn X \ {a}, lim xn = a lim f (xn ) = L
n n
lim Ta co: xa f (x) = L xa |f (x) L| = 0. lim Gii han neu co la duy nhat. Tieu chuan Cauchy: Ton tai lim f (x) khi va ch khi xa > 0, > 0 : x, x X, 0 < |x a| < , 0 < |x a| < |f (x) f (x )| <
1 1 , xn = , 2n 2 + 2n 1 1 cung tien ve 0, nhng 2 day sin = sin 2n = 0, sin = sin( + 2n) = 1 khong xn xn 2 tien ve cung gii han khi n . c) Ham co the khong xac nh tai a, nhng co gii han tai o: 1 1 f (x) = x sin co lim f (x) = 0, v |f (x) 0| = |x sin | |x| 0, khi x 0. x0 x x d) Ham xac nh tai a, nhng co xa f (x) = f (a): lim f (x) = [1 |x|] co lim f (x) = 0 = f (0) = 1
V du. a) Chng minh bang nh ngha x0 x2 = 0: Vi > 0 be tuy y, chon = . Khi lim o vi moi x ma |x 0| < suy ra |x2 0| < 2 = 1 b) Khong ton tai x0 sin . Da vao menh e phu nh cua nh ngha gii han theo lim day va tnh duy nhat cua gii han, ta tm 2 day, chang han xn =
x
x0
2.3 Tnh chat c ban. Cho

xa
(1) Tnh bao toan cac phep toan:

xa
lim f (x) = L
va xa g(x) = M . Khi o lim

xa
f, g, : X R
va a la iem tu cua X . Ga s thiet M = 0) mot lan can
lim (f g)(x) = L M
lim f g(x) = LM
(3) Tnh kep (sandwich): Neu ga thiet them f (x) (x) g(x) vi moi x mot lan
cua a, th L M .
(2) Tnh bao toan th t: Neu ga thiet them
L f (x) = ( ga g M f (x) g(x) vi moi x

xa
lim
can cua a va L = M , th xa (x) = L. lim lim lim (4) Gii han hp (oi bien): Gia s xa f (x) = L, yL g(y) = A, va ton tai > 0 sao cho khi 0 < |x a| < th f (x) = L. Khi o xa g f (x) = lim g(y) = A. lim
yL
Chng minh: Dung nh ngha gii han theo day va tnh chat cua gii han day so.
neu x = 0 . Chng minh lim g(f (x)) = lim g(y). neu x = 0 x0 y0 ieu nay co mau thuan vi 2.3 (4) ? Bai tap: Cho f (x) = g(x) =
0 1
27
f
2.4 Gii han cac ham s cap. Neu

cua no, th xa f (x) = f (a). lim
la ham s cap va a thuoc mien xac nh
s cap c ban. x n 1 |x|(e 1). lim ex = ea : Khi |x| 1, ta co 1 + xa n lim lim Khi n +, ta co |ex 1| |x|(e 1). Vay x0 |ex 1| = 0, hay x0 ex = 1. Suy ra, khi oi bien u = x a, ta co
xa xa
Chng minh: Do cac tnh chat (1) va (4) neu tren, ta ch can chng minh cho ham so
lim ex = lim exa ea = lim eu ea = ea

xa u0
lim sin x = sin a
: Ta co 0 | sin t| |t|. Suy ra
Cac gii han cua chng minh phan sau).
| sin x sin a| = |2 cos
xa xa x+a sin | 2| | 0, khi x a. 2 2 2 ham ln x va arctan x suy t tnh lien tuc cua ham
ngc (se c
lim He qua. Neu ton tai xa f (x) > 0 va = 1, va xa g(x) = 0, th lim

xa
lim f (x)g(x) = lim f (x)limxa g(x)

xa
2.5 Gii han mot pha. Cho f : X R.
goi la gii han phai (t.. trai) cua f (x) khi x tien ve a neuu
> 0, > 0 : |f (x) L| < , x X, 0 < x a < (
t..
0 < a x < )
Khi o co the dung cac ky hieu

L = f (a+) = lim f (x) = lim f (x) (
xa+ xa+0
t.. L = f (a) =
xa
lim f (x) = lim f (x))

xa0
Trong nh ngha tren phai gia thiet (a, a + ) X = (t.. moi > 0.
(a , a) X = )
vi
V du. a) lim+ sign (x) = 1 con lim sign (x) = 1 x0 x0 b) lim+ [x] = n, con lim [x] = n 1, vi n Z. xn xn c) lim+ x 1 = 0, con lim x 1 khong ton tai v mien xac nh cua ham khong x1 x1 cha cac iem x < 1 Nhan xet. Ton tai xa f (x) khi va ch khi ton tai lim vi moi x0 (a, b)
xa+
lim f (x) = lim f (x).

xa xx+ 0
Bai tap: Chng minh neu f n ieu tren (a, b), th ton tai
lim f (x)
va
xx 0
lim f (x)
28
hay L = . Mot lan can cua + la tap dang (, R), vi R > 0 nao o. Ta co cac nh ngha
a =
xa xa
2.6 Gii han vo cung - Gii han vo cung. Co the m rong cac khai niem tren khi
(R, +),
mot lan can cua
la tap dang
lim f (x) = + E > 0, > 0 : f (x) > E, x X, 0 < |x a| < > 0, R > 0 : |f (x) L| < , x X, x > R > 0, R > 0 : |f (x) L| < , x X, x < R
lim f (x) = E > 0, > 0 : f (x) < E, x X, 0 < |x a| <
x+
lim f (x) = L lim f (x) = L
Bai tap: Neu cac gia thiet cho iem a oi vi X cac nh ngha tren. Bai tap: Neu nh ngha cho cac ky hieu sau: Bai tap: Neu nh ngha cho cac ky hieu
x+ x+ x x xa xa+
lim f (x) = +, lim f (x) = , lim f (x) = +, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = , lim f (x) =
V du. 1 a) Vi p > 0, x+ xp = + va lim+ p = +. lim x0 x lim b) Vi a > 1, x+ ax = + va x ax = 0. lim c) Vi a > 1, x+ loga x = + va lim+ loga x = . lim x0 d) lim+ tan x = va lim tan x = +
x 2 x 2
2.7 Dang vo nh. Trong nhieu trng hp ta khong the dung tnh chat tong, hieu,
0 , , 0., , 00 , 1 , 0 . 0
tch, thng e tnh gii han v cac phep toan khong co ngha, goi la cac dang vo nh:
Khi o ta phai tm cac phng phap khac nhau e tnh goi la kh dang vo nh. V du. Mot phng phap e kh dang vo nh la nhan lng lien hiep. a) Tnh x+ x2 + 7 x2 1 (dang vo nh ) lim Ta nhan lng lien hiep, e kh dang vo nh:
x+
lim
x2 + 7
x2 1
( x2 + 7 x2 1)( x2 + 7 + x2 1) = lim x+ x2 + 7 x2 1 (x2 + 7) (x2 1) 8 = lim = lim x+ x2 + 7 + x2 1 x+ x2 + 7 + x2 1 8 =0 = lim x+ + 0 0
b) Tnh
3 x1 lim x1 x1
(dang vo nh )
29
Ta nhan lng lien hiep cua t va cua mau, e kh dang vo nh:

3 x1 lim x1 x1
2 3 ( x + 1) x 1 ( 3 x + 3 x + 1) ( x + 1) x1 = lim = lim x1 x 1 ( 3 x2 + 3 x + 1) ( x + 1) x1 x 1 ( 3 x2 + 3 x + 1) x+1 1+1 2 = = 2 = lim 2 3 3 x1 3 x + 3 x + 1) 3 1 + 1 + 1)
x 1 1 lim b) x(1 + )x = x0(1 + x) x = e. lim x ln(x + 1) = 1. c) x0 lim x x1 a d) x0 lim = ln a. x p1 (1 + x) = p. e) x0 lim x Chng minh: a) Khi 0 < |x| < , ta co | sin x| < |x| < | tan x|. 2 1 x . Ap dung tnh chat sandwich ta co gii han can < Suy ra 1 < sin x | cos x| 1 1 1 . b) Cho (xn ) la day tien en +. at nk = [xk ]. Ta co nk + 1 xk nk nk xk nk +1 1 1 1 1+ 1+ . Suy ra 1 + nk + 1 xk nk 1 k 1 = e va tnh chat sandwich, suy ra lim (1 + )x = e. T lim 1 + x+ k k x
V du. Mot so gii han c ban can biet: sin x = 1. a) x0 lim
tm.
oi bien va ap dung gii han va chng minh, ta co

1
1 1 y y 1 y1 1 ) = lim (1+ ) (1+ )=e lim (1+ )x = lim (1 )y = lim ( x y+ y+ y 1 y+ x y y1 y1 lim Tng t, ta co x0(1 + x) x = y(1 + )y = e. lim y c) oi bien va ap dung b) ta co
1 1 1 ln(x + 1) = lim ln(x + 1) x = ln( lim (x + 1) x ) = ln e = 1 x0 x0 x0 x
lim
d) oi bien u = ax 1, x = loga (u + 1) =
ln(u + 1) . T c) ln a ax 1 u ln a = lim = ln a lim x0 u0 ln(u + 1) x
ta co
e) oi bien va ap dung c), d) ta co

(1 + x)p 1 x0 x lim ep ln(1+x) 1 ep ln(1+x) 1 p ln(1 + x) = lim x0 x0 p ln(1 + x) x x eu 1 p ln(1 + x) lim = ln e.p = p = lim u0 u x0 x = lim
30 V du. Ap dung cac gii han tren. a)

2 sin2 1 cos x lim = lim x0 x0 x2 x2 x2 x3
3x x 2
1 = lim x0 2
b) x lim
= lim
1 1+ x3
Bai tap: T cac gii han tren, tnh:
lim 3x 1 ux x3 = lim 1 + = e3 u u 1 tan x sin kx sin kx , lim , lim , lim (1 + 5x) x . lim x0 x x0 x0 sin lx x0 x
x 2 3x (x3) x3
sin x 2
= lim
1 u0 2
sin u u
1 2
g(x) f (x) f (x) = o(g(x)) khi x a, neuu lim = 0, va noi f (x)vo cung be so vi g(x). xa g(x) f (x) = O(g(x)) khi x a, neuu C > 0 : |f (x)| C|g(x)|, khi x thuoc lan can a.
e so sanh cac ham so tai lan can a, ngi ta thng dung cac ky hieu sau: f (x) = 1, va noi f (x) va g(x) la tng ng. f (x) g(x) khi x a, neuu lim xa
2.8 Ky hieu o va O. Cho a R hay a = .
Vay f (x) = o(1), khi x a xa f (x) = 0. lim f (x) = O(1), khi x a f (x) b chan lan can a. f (x) = g(x) + o(g(x)), khi x a f (x) g(x) khi x a.
Chu y. e y o(g(x)) va O(g(x)) la ky hieu e ch lp ham, khong la ham cu the. Thay v viet f (x) o(g(x)), theo thoi quen ngi ta viet f (x) = o(g(x)).
Bai tap:
o(g(x)) o(g(x)) =
O(g(x)) O(g(x)) =
Co the dung so sanh e tnh gii han: Bai tap: Chng minh khi x a ta co: f1 (x) f (x) . Neu f (x) f1 (x), g(x) g1 (x) , th f (x)g(x) f1 (x)g1 (x), g(x) g1 (x) Tm v du f (x) f1 (x), g(x) g1 (x), nhng f (x) + g(x) f1 (x) + g1 (x). Bai tap: Chng minh khi x a ta co: Neu f (x) = o((x)), g(x) = o((x)), th f (x) g(x) = o((x)) . Neu f (x) = O((x)), g(x) = O((x)) , th f (x) + g(x) = O((x)) . Neu f (x) = o((x)) va g b chan th f (x)g(x) = o((x)) . Neu f (x) = O((x)) va g b chan th f (x)g(x) = O((x)) . Thng cac ham mau e so sanh la:
(x a) n , ex , ln x.
31
V du. Khi x 0, t cac v du trc ta co cac so sanh:

(1 + x) ex ln(1 + x) sin x cos x 1 + x + o(x) 1 + x + o(x) x + o(x) x + o(x) x2 + o(x) = 1 2 = = = =
hay
(1 + x) ex ln(1 + x) sin x cos x
1 + x 1+x x x x2 1 2
V du. Khi x +, ta co:

(a0 + a1 x + + an xn ) m a0 + a1 x + + an xn b0 + b1 x + + bm xm loga x = o(xn ) xn = o(ax )
1 m an x m an xn bm xm 1 n
(an = 0) (an , bm = 0) (a > 1, n > 0) (a > 1, n > 0)
sin 2x 2 1 1+x1 x/2 = lim = . Vay x0 lim x0 2x sin 2x 4 ln(1 + sin x) , ta so sanh ln(1 + sin x) ln(1 + x) b) e tnh x0 lim x + tan3 x x + x3 x khi x 0. ln(1 + sin x) ln(1 + x) lim = 1. Vay x0 lim 3 x = x0 x + tan x
V du. Co the dung so sanh tng ng e a gii han ve dang n gian. x 1+x1 , ta so sanh 1 + x 1 va sin 2x 2x khi x 0. a) e tnh x0 lim va
x + tan3 x
V du. Vi n N, khi n u ln, theo cong thc Stirling, ta co

n! n e
n
2n,
suy ra n! = O(nn ),
an = o(n!).
3. Ham so lien tuc.

f la ham xac nh tren mot tap X cha a. Ham lien tuc tai a neuu xa f (x) = f (a). lim Nh vay f lien tuc tai a, tng ng vi mot trong cac ieu sau
3.1 nh ngha. Cho
goi la
Ham f xac nh tai a, ton tai xa f (x) = L, va L = f (a). lim Ngon ng epsilon-delta:
> 0, > 0 : x X, |x a| < |f (x) f (a)| < lim lim Ngon ng day: Moi day (xn ) trong X ma n xn = a, th n f (xn ) = f (a)
Ky hieu C(X) tap moi ham lien tuc tai moi iem thuoc X .
32 Ham f goi la lien tuc phai tai a neuu lim+ f (x) = f (a). xa Ham f goi la lien tuc trai tai a neuu lim f (x) = f (a). xa Nhan xet. f lien tuc tai a khi va ch khi f lien tuc trai va lien tuc phai tai a. Mot ham khong lien tuc tai a goi la ham gian oan tai a.
Menh e. Cac ham so s cap la lien tuc tren mien xac nh cua chung.
Chng minh: Suy t gii han cac ham s cap.
V du. 1 a) Ham f (x) = gian oan tai 0 v khong xac nh tai o. x b) Ham f (x) = sign x tuy xac nh tai 0, nhng gian oan tai o, v lim f (x) = x0 1 = f (0) = 0. sin x sin x , neu x = 0; va f (0) = L. Do x0 f (x) = x0 lim = 1, nen f lim c) Ham f (x) = x x lien tuc tai 0 neu va ch neu 1 = f (0) = L. 1 d) Ham f (x) = sin , neu x = 0; f (0) = L. Khong the co gia tr L nao e f lien tuc tai 0, v khong ton tai x0 sin . lim x e) Ham Dirichlet
x 1
D(x) =
0 1
neu neu
x x
hu t vo t
khong lien tuc tai moi iem. That vay vi a hu t khi o f (a) = 0, va do tnh tru mat cua tap so vo t tren R, ton tai day (xn ) gom toan so vo t hoi tu ve a, nhng f (xn ) = 1 khong hoi tu ve f (a) = 0. Tng t lap luan cho a la vo t. Bai tap: Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham phan nguyen g(x) = [x].
f (x) = x sin 1 x
neu
x = 0; f (0) = 0
va ham
Ham f goi la co gian oan loai I tai a neuu ton tai lim f (x) = f (a ) va lim+ f (x) = xa xa f (a+ ), nhng co bc nhay |f (a+ ) f (a )| = 0. Ham goi la co gian oan loai II tai a neu no co gian oan tai a nhng khong la gian oan loai I .

y
T
33
bc nhay
s
' %
lien tuc
gian oan loai I
cac gian oan loai II
Bai tap: Xet cac ham v du tren co gian oan thuoc loai nao. Bai tap: Chng minh mot ham n ieu tren [a, b] ch co the co gian oan loai I.
3.2 Tnh chat.
ham lien tuc tai o. (2) Neu f lien tuc tai a va g lien tuc tai f (a), th ham hp g f lien tuc tai a. (3) Neu f lien tuc tai a va f (a) > L, th f (x) > L lan can a, i.e. ton tai > 0 sao cho f (x) > L vi moi x ma |x a| < . Chng minh: (1) va (2) suy t cac tnh chat cua gii han ham.
(1) Tong, hieu, tch, thng (vi ieu kien mau khac 0) cua cac ham lien tuc tai a la
(3) suy t nh ngha: Vi

f (a) < f (x) < f (a)+
. Suy ra khi o f (x) > f (a)
f (a) L , 2
ton tai > 0 sao cho khi |x a| < , th

= L+L f (a) + L > =L 2 2
V du. Cho f va g la cac ham lien tuc tai a. Khi o |f |, max(f, g), min(f, g) la lien tuc tai a. That vay, |f | la hp cua ham f va ham x |x| (la ham lien tuc tai 1 1 moi iem). Ngoai ra, ta co max(f, g) = (f +g+|f g|), min(f, g) = (f +g|f g|) 2 2 nen tnh lien tuc suy t tnh chat tren. Phan con lai cua chng nay e cap en 3 nh ly c ban cua ham lien tuc tren khoang. Ve mat trc quan, nh ly sau phat bieu la neu mot lien tuc tren mot khoang, th no co o th la ng lien net (khong co bc nhay). Mot cach chnh xac, ta co
3.3 nh ly gia tr trung gian (Bolzano-Cauchy). Cho f lien tuc tren [a, b]. (1) Neu f (a) va f (b) trai dau nhau, th ton tai c (a, b) sao cho f (c) = 0. (2) Tong quat hn, neu nam gia f (a), f (b), th ton tai c (a, b) sao cho f (c) = .
34
y f (b) a1 = a
s T
a2
s
a3 a4
s s s
b4
b1 = b b2 b3
f (a)
phap chia oi e tm nghiem c cua phng trnh f (c) = 0: a+b . Neu f (t) = 0, th c = t la gia tr can tm. Chia oi oan [a, b] bi iem t = 2 Con 2 trng hp: - Neu f (t)f (a) < 0, th at a1 = a, b1 = t. - Neu f (t)f (b) < 0, th at a1 = t, b1 = b. Khi o f (a1 ) va f (b1 ) trai dau nhau. Lap lai cach chia oi [a1 , b1 ] nh tren. Tiep tuc qua trnh nay, th hoac sau hu han bc ta tm c gia tr c ma f (c) = 0, ba hoac ta co mot day cac oan long nhau [an , bn ], n N, ma bn an = n va 2 f (an ) < 0 < f (bn ). Theo nguyen ly day oan long nhau ton tai a n < c < bn , n N. Ta chng minh f (c) = 0. ba Do bn an = n 0, khi n , nen lim an = lim bn = c. Do f lien tuc tai c 2 lim va tnh bao toan th t, nen f (c) = n f (an ) 0 va f (c) = n f (an ) 0. Vay lim f (c) = 0. (2) Xet F (x) = f (x) . Khi o F lien tuc tren [a, b] va F (a)F (b) 0. Ap dung (1) ta co c sao cho F (c) = f (c) = 0, i.e. f (c) = . Nhan xet. Phng phap chia oi chng minh tren cho phep tm nghiem gan ung cua ham lien tuc tren mot oan. Bai tap: Tnh gan ung 2 vi sai so 101 , bang cach tm nghiem x2 2 = 0 tren [1, 2].
th f khong oi dau tren (a, b).
Chng minh: (1) Khong mat tnh tong quat, gia s f (a) < 0 < f (b). Ta dung phng
He qua. Neu ham f lien tuc tren [a, b] va a, b la hai nghiem lien tiep cua f (x) = 0,
He qua. Neu ham f lien tuc va n ieu tang (giam) tren [a, b], th ton tai ham ngc f 1 lien tuc tren [f (a), f (b)] (tren [f (b), f (a)])
Do nh ly tren f [a, b] la mot khoang va do tnh n ieu cac au mut cua khoang o phai la f (a), f (b). Nh vay ton tai f 1 : [c, d] [a, b].
f [a, b].
Chng minh: Ro rang khi f n ieu tren [a, b], th no la song anh t [a, b] len
35
e chng minh tnh lien tuc cua f 1 tai y0 [c, d], cho (yn ) la day tien ve y0 . at x0 = f 1 (y0 ) va xn = f 1 (yn ). Ta can chng minh xn x0 . Gia s phan chng la co mot day con (xnk ) tien ve x = x0 . Do f n anh, f (x ) = f (x0 ). Mat khac, do f lien tuc f (xnk ) f (x ). Nhng day f (xnk ) = ynk y0 = f (x0 ), mau thuan. V du. a) Moi a thc bac le eu co nghiem (thc). That vay, cho f (x) = a 0 +a1 x+ +an xn , lim lim vi an = 0 va n le. Do x f (x) = sign (an ) va x+ f (x) = sign (an ), nen ton tai a < 0 < b sao cho f (a) va f (b) trai dau nhau. Theo nh ly gia tr trung gian ton tai c (a, b) e f (c) = 0, i.e. c la nghiem cua f (x) = 0. b) Neu f : [a, b] [a, b] lien tuc, th ton tai c : f (c) = c (iem c goi la iem bat ong cua f ). That vay, xet ham F (x) = f (x) x. F lien tuc tren [a, b] va F (a) = f (a) a 0 con F (b) = f (b) b 0. Theo nh ly gia tr trung gian ton tai c [a, b], F (c) = f (c) c = 0, i.e. f (c) = c.
3.4 nh ly max min (Weierstrass). Neu f la ham lien tuc tren oan [a, b], th f b chan va at max va min tren oan o, i.e. ton tai , [a, b] sao cho f () = max{f (x) : a x b} f () = min{f (x) : a x b}
ton tai xn [a, b] ma |f (xn)| > n. Do day (xn ) b chan, theo nh ly BolzanoWeierstrass, ton tai day con (xnk )kN hoi tu ve c [a, b]. Do f lien tuc, ta co |f (c)| = lim |f (xnk )| = lim nk = + vo ly. k k T tnh b chan cac gia tr M = sup{f (x) : a x b} va m = inf{f (x) : a x b} la hu han. Ta chng minh ton tai , sao cho f () = M , f () = m. Theo tnh chat 1 cua sup, vi moi n N, ton tai xn [a, b] sao cho M < f (xn ) M . Lai theo n nh ly Bolzano-Weierstrass, ton tai day con (x nk ) hoi tu ve . T tnh lien tuc cua f va tnh sandwich khi cho k , ta co f () = M . Viec chng minh ton tai sao cho f () = m tien hanh tng t (bai tap). Bai tap: Chng minh ham khong co max, min tren R.
arctan x
Chng minh: Gia s phan chng la f khong b chan. Khi o vi moi n N,
co supremum la
va infimum la
, 2
nhng
3.5 Lien tuc eu. Ham f goi la lien tuc eu tren tap X neuu
> 0, > 0 : x, x X, |x x | < |f (x) f (x )| <
Nhan xet. e hieu ro hn tnh lien tuc eu ta so sanh vi tnh lien tuc: Ch noi en tnh lien tuc eu tren mot tap ch khong tai mot iem. Tnh lien tuc eu tren X suy ra tnh lien tuc tren X . 1 Tnh lien tuc khong suy ra tnh lien tuc eu. V du ham f (x) = la lien tuc nhng x khong lien tuc eu tren (0, +). e chng minh f khong lien tuc eu tren X , co the dung menh e phu nh cua nh ngha lien tuc eu
> 0, > 0 : x, x X, |x x | < , |f (x) f (x )|
36 Cu the, ta tm c
|x x | < , = 1,
vi moi 0 < < 1, tm c x = , x =

1
nhng |f (x ) f (x )| = = 1 Trong nh ngha ve tnh lien tuc eu tren X , ch phu thuoc , ma khong phu thuoc x X . ieu nay khac c ban vi nh ngha lien tuc tai a, o phu thuoc vao a, i.e. khi a thay oi th thay oi. 1 Bai tap: Chng minh ham f (x) = lien tuc tai a bang ngon ng - . Chng to vi x > 0 co nh, > 0 la phu thuoc a. Cu the, a cang gan 0, th cang phai be.
lien tuc eu tren oan o
>0
(0, +) 2
tuy
3.6 nh ly ve tnh lien tuc eu (Cantor). Neu
lien tuc tren oan [a, b], th f
Chng minh: Gia s phan chng f khong lien tuc eu tren [a, b]. Khi o ton tai
sao cho vi moi n N, tm c xn , xn [a, b], sao cho 1 nhng |f (xn ) f (xn )| () |xn xn | < n Do (xn ) la day b chan, nen ton tai day con (xnk ) hoi tu ve c [a, b]. Do |xnk c| |xnk xnk | + |xnk c| 0, khi k ta cung co (xnk ) hoi tu ve c. Do f lien tuc lim f (xnk ) = lim f (xnk ) = f (c). Vay |f (xnk ) f (xnk )| be tuy y khi k u ln. k k ieu nay mau thuan vi ().
III. Phep tnh vi phan
Chng nay nghien cu tnh chat cua cac ham co the xap x bi ham tuyen tnh tai lan can mot iem nao o: cac ham kha vi. Khai niem nay cho phep nghien cu sau hn tnh chat a phng cua mot ham: tnh n ieu, cc tr, tiem can,... ; hay hnh dang cua mot o th, mot ng cong, ... . e xap x ham bi ham a thc bac cao hn, chng nay se neu len cong thc Taylor, c xem la cong thc nen tang cua phep tnh vi phan ham 1 bien.
1. ao ham - Vi phan
the xap x bi mot ham hay la
1.1 Ham kha vi. Cho
f : (a, b) R. Ham f goi la kha bac nhat tai x0 , i.e. ton tai L R sao
vi tai cho
x0
neuu
co
f (x0 + x) = f (x0 ) + Lx + o(x) , f (x) = f (x0 ) + L(x x0 ) + o(x x0 ) , y
khi x 0 khi x x0
T s
= f (x ) + L(x x ) y 0 0
f (x0 )

x0
Menh e. Ham f kha vi tai x0 khi va ch khi gii han sau ay ton tai va hu han
L = lim f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x0 x
Chng minh: Suy trc tiep t nh ngha.
Nhan xet. Neu f kha vi tai x0 , th f lien tuc tai x0 . ieu o suy t f (x) f (x0 ) = L(x x0 ) + o(x x0 ) 0, khi x x0 Mot ham lien tuc khong nhat thiet kha vi, chang han ham f (x) = |x| v du phan sau.
1.2 ao ham - Vi phan. Ham f goi la co ao ham tai x0 neuu gii han menh e
f (x0 ) = lim f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) f (x) f (x0 ) = lim xx0 x0 x x x0
tren ton tai (co the bang vo cung). Khi o gii han o goi la ao ham cua f tai x 0 va ky hieu la f (x0 ), i.e.
38 Khi f (x0 ) hu han, ham tuyen tnh L : R R, x L(x) = f (x0 )x, goi la vi phan cua f tai x0 va ky hieu la df (x0). (x + x) x0 = 1, x0 R. lim Nhan xet. Neu f (x) = x, th f (x0 ) = x0 0 x Suy ra dx(x) = x. Vay co the viet
df (x0 ) = f (x0 )dx
hay
f (x0 ) =
df (x0 ) dx
oi khi ta can khai niem ao ham pha phai (trai) cua f tai x0 ,
f+ (x0 ) = lim
x0+
f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x
f (x0 ) = lim
x0
Nhan xet. Ton tai f (x0 ) khi va ch khi ton tai f+ (x0 ), f (x0 ) va f+ (x0 ) = f (x0 ). V du. a) Ham f (x) = ex co ao ham f (x) = ex :
ex+x ex ex (ex 1) = lim = ex x0 x0 x x lim
b) Ham f (x) = sin x co ao ham f (x) = cos x :

sin(x + x) sin x lim x0 x x x ) sin 2 2 = lim x0 x x sin x 2 = cos x ) lim = lim cos(x + x0 2 x0 x 2 2 cos(x +
c) Ham f (x) = |x| lien tuc, khong kha vi tai x0 = 0 va co ao ham 2 pha tai o: khong ton tai gii han khi x 0. Lay gii han theo pha, ta co
f+ (0) = lim
x0+
|x| f (0 + x) f (0) = x x
|x| =1 x
f (0) = lim
x0
d) Ham f (x) =
3 x
khong kha vi tai 0 va co ao ham f (0) = x0 lim
|x| = 1 x 3
x = . x x0 .
1.3 Y ngha cua ao ham. Cho ham
y = f (x) xac nh lan can gia tr x gan x0 , ky hieu x = x x0 goi la so gia cua bien tai x0 , y = f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) goi la so gia cua ham tng ng.
Vi moi
Chng III. Phep tnh vi phan
39
Xap x bac 1: ham f kha vi tai x0 khi va ch khi y = f (x0 )x + o(x). Khi o vi phan f (x0 )x la xap x tuyen tnh tot nhat cho y lan can x0 . Noi cach khac, ham y = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) la xap x bac 1 tot nhat cua ham y = f (x) tai lan can x0 . He so goc cua tiep tuyen: Trong he toa o Descartes vuong goc xet M0 (x0 , f (x0 )), M (x0 + x, f (x0 + x)) tren o th ham f . Khi o t so y = o doc cua M0 M = tang goc tao bi M0 M va Ox. x Neu f kha vi tai x0 , th o th cua no co tiep tuyen tai M0 va f (x0 ) = He so goc cua tiep tuyen vi o th cua f tai (x 0 , f (x0 )). Phng trnh tiep tuyen o la y = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 )
cac iem
Van toc: Neu f (x) bieu dien quang ng i cua chuyen ong tai thi iem x, th t so y = Van toc trung bnh trong thi gian x. x Neu f kha
vi tai x0 , th f (x0 ) la van toc tc thi cua chuyen ong tai thi iem x0 .
= lim
x0
Mot cach tong quat, ao ham f (x0 ) lng y = f (x) theo ai lng x tai x0 .
y x
bieu th s bien thien cua ai
1.4 Qui tac tnh.
Gia s f, g la cac ham kha vi tai x0 . Khi o cac ham f g , f g , (vi ieu kien g g(x0 ) = 0) la kha vi tai x0 va ta co
(1) (2) (3)
(f g) (x0 ) = f (x0 ) g (x0 ) (f g) (x0 ) = f (x0 )g(x0 ) + f (x0 )g (x0 ) f (x0 )g(x0 ) g (x0 )f (x0 ) f ( ) (x0 ) = g g(x0 )2 (g f ) (x0 ) = g (f (x0 ))f (x0 )
Gia s f kha vi tai x0 va g kha vi tai f (x0 ). Khi o g f kha vi tai x0 va s, i.e. tang hay giam, va f (x0 ) = 0. Khi o ham ngc va
(4)
Gia s f n ieu thc f 1 kha vi tai y0 = f (x0 )
(5) (f 1) (y0 ) =
1 f (x0 )
Chng minh: Cong thc (1) suy t tnh chat gii han cua tong, hieu.
Cong thc (2) suy t
f (x+x)g(x+x)f (x)g(x) = (f (x+x)f (x))g(x+x)+f (x)(g(x+x)g(x))
Chia hai ve cho x, roi cho x 0, ta co cong thc.
40 Tng t, cong thc (3) suy t

(f (x + x) f (x))g(x) f (x)(g(x + x) g(x)) f (x + x) f (x) = g(x + x) g(x) g(x + x)g(x)
e chng minh (4) ta co

g(f (x + x)) g(f (x)) = g(f (x + x)) g(f (x)) (f (x + x) f (x)) f (x + x) f (x)
at y = f (x), y = f (x + x) f (x), thay vao

g(y + y) g(y) f (x + x) f (x) g(f (x + x)) g(f (x)) = x y x
Theo gia thiet khi x 0, th y 0 va ta co (4). Cong thc (5) suy t (4) v f 1 f (x) = x, nen (f 1 ) (y0 )f (x0 ) = 1, vi y0 = f (x0 ) Nhan xet. Cong thc (4) goi la cong thc ao ham hp va trong thc hanh thng c viet di dang sau
dg dy dg = dx dy dx
hay
gx = gy yx
trong o g = g(y) va y = f (x).
1.5 ao ham cac ham s cap. Vi ieu kien bieu thc co ngha va
ta co
(x ) (ax ) (loga x) (sin x) (cos x) (tan x) ( = x1 = ax ln a 1 = x ln a = cos x = sin x 1 = cos2 x 1 = 2 sin x 1 = 1 x2 1 = 1 x2 1 = 1 + x2 1 = 1 + x2
la bien,
ac biet: ac biet:
(ex ) = ex 1 (ln x) = x
cotan x)
(arcsin x) (arccos x) (arctan x) (
arccot x)
Chng minh: Suy t qui tac tnh va ao ham ham ex va sin x (bai tap)
V du. Tnh ao ham theo cong thc. a) Cho f (x) = eax sin bx. Khi o
f (x) = (eax ) sin bx + eax (sin bx) = aeax sin bx + eax b cos bx = eax (a sin bx + b cos bx)
41
b) Cho g(x) = xx . e tnh g (x), xet ln g(x) = x ln x. g (x) 1 Theo cong thc ao ham hp = ln x + x = ln x + 1. g(x) x Suy ra g (x) = g(x)(ln x + 1) = xx (ln x + 1)
2. Cac nh ly c ban
x0 ,
2.1 nh ly Fermat. Ga s
th f (x0 ) = 0
f : (a, b) R
kha vi tai x0 . Neu f at cc tr tai
Chng minh: Ga s f at cc ai tai x0 (oi vi cc tieu th xet f ). Khi o y = f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) 0, khi x u be. y y 0 va f (x0 ) = lim 0. Vay f+ (x0 ) = lim + x x0 x x0 Do f (x0 ) = f+ (x0 ) = f (x0 ), nen f (x0 ) = 0.
y
T c c
f (x0 )
x0
c
Nhan xet. Khi f (x0 ) = 0 cha chac f at cc tr tai x0 . Chang han ham f (x) = x3 .
2.2 nh ly Rolle. Neu f la ham lien tuc tren [a, b], kha vi tren (a, b) va f (a) = f (b), th ton tai c (a, b) : f (c) = 0
Chng minh: Do f lien tuc tren oan [a, b], nen ton tai x1 , x2 [a, b] f (x1 ) = max f (x) = M va f (x2 ) = min f (x) = m.
x[a,b] x[a,b]
sao cho:
Neu m = M , th f la ham hang nen f (x) = 0 vi moi x (a, b). Neu m < M , do f (a) = f (b) nen x1 hoac x2 khac hai au mut a, b. Theo nh ly Fermat f (x1 ) = 0 hoac f (x2 ) = 0.
42
s s s T
tren (a, b), th ton tai c (a, b):
2.3 nh ly ga tr trung bnh. Neu
f, g
la cac ham lien tuc tren [a, b] va kha vi
f (c) f (b) f (a) = g(b) g(a) g (c)
ac biet, ton tai c (a, b): f (b) f (a) = f (c)(b a).
De kiem tra F lien tuc tren [a, b], kha vi tren (a, b) va F (a) = F (b) = 0. Theo nh ly Fermat ton tai c (a, b): F (c) = (f (b) f (a))g (c) (g(b) g(a))f (c) = 0.
Chng minh: Xet ham F (x) = (f (b) f (a))(g(x) g(a)) (g(b) g(a))(f (x) f (a)).
ang thc cuoi trong nh ly tren goi la cong thc so gia hu han va co the viet di dang
f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) = f (x0 + x)x,
trong o x0 , x0 + x (a, b) va 0 < < 1 phu thuoc vao x0 , x. Suy ra |f (x) f (y)| sup |f (c)||x y|, vi moi x, y [a, b].
c(a,b)
V du. a) Neu f (x) = 0, x (a, b), th f la ham hang tren (a, b). b) Neu f (x) = g (x), x (a, b), th f g la ham hang, i.e. f = g+ const. c) Do (sin x) = cos x co tr tuyet oi b chan bi 1, nen ta co bat ang thc
| sin x sin y| |x y|, x, y R
Tng t, (arctan x)
1 1, 1 + x2
nen
| arctan x arctan y| |x y|, x, y R
43
3. ao ham cap cao - Cong thc Taylor.

ao ham cap 1 cho phep xap x ham f tai lan can mot iem x0 bi ham bac 1. Hoi co the xap x bi a thc bac cao hn, vi o sai so be hn? i.e. f (x0 + x) = a thc bac n theo x + o(xn ) , khi x 0 e tra li cau hoi tren, ta can khai niem sau.
3.1 ao ham cap cao. Neu f kha vi tai moi iem thuoc (a, b), th f la ham xac nh
tren (a, b). Neu f kha vi tai x0 , th ta co ao ham cap hai nh ngha e qui ao ham cap n cua f tai x0 :
Vi phan cap n cua f tai x0 , c ky hieu va nh ngha
dn f (x0 ) = f (n) (x0 )dxn
0 Vay vi phan cap n tai mot iem la a thc thuan nhat bac n va f (n)(x0 ) = . n dx n (a, b) khong gian cac ham f kha vi en cap n tren (a, b) va f (n) lien tuc Ky hieu C tren (a, b). Khi o ta noi f thuoc lp C n .
f (x0 ) = (f ) (x0 ).
f (0) (x0 ) = f (x0 ), f (n+1) (x0 ) = (f (n) ) (x0 )
dn f (x )
(1) (2) (3)
3.2 Qui tac tnh. Ga s f, g la cac ham kha vi en cap n tai x0 va la so. Khi o
(f + g)(n) (x0 ) = f (n) (x0 ) + g (n) (x0 ). (f )(n) (x0 ) = f (n) (x0 ). (f g)(n) (x0 ) =
n k=0 k Cn f (k) (x0 )g (nk) (x0 )
(cong thc Leibniz).
Chng minh: Bang phng phap qui nap, (Bai tap)
Bai tap: Chng minh cac cong thc ao ham cap n sau:
(x )(n) (ax )(n) (loga x)(n) (sin ax)(n) = ( 1) ( n + 1)xn = ax (ln a)n (1)n1 (n 1)! = xn ln a = an sin(ax + n ) 2
3.3 Cong thc Taylor. Ga s f co ao ham en cap n + 1 tren (a, b) cha x0 . Khi o vi moi x (a, b), ton tai 0 < < 1 sao cho
f (x) = f (x0 )+ f (x0 ) f (n) (x0 ) f (n+1) (x0 + (x x0 )) (xx0 )+ + (xx0 )n + (xx0 )n+1 1! n! (n + 1)!
Chng minh: Khi x co nh, goi M la so thoa

f (x) = f (x0 ) + 1 (k) f (x0 )(x x0 )k + M (x x0 )n+1 . k! k=1
n
44
1 (k) f (t)(x t)k M (x t)n+1 . k! k=1 Ta co h(x) = h(x0 ) = 0. Theo nh ly Rolle ton tai c = x0 + (x x0 ), 0 < < 1, sao cho h (c) = 0, i.e.
Xet ham
h(t) = f (x) f (t)
1 (n+1) f (c)(x c)n + (n + 1)M (x c)n = 0, n!
hay M =
f (n+1) (c) (n + 1)!
Nhan xet. a thc sau goi la a thc Taylor bac n cua f tai x0 :
Tn f (x) = f (x0 ) + 1 1 f (x0 )(x x0 ) + + f (n) (x0 )(x x0 )n 1! n!
Neu f co ao ham en cap n, th f co the xap x bi a thc Taylor bac n, i.e. ta co bieu dien f (x) = Tn f (x) + Rn (x)
vi phan d Taylor bac n: Rn (x) = f (x) Tn f (x). Bieu dien tren con goi la khai trien Taylor cua ham f tai x0 . De kiem tra R(x0 ) = R (x0 ) = = R(n) (x0 ) = 0. T o (bang qui nap) ta co phan d dang Peano:
Rn (x) = o((x x0 )n )
khi x x0
Neu f co ao ham en cap n + 1, th ta co phan d dang Lagrange:

Rn (x) = f (n+1) (x0 + (x x0 )) (x x0 )n+1 , (n + 1)!
vi (0, 1)
Hn na, neu ao ham cap n + 1 b chan bi M , th cong thc tren cho phep anh ga cu the sai so cua phan d
|Rn (x)| M |x x0 |n+1 (n + 1)!
Chu y. ieu kien f (x) = a0 + a1 (x x0 ) + a2 (x x0 )2 + o(x x0 )2 , khong suy ra f co ao ham cap 2 tai x0 . Chang han, f (x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 D(x), trong o D la ham Dirichlet.
45
3.4 Cong thc Maclaurin. Cong thc Taylor tai x0 = 0 con goi la cong thc Maclaurin. Sau ay la cac khai trien cua mot so ham s cap.
ex sin x cos x = 1+ = = xn ex x + + + xn+1 1! n! (n + 1)! (1)n cos x 2n+1 x3 x2n1 + + (1)n1 + x x 3! (2n 1)! (2n + 1)! x2n (1)n+1 cos x 2n+2 x2 + + (1)n + x 1 2! (2n)! (2n + 2)! (1)n xn+1 x2 xn + + (1)n1 + x 2 n (n + 1)(1 + x)n+1 ( 1) ( n + 1) n x + 1 + x + + n! ( 1) ( n)(1 + x)n1 n+1 x (n + 1)!
ln(1 + x) = (1 + x) =
V du. Khi khai trien ham s cap co the dung hp cua cac khai trien tren. Khai trien en cap 6, tai lan can 0:
ex = 1 + (x2 ) + 1 1 x4 x6 (x2 )2 + (x2 )3 + O((x2 )4 ) = 1 x2 + + O(x8 ) 2! 3! 2 6 1 1 3 x3 3 6 1 + x + O(x9 ) = (1 + x3 ) 2 = 1 x3 + (x3 )2 + O((x3 )3 ) = 1 2 8 2 8 1 + x3
2
4. Mot so ng dung
Taylor bac n tai x0 :
4.1 Tnh xap x. Neu
kha vi en cap
n + 1,
th co the xap x
f (x)
bi a thc
f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) +
1 1 f (x0 )x + + f (n) (x0 )xn 1! n!
Vi sai so
|Rn (x)| =
|f (n+1) (x0 + x)| |x|n+1 = o(xn ) (n + 1)! n 1+x
V du. a) e tnh xap x
n 1+x
khi x be, co the dung vi phan cua ham
tai x0 = 1
1 n n 1 + x 1 + ( n 1 + x) |x=1 x = 1 + x n
Muon sai so be hn can khai trien cap cao hn. b) e tnh e vi sai so < , dung cong thc xap x
e1+ 1 1 1 + + + 1! 2! n!
46
| . vi sai so |Rn | = | (n + 1)! (n + 1)! Vay neu yeu cau = 103 , ta can tnh en n = 6. Con neu yeu cau = 106 , can n = 9. e 3
x 1 1 1 1 Ta co ln(1 + )) = 2 + o( 2 ). x x 2x x 2 ln(1 + 1 ) = 1 + x2 o( 1 ) 1 , khi x +. Vay x x x 2 x2 2 2 ex 1 x2 + x3 . b) Tnh x0 lim ln(1 + x2 ) 1 3 Ta co ex2 1 x2 + x3 = 1 + x2 + o(x3 ) (1 + (x2 + x3 ) + o(x2 ) = x2 + o(x2 ). 2 2 va ln(1 + x2 ) = x2 + o(x2 ). 3 2 2 x 3 ex 1 x2 + x3 Vay x0 lim = lim 2 2 = . x0 x ln(1 + x2 ) 2
V du. Dung khai trien Taylor tnh gii han. 1 a) Tnh x+(x x2 ln(1 + )). lim
Nhan xet. Cac gii han v du tren co the dung qui tac LHospital sau ay (tuy nhien tien hanh qui tac nay v du b) se phc tap hn). rat hu ch.
4.2 Qui tac LHospital. e tnh gii han cac dang vo nh
0 , 0
cac qui tac sau
(1) Neu g (x) = 0, x I va limxx0 f (x) = limxx0 g(x) = 0, th

xx0
Menh e. Cho f, g la cac ham kha vi tren khoang I co the tr tai x0 I .

lim f (x) f (x) = lim g(x) xx0 g (x)
(2) Neu g (x) = 0, x I va limxx0 f (x) = limxx0 g(x) = , th

xx0
lim
f (x) f (x) = lim g(x) xx0 g (x)
(vi ieu kien cac gii han ve phai ton tai, co the bang vo cung). Chng minh: (1) Trng hp x0 = : Do ga thiet co the thac trien f, g thanh
ham lien tuc tai x0 khi cho f (x0 ) = g(x0) = 0. f (c) f (x) f (x0 ) = . Theo nh ly gia tr trung bnh, ton tai c nam gia x0 , x: g(x) g(x0 ) g (c) Khi x x0 , th c x0 va ta co ang thc can chng minh. 1 1 Trng hp x0 = : Ap dung trng hp tren cho ham F (t) = f ( ), G(t) = g( ). t t (2) Chng minh tng t.
47
V du. ln x 1/x a) Vi p > 0, ta co x+ p = x+ p1 = 0 lim lim x px b) Vi p > 0, dung qui tac LHospital nhieu lan en khi p k, ta co
xp pxp1 p(p 1) (p k + 1)xpk = lim = = lim =0 x+ ex x+ ex x+ ex lim
Nhan xet. Co the a cac dang vo nh ve dang Dang 0.: dung bien oi f g =
f 1/g 1 1
0 0
hay
theo cach sau:
= Dang : dung bien oi f g = 1/f 1/g 1/f g , 00 , 0 : khi o f g = eg ln f , vay lay log ta co g ln f la dang 0.. Cac dang 1
1/g 1/f
V du. a) Vi p > 0, ta co b) c)
d) x0(1 + x lim
x0+
ln x 1/x xp =0 = lim = lim x0a+ xp x0+ x0+ pxp1 x0+ p 1 1 sin x x cos x 1 sin x = lim = lim =0 = lim lim x0 x x0 x sin x x0 sin x + x cos x x0 2 cos x + sin x sin x lim x ln x = e0 = 1 lim xx = lim ex ln x = ex0+ lim xp ln x = lim
x0+ 1 2 ex x1
(dang 1 )
ln(1 + x2 ) ex x 1
at y = (1 + x2 ) ex x1 . Khi o ln y =
(dang )
2x 2 1 2x 2 lim = lim x = 2 lim lim Ta co x0 ln y = x0 1x+ x = x0 lim 2 x0 ex 1 x0 e e 1 1+x 1 2 ex x1 2 =e . Vay lim (1 + x )

x0
0 0
Nhan xet. Bai tap sau cho thay mot so trng hp khong the dung qui tac LHospital f (x) 1 , nhng lim Bai tap: Cho f (x) = sin2 x sin x , g(x) = ex 1. Chng minh ton tai x0 khong ton tai
f (x) . lim x0 g (x) g(x)
4.3 Khao sat tnh n ieu.

(1) f khong giam (t.. khong tang) tren I khi va ch khi f 0 (t.. (2) Neu f > 0 (t.. f < 0) tren I , th f tang (t.. giam) tren I .
Chng minh: Da vao nh ngha va nh ly ga tr trung bnh.
Menh e. Cho f la ham kha vi tren mot khoang I . Khi o
f 0)
tren I .
V du. Dung tnh n ieu cua ham so co the chng minh mot so bat ang thc,
48 chang han a) ex > 1 + x (x = 0) 1 1 b) (xp + yp ) p > (xq + yq ) q (0 < x, y va 0 0 khi x > 0. Suy ra f giam tren (, 0) va tang tren (0, +). Vay f (x) = ex x > f (0) = 1 vi moi x = 0. o la bat ang thc can chng minh. 1 Bat ang thc b) tng ng vi tnh n ieu giam cua ham g(t) = (x t + yt ) t tren (0, +). ln(xt + y t ) . e chng minh ta can xet dau ao ham g (t). Ta co ln g(t) =
+y +y xt ln( x xt ) y t ln( x yt ) g (t) = . Tnh toan ta co g(t) t2 (xt + y t ) Suy ra g (t) < 0, t > 0. Vay g giam tren (0, +).
t t t t
4.4 Khao sat cc tr. e giai bai toan cc tr co the dung 2 ket qua sau: Menh e. Cho f la ham kha vi tren khoang I . Khi o
(1) Neu f (x0 ) = 0 va f (x) oi dau t dng sang am khi x qua x0 , th f at cc ai
tai x0 , i.e. f (x0 ) f (x) vi moi x thuoc lan can x0 . (2) Neu f (x0 ) = 0 va f (x) oi dau t am sang dng khi x qua x0 , th f at cc tieu tai x0 , i.e. f (x0 ) f (x) vi moi x thuoc lan can x0 . Chng minh: Suy t s bien thien cua ham so theo ao ham.
Menh e. Cho f la ham kha vi en cap n tren mot khoang I f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) = = f (n1) (x0 ) = 0 va f (n) (x0 ) = 0. Khi o (1) Neu n chan va f (n)(x0 ) > 0, th f at cc tieu tai x0 . (2) Neu n chan va f (n)(x0 ) < 0, th f at cc ai tai x0 . (3) Neu n le, th f khong at cc tr tai x0 .
Chng minh: Da vao cong thc Taylor:
f (x0 + x) = f (x0 ) + 1 (n) f (x0 )xn + o(xn ) n!
cha x0 . Neu
V du. a) Chng minh ex > 1 + x (x = 0): Xem v du phan trc. b) Cho f (x) = ex + ex + 2 cos x. Ta co f (x) = ex ex 2 sin x, f (0) = 0 f (x) = ex + ex 2 cos x, f (0) = 0 f (3) (x) = ex ex + 2 sin x, f (3) (0) = 0 f (4) (x) = ex + ex + 2 cos x, f (4) (0) = 4 > 0 Vay ham at cc tieu tai x = 0. c) Tm max, min bieu thc x 1 x2 . Ham f (x) = x 1 x2 , xac nh vi moi x [1, 1]. Da vao nh ly Weierstrass
49
ham f lien tuc tren oan [1, 1] nen ton tai max, min tren o. Theo nh ly Fermat cac iem nghi ng la cc tr la cac iem x ma f (x) = 0, hay 2 iem au mut f (1), f (1). 1 2x2 1 = 0 x = . Ta co f (x) = 2 So sanh cac gia
2 1x 1 1 1 1 tr f ( ) = , f ( ) = , f (1) = 0, f (+1) = 0. 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 fmax = f = f ( ) = , fmin = f ( ) = 2 2 2 2
Suy ra
d) Tm hnh tru co the tch ln nhat khi dien tch mat S khong oi: Goi r la ban knh ay va h la chieu cao hnh tru. Khi o the tch va dien tch xung quanh cua hnh tru la V = r2 h va s = r2 + r2 + 2rh. s 2r2 . Vay bai toan la can tm gia tr ln nhat Theo gia thiet s la hang, nen h = 2r cua ham
V (r) = r2
Ta co V
h=2
1 (r) = (s 6r2 ), V (r) = 0 r = 2 s = 2r. 6
s 2r2 2r
1 = r(s 2r2 ), 2
vi r [0,
s , 6 s . 6
s ]
Do V oi dau t dng sang am khi r qua hnh tru.
nen V (r) at max tai o. Khi o
Vay the tch V at gia tr ln nhat khi chieu cao bang ng knh
4.5 Khao sat tnh loi, lom. Cho f la ham xac nh tren khoang I . Ham f goi la loi neuu vi moi x1 , x2 I va 0 < t < 1
f (tx1 + (1 t)x2 ) tf (x1 ) + (1 t)f (x2 )
Ham f goi la lom neuu vi moi x1 , x2 I va 0 < t < 1

f (tx1 + (1 t)x2 ) tf (x1 ) + (1 t)f (x2 )
Ve mat hnh hoc f la ham loi khi va ch khi moi cung cua o th f nam di day cung chan cung o. Tng t, f la lom khi va ch khi moi cung cua o th f nam tren day cung chan cung o.
50
y
T s s c c s c
tf (x1 ) + (1 t)f (x2 ) s f (tx1 + (1 t)x2 ) s
x1
tx1 + (1 t)x2
x2
iem M (x0 , f (x0 )) goi la iem uon cua o th ham f neuu M phan cac gia phan loi va phan lom cua o th ham f . Bai tap: Bang qui nap chng minh bat ang thc Jensen: Neu vi moi x1 , , xn I, t1 , , tn 0, t1 + + tn = 1,
f (t1 x1 + + tn xn ) t1 f (x1 ) + + tn f (xn ) f
loi tren I , th
Viet cach khac, vi moi x1 , , xn I,

f(
1 , , n 0,
1 f (x1 ) + + n f (xn ) 1 x1 + + n xn ) , 1 + + n 1 + + n
(1) (2) (3)
Menh e. Cho f co ao ham cap 1 hay 2 tren khoang I . Khi o

f f f
loi (lom) neu va ch neu f khong giam (khong tang). loi (lom) neu va ch neu f 0 (f 0). loi (lom) neu va ch neu o th f nam tren (di) tiep tuyen bat ky.
Chng minh: Ch can chng minh cho trng hp f loi. Theo moi quan he gia tnh n ieu va ao ham ta co (1) (2). Con (2) (3) suy t tnh chat hnh hoc cua tnh loi. Trc het ta co tnh chat tng ng cua tnh loi: Ham f loi tren I khi va ch khi vi moi x1 , x2 I ma x1 < x2 va x = tx1 +(1t)x2 (x1 , x2 ), ta co
f (x) = f (tx1 + (1 t)x2 ) (x2 x1 )f (x) (x2 x)f (x) + (x x1 )f (x) (x2 x)(f (x) f (x1 )) f (x) f (x1 ) x x1 tf (x1 ) + (1 t)f (x2 ) (x2 x)f (x1 ) + (x x1 )f (x2 ) (x2 x)f (x1 ) + (x x1 )f (x2 ) (x x1 )(f (x2 ) f (x)) f (x2 ) f (x) x2 x
Bay gi chng minh (1). () Neu f loi tren I , th theo bat ang thc tren, khi cho x x 1 , x x2 roi so sanh, ta co f (x1 ) f (x2 ), i.e. f khong tang. () Neu f khong tang, th vi x1 , x2 I va x1 < x2 , khi x (x1 , x2 ), ta co

f (x) f (x1 ) = f (c1 ), x x1 f (x2 ) f (x) = f (c2 ), x2 x
51
vi c1 nao o trong (x1 , x) vi c2 nao o trong (x, x2 )

f (x) f (x ) f (x ) f (x)
1 2 T o tnh khong tang cua f , suy ra x x1 x2 x Theo tnh chat tng ng neu tren, suy ra f la loi tren I .
dau khi x qua
He qua. Cho
f x0 ,
co ao ham cap tren khoang I . Neu f (x0 ) = 0 va f (x) oi th M (x0 , f (x0 )) la iem uon cua o th ham f .
V du. a) Ham f (x) = ln x la lom tren I = (0, ). T bat ang thc Jensen vi x 1 , xn > 0, ta co
ln
Suy ra trung bnh cong ln hn trung bnh nhan:
x1 + + xn n
ln x1 + + ln xn n
x1 + + xn n x1 xn n
Thay xk bi ieu hoa:
x1 k
vao bat ang thc tren, ta co trung bnh nhan ln hn trung bnh
n x1 xn 1 1 + + x1 xn n , (x1 , , xn > 0)
c) Ham f (x) = ex la ham loi. T bat ang thc Jensen ta co

et1 x1 +t2 x2 t1 ex1 + t2 ex2 , x1 , x2 R, t1 , t2 > 0, t1 + t2 = 1
at a = et1 x1 , b = et2 x2 va p = t1 , q = t1 , ta co 1 2
ab ap bq + , p q (a, b > 0, p, q > 0, 1 1 + = 1) p q 1 1 + = 1, p q
Bai tap: Ap dung bat ang thc tren chng minh vi p, q > 0 va Bat ang thc Holder:
n k=1
ta co:
ak bk
n k=1
|ak |
1 p
n k=1
|bk |
1 q
Bat ang thc Minkowski:

n
p
|ak + bk |p
n
p
|ak |p +
n k=1
|bk |p
k=1
k=1
52
4.6 Khao sat ham so. Khao sat mot ham so nham muc ch co nhng thong tin can
ban va can biet ve ham so o. Thng nhng thong tin o la: mien xac nh, tnh chan le, chu ky, chieu bien thien, cc tr, tnh loi lom, tiem can va mot so gia tr ac biet cua ham so o. Nhng thong tin nay c the hien trc quan qua o th cua ham so. V du. Khao sat va ve o th ham y = Mien xac nh:
x3 . x2 1
Bang bien thien:

x y y
R \ {1}. x2 (x2 3) , y = 0 x = 0, x = 3 y = 2 1)2 (x 2x(x2 + 3) ,y = 0 x = 0 y = (x2 1)3 Tiem can ng: x = 1, v x1 y = . lim x nen x(y x) = 0. lim Tiem can xien: y = x, v y = x + 2 x 1 3 0
3 3 2
1 ||
0 0 0
1 || ||+
3 0
+
+
||+ y
o th:
3 3 2
y=x 3 3 s 2 s E 3 1 1 3 x s 323
Bai tap: Khao sat va ve o th ham so y = x +
x2 1
4.7 Ve ng cong.
ng cong cho bi phng trnh tham so.

x = x(t) , t (, ) y = y(t)
Cho phng trnh tham so
53
Trong he truc Descartes, phng trnh tren xac nh ng cong

C = {(x, y) : x = x(t), y = y(t), < t < }
Chang han, x = a cos t, y = a sin t, 0 t 2 , xac nh ng tron x 2 + y2 = a2 . e ve C , ta tien hanh tng t nh viec khao sat o th ham so, vi cac chu y sau: y (t) dy . Theo cong thc ao ham hp, ao ham cua y theo x: (x(t)) = dx x (t) lim Tiem can ng la x = a, neu tt x(t) = a va tt y(t) = . lim 0 0 Tiem can ngang la y = b, neu tt x(t) = va tt y(t) = b. lim lim
0 0
Tiem can xien la

tt0
y = kx + b,
neu
lim (y(t) kx(t)) = b.
tt0
lim x(t) = lim y(t) =

tt0
va
tt0
lim
y(t) = k x(t)
va
V du. ng Astroid: x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t (a > 0). Mien xac nh la R. Cac ham co chu ky 2 , nen ch xet tren mot chu ky t [0, 2]. x (t) = 3a cos2 t sin t, x (t) = 0 t = 0, /2, , 3/2, 2 . y (t) = 3a sin2 t cos t, y (t) = 0 t = 0, /2, , 3/2, 2 . Do a x(t), y(t) a, nen o th khong co tiem can. Bang bien thien:
t x x y y 0 0 a 0 0 /2 0 0 0 a 0 a 0 0
3/2 0 0 0 a y
+ +
2 0 a 0 0
o th:
Nhan xet. y Ta co (x(t)) = tan t, vay tiep tuyen vi o th nam ngang khi t = 0, , 2 va x thang ng khi t = /2, 3/2. Kh t, ta co phng trnh ng Astriod: x 2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3
54 V du. La Descartes: x3 + y3 3axy = 0 (a > 0). oi bien y = tx, thay vao: x3 + t3 x3 3atx2 = 0. Ta co phng trnh tham so cua ng cong:
x = y
3at 1 + t3 3at2 1 + t3
(t = 1)
x = 3a
Vay ng cong tiem can ng thang Bang bien thien:

t x x y y 0 0
1 2t3 1 , x =0 t= 3 3 )2 (1 + t 2 2 t3 3 , y = 0 t = 0, 2 y = 3a 3 )2 (1 + t Tiem can: khi t 1, x , y va ta
y k = 1 y kx a x y = x a.
co
1 || + || || + ||
0 0 0 0
+ +
1/ 3 2 0 a34 a32
a32 0 a34
+ 0 0
o th:
y a34
T d ds d d
d d d d d t d a34 d d y = x a d d d d d d d
, vay tiep tuyen vi o th nam ngang khi Nhan xet. Ta co (x(t)) = dx 1 2t3 t = 0, 3 2 va thang ng khi t = 1/ 3 2.
dy
t(2 t3 )
55
ng cong cho trong toa o cc. Ngoai toa o Descartes, trong nhieu trng hp ngi ta con dung toa o cc , xay dng nh sau: Trong mat phang co nh mot goc O va mot na truc Ox. Khi o ta co anh xa: (r, ) R+ [0, 2) ng vi iem M ma | OM | = r va (Ox, OM ) = Cap (r, ) goi la toa o cc cua M , r goi la ban knh , la goc cc.
y y0
s
T B r
M0
x0
Neu (x, y) la toa o Descartes va (r, ) la toa o cc cua M , th ta co cac he thc:

x = r cos y = r sin
va
= cos =
x2 + y 2 y x , sin = r r (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1),
(1, 1),
Bai tap: Viet toa o cc cua cac iem co toa o Descartes: va (1, 0).
Thng ngi ta dung toa o cc suy rong khi cho R cong thc tren. Bay gi cho ham so r so xac nh ng cong
= r(),
trong toa o cc suy rong. Khi o ham
C = {M (x, y) : x = r() cos , y = r() sin , }
Chang han, ham hang r = a (a > 0), xac nh ng tron tam O ban knh a. e ve C co the dung phng phap cua ng cong cho bi tham so nh phan tren. Mot cach thong dung hn la khao sat trc tiep s bien thien cua ban knh r theo goc cc . V du. ng xoan logarithm: r = aek (a > 0, k > 0). Mien xac nh: vi moi R. r = akek < 0. Suy ra r giam (khi tang) o th
56
T
V du. Hoa 3 canh: r = a sin 3. Mien xac nh la R. Ham co chu ky la [0, ]. 3 r = 3a cos 3, r = 0 = . 6 Bang bien thien:
r r 0 0 + /6 0 a /3 0
2/3,
hn na la ham le nen ch can xet
o th
IV. Phep tnh tch phan
Chng nay se e cap en mot khai niem c ban cua giai tch: tch phan. No la cong cu e xet en cac tnh chat toan cuc, chang han cac bai toan lien quan en kch thc nh tnh dien tch, the tch, o dai, ... , hay cac ket luan vi cac t noi chung, trung bnh, hau het, .... Tuy vay khai niem nay co moi quan he chat che vi khai niem ao ham, chung co the xem la cac phep toan ngc cua nhau thong qua cong thc Newton-Leibniz. Phan cuoi chng se neu mot so ap dung. e gi y cho phep tnh tch phan, ta co the lien he en bai toan dien tch: Cho f la ham lien tuc tren [a, b] va khong am. Goi F (x) la dien tch hnh gii han bi f tren [a, x]. Khi so sanh phan dien tch tren [x, x + x], vi cac dien tch hnh ch nhat, ta co
[x,x+x]
min f.x F (x + x) F (x) max f.x

[x,x+x]
Khi cho x 0, ta co moi quan he

y
T
F (x) = f (x).
[x,x+x] [x,x+x]
max f min f
E
x + x f
x F
Tng t nh vay oi vi moi quan he gia van toc mot chuyen ong theo thi gian x.
va quang ng i
cua
1. Nguyen ham - Tch phan bat nh

Phan nay ta nghien cu bai toan ngc cua bai toan lay ao ham.
1.1 nh ngha. Cho f : (a, b) R. Ham F goi la nguyen ham cua f neuu
F (x) = f (x)
hay
dF (x) = f (x)dx , x (a, b)
Nhan xet.
va G la cac nguyen ham cua f tren (a, b) khi va ch khi F G = const.

f (x)dx.
Ho moi nguyen ham cua f goi la tch phan bat nh cua f va ky hieu
58 Vay neu F la mot nguyen ham cua f tren (a, b), th f (x)dx = F (x) + C , trong o C la hang so tuy y. T nh ngha, ao ham va tch phan la hai phep toan ngc cua nhau:
f (x)dx = f (x)
va
F (x)dx = F (x)
Bai toan 1. Nhng ham nao co nguyen ham? Bai toan 2. Tm nguyen ham cua mot ham a cho.
Nhan xet. phan sau se chng minh moi ham lien tuc la co nguyen ham. 1 Ham f (x) = (x sin ) co nguyen ham nhng khong lien tuc. x Ham f (x) = sign(x) khong co nguyen ham (tai sao?). Bai toan au se c xet phan sau. Sau ay la cac qui tac chnh e tm nguyen ham.
1.2 Qui tac tnh. Tnh tuyen tnh. Neu

khoang o
f, g
co nguyen ham tren mot khoang va , R, th tren

f (x)dx + g(x)dx
(f (x) + g(x))dx =
f (x)
Cong thc oi bien. Neu x = (t) la ham co ao ham lien tuc tren khoang J , va
co nguyen ham tren khoang I = (J), th
f (x)dx = f ((t)) (t)dt = f ((t))d(t)
khoang, th tren o
Cong thc tch phan tng phan. Neu u, v la cac ham co ao ham lien tuc tren mot
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) v(x)u (x)dx
Hay viet theo loi vi phan
udv = uv
vdu.
Chng minh: Suy t nh ngha va cong thc ao ham: tong, tch va hp.
T ao ham cac ham s cap, tnh ngc lai, ta co
59
1.3 Tch phan mot so ham s cap. Vi x thuoc mot khoang ma ham di dau tch
phan xac nh va C la hang tren moi khoang o, ta co
x dx 1 dx x ax dx sin xdx cos xdx 1 dx cos2 x 1 dx sin2 x dx x2 + a2 dx 2 a2 x dx a2 x2 dx 2 a2 x = x+1 + C ( = 1) +1 = ln |x| + C ax + C ac biet: = ln a = cos x + C = sin x + C = tan x + C = cotan x + C x 1 arctan + C = a a 1 x+a ln = + C 2a xa x + C = arcsin a = ln |x + x2 a2 | + C x 2 x 2 x a2 arcsin + C 2 a 2 a ln |x + x2 a2 | + C x2 a2 2 a2 x2 +
ex dx = ex + C
a2 x2 dx = x2 a2 dx =
Bai tap: Hay kiem tra ao ham ve phai bang ham trong dau tch phan ve trai. V du. 1 a) (2x + sin x 3 b)
1 dx = 2 x2 + a2 a x2 )dx = dx 1 dx = 2 +a a x a
2
2x dx +
sin xdx x a
x 3 dx =
3 2 2x cos x x 3 + C ln 2 2
+1
. oi bien t = . Suy ra dx = adt.

1 1 x dt = arctan t + C = arctan + C +1 a a a oi bien x = a sin t, t [ , ]. 2 2 t2 cos2 tdt
Thay vao ta co
a2 x2 dx, co the c) e tnh Khi o dx = a cos tdt, thay vao ta co a2 x2 dx = a2 = a2
1 sin2 t cos tdt = a2
a2 sin 2t a2 cos 2t + 1 dt = ( + t) + C = (sin t cos t + t) + C 2 2 2 2 a2 x2 dx = x 2 a2 x2 + x a2 arcsin + C 2 a
Thay t = arcsin
x |a|
vao
60 d) e tnh . x2 + a2 dx, co the oi bien x = a sinh t = a 2 Khi o dx = a cosh tdt va x2 + a2 = a2 (sinh2 t + 1) = a2 cosh2 t. Thay vao ta co
x2 + a2 dx = a2 cosh 2t + 1 dt 2 a2 a2 = (sinh 2t + 2t) + C = (2 sinh t cosh t + 2t) + C 4 4 2 2 2t 2x et 1 = 0, ta co t = ln x + x + a . Vay e a a cosh2 tdt = a2 x2 + a2 dx = x 2 x2 + a2 + dx . x2 a2 a2 x ln + x2 + a2 | + C 2 ex ex
T phng trnh
Bai tap: Tnh: V du. Dang a) b) c)
dx , a2 x2
f (x)f (x)dx, (x3 + 5) 2

1
tnh bang oi bien.
3 12 3 d(x3 + 5) = (x + 5) 2 + C . 3 33 sin5 x + C. sin4 x cos xdx = sin4 xd(sin x) = 5 sin x d(cos x) dx = = ln | cos x| + C tan xdx = cos x cos x
x2 x3 + 5 =
Bai tap: Tnh:
(ax + b) dx,
cos3 x sin xdx,
cotan xdx.
P (x) cos axdx,
dx x xn+1 n dx v= dv = x n+1 1 xn+1 xn+1 xn+1 ln x ln x xn dx = +C Ta co In = n+1 n+1 n+1 (n + 1)2 ln2 x ln x dx = ln xd(ln x) = +C Khi n = 1, I1 = x 2 b) Tnh I = (x2 + x + 1) sin xdx. Tch phan tng phan vi u = ln x du = u = x2 + x + 1 du = (2x + 1)dx dv = sin xdx v = cos x
V du. Cac dang P (x) ln xdx, P (x)eax dx, P (x) sin axdx, trong o P la a thc, co the dung tch phan tng phan. a) Tnh In = xn ln xdx. Khi n = 1, tch phan tng phan, at
Ta co I = (x2 + x + 1) cos x + Tch phan tng phan lan na, at
(2x + 1) sin xdx.

u = 2x + 1 du = 2dx dv = cos xdx v = sin x
61
Ta co (2x + 1) sin xdx = (2x + 1) sin x 2 sin xdx = (2x + 1) sin x + 2 cos xdx + C . Thay vao, ta co I = (x2 + x + 3) cos x + (2x + 1) sin x + C . c) Tnh A = eax cos bxdx, B = eax sin bxdx. Tch phan tng phan, vi dv = eax dx, ta co
A = B = b 1 ax e cos bx + a a b 1 ax e sin bx a a 1 ax b e cos bx + B a a 1 b eax cos bxdx = eax sin bx A a a eax sin bxdx =
T o suy ra
A= B= b sin bx + a cos bx ax eax cos bxdx = e + C a2 + b2 a sin bx b cos bx ax eax sin xdx = e + C a2 + b2
Nhan xet. Ta co P (x) sin axdx = A(x) sin ax + B(x) cos ax + C , vi A, B la cac a thc bac < bac P . T o co the ao ham 2 ve e xac nh cac he so cua A, B . Bai tap: Xac nh dang cua cac tch phan neu au v du. Da vao o, dung ao ham e tnh lai cac v du tren. Bai tap: Tch phan cac ham s cap: V du. Cong thc qui nap cho
dx 1 x ln x, arctan x, arcsin x. (x2 dx (n N) + a2 )n
In = In (a) = C.
+ = arctan Ta co I1 = x2 + a2 a a Khi n > 1 co the tch phan tng phan: In = =
1 1 x2 + a2 x.x dx 2 dx 2 2 + a2 )n 2 + a2 )n a (x a (x 1 x 1 1 In1 I 2 + 2 n1 2 + a2 )n1 a a 2(n 1)(x 2(n 1)
T o ta co cong thc qui nap:

In = x 1 2n 3 In1 2a2 (n 1) (x2 + a2 )n1 2a2 (n 1)
62
1.4 Ky thuat tnh tch phan cac lp ham ac biet. 1
Thuat toan Bernoulli tch phan ham hu t

Bc 1:
Tch phan ham hu t.
Bc 2: Phan tch mau thanh cac tha so bac mot hay bac hai
P (x) . Q(x) P1 (x) P (x) = M (x) + , Chia a thc Q(x) Q(x) trong o M (x) la a thc, bac a thc P1 (x) <
bac a thc Q(x).
Q(x) = A(x a)m (x2 + px + q)n
trong o cac a la cac nghiem cua Q, va cac p, q thoa p2 4q < 0. Bc 3: Phan tch thanh cac phan thc hu t dang
P1 (x) Q(x) = + A1 Am + + + xa (x a)m Bn x + Cn B1 x + C1 + + 2 + 2 + px + q x (x + px + q)n
trong o cac Ai , Bi , Ci co the tm c bang phng phap he so bat nh2 Bc 4: Tnh cac tch phan c ban dang I.
1 xa
II.
1 (x a)m
III.
Bx + C x2 + px + q
IV.
Bx + C (p2 4q < 0) (x2 + px + q)n
Menh e. Tch phan cua ham hu t la tong cac ham: hu t, logarithm va arctang.
Chng minh: Theo Bc 1, ta co
P (x) dx = Q(x) M (x)dx + P1 (x) dx. Q(x)
Tch phan M (x)dx la a thc. Cac tch phan Bc 4 co phng phap tnh nh sau: dx = ln |x a| + c. Dang I.
xa 1 dx d(x a) = = +c (m = 1) Dang II. (x a)m (x a)m (1 m)(x a)m1 B Bp Bx + C d(x2 + px + q) dx dx = + (C ) . Dang III. 2 + px + q 2 + px + q 2 + px + q x 2 x 2 x p p 4q p2 4q p2 . oi bien t = x + , at a = . Bien oi x2 + px + q = (x + )2 + 2 4 2 2
T cong thc cac tch phan c ban suy ra

x2
B 2C Bp 2x + p Bx + C dx = ln |x2 + px + q| + arctan +c 2 + px + q 2 4q p 4q p2 B Bx + C dx = (x2 + px + q)n 2 Bp d(x2 + px + q) dx ) + (C . (x2 + px + q)n 2 (x2 + px + q)n 4q p2 p , ta co dang III. Vi t = x + , a = 2 2
Dang IV.
1 2
e tnh tch phan cuoi, bien oi nh

Phan nay sinh vien t oc Cu the xem v du
63
tch phan a xet v du phan trc, tnh truy hoi

In = x 1 2n 3 In1 2a2 (n 1) (x2 + a2 )n1 2a2 (n 1) = 2x + p a thc bac < n 1 + A arctan = 2 + px + q)n1 (x 4q p2
+c
T Bc 3 va cac tch phan c ban tren, suy ra menh e. V du. a) Cac bc tng ng e tnh
x3 + x + 1 1 x3 + x + 1 dx: x3 + x
=1+ 3 . Bc 1: x3 + x x +x Bc 2: x3 + x = x(x2 + 1). A Bx + C 1 = + 2 Bc 3: 3 x +x x x +1 e tnh A, B, C , co the tien hanh phng phap he so bat nh nh sau: Hoa ong mau va ong nhat t 2 ham hu t, ta co 1 A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x 1 (A + B)x2 + Cx + A
V hai a thc bang nhau khi va ch cac he so cua cac bac 1, x, x2 , tng ng bang nhau, suy ra
A = 1, C = 0, A + B = 0 A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 = 2 Vay 3 x +x x x +1 Bc 4: Da vao cach tnh tch phan c ban, ta co x3 + x + 1 dx = x3 + x 1 xdx dx x x2 + 1 2 + 1) 1 1 d(x = x + ln |x| ln(x2 + 1) + C = x + ln |x| 2 x2 + 1 2 dx + 1 1 x
. Cac bc tng ng: b) Tnh x5 x2 Bc 1: a thoa v bac cua t nho hn bac mau. Bc 2: x5 x2 = x2 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1). B Dx + E A C 1 + 2 . Bc 3: 5 2 = + 2 + x x x x x1 x +x+1 Dung phng phap he so bat nh suy ra
x5 1 x1 0 1 1 = 2+ 2 2 + x + 1) x x x 3(x 1) 3(x
dx
Bc 4: Tnh cac tch phan dang c ban, ta co

2x + 1 (x 1)2 1 1 1 dx +C + arctan = + ln 2 5 x2 x x 6 x +x+1 3 3
64 Bai tap: Da vao phng phap neu tren tnh:

x(x2 dx , + 1)2 (x 1)dx , (x2 + x + 1)2 dx , 4 x2 2 x (x5 + 1)dx . x4 8x2 + 16 (x + 1)dx , x4 x2 2 x2 dx , x6 1
Nhan xet. Phng phap tren oi hoi phan tch a thc thanh nhan t bat kha qui (bc 2, tng ng vi viec tm nghiem a thc) rat ton thi gian. Hien nay cac he ai so may tnh thng da vao thuat toan Hermit-Ostrogradski ma y tng c ban da vao:
Menh e. Ky hieu
Q(x) = A(x a)n (x2 + px + q)m , Q1 (x) = A(x a)n1 (x2 + px + q)m1 , D(x) = (x a) (x2 + px + q)
Khi o neu P (x) la a thc sao cho deg P < deg Q, th

M (x) P (x) dx = + Q(x) Q1 (x) N (x) dx D(x)
trong o M (x), N (x) la cac a thc va deg M < deg Q1 , deg N < deg D.
Bai tap: Tm A, B, C, D, E sao cho

Ax2 + Bx + C xdx = + (x 1)2 (x + 1)3 (x 1)(x + 1)2 ( E D + )dx x1 x+1
, , )dx, (R la ham hu t, r1 , , rn (1) Dang R(x, cx + d cx + d Q). ax + b vi m la boi chung nho nhat cua mau cac ri . Phng phap: oi bien tm = cx + d Bai tap: Chng minh sau khi oi bien tch phan a ve tch phan ham hu t. : oi bien V du. Tnh 4 x + 3 1) x + 3 Thay vao tch phan ta co t3 dt = (t 1)t2 dx t 4 = x + 3.
Tch phan ham can thc.r

ax + b
ax + b
rn
Khi o
dx = 4t3 dt.
tdt = 4(t + ln |t 1|) + C = 4( 4 x + 3 + ln | 4 x + 3 1|) + C t1 dx , x(1 + 2 x + 3 x) 1 x+1 dx , 1+ 3x+1 x x2 dx x+1
Bai tap: Tnh
(2) Dang R(x, ax2 + bx + c)dx, (R la ham hu t). Phng phap oi bien Euler:
65
ax+ ax2 + bx + c. a(x x1 )(x x2 ).
- Neu ax2 +bx+c vo nghiem thc (khi o a > 0), th oi bien t = - Neu ax2 + bx + c = a(x x1 )(x x2 ) , th oi bien t(x x1 ) =
Bai tap: Chng minh sau khi oi bien tch phan a ve tch phan ham hu t. V du. dx : oi bien t = x + x2 + bx + c. a) Tnh 2 Khi o bx + c = t2 2tx, bdx = 2tdt 2tdx 2xdt,
dx = x2 + bx + c a2 )
b 2
x + bx + c
2dt dx = . tx b + 2t
Thay vao, ta co
dt b = ln + x + 2 +t
x2 + bx + c + C
b) Tnh Khi o
dx : oi bien t(a x) = a2 x2 . 2 x2 + a 4atdt a(t2 1) , dx = 2 . Thay vao tch phan ta co x= 2 t +1 (t + 1)2 (x2 1 2a2 2t2 + 2 dt = t4 + 1 = 1 1 1 + 2 dt 2 2 + 2t + 1 2a t t 2t + 1 1 (arctan( 2t + 1) + arctan( 2t 1)) + C 2 2 a
trong o t = Bai tap: Tnh
a+x . ax dx , x x2 + a2
dx , x + x2 + 2x
2
x2 + 4x + 10dx
Phng phap oi bien lng giac: Trc het bien oi

ax2 + bx + c = a x + b 2a + c b2 4a
oi bien u = x +
R(u, R(u, R(u,
b , du = dx. Thay vao ta co 2a 2 u2 )du, oi bien t = sin u 2 + u2 )du, u2 2 )du,
cac dang
oi bien t = tan u oi bien t =

sin u x = a sin t.
V du. Tnh co
dx : 2 x2 )3 ( a
oi bien
=
Khi o
dx = a cos tdt.
Ta
dx = 2 x2 )3 ( a
a cos tdt ( a2 a2 sin2 t)3
1 1 a cos tdt x = 2 tan t+C = 2 +C a3 cos3 t a a a2 x2
66 (1) Dang R(sin x, cos x)dx, (R la ham hu t). x Phng phap chung: oi bien t = tan . 2 Bai tap: Chng minh sau khi oi bien tch phan a ve tch phan ham hu t. V du. Tnh Khi o
x dx (0 < < 1) : oi bien t = tan . 1 + cos x 2 2dt 1 t2 x = 2 arctan t, dx = , cos x = . Thay vao 1 + t2 1 + t2 = = 2dt (1 )t2 + 1 + 2 1 = 2 1 dt t2 + 1+ 1
2
Tch phan ham lng giac.
ta co

dx 1 + cos x
1+ arctan t 1
2 1+ +C = 1 1
x arctan tan 2
1+ +C 1
e tch phan ham hu t bac cao, trong cac trng hp ac biet: Khi R( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), oi bien t = cos x. Khi R(sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), oi bien t = sin x. Khi R( sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x), oi bien t = tan x. Bai tap: Tnh
dx , 2 sin x cos x + 5 sin3 x dx, 2 + cos x dx . sin x cos3 x
4
(2) Dang sinm x cosn xdx. Phng phap: Khi m hay n le, oi bien t = cos x hay t = sin x. Khi m, n eu chan dung cong thc nhan oi. Bai tap: Tnh
sin4 x cos5 xdx
sin2 x cos4 xdx
1.5 Chu y. Khong nh viec tnh ao ham, bai toan lay tch phan la bai toan kho.
Khong co qui tac tnh tch phan tch, thng, hp. Tuy nhien, hien nay cac thuat toan tnh tch phan bang ky hieu a c phat trien va c gai at mot so he ai so may tnh nh Maple, Mathematica, cho phep tnh tch phan rat hieu lc. e y la tch phan lp ham hu t vt ra khoi lp ham hu t (phai them vao ham log va arctan). Cung can biet ngi ta a chng minh tch phan nhieu ham s cap khong la ham s cap, i.e. tch phan lp ham s cap vt ra khoi lp ham s cap. Chang han sin x cos x 2 dx, dx cac tch phan: ex dx, cac tch phan Fresnel: cac tch phan nh thc: cac tch phan Elliptic: trong o 0 < k < 1
x sin x2 dx, x cos x2 dx xm (axn + b)p dx, dx (1 x2 )(1 k 2 x2 )
vi p,
,
m+1 m+1 , + p Z. n n x2 dx dx , 2 x2 )(1 x2 ) (1 k (1 + hx) 1 k 2 x2
67
2. Tch phan xac nh.

e hieu tch phan xac nh mot cach trc quan, ta nen lien he vi bai toan tnh dien tch hnh phang (xem phan ng dung). No gom cac bc chnh: chia nho, lay tong, qua gii han. Mot phan hoach oan [a, b] la mot day hu han cac iem P = {x0 , , xn } a = x0 < x1 < < xn = b. Viet xi = xi xi1 va |P | = max{xi : 0 i n}. Ga s f : [a, b] R la ham b chan. Vi moi phan hoach P nh tren, at
mi = inf{f (x) : xi1 x xi }, Mi = sup{f (x) : xi1 x xi }
2.1 Tch phan Riemann.
sao cho:
Lap tong Darboux di: Lap tong Darboux tren:

y
T
L(f, P ) = U (f, P ) =
n i=1 n i=1
mi xi Mi xi
Mi mi
xi1 xi
Nhan xet. Cho cac phan hoach P, P . Khi o P = P P la phan hoach mn hn P, P , theo ngha la moi oan chia I cua P eu ton tai cac oan chia I, I cua P, P sao cho I I, I I . Khi o
inf f (x) inf f (x) sup f (x) sup f (x)
I I I I
Suy ra
L(f, P ) L(f, P ) U (f, P ) U (f, P )
Vay tap cac tong tren va tong di (theo moi phan hoach) la b chan, nen ton tai sup, inf . Ta nh ngha tch phan di va tch phan tren :
I(f ) = sup L(f, P )
P
va
I(f ) = inf U (f, P )

P
Ta co,
L(f, P ) I(f ) I(f ) U (f, P ),
vi moi phan hoach P, P .
68
I(f ) = I(f ).
nh ngha. Ham f goi la kha tch (Riemann) tren [a, b] , ky hieu f

b a
R[a, b], neuu Khi o gia tr chung o goi la tch phan cua f tren [a, b] , va ky hieu la f
hay
b a
f (x)dx
T nh ngha ta co tieu chuan thng c s dung sau
Tieu chuan Riemann. Ham b chan f la kha tch tren [a, b] khi va ch khi vi moi
> 0,
ton tai phan hoach P oan [a, b], sao cho: U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < .
f
la kha tch tren [a, b] khi va ch khi ton tai day phan hoach Pn oan [a, b], sao cho: U (f, Pn ) L(f, Pn ) 0. , khi n . Khi o
b a
Bai tap: Chng minh: Ham b chan

n n
f = lim U (f, Pn ) = lim L(f, Pn ).
V du. b a) Neu f c (const), th f kha tch va f = c(b a). a Tong quat, neu f la ham bac thang tren [a, b], i.e. ton tai phan hoach P oan [a, b], sao cho f (x) = ci , khi x [xi1 , xi ], th f kha tch va n b f= ci (xi xi1 ). b) Ham Dirichlet sau ay la khong kha tch Riemann tren [0, 1]:
D(x) = 0 1
a i=1
= {x 0 , , xn }
neu neu
x x
hu t vo t
Vi moi phan hoach P , ta co tong Riemann:
L(D, P ) = 0, U (D, P ) = 1.
2.2 Tong Riemann. Cho f : [a, b] R la ham b chan. Vi moi phan hoach P = {x0 , , xn } cua [a, b] va moi ho cac iem P = {c1 , , cn }, vi xi1 ci xi ,
S(f, P, P ) =
n i=1
f (ci )xi
Ro rang L(f, P ) S(f, P, P ) U (f, P ) nh ly sau cho phep nh ngha tch phan la gii han cua tong Riemann. (1) Ham f la kha tch tren [a, b]. (2) Ton tai lim S(f, P, P ) = I , theo ngha
|P |0
nh ly. Hai ieu sau tng ng:
> 0, > 0 : P, |P | < |S(f, P, P ) I| < , P
Khi o
b a
f = I.
Chng IV. Phep tnh tch phan Chng minh:
69
> 0,
(1) (2): Ga s f R[a, b]. Vi
ton tai phan hoach P0 , sao cho:

b a
U (f, P0 ) <
f+
4 = {xi : i I}
Goi M = sup{f (x) : a x b} va n0 la so iem chia cua P0 . at 1 = min( /4M n0 , |P0 |). Khi o vi moi phan hoach P |P | < 1 , ta phan tong tren thanh 2 tong
U (f, P ) =
iI
ma
Mi xi =
iI1
Mi xi +
iI2
Mi xi ,
trong o I1 = {i I : [xi1 , xi ] khong cha iem chia cua P0 }, I2 = {i I : [xi1 , xi ] cha iem chia cua P0 }. Do cach chon 1 , moi oan [xi1 , xi ] cha nhieu nhat mot iem thuoc P0 . Ta co
Mi xi
iI2 iI1
M 1 n0 M 1 M 1 U (f, P0 ) +
4 4 (
Mi xi U (f, P0 ) +
iI1 iI2
tai sao?)
Vay
U (f, P ) U (f, P0 ) + 2 0, sao cho moi phan hoach P ma |P | < 2 , ta co
L(f, P ) >
b a
Suy ra vi = min(1 , 2 ), moi phan hoach P ma |P | < , va moi P , ta co

b a
f < L(f, P ) S(f, P, P ) U (f, P ) < > 0,
b a
f+
T o suy ra (2). (2) (1): Ga s lim S(f, P, P ) = I . Vi |P |0 hoach P ma |P | < , moi P , ta co

I 2
ton tai > 0, sao cho moi phan
< S(f, P, p ) < I +
Co nh P nh tren. Khi cho P thay oi, ta co

L(f, P ) = inf S(f, P, P )
P
va
U (f, P ) = sup S(f, P, P )

P
Suy ra
I 2 L(f, P ) U (f, P ) I + 2
70 Theo tieu chuan Riemann suy ra f R[a, b]. Cho

0,
ta co
I=
b a
f.
T nh ly tren ta co the xem tch phan nh gii han cua tong. Cu the, ta co
He qua. Ga s
b a
f R[a, b]. Cho mot day (Pn )nN cac phan hoach cua [a, b], sao cho |Pn | 0 (khi n ). Khi o f = lim S(f, Pn , n ) = lim U (f, Pn ) = lim L(f, Pn )
n n n
trong o n la cac iem chon tuy y theo Pn .
Nhan xet. Cho f R[a, b]. Vi moi n N, phan hoach eu [a, b] thanh n oan, va tren moi oan chon iem au mut. Lap tong Riemann tng ng
Sn =
b
ba n
n i=1
f a+i
(b a) n
Khi o f = lim Sn . n a Cong thc tren cho phep tnh tch phan thong qua gii han cua tong S n (hay xap x tch phan bi tong Sn ). Ngc lai, cong thc tren cung cho phep tnh gii han cua tong S n thong qua viec tnh tch phan. V du. Ga s a biet ham f (x) = xp , vi p > 0, la kha tch. Khi o a) b)
1 0
xdx = lim
2 n 1 1 1 n(n + 1) ( + + + ) = lim = . 2 n n n n n 2n 2
n i=1
1p + 2p + + np 1 = lim p+1 n n n n lim

b a b
i n
1 0
xp dx (=
1 ) p+1
Bai tap: Tnh
x2 dx, dx
thong qua tong Riemann ng vi phan hoach eu.
, 0 < a < b, thong qua tong Riemann ng vi phan hoach [a, b] Bai tap: Tnh a x bi cac iem tao thanh cap so nhan {xk = aqk , k = 0, , n}.
Bai toan. Ham nao th kha tch?

(1) Neu f gii noi va ch co hu han iem gian oan tren [a, b], th f R[a, b]. (2) Neu f n ieu tren [a, b], th f R[a, b].
2.3 Cac lp ham kha tch Riemann. Menh e.
(1) e n gian ta xet f ch gian oan tai mot iem c (a, b) (trng hp tong quat chng minh tng t). Goi M = sup{|f (x)| : a x b}.
Chng minh: Ta kiem tra tieu chuan Riemann.
71
Cho > 0. Goi 1 < /4M , sao cho: a < c 1 < c + 1 < b. Do f lien tuc tren hai oan [a, c 1 ] va [c+ 1 , b], nen f lien tuc eu tren o. Vi 2 = /2(ba), ton tai > 0: |f (x)f (y)| < 2 , khi x, y [a, c 1 ][c+ 1 , b], |xy| < . Goi P la phan hoach [a, b], sao cho |P | < va gom cac iem:
a = x0 < x1 < < xk1 = c
1
< xk = c +
< < xn = b
e y la neu i = k, th Mi mi < 2 , con Mk mk < 2M . Suy ra

U (f, P ) L(f, P ) =
i=k
(Mi mi )xi + (Mk mk )xk < (b a)
+ 2M
<
(2) Ga s f n ieu khong giam (trng hp n ieu khong tang chng minh tng t). Cho > 0. Goi = /(f (b)f (a)). Khi o vi moi phan hoach P = {x 0 , , xn } cua [a, b], ma |P | < ta co
U (f, P ) L(f, P ) =
n i=1
(Mi mi )xi =
n i=1
(f (xi ) f (xi1 ))xi < (f (b) f (a) <
Vay theo tieu chuan Riemann f kha tch.
Tnh kha tch cua ham hp. Cho f R[a, b], m f M . Neu la ham lien tuc tren [m, M ]. Khi o h = f R[a, b].
Chng minh: Ta kiem tra ieu kien Riemann. Cho > 0. Do lien tuc eu tren [m, M ], ton tai > 0 vi < , sao cho: |(x) (y)| < khi |x y| < . Do f R[a, b], ton tai phan hoach P = {x0 , , xn } sao cho:
U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < 2 ()
Goi Mi , mi la sup, inf cua f tren [xi1 , xi ]. Goi Mi , m la sup, inf cua h tren [xi1 , xi ]. i Chia 1, , n thanh hai loai: I1 = {i : Mi mi < } va I2 = {i : Mi mi }. Khi o neu i I1 , th Mi m , va neu i I2 , th Mi m 2K , i i trong o K = sup{|(t)| : m t M }. Do () ta co
xi (Mi mi )xi < 2
iI2 iI2
Suy ra
iI2
xi < .
Cuoi cung ta co anh gia

(Mi m )xi + i (Mi m )xi i
U (h, P ) L(h, P ) = <

iI1
(b a) + 2K < (b a + 2K) .
iI2
R[a, b].
Bai tap: Chng minh neu
f, g R[a, b],
th
f + g, f g, |f |, max(f, g), min(f, g)
72
2.4 Tnh chat. Menh e. Cho f, g R[a, b] va R. Khi o

(1) (2) (4)
f + g R[a, b] f R[a, b]
va
b a
(f + g) =
b b a a
f+
g.
va
f =
f.
b a
(3) Neu f g tren [a, b], th

|f |
f
b
g.
b a
kha tch tren [a, b] va |
f|
|f |.
b a
(5) Neu a < c < b, th f R[a, c] va f R[c, b] va
f=
c a
f+
b c
f.
Riemann. (4) V |f | la hp cua ham lien tuc (t) = |t| va f R[a, b], nen |f | R[a, b]. Hn na, do |f | f |f |, ap dung (3), ta co bat dang thc can chng minh. (5) Do f R[a, b], nen vi moi > 0, ton tai phan hoach P sao cho:
U (f, P ) L(f, P ) <
Chng minh: (1)(2)(3) c chng minh da vao viec qua gii han cua cac tong
Xem P cha c (neu cha th them vao). Goi P1 la cac iem chia cua P thuoc [a, c], con P2 la cac iem chia cua P thuoc [c, b]. Khi o
U (f, P ) L(f, P ) = (U (f, P1 ) L(f, P1 )) + (U (f, P2 ) L(f, P2 )) <
Suy ra U (f, P1 ) L(f, P1 ) < va U (f, P2 ) L(f, P2 ) < . Theo tieu chuan Riemann f R[a, c] va f R[c, b]. T tong Riemann S(f, P, p ) = S(f, P1 , P1 ) + S(f, P2 , P2 ), cho |P | 0, ta co cong thc (5).
,
nh ly gia tr trung bnh. Cho
vi m = inf f M = sup f , sao cho

b a
f, g R[a, b]. fg =
b a
Neu g khong oi dau, th ton tai
ac biet, khi g = 1, ta co
b a
f = (b a).
b a
Hn na, neu f lien tuc, th ton tai a < c < b sao cho:
b a b a b a b a
f = f (c)(b a)
Chng minh: Ch can chng minh cho g 0. T mg f g M g , suy ra

m
f
fg M
Khi o tm.
g g
, neu
b a
g = 0,
va
= 0,
neu
g = 0,
thc hien ang thc can
73
Hn na neu g = 1 va f lien tuc, th theo nh ly gia tr trung gian, ton tai c (a, b), sao cho f (c) = . Suy ra ang thc cuoi cua nh ly. Bai tap: Cho f lien tuc va khong oi dau tren [a, b]. Chng minh neu a th f 0. Neu v du neu bo ieu kien f lien tuc, th phat bieu khong ung.
b
f = 0,
2.5 nh ly c ban.
Cho f R[a, b]. nh ngha ham F (x) = f (t)dt, x [a, b]. a Nhan xet. F la ham lien tuc tren [a, b]. ieu o suy t
|F (x) F (x0 )| =
x x0 x
f (t)dt sup |f (t)||x x0 |

atb
nh ly. Neu f la ham lien tuc, th F la nguyen ham cua f , i.e.

d dx
x a
= f (x), x [a, b]
Chng minh: Theo nh ly gia tr trung bnh ta co

1 F (x + x) F (x) = x x
x+x x
f = f (x + x) , 0 < < 1
Cho x 0, do f lien tuc, ta co F xac nh c ban sau:
(x) = f (x).
2.6 Tnh tch phan xac nh. T nh ly tren ta co cac cong thc tnh tch phan Cong thc Newton-Leibniz. Neu ham f co nguyen ham F tren [a, b], th
b a
f (x)dx = F (x)|b = F (b) F (a) a
Cong thc oi bien. Neu ham f lien tuc tren khoang J , va la ham kha vi lien tuc t khoang I vao J , th vi moi a, b I , ta co
(b) (a)
f (x)dx =
b a
f ((t)) (t)dt
Cong thc tch phan tng phan. Neu u, v la cac ham kha vi lien tuc tren [a, b], th
b a
u(x)v (x)dx = u(b)v(b) u(a)v(a)
b a
v(x)u (x)dx
Do
Chng minh: Cong thc Newton-Leibniz suy t nh ly c ban:

d F (x) dx
x a
= f (x) f (x) = 0, x [a, b],
nen F (x)
x a
f = C.
Cho
74
x = a ta co C = F (a). Cho x = b ta co cong thc. Cong thc oi bien suy t cong thc tren va qui tac ao ham hp: x Ham F (x) = f la nguyen ham cua f (x). (a) at G(t) = F ((t)). Khi o G (t) = F ((t)) (t) = f ((t)) (t), i.e. nguyen ham cua f ((t)) (t). Vay
b a
G(t)
la
f ((t)) (t)dt = G(b) G(b) = F ((b)) F ((a)) =
(b) (a)
f (x)dx
Cong thc tch phan tng phan suy t cong thc Newton-Leibniz va qui tac ao ham tch. (Bai tap) Nhan xet. Co nhng ham kha tch nhng khong co nguyen ham. Chang han, cac ham bac thang nh ham sign x. V du. a) Cong thc Leibniz tnh so . Ta co Mat khac ap dung cong thc tong cua vi q = x2 , ta co Lay tch phan hai ve ta co trong o
| n| = 1 1 1 (1)n = 1 + + + + 4 3 5 6 2n + 1
1 0 n
dx = arctan x|1 = . 0 2 4 0 1+x 1 q n+1 = 1 + q + q2 + + qn, cap so nhan 1q
1 = 1 x2 + x4 x6 + + (1)n x2n + Rn , 1 + x2
trong o
Rn =
(1)n+1 x2n+2 1 + x2
(1)n+1 x2n+2 dx 1 + x2
1 0
x2n+2 dx =
1 2n + 3
b) Tnh
a 0 a 0
a2 x2 dx: a2 x2 dx
oi bien x = a sin t, t [0, ]. 2

= =
2
0 a2
a2
2
a2 sin ta cos tdt
=a
2 0
cos2 tdt
2
2
0
0
2
a2 sin 2t ( + t) (cos 2t + 1)dt = 2 2
a2 4
c) Cong thc qui nap cho In =

2
sinn xdx, (n N):

2
va I1 = Khi n = 0, 1, ta co I0 = 0 Khi n 2, tch phan tng phan ta co

In =
2
dx = 2
2 sin xdx = cos x|0 = 1.
sin
n1
xd( cos x) = sin

2
n1
x cos x
2
+ (n 1)
sinn2 cos2 xdx
= 0 + (n 1)
sinn2 dx (n 1)
sinn xdx = (n 1)In2 (n 1)In
75
Vay ta co cong thc In =
Suy ra I2n Bai tap: T ket qua tren chng minh cong thc Wallis:
2.4 2n 1 2 = lim n n 1.3 (2n 1)
n1 In2 , (n 2). n 1.3 (2n 1) 2.4 2n = va I2n+1 = . 2.4 2n 2 1.3 2n + 1
va
In
2n
a 0
khi
Bai tap: Chng minh: a) Neu f la ham chan tren [a, a], th b) Neu f la ham le tren [a, a], th c) Neu f la ham co chu ky T , th
a a a+T a
a a
f (x)dx = 2
f (x)dx
f (x)dx = 0 f (x)dx =
T 0
f (x)dx
vi moi a.
3. Mot so ng dung.
Archimede (the ky th 3 trc Cong nguyen) a tien hanh tnh dien tch, the tch va o dai ng cong mot so hnh bang phng phap nh tch phan, tuy thi o ong cha co nhng lap luan that chat che. Y: phan hnh can tnh o dai (dien tch, the tch) thanh cac oan thang (hnh ch nhat, hnh khoi lap phng) roi lay tong. Neu phan hoach cang nho, th tong o dai (dien tch, the tch) cua cac hnh n gian o cang gan vi gia tr can tm. Sau o la lap luan ve gii han.
3.1 Tnh dien tch. Ga s hnh co the phan thanh cac hnh thang cong gii han
bi ham lien tuc f : [a, b] R, vi f 0:
D = {(x, y) R2 : a x b, 0 y f (x)}
Goi P la phan hoach [a, b]. Khi o L(f, P ) = Tong dien tch cac hnh ch nhat nam gon trong D. U (f, P ) = Tong dien tch cac hnh ch nhat phu kn D. T o ta nh ngha dien tch mien D la ga tr
S(D) =
b a
Neu f1 , f2 la cac ham lien tuc tren [a, b], th dien tch mien D gii han bi f1 , f2 la
S(D) =
b a
|f1 f2 |
Neu D la mien gii han bi x = x(t), y = y(t), la cac ham S(D) =
ng cong kn cho bi phng trnh tham so: kha vi lien tuc theo t [, ], th

y(t)x (t)dt =
x(t)y (t)dt
76
Ga s mien D gii han bi ng cong cho trong toa o cc r = r(), , i.e D = {(r cos , r sin ) R2 : , 0 r r(}
T
i r O i1
E
Vi phan hoach P : = 0 < 1 < < n = , ta co (Dien tch hnh quat tron ban knh r, chan cung o dai ) = Vay L( 1 r2 , P ) = Tong dien tch cac hnh quat nam gon trong D. 2 Tong dien tch cac hnh quat phu kn D. T nh ngha tch phan, ta co
U ( 1 r2 , P ) = 2 S(D) = 1 2

1 2 r . 2
r2 ()d
V du. a) Tnh dien tch mien gii han bi cac Parabol y 2 = 2px, x2 = 2py (p > 0). x2 Ap dung cong thc neu tren vi f 1 (x) = 2px, f2 (x) = . Hoanh o cac giao iem 2p f1 (x) = f2 (x) x = 0, 2p.
S=
2p 0
2px x2 y2
x2 dx = 2p
2 3
2px 2
x3 6p
2p 0
4 = p2 3
b) Tnh dien tch Ellip 2 + 2 1. Phng trnh tham so cua Ellip: a b x = a cos t, y = b sin t. Ap dung cong thc ta co
S = ab
2 0
sin2 tdt =
ab 2
2 0
(1 cos 2t)dt = ab r = a, 0 2 .
c) Dien tch gii han bi ng xoan oc cho trong toa o cc:

S= 1 2
2 0
a2 2 d =
a2 3 6
2 0
4 = a2 3 3
77
V du. Cho y = f (x) la ham tang tren [0, +), f (0) = 0 va x f (x) = . Goi lim x = g(y) la ham ngc. Vi x, y > 0, so sanh dien tch hnh ch nhat canh x, y vi dien tch gii han bi o th ham f , ta co bat ang thc Young
xy
x 0
f +
y 0
(x, y 0)
Suy ra vi
1 f (x) = xp1 , g(y) = y p 1 (p > 0), xy xp p + yq q
ta co
1 1 ( + = 1) p q
mat phang vuong goc vi Ox cat H theo thiet dien co dien tch S(x). Ga thiet them la H nam gia 2 mat phang x = a va x = b.
S(x)
s d d s s E
3.2 Tnh the tch. Cho H la hnh khoi trong khong gian. Ga s vi moi x [a, b],
Goi P la phan hoach [a, b]. Khi o L(S, P ) = Tong the tch cac hnh tru nam gon trong H . U (S, P ) = Tong the tch cac hnh tru phu kn H . T o the tch hnh H c nh ngha la so
V (H) = H la hnh chop 0 x h. Vay
b a
S(x)dx x 2 ) , h
vi ay co dien tch B , chieu cao h. Khi o S(x) = B(

V (H) =
h 0
khi
x 1 B( )2 dx = Bh h 3
H goi la hnh tron xoay neu H la hnh trong R3 c Ox mien D = {(x, y) : a x b, 0 y |f (x)|}, vi f Khi o S(x) = f 2(x), va the tch H la V (H) =
b a
tao ra khi xoay quanh truc la ham lien tuc. tren [a, b].
f 2 (x)dx
78 V du. Tnh the tch hnh cau x2 + 2 + z 2 Ra2. Mat cau la mat tron xoay khi quay y quanh Ox o th ham y = f (x) = R2 x2 , R x R. Ap dung cong thc ta co
V = 4 (R2 x2 )dx = R3 3 R
R
Vi moi phan hoach Mi (xi , f (xi )) tren C .

y
T
3.3 Tnh o dai cung. Cho ng cong C = {(x, y) R2 : a x b, y = f (x)}.

P = {x0 , x1 , , xn }
oan
[a, b],
ta co cac iem tng ng
s s
Mi
s
Mi1 a xi1 xi
o dai moi oan Mi1 Mi la

2 x2 + yi = i
1 + f (ci )2 xi ,
trong o xi1 ci xi . Nh vay tong Riemann

S( 1 f 2 , P, {ci }) =
o dai ng gap khuc M0 M1 Mn

C
Vay neu f kha vi lien tuc, th o dai cung

l(C) =
b a
la gia tr
1 + f 2 (x)dx
Neu C cho bi phng trnh tham so x = x(t), y = y(t), la cac ham kha vi lien tuc theo t [, ], th theo phep oi bien tch phan l(C) =

x 2 (t) + y 2 (t)dt
Neu C cho trong toa o cc r = r(), , th t x = r cos , y = r sin , ta co l(C) =
r2 () + r 2 ()d
79
V du. a) Tnh o dai cung x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t. Do tnh oi xng cua ng cong, Ap dung cong thc, ta co
l=4
2
(3a sin t cos2 t)2 + (3a cos t sin2 t)2 dt = 6a
2 sin 2tdt = 3a cos 2t|0 = 6a
c) Tnh o dai mot vong xoan oc cho trong toa o cc:

l = =
2 0
r = a.
Theo cong thc
a2 2 + a2 d = a 2 + 1 + 1 ln | + 2
2 0
2 + 1d
2 0
a(
2 + 1|)
a (2 4 2 + 1 + ln(2 + 2
4 2 + 1))
Chang han dien tch mat tron xoay khi quay o th ham kha vi lien tuc f : [a, b] R quanh truc Ox, c tnh bi
S = 2
b a
3.4 Dien tch mat. Co the tnh dien tch mat theo phng phap lap luan nh tren.
|f (x)| 1 + f 2 (x)dx
V du. Tnh dien tch mat cau ban knh R. Ap dung cong thc tren vi ham f (x) = R2 x2 , R x R, ta co
S = 2
R R
R2 x2 1 +
x R2 x2
dx = 2R
R R
dx = 4R2
4. Tch phan suy rong.

Ta a xet tch phan cua ham b chan, tren tap b chan [a, b]. Phan nay xet en khai niem tch phan ham khong b chan hay tch phan tren tap khong b chan. Trc het xet cac v du sau: a) b) c) d)
dx = arctan b , khi b +. 2 2 0 1+x 1 dx = 2 2 a 2, khi a 0+ . x a b dx = ln b +, khi b +. 1 x
b 0 b
cos xdx = sin b,
khong ton tai gii han khi b +.
Nh vay khi cho cac can tch phan tien en gii han vo cung hay tai cac gia tr ma ham di dau tch phan khong xac nh, co mot so trng hp ton tai gii han (va gia tr gii han co mot y ngha nao o). V vay ngi ta can m rong khai niem tch phan.
80 xac nh tren [a, +) va kha tch tren moi oan hu han [a, b] vi b > a. Khi o tch phan suy rong loai 1 cua f tren [a, +) c ky hieu va nh ngha
f
+ a
4.1 Tch phan suy rong loai 1. Ga s
f (x)dx = lim
b+ a
f (x)dx
neu gii han ve phai ton tai. Neu gii han tren hu han th tch phan tren goi la hoi tu, trng hp ngc lai th goi la phan ky. Tng t, ta nh ngha
b
f (x)dx =
a a
lim
f (x)dx
va cung co khai niem hoi tu, phan ky tng ng. oan [a, b ] vi hieu va nh ngha
4.2 Tch phan suy rong loai 2. Ga s f xac nh tren [a, b) va kha tch tren moi
> 0.
b a
Khi o tch phan suy rong loai 2 cua f tren [a, b) c ky

f (x)dx = lim
b 0+ a
f (x)dx
neu gii han ve phai ton tai. Neu gii han tren hu han th tch phan tren goi la hoi tu, trng hp ngc lai th goi la phan ky. Tng t, ta nh ngha tch phan suy rong cua f tren (a, b]:
b a
f (x)dx = lim
0+ a+
f (x)dx
Mot cach tong quat, neu f khong xac nh tai hu han iem a = a 1 < a2 < < an = b +, th ta nh ngha tch phan suy rong
b a
f (x)dx =
c1 a1
f (x)dx +
a2 c1
f (x)dx + +
cn1 an1
f (x)dx +
an cn1
f (x)dx
trong o ai < ci < ai+1 , vi ga thiet cac tch phan ve phai hoi tu. khi V du. Do nguyen ham cua p la x (p 1)xp1 nen + dx hoi tu khi va ch khi p > 1. p
1 0 1
p = 1,
va la
ln |x|
khi
p = 1,
x dx xp
hoi tu khi va ch khi p < 1.
Nhan xet. Do nh ngha tch phan suy rong la viec qua gii han cua tch phan tren oan nen
81
cac tnh chat: tuyen tnh, bat ang thc, phan oan, , van ung oi vi tch phan suy rong. Ta cung co the tnh tch phan suy rong bang cac cong thc Newton-Leibniz, oi bien hay tch phan tng phan. Cung t ly thuyet gii han ta co tieu chuan sau:
4.3 Tieu chuan Cauchy.

> 0,
(1) Cho f xac nh tren [a, +). Khi o

b2 b1
+ a
f (x)dx
hoi tu khi va ch khi vi moi
ton tai > 0, sao cho vi moi b1 , b2 > , ta co

f (x)dx 0, sao cho vi moi b <
b2 b1
a b1 , b2
f (x)dx
hoi tu khi va ch khi vi moi > 0, < b, ta co
f (x)dx <
4.4 Cac dau hieu hoi tu.

co cac dau hieu sau: Hoi tu tuyet oi: Neu
(1) Trng hp tch phan loai 1: Cho

+ a
f, g
la cac ham xac nh tren [a, +). Ta

+ a
|f (x)|dx
hoi tu, th
f (x)dx
hoi tu.
So sanh: Ga s |f (x)| |g(x)|, x [a, +). Khi o + + |g(x)|dx hoi tu, th |f (x)|dx hoi tu. Neu
Neu
a + a a
|f (x)|dx
phan ky, th
f (x) = K. g(x) |g(x)|dx |g(x)|dx
b a +
+ a
|g(x)|dx
phan ky.
Gii han: Ga s x lim

Neu K = 0, th Neu K = 0, th
Khi o
+ a
a + a
va
|f (x)|dx
a
cung hoi tu hay phan ky.

|f (x)|dx
hoi tu suy ra
hoi tu.
Dirichlet: Neu
x+
a<b<
sup
f (x)dx < , f (x)(x)dx
con la ham kha vi lien tuc, n ieu va hoi tu
lim (x) = 0,
th
Chng minh: Ta kiem tra tieu chuan Cauchy. Dung lai ky hieu 4.3.
Dau hieu au suy t
b2
b1
f (x)dx
b2
b1
|f (x)|dx
82 2 dau hieu tiep theo suy t |f (x)|dx (K + 1) |g(x)|dx b1 b1 Ch can chng x minh dau hieu Dirichlet trng hp giam ve 0 (?). Khi o 0. at F (x) = f . Theo gia thiet |F (x)| < M, x. Tch phan tng phan, ap dung a nh ly gia tr trung bnh, ta co
b2 b1 b2 b2
f (x)(x)dx = |F |b2 b1
b2 b1
F (x) (x)dx| M |(b2 )|+M |(b1 )|+M |(b2 )(b1 )
Do (x) 0, khi x , nen tieu chuan Cauchy thoa.

cac tieu chuan sau: Hoi tu tuyet oi: Neu
(2) Trng hp tch phan loai 2: Cho

b a
f, g
la cac ham xac nh tren [a, b). Ta co

b a
|f (x)|dx
hoi tu, th
f (x)dx
hoi tu.
So sanh: Ga s |f (x)| |g(x)|, x [a, b). Khi o b b Neu |g(x)|dx hoi tu, th |f (x)|dx hoi tu.
Neu
a b a a
|f (x)|dx
phan ky, th
b
b a
|g(x)|dx
phan ky.
Gii han: Ga s
xb
lim
f (x) = K. g(x) |g(x)|dx |g(x)|dx

b a
Khi o
b a
Neu K = 0, th Neu K = 0, th
a b a
va
|f (x)|dx
a
cung hoi tu hay cung phan ky.

b
hoi tu suy ra
|f (x)|dx
hoi tu.
xb
Dirichlet: Neu
b a
a<b <b
sup
f (x)dx < ,
con la ham n ieu va lim (x) = 0, th
f (x)(x)dx
hoi tu .
Chng minh: Viec chng minh tng t nh tch phan loai 1 hay bang phep oi
bien t = V du. a) Xet b) Xet
1 xb
a tch phan loai 2 ve tch phan loai 1

2
ex dx.
2
So sanh:
1
ex e|x| ,
+
va
1
sin x dx, xp
0 + cos x
ex dx
hoi tu. Suy ra tch phan ang xet hoi tu. hay
b 1
xp
dx (p > 0).
b
Theo dau hieu Dirichlet tch phan 1 0, nen tch phan tren hoi tu. + sin x2 dx, c) Tch phan Fresnel:
sin xdx
+
cos xdx
b chan va
1 xp
giam ve
cos x2 dx hoi
tu v sau khi oi bien t = x2 ,
83
+ 0
tch phan co dang a cho v du b) vi p = 1 . 2 d) Tch phan sau hoi tu nhng khong hoi tu tuyet oi Tnh hoi tu suy t v du b) vi p = 1. Tch phan khong hoi tu tuyet oi suy t anh gia
+ 0
sin x dx. x
sin x dx x
| sin x| dx x 0 n 1 | sin x|dx k 0 k=1
k=1 (k1) n
| sin x| dx x
1 2
1 +, k k=1
khi n
e) Xet
1 0
ln x dx (p < 1). xp
So sanh gii han: vi p < q < 1, p : q = xqp ln x 0, khi x 0+ , va x x hoi tu. Suy ra tch phan ang xet hoi tu. + ex xp1 dx, hoi tu khi p > 0. f) Ham Gamma: (p) = 0 ieu o suy t: 1 1 so sanh vi ham p1 , ex xp1 dx, hoi tu khi p 1 > 1, so sanh vi ham
x e 2,
ln x
1 0
dx xq
0 + 1 0
ex xp1 dx,
hoi tu vi moi p. hoi tu khi p, q > 0.
g) Ham Beta: B(p, q) = ieu o suy t:

1/2 1 0
xp1 (1 x)q1 dx,
xp1 (1 x)q1 dx,
co ky d tai x = 0, hoi tu khi p 1 > 1

p > 0. n N.
1/2
xp1 (1 x)q1 dx,
co ky d tai x = 1, hoi tu khi q 1 > 1.
Bai tap: Chng minh: (p + 1) = p(p) , + ex dx = n! , Suy ra: (n + 1) = n!

0
V. Chuoi so
Chng nay ta se xet en ly thuyet cac tong vo han: chuoi. Tuy la mot trng hp rieng cua day, nhng v vai tro va cac tnh chat ac thu cua no, nen thng ly thuyet chuoi c khao sat rieng. Chng nay cung neu mot so dau hieu thng c s dung e xet s hoi tu cua chuoi so.
1. Chuoi so
1.1 nh ngha. Mot chuoi so lap t day so (an ) la tong hnh thc vo han
a0 + a1 + a2 + + an + =
n k=0 k=0
ak
Day tong rieng th Day phan d th la S , va ky hieu

n
cua chuoi:
Sn = rn =
ak = a0 + a1 + + an . ak = an+1 + an+2 +
cua chuoi:
S ak = S .
Chuoi tren goi la hoi tu ve th chuoi goi la phan ky. V du. a) Xet chuoi hnh hoc: Khi x = 1, ta co
k=0 k=0
neuu ton tai n Sn = S . Khi o ta noi chuoi co tong lim Trng hp ngc lai, i.e gii han tren khong ton tai,
k=n+1
xk = 1 + x + x2 + . 1 xn+1 1x
Sn = 1 + x + x2 + + xn =
k=0
Vay neu |x| < 1, chuoi hoi tu va b) Xet chuoi ieu hoa:
xk =
1 . 1x
Neu |x| 1, chuoi phan ky.
1 1 1 = 1 + + + . k 2 3 k=1
So sanh dien tch mien gii han bi o th ham y =

Sn = 1 + 1 1 + + 2 n
2 1
1 , x [1, n], x
n n1
ta co
dx + x
3 2
dx + + x
dx = ln n x
Vay chuoi ieu hoa phan ky.
86 c) Xet
1 1 1 = 1 + 2 + 2 + . k2 2 3 k=1 1 1 1 + 2 + + 2 2 2 3 n
So sanh tng so hang, ta co
Sn = 1 +
1 1 1 + + + 1.2 2.3 (n 1)n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + <2 1 2 2 3 (n 1) n n 1+
Vay day tong rieng tang va b chan tren nen chuoi a cho hoi tu. (1)k = 1 1 + 1 1 + phan ky v day tong rieng la day 1-0. d) Chuoi
k=0
Bai tap: Tnh tong cua chuoi
Khong phai luc nao cung de dang tnh c tong cua mot chuoi. Sau ay chung ta se xet en tnh hoi tu cua chuoi.
1 k(k + 1) k=1
1.2 Tieu chuan hoi tu. Day tong rieng hoi tu khi va ch khi no la day Cauchy.
Day n ieu tang hoi tu khi va ch khi no b chan tren. T o ta co 2 tieu chuan quan trong sau
Tieu chuan Cauchy cho chuoi. Chuoi
k=0
ak
hoi tu khi va ch khi vi moi

m
> 0,
ton tai N , sao cho vi moi N n < m, ta co |Sm Sn | = |
ak | < ak
Tieu chuan cho chuoi so dng. Ga s

k=0
ak 0, k .
n
Khi o
k=n+1 k=0
hoi tu khi va
ch khi day tong rieng b chan, i.e ton tai M , sao cho
ak < M, n
k=0
He qua. (ieu kien can) Neu
ak
hoi tu, th lim ak = 0.

k
V du. Dung tieu chuan Cauchy cho mot chng minh khac ve s phan ky cua chuoi ieu hoa:
2n n 1 1 1 > = = k k=n+1 2n 2n 2 k=n+1 2n
Ta cung thay v du nay ak = 0, nhng chuoi khong hoi tu, i.e. ieu ngc lai k cua ieu kien can noi chung khong ung.
1.3 Tnh chat.
Tnh tuyen tnh. Neu
k=0
ak ,
k=0
bk
k=0
hoi tu va c R, th
ak +
k=0
(ak + bk ),
k=0
k=0
cak
hoi tu va
k=0
(ak + bk ) =
bk
k=0
cak = c
ak
k=0
Chng V. Chuoi so
87
Tnh phan oan. S hoi tu cua chuoi khong phu thuoc vao hu han so hang au, i.e vi moi n N, ak hoi tu khi va ch khi ak hoi tu. Khi o
k=0 k=0 k=n
ak =
n1 k=0
ak +
k=n
ak
Tnh ket hp. Ga s

k=0
k=0
ak
hoi tu ve S . Lap chuoi co cac so hang
b0 = a0 + + an0 , b1 = an0 +1 + + an1 , , bk = ank1 +1 + + ank ,
Khi o
bk
cung hoi tu ve S .
Chng minh: Hai tnh chat au suy t gii han cua tong cac day.
Chuoi
bk
tu cua day suy ra s hoi tu cua day con. ieu o chng minh tnh chat th ba. Nhan xet. Chuoi phan ky khong co cac tnh chat tren. V du chuoi 1 1 + 1 1 + khac vi (1 1) + (1 1) + = 0, hay la 1 + (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) + = 1.
k=0
co day tong rieng la day con cua day tong rieng cua
k=0
ak .
T s hoi
Hoan v cac so hang. Cho

Noi chung,
k=0
ak
va
: N N
k=0
la song anh. Lap chuoi co
cac so hang la hoan v cua chuoi a cho:

(1)k+1 . k k=1
k
a(k) .
k
ak
hoi tu ve S , khong suy ra
a(k)
hoi tu ve S . Xet v du chuoi
o la chuoi hoi tu va co tong la ln 2:

ln 2 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T tnh chat tuyen tnh, ta co

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ln 2 = + + + 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 1 1 1 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 4 6 8
Cong hai chuoi tren va dung tnh chat ket hp, ta co

ln 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ln 2 = (1 + 0) + ( + ) + ( 0) + ( ) + ( + 0) + ( + ) + 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + = 1+ + + + + 3 2 5 7 4 9 11 6
Chuoi ve phai lap t hoan v chuoi xuat phat, nhng co tong khac ln 2. That ra, nh ly sau cho thay co the hoan v cac so hang cua chuoi nh chuoi tren,
88 e co chuoi nhan moi ga tr cho trc.
1.4 nh ly Riemann. Ga s
(1) Neu (2) Neu
cho
k=0 k=0
k=0
ak
la chuoi hoi tu. Khi o

a(k)
|ak | |ak |
hoi tu, th chuoi
hoi tu ve cung mot tong, vi moi song anh
:NN
k=0
phan ky. Khi o vi moi c R, ton tai phep hoan v : N N, sao
k=0
a(k) = c.
k=0
Chng minh: Trc het ta co nhan xet la neu

k=0
pk
la chuoi so dng hoi tu, th

= max((0), , (n)),
p(k)
cung hoi tu. That vay vi moi n N, goi N

n k=1 N k=1 k=0
day
tong rieng cua chuoi hoan v la b chan tren:

pk pk < pk
nen hoi tu. Bay gi xet phan dng va phan am cua ak : pk = max(ak , 0) va qk = min(ak , 0). Khi o pk , qk 0, ak = pk qk va |ak | = pk + qk . pk , qk (1) Neu ak hoi tu ve S va |ak | hoi tu, th cac chuoi so dng
k=0
b chan tren bi
S=
k=0
k=0
k=0
k=0
|ak |,
nen hoi tu. Theo nhan xet tren ta co

k=0 k=0
ak =
pk
k=0
qk =
k=0
k=0
p(k)
k=0
k=0
q(k) = qk
k=0
a(k)
(2) Neu
k
k=0
ak
hoi tu va
|ak |
phan ky, th
pk
va
k=0
phan ky (= +), vi
Cho c R, lap chuoi hoan v t nh sau: Goi k0 la so be nhat sao cho: c < p0 + + pk0 . Goi k1 la so be nhat sao cho: p0 + + pk0 q0 qk1 < c. Goi k2 la so be nhat sao cho: c < p0 + + pk0 q0 qk1 + pk0 +1 + + pk2 . ak ma tong rieng giao ong Lap nh vay ta co hoan v cac so hang cua chuoi quanh c va tien ve c.
k=0
lim pk = lim qk = 0.
k
Chng V. Chuoi so
2. Cac dau hieu hoi tu
89
2.1 Cac dau hieu hoi tu tuyet oi.

Hoi tu tuyet oi: Neu
Neu
|ak |
hoi tu, th
|ak |
k=0
ak
hoi tu.
So sanh: Ga s ton tai N , sao cho |ak | |bk |, k N . Khi o

|bk |
k=0
hoi tu, th
hoi tu. Neu
|ak |
phan ky, th
k=0
|bk |
phan ky.
k=0
So sanh gii han: Ga s

Neu K = 0, th Neu K = 0, th va
k=0
|ak | = K. k |bk | lim
k=0
k=0
|ak | |bk |
va
|bk |
cung hoi tu hay phan ky.

k=0 k=0
k=0
hoi tu suy ra
|ak | |bk |
hoi tu phan ky.
k=0 k=0
|ak |
phan ky suy ra
DAlembert: Ga s
Neu r < 1, th
|ak+1 | = r. k |ak | lim |ak |

k
Khi o
k=0
hoi tu. Neu r > 1, th Khi o
|ak |
phan ky.
Cauchy: Ga s
k=0 k k=0
lim
|ak | = r.
Neu r < 1, th
+
|ak |
hoi tu. Neu r > 1, th

f (k)
k=0
|ak |
phan ky .
Tch phan: Ga s
0
f : [0, +) R
k=0
la ham n ieu giam ve 0. Khi o tch phan

m k=n m k=n
f (x)dx
va chuoi
cung hoi tu hay cung phan ky.

ak |ak |.
Chng minh: T bat ang thc tam giac ta co
Tieu chuan Cauchy
suy ra dau hieu au. Dau hieu so sanh suy t

|bk |
n k=0
|ak |
n k=0
|bk |,
va tnh hoi tu cua chuoi so dng tng
ng vi tnh b chan cua day tong rieng. |a | Ga s lim k = K . Khi o vi > 0, ton tai N , sao cho khi k > N ,
k
(K )|bk | |ak | (K + )|bk |
Vay dau hieu so sanh gii han suy t dau hieu so sanh. |a | Ga s gii han cua t so lim k+1 = r. k |ak | Trng hp r < 1: vi r 1: vi r > q > 1, ton tai N , sao cho |a n+1 | > q|an |, n N . Tng t anh gia tren, t viec so sanh vi chuoi phan ky qk , suy ra chuoi phan ky. Ga s gii han cua can so lim n |ak | = r. k Trng hp r < 1: vi r 1: vi r > q > 1, ton tai N , sao cho |a n | > qn , n N . Tng t anh gia tren, t viec so sanh vi chuoi phan ky qk , suy ra chuoi |ak | phan ky. Gia s f giam tren [0, +). Khi o f (k + 1) f (x) f (k), khi k x k + 1. k+1 f (x)dx f (k). Vay vi 0 < n < m, ta co Suy ra f (k + 1)
k m+1 k=n+1
f (k)
m n
f (x)dx
m k=n
f (k)
T tieu chuan Cauchy ve s hoi tu cua tch phan suy rong va cua chuoi, suy ra tch + f va chuoi f (k) cung hoi tu hay cung phan ky. phan
0
V du. a) Xet s hoi tu cua hoc

1 2k k=0
k=0
sin k . 2k k=0
Dung au hieu so sanh:
1 sin k k k 2 2
va chuoi hnh
hoi tu. Chuoi a cho hoi tu.

1 kp k=1 k2
b) Dau hieu so sanh gii han: ta thng so sanh |a k | vi v du e) se chng minh Chuoi Chuoi Chuoi
k=0
1 , kp
khi k .
hoi tu khi p > 1, phan ky khi p 1. khi k . khi k .
k2
k +1
phan ky v
k 1 , +1 k
k 5 + k3 + 1 k k=0 1 e 1+ k k=1
hoi tu v
k p
k 1 3/2 , 5 + k3 + 1 k k
hoi tu khi p > 1 v theo khai trien Taylor cua ln(1 + x)
Chng V. Chuoi so
91
va ex (vi x = ) ta co so sanh
ak = = = 1 e 1+ k
1 1
1 k
= e ek ln(1+ k )
p
1
p
1
e ek( k 2k2 +o( k2 ) ) e e(1

k=1 1 2k
= e e1 2k +o( k )) p 1 p 1 1 1 + o( ) p p + o( k )) = 2k k 2 k
c) Xet s hoi tu cua

lim
k!
x k
. Dung dau hieu DAlembert:

= lim x 1
k
|ak+1 | k = lim x k |ak | k k+1
1 k+1
k+1
1 k+1
= |x|e1
Vay chuoi hoi tu khi |x| < e va phan ky khi |x| > e. ek Khi |x| = e, theo cong thc Stirling k! 2kkk ek , nen |ak | = k! k k khi o chuoi phan ky theo ieu kien can. 1 2 1 (1 + )k . Dung dau hieu Cauchy: d) Xet s hoi tu cua k
k=1
2k.
Vay
lim
|ak | = lim
1 e 1 (1 + )k = > 1 k 2 k 2 1 . xp
Vay chuoi phan ky. e) Xet s hoi tu cua
1 . kp k=1
Dung dau hieu tch phan ta xet ham f (x) =

+
Ham
hoi tu khi va ch khi p > 1. Vay chuoi a cho giam tren [1, ) va tch phan xp 1 hoi tu khi va ch khi p > 1. 1 hoi tu khi va ch khi p > 1. ieu nay suy t s hoi tu cua Tng t, p
2
dx
dx . x lnp x
k=2
k ln k
Bai tap: Xet s hoi tu cua cac chuoi so

k=1
k1 k+1
k(k+1)
Nhan xet. Khi r = 1 dau hieu DAlembert cung nh dau hieu Cauchy khong ket luan c chuoi hoi tu hay phan ky (xem v du e)) Nhan xet. Dau hieu Cauchy manh hn dau hieu DAlembert theo ngha sau:
Neu lim
k
(k!)2 1 1 ln k , , , , . k2 k ln k ln(ln k) k=3 k ln k ln(ln k) ln(ln ln k)) k=1 k p 2 k=0 k=2
1 (a > 0), 1 + ak k=0
k , 3+1 k k=0
k=1
sin
2 , k
|ak+1 | = r, |ak |
th lim
|ak | = r. 3 + (1)k . 2k+1
Chieu ngc lai khong co. Chang han chuoi vi so hang ak =
92
Chng minh: T ga thiet vi moi > 0, ton tai N sao cho
(r )|ak | < |ak+1 | < (r + )|ak |, k N
Suy ra
(r )kN |aN | < |ak | = |aN +(kN ) | < (r + )kN |aN |
Hay A(r )k < |ak | < B(r + )k , vi A = |aN |/(r )N va B = |aN |/(r + )N . Suy ra k A(r ) < k |ak | < k B(r + ). Vay r lim inf k |ak | lim sup k |ak | r + . V bat ang thc tren ung vi moi > 0, nen r lim inf k |ak | lim sup k |ak | r. Suy ra lim k |ak | = r. k Bai tap: Chng minh phan sau cua khang nh tren.
2.2 Cac dau hieu hoi tu cho chuoi an dau. n

Dirichlet: Neu day cac tong rieng Sn =
k=0 k=0
ak
b chan va (bk ) la day n ieu hoi tu
ve 0, th
ak bk
hoi tu.
k=0
Leibniz: Neu day (ak ) n ieu ve 0, th chuoi an dau Abel: Neu

k=0
(1)k ak
k=0
hoi tu. hoi tu.
ak
hoi tu va (bk ) la day n ieu b chan, th
ak bk
Chng minh: Trc het ta co cong thc tnh tong tng phan:
m k=n
ak bk =
(Sk Sk1 )bk = Sm bm Sn1 bn
m1 k=n
Sk (bk+1 bk )
k=n
Bay gi ta chng minh dau hieu Dirichlet. Ga s |Sn | b chan bi M va (bk ) la day n ieu hoi tu ve 0. Theo cong thc tren, ta co
m k=n
ak bk M |bm | + M |bn | + M
k=0
m1 k=n
|bk+1 bk | = M (|bm | + |bn | + |bm bn |)
Theo tieu chuan Cauchy
ak bk
hoi tu.
n
Dau hieu Leibniz suy t dau hieu Dirichlet v tong rieng Sn = e chng minh dau hieu Abel, ga s
k=0
(1)k
k=0
b chan.
ak
hoi tu va (bk ) la day tang en b.

k=0
at ck = b bk . Khi o ck giam ve 0, va theo dau hieu Dirichlet
ak ck
hoi tu.
Chng V. Chuoi so
93
ak b
k=0
Suy ra
k=0
ak bk =
k=0
ak ck
hoi tu.
Trng hp day (bk ) giam, ap dung ket qua tren cho (bk ). V du. a) p-chuoi an dau b) Xet cac chuoi
(1)k , kp k=1
vi p > 0, la hoi tu theo dau hieu Leibniz.

cos kx . k k=1
T cong thc lng giac
sin kx k k=1
va
2 sin kx sin 1 x = cos(k 1 )x cos(k + 1 )x 2 2 2 2 cos kx sin 1 x = sin(k + 1 )x sin(k 1 )x 2 2 2
Suy ra khi sin 1 x = 0, i.e. 2
x = 2k (k Z),
th
= cos 1 x cos(n + 1 )x 2 2 2 sin 1 x 2 sin(n + 1 )x sin 1 x 2 2 2 sin 1 x 2
sin x + sin 2x + + sin nx
cos x + cos 2x + + cos nx =
Ve phai b chan, nen theo dau hieu Dirichlet hai chuoi tren hoi tu khi x = 2k.
Bai tap
So thc - Day so.
1. Chng minh cac so sau la vo t: Q, ad bc = 0, x Q).
n+1 1 + (1)n n2 : n N} A={ n+1 ax + b (a, b, c, d 3, 2 + 6, 3 5 4 3, cx + d
2. Tm sup A, inf A, max A, min A, neu ton tai, khi: 1 1 (1)n a) A = { : n N} b) A = { n +

2 n+1
: n N}
c)
3. Cho A, B R. Gia s A b chan va B A. So sanh sup A, sup B, inf A, inf B . 4. Cho A, B R la cac tap khac trong b chan. Chng minh oi vi A B th sao?
m : m Z, n N} 2n sup(A B) = max(sup A, sup B), inf(A B) = min(inf A, inf B). D={
5. Chng minh tap cac so dyadic
la tru mat trong R.
6. Cho D tru mat trong R, va F la tap con hu han cua D. Chng minh D \ F tru mat trong R. 7. Vi
1 1 1 { 10 , 100 , , 10n },
tm N , sao cho:
e y khi cang be, th N cang ln. Chng 8. Tm N sao cho

1 < 0, 03, n N . n+1
n 1 < , n N n+1 n = 1. minh n lim n+1
Chng minh n lim
1 = 0. n+1
9. Day nao trong cac day sau ay hoi tu, tien ra vo cung hay giao ong: a) an = 21n b) an = sin n c) an = 10n d) an = n sin 2 n n tg( 1 ) f) a = n2 e) an = (1) 2 n n 10. Chng minh cac day sau la vo cung be, i.e. cho > 0, tm N sao cho |a n | < , vi moi n N (1)n b) an = sin c) an = qn (|q| < 1) a) an = n
n
11. Chng minh cac day sau la vo cung ln, i.e. cho E > 0, tm N sao cho |a n | > E , vi moi n N a) an = (1)n n b) an = ln ln n c) an = qn (|q| > 1) 12. ien vao ncac gii han c ban sau: a np b) n n = lim (a > 1) c) n n n = lim a) n = lim d) n
n! n lim n! = a 1 lim 1 + n n
e)
96 13. Tnh cac gii han sau: n + (1)n b) n+ lim a) n+ lim n d) g) n+

5n2 + n 7 n c) n+ 2 lim 2 2n + 6 n (1) 7n n +n+1 n 5 2n 1 1 + 2 + + n f) n+ 4 lim e) n+ cos lim lim n+ 5 + 2n+1 n 2 9n + 1 n( n + 1 n + 2) lim ( n2 + 5 n2 + 3) h) lim
n+
1 1 1 + + + i) n+ lim 1.2 2.3 n(n + 1) 1 + a + + an k) n+ lim (|a|, |b| < 1) 1 + b + + bn
j) n+(1 lim l) n+ lim

n
1 1 1 )(1 2 ) (1 2 ) 2 2 3 n
3 + sin n
n+
14. Cho R. Ga s
Z.
Chng minh khong ton tai n+ sin n, lim
lim cos n.
15. Chng minh neu n an = L = 0, th day ((1)n an ) giao ong. lim

lim 16. Chng minh neu an M va n an = L, th L M . lim 17. Chng minh neu n an = L th n |an | = |L|. lim
18. Cho v du day (|an |) hoi tu nhng day (an ) khong hoi tu. Neu gii han la 0 th sao? 19. Cho an =
1.3...(2n 1) . 2.4.6...2n
Chng minh an <

1 n n
1 . 2n + 1
n
Suy ra n an = 0. lim
1
20. Da vao tnh chat kep 22. Lap luan sau sai au?
1+
<e< 1+
1 n1
, tnh n+ n(e n 1) lim
21. Chng minh neu day (an ) gii noi, con (bn ) tien ve 0, th (an bn ) tien ve 0.
n n n 1 1 sin = lim lim sin = 0. lim sin =0 n n+ n n+ n n 2 2 2 lim
23. ung hay sai: mot day so dng khong b chan th tien ra vo cung. 24. Cho a0
= 1, an = 1 + an1 . = lim an goi la t le vang.
n
Chng minh day

n+1
(an )
n ieu, b chan. Tm
< 1 . n
25. Chng minh day tn =

1
1+ 1
1 n
giam. Suy ra
1 1 < ln 1 + n+1 n
26. Cho an = 1 + + + ln n. Chng minh day (an ) la day n ieu, b chan 2 n nen hoi tu. = n an = 0, 5772156649 goi la hang so Euler. lim 27. ung hay sai: neu (an ) n ieu tang va an+1 an , th (an ) hoi tu.
1 n
Bai tap
a +a
97
28. Cho a1 > a2 > 0 va an+1 = n n1 , (n 2). Chng minh day a1 , a3 , a5 , ... 2 lim giam, day a2 , a4 , a6 , ... tang. Suy ra ton tai n an = L. Tnh L 29. Dung tieu chuan Cauchy xet s hoi tu cac day: a) sn = a0 + a1 x + + an xn , trong o |x| < 1, va |ak | < M, k. 1 1 1 b) Hn = 1 + + + + .
2 3 n
30. Gia s ton tai 0 < r < 1, sao cho |an+1 an | Crn , n. Chng minh (an ) la day Cauchy nen hoi tu. . Chng minh an 2, khi n 1. Suy ra (an ) 31. Cho a0 = 1, an = 1 + an1 2 la day Cauchy (nen hoi tu). Tm = n an . lim 32. Chng minh day an = esin 5n co day con hoi tu. 33. Tm mot day gii noi co 3 day con hoi tu ve 3 gii han khac nhau. 34. Tm lim supn an va lim inf n an khi: n 3 n cos a) an = (1)n (2 + ) b) an = 1 +
n n+1 2 lim 35. Cho day so dng (an ). Chng minh neu n an = a, th day trung bnh cong va day trung bnh nhan: sn = a1 + + an , n pn = n a1 an 1 3
cung hoi tu ve a
lim 36. Cho day so dng (an ). Chng minh neu n
Ap dung cho an =
nn n!
, suy ra n lim
n =e n n!
an+1 = a, an
th n lim
an = a.
Gii han va tnh lien tuc cua ham so

1. Cho f : I R, I R. Xet day so (xn ) c nh ngha e qui:
x0 I
la gia tr au,
xn+1 = f (xn ) (n = 0, 1, 2, )
Ta co the dung o th ham f e khao sat cac tnh chat cua day (xn ) (tnh n ieu, b chan, hoi tu, ) bang cach: - Ve cac iem (xn , f (xn )), (xn+1, xn+1 ), (xn+1 , f (xn+1), n = 0, 1, 2, . - T o tm qui luat cua day (xn ) phu thuoc vao gia tr au x0 va f . Hay tien hanh cach lam tren khi: 1 c) f (x) = x2 x + 1. a) f (x) = 1 + x b) f (x) = 1 +
x
2. Cho > 0, tm > 0 (phu thuoc va a) sao cho |f (x) L| < , khi |x a| < . 1 a) f (x) = , a = 1, L = 1 b) f (x) = x2 , a = 2, L = 4.
x
98 3. Chng minh
x0
lim sin
cung tien ve 0, nhng 2 day (sin
1 x
khong ton tai bang cach ch ra 2 day so

1 ) xn
(xn )
va
va (sin
x
1 ) xn
(xn )
tien ve 2 gii han khac nhau.

ln(1 + x) = x
4. ien vao cac gii han c ban: 1 sin x = b) x+ 1 + lim a) x0 lim d)

x ax 1 = lim x0 x
e)
= x p1 (1 + x) lim = x0 x
c) x0 lim
5. Tnh cac gii han: x2 1 a) x0 2 lim d) h)
x2 1 b) x 2 lim 2x x 1 2x x 1 m x1 3 3 lim ( x + 1 x) e) lim x+ x1 n x 1 x x2 2x 1 sin x lim i) x0 lim 2 4x + 2 x+ x x
3 sin x xsin x
x + 13 2 x + 1 c) x3 lim x2 9 2 sin 5x f) x0 lim g) x0(1 + x2 ) x2 lim tan 8x
6. Chng minh khi x 0, ta co x2 a) (1 + x)p = 1 + px + o(x) b) sin x = x + o(x) c) cos x = 1 + o(x) 2 d) ex = 1 + x + o(x) e) ln(1 + x) = x + o(x) Viet lai cac ang thc tren bi so sanh tng ng . 7. Hay so sanh ax (a > 1),
xp , ln x,
khi x +.
8. Tm gii han pha phai va trai tai 0 cua cac ham: a) signx b) [x] c) x 9. Chng minh neu f lien tuc tai a va f (a) > 0, th ton tai h > 0 sao cho f (x) > 0 vi moi x, a h < x < a + h. 10. Chng minh neu f va g lien tuc th |f |, 11. Xet tnh lien tuc cua cac ham: x + x2 a) f (x) = 2 , x = 1. f (1) = 0
x 1 sin x , x = 0. f (0) = . b) f (x) = x 1 c) f (x) = x x1 , x = 1. f (1) = . max(f, g). min(f, g)
cung lien tuc.
12. Cho f (x) = sign x va g(x) = x(1 x2 ). Tm f (g(x)). Suy ra cac iem gian oan cua f g . 13. Chng minh Bo e dan: Gia s f lien tuc tren [a, b] va g lien tuc tren [b, c]. nh ngha ham h bi h(x) = f (x), x [a, b] con h(x) = g(x), x (b, c]. Khi o h lien tuc khi va ch khi f (b) = g(b). 14. Xac nh cac iem gian oan va loai cua chung, khi: 1 1 a) f (x) = arctg( 2 ) b) f (x) = ex+ x c) f (x) = sign(sin ).
x 1 x
Bai tap
p
99
1
15. Cho f : [0, 1] [0, 1] xac nh bi: neu x = la phan so toi gian th f (x) = ; q q neu x vo t th f (x) = 0. Chng minh f lien tuc tai cac iem vo t, khong lien tuc tai cac iem hu t. 1 p ( Hd: vi moi > 0 ch co hu han phan so toi gian ma > )
q q
16. Cho f : R R thoa f (tx) = tf (x) vi moi t, x R. Chng minh f lien tuc. 17. Tm tat ca cac ham f : R R, lien tuc va thoa: 18. Tm tat ca cac ham f : R R, lien tuc va thoa:
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y). f (x + y) = f (x)f (y). f (xy) = f (x) + f (y). f (xy) = f (x)f (y). min.
19. Tm tat ca cac ham f : R+ R, lien tuc va thoa: 20. Tm tat ca cac ham f : R+ R, lien tuc va thoa:
21. Tm v du f lien tuc tren R nhng f khong at max,
22. Tm v du f tien tuc tren [0, 1) at max nhng khong at min. 23. Cho f : R R lien tuc va x f (x) = +. Chng minh ton tai lim min{f (x) : x R}. 24. Chng minh mot a thc bac le luon co nghiem thc. 25. Chng minh nh luat Descartes: Cho a thc
P (x) = a0 + a1 x + + aj xj aj+1 xj+1 an xn ,
trong o ak 0, k, va a0 + + aj > 0, aj+1 + + an > 0. Khi o P (x) co ung mot nghiem dng. P (x) ( Hd: Ham j giam tren (0, +).)
x
26. Chng minh phng trnh tan x = x co vo so nghiem. 27. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren khoang I . Chng minh vi moi x 1 , , xn I , ton 1 tai c I , sao cho f (c) = (f (x1) + + f (xn )).
n
28. Chng minh neu f : [a, b] [a, b] la ham lien tuc, th f co iem bat ong, i.e. ton tai x0 [a, b] sao cho f (x0 ) = x0 . 29. Cho f : [1, 2] [0, 3] lien tuc, f (1) = 0, f (2) = 3. Chng minh f co iem bat ong. 30. Cho f : [a, b] R la ham lien tuc, f (a)f (b) < 0. Neu phng phap xap x tm nghiem phng trnh f (x) = 0. 31. Tnh gan ung
2 vi sai so
bang phng phap chia oi tm nghiem x 2 2 = 0.
32. Vi > 0 cho trc, tm > 0 sao cho: | sin x sin x | < , khi |x x| < . Suy ra tnh lien tuc eu cua ham sin tren R.
100 33. Cho ham f : X R. Gia s f thoa ieu kien Lipschitz tren X :
L > 0 : |f (x) f (x )| L|x x |, x, x X
Chng minh khi o f lien tuc eu tren X . 34. Xet tnh lien tuc eu cua cac ham sau tren mien c ch nh: a) f (x) = x3 , 0 x 1. Tren mien 0 x < th sao? 1 , 0 x < . b) f (x) = x + sin x, x < + c) f (x) = 1 + x2 d) f (x) = sin , 0 < x < . (Hay ve o th)
x
Phep tnh vi phan

1. Cho ham f xac nh tren mot khoang cha x 0 . Ga s f co the xap x bi ham bac nhat tai x0 , ngha la
f (x0 + h) = a + bh + o(h), khi h 0
Chng minh khi o a = f (x0 ), 2. Chng minh khi h 0, ta co: a) (x + h)2 = x2 + 2x.h + o(h)
b = lim
h0
f (x0 + h) f (x0 ) . h
b) sin(x + h) = sin x + cos x.h + o(h)
3. Tnh f (x), tren mien xac nh cua no: a) f (x) = sin x2 b) f (x) = cos3 (2x) c) f (x) = ln(sin(x2 + 1)) d) f (x) = x x + x e) f (x) = xx f) f (x) = (ax )a g) f (x) = (xa )x h) f (x) = x x i) f (x) = x(1 + x2 )tan x 4. Xet tnh kha vi va tnh ao ham t pha f+ (x), f (x) cua: mo 3 2 1| b) f (x) = x2 a) f (x) = |x 1 c) f (x) = xn sin , neu x = 0; f (0) = 0, vi n N
x
5. Chng minh ham f (x) = x2 sin
1 , f (0) = 0 x
la kha vi nhng f khong lien tuc.
6. Xac nh a e o th ham f (x) = ax2 tiep xuc vi o th ham g(x) = ln x. 7. Xac nh goc gia cac tiep tuyen cua cac ng cong y = x2 va x = y 2 tai giao iem. 8. ung hay sai: neu ham f xac nh tren (a, b), kha vi tai c va f (c) > 0, th f n ieu tang tren mot lan can cua c. 9. Cho f (x) = x, neu x hu t; f (x) = sin x, neu x vo t. Chng minh f nhng f khong tang. 10. Chng minh neu f kha vi tai c (a, b) va f cho f (x) > f (c).
(c) > 0, (0) = 1,
th ton tai x, c < x 0) c) x < sin x < x (x > 0) 2 6 d) (xp + yp )1/p < (xq + yq )1/q (0 < x, y; 0 < q < p) 12. Cho
: (a, b) R la ham kha vi. Gia s ton tai M > 0, |(x)| < M, x (a, b). at f (x) = x + (x), x (a, b). Chng minh f la n anh khi kha be. x 3 3x + k = 0
13. Chng minh khong ton tai k R e phng trnh tren [0, 1]. 14. Chng minh rang neu
co 2 nghiem phng trnh
a1 an1 a0 + + + + an = 0, th n+1 n 2 n + a xn1 + + a = 0 co t nhat mot nghiem tren [0, 1]. a0 x 1 n a0 xn+1 ( Hd: Xet ham f (x) = + + an x) n+1
15. Cho ham f co ao ham cap n tren [a, b]. Ap dung nh ly Rolle chng minh: neu f (x) = 0 co 3 nghiem thuoc [a, b], th ton tai c (a, b) sao cho f (c) = 0. Hay tong quat hoa khi f (x) = 0 co n + 1 nghiem. 16. Chng minh tnh chat Darboux: Neu f co ao ham tai moi iem tren [a, b], th f nhan moi gia tr trung gian gia f (a) va f (b). ( Hd: Xet ham g(x) = f (x) x vi la ga tr nam gia f (a) va f (b), roi chng minh g phai at max hay min tai mot iem c (a, b)) 17. T bai tren chng minh ham f (x) = 0 neu 1 x < 0, f (x) = 1 neu 0 x 1, khong the co nguyen ham tren [1, 1]. 18. Cac ham so sau co thoa nh ly gia tr trung bnh? Neu co, hay tm f (b) f (a) = f (c)(b a): x x (0 x 2) b) f (x) = (2 x 4) a) f (x) = x1 x1 c) f (x) = Ax + B (a x b) d) f (x) = 1 x2/3 (1 x 1)
c
19. Gia s f lien tuc tren [3, 5], kha vi tren (3, 5) va f (3) = 6, f (5) = 10. Chng minh ton tai c (3, 5) sao cho ng thang tiep xuc vi f tai iem co hoanh o c i qua goc toa o.
= oi vi cac ham: 20. Tm ga tr c thoa g (c) g(b) g(a) a) f (x) = x, g(x) = x2 (0 x 1) b) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = cos x ( x 0). 2 f (c) f (b) f (a)
21. Ap dung nh ly gia tr trung bnh chng minh cac bat ang thc: a) | sin a sin b| |a b| b) | arctan a arctan b| |a b| 1 x 1 x+1 <e< 1+ (x > 0) c) 1 +
x x
102 22. Da vao |f (x)f (a)|

|f (x) f (a)| <
c[a,x]
sup |f (c)||xa|, anh gia s hoi tu cua f (x) ve f (a) >0
theo ngon ng - : vi sai so . 1 a) f (x) = x2 b) f (x) =

x
cho trc, tm , sao cho khi |x a| < , th
23. Cho f va g la hai ham kha vi en cap n, h = Leibniz: a) h (c) = f (c)g(c) + 2f (c)g (c) + f (c)g (c) . n n! f (k) (c)g (nk) (c) . b) h(n)(c) =
k=0
f g.
Chng minh cong thc
k!(n k)!
24. Dung cong thc Leibniz tnh f (100) khi: x 1+x a) f (x) = x3 sin x b) f (x) = x2 e a c) f (x) = 25. Tnh ao ham cap n cua cac ham ax ,
1
1x
sin(ax + b), loga x, (1 + x)p .
. 26. Tnh f (n)(x) cua ham f (x) = 2 x 3x + 2 ( Hd: Hay phan tch f (x) thanh cac phan thc hu t) 27. Viet khai trien Taylor tai x0 cua ham f (x) = xn . 28. T khai trien Taylor tai x = 0 cua ham f (x) = (1 + x)n , suy ra cong thc nh thc Newton. 29. Tm a thc bac 4, thoa:
P (2) = 1, P (2) = 0, P (2) = 12, P (2) = 24.
30. Chng minh vi moi a > 0, h > 0, n N, ton tai [0, 1] sao cho:
1 h h2 (1)n1 hn1 (1)n hn 1 = 2 + 3 + + + . a+h a a a an (a + h)n+1
31. Da vao khai trien Taylor cac ham s cap c ban, viet khai trien Taylor tai 0, dang phan d Peano, en bac 4, cac ham sau: 1 a) f (x) = ln(2 cos x + sin x). b) f (x) = e 1+x . c) f (x) = (1 + x) x . 32. Cho f (x) = ln(1 + x) va g(x) = arctan x. a) Tnh f (n)(0) va g (n)(0). Suy ra khai trien Taylor cua f va g tai x0 = 0. b) Suy ra cac cong thc tnh gan ung:
ln 2 = 1 1 1 1 + + + (1)n1 + Rn 2 3 n 1 1 1 = 1 + + + (1)n + Rn 4 3 5 2n + 1 c) Hay xac nh N sao cho khi n > N , th sai
so |Rn | < 103

3 29, sin 46o , ln(1, 05),
33. Dung cong thc Taylor tnh gan ung cac gia tr: so < 103
vi sai
Bai tap
103
1 1 ) d) lim x x x+ x sin x sin(x sin x) 1 x + ln x g) x1 lim lim 31 x0 1+x 1 2x x2
34. Dung qui tac LHospital hay khai trien Taylor tnh: 1 tan x x ln x a) lim+ b) x+ 0,0001 c) x0( lim lim
x0
e)
x sin x 1 1 ax + bx lim x+ 2
(a, b > 0)
f)
35. Chng to khong the dung qui tac LHospital e tnh cac gii han sau. Hay tnh cac gii han o bang cach khac: 1 x2 sin x x sin x b) x lim a) x0 lim
sin x x + sin x
36. Cong thc sai phan. Cho f la ham kha vi en cap n. nh ngha: Sai phan cap 1 cua f tai a: h f (a) = f (a + h) f (a) k1 Sai phan cap k cua f tai a: k f (a) = h (h f (a)), k = 2, 3, , n. h 2 f (a). a) Tnh h b) Dung qui tac LHospital suy ra cong thc tnh gan ung:
f (a) 2 f (a) f (a + 2h) 2f (a + h) + f (a) h = , 2 h h2 n f (a) h , hn
khi h 0
c) Tnh k f (a). h d) Suy ra cong thc tnh gan ung
f (n) (a)
khi h 0.
37. Tm max, min cac ham sau: a) f (x) = |x2 3x + 2|, x [10, 10] c) f (x) = xn (1 x)m , x [0, 1]
b) f (x) =
5 4x, x [1, 1]
38. Cho a, b > 0 va m, n N. a) Tm gia tr ln nhat cua am bn , khi a + b la hang. b) Tm gia tr nho nhat cua am + bn , khi ab la hang. 39. Tm hnh ch nhat co dien tch ln nhat, noi tiep va co cac canh song song vi x2 y 2 cac truc cua Ellip 2 + 2 = 1.
a b
40. Tm gia tr a sao cho p(x) = x2 + a co sai so be nhat vi 0 tren [1, 1], i.e. gia tr a lam cc tieu sup |p(x)|.
x[1,1]
41. Sai so cua f (x) va g(x) tren [a, b] c nh ngha la sai so khi: a) f (x) = xn , g(x) = 1, x [1, 1] b) f (x) = 1 + x + + xn , g(x) = 42. Khao sat cac ham so: a) f (x) = arcsin x + arccos x
1 , x [r, r] 1x
x[a,b]
sup |f (x) g(x)|.
Tm
(0 < r < 1 2x 1 x2
b) f (x) = 2 arctan x + arctan
104 c) f (x) = f)
x3 + 4 x2 x f (x) = ln x1
d) f (x) =
3 1 x3
e) f (x) = xex
43. Xet phng trnh bac 3: x3 + px + q = 0. Dung phng phap khao sat ham so, hay xac nh ieu kien cua p, q sao cho phng trnh: a) vo nghiem b) co 1 nghiem c) co 2 nghiem d) co 3 nghiem. Hay ve tap hp (p, q) o trong mat phang. 44. Hay dung tnh chat loi hay lom cua ham so chng minh cac bat ang thc: a+b 1 a+b ln ab (a, b > 0) b) ln a) e 2 (ea + eb ) c) d) x ln x + y ln y (x + y) ln 45. Chng minh vi a)
ab ap p + bq q p, q > 0, , x+y 2 2n 1 (xn + y n ) 2 2 (x, y > 0, n > 1) x+y 2
(x, y > 0) ta co:
1 1 + = 1, p q
(a, b > 0, )
n k=1
b) Bat ang thc H older:
ak bk
n k=1
|ak |
1 p
n k=1
|bk |
1 q
( Hd: Chia ve trai cho ve phai roi ap dung a) cho tng so hang) c) Bat ang thc Minkowski:
n
p
|ak + bk |p
n
p
|ak |p +
n k=1
|bk |p
k=1
k=1
( Hd: T |ak + bk |p |ak ||ak + bk |p1 + |bk ||ak + bk |p1 , ap dung b) ) 46. Phng phap Newton. Cho f : [a, b] R la ham kha vi en cap 2. Gia s f (a) < 0 < f (b), vaf (x) > 0, f (x) > 0, x e tm day hoi tu ve nghiem cua f (x) = 0, ta lap day sau: x0 = b, xn+1 = giao iem cua tiep tuyen cua f tai (xn , f (xn )) vi truc hoanh a) Hay ve hnh e thay y cua phng phap. f (xn ) . b) Chng minh: xn+1 = xn f (xn ) c) Chng minh vi gia thiet tren (xn ) hoi tu ve nghiem cua f (x) = 0. d) Dung phng phap tren tnh gan ung 2 vi sai so 106 , bang cach xet f (x) = x2 2, x [1, 2]. e) Cac gia thiet tng t nao cho f e co the ap dung phng phap Newton?
Phep tnh tch phan

1. Tnh cac tch phan bat nh: Bang phng phap oi bien:
Bai tap
105
x 4 + x2 dx dx (1 + x) x
a) e)
b) f)
xex dx 4 x2 dx
c) g)
ln xdx x 1 + ln x a2 + x2 dx
d)
sin x cos3 xdx 1 + cos2 x
Bang phng phap tch phan tng phan: ln x dx d) a) x2 ex dx b) x2 ln xdx c) 3

x
ex sin xdx
e)
arcsin x dx x2 x2 dx x6 1
a)
Ham hu t:
e)
dx 4 x2 2 x dx 2 + 1)2 x(x
b) f)
dx x+1 c) dx 2 1)(x2 + 1) (x (x2 + 1)2 dx x2 dx g) x4 + 1 (1 x)100
d)
Ham can thc:
a) d)
dx x(1 + 2 x + 3 x) dx (x + 1) x2 + x + 1
b) e)
x2 dx c) x x+1 dx x + x2 + 2x
1 x+1 dx 1+ 3x+1 f) x+ 4x + 10dx
a)
Ham lng giac:
d)
dx dx b) ( > 0) c) 2 sin x cos x + 5 1 + cos x cos5 xdx e) cos 3x sin 5xdx f) sin4 x cos5 xdx
sin4 xdx
g)
sin2 x cos4 xdx
2. Dung cong thc qui nap theo n N, tnh: dx b) In = sinn xdx, Jn = a) In (a) = 2 2 n
(a + x )
cosn xdx
c) In =
xn ex dx
3. Biet rang cac ham sau tuy co nguyen ham nhng nguyen ham cua chung khong la ham s cap:
ex ,
2
1 sin x , , x ln x
1 (1 x2 )(1 k 2 x2 )
(0 < k < 1) 1 . 1 k 2 sin
Chng minh cac ham sau cung vay:
ex ex , ln x cos x, , sin x2 , x x
4. Lap tong tren va tong di cua f vi phan hoach P : a) f (x) = x , x [0, 1], P = {0, 1 , 2 , 1}. 3 3 1 2 b) f (x) = x , x [0, 1], P = {0, n , n , , n }. n 1 2 c) f (x) = x2 , x [0, 1], P = {0, n , n , , n }. n d) f (x) = sin x, x [0, ], P = {0, 2n , 2 , , n }. 2n 2n e) Neu y ngha hnh hoc viec lay tong tren.
2 1 f (x) = , x [a, b], P = {a, aq, , aq n = b} (0 < a < b). x
106 5. Tnh cac gii han cua tong tren bai b) c) d) tren khi n . x x 2n + 1 ( Hd: 2 sin (sin x + + sin nx) = cos cos x)
2 2 2
6. Cho f la ham kha tch tren [a, b]. Chng minh

k(b a) ba n )= f (a + n n n k=1 lim
b a
f (x)dx
Tnh a) n lim c)
1
3.2 3n 2 n 1 1 2 1 3 (( ) + ( )2 + + ( )2 ) b) n (e n + e n + + e n ) lim n n n n n 1 1 1 1p + 2p + + np + + + ) d) n lim lim ( n n + 1 n+2 2n np+1
7. Cho Sn = (1 + ) sin + (1 + ) sin + + (1 + ) sin n n n n n n a) Bieu dien n+ Sn qua tch phan xac nh. lim b) Tnh n+ Sn . lim 8. Cho f la ham n ieu tren [0, 1]. Chng minh
1 0 b a
2n n
f
b a
1 1 n k f ( ) = O( ) n k=1 n n
b a
9. ung hay sai:

2
f (x)dx =
f (t)dt =
f (u)du. 23 0) 5(2 0). 3
10. Phat bieu cac tnh chat a s dung trong viec tnh tch phan:
0
(3x2 5)dx = 3
x2 dx 5
dx = 3(
11. ung hay sai: neu |f | kha tch, th f cung kha tch. 12. Cac ham nao trong cac ham sau kha tch Riemann tren [0, 1]: 1 1 2 3 a) Ham ac trng cua tap {0, 10 , 10 , 10 , , 1} b) f (x) = sin ,
1 1 x f (0) = 7
c) f (x) = , neu x = , n N; f (x) = 0 trong trng hp con lai. n n d) Ham Dirichlet: D(x) = 0, neu x hu t; D(x) = 1, neu x vo t. 13. ung hay sai: neu f kha tch tren c, th g kha tch.
[a, b]
va
f (x) = g(x)
tr ra mot tap em
14. ung hay sai: neu f kha tch tren [a, b] va f (x) = g(x) tr ra mot tap con hu han, th g kha tch. 15. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren [a, b]. Chng minh ham [a, b] va thoa |F (x) F (y)| max |f (t)| |x y|.
t[a,b]
F (x) =
x a
lien tuc tren
Bai tap
107
x2 x2 x2 . 1+x 2 x2 2 dx . 3 1+x
2 6
16. Vi 0 x 1, chng minh Suy ra

1 3 2
1 0
17. Chng minh
2 2 9
4 2x dx 2 . sin x 9
18. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren [a, b], f 0. Chng minh: a) neu ton tai c sao cho f (c) > 0, th ab f > 0. b) neu ab f = 0, th f 0. 19. Chng minh neu f, g la cac ham kha tch tren [a, b], th
b a 2 b a b a
f (x)g(x)dx
f 2 (x)dx
g 2 (x)dx
n+1 1
20. a) Vi n = 1, 2, 3, , chng minh b) Suy ra e

n e
n
< n! < e
n+1 e
1 n+1
ln xdx < ln n! <
ln xdx. O(n).
, va anh gia n! =
n e
21. Cho f : [1, +) R la ham dng, n ieu giam. Goi

Sn =
k n k=1
f (k)
va In =
n 1
f (x)dx
f (x)dx < f (k 1) (k = 2, 3, ) a) Chng minh f (k) < k1 b) Chng minh day (Sn In )nN giam, va co gii han thuoc [0, f (1)]. 1 1 c) Ap dung cho day 1 + + + ln n. 2 n
22. Dung nh ly gia tr trung bnh cua tch phan, chng minh ham n (ak cos kx + bk sin kx), luon co nghiem trong (, ). f (x) = x +
k=1
23. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren [a, b]. Chng minh 24. Cho f (x) =
x 0
d dx
x a
f (t)dt = f (x)
t + t6 dt.
Tnh
x2 0
df dx
va
df . dt (x).
25. Gia s f lien tuc, F (x) = 26. Gia s ham

d ( dx
(x) (a)
f.
Tm F ham
f
kha vi tren
[a, b],
lien tuc tren
([a, b]).
Chng minh
f (t)dt) = f ((x)) (x).
108 27. Tnh tch phan xac nh: Bang phng phap oi bien: a a a2 x2 a) x2 a2 x2 dx b) dx
0 1
Bang phng phap tch phan tng phan: 1 /2 /2 x cos xdx c) ex cos xdx a) xex dx b)
0 0 0
Ha1 hu t: m dx a) 2
x 5x + 6
b) b)
1 0 7 2 0
xdx (1 + x)2
c)
1 0
x5 dx 1 + x2
d)
1 0
x4
dx + 4x2 + 3
Ha can thc: m 2 dx a) 2
2/3
x x 1
dx 2+x+1
Ham lng giac: sin xdx b) a) 2
cos x 3
sin4 xdx
c)
/4 0
tan6 xdx
d)
/4 0
dx cos4 x
a a
28. Cho f la ham kha tch tren [a, a]. Chng minh: a a f =2 f b) Neu f la ham le, th a) Neu f la ham chan, th
a 0
f =0
29. Cho f la ham co chu ky T va kha tch tren [0, T ]. Chng minh vi moi a R, a+T T f= f ta co
a 0
30. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren [0, 1]. Chng minh: /2 f (sin x)dx b) xf (sin x)dx = a) f (sin x)dx = 2
0
Ap dung tnh
x sin x dx, 1 + cos2 x
x3 sin x
f (sin x)dx
1 + cos2 x
dx
31. Lap luan sau sai au? 1 . Khi o f (x) = Cho f (x) = 2 Vay
+
(1 + x)
f (x)dx = lim
d 1 ( ). dx 1 + x
a+
a+ a
f (x)dx = lim (
1 1 ) = 0. 1+a 1+a
1
32. Tnh cac tch phan suy rong: + dx + dx b) a) 2/3 4/3 f)

1 +
c)
1 0
x cos xdx
g)
dx x2/3
d)
+ 1
x ln xdx
h)
dx 4/3 0 x xdx x1
e)
+ 0
x2 + 1 dx x4 + 1
33. Dung cac dau hieu thch hp, xet s hoi tu cac tch phan: + + xn dx + ln(1 + x)dx x2 dx b) (n 0) c) a) 4 2 m n
0
x +x +1
1+x
Bai tap
109
+ 0 0 1
d) h)
cos xdx 2 + xn ln xdx i) 1 x2
dx e) 1 x2 0 + sin x dx x3/2 0
f)
1 0
xdx 1 x4
g)
1 0
xdx sin x 1 e
34. Xet s hoi tu cua cac tch phan sau (p, q, p1 , , pn la cac tham so): b + xp + dx dx a) dx c) b) p p q
a
(x a)
1+x
+
x ln x
d) Ham Gamma e) Ham Beta f)

/2 0
(p) =
B(p, q) =
0 1 0
ex xp1 dx
xp (1 x)q dx
+
dx p x sinq x cos
g)
|x a1
|p1 |x
dx a2 |p2 |x an |pn
+ 0
35. Chng minh tch phan sau hoi tu nhng khong hoi tu tuyet oi: 36. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren [0, 1]. Chng minh
1 1 0
cos x dx x
dx = f (sin u)du Chng minh 1 x2 0 0 (e y la tch phan ve phai khong la tch phan suy rong).
f (x)
/2
f (x) dx 1 x2
hoi tu.
37. Chng minh ham F (x) =
x 0
sin t dt (0 < x < ) t3/2

1 0
at max tai x = .
n n! . n
38. Nh tong Riemann cua tch phan

R2
ln xdx,
suy ra n lim
39. Trong , tnh dien tch mien gii han bi cac ng cong: x2 y 2 a) y = x2 + 4, y = x + 4 b) 2 + 2 = 1, y = x2 (phan di)
a b k c) y = ln( ), y = 0, x = 1, x = e (k > 0). Tm k N e dien tch < e 2. x d) ng Cycloid: x = a(t sin t), y = a(1 cos t) va y = 0 (tnh mot nhp) e) ng Lemniscate cho trong toa o cc: r 2 = a2 cos 2 f) ng trai tim cho trong toa o cc: r = a(1 + cos )
1 0
40. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua I(t) =
|ex t|dx.
41. Trong R3 , tnh the tch vat the mat tron xoay gii han bi mat cong: b a) Tao bi ng cong y = a2 x2 , a x a, xoay quanh truc Ox. a b) Tao bi ng cong y 2 = 4 x, 0 x 4, xoay quanh truc Oy. 42. Trong R2 , tnh o dai cac ng cong: 1 a) y2 = x3 , 0 x 1, y > 0 b) y 2 = 2px, a x b 9 c) ng Astroide: x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t d) Cho trong toa o cc: r = sin3 , 0 /2
3
110
Chuoi so .
1. Bieu dien cac so sau di dang chuoi so: 0, 61111 , 1, 33333 , 2, 343434 , e, ,
ln 2.
2. Lap luan sau sai au? Cho S = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + . Khi o 2S = 2 + 4 + 8 + = S 1. Vay S = 1. 3. Chng minh neu S a1 .
a 1 + a2 + a3 +
hoi tu ve S , th
a2 + a3 +
hoi tu ve
4. Chng minh cac chuoi sau hoi tu v day tong rieng hoi tu. Xac nh tong: 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + a) b) c) d) e) h)
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6 1 1 1 1 + + + + 1.4 4.7 7.10 10.13 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + 1.3 4.6 7.9 10.12 13.15 1 1 1 1 1 + + + 2 4 8 16 32 k 1x k 2 + 3k ) . g) f) ( ( k + 2 2 k + 1 + k) 6k 1+x k=0 k=0 k=0 1 k(k + 1)(k + 2) k=1
i)
1 k(k + m) k=1
(m N)
5. Dung cac dau hieu hoi tu thch hp, xet s hoi tu cua cac chuoi sau: k4 1+k 3 k ln k b) e) c) d) a) 2 k 2 f) k) 6.
k=0
k!
(k!)2 (2k)!
k=0
g)
k=0
1+k
1 p lnq k k k=2
1 (ln k)k k=2
h)
k=0
4+2 (1
k=0
1 + k )2k ek
k=0
k + 2k + 3 1 kp k=1
i)
j)
1 k ln k k=2
k!3k kk k=1
l)
sin kx
k=0
(1)k 1 + . Chng minh (1)k ak phan Cho ak = k k k=1 (chu y la ak > 0 va ak 0, nhng khong n ieu).
ky.
7. Cho chuoi ( 1 )0 + ( 1 )1 + ( 1 )2 + ( 1 )3 + ( 1 )4 + . Hay kiem tra s hoi tu bang 2 4 2 4 2 dau hieu DAlembert. Chuoi co hoi tu? 8. Xet chuoi S =
1 . kp k=1
Goi tong rieng th n la Sn .

1
k+1 k
< a) Khi p > 0, chng minh (k + 1)p Suy ra chuoi hoi tu khi va ch khi p > 1.
1 1 dx 1, chng minh c) Suy ra ta co sai so: 9. Cho ak , bk > 0. Ga s

k=0
Sn1 +
k=0
ak
va
2
bk
ak bk ,
k=0
a2 , k
1 4
(ak + bk ) ,
k=0 k=0
hoi tu. Chng minh cung hoi tu.
k=0 1 5
ak k
10. Lap luan sau sai v sao?

1
1 2
1 3
1 6
= = = =
1 + ( 1 1) + 1 + ( 1 1 ) + 1 + ( 1 1 ) + 2 3 4 2 5 6 3 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ) 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ) (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ) 2 3 4 2 3 4 0. 1 1x
11. ung hay sai:

1 + x2 + x + x4 + x6 + x3 + x8 + x10 + x5 + =
, vi |x| < 1.

(Vnmath - Com) - Giai Tich 1

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TRNG AI HOC A LAT

KHOA TOAN - TIN HOC

-- Lu hanh noi bo -a Lat 2008

Hng dan sinh vien oc giao trnh

ng cong (muc 4.7).

Lan au oc co the bo qua: khao sat tnh loi (muc 4.5), ve

Chng IV. Phep tnh tch phan

thoa 3 tien e sau:

Tien e ve cau truc trng. Tren R co phep cong va nhan:

Tien e ve th t. Tren R co mot quan he th t toan phan thoa man:

(tnh phan xa) (tnh oi xng) (tnh bac cau)

tai can tren ung thuoc R.

nh ly. Ton tai duy nhat trng so thc R.

Cac ky hieu va thuat ng.

Dau tch: Phep chia:

Bieu dien hnh hoc.

1.2 Supremum - Infimum.

Chng I. So thc - Day so

1.4 Tr tuyet oi. Cho x R. Tr tuyet oi cua x:

Tnh chat. Vi moi so thc x, y ta co:

|x| 0, |xy| = |x||y|, |x + y| |x| + |y|

(bat ang thc tam giac).

Chng minh: Ga s ngc lai: n x, n N. Theo tien e ve can tren ung

Phan nguyen cua

c ky hieu va nh ngha: so nguyen n thoa n x < n + 1

[2, 5], [0, 0001].

Tnh tru mat cua so hu t trong R.

Theo nguyen ly tren, ton tai n N:

Chng minh: Xet tap A = {t R : tn x}. De thay A = (v cha t = 0)

Chng I. So thc - Day so

2.0 Khai niem.

2.1 Day so. Mot day so trong X R la bo vo han co th t cac so trong X :

Chng I. So thc - Day so

Nhan xet. Neu cang be, th N cang ln, i.e.

vi moi p > 0, tien hanh nh sau:

Ta nhan thay khi n > N , ta co bat ang thc |

Khi o neu viet nh sau:

Goi N = [3/ ]. Khi n > N , ta co

3 1 1 3 3 < |xn | = |0, 33 3 | < n < N < 3 3 10 10 N

neu xn1 le neu xn1 chan

2.5 Tnh chat cua gii han.

(gia thiet them n yn = 0) hoi tu, va lim

Khi o n xn n yn lim lim (4) Tnh kep (sandwich): Ga s vi moi n u ln ta co xn yn zn , va n xn = lim

Chng I. So thc - Day so

Chng minh: Ga s n xn = a va n yn = b. lim lim

10 e tnh gii han sau, ta nhan lng lien hiep e kh can:

3.1 Nguyen ly n ieu b chan.

Mot day n ieu khong tang va b chan di th hoi tu, i.e.

Chng I. So thc - Day so

11 Hn na, do tnh bao toan th t,

tai a = lim an [a, b] In , n.

4.1 Mot so gii han c ban.

a) n p = 0 (p > 0) lim n b) n n a = 1 (a > 0) lim c) n n n = 1 lim d) n n n! = + lim e) n lim

Chng minh: a) a chng minh.

n(n 1) 2 xn 2 lim n n = 1. n n n! > . 3

T tnh chat sandwich lim xn = 0, i.e.

4.2 So e. Hai day so sau la hoi tu ve cung mot gii han

Ky hieu n sn = n tn = e goi la c so Neper. lim lim

Chng I. So thc - Day so

Khi m co nh, n , suy ra e Cho m , ta co e e.

Theo chng minh tren, ta co

la cac so nguyen, bat ang thc la vo ly.

4.3 V du. Dung tieu chuan Cauchy, ta co: