(Vnmath - Com) - Giai Tich 2

TRNG AI HOC A LAT
KHOA TOAN - TIN HOC
TA LE LI
GIAI TCH 2
(Giao Trnh)
-- Lu hanh noi bo -a Lat 2008
Hng dan sinh vien oc giao trnh

ay la giao trnh Giai tch 2 danh cho sinh vien nganh Toan hay nganh Toan Tin. Noi dung e cap en mot so khai niem c ban nhat ve day va chuoi ham, khong gian Rn , tnh lien tuc, ao ham va tch phan Riemann cua ham nhieu bien thc. e oc c giao trnh nay sinh vien can co kien thc can ban cua Giai tch 1 (phep tnh vi tch phan ham thc mot bien thc) va ai so tuyen tnh (e.g. anh xa tuyen tnh, ma tran, ..). Giao trnh c trnh bay theo loi tuyen tnh, vay ngi oc lan au nen oc lan lt tng phan theo th t. e oc mot cach tch cc, sau cac khai niem va nh ly sinh vien nen oc ky cac v du, lam mot so bai tap neu lien o. Ngoai ra hoc toan phai lam bai tap. Mot so bai tap can ban nhat cua moi chng c neu phan cuoi cua giao trnh. Ve nguyen tac nen oc moi phan cua giao trnh. Tuy vay, co the neu ay mot so iem can lu y tng chng: I. Day ham - Chuoi ham. Co the bo qua tnh hoi tu eu cua chuoi Fourier (muc 4.5). II. Khong gian Rn . Tiet 5 la phan oc them nen co the bo qua. III. Ham lien tuc tren Rn . Co the khong oc muc 3.4. IV. ao ham. Phan nay s dung mot so kien thc ve ma tran bieu dien anh xa tuyen tnh. V. Tch phan Riemann. Co the bo qua cac chng minh: Tieu chuan Darboux (muc 1.3) va Cong thc oi bien (muc 3.3) . e viec t hoc co ket qua tot sinh vien nen tham khao them mot so tai lieu khac co noi dung lien quan (ac biet la phan hng dan giai cac bai tap). Kho co the neu het tai lieu nen tham khao, ay ch e ngh cac tai lieu sau (bang tieng Viet): [1] Jean-Marier Monier, Giai tch 2 , NXB Giao duc. [2] Y.Y. Liasko, A.C. Boiatruc, IA. G. Gai, G.P. Golovac, Giai tch toan hoc - Cac v du va cac bai toan, Tap II , NXB ai hoc va trung hoc chuyen nghiep. Ngoai ra, sinh vien nen tm hieu va s dung mot so phan mem may tnh ho tr cho viec hoc va lam toan nh Maple, Mathematica,... Chuc cac ban thanh cong!
Giai Tch 2
Ta Le Li Muc luc
Chng I. Day ham - Chuoi ham
1. 2. 3. 4. Day ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuoi ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuoi luy tha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chuoi lng giac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 5 9 19 21 22 23 24 27 30 34 36 41 45 49 54
Chng II. Khong gian Rn

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Khong gian Euclid Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topo trong Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tap compact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tap lien thong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tong quat hoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gii han ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tnh lien tuc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S hoi tu eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nh ly Stone-Weierstrass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ao ham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cac qui tac c ban - nh ly phan gia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ao ham cap cao - Cong thc Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nh ly ham ngc - nh ly ham an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng III. Ham lien tuc tren Rn
Chng IV. ao ham
Chng V. Tch phan Riemann
1. Tch phan Riemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2. Lp ham kha tch Riemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3. Cac cong thc tnh tch phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Bai tap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
I. Day ham - Chuoi ham

Chng nay ta se xet en day ham va chuoi ham. Ngoai s hoi tu iem, mot khai niem quan trong la tnh hoi tu eu, no bao toan mot so tnh chat giai tch cua day ham khi qua gii han. ac biet se neu cac ket qua c ban nhat cua viec khai trien mot ham thanh chuoi luy tha (khai trien Taylor) hay chuoi lng giac (khai trien Fourier).
1. DAY HAM
hieu (fn )nN . Vi x X , (fn (x))nN la day so. Tap D = {x X : day so (fn (x))nN hoi tu } goi la mien hoi tu cua day (fn ). Khi o, ta co D x f (x) = n fn (x) xac nh mot ham va ta noi (fn ) hoi tu lim (iem hay n gian) ve ham f tren D. V du. 1 a) Cho fn (x) = 1 |x| (n N), la day ham tren R. Day nay hoi tu tren R ve ham day ham tren R. Mien hoi tu cua day la
0 1 (1, 1].
1.1 nh ngha. Mot day ham tren X la mot ho cac ham fn : X R (n N). Ky
Tren mien o day hoi tu ve ham
n 1 f (x) = lim (1 |x|) = 1, x. n n b) Cho fn (x) = xn (n N), la
f (x) = lim xn =
n
neu |x| < 1 neu x = 1
Nhan xet. v du tren fn lien tuc (tham ch kha vi), nhng ham gii han f khong lien tuc. Toc o hoi tu cua (fn (x)) vi moi x D la khac nhau. Bai toan: Vi ieu kien nao th ham gii han bao toan cac tnh chat giai tch nh lien tuc, kha vi, kha tch cua day?
1.2 S hoi tu eu. Day ham

moi
> 0,
ton tai N , sao cho
(fn )
goi la hoi tu eu ve ham
tren
neuu vi
n N |fn (x) f (x)| < , x D
Noi mot cac khac:
Mn = sup |fn (x) f (x)| 0,

xD
khi n . Vay
V du. Trong ca hai v du neu tren, ta co cac day ham tren hoi tu khong eu.
Mn = sup |fn (x) f (x)| = 1.
hoi tu eu ve
Menh e. Neu
(fn ) va (gn ) hoi f + g va cf tren D.
tu eu ve f va g tren D, th (fn + gn ) va (cfn )
1.3 Tieu chuan Cauchy. Day ham (fn ) hoi tu eu tren D khi va ch khi
> 0, N : n, m N sup |fn (x) fm (x)| <
xD
Chng minh: Ga s (fn ) hoi tu eu ve f tren D. Khi o

> 0, N : n N sup |fn (x) f (x)| < /2
xD
Suy ra khi m, n N , ta co
xD
sup |fn (x) fm (x)| < sup |fn (x) f (x)| + sup |fm (x) f (x)| < .
xD xD
Ga s ngc lai (fn ) thoa tieu chuan Cauchy tren D. Khi o vi moi x D, day so (fn (x)) la day Cauchy, nen hoi tu ve f (x) R. Hn na, t tieu chuan tren, khi cho m , roi 0, ta co sup |fn (x) f (x)| 0, xD khi n . Vay (fn ) hoi tu eu ve f tren D.
1.4 Menh e.
(1) Ga s (fn ) la day ham lien tuc va hoi tu eu ve f tren D. Khi o f la ham lien
tuc tren D. ac biet, khi o co the chuyen th t lim
n xx0
lim lim fn (x) = lim lim fn (x)

xx0 n
(2) Ga s (fn ) la day ham lien tuc va hoi tu eu tren [a, b]. Khi o co the chuyen th
t lim va
n a
lim
fn (x)dx =
a n
lim fn (x)dx
(3) Cho (fn ) la day ham kha vi lien tuc tren [a, b]. Ga s day ao ham (fn ) hoi tu
eu tren [a, b] va day so (fn (c)) hoi tu vi mot c [a, b]. Khi o (fn ) hoi tu eu ve mot ham kha vi f tren [a, b] va co the chuyen th t lim va ao ham
lim f (x) n n =
n
lim fn (x)
Chng minh: (1) Cho x0 D. Vi > 0. Do s hoi tu eu, ton tai N sao cho: |fN (x) f (x)| < /3, x D. Do fN lien tuc tai x0 , ton tai > 0, sao cho: |fN (x) fN (x0 )| < /3, x, |x x0 | < . Vay khi |x x0 | < ,
|f (x)f (x0 )| |f (x)fN (x)|+|fN (x)fN (x0 )|+|fN (x0 )f (x0 )| < /3+ /3+ /3 =
I.2 Chuoi ham.
lim lim lim lim lim Vay f lien tuc tai x0 , i.e. xx0 f (x) = xx0 n fn (x) = f (x0 ) = n xx0 fn (x) (2) Ga s fn lien tuc va hoi tu eu. Theo (1) ham gii han f la lien tuc nen kha tch tren [a, b]. Hn na
b a
fn
b a b
f |b a| sup |fn (x) f (x)| 0,

x[a,b] b
khi n
Vay
(3) at Fn (x) =
F (x) =
x
n a
lim
fn =
x c
fn .
f=
Theo (2) day (Fn ) hoi tu eu ve ham F tren [a, b], trong o
fn = Fn + fn (c)
x
a n
lim fn .
Suy ra f = F + lim fn (c). Hn na, ta co n Ta co

f (x) = F (x) = lim
lim fn c n Fn (x) = fn (x)
fn (c).
hoi tu eu tren
[a, b]
ve
n c
fn
= ( lim fn ) (x)
n
2. CHUOI HAM
2.1 nh ngha. Mot chuoi ham tren X la tong hnh thc

k=0
fk = f0 + f1 + + fn +
trong o fk la ham xac nh tren X . Xet chuoi tng ng vi xet day ham tong rieng th n: Sn = f0 + + fn . Mien hoi tu cua chuoi: D = {x X : day ham (Sn (x))nN hoi tu }. Khi o S(x) = fk (x) xac nh mot ham tren D. Ta noi
k=0
fk
k=0
la chuoi ham hoi tu eu tren D neuu day ham tong rieng
(S n )nN
la
hoi tu eu ve S tren D, i.e.

Mn = sup |Sn (x) S(x)| = sup |
xD xD k=n+1
fk (x)| 0,
khi
V du. Xet chuoi ham
k=0
xk = 1 + x + x2 + + xn + .
Mien hoi tu cua chuoi la D = {x R : |x| < 1}. 1 tren mien Dr = {x : |x| r}, vi 0 < r < 1. Chuoi la hoi tu eu ve S(x) = That vay, ta co
|xleqr
1x 1 xn+1 nen Sn (x) = 1x

|x|r
sup |Sn (x) S(x)| = sup
rn+1 xn+1 0, 1x 1r
khi
4 Tuy nhien chuoi khong hoi tu eu tren D, v

|x|1
sup |Sn (x) S(x)| = +
2.2 Tieu chuan Cauchy. Chuoi ham
fk
k=0
hoi tu eu tren D khi va ch khi

m
> 0, N : n, m N sup |
xD k=n
fk (x)| <
2.3 Menh e. Ga s chuoi ham
fk
k=0
hoi tu eu tren [a, b]. Khi o
(1) Neu fk lien tuc tren [a, b] vi moi k N, th chuoi tren xac nh mot ham lien tuc
tren [a, b]. ac biet khi o co the chuyen lim vao dau
xx0
lim
k=0
fk (x) =
k=0
xx0
lim fk (x)
(2) Neu fk lien tuc tren [a, b], th co the chuyen vao dau
b a k=0
fk (x) dx =
k=0 k=0
b a
fk (x)dx
(3) Neu fk kha vi lien tuc tren [a, b] va chuoi
fk
hoi tu eu tren [a, b], th
fk
k=0
la mot ham kha vi tren [a, b] va co the lay ao ham vao dau
fk
k=0
(x) =
k=0
fk (x)
2.4 Mot so dau hieu hoi tu eu cho chuoi ham.

Weierstrass M-test: Neu |fk (x)| ak , x D va
tren D.
ak
k=0
hoi tu, th
fk
k=0
hoi tu eu
Dirichlet: Neu
(fk )
day giam, hoi tu eu ve 0 va
k
k=0
la chuoi ham co day tong
rieng b chan tren D, th
fk k
k=0
hoi tu eu tren D.
k=0
Abel: Neu (fn ) la day n ieu b chan va

Chng minh: Neu |fk (x)| ak , th
m
k hoi tu eu tren D, th
m k=n
k=0
fk k hoi tu.
|f (x)|
chuoi
k=n
ak .
Theo tieu chuan Cauchy
fk
k=0
hoi tu eu.
Hai tieu chuan sau chng minh nh phan chuoi so (Bai tap).
I.3 Chuoi luy tha.
3. CHUOI LUY THA
Phan nay chung ta nghien cu chuoi luy tha la chuoi ham dang quat hn chuoi luy tha tam tai x0 , Nhan xet. Khi thay bien chuoi luy tha.
k=0
k=0
ak xk ,
hay tong
ak (x x0 )k .
z = x x0
k=0
ta a chuoi luy tha tam tai

ak (x x0 )k .
x0
ve dang
3.1 nh ly Abel. Cho chuoi S(x) =
Khi o ton tai R, 0 R +,
sao cho, neu R > 0, th (1) S(x) hoi tu tren khi |x x0 | < R, phan ky khi |x x0 | > R. (2) S hoi tu eu tren Dr = {x : |x x0 | r}, vi moi 0 < r < R. So R goi la ban knh hoi tu cua S va c tnh bi cong thc Cauchy-Hadamard
1 = lim sup R k
k
|ak |
Chng minh: Nh nhan xet tren tnh tien t x0 ve 0 bang oi bien z = x x0 . Khi |z| r < R. Chon : r < < R. Theo nh ngha lim sup, ton tai k0 sao cho: 1 1 r k . Theo M-test S(z) hoi tu eu tren a |ak | k < , k > k0 . Suy ra |ak z k | < Dr . T ay cung suy ra S(z) hoi tu khi |z| < R. Khi |z| > R. Chon : R < < |z|. Theo nh ngha lim sup, ton tai vo so ch so k:
|ak | k >
1
1 .
Vay |ak z k | >

ak z k
kien can
|z|
vi vo so ch so k. Suy ra ak z k 0, nen theo ieu
Nhan xet. Do nhan xet phan chuoi so, co the dung cong thc DAlembert e tnh ban knh hoi tu (neu gii han ton tai):
|ak+1 | 1 = lim R k |ak |
k=0
phan ky.
V du. a) Chuoi b) Chuoi
k=0
k!xk
co ban knh hoi tu la R =
|an | k! = lim = 0. n (k + 1)! k |an+1 | lim
c) nh ly Abel khong cho ket luan ve s hoi tu hay phan ky cua chuoi khi |xx 0 | = R. xk xk , eu co ban knh hoi tu la 1, nhng tnh Chang han cac chuoi xk , 2
k=0 k=1
xk k! k=0
co ban knh hoi tu la .
k=1
6 hoi tu khi |x| = 1 khac nhau. Chuoi xk phan ky khi x = 1, theo ieu kien can. Chuoi Chuoi
k=0
xk k2 k=1 xk k k=1
hoi tu khi |x| = 1, theo tieu chuan so sanh. phan ky khi x = 1, nhng hoi tu khi x = 1 theo tieu chuan Leibniz.
k=0
3.2 Menh e. Ga s chuoi luy tha

Khi o S(x) =
k=0
ak (x x0 )k
co ban knh hoi tu R > 0.
ak (x x0 )k
xac nh ham kha vi moi cap tren (x0 R, x0 + R) va

k=1
ta co the lay ao ham va tch phan vao dau tong:
ak (x x0 )k
kak (x x0 )k1
k=0 k=0
ak (x x0 )k dx =
ak (x x0 )k+1 + C k+1 k=0
Chng minh: Suy t nh ky Abel va cac ket qua t tnh hoi tu eu cua chuoi ham.
V du. a) Ta co
(1)k xk =
k=0
1 , |x| < 1. 1+x
ao ham tng t ta co Tch phan tng t ta co b) Ta co khai trien
(1)k kxk1 =
k=1
1 , |x| < 1. (1 + x)2
(1)k xk+1 = ln(1 + x), |x| < 1. k+1 k=0
1 1 = 1 x2 + x4 x6 + = = (1)k x2k , |x| < 1 1 + x2 1 (x2 ) k=0
Tch phan tng t ta co

arctan x = x
x2k+1 x3 x5 x7 + + = , |x| < 1 (1)k 3 5 7 2k + 1 k=0
Bai tap: Ap dung dau hieu Abel cho s hoi tu eu cua chuoi vi k (x) = ak chng minh nh ly Abel sau ay:
Neu chuoi
x1
f k (x) = xk
va
ak
k=0
hoi tu va co tong S , th S(x) =
ak xk
hoi tu khi |x| < 1 va
lim S(x) = S .
k=0
I.3 Chuoi luy tha.
c) De thay cac chuoi cuoi hai v du tren thoa nh ly Abel, suy ra ta co cong thc tnh gan ung
ln 2 = 1 1 1 1 1 (1)n+1 + + + + Rn 2 3 4 5 n+1 1 1 1 1 (1)n = 1 + + + + Rn 4 3 5 7 9 2n + 1 1 minh sai so Rn hai cong thc tren la O( n ). f
Bai tap: Chng

f (x) =
He qua. Neu ham

k=0
co the bieu dien thanh chuoi luy tha tai lan can x0 , i.e. th bieu dien o la duy nhat. Cu the
ak = f (k) (x0 ) k! k = 0, 1, 2,
ak (x x0 )k ,
Chng minh: Qui nap menh e tren, vi moi n N va x lan can x 0 , ta co

k=0
ak (x x0 )k
(n)
k=n
k(k 1) (k n + 1)ak (x x0 )kn
Cho x = x0 ta co cong thc tren.
3.3 Chuoi Taylor. Cho

Taylor cua f tai x0
la ham kha vi vo han mot lan can c ky hieu va nh ngha

f
k=0
x0.
Khi o chuoi
T f (x) =
ak (x x0 )k ,
trong o
ak =
f (k) (x0 ) k!
Bai toan la khi nao th T f (x) = f (x) ? Co 3 kha nang xay ra: (1) T f (x) khong hoi tu. V du chuoi Taylor ham f (x) =
sin 2k x . k! k=0
1
(2) T f (x) hoi tu nhng T f (x) = f (x). V du ham f (x) = e x2 , khi x = 0, f (0) = 0, la ham kha vi vo han va f (k)(0) = 0, k. Vay T f (x) 0 = f (x). (3) T f (x) = f (x), |x x0 | < R. Khi o ta noi f la ham giai tch tren D = {x : |x x0 | < R}.
f la ham kha vi vo han va ton tai C sao (x0 R, x0 + R), th f la ham giai tch tren khoang o.
Menh e. Neu
cho |f (k) (x)| C, x
sao cho
Chng minh: Theo cong thc Taylor, vi moi x (x0 R, x0 + R), ton tai (0, 1),
|f (x) Tn (x)| = |Rn (x)| = CRn+1 f (n+1) (x0 + R) (x x0 )n+1 (n + 1)! (n + 1)!
8 Ve phai tien ve 0, khi n , nen ta co f (x) = T f (x).
3.4 Chuoi Taylor cua mot so ham. T khai trien Taylor va ban knh hoi tu cua
chuoi luy tha ta co
ex cos x sin x 1 1x 1 1 = 1 + x + x2 + + xn + 2! n! 1 (1)n 2n 1 x + = 1 x2 + x4 + + 2! 4! (2n)! 1 (1)n 2n+1 1 x + = x x3 + x5 + + 3! 5! (2n + 1)! = 1 + x + x+ + xn + , (1)n+1 |x| < 1
1 1 xan + , |x| < 1 ln(1 + x) = x x2 + x3 + + 2 3 n ( 1) 2 ( 1) ( n + 1) n x + + x + , |x| < 1 (1 + x) = 1 + x + 2! n!
V du. Da vao cac x i tren co the bieu dien thanh chuoi luy tha cac ham khac: chuo 2 a) Ham erf(x) = et dt khong la ham s cap. e bieu dien ham nay di dang 0 chuoi luy tha ta da vao bieu dien cua ex vi x = t2 :
et = 1 t2 +
2
Tch phan tng t ta co

erf(x) = x
1 4 (1)n 2n t + + t + 2! n!
x2 (1)n (1)k x3 + ++ x2n+1 + = x2k+1 3 2!5 n!(2n + 1) k!(2k + 1) k=0 x 0
xR
b) Ham Si(x) = ta co
Si(x) =
x 0
sin t dt t
cung khong la ham s cap. T bieu dien cua ham sin x
1 2 1 4 (1)n (1)k t62n+ )dt = x2n+1 (1 t + t + + 3! 5! (2n + 1)! (2k + 1)!(2k + 1) k=0
V du. Cong thc sau cho tnh xap x ln 2 vi toc o nhanh hn cong thc v du muc 4.3. T bieu dien ln(1 + x) suy ra
1 xn 1 + , |x| < 1 ln(1 x) = x + x2 + x3 + + 2 3 n
Lay ln(1 + x) ln(1 x) ta co

ln 1+x 1x 1 x2n+1 + ), |x| < 1 = 2(x + x3 + + 3 2n + 1
Thay x = ,ta co
1 1 1 + + ) + Rn ln 2 = 2( + 3 3 3.3 (2n + 1)32n+1
1 3
I.4 Chuoi lng giac.
Trong o sai so
Rn = (1/9)n 1 1 1 1 1 = o( n ) < = 2k+1 k (2k + 1)3 3(2n + 3) k>n 9 3(2n + 1) 1 1/9 9 k>n
4. CHUOI LNG GIAC
Co nhieu bai toan lien quan en ham tuan hoan. Phan nay ta xet en viec bieu dien ham tuan hoan di dang chuoi. V ham sin va ham cos la tuan hoan, nen bieu dien qua chung t nhien va thuan tien hn qua ham luy tha. Mot chuoi lng giac la chuoi ham dang
a0 + 2
k=1
(ak cos kx + bk sin kx) T
Nhan xet. Khi ham f co chu ky T , ham (x) = f ( x) co chu ky 2 . Nh vay, ta 2 ch can xet ham co chu ky 2 , roi sau o oi bien.
tch vo hng : < f, g >= f (x)g(x)dx, f, g C[, ]. Khi o he cac ham lng giac 1, cos x, sin x, cos 2x, sin 2x, , cos nx, sin nx, la he ham trc giao theo ngha tch vo hng cua 2 ham bat ky cua he bang 0. Cu the

4.1 Tnh trc giao. Tren khong gian cac ham lien tuc tren
[, ],
ta nh ngha
cos kx cos lxdx = 0 sin kx sin lxdx cos kx sin lxdx

k=l k=l k, l
= 0 = 0

Ngoai ra, ta co

dx = 2,
va
cos2 kxdx =
sin2 kxdx =
k = 1, 2,
4.2 He so Fourier. Ga s ham f co the bieu dien thanh chuoi lng giac
f (x) = a0 + 2
(ak cos kx + bk sin kx), x [, ]
Khi o
f (x) cos lx = f (x) sin lx =
k=1 k=1 k=1
a0 cos lx + 2 a0 sin lx + 2
(ak cos kx cos lx + bk sin kx cos lx) (ak cos kx sin lx + bk sin kx sin lx)
10 Lay tch phan hnh thc vao dau tong, t tnh trc giao neu tren, ta co
ak = bk = 1 1

f (x) cos kxdx, f (x) sin kxdx,
k = 0, 1, 2, k = 1, 2,
Cac he so tren goi la he so Fourier cua ham f .
4.3 Chuoi Fourier. Cho f la ham kha tch tren sau goi la chuoi Fourier cua f
F f (x) = a0 + 2
k=1
[, ].
Khi o chuoi lng giac
(ak cos kx + bk sin kx)
trong o ak , bk la he so Fourier cua f c cho bi cong thc phan tren. Nhan xet. Neu f la ham chan, i.e.
F f (x) = 1 a0 + 2

f (x) = f (x),
th f (x) sin kx la ham le nen bk = 0, i.e.
Neu f la ham le, i.e.

F f (x) =
k=1
k=1
ak cos kx. f (x) = f (x),
th f (x) cos kx la ham le nen ak = 0, i.e.
bk sin kx.
Tnh tuyen tnh: F (af + bg) = aF f + bF g , vi f, g la cac ham kha tch va a, b R. Ham f (x), sign x
x
V du.
|x|
Chuoi Fourier F f (x)

4 sin(2k + 1)x . 2k + 1 k=0
k=1
(1)k+1
sin kx k
x2
2 cos kx +4 (1)k 3 k2 k=1 2 sin kx k cos kx A + C + 4A (1) + 2B (1)k+1 2 3 k k k=1 k=1
Ax2
+ Bx + C
Bai toan at ra la khi nao F f (x) = f (x) ?
I.4 Chuoi lng giac.
11
Cung nh chuoi Taylor, ta cung co 3 kha nang: (1) F f (x) khong hoi tu. Ngi ta a xay dng v du ham lien tuc co chu ky 2 ma chuoi Fourier khong hoi tu tai mot iem. (2) F f (x) hoi tu nhng F f (x) = f (x). nh ly ve hoi tu iem sau se thay ieu o. (3) F f (x) = f (x). Phan sau ay ta se xet cac ieu kien e e s hoi tu la hoi tu eu.
a0 + 2
n
F f (x) = f (x).
Hn na, xet ieu kien
4.4 Hoi tu iem. Ky hieu tong rieng th n cua chuoi Fourier cua f :
Fn f (x) = (ak cos kx + bk sin kx)
k=1
Cong thc cho tong rieng Fn f . e anh gia s hoi tu ta bien oi

Fn f (x) = = =
n a0 + (ak cos kx + bk sin kx) 2 k=1 n 1 1 f (u)du + f (u)(cos ku cos kx + sin ku sin kx)du 2 k=1 n 1 1 + f (u) cos k(u x) du 2 k=1 a+T
g(t)dt = e y neu g co chu ky T , th a phan tren (sau khi oi bien t = u x) vi T Fn f (x) = 1

Ap dung cho ham lay tch = 2 va a = x, ta co

0
g(t)dt.
f (x + t)
n k=1
1 + 2
n k=1
cos kt dt =
f (x + t)Dn (t)dt
trong o T 2 sin
Dn (t) =
1 1 t cos kt = sin(k + )t sin(k )t, 2 2 2
1 1 + 2
cos kt
goi la nhan Dirac. thay vao tong
2n + 1 1 sin 2 t Dn (t) = 2 sin t 2
De thay Dn la ham chan, co chu ky 2 , va

Dn (t)dt = 1
Bo e Riemann. Ga s g la ham kha tch Riemann tren [a, b]. Khi o

+ a
lim
g(t) cos tdt = lim
+ a
g(t) sin tdt = 0
12
Chng minh: Trng hp g kha vi lien tuc:
+ a
lim
g(t) sin t g(t) cos tdt =
b a
b a
g (t) sin tdt
Do g b chan nen bieu thc tren 0, khi +. Trng hp g kha vi lien tuc tng khuc: ta ap dung chng minh tren cho moi oan ma g lien tuc. Trng hp g kha tch: t nh ngha tch phan vi moi > 0, ton tai ham bac thang s sao cho
|g s| <
Khi o
b a
g(t) cos tdt =
b a
(g(t) s(t)) cos tdt +
b a
s(t) cos tdt
Ap dung ket qua tren cho s, do | cos x| 1, ta co

+
lim
b a
g(t) cos tdt
b a
|g(t) s(t)|dt <
Vay
+ a
lim
g(t) cos tdt = 0.
Gii han th hai chng minh tng t.
Ham f goi la lien tuc tng khuc tren [a, b] neuu ton tai hu han iem: a = a0 < a1 < < as = b, sao cho f lien tuc tren moi khoang (a i1 , ai ) va ton tai lim f (x) = f (a+ ), lim f (x) = f (a ), i = 0, , s. i i xa+ xa i i Khi o ao ham phai va trai cua f tai x, c ky hieu va nh ngha
f+ (x) = lim
t0+
f (x + t) f (x6+) , t
f (x) = lim
t0+
f (x t) f (x ) , t
neu gii han ve phai ton tai. V du. Ham f (x) = |x|, khong kha vi tai 0, nhng f+ (0) = 1, f (0) = 1. Ham f (x) = sign x, khong lien tuc tai 0, nhng lien tuc tng khuc vi f (0+ ) = 1, f (0 ) = 1, con f (0+ ) = f (0) = 0.
nh ly. Ga s ham f co chu ky 2, lien tuc tng khuc tren [, ] va f+ (x), f(x) ton tai hu han. Khi o Fn f (x) hoi tu ve gia tr trung bnh cong cua f tai x, i.e.
1 F f (x) = (f (x+ ) + f (x )) 2
ac biet, neu f kha vi lien tuc tai x, th F f (x) = f (x)
I.4 Chuoi lng giac.

1 2
13
Dn ,
Chng minh: e cho gon ky hieu Af (x) = (f (x+ ) + f (x )). T tnh chat cua
ta co
Fn f (x) Af (x) = = 2
(f (x + t) Af (x))Dn (t)dt
f (x + t) + f (x t) Af (x) Dn (t)dt 2 0 1 g(t) sin(n + )tdt = 2 2 0
trong o g(t) =
Vay g la ham lien Do tuc tng khuc (nen kha tch). T bo e Riemann, tch phan cuoi tien ve 0 khi n , i.e. Fn f (x) Af (x), khi n . V du. T nh ly tren va v du muc 5. 3, ta co 4 sin(2k + 1) , vi 0 < |x| < . a) sign x =
t f (x + t) f (x+ ) + f (x t) f (x ) t. t 2 sin 2 1 f+ (x), f (x) ton tai hu han, lim g(t) = (f+ (x) f (x)). + t0
Khi x = 0, , chuoi ve phai nhan ga tr Khi cho x = /2, ta co b)

1 4 2 x2 = 2 2 3
k=0
2k + 1
(1)k = . 2k + 1 4 k=0 (1)k cos kx , k2
1 ( 2
sign (x+ ) + sign (x )) = 0.
e y ham ve trai nhan gia tr nh nhau tai x = , nen co cung trung bnh cong tai o. 2 1 = Khi cho x = , ta co 2 Khi cho x = 0, ta co Suy ra
k=1
k=1
vi
|x| .
(1)k k2
1 1 = 2 (2k 1) 2 k=1
k=1
2 . 12 = 2 . 8
1 (1)k k 2 k=1 k 2 k=1
4.5 Hoi tu eu. Bat dang thc Bessel. Neu f 2 kha tch tren [, ], th
a2 0 + 2
k=1
(a2 + b2 ) k k
f 2 (x)dx
ac biet, chuoi ve trai la chuoi hoi tu. Chng minh: Do tnh trc giao neu 5.1, tnh
tch phan ta co:

(f (x)Fn f (x))Fn f (x)dx = 0,
(Fn f (x))2 dx =
a2 0 + 2
n k=1
(a2 + b2 ) k k
14 Suy ra

f 2 (x)dx = = =
(f (x) Fn f (x) + Fn f (x))2 dx (f (x) Fn f (x))2 dx +

(Fn f (x))2 dx + 2 a2 0 2 +
n k=1
(f (x) Fn f (x))Fn f (x)dx
6(f (x) Fn f (x))2 dx + (

(a2 + b2 )) k k
Vay
Cho thc can tm. Do chuoi co so hang dng nen tnh b chan tng ng tnh hoi tu.
n a2 0 + (a2 + b2 ) k k 2 k=1 n + ta co bat dang
f 2 (x)dx.
nh ly. Gia s ham f co chu ky 2, lien tuc va f lien tuc tng khuc tren [, ].
Khi o chuoi F f hoi tu eu ve f tren R. Chng minh: Do nh ly tren ta co Fn f (x) hoi tu ve f (x). Ta chng minh s hoi tu
eu theo M-test. Goi ak , bk la cac he so Fourier cua f . Tch phan tng phan, ta co
ak = bk = 1 1

f (x) cos kxdx = f (x) sin kxdx =
1 sin kx 1 1 | f (x) f (x) sin kxdx = bk k k k 1 cos kx 1 1 | + f (x) f (x) cos kxdx = ak k k k
Suy ra
1 2 1 1 2 1 |ak cos kx + bk sin kx| |ak | + |bk | (b k + 2 ) + (a k + 2 ) 2 k 2 k
T bat ang thc Bessel tu eu theo M-test.
k=0
(a k + b k )
hoi tu, va
1 k2 k=1
hoi tu. Vay chuoi F f hoi
4.6 Khai trien Fourier.

T X. Khai trien ham f (x) co chu ky T thanh chuoi ham lng giac: oi bien x = 2 T Khi o f (x) = f ( X) la ham co chu ky 2 theo bien X . Chuoi Fourier theo bien 2 X co dang a0 + ( ak cos kX + bk sin kX ) 2 k=1
trong o
ak = 1

f(
T X) cos kXdX, 2
bk =
f(
T X) sin kXdX 2
I.4 Chuoi lng giac.
15
Thay lai X =
2 x, T
ta co chuoi lng giac dang

a0 + 2
( ak cos
k=1
2k 2k x + bk sin x) T T
trong o cac he so Fourier cua f la

ak = bk = 2 T 2 T 2k tdt, T T /2 T /2 2k tdt, f (t) sin T T /2 f (t) cos [a, b]
T /2
k = 0, 1, 2, k = 1, 2,
trien f thanh ham tuan hoan
Khai trien ham
xac nh tren
f xac
nh tren R va co chu ky T
thanh chuoi lng giac: Trc het thac

b a,
i.e.
f (x + kT ) = f (x), x [a, b], k Z Sau o khai trien f nh cach a neu tren. Khai trien chuoi theo cos hay theo sin: Cho f xac nh tren [0, l]. Khi o: - Muon bieu dien f (x) di dang chuoi lng giac ch co ham cos, ta thac trien f thanh ham chan tren (l, l] bang cach xem f (x) = f (x), neu x (l, 0). Sau o khai trien Fourier ham thac trien o. - Muon bieu dien f (x) di dang chuoi lng giac ch co ham sin, ta thac trien f thanh ham le tren (l, l] bang cach xem f (x) = f (x), neu x (l, 0). Sau o khai trien Fourier ham thac trien o.
V du. Khai trien Fourier cac ham xac nh tren [, ], chu ky 2 : a) Khai trien ham
4 f (x) = signx, x [, ]: F f (x) = y
E r T E r E r r E E r r E E r r E
sin(2k + 1)x 2k + 1 k=0
E r E E
b) Khai trien ham f (x) = x, x [, ]: F f (x) = 2
(1)k+1
k=1
sin kx k
16
y
r r r r r
c) Khai trien ham f (x) = x2 , x [, ]:

y
T
F f (x) =
2 cos kx +4 (1)k 3 k2 k=1
V du. Khai trien Fourier cac ham xac nh tren [0, 2], chu ky 2 : Ham f (x),
x 0 x < 2
Khai trien Fourier F f (x)

2 sin kx k k=1
x2
4 2 cos kx sin kx +4 4 2 3 k k k=1 k=1 4 cos kx sin kx A 2 + B + C + 4A (4A 2B) 2 3 k k k=1 k=1
Ax2 + Bx + C
r r r r r
F f (x) = x, 0 < x < 2
I.4 Chuoi lng giac.
17
! r
! r
! r
! r
! r E
F f (x) = x2 , 0 < x < 2
Nhan xet. Cac ham co cung bieu thc f (x) nhng xac nh tren cac mien khac nhau hay chon chu ky khac nhau, th cac ham thac trien noi chung khac nhau. Chang han, thac trien cua f (x) = x, x [, ] va f (x) = x, x [0, 2] (vi cung chu ky 2 ) la khac nhau. V vay khai trien Fourier cua chung noi chung la khac nhau. V du. Cho f (x) = x, x [0, ]. a) Muon khai trien f (x) thanh chuoi lng giac ch co cos. Thac trien f thanh ham chan, i.e. f (x) = |x|, x [, ]. Khai trien Fourier va do ham f thoa ieu kien cua nh ly ve hoi tu ta co
4 2 cos(2k + 1)x , x (2k + 1)2 k=1
|x| =
T E
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
b) Muon khai trien f (x) thanh chuoi lng giac ch co sin. Thac trien f thanh ham le, i.e. f (x) = x, x [, ]. Khai trien Fourier va do ham f thoa ieu kien cua nh ly ve hoi tu ta co
x=2
(1)k+1
k=1
sin kx , < x < k
T E
r r r r r
18 V du. T cac v du tren va tnh hoi tu iem, ta co cac gia tr tong

sin kx k k=1 cos kx k2 k=1

= = = =
sin kx k k=1 cos kx (1)k+1 k2 k=1 (1)k+1
x 2 3x2 6x + 262 12 x 2 2 3x2 12
vi 0 < x < 2 vi 0 < x < 2 vi |x| < vi |x| <
T cac cong thc tren suy ra

sin(2k + 1)x 2k + 1 k=0 cos(2k + 1)x (2k + 1)2 k=0 sin 2kx 2k k=1 cos 2kx (2k)2 k=1
= = = =
4 2 2x 8 2x 4 2 6x + 2 6x 24
vi 0 < x < vi 0 < x < 2 vi 0 < x < vi 0 < x < 2
Vi cac ga tr x cu the cac cong thc tren suy ra

2 1 , = k2 6 k=1
2 (1)k+1 , = k2 12 k=1
(1)k = 2k + 1 4 k=0
II. Khong gian
Rn
1. KHONG GIAN EUCLID Rn
co trang b 2 phep toan:
1.1 Khong gian vector Rn . Trong Rn = {x = (x1, , xn ) : xi R, i = 1, , n}

x + y = (x1 , , xn ) + (y1 , , yn ) = (x1 + y1 , , xn + yn ) x = (x1 , , xn ) = (x1 , , xn ), R.
Vi 2 phep toan tren Rn la khong gian vector n-chieu tren R. Ta thng dung c s chnh tac: e1 = (1, 0, , 0), , en = (0, , 0, 1). n Vay x = (x1 , , xn ) = xi ei . Ta cung ky hieu vector khong la 0 = (0, , 0). Ngoai cau truc ai so, Euclid:
Tch vo hng: Chuan: Metric:
i=1 Rn
con co cau truc hnh hoc xac nh bi tch vo hng
1.2 Tch vo hng-Chuan-Metric. Cho x = (x 1 , , xn ), y = (y1, , yn ) Rn .

< x, y >= x1 y1 + + xn yn . 1 x = < x, x > = (x2 + + x2 ) 2 . n 1 1 d(x, y) = x y = {(x1 y1 )2 + + (xn yn )2 } 2 .
Sau ay la cac tnh chat c ban cua cac anh xa tren:

Tnh chat cua tch vo hng:
Tnh chat. Cho x, y, z Rn va , R.

(S1) < x + y, z > = < x, y > + < x, z > . (S2) < x, y > = < y, x > . (S3) < x, x > 0, va < x, x >= 0 khi x x x+y 0, va x = 0 = || x . x + y .
Tnh chat cua chuan:

(N 1) (N 2) (N 3)
va ch khi
x = 0.
khi va ch khi x = 0.
Tnh chat cua metric:
(M 1) d(x, y) 0, va d(x, y) = 0 (M 2) d(x, y) = d(y, x). (M 3) d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y).
khi va ch khi x = y.
Chng minh: Trc het ta chng minh bat ang thc tam giac (N 3).
Ta co bat ang thc Cauchy-Schwarz: | < x, y > | x y . Thc vay, tam thc bac 2: tx + y 2 = x 2 t2 + 2 < x, y > t + y 2 0, t R. Suy ra =< x, y >2 x 2 y 2 0, i.e. bat ang thc tren ung.
20 Vay x + y 2 = x 2 + y 2 + 2 < x, y > x 2 + y i.e ta co bat ang thc (N 3). (N 3) suy ra (M 3). Con cac tnh chat khac la ro rang.
2
+2 x
y = ( x + y )2 ,
Bai tap: Chng minh | < x, y > | = x y khi va ch khi x, y t le nhau. Bai tap: Hay chng minh bat ang thc ang chu y sau:
1in
max |xi |
n max |xi |.
1in
Mot day trong X Rn la anh xa x : N X , x(k) = xk = (xk,1 , , xk,n ). Thng ky hieu day bi (xk )kN hay ngan gon (xk ). Day (xk ) goi la hoi tu ve a Rn , ky hieu lim xk = a, hay xk a, neuu1
k
1.3 Tnh u cua Rn .
> 0, N : k N = d(xk , a) < .
Bai tap: T bat ang thc tam giac chng minh gii han cua day neu co la duy nhat. T bat ang thc bai tap muc 1.2, ta co nguyen ly a ve mot chieu:
Menh e. Cho day (xk ) va a = (a1 , , an ) Rn . Khi o

k
lim xk = a lim xk , xk =
khi va ch khi lim xk,i = ai , i = 1, , n.

k
Bai tap: Tnh
trong o
1 1 k 100 ln k p k k , k , p , 2, k , k p k e k k! (p > 0).
Bai tap: T menh e tren hay phat bieu va chng minh cac tnh chat hoi tu cua day tong, hieu, tch vo hng, chuan, ... cua cac day hoi tu. Day (xk ) goi la day Cauchy hay day c ban neuu
> 0, N : k, l N = d(xk , xl ) < .
Menh e. Mot day trong Rn la hoi tu khi va ch khi no la day Cauchy.

Chng minh: Trc het nhac lai la mot day so trong R hoi tu khi va ch khi no
la day Cauchy sau o ap dung menh e tren suy ra ket qua.
Trong giao trnh nay qui c: neuu = neu va ch neu .
II.2 Topo trong Rn .
21
2. TOPO TRONG Rn Hnh cau m tam a ban knh r, nh ngha: B(a, r) = {x Rn : d(x, a) < r}. Hnh cau ong tam a ban knh r, nh ngha: B(a, r) = {x Rn : d(x, a) r}. Vay hnh cau la khai quat hoa khai niem khoang, a tron, hnh cau trong khong gian 1, 2, 3 chieu tng ng. Cho X Rn va a Rn . Khi o a goi la iem trong cua X neuu r > 0 : B(a, r) X . a goi la iem bien cua X neuu r > 0 : B(a, r) X = , B(a, r) (Rn \ X) = . V du. oan [, ] trong R co cac iem trong la x sao cho < x < , hai iem bien la , . Bai tap: Xac nh bien cua tap Q trong R.
X Rn goi la tap m neuu moi iem cua X la iem trong, i.e. a X, r > 0 : oB(a, r) X . Ky hieu int X hay X = Tap moi iem trong cua X , va goi la phan trong cua X . o Nhan xet. Ro rang, X m khi va ch khi X =X . Bai tap: Chng minh khoang m trong R, hnh cau m la cac tap m. Tm v du tap
2.1 Hnh cau. Cho a Rn va r > 0.
2.2 Tap m. Tap
khong m.
Menh e. (i)
va Rn la cac tap m (iii) Giao hu han tap m la m.
(ii) Hp mot ho tap m la m

Ui .
Chng minh: (i) la ro rang. (ii) Gia s Ui , i I la cac tap m. Cho x U =
Khi o ton tai i0 I, x Ui0 . Do tnh m, ton tai cau B(x, r) Ui0 ( U ). Vay x la iem trong cua U , nen U m. (iii) c chng minh tng t. Nhan xet. Giao vo han tap m noi chung khong m. Chang han,
1 1 ( , ). i i iN
iI
V du. Cac tap hu han, cac tap ri rac nh Z, khoang ong [a, b], hnh cau ong la cac tap ong. Khoang m hay Q khong la tap ong. (tai sao?) T Menh e tren va qui tac De Morgan suy ra
2.3 Tap ong. Tap con X Rn goi la ong neuu phan bu Rn \ X la m.
Menh e. (i)
va Rn la cac tap ong (ii) Giao mot ho tap ong la ong (iii) Hp hu han tap ong la ong.
e hieu cac ac trng khac cua tap ong ta can khai niem: a Rn goi la iem tu hay iem gii han cua X neuu r > 0, B(a, r) X cha mot phan t khac a (va do o co vo so phan t). Ky hieu Cl X hay X = X tap moi iem gii han cua X , goi la bao ong cua X . Bai tap: Trong k N}, va Q.
R
tm cac iem gii han cua: tap ri rac, khoang
[a, b),
tap {1/k
22
(i) X la tap ong (ii) X = X (iii) X cha moi iem gii han cua no (iv) Moi day (xk ) trong X hoi tu ve x, th x X .
Chng minh: (i) (ii): Gia s x la iem gii han cua X . Khi o r > 0, B(x, r)X = , i.e. r > 0, B(x, r) Rn \ X . Suy ra x int(Rn \ X) = Rn \ X (do (i)). Vay x X. (ii) (iii): T nh ngha. (iii) (iv): Gia s (xk ) X , xk x. Neu tap {xk } cac phan t cua day la hu han, th ton tai k0 , x = xk0 , do vay x X . Neu tap {xk } vo han, th x la iem gii han cua X , do (iii) x X . (iv) (i): Phan chng, gia s Rn \ X khong m. Khi o ton tai x Rn \ X khong la iem trong, i.e. r > 0, B(x, r) X = . Vay x la iem gii han cua X . Theo (iv) x X vo ly.
Menh e. Cho X Rn . Khi o cac ieu sau tng ng:
3. TAP COMPACT
K Rn goi la compact neuu K ong va gii noi, i.e. K ong va ton tai R > 0 : K B(0, R). V du. oan [a, b] trong R, tap hu han, hnh cau ong B(a, r), hnh hop ong [a1 , b1 ] [an , bn ] trong Rn la cac tap compact.
3.1 Tap compact. Tap con
e neu cac nh ngha tng ng cua tap compact, nham muc ch thuan tien khi s dung, ta co khai niem sau.
3.2 Phu m. Ho
K
P = {Ui , i I} (I la tap ch so) goi la phu m cua tap con cua Rn neuu moi i I , Ui la tap m trong Rn va K Ui .
1 1 V du. Ho cac khoang (a , b + ), k N, k k (a, a + 1), a R, la ho phu m cua R.
la ho phu m cua
iI
[a, b].
Ho
3.3 nh ly. Cho K la tap con cua Rn. Khi o cac ieu sau tng ng:
(i) K ong va gii noi. (ii) K thoa ieu kien Bolzano-Weierstrass:
Moi day (xk ) trong K , ton tai day con (x(k) ) hoi tu ve x va x K .2 (iii) K thoa ieu kien Heine-Borel: Moi phu m P = {Ui , i I} cua K , ton tai phu con hu han {Ui1 , , Uis } cua K .
(i) (ii): Gia s (xk ) K . Do tnh gii noi, ton tai R > 0, sao cho xk < R. Vay cac day toa o tng ng (xk,i )kN , (i = 1, n) la cac day so b chan. Vay theo nguyen ly Weierstrass cho R, (x k,1 ) co day con (x1 (k),1 ) hoi tu ve a1 . Tng t,
2
Chng minh: Ta chng minh (ii) (i) (iii).
Mot day con cua (xk ) co dang (x(k) ), vi : N N la mot day tang.
II.4 Tap lien thong

(x1 (k),2 )
23
co day con (x2(k),2 ) hoi tu ve a2 , , (xn1(k),n ) co day con (xn (k),n ) hoi tu ve an . Vay day con (xn (k) ) hoi tu ve a = (a1 , , an ). Do K ong x K . (ii) (i): Gia s x la iem gii han cua K . Vay x la gii han cua mot day trong K . T (ii) suy ra x K . Vay K ong. Neu K khong gii noi, th ton tai day (xk ) K, xk > k. De thay day nay khong the co day con nao hoi tu. (iii) (i): Ho cau m {B(0, i), i N} phu K , nen (iii) suy ra K co the phu bi hu han cau B(0, 1), , B(0, s). Vay K gii noi. e chng minh K ong, ta kiem tra Rn \ K la m. Cho x Rn \ K . Khi o
K Rn \ {x} = Rn \ (
iN
B(x, 1/i)) =
iN N i=1
(Rn \ B(x, 1/i)).
Theo (iii) ton tai
sao cho
(Rn \ B(x, 1/i)) = Rn \ B(x, 1/N ),
i.e.
B(x, 1/N ) Rn \ K . Vay x la iem trong cua Rn \ K . (i) (iii): Phan chng, gia s P = {Ui , i I} la phu m cua K ma moi ho con hu han cua no khong the phu K . Vi k = 1, do K gii noi, ton tai hu han cau ban knh 1 phu K . Theo gia thiet, ton tai cau B1 ban knh 1 sao cho K B1 khong the phu bi hu han U i . Lap luan tng t, vi k N, ton tai cau Bk ban knh 1/k sao cho Bk Bk1 va K Bk khong the phu bi hu han U i . Vi moi k , chon xk K Bk . Khi o ton tai lim xk = a K . Vay ton tai ch so i0 sao cho a Ui0 . Do tnh m, ton tai r, B(a, r) Ui0 . Mt khac, khi k u ln, Bk B(a, r). Vay Bk Ui0 . ieu nay mau thuan vi tnh chat cua day Bk .
Nhan xet. Ho {Ui , i [0, 1]} vi Ui = {i} la phu tap compact phu con hu han. e y la Ui khong m. Bai tap: Hp, giao, tch cac tap compact co compact?
4. TAP LIEN THONG
[0, 1],
khong co
goi la lien thong neuu no khong the tach bi 2 tap m, i.e. khong ton tai cap tap m U, V sao cho: C U V, C U = = C V , va C U V = . Noi mot cach khac, vi moi cap tap m U, V , sao cho C U V, C U V = , th C U hay C V .
C Rn C, x < y [x, y] C . Nh vay tap lien thong trong R co dang mot iem hay khoang < a, b >, trong o dau < hay > e ky hieu ] hay [ .
4.1 nh ngha. Tap con
4.2 Phan loai tap lien thong trong R.
C R
lien thong khi va ch khi x, y
C.
tai z (x, y), z C . Khi o de thay U = (, z),
Chng minh: () Phan chng, gia s x, y C, x < y nhng (x, y) C , i.e. ton
V = (z, +)
la cac tap m tach
24 () Phan chng, gia s C khong lien thong. Khi o ton tai cac tap m U, V tach C . Goi x U C, y V V . Khong mat tong quat, gia s x < y. t z = sup U [x, y]. V U m, x < z va z U . V V m, z < y va z V . Suy ra (x, y) C . Sau ay la mot tieu chuan trc quan e nhan biet mot tap la lien thong. oan thang noi a, b Rn c nh ngha la [a, b] = {x = a + t(b a) : t [0, 1]}. p Mot ng gap khuc noi a, b la hp hu han oan: [ai , ai+1 ], a0 = a, ap+1 = b.
4.3 Menh e. Cho
. Gia s C la tap m. Khi o C lien thong khi va C ch khi vi moi cap iem a, b C ton tai ng gap khuc trong C noi a va b
Rn
i=0
ton tai ng gap khuc trong C noi a va x} va khong ton tai ng gap khuc trong C noi a va x} . Khi o, co the kiem tra la neu U, V khac trong, th chung la 2 tap m, tach C . Do C lien thong va U = , suy ra V = . Vay C = U = tap co tnh chat a neu. Ngc lai, gia s C co tnh chat neu tren. Trc het ta co khang nh sau:
U = {x C : V = {x C :
Chng minh: Gia s C lien thong. Co nh a C . t
Neu Li , i I, la cac tap lien thong va
iI
Li =
, th
iI
Li
lien thong. (bai tap)
Do 4.2, mot oan thang la lien thong. T khang nh tren suy ra ng gap khuc cung lien thong, v la hp hu han oan thang ma 2 oan ke nhau co iem chung. Bay gi co nh a C . Moi x C goi Lx la ng gap khuc trong C noi a va x. Lx = , t khang nh tren suy ra C = Lx la tap Khi o Lx lien thong va lien thong.
xC xC
V du. Cac tap sau la lien thong:

5. TONG QUAT HOA
Rn , B(a, r), B(a, r), [a1 , b1 ] [an , bn ].
Nhieu ket qua trong giao trnh nay khong ch ung cho khong gian vo hng Euclid, ma con ung cho cac khong gian tong quat hn.
Rn,
vi tch
anh xa d : M M R, (x, y) d(x, y), thoa cac tnh chat (M1)(M2)(M3) 1.2.
V tren trng R, tren o co trang b mot anh xa chat (N1)(N2)(N3) 1.2. V tren trng R, tren o R, (x, y) < x, y >, thoa cac tnh chat : V R, x x , thoa
Khong gian metric. Mot khong gian metric la mot tap M tren o co trang b mot
cac tnh
Khong gian nh chuan. Mot khong gian nh chuan la mot khong gian vector Khong gian co tch vo hng. Mot khong gian co tch vo hng la mot khong
gian vector co trang b mot anh xa (S1)(S2)(S3) 1.2.
< , >: V V
II.5 Tong quat hoa
25
Bai tap: a) Neu < , > la tch vo hng tren V , th x =< x, x >, x V , xac nh mot chuan tren V . b) Neu la chuan tren V , th d(x, y) = xy , x, y V xac nh mot metric tren V . Tren khong gian metric, khong gian nh chuan hay khong gian co tch vo hng, cac khai niem day, day hoi tu, day Cauchy, hnh cau, tap m, tap ong, c nh ngha tng t nh trong Rn . Mot khong gian metric ma moi day Cauchy eu hoi tu goi la khong gian metric u . Mot khong gian nh chuan u goi la khong gian Banach. Mot khong gian co tch vo hng u goi la khong gian Hilbert. Nh vay Rn la khong gian metric u, chnh xac hn no la khong gian Hilbert hu han chieu. V du. a) Trong Rn ngoai chuan Euclid, co the xac nh nhieu chuan khac nhau (va v vay co nhieu khoang cach khac nhau), chang han: 1 x = max |xi | (chuan max), hay x p = (|x1 |p + + |xn |p ) p (p 1). 1in chng sau ta se chng minh moi chuan trong Rn eu cho khai niem hoi tu nh nhau. b) Trong khong gian C[a, b] cac ham lien tuc tren [a, b],
d(f, g) = sup |f (t) g(t)|, f, g C[a, b],
t[a,b]
xac nh mot metric (tng ng khai niem hoi tu eu). c) Bieu thc sau xac nh mot tch vo hng trong C[a, b]:
< f, g > =
b a
f (t)g(t)dt, f, g C[a, b].
S hoi tu ng vi metric sinh bi tch vo hng tren goi la s hoi tu trung bnh. Bai tap: Hay ve hnh cau trong R2 vi cac chuan cho v du a).
III. Ham lien tuc tren Rn

1. GII HAN HAM
1.1 nh ngha. Cho X la tap con cua Rn . Anh xa

f : X Rm , x = (x1 , , xn ) f (x) = (f1 (x), , fm (x))
c goi la anh xa (thc) cua n bien (thc) x1 , , xn , vi m ham thanh phan Khi m = 1 ta goi anh xa la ham . oi luc, do thoi quen, ta dung thuat ng ham thay cho anh xa khi m > 1. Khi n = 1 thng ky hieu bien la x; khi n = 2 ky hieu 2 bien la x, y; con n = 3 ky hieu 3 bien la x, y, z . Cho f tng ng vi viec cho o th cua f , i.e. tap graph f = {(x, f (x)) : x X}
R n Rm . fi : X R, i = 1, , m.
Do tnh trc quan o th co vai tro ac biet quan trong trong cac trng hp ma n + m 3, khi xet tnh chat cua anh xa.
V du.
a) f (x, y) = 1 x2 y2 co o th la na tren mat cau n v trong R3 . b) f (x, y) = x2 + y2 co o th la mot mat Paraboloid. Bai tap: hay tm cach mo ta hnh hoc cho f : R2 R2 , f (x, y) = (x2 y2 , 2xy).
1.2 Gii han ham. Gia s

goi la co gii han f (x) L, khi x a; neuu
f
Khi o
a la iem gii L Rm khi x
han cua X Rn va f : X Rm . tien ve a , ky hieu xa f (x) = L hay lim
> 0, > 0 : x X \ {a}, d(x, a) < d(f (x), L) < .
De thay nh ngha theo ngon ng ( vi nh ngha theo day cua Heine:

xa
, )
cua Cauchy tren hoan toan tng ng

k
lim f (x) = L
neuu moi day (xk ) X \ {a},
lim xk = a lim f (xk ) = L.

k
e y la ve mat hnh thc nh ngha tren hoan toan giong trng hp ham mot bien, cung vi tnh chat gii han day ta co
Menh e.
xa
lim f (x) = L = (L1 , , Lm ) lim fi (x) = Li , i = 1, , m.

xa
Bai tap: T menh e tren phat bieu va chng minh cac tnh chat ve gii han cua tong, hieu, tch vo hng, chuan, hp cac anh xa,.. ong thi tnh bao toan quan he th t khi qua gii han cac ham.
28 V du. a) lim
xy(x + y) = 0, (x,y)(0,0) x2 + y 2 1 |x2 + y 2 ||x + y| xy(x + y) |x + y| 0, khi (x, y) (0, 0). v x2 + y 2 2 |x2 + y 2 | sin xy sin xy = lim x = 1.0 = 0. b) lim x (x,y)(0,0) (x,y)(0,0) xy xy khong ton tai. e chng minh ieu nay ch can chon 2 day, chang c) lim (x,y)(0,0) x + y 1 1 1 han (xk , yk ) = ( k , k ) va (xk , yk ) = ( k , 0) eu tien ve (0, 0), nhng f (xk , yk ) 0 con f (xk , yk ) 1.
1.3 Gii han lap. Gii han tren con goi la gii han ong thi e phan biet vi
khai niem gii han lap sau ay. Cho f (x, y) la ham hai bien (hay tong quat hn, ham hai bo bien). Gia s (x0 , y0 ) la iem gii han cua mien xac nh cua f . Xet cac gii han
a12 = lim lim f (x, y), a21 = lim lim f (x, y), a =
yy0 xx0 xx0 yy0 (x,y)(x0 ,y0 )
lim
f (x, y).
Van e: Moi quan he gia cac gii han tren ? Tra li: long leo, xet cac v du sau V du. Vi x0 = 0, y0 = 0. 1 1 a) f (x, y) = (x + y) sin x sin y . Ta co a12 , a21 khong ton tai, a = 0. b) f (x, y) =
x2 y 2 . Ta co a12 = 0, a21 = 1, con a khong ton tai. x2 + y xy c) f (x, y) = 2 2 . Ta co a12 = a21 = 0, con a khong ton tai. x +y 1 d) f (x, y) = x sin y . Ta co a12 = 0, a21 khong ton tai, a = 0.
Bai tap: Tm ieu kien e cac gii han neu tren ton tai va a = a 12 = a21 . Mot trong cac ieu kien la:
Gia s (i) Ton tai yy0 f (x, y) = g(x), x X. lim (ii) Ton tai xx f (x, y) = h(y) eu theo y, i.e. lim
0
Menh e. Cho f : X Y
Rm , x0 , y0
la iem tu cua X, Y tng ng.
> 0, > 0 : x X, d(x, x0 ) < d(f (x, y), h(y)) < , y Y.
Khi o cac gii han sau ton tai va

(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )
lim
f (x, y) = lim lim f (x, y) = lim lim f (x, y).

xx0 yy0 yy0 xx0
III.1 Gii han.
29
1.4 Gii han vo cung - Gii han vo cung. Ta con xet cac gii han khi x tien ra vo cung hay gii han vo cung, va co cac khai niem tng ng cho cac ky hieu sau:
Bai tap: hay neu cac nh ngha sao cho phu hp vi cac khai niem tng ng cua ham mot bien. Co bao nhieu iem vo cung trong R n ? Hieu the nao la hnh cau hay lan can cua iem vo cung ?
a Rn hay a = . Ky hieu Fa (Rn , Rm ) la gian cac ham t lan can cua a trong Rn vao Rm . e so sanh cac ham trong lan can a, ngi ta thng dung cac ky hieu sau. Cho f, Fa (Rn , Rm ). Khi o ky hieu va nh ngha: f = o()
x
lim f (x) = L, lim f (x) = ,

xa
lim f (x) = .
1.5 Ky hieu o va O. Cho
khong
khi x a
lim
xa
f (x) = 0. (x)
Bai tap: Cho f, g, Fa (Rn , Rm). Chng minh: (1) Neu f = o() va g = o() khi x a, th f + g = o() khi x a. (2) Neu f = o() khi x a va g b chan, th < f, g >= o() khi x a. Cho f, Fa (Rn , Rm ), ky hieu va nh ngha:
f = O()
khi x a
C > 0, r > 0 : f (x) C (x) , x B(a, r).
Bai tap: Cho f, g, Fa (Rn , Rm). Chng minh: (1) Neu f = O() va g = O() khi x a, th f + g = O() khi x a. (2) Neu f = O() khi x a va g b chan, th < f, g >= O() khi x a. Nhan xet. Nh vay ky hieu o(), O() ch mot lp ham ch khong phai mot ham cu the nao. Chang han, t f = o() va g = o() khong the suy ra f = g . Cho f, g Fa (Rn , R), ky hieu va nh ngha:
f g f (x) = 1. g(x)
khi x a
lim
xa
Bai tap: Chng minh quan he la quan he tng ng. V du. Khi n , ta co:
P (n) = ap np + ap1 np1 + + a0 ap np (ap = 0) n(n + 1) = O(n2 ) 1 + 2 + + n = 2 n(2n + 1)(n + 2) = O(n3 ) 12 + 22 + + n2 = 6 1 n n n n+ 2 2n = O n! e e
30 Bai tap: So sanh 2n , np , lnq n, np lnq n khi n +. Bai tap: Chng minh vi p N, ta co: 1p + 2p + + np
2. TNH LIEN TUC
= O(np+1 )
khi n
2.1 nh ngha.
f : X Rm , X R n ,
xa
goi la lien tuc tai
aX
neuu
lim f (x) = f (a).
Bai tap: viet nh ngha lien tuc theo ngon ng ( , ), va theo ngon ng day. T nh ngha de thay f lien tuc tai a tng ng vi ieu kien hnh hoc:
> 0, > 0 : B(a, ) f 1 (B(f (a), )
Bai tap: Cho f : Rn Rm . Chng minh cac ieu sau tng ng (i) f lien tuc tren Rn . (ii) Moi tap m V Rm , f 1 (V ) la m. (iii) Moi tap ong F Rm , f 1 (F ) la ong. Ky hieu C(X, Rm ) khong gian cac ham f : X Rm lien tuc tai moi iem cua X. Ham f goi la gian oan tai a neuu f khong lien tuc tai a. T tnh chat gii han de suy ra
Menh e. Tong, hieu, tch vo hng, thng (m = 1 va mau khac khong), hp cac ham lien tuc la lien tuc.
V du. a) Lp cac ham s cap la cac ham c lap thanh bi cac ham s cap c ban: ham hang, ham chieu f (x1 , , xn ) = xi (i = 1, , n), ham exponent ex , ham logarithm ln x, ham sine sin x va ham arcsine arcsin x; bang cac phep toan so hoc (cong, tr, nhan, chia) va cac phep hp thanh. Theo menh e tren ham s cap la lien tuc tren tap xac nh cua no. b) Ham a thc
f (x1 , , xn ) =
0i1 in N
ai1 , ,in xi1 xin , n 1 x a.
la lien tuc tren Rn v la tong cac tch cac ham lien tuc: x xi , c) Nhac lai anh xa T : Rn Rm goi la tuyen tnh neuu
T (x + y) = T (x) + T (y), x, y Rn , , R.
Khi co nh c s chnh tac, T hoan toan xac nh bi ma tran m dong n cot (aij )mn , m trong o T (ej ) = aij ei , j = 1, , m.
i=1
III.2 Tnh lien tuc.
31
Neu bieu dien y = T x di dang vector cot, ta co quan he theo qui tac nhan ma tran:

y1
.. .
a11
ym
am1 am2
.. .
a12
.. .
a1n
.. .
x1
.. .
amn
xn
Moi ham thanh phan la a thc bac 1, suy ra moi anh xa tuyen tnh la lien tuc. Bai tap: Cho T la anh xa tuyen tnh. Chng minh
M > 0 : T x M x , x Rn .
Ta se ky hieu
T = max T x ,
x =1
goi la chuan cua T
2.2 Cac nh ly c ban cua ham lien tuc tren tap compact.
f (K)
nh ly (Weierstrass). Cho
compact.
f : K R m .
Neu f lien tuc va K compact, th
He qua. Neu
f : K R la ham lien tuc tren tap compact K Rn , th f at c max, min tren K , i.e. ton tai a, b K sao cho f (a) = sup f (x), f (b) = inf f (x).
xK xK
compact, ton tai day con x(k) ) hoi tu ve x K . Do tnh lien tuc cua f day con (y(k) = f (x(k) )) hoi tu ve f (x) f (K). Vay f (K) compact. Khi m = 1, theo chng minh tren f (K) la ong va gii noi. T tnh gii noi, suy ra ton tai M = sup f (K) va m = inf f (K). T f (K) ong, ton tai a, b K , sao cho f (a) = M, f (b) = m.
Chng minh: Gia s (yk ) la day trong f (K). Goi xk K, yk = f (xk ). Do K
nh ly (Cantor). Cho
tuc eu tren K , i.e.
f : K R m .
Neu f lien tuc va K compact, th f lien
> 0, > 0 : x, x K, d(x, x ) < = d(f (x), f (x )) < .
Chng minh: Phan chng, gia s f khong lien tuc eu, i.e.
> 0, k N, xk , xk K : d(xk , xk ) < 1 , k
nhng
d(f (xk ), f (xk )) .
Do K compact, ton tai day con (x(k)) cua (xk ) hoi tu ve x K . T bat ang thc 1 , suy ra day con (x(k)) cua (xk ) cung hoi tu ve x. T tnh d(x(k) , x(k) )) < (k) lien tuc cua f suy ra d(f (x(k)), f (x(k))) hoi tu ve d(f (x), f (x)) = 0. ieu nay mau thuan vi gia thiet. Bai tap: Tm v du ham lien tuc nhng khong lien tuc eu (HD: Chang han xet
32 ham f (x) =
1 , x (0, +).) x
ng dung. Moi khong gian vector hu han chieu E eu ton tai chuan va moi chuan
trong E la tng ng.
Trc het ta neu cac nh ngha. Cho E la mot khong gian vector tren R. Anh xa N : E R goi la chuan neuu no thoa cac ieu kien (N 1)(N 2)(N 3) cua tnh chat I.1.3. Chang han, trong R n , x max1in |xi | hay x n |xi | la cac chuan khac i=1 chuan Euclid x . Nhan xet. Neu mot khong gian co chuan, th tren khong gian o co khai niem hoi tu theo chuan a cho. Ta noi 2 chuan N1 , N2 la tng ng neuu ton tai 2 so dng M, m sao cho
mN1 (x) N2 (x) M N1 (x), x E.
x S n1 . Ro rang M, m > 0. Vi moi x \ {0}, ta co x ra bat ang thc can chng minh m x N (x) M x . Rn
Nhan xet. Nh vay 2 chuan tng ng cho hai khai niem hoi tu nh nhau, i.e. mot day hoi tu theo chuan nay th cung hoi tu theo chuan kia. e chng minh s ton tai chuan tren E , co nh mot c s f 1 , , fn cua E . Khi o ang cau tuyen tnh T : E Rn , x1 f1 + + xn fn (x1 , , xn ), cam sinh chuan NE = T 1 N tren E t chuan N tren Rn . Cung t ang cau o, e chng minh moi chuan tren E eu tng ng, ta ch can chng minh moi chuan N trong Rn eu tng ng vi chuan Euclid , nh vay moi chuan trong Rn (va v vay tren E ) la tng ng. Goi S n1 = {x Rn : x = 1} la mat cau n v . Khi o v N lien tuc (tai sao?), va S n1 compact (tai sao?), suy ra ton tai M = max N (x), va m = min N (x). n1 n1
xS
T tnh chat (N 2) suy
xS
2.3 nh ly c ban cua ham lien tuc tren tap lien thong. nh ly (Cauchy). Cho
lien thong.
f : C Rm.
Neu f lien tuc va C lien thong, th f (C)
He qua 1. Cho f : C R. Neu f lien tuc va C lien thong, th f (C) la mot khoang. Suy ra, neu a, b C va R ma f (a) < < f (b), th ton tai c C : f (c) = . He qua 2. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren tap lien thong C . Neu f (C) la tap ri rac (chang han f ch nhan cac gia tr nguyen), th f la ham hang.
A, B tach f (C). T tnh lien tuc cua f suy ra ton tai cac tap m U, V sao cho f 1 (A) = C U va f 1 (B) = C V . De kiem tra U, V la cac tap m tach C . Vay C khong lien thong. Do tap lien thong trong R1 la mot khoang va tap hp ri rac lien thong khi va ch
Chng minh: Phan chng, gia s f (C) khong lien thong, i.e. ton tai cac tap m
khi no la mot iem, suy ra cac he qua
III.2 Tnh lien tuc.
33
Bai tap: Cho f : [a, b] [a, b] la ham lien tuc. Chng minh ton tai x [a, b], sao cho f (x ) = x . Bai tap: Cho f : [a, b] R lien tuc va f (b), f (a) trai dau. Dung phng phap chia oi oan, xay dng day (xk ) hoi tu ve mot nghiem cua phng trnh f (x) = 0
ton tai x0 sao cho f (x0 ) = f (x0 ). (trong o S n = {x Rn+1 : x = 1} la mat cau n v.)
Sn
ng dung. (nh ly Ulam-Borsuk) Moi ham lien tuc
f : S n R, n 1,
eu
e chng minh, xet g(x) = f (x) f (x). Khi o g lien tuc tren S n la tap lien thong (tai sao?). Vay g(S n ) la khoang trong R. Mat khac g(x)g(x) 0, nen g(S n ) phai cha 0. T o suy ra ieu can chng minh.
2.4 Nguyen ly anh xa co

(theo metric d), i.e.
nh ly (Banach). Cho
M Rn
la tap ong. Gia s f : M M la anh xa co
, 0 < < 1 : d(f (x), f (y)) d(x, y), x, y M.
Khi o ton tai duy nhat mot iem bat ong cua f , i.e. !x M : f (x ) = x . Cu the, cho x0 M xay dng day (xk ) vi x1 = f (x0 ), xk+1 = f (xk ) (k = 2, 3, ). Khi o (xk ) hoi tu ve iem bat ong x cua f . Chng minh: Vi day (xk ) c xay dng nh tren, ta co
d(xk+1 , xk ) = d(f (xk ), f (xk1 ) d(xk , xk1 ) k d(x1 , x).
T o suy ra vi m = 1, 2,
d(xk+m , xk ) d(xk+m , xk+m1 ) + + d(xk+1 , xk ) (k+m + k )d(x1 , x0 ) k d(x1 , x) 0, khi k . 1
Vay (xk ) la day Cauchy, nen ton tai lim xk = x . Do M ong x M . De thay f co th f lien tuc va t cach xay dng day suy ra f (x ) = x . Neu x M la iem bat ong cua f , i.e. f () = x, th x
x x d(, x ) = d(f (), f (x )) d(, x ). x
Do < 1, nen d(, x ) = 0, i.e. x
x = x .
V du. Cho f : R R la ham kha vi. Ga s ton tai 0 < < 1 sao cho |f (x)| < , x. Khi o theo nh ly Lagrange
|f (x) f (y)| = |f (c)||x y| |x y|, x, y R
Vay f la anh xa co. Bai tap: Tm v du ham f
:M M
thoa d(f (x), f (y)) < d(x, y), x, y M, x = y,
34 nhng khong phai la anh xa co, va khong co iem bat ong. ( Hd: Xet f (x) = x + , x vi x M = [1, )). Bai tap: Cho T : Rn Rn la anh xa tuyen tnh co ma tran bieu dien la (tij ). Chng minh T la anh xa co (oi vi metric tng ng) neu
n i,j=1
t2 < 1 hay ij
n i,j=1
|tij | < 1
hay
n max |tij | < 1

1i,jn
3. S HOI TU EU
Day (fk ) goi la hoi tu (iem) ve ham f neuu vi moi Day (fk ) goi la hoi tu eu tren X ve f neuu noi mot cach khac, neu at
k=0
3.1 nh ngha. Cho day ham (fk )kN , trong o fk : X Rm ,
X Rn . x X , lim f k (x) = f (x).
> 0, N ( ) : k N d(fk (x), f (x)) , x X, Mk = sup d(fk (x), f (x)),

xX
th
lim Mk = 0.
Mot chuoi ham tren X , la tong hnh thc dang

fk = f0 + f1 + + fk + ,
vi fk : X Rm
Xet day ham tong rieng th k Sk = f0 + f1 + + fk . Khi o chuoi goi la hoi tu iem (t.. hoi tu eu) tren X neuu (S k ) hoi tu iem (t.. hoi tu eu) tren X . Nh vay khai niem chuoi ham xem la trng hp rieng cua day ham. neu |x| k, neu |x| > k. Khi o (fk ) hoi tu ve f (x) 1. Tuy nhien s hoi tu la khong eu v a) Cho day ham tren R xac nh bi
xR
V du.
1 1 |x| fk (x) = 0 k
sup |fk (x) f (x)| = 1 0, 1 , 1x
khi
k .
b) Chuoi ham
k=0
xk
hoi tu iem ve f (x) =
tren [1, 1) va neu 0 r < 1, th
s hoi tu la eu tren [r, r]. 1 xk+1 . Ta kiem tra tnh e chng minh, xet day ham Sk (x) = 1 + x + + xk = 1x hoi tu eu tren [r, r]:
|x|r
sup |Sk (x) f (x)| = sup
|x|r
rk+1 xk+1 0, = 1x 1r f
khi
k .
Vay tnh hoi tu eu c chng minh. Bai tap: Chng minh chuoi tren hoi tu iem ve
tren
(1, 1),
nhng s hoi tu la
III.3 S hoi tu eu.
35
khong eu tren tap o.
3.2 Menh e. Day (fk ) hoi tu eu tren X khi va ch khi no thoa ieu kien Cauchy
> 0, N : k, l > N d(fk (x), fl (x)) , x X.
Chng minh: Xem nh bai tap
Nhieu ham c nh ngha qua day ham hay chuoi ham. Bai tap: Da vao menh e tren, chng minh cac chuoi ham sau la hoi tu tren R va hoi tu eu tren moi oan [a, b]. a) b) c)
1 1 x + + xk + 1! k! 1 1 x2k+1 + x x3 + + 3! (2k + 1)! 1+ 1+ 1 2k 1 x + + x + 2! 2k!
(nh ngha ham ex ) (nh ngha ham sin x) (nh ngha ham cos x)
V du. Cho fk (x) = xk , x [0, 1]. Khi o (fk ) la day cac ham lien tuc, nhng ham gii han khong lien tuc. Menh e sau minh hoa la ieu kien hoi tu eu bao toan mot so tnh chat giai tch cua day.
eu ve f , th f lien tuc.
3.3 Menh e. Cho
(fk )
la day ham. Neu fk lien tuc vi moi k va (fk ) hoi tu
Chng minh: Vi moi x0 va > 0, do tnh hoi tu eu, ton tai N sao cho khi k > N ,
d(f (x), fk (x)) < 3
va
d(f (x0 ), fk (x0 )) <
Co nh k. Do tnh lien tuc cua fk tai x0 , ton tai > 0, sao cho
d(fk (x), fk (x0 )) < 3
khi
d(x, x0 ) < . ,
Vay d(f (x), f (x0)) d(f (x), fk (x)) + d(fk (x), fk (x0 )) + d(fk (x0 ), f (x0 )) < i.e. f lien tuc tai x0 .
mot khong gian ham nao o. Hn na, co the o khoang cach gia cac ham nh o khoang cac gia cac iem trong Rn . Tuy theo bai toan ma ngi ta nh ngha khoang cach tng ng. Sau ay la khai niem khoang cac tng ng vi s hoi tu eu. Cho X Rn . Ky hieu BF (X, Rn ) la khong gian cac ham b chan f : X Rn , i.e.
f BF (X, Rm ) M > 0 : f (x) M, x X.
3.4 Khoang cach eu gia cac ham. Ta co the xem cac ham la cac phan t cua
36 Tren khong gian nay nh ngha chuan

f = sup f (x)
xX
De dang chng minh cac khang nh sau: (i) BF (X, Rm ) la khong gian nh chuan vi chuan c nh ngha tren. Nh vay, nh trong Rn , chuan tren cho phep o khoang cach gia cac ham nh metric
d(f, g) = f g , f, g BF (X, Rm )
(ii) Cho f, fk BF (X, Rm). Khi o day ham (fk )kN hoi tu eu ve f khi va ch khi fk f trong BF (X, Rm ) theo metric neu tren, i.e. d(f k , f ) 0, khi k . (iii) Neu X compact, th C(X, Rm ) la khong gian u, i.e. trong khong gian nay mot day hoi tu khi va ch khi no la day Cauchy. Khang nh (iii) nay suy t menh e 3.3, (iv) suy t menh e 3.2, vi chu y la ieu kien compact bao am tnh gii noi cua ham lien tuc tren o.
4. NH LY STONE-WEIERSTRASS
Phan nay ta nghien cu viec xap x eu ham lien tuc bi ham n gian, de x ly (nh ham tuyen tnh tng khuc, ham bac thang hay ham a thc).
4.1 Xap x bi ham tuyen tnh tng khuc. Ham lien tuc g : [a, b] R c goi la tuyen tnh tng khuc neuu ton tai phan hoach a = a0 < a1 < < ak = b, sao cho tren moi oan con g la ham bac nhat:
g(x) = Ai x + Bi , x [ai1 , ai ], i = 1, , k
Do g lien tuc cac he so Ai , Bi phai thoa he thc nao o. De thay o th g la mot ng gap khuc. Bai tap: Cho f : [a, b] R lien tuc. Khi o ton tai day ham tuyen tnh tng khuc hoi tu eu ve f . Hd: Vi moi phan hoach oan [a, b], xet ham tuyen tnh tng khuc ma o th la ng gap khuc noi cac iem thuoc o th f ng vi cac iem chia. Da vao tnh lien tuc eu cua f chng to khi phan hoach cang mn th ham tuyen tnh o cang gan eu ham f .
ham bac thang neuu ton la hang tren moi tap o. tai phan hoach K thanh hu han tap Bai tap: Cho f : [a, b] R lien tuc. Khi o ton tai day ham bac thang hoi tu eu ve f. Hd: Vi moi phan hoach oan [a, b], xet ham bac thang ma gia tr tren moi oan chia la mot gia tr nao o cua f tren oan o (chang han gia tr au mut hay max, min). Da vao tnh lien tuc eu cua f chng to khi phan hoach cang mn th ham bac thang o cang gan eu ham f . Bai tap: Tong quat bai tap tren cho ham lien tuc tren tap compact trong R n .
g : K R goi la X1 , , Xk sao cho g
4.2 Xap x bi ham bac thang. Ham
Phan sau ta xet en viec xap x ham bi a thc hay a thc lng giac.
III.4 nh ly Stone-Weierstrass.
37
thc hoi tu eu ve f .
4.3 nh ly (Weierstrass). Vi moi ham f lien tuc tren oan [a, b] ton tai day ham a
thc cu the hoi tu ve f . Bang phep oi bien x = a + t(b a), ta a ve trng hp [a, b] = [0, 1]. Day a thc Bernstein c nh ngha nh sau la hoi tu eu ve f :
Bk (x) = Bk f (x) = p p Ck f ( )xp (1 x)kp . k p=0
k
Chng minh: Cach chng minh sau cua Bernstein (1912) co tnh xay dng day a
e chng minh, trc het ta chuan b mot so ang thc. Cong thc nh thc: ao ham theo x va nhan x: ao ham lan na va nhan x2 :
(x + y)k =
k p=0 p Ck xp y kp . k p=0 p pCk xp y kp . k p=0 p p(p 1)Ck xp y kp .
kx(x + y)k1 =
k(k 1)x2 (x + y)k2 =
p at y = 1 x va rp (x) = Ck xp (1 x)kp , thay vao cac ang thc tren k p=0
rp (x) = 1,
k p=0
prp (x) = kx,
k p=0
p(p 1)rp (x) = k(k 1)x2 .
Suy ra
k
(p kx)2 rp (x) = k 2 x2
p=0
rp (x) 2kx
k p=0
prp (x) +
k p=0
p2 rp (x) = kx
p=0
= k 2 x2 2kx + (kx + k(k 1)x2 ) = kx(1 x)
Bay gi at M = max |f (x)|. Cho > 0. Do tnh lien tuc eu ton tai > 0, sao cho, |x|1 neu |x y| < , th |f (x) f (y)| < . Ta can anh ga
f (x) Bk (x) = f (x)
k p p p Ck f ( )xp (1 x)kp = (f (x) f ( ))rp (x). k k p=0 p=0 k
Chia tong cuoi chia thanh 2 tong: p p 1 gom cac p : | x| < . Khi o |f (x) f ( )| < va rp (x) 0, nen
k k |
1|
k p=0
rp (x) = .
38
2
gom cac p : |
|
p x| . k
2|
Khi o |
p kx | 1, k rp (x) 2M
nen
k p=0
2M
|pkx|k
p kx k
rp (x)
M 2M kx(1 x) . 2 k 2 2 k
Tom lai, vi
> 0,
ton tai > 0, sao cho

|f (x) Bk (x)| |
1|
+|
2|
< +
M 2 2 k
Vay khi k M/22 , ta co:
|x|1
sup |f (x) Bk (x)| < 2 .
Bai tap: Chng minh gia thiet compact la can thiet trong nh ly Weierstrass. ( Hd: Chng minh ham f (x) = ex khong the xap x eu bi a thc tren R.) Bay gi ta xet en trng hp tong quat.
4.4 nh ngha. Tap A cac ham xac nh tren K Rn goi la ai so neuu

f, g A, R, f + g, f g
va
f A.
ai so ham A goi la tach iem neuu

x, y K, x = y, A : (x) = (y).
V du. a) Tap R[x1 , , xn ] cac a thc n bien thc la ai so ham tren Rn . b) Tap cac a thc lng giac dang
a0 +
k
(ap sin px + bp cos px), ap , bp R, k N,
p=1
la mot ai so ham tren R. c) Cho 1 , , s : K R. Lp cac ham co dang sau la mot ai so ham tren K
k p1 ++ps =0
ap1 ps p1 (x) ps (x), 1
vi
ap1 ps R, k N.
Bai tap: Chng minh cac ai so v du a) va b) la tach iem.
4.5 nh ly (Stone-Weierstrass) Cho K la tap compact trong Rn . Gia s A C(K)

la mot ai so cac ham lien tuc tren K , tach iem va cha ham hang. Khi o vi moi ham ham lien tuc tren K co the xap x eu bi ham trong A, i.e.
f C(K), gk A : (gk )kN
hoi tu eu ve f.
III.4 nh ly Stone-Weierstrass. Chng minh: (Stone-1948) Ta chuan b mot so bo e.
39
Bo e 1. at A = {g : g la gii han eu cua day ham thuoc A}. Khi o A C(K) la ai so, tach iem, cha ham hang. Hn na, neu day ham (hk ) A hoi tu eu ve h, th h A, i.e. A = A.
Thc vay, ro rang A la ai so ham lien tuc, do Menh e 3.3, va tach iem cha ham hang v cha A. Hn na, gia s (hk ) A hoi tu eu ve h. Khi o, vi moi k, ton tai day (gk,i ) A hoi tu eu ve hk (khi i ). Theo qui tac ng cheo (Bai tap: lap luan kieu ) ton tai day (gk = g(k),i(k) ) A hoi tu ve h. Vay h A.
2
Bo e 2. Vi moi x, y K,
e xay dng h, do
, R,
ton tai ham h A, h(x) = , h(y) = .
A tach iem ton (z) (x) . Khi o h la + ( ) (y) (x)
tai A, (x) ham can tm.
= (y).
nh ngha
h(z) =
Bo e 3. Neu h1, h2 A, th max(h1, h2 ), min(h1 , h2) A

1 2 1 2 va min(h1 , h2 ) = 1 2 , That vay, do max(h1 , h2 ) = 1 2 2 2 nen ch can chng minh rang: h A |h| A. e chng minh ieu o, ta co h lien tuc tren tap compact, nen ton tai M > 0, sao cho |h(x)| < M, x K . Theo nh ly Weierstrass, ton tai day a thc (P k ) hoi tu eu ve ham [M, M ] t |t|. at gk = Pk h. Khi o (gk ) la day cac ham thuoc A va hoi tu eu ve |h|.
h + h + |h h |
h + h |h h |
Bay gi ta chng minh nh ly. Cho f C(K). T Bo e 1, ta can chng minh:

> 0, g A : d(f (x), g(x)) < , x K, i.e. f (x) < g(x) < f (x) + , x K.
Vi moi x, y K , theo Bo e 2, ton tai hx,y A : hx,y (x) = f (x), hx,y (y) = f (y). Co nh x. Khi o vi moi y K , do hx,y (y) = f (y), ton tai cau m Uy tam y sao cho hx,y (z) < f (z) + , z Uy K . Ho Px = {Uy , y K} la mot phu m cua K , do K compact, ton tai hu han tap m Uy1 , , Uyp phu K . at hx = min(hx,y1 , , hx,yp ). Theo Bo e 3, h x A va
hx (z) < f (z) + , z K.
Vi moi x K , do hx (x) = f (x) va tnh lien tuc, ton tai cau m Vx tam x sao cho
f (z) < hx (z), z Vx K. Ho P = {Vx , x K} la phu m cua K . T tnh chat Heine-Borel, ton tai hu tap Vx1 , , Vxq phu K . at g = max(hx1 , , hxq ). Theo Bo e 3, g A va f (z) < g(z), z K.
han
40 De thay g la ham can tm.
4.6 He qua. Moi ham lien tuc tren

a thc lng giac Pk (x) = ak,0 +
Nk
va co chu ky T co the xap x eu bi day

2px 2px ) + bk,p cos( )). T T
p=1
(ak,p sin(
Chng minh: e y la mot ham lien tuc tren R, co chu ky T > 0 la thac trien cua mot ham thuoc C[0, T ]. Vay e chng minh ch can kiem tra tap cac a thc lng giac thoa ieu kien nh ly Stone-Weierstrass.
4.7 He qua. Moi ham lien tuc tren tap compact trong
bi day ham a thc n bien. ai so ham tren
Rn
eu co the xap x eu
4.8 He qua. Cho
K1 Rn1 K1 , K2 tng
va K2 Rn2 la cac tap compact, A1 va A2 la cac ng. Neu A1 va A2 la tach iem va cha ham hang,
k
th moi ham f C(K1 K2 ) eu co the xap x eu bi ham co dang trong o gi A1 , hi A2 , k N.

K1 K2 ,
gi (x)hi (y)
i=1
Chng minh: Ch can kiem tra cac ham co dang tren la ai so ham lien tuc tren
tach iem va cha ham hang, roi ap dung nh ly Stone-Weierstrass.
Nhan xet. nh ly Stone-Weierstrass tuy khang nh kha nang xap x eu ham lien tuc tren tap compact bi a thc hay a thc lng giac, nhng viec chng minh khong cho phep xay dng tng minh day ham xap x. e tnh toan cu the (xac nh he so a thc xap x) can nhieu gia thiet hn ve hnh hoc cua tap hay ve tnh chat cua ham. Chang han, ham lien tuc tren oan [a, b] co the xap x bi day a thc Bernstein. Tong quat hn, neu K la hnh hop trong R n , ta co Bai tap: Cho f C[0, 1]n . a thc Bernstein th k cua f c nh ngha
Bk (x1 , , xn ) =
0p1 , ,pn k p p Ck 1 Ck n f (
pn p1 , , )xp1 xpn (1x1 )kp1 (1xn )kpn . n k k 1
Chng minh day (Bk ) hoi tu eu ve f . Mot hng phat trien khac la viec nghien cu lp cac ham co the bieu dien mot cach a phng nh chuoi luy tha: ly thuyet ham giai tch.
IV. ao ham
1. AO HAM
Trc khi a ra nh ngha, ta co nhan xet sau: Cho U la tap m trong R. Ham f : U R la kha vi tai a U neu ton tai so thc f (a), sao cho
xa
lim
f (x) f (a) f (a + h) f (a) = lim = f (a) h0 xa h
i.e. i.e.
f (a + h) = f (a) + f (a)h + o(h), f (x) co the xap x bi ham bac nhat T (x) = f (a) + f (a)(x a), U aU
vi x u gan a.
Rm
1.1 nh ngha. Cho

kha vi tai
la tap con m trong Rn . Anh xa f : U neuu ton tai anh xa tuyen tnh A : Rn Rm , sao cho
f (a + h) f (a) Ah 0, h
goi la
khi
h 0.
Khi o, A goi la ao ham cua f tai a va ky hieu Df (a) hay f (a). Nhan xet. Theo nh ngha, neu f kha vi tai a, ta co
f (a + h) = f (a) + Df (a)h + o(h), = 0. trong o o(h) ky hieu cac ham (h) thoa: h0 lim h Nh vay f kha vi tai a khi va ch khi f co the xap x bac nhat lan can a, bi anh xa affin T . Khi o T (x) = f (a) + Df (a)(x a) (h)
goi la anh xa tiep xuc vi f tai a . Ve mat hnh hoc, tnh kha vi cua f tai a tng ng vi s ton tai phang tiep xuc vi o th tai (a, f (a)). Khi o o th cua f
Gf = {(x, y) Rn Rm : y = f (x), x U } ,
co phang tiep xuc la o th cua anh xa tiep xuc T

Ta = {(x, y) Rn Rm : y = T (x) = f (a) + Df (a)(x a), x Rn }.
V ta co
d((x, f (x)); Ta) d(f (x), T (x)) = o( x a ),
khi x a.
42
(i) Neu f kha vi tai a th anh xa tuyen tnh Df (a) la duy nhat. (ii) Neu f kha vi tai a, th no lien tuc tai o.
Chng minh: Neu A, B la cac anh xa tuyen tnh thoa nh ngha 1.1, khi o
h0
Menh e.
lim
A(h) B(h) = 0. h
T tnh tuyen tnh, suy ra vi moi x R n \ 0, ta co

A(tx) B(tx) A(x) B(x) = lim =0 t0 x tx
Vay A(x) = B(x), x Rn , i.e. Neu f co ao ham Df (a), th

xa xa
A = B.
lim (f (x) f (a)) = lim (f (x) f (a) Df (a)(x a)) + lim Df (a)(x a) = 0
xa
Vay f lien tuc tai a.
V du.
a) ao ham cua ham hang tai moi iem la anh xa tuyen tnh 0. b) ao ham cua anh xa tuyen tnh T tai moi iem la chnh no, i.e. Bai tap: Tm v du cac ham so khong kha vi.
DT (a) = T, a.
Nhan xet. (i) Trng hp ham 1 bien, e y la moi anh xa tuyen tnh R R m , eu co dang h < A, h >, vi A Rm nao o. Nh vay trong trng hp nay ao ham c ong nhat mot cach t nhien vi vector (hay ma tran cot) A R m . f (a + h) f (a) . Trong trng hp nay, ao ham ham 1 bien c tnh bi f (a) = lim
h0
IV.1 ao ham.
43
(ii) Khong the tnh ao ham bang gii han neu tren trong trng hp so bien n > 1, y v noi chung phep chia , vi y Rm , h Rn , la khong c nh ngha.
h
Theo quan iem tnh toan: moi anh xa tuyen tnh Rn Rm c ong nhat vi mot ma tran cap m n, khi ta co nh c s tren Rn va Rm . Vay khi s dung c s chnh tac, ma tran Jf (a) bieu dien ao ham Df (a) c xac nh nh the nao ? Trc het e y rang vi vector th j , e j Rn , trong c s chnh tac (khi viet di dang ma tran cot), theo phep nhan ma tran, ta co
Jf (a)ej =
cot th
cua ma tran
Jf (a).
T nh ngha ao ham tai a, ta co

Df (a)(tej ) = f (a + tej ) f (a) + o(t).
Ta co nh ngha:
1.2 ao ham rieng. ao ham rieng theo bien th j cua ham f tai a , ky hieu Dj f (a)
hay
f (a), xj
la gii han (neu ton tai)

Dj f (a) = f f f (a + tej ) f (a) . (a) = lim t0 xj t
tai a = (a1 , , an ) ta co nh cac bien xk = ak , vi k = j , va Nh vay e tnh xj lay ao ham ham mot bien xj f (a1 , , xj , , an ) tai aj . Tong quat hn, cho e Rn \ 0, ta nh ngha ao ham theo hng e cua ham f tai a, la gii han (neu ton tai)
De f (a) = f f (a + te) f (a) (a) = lim . t0 e t
Nhan xet. ao ham theo hng anh ga o bien thien cua f theo hng e tai a. V du. a) Cho f (x, y) = xy . T cong thc tnh ao ham ham mot bien, ta co
f f (x, y) = yxy1 , (x, y) = xy ln y x y (x, y > 0).
b) Cho f (x, y) =
|xy|.
Tnh theo nh ngha, ta co tng t

f (0, 0) = 0. y
f (t, 0) f (0, 0) f (0, 0) = lim = 0, t0 x t
Neu f kha vi tai a U , th ma tran bieu dien Df (a) trong c s chnh tac goi la ma tran Jacobi cua f tai a , ky hieu Jf (a). T cac nhan xet tren suy ra:
1.3 Ma tran Jacobi. Cho f (x1, , xn) = (f1(x1 , , xn ), , fm (x1 , , xn )).
44
f Menh e. Neu f kha vi tai a, th no co moi ao ham rieng xi (a), (i = 1, , m; j =
1, , m),
va ma tran Jacobi
Jf (a) =
Nh vay Df (a) : Rn Rm la anh xa tuyen tnh xac nh bi

f1 (a) x1 fm (a) x1
f1 (a) xn fm (a) xn
dx1
dx =
.. .
dy =
dy1
.. .
= Jf (a)dx
dxn
dym f1 f1 (a)dx1 + + (a)dxn x1 xn fm fm (a)dx1 + + (a)dxn x1 xn
Ta co cach viet vi phan co ien:

df1 . df m
..
.. .
V du. a) Ham f : R2 R3 , f (x, y) = (x2 + y2 , x + y, xy) la kha vi tai moi (x, y) R2 , va ma tran Jacobi
2x 2y Jf (x, y) = 1 1 . y x
b) Xet ham f (x, y) = x2 + y2 . 2 Ham co ham tiep xuc tai (x0 , y0 ) la T (x, y) = x2 + y0 + 2x0 (x x0 ) + 2y0 (y y0 ). 0 2 + y 2 , trong R3 . o th ham la paraboloid cho bi phng trnh z = x Phng trnh mat phang tiep xuc vi o th tai (x0 , y0 , z0 ) la o th ham T
z z0 = 2x0 (x x0 ) + 2y0 (y y0 ).
e y la phng trnh tren co the suy t vi phan
dz = 2x 0 dx + 2y0 dy .
Neu f co ao ham tai a, th f co ao ham rieng theo moi hng tai a. Neu f co cac ao ham rieng tai a, th khong the suy ra f kha vi tai a. f f V du ham f (x, y) = |xy|, co cac ao ham rieng (0, 0) = (0, 0) = 0. Nhng x y Df (0, 0) khong ton tai. That vay, do f co cac ao ham rieng, nen theo nh ngha va menh e tren, f kha vi tai (0, 0) khi va ch khi
f (h, k) f (0, 0) f f (0, 0) (0, 0) x y h2 + k 2 h k 0,
1.4 Quan he gia ao ham va ao ham rieng.
khi
(h, k) (0, 0).
IV.2 Cac qui tac c ban - nh ly phan gia.
45
i.e. 2 2 0, khi (h, k) (0, 0), ieu nay khong co. h +k Tuy nhien, neu them ieu kien, ta co
f Menh e. Cho f : U Rm , U Rn m. Neu cac ao ham rieng x ,
|hk|
lien tuc tren U , th f kha vi tai moi x U .
i = 1, , n,
Chng minh: Ch can chng minh cho m = 1 (?). Vi h = (h1 , , hn ) gan 0,

f (x + h) f (x) =
n
(f (x + vj ) f (x + vj1 )),
j=1
vi
vj = (h1 , , hj , 0, , 0).
Vi moi j , ap dung nh ly gia tr trung bnh cho ham 1 bien g j (hj ) = f (x + vj ), ta co

f (x + vj ) f (x + vj1 ) = f (cj )hj , xj
vi
cj = vj1 + j hj ej , 0 < j < 1.
T gia thiet lien tuc cua cac ao ham rieng tai x suy ra
h0
lim
1 |f (x + h) f (x) h
f 1 | (x)hj | = lim h0 h xj
(
j
f f (cj ) (x))hj | = 0, xj xj
i.e. ham f kha vi tai x.

2. CAC QUI TAC C BAN - NH LY PHAN GIA
Da vao nh ngha ao ham, bang phng phap chng minh nh trng hp mot bien de dang suy ra
2.1 Cac qui tac c ban.
Tong : Neu f, g kha vi tai x, th f + g cung kha vi tai x va

D(f + g)(x) = Df (x) + Dg(x)
Tch : Neu f, g kha vi tai x va m = 1, th f g kha vi tai x va

D(f g)(x) = Df (x)g(x) + f (x)Dg(x) f g
Thng : Neu f, g kha vi tai x va g(x) = 0, th
kha vi tai x va
Df (x)g(x) f (x)Dg(x) f D( )(x) = g g(x)2
Hp : Cho f : U V va g : V W , U, V, W la cac tap m trong Rn , Rm , Rp tng ng. Neu f kha vi tai x, g kha vi tai y = f (x), th g f kha vi tai x va
Dg f (x) = Dg(f (x))Df (x)
46
Chng minh: ay ch trnh bay chng minh cong thc ao ham ham hp.
Theo ga thiet, ta co f (x + h) = f (x) + Df (x)h + 1 (h), vi 1 (h) = o( h ). Tng t, g(f (x) + k) = g(f (x)) + Dg(f (x))k + 2 (k), vi 2 (k) = o( k ). Suy ra
g f (x + h) = g(f (x) + Df (x)h + 1 (h)) = g(f (x)) + Dg(f (x))Df (x)h + Dg(f (x))1 (h) + 2 (Df (x)h + 1 (h))
k
Xet 2 hang t cuoi cua ang thc tren. T bai tap II.2.1 ta co
Dg(f (x))1 (h) Dg(f (x)) 2 (Df (x)h + 1 (h)) = o( Df (x) 1 (h) = o( h ), h + 1 (h) ) = o( h ).
T o suy ra g f kha vi tai x va D(g f )(x) = D(g(f x))Df (x).

Qui tac day chuyen: Trong thc hanh cong thc ao ham ham hp tng ng phep nhan cac ma tran Jacobi
Jh(x) = Jg(f (x))Jf (x)
Cu the, neu ky hieu va
th phep nhan cac ma tran tren la

f (x) = (f1 (x1 , , xn ), , fm (x1 , , xn )), g(y) = (g1 (y1 , , ym ), , gp (y1 , , ym )), thay bien y = f (x), ta co ham hp h(x) = g f (x) = (h1 (x1 , , xn ), , hp (x1 , , xn )), h1 x1 hp x1 h1 xn hp xn

g1 y1 gp y1
g1 ym gp ym
f1 x1 fm x1
f1 xn fm xn
Suy ra qui tac sau

m gi f1 gi f2 gi fm gi fk hi = + + = xj y1 xj y2 xj ym xj yk xj k=1
V du. Gia s f (x, y) la ham kha vi theo 2 bien x, y. Neu x = r cos , at h(r, ) = f (r cos , r sin ). Khi o
f f h = cos + sin , r x y
y = r sin ,
h f f = (r sin ) + r cos . x y
Gradient - Vector van toc. Cho f : Rn R kha vi. Khi o gradient cua f tai x,
c ky hieu va nh ngha la vector
f (x) =
grad f (x) = (
f f (x), , (x)). x1 xn
IV.2 Cac qui tac c ban - nh ly phan gia.
47
Vi c R, tap Mc = {x Rn : f (x) = c} = f 1 (c) goi la mat mc (e hnh dung hay ve o th f va cac mat mc khi n = 2).
Cho : (1, 1) Rn kha vi. Khi o anh cua la mot ng cong trn trong Rn (hnh dung no mo ta quy ao cua chuyen ong nao o theo thi gian t). Khi o
(t) = d(t) (t + t) (t) = lim . t0 dt t
V vay (t) c goi la vector van toc cua chuyen ong tai thi iem t. Ve mat hnh hoc, vector (t) la vector ch phng tiep tuyen vi ng cong tai (t). Neu nam tren mat mc Mc , i.e. (t) Mc , t, th theo cong thc ao ham ham hp (f ) (t) = f ((t)) (t) =< grad f ((t)), (t) >= 0. Ve mat hnh hoc vector grad f (x) vuong goc vi mat mc cua Mc tai x. Vay phng trnh phang tiep xuc vi Mc tai a = (a1 , , an ) la
<
grad f (a), x a >= 0 hay
D1 f (a)(x1 a1 ) + + Dn f (a)(xn an ) = 0.
Nhan xet. Cho v Rn . Khi o f (a + tv) = f (a)+ < grad f (a), v > t + o(t). Vay < grad f (a), v > quyet nh s bien thien cua f lan can a theo hng v. Theo bat ang thc Schwarz: | < grad f (a), v > | grad f (a) v , va dau = xay ra khi va ch khi v = grad f (a). Nh vay hng grad f (a) chnh la hng ma ham f bien thien nhanh nhat (cung hng th tang nhanh nhat, ngc hng th giam nhanh nhat). V vay, hng gradient thng c chon e tm cc tr ham f .
48
f : U Rm , U Rn m. Ta noi f f , i = 1, , n, lien tuc tren U . lien tuc tren U hay f thuoc lp C 1 , neuu xi n , Rm ) la anh xa lien tuc. (?) Noi cach khac anh xa Df : U L(R
2.2 Ham kha vi lien tuc. Cho
kha vi
2.3 nh ly phan gia.

tren (a, b). Khi o
Trong ly thuyet ham mot bien ta co nh ly gia tr trung bnh (Lagrange).Cho g : [a, b] R lien tuc. Gia s g kha vi
g(b) g(a) = g (c)(b a),
Menh e. Cho f
nao o ma a < c < b. Trng hp ham nhieu bien, i.e. n > 1, m = 1, ta co the m rong nh ly tren:
c : U R, U Rn m. [x, x + h] = {x + th, t [0, 1]} U , th
vi
Gia s f kha vi tren U . Khi o, neu oan
f (x + h) f (x) = Df (x + h)h,
vi
0 < < 1.
Bai tap: Ap dung nh ly gia tr trung bnh cho ham 1 bien g(t) = f (x + th) va cong thc ao ham hp, chng minh menh e tren. Trng hp anh xa, i.e. khi m > 1, khong the co dang ang thc nh nh ly tren. Noi chung khong the tm c gia tr trung bnh e co c ang thc. Chang han, ham f : R R2 , f (x) = (x2 , x3 ). Khi o phng trnh sau la vo nghiem
f (1) f (0) = Df (c)(1 0) (1, 1) (0, 0) = (2c, 2c2 )
Bai tap: Cho f (x, y) = (ex cos y, ey sin y). Khi o ang thc cho nh ly gia tr trung bnh khong the co. Tuy nhien ta co dang bat ang thc cua nh ly gia tr trung bnh cho trng hp tong quat:
nh ly phan gia. Cho

[x, x + h] U ,
th
f : U Rm ,
la kha vi tren tap m U Rn . Neu oan

Df (x + th) h .
f (x + h) f (x) sup
t[0,1]
Chng minh: Trc khi chng minh can nhac lai la Chng I, chuan cua anh xa
tuyen tnh T c nh ngha la

T = sup
h =1
Th
va ta co
Th T
h .
e chng minh nh ly, xet g(t) = f (x + th). Khi o g (t) = Df (x + th)h. Theo nh ly c ban cua giai tch (hay cong thc Newton-Liebniz), ta co
g(1) g(0) =
1 0
g (t)dt =
1 0
Df (x + th)hdt,
IV.3 ao ham cap cao - Cong thc Taylor.
49
1 0
trong o neu tren.

f
1 0
(1 (t), , m (t))dt = (
1 0
1 , ,
m ).
T o suy ra bat ang thc

Df (x) = 0, x U ,
V du. Neu
const .
f : U Rm
kha vi,
m lien thong, va
th
Nhan xet. Neu f : U Rn , U Rn , la thuoc lp C 1 , va K la tap compact cha trong U , th ton tai L > 0 sao cho f thoa ieu kien Lipschitz sau:
f (x) f (y) L x y , x, y K.
ac biet, neu 0 < L < 1, va f : K K , th f la anh xa co tren K .
3. AO HAM CAP CAO - CONG THC TAYLOR xa ao ham Df : U L(Rn , Rm ), trong o L(Rn , Rm ) ky hieu khong gian moi anh xa tuyen tnh Rn Rm , no ong nhat vi khong gian cac m n-ma tran, va do vay vi khong gian vector Rmn . Vay co the nh ngha ao ham cua ham Df tai a U , va goi la ao ham cap 2. ao ham cap 2 tai a se la anh xa tuyen tnh Rn L(Rn , Rm ) Rmn . Tng t, co the nh ngha qui nap cho ao ham cap cao. Tuy nhien, nh ngha nh vay oi hoi phai leo len cac khong gian: L(Rn , L(Rn , Rm )), L(Rn , L(Rn , L(Rn , Rm ))), (!).
Nhan xet: Gia s f : U Rm kha vi tren tap m U Rn . Khi o ta co anh
Ta se nh ngha ao ham cap cao theo quan iem tnh toan, de tiep can hn.
3.1 ao ham rieng cap cao. Gia s ton tai ao ham rieng
tai a . Ky hieu
xj f (a), xi
neu ton tai, goi la ao ham rieng cap 2 cua ham f theo bien th (i, j),
Dj Di f (a)
f xi
tren U . Khi o
hay
Tng t, co the nh ngha ao ham rieng Ta noi f kha vi lien tuc cap k tren U hay f thuoc lp C k tren U , neuu f co moi ao ham rieng cap k va chung lien tuc tren U . Bai tap: Ham f (x, y) = yx2 cos y2 co V du sau ch ra
oi xng.
2f 2f = , xy yx 2f = yx
2f (a). xj xi kf cap k (a). xik xi1
? ,
2f = xy
i.e. noi chung ao ham cap cao khong co tnh
50 Xet f (x, y) = xy
2f x2 y 2 x2 + y 2
neu (x, y) = (0, 0), f (0, 0) = 0.

2f (0, 0) = 1 xy
(0, 0) = 1, con Khi o yx Tuy nhien ta co
(?)
Menh e (tnh oi xng cua ao ham cap cao). Neu f co cac ao ham rieng cap 2
lien tuc tai x (ac biet khi f thuoc lp C 2 ), th Ket qua co the suy rong cho
2f 2f (x) = (x), i, j . xi xj xj xi f C k oi vi cac ao ham rieng
cap k.
Chng minh: Mot chng minh n gian la da vao cong thc Fubini ma ta se e
cap chng tch phan. (bai tap Chng IV). day chng minh da vao sai phan. Ch can lap luan cho ham 2 bien. Xet
Sh,k = f (x + h, y + k) f (x + h, y) f (x, y + k) + f (x, y)
at gk (u) = f (u, y + k) f (u, y). Khi o theo nh ly ga tr trung bnh ta co

Sh,k = gk (x + h) gk (x) = gk (c)h, vi c (x, x + h) f f (c, y))h = ( (c, y + k) x x 2f (c, d)hk, vi d (y, y + k). = yx
Hoan v hai so hang gia cua Sh,k . at gh (v) = f (x + h, v) f (x, v). Lap luan tng t, ta co
Sh,k = 2f (c , d )kh, xy
vi
c (x, x + h), d (y, y + k). h, k 0
T tnh lien tuc cua ao ham cap 2, qua gii han can tm.
cua Sh,k , ta co ket qua
3.2 Cong thc Taylor.
Nhac lai cong thc Taylor cho ham 1 bien.

g(x+h) = g(x)+
Cho g : (a, b) R C k . Khi o neu x, x + h (a, b), th ton tai (0, 1), sao cho
1 1 1 1 g (x)h+ g (x)h2 + + g (k1) (x)hk1 + g k (x+h)hk . 1! 2! (k 1)! k!
Co the chuyen cong thc tren cho ham nhieu bien f : R n R, bang cach a ve xet ham mot bien g(t) = f (x + th), t [0, 1]. e thuan tien cho viec phat bieu cong thc, trc het ta a vao cac ky hieu.
= (D1 , , Dn ) = ( , , ). x1 xn
51
Neu
h = (h1 , , hn ),
at
h = h1 + + hn , x1 xn hi1 hik k . xi1 xik
(h)k =
n i1 , ,ik =1
Ta xem cac ky hieu tren nh la cac toan t, khi tac ong vao ham f th bieu thc hnh thc se co mot noi dung ro rang, chang han
(h)f = h1 f f + + hn . x1 xn
Tong quat
(h)k f =
i1 , ,ik
kf kf hi hik xi1 xik 1
a thc thuan nhat bac
theo h1 , , hn .
Vi cac ky hieu neu tren ta co
nh ly. Cho
oan
f : U R la ham lp C k tren [x, x + h] U , ton tai (0, 1), sao cho
tap m U Rn . Khi o v moi
f (x + h) = f (x) + hf (x) + +
1 1 (h)k1 f (x) + (h)k f (x + h) (k 1)! k!
Chng minh: Ch la viec ap dung cong thc Taylor cho ham 1 bien g(t) = f (x + th), vi chu y la theo cong thc ao ham hp de qui nap
g (k) (t) = (h)k f (x + th).
Nhan xet: Cong thc Taylor cho phep xap x ham kha vi lp C k f tai lan can moi
iem x bi a thc Taylor bac k tai x:
k Tx (h) = f (x) + hf (x) + +
1 (h)k f (x), k!
vi phan d
Rk (x, h) = 1 (h)k f (x + h) (h)k f (x) , 0 < < 1. k!
Ta co
k |f (x + h) Tx (h)| = |Rk (x, h)| = o( h k ),
do f C k .
Chu y: Neu f C , th ta co chuoi Taylor cua f tai x0 la chuoi luy tha

T f (x) = 1 ((x x0 ))k f (x0 ). k! k=0
52 Noi chung T f (x) khong hoi tu, chang han

f (x) =
k=0
ek cos k 2 x.
Hn na, ngay ca trong trng hp T f (x) hoi tu khong chac ta co T f (x) = f (x). 1 Chang han f (x) = e x2 . Trong trng hp chuoi Taylor cua f hoi tu ve chnh ham f , ta noi f giai tch tai x 0 . Chang han, ham so f thoa |f (k) (x)| M k , x (a, b), k N, la giai tch tren (a, b).
3.3 ng dung vao bai toan cc tr. Cho f : U R,
m. Ham f goi la at cc ai tai a U neuu f (a) f (x) vi moi x lan can a. Ham f goi la at cc tieu tai a U neuu f (a) f (x) vi moi x lan can a. Ham f goi la at cc tr tai a neuu f at cc tieu hay cc ai tai o. Neu f kha vi, th a goi la iem dng hay iem ti han cua f neuu Df (a) = 0. Chu y: Hay phan biet max, min (co tnh toan cuc) va cc tieu, cc ai (co tnh a phng). Phan nay ta ap dung cong thc Taylor e xet cc tr a phng cua f .
U Rn
tap cac iem cc tr cha trong tap cac iem dng.
ieu kien can. Gia f kha vi tren U . Neu f at cc tr tai a U , th Df (a) = 0, i.e.
Chng minh: Vi moi i ham 1 bien gi (t) = f (a + tei ) at cc tr tai t = 0.
Suy ra gi (0) =
f (x) = x3
f (a) = 0. xi
Vay Df (a) = 0.
hay ham co iem yen nga f (x, y) = x2 y2 . (ii) Trong trng hp 1 bien e xem iem dng co phai la cc tr hay khong, ta co the xet chieu bien thien cua f thong qua dau cua f . Ngoai ra, khi f co ao ham cap 2, neu f (a) > 0, th f at cc tieu tai a; con neu f (a) < 0, th ham at cc ai tai o. (iii) oi vi f la dang toan phng 2 bien, ta co cac dang chnh tac:
x2 + y 2 , x2 y 2 , x2 y 2 , x2 , x2 , 0.
Nhan xet: (i) ieu kien tren ch la ieu kien can. Chang han, ham co iem uon
Hai dang au (0, 0) la cc tr (iem loai Parabol). Dang th ba (0, 0) khong la cc tr (iem loai Hyperbol hay iem yen nga). Cac dang con lai suy bien. e xem iem dng co la cc tr khong trong trng hp tong quat, ta can phan bac hai cua khai trien Taylor.
Hess. Neu
thuoc lp C 2 , th Hess cua phng (sinh t ao ham cap 2):

f R
n 2
tai
, ky hieu
n
Hf (a),
la dang toan
h Hf (a)(h) = (h) f (a) =
2 f (a) hi hj R. xi xj i,j=1
T cong thc Taylor suy ra
53
Neu Hf (a) xac nh dng, i.e Hf (a)(h) > 0, h Rn \ 0, th f at cc tieu tai a. Neu Hf (a) xac nh am, i.e. Hf (a)(h) < 0, h Rn \ 0, th f at cc ai tai a. Neu Hf (a) khong xac nh dau, th f khong at cc tr tai a. Chng minh: Theo cong thc Taylor, ta co
1 f (a + h) = f (a) + Df (a)h + Hf (a)(h) + o( h 2 ) 2
ieu kien u. Gia s f thuoc lp C 2 va Df (a) = 0. Khi o
th ton tai m = min Hf (a)(h) h =1 Hf (a)(h) m h 2 , h Rn . Vay f at cc tieu tai a. Cac trng hp khac chng minh tng t.
Do
Df (a) = 0,
neu
Hf (a) > 0,
> 0.
Suy ra
Theo giao trnh ai so tuyen tnh, ta co phng phap Lagrange e a mot dang toan phng ve dang chnh tac. T o (da vao ch so quan tnh) suy ra tnh xac nh dau cua dang toan phng. Ngoai ra, ta con co tieu chuan sau
Tieu chuan Sylvester. Cho dang toan phng
H(h) =
n i,j=1
aij hi hj , h Rn .
Xet dau cac nh thc chnh Dk = det(aij )1i,jk . Khi o (i) H xac nh dng khi va ch khi D1 > 0, D2 > 0, , Dn > 0. (ii) H xac nh am khi va ch khi D1 < 0, D2 > 0, , (1)n Dn > 0.
V du. Xet cc tr ham f (x, y) = x3 + y3 3xy.

iem ti han cua f la nghiem he phng trnh
f = 3x2 3y = 0, x f = 3y 2 3x = 0. y
Suy ra cac nghiem: (0, 0) hay (1, 1). Ma tran Hess cua f
2f 2 Hf = x 2f yx
2f xy = 2f y 2
6x 3 3 6y
Tai (0, 0): tr. Tai (1, 1):
D2 = 9 < 0,
i.e Hf (0, 0) khong xac nh dau. Vay (0, 0) khong la cc Vay f at cc tieu tai (1, 1).
D1 = 6 > 0, D2 = 27 > 0, i.e. Hf (1, 1) > 0.
Nhan xet: Neu Hess suy bien, da vao cong thc Taylor can xet en ao ham
cap cao hn. Bai tap: tm ieu kien tong quat cho bai toan cc tr oi vi ham 1 bien kha vi.
54
4. NH LY HAM NGC - NH LY HAM AN
Cho f : U Rm . Neu f kha vi lien tuc, th theo nh ngha ao ham (va tnh lien tuc cua no), co the oan nhan la tnh chat a phng cua f tai a, i.e. tnh chat cua f lan can a, c xac nh bi anh xa tuyen tnh Df (a). Cu the: (i) Neu Df (a) la n anh, th f n anh tren mot lan can cua a. (ii) Neu Df (a) la toan anh, th f anh xa mot lan can cua a len mot lan can cua f (a). (iii) Neu Df (a) la song anh, th f song anh t mot lan can cua a len mot lan can cua f (a). Cac oan nhan tren c khang nh qua nh ly rat quan trong sau.
Nhan xet : Xet he phng trnh tuyen tnh: Ax = y, A M at(n, n). Theo nh ly Cramer, neu det A = 0, th A kha nghch va ta co the giai x = A 1 y. Co the noi g ve he phng trnh phi tuyen ? Co the giai x 1 , , xn t he
f1 (x1 , , xn ) f (x , , x ) n 1 n
4.1 Anh xa ngc a phng.
= y1 = yn ,
theo bien y1 , , yn ? Can chu y them trong trng hp ham so 1 bien so f : R R, neu f kha vi lien tuc va f (a) = 0, th ton tai ham ngc f 1 tai lan can a, hn na f 1 cung thuoc lp C 1 . Vi cac nhan xet tren va anh xa kha vi c xap x bi ao ham ta co
f : U Rn , U Rn m. Gia s f thuoc lp C k (k 1), va tai a U , det Jf (a) = 0. Khi o ton tai lan can V cua a, W cua f (a), sao cho f : V W co anh xa ngc f 1 : W V . Hn na, f 1 thuoc lp C k va Df 1 (y) = (Df (x))1 , y = f (x), x V.
nh ly ham ngc. Cho
viec chng minh nh ly ve trng hp a = f (a) = 0 va Df (0) = I n (anh xa ong nhat tren Rn ). (?) Nhan xet 2: e xay dng anh xa ngc a phng can giai x theo y t phng trnh y = f (x) tai lan can 0. Vi moi y Rn xet ham gy (x) = y + x f (x). Neu gy , lan can 0, la anh xa co th ton tai duy nhat x sao cho gy (x) = x, i.e. phng trnh f (x) = y co the giai x theo y . T cac nhan xet tren ta tien hanh chng minh nh ly theo cac bc sau (vi gia thiet cua nhan xet 1)
Bc 1: Dung nguyen ly anh xa co e xay dng anh xa ngc a phng.
1 x x , x, x B(0, r). 2
Chng minh: Trc het ta co cac nhan xet Nhan xet 1: Bang phep tnh tien va bien oi tuyen tnh kha nghch Df (a) 1 , ta a
Xet g(x) = x f (x). Ta co Dg(0) = 0. Do g C 1 , ap dung nh ly gia tr trung bnh ta co r > 0 u be sao cho
g(x) g(x )
IV.4 nh ly ham ngc - nh ly ham an.
55 va thoa
1 xx . 2
Suy ra vi
y r/2, gy : B(0, r) B(0, r), gy (x) gy (x )
Bc 2: Chng minh f 1 lien tuc.
Theo nguyen ly anh xa co, ton tai duy nhat x B(0, r) la iem bat ong cua g y , i.e. co anh xa ngc a phng f 1 : B(0, r/2) B(0, r).
x = f 1 (y), x = f 1 (y ) B(0, r).
Cho y, y B(0, r/2). Khi o cua g ta co

xx
Theo nh ngha
1 xx . 2
f (x) f (x ) + g(x) g(x ) f (x) f (x ) +
f 1 (y) f 1 (y ) 2 y y . Vay f 1 lien tuc. Bc 3: Neu r > 0 u be, th f 1 C k . Do tnh lien tuc cua det, f C k , va det Df (a) = 0; suy ra (Df (x))1 , x B(0, r). Vi y = f (x), y = f (x ), x, x B(0, r), ta co
Suy ra
vi r > 0 u be, ton tai
f 1 (y) f 1 (y ) (Df (x))1 (y y ) +o( x x ) = (Df (x))1 (o x x )
= x x (Df (x))1 (Df (x)(x x )+ = o( y y ) (do bc 2) .
Vay Df 1 (y) = (Df (x))1, vi y = f (x). 1 (Aij (x))nn , Cu the hn Jf 1 (y) = det Jf (x) trong o Aij (x) la phan phu ai so cua Jf (x) = tong cac tch cac ao ham rieng cua f tai x. Do vay cac phan t cua ma tran Jf 1 la cac ham thuoc lp C k1 . Vay f 1 thuoc lp C k . goi la mot vi phoi lp C k hay la mot phep bien oi lp C neuu f la song anh va f, f 1 la thuoc lp C k . Anh xa f goi la vi phoi a phng tai a neuu f la mot vi phoi t mot lan can cua a len mot lan can cua f (a).
k
Vi phoi. Mot anh xa
f : U V
V du. Xet phng trnh
giai x, y theo u, v mot cach a phng v

det J(u, v) =
u(x, y) = ex cos y,
v(x, y) = ex sin y .
Khi o co the
ex cos y ex sin y ex sin y ex cos y
= e2x = 0.
Chu y: (i) nh ly tren ch khang nh tnh kha nghch a phng. Chang han v du tren cho thay f : R2 R2 , f (x, y) = (u(x, y), v(x, y)) la kha nghch a phng tai moi (x, y) nhng khong kha nghch (toan cuc), i.e. vi phoi a phng ma khong phai la vi phoi (toan cuc), du det Jf (x, y) = 0, (x, y) R2 . (Hay kiem tra) (ii) nh ly tren ch cho ieu kien can e anh xa la kha nghch a phng. Chang 3 han, ham f : R R, f (x) = x3 , co ham ngc f 1 (y) = y, nhng f (0) = 0.
56
rankDf (a) = n, th ton tai mot vi phoi a phng g t lan can cua f (a) len lan can 0 trong Rm , sao cho g f (x1 , , xn ) = (x1 , , xn , 0, , 0)
(i) Neu n < m va Df (a) la n anh, i.e.
a U.
4.2 He qua. Cho

Khi o
f : U Rm , U Rn
la tap m. Gia s f thuoc lp C 1 va
(phep nhung)
(ii) Neu n > m va Df (a) la toan anh, i.e. rankDf (a) = m, th ton tai mot vi phoi a phng h t lan can cua 0 len lan can a trong Rn , sao cho
f h(x1 , , xn ) = (x1 , , xm )
(phep chieu)
Jf (a)
Chng minh: (i) Gia s Df (a) la n anh. Bang phep hoan v toa o, co the gia thiet
co n dong au oc lap tuyen tnh. Xet anh xa
: U Rmn Rm , (x, yn+1 , , ym ) = f (x) + (0, , 0, yn+1 , , ym )
Khi o de kiem tra C 1 va J(a, 0) kha nghch. Theo nh ly tren la vi phoi a phng tai (a, 0). Ta co f (x) = (x, 0). Vay g = 1 thoa (i). (ii) Gia s Df (a) la toan anh. Co the gia thiet Jf (a) co m cot au oc lap tuyen tnh. Xet anh xa
: U Rm Rnm , (x) = (f (x) f (a), xm+1 am+1 , , xn an ).
Khi o de kiem tra C 1 va J(a) kha nghch. Theo nh ly tren la vi phoi a phng tai a. T cach xay dng , ta co f (x) = pr ((x) f (a)), vi pr la phep chieu xuong m toa o au. Vay h = ( f (a))1 thoa (ii)
4.3 Ham an. Khi xet ham an, i.e. phng trnh F (x, y) = 0, ta can xac nh khi nao y co the giai theo x, y = g(x), va tnh kha vi cua g ? Bai tap: Xet cu the F (x, y) = x2 + y2 1 = 0. Chng minh: F = 0 (gradF Co the giai y = g(x) tai lan can moi x = a (1, 1) va e y khi o y khong song song vi 0x). Khong the giai y theo x tai moi lan can a = 1. Nhan xet: Trc het xet he phng trnh tuyen tnh:
a11 x1 a x m1 1
+ +
+a1n xn +b11 y1 + +amn xn +bm1 y1 +
+b1m ym = 0 +bmn ym = 0
at A = (aij )mn , B = (bij )mm . y = B 1 Ax. oi vi he phng trnh phi tuyen
Khi o, neu det B = 0, th co the giai y theo x:
F1 (x, y)
= 0 F (x, y) = 0 m
IV.4 nh ly ham ngc - nh ly ham an.
57
trong o x Rn , y Rm . Khi nao co the giai y theo x ? Lai da vao y ngha cua ao ham va nh ly anh xa ngc ta co
Gia s F thuoc lp
nh ly ham an. Cho F

Ck
: A Rm , A Rn Rm la tap m, (a, b) A. (k 1), F (a, b) = 0, va nh thc ao ham F theo F1 (a, b) y1 Fm (a, b) y1 F1 (a, b) ym Fm (a, b) ym
bien y
= 0.
F D(F1 , , Fm ) (a, b) = det (a, b) = D(y1 , , ym ) y
Khi o ton tai lan can U Rn cua a, V Rm cua b, va anh xa duy nhat g : U V thuoc lp C k , sao cho phng trnh
F (x, y) = 0, (x, y) U V y = g(x), x U, y V.
Hn na, ta co
Dg(x) =
F y
F (x, g(x)), x U. x
Chng minh: at f (x, y) = (x, F (x, y)), roi ap dung nh ly anh xa ngc. Suy ra ton tai f 1 (x, z) = (x, G(x, z)), (x, z) thuoc lan can (a, 0). Khi o ham g(x) = G(x, 0) thoa ket luan cua nh ly. Cong thc ao ham suy t cong thc ao ham hp. (Cac chi tiet xem nh bai tap)
ma tnh trc tiep nh sau. T F (x, g(x)) = 0, x U , ap dung qui tac day chuyen suy ra ao ham ham an Dg , t he phng trnh:
m Fi gk Fi + = 0, i = 1, , m; j = 1, , k, xj k=1 yk xj
Nhan xet: e tnh ao ham ham an, thng ta khong dung phep nhan ma tran tren,
Ta cung co the dung cong thc vi phan co ien e tnh Dg . Chang han, vi m = 1, F neu (a, b) = 0, th y = g(x1 , , xn ) tai lan can (a, b). Khi thay y = g(x), ta co y F (x1 , , xn , y) = 0, x U , suy ra
dF = F F F dy = 0. dx1 + + dxn + x1 xn y
T suy
F F F dg = dx1 + + dxn , y x1 xn F/xj g , j = 1, , n. = ra cac ao ham rieng xj F/y
V du. Cac v du sau yeu cau chi tiet hoa

a) Xet he phng trnh
xu + yv 2 = 0 xv 3 + y 2 u6 = 0
58 Theo nh ly ham an, co the giai u, v theo x, y lan can x = 1, y = 1, u = 1, v = 1. Con lan can x = 0, y = 1, u = 0, v = 0 th sao? u tai x = 1, y = 1, va tai x = 0, y = 1 (neu ton tai). Tnh x b) Khi nao th t phng trnh f (x, y) = x2 + y2 1 = 0, co the giai y = g(x). Tnh ao ham g da vao cong thc vi phan co ien. Chu y: Ro rang la t phng trnh F (x, y) = x 3 y3 = 0, co the giai duy nhat F y = x, nhng (0, 0) = 0 : ieu kien trong nh ly ham an ch la ieu can.
y
ng dung. Xet a thc bac n, phu thuoc tham so u = (u0 , , un1):

Pu (x) = xn + un1 xn1 + + u1 x + u0
Gia s khi u = a, x0 la nghiem n cua Pa , i.e. Pa (x0 ) = 0, Pa (x0 ) = 0. Khi o, theo nh ly ham an, ton tai lan can U cua a va V cua x0 , sao cho vi moi u U , ton tai duy nhat nghiem x(u) V cua Pu (x) = 0. Vay cac nghiem n cua a thc ve mat a phng la cac ham lp C cua tham so. Cu the, xet phng trnh bac 3: x3 + px + q = 0, vi p, q la tham so. Khi xet so nghiem va nghiem n a en biet thc = 4p 3 + 27q2 . Tren mien > 0: co 1 nghien n x (p, q). Tren mien < 0: co 3 nghien n x (p, q) < x0 (p, q) < x+ (p, q). Tren nhanh = 0, q > 0: co 1 nghien n x (p, q) < 0 va 1 nghiem kep x0+ (p, q). Tren nhanh = 0, q < 0: co 1 nghien kep x 0 (p, q) < 0 va 1 nghiem n x+ > 0. Tai goc (p, q) = (0, 0): co 1 nghiem boi ba x = 0. Hn na, x la ham lp C tren mien au, x , x0 , x+ la cac ham lp C tren mien th nh.
Nhan xet: nh ly ham an va ham ngc thuoc loai nh ly ton tai. Ta co the
dung phng phap anh xa co trong chng minh e xay dng day ham hoi tu ve ham can tm.
V. Tch phan Riemann

1. TCH PHAN
Xuat phap t bai toan trc quan ve viec tnh dien tch hnh phang gii han bi o th ham dng tren mot oan, ta xay dng khai niem tch phan Riemann sau.
y
T
sup f inf f
Mot hnh hop trong Rn la tap con dang A = [a1 , b1 ] [an , bn ]. The tch hnh hop A la gia tr v(A) = (b1 a1 ) (bn an ). Mot phan hoach P cua hnh hop A la viec chia cac oan [ai , bi ], i = 1, , n, bi cac iem ai = ci0 < ci1 < < cimi = bi , roi lap m1 m2 mn hnh hop con cua A:
S = [c1i1 , c1i1+1 ] [cnin , cnin+1 ].
1.1 Tch phan tren hnh hop.
Khi o, lam dung ky hieu, ta thng viet S P . Bay gi gia s f : A R la ham gii noi, P la mot phan hoach A. Ta nh ngha
Tong Darboux di: Tong Darboux tren:
L(f, P ) =
SP xS
inf f (x) v(S)
U (f, P ) =
SP xS
sup f (x) v(S)
i.e. moi iem chia cua P eu la iem chia cua P , th moi hop cua P eu cha trong hop nao o cua P , nen ta co L(f, P ) L(f, P ) va U (f, P ) U (f, P ). Vay I(f ) = sup L(f, P ) inf U (f, P ) = I(f ) P P nh ngha. f goi la kha tch (Riemann) tren A , neuu I(f ) = I(f ). Khi o gia tr tren goi la tch phan cua f tren A , va ky hieu:
A
Nhan xet: Ro rang L(f, P ) U (f, P ). Hn na, neu P la phan hoach mn hn P ,
hay
f (x)dx
hay
b1 a1
bn an
f (x1 , , xn )dx1 dxn
60 T nh ngha suy ra (i) Ham f kha tch tren A. (ii) Vi moi > 0, ton tai phan hoach P tap A, sao cho
1.2 Tieu chuan Riemann. Cac ieu sau tng ng:
U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < .
a) Neu f c (const), th U (f, P ) = L(f, P ) = cv(A), vi moi phan hoach P . Vay f kha tch tren A va f = cv(A). A b) Ham Dirichlet 0 neu x hu t D(x) = 1 neu x vo t la khong kha tch Riemann tren [0, 1], v vi moi phan hoach P
L(D, P ) = 0, U (D, P ) = 1.
V du.
Bay gi ta lien he viec xay dng tch phan vi tong Riemann. Cho P la phan hoach hnh hop A va ho cac iem P = (S , S P ) vi S S . nh ngha
Tong Riemann:
S(f, P, P ) =
SP
f (S ) v(S)
Ky hieu |P | la chieu dai ln nhat cua cac canh hnh hop con S P . Bai tap: mo ta hnh hoc gia tr tong tren, tong di, tong Riemann cua ham mot va hai bien dng (Bai toan tnh dien tch va the tch)
1.3 Tieu chuan Darboux. Cho f
Khi o cac ieu sau tng ng (i) Ham f kha tch tren A va f = I . A (ii) lim S(f, P, P ) = I, P , theo ngha sau: vi moi > 0, ton tai > 0, sao cho vi moi phan hoach P cua A ma |P | < , ta co
|S(f, P, P ) I| < P
|P |0
:AR
la ham gii noi tren hnh hop A R n .
Ta chng minh bo e tren qui nap theo n. Khi n = 1, A = [a, b]. Ga s P0 co N iem chia. Chon = /N . Goi P la phan hoach ma |P | < . Khi o o dai cac oan cua P khong cha trong moi oan cua P 0 la (so cc ai cac oan nh vay)(chieu dai cc ai moi oan) N = .
Chng minh: Trc het ta co: Bo e. Cho P0 la phan hoach A. Khi o vi moi > 0, ton tai > 0, sao cho neu P la phan hoach A ma |P | < , th tong the tch cac hop cua P ma khong cha trong moi hnh hop cua P la < .
V.1 Tch phan.
61
Khi n > 1, goi cac hop cua P0 la V1 , , Vk . Goi T la tong dien tch cac mat gia 2 hop ke nhau. Chon = /T . Cho P la phan hoach A ma |P | < . Khi o neu S P ma S Vi , i = 1, , k , th S giao vi cac mat cua mot so hop thuoc P 0 . De thay v(S) D, vi D la tong dien tch cac mat (cua cac hop V1 , , Vk ) giao vi S . Vay
v(S) < T =
SP,SVi ,i
Chng minh (i) (ii): Ga s |f (x)| < M, x A. Theo tieu chuan Riemann, ton tai phan hoach P0 sao cho
U (f, P0 ) I < /2 , I L(f, P0 ) < /2
Ap dung bo e, vi := /2M , ton tai > 0 thoa ket luan bo e. Cho P la phan hoach ma |P | < . Goi P1 la cac hop cua P ma cha trong mot hop nao o cua P0 . con P2 la cac hop cua P ma khong cha trong hop nao cua P0 . Khi o vi moi ho iem P , ta co
f (S ) v(S)
SP SP1
f (S ) v(S) +
SP2
f (S ) v(S)
U (f, P0 ) + M /M < I +
Lap luan tng t ta co

f (S ) v(S) L(f, P0 ) /2 > I
SP
Vay |S(f, P, P ) I| < . Chng minh (ii) (i): Vi > 0. Goi > 0 va P thoa (ii). Goi N la so hop cua P . Vi moi S P , chon S S : |f (S ) supS f | < /v(S)N . Khi o
|U (f, P ) I| |U (f, P )
SP
f (S )v(S)| + |
SP
f (S )v(S)I | U (f, P ) I| < 2
Do tong th nhat ve phai <
v(S)/v(S)N =
SP
, suy ra
Lap luan tng t |L(f, P ) I| < 2 . Suy ra |U (f, P ) L(f, P )| < 4 . Theo tieu chuan Riemann f kha tch tren A.
V du. Cho f : A = [a1 , b1 ] [an , bn ] R la ham kha tch.

Goi
PN N
la phan hoach eu cac oan [ai , bi ], i = 1, , n, bi N + 1 iem chia: k(bi ai ) , k = 0, , N . Theo tieu chuan tren, khi N , ta co cik = ai +
(b1 a1 ) (bn an ) Nn k
N
1 , ,kn =1
f (c1k1 , , cnkn )
f.
Vay co the tnh gan ung tch phan bi tong Riemann neu tren (cong thc hnh ch nhat).
62 Chang han
1 0
xdx = lim
1 N N
1.4 Tap o c Jordan. Cho

nh ngha bi
1 k 1 N (N + 1) = lim = . 2 N N N 2 2 k=1 C Rn 1 0
la tap gii noi. Ham ac trng cua

xC xC
C (x) =
neu neu
Goi A la hop cha C . Khi o C goi la o c (Jordan) neuu C kha tch tren A va goi the tch cua C la
v(C) =
Chu y la nh ngha tren khong phu thuoc hop A cha C . T the tch c thay bi t o dai, dien tch khi n = 1, n = 2 tng ng. Ve mat hnh hoc U (C , P ) la tong the tch cac hop thuoc P co giao vi C (the tch ngoai); con L(C , P ) la tong the tch cac hop thuoc P cha trong C (the tch trong).
C .
Bai tap: Goi C la hnh gii han bi ng cong va A la hnh ch nhat cho hnh tren. Phan hoach A thanh cac hnh ch nhat bang nhau. Tm moi quan he gia tong tren, tong di va so hnh ch nhat co giao vi C hay nam tron trong C . T o suy ra cach tnh gan ung dien tch mot hnh tren mat phang hay tren man hnh.
1.5 Tch phan tren tap gii noi. Cho C Rn la tap gii noi, o c, va f : A R
la ham gii noi tren hnh hop A cha C . Khi o f goi la kha tch tren C neuu f C kha tch tren A va nh ngha tch phan cua f tren C
C
f=
f C .
Ky hieu R(C) tap moi ham kha tch Riemann tren C .

2. LP HAM KHA TCH RIEMANN
Lp cac ham kha tch Riemann c hoan toan xac nh da tren khai niem sau (c Lebesgue a ra vao khoang 1890).
B Rn goi la co o o khong, ky hieu (B) = 0 hay n (B) = 0, neuu vi moi > 0 ton tai hu han hay em c cac hnh hop S 1 , S2 , phu B , i.e. B i Si , va i v(Si ) < .
2.1 o o khong. Tap
V.2 Lp ham kha tch Riemann.
63
la co o o khong (?). ng thang R khi xem nh tap con cua la co o o khong. (?) Bai tap: Chng minh neu (B) = 0 va f : B Rm thoa ieu kien Lipschitz, th (f (B)) = 0.
R2 N R
V du. Tap
Menh e. Neu (Bi) = 0,

Chng minh: Cho
sao cho
V du. Tap em c trong Rn la co o o khong.

Viec xay dng tch phan oi hoi cac ham tot, chang han ham lien tuc, phai kha tch. Ham kha tch Riemann khi va ch khi no lien tuc hau khap ni. Mot cach chnh xac ta co
gii noi tren hnh hop A R n la kha tch Riemann khi va ch khi tap iem gian oan cua f co o o khong.
f : A R
> 0. v(Sij ) < /2i . j 1 ij v(Sij ) < i i < 2
i = 1, 2,
Khi o vi moi i, ton tai cac hop Si1 , Si2 , phu Bi Vay ho hnh hop {Sij } phu i Bi va co tong the tch
, th (i Bi ) = 0.
2.2 nh ly (Lebesgue). Ham
Chng minh: e o o gian oan cua ham f tai mot iem, ta co khai niem:
Dao ong cua f tren tap S la so o(f, S) = sup f (x) inf f (x). xS xS Dao ong cua f tai a c ky hieu va nh ngha bi
o(f, a) = lim o(f, B(a, r)).
r0+
Gii han tren la ton tai do tnh n ieu theo r. (Bai tap) T nh ngha, ta co: o(f, a) = 0 khi va ch khi f lien tuc tai a. (Bai tap) at B = {x : o(f, x) > 0} la tap cac iem gian oan cua f .
()
nen Goi
(B) = 0. Vi > 0, at B = {x : o(f, x) }. Do B B , (B ) = 0. V B ong va gii noi nen no compact (bai tap). Vay ton tai hu
Gia s
han hop S1 , , SN phu B co tong the tch
v(Si ) <
P la phan hoach A sao cho neu S P th hoac S B = hoac S Si i {1, , N } nao o. at P1 = {S P : S B = } con P2 = {S P : i S Si }. Neu S P1 , th o(f, x) < , x S . Do S compact co the lam mn P sao cho S P1 , th supS f inf S f 2
i=1
. vi khi
Vay
U (f, P ) L(f, P ) = (
SP1 SP1
+
SP2
) (sup f inf f )v(S)

S S
2 v(S) +
SP2 N i=1
M v(S), (M = sup f inf f )

A A
2 v(A) + M
v(Si ) < (2v(A) + M ) .
64 Theo tieu chuan Riemann f kha tch tren A. () Ngc lai, gia s f kha tch tren A. Ta co B =
B1 .
k
can chng minh (B k ) = 0, k N. Co nh k. 1 Vi > 0, ton tai phan hoach P : U (f, P ) L(f, P ) = Suy ra
SB 1
kN
Theo menh e 2.1 ch

.
(sup f inf f )v(S) <

SP S S
V {S P
1 v(S) k = SB
k
(sup f inf f )v(S) <

1 k
: S B 1 = }
phu B k va 1
Rn
v(S) <
SB 1 =
k
, nen (B k ) = 0. 1
He qua 1. Tap gii noi C la o c khi va ch khi (C) = 0. He qua 2. Cho C Rn o c. Neu f : C R co hu han hay em c iem
gian oan, th f kha tch tren C . He qua 3. Neu f : [a, b] R la ham n ieu, th f kha tch. Chng minh: C o c khi va ch khi C kha tch. Tap iem gian oan cua C
chnh la bien C . Vay t nh ly suy ra he qua 1. He qua 2 suy t nh ly va menh e 2.1. e chng minh he qua 3, nhan xet la do tnh n ieu, nen vi moi k N tap Dk = {x [a, b] : o(f, x) |f (a) f (b)|/k} khong the co qua k phan t. Suy ra tap cac iem gian oan cua f la B = k Dk khong qua em c. Vay f kha tch.
1 x 2 +sin 1 b) Ham f (x, y) = x y
V du.
a) Ham f (x) = sin neu x = 0, f (0) = 0 la kha tch tren [1, 1]. neu y = 0, f (x, 0) = 0 la kha tch tren A = {x2 +y2 1}.
la tap o c trong Rn , va f, g la cac ham kha tch tren
2.3 Tnh chat. Cho

A.
Tnh tuyen tnh: Vi moi , R, ham f + g la kha tch tren A va

A
Khi o ta co
(f + g) =
f +
Tnh phan oan: Neu A1 , A2 A la cac tap o c, th f kha tch tren A1 , A2 va

A1 A2
f=
A1
f+ f
A2
f g.
A
A1 A2
f.
Tnh lien tuc: Neu f
tren A, th
ac biet, ham |f | kha tch tren A va |

f = f (c)v(A).
f|
|f |.
nh ly gia tr trung bnh: Neu f lien tuc va A lien thong , th ton tai c A sao cho
A
V.3 Cac cong thc tnh tch phan. Chng minh: Cac tnh chat au suy t nh ngha va nh ly Lebesgue.
65
T tnh lien tuc suy ra inf A f v(A) f sup f v(A), roi ap dung nh ly ve ham A A lien tuc tren tap lien thong suy ra tnh chat cuoi. (Bai tap: Hay neu chng minh chi tiet) a) Neu A, B o c, th A B o c, va v(A B) = v(A) + v(B) v(A B). b 1 f (x)dx b) Neu f la ham lien tuc tren [a, b], th ton tai c [a, b] sao cho f (c) =
ba
a
V du.
3. CAC CONG THC TNH TCH PHAN
Trc het, la cac cong thc tch phan ham 1 bien:
3.1 nh ly c ban. Gia s f : [a, b] R lien tuc. Khi o ta co moi quan he gia tch phan va ao ham
d dx
x a
f = f, x [a, b].
T nh ly tren suy ra cac cong thc tnh tch phan cho ham mot bien: Cong thc Newton-Leibniz: Neu F la mot nguyen ham cua f tren [a, b], i.e. F (x) = f (x), x [a, b], th
b a
f = F (b) F (a).
Cong thc oi bien: Gia s Khi o
g : [a, b] R
g(b) g(a)
kha vi lien tuc, f lien tuc tren g([a, b]).

b
f=
f g g .
Cong thc tch phan tng phan: Gia s u, v la hai ham kha vi lien tuc tren [a, b]. Khi o
b a
uv = u(b)v(b) u(a)v(a)
b a
u v.
e tnh tch phan ham nhieu bien co 2 phng phap c ban: Chuyen tch phan boi ve tch phan lap cac ham 1 bien. oi bien. Phng phap au da tren gi y hnh hoc sau:
66
y
T
g2 Cx g1 b
E
Cho C la hnh phang gii han bi o th hai ham g1 , g2 tren [a, b], vi g1 g2 . e tnh dien tch C , vi moi x [a, b], goi d(x) la o dai cua oan thang Cx = x R C = x [g1 (x), g2 (x)]. Khi o, ta co the a tch phan 2 lp ve lap cac tch phan 1 lp: dt(C) =
C
dxdy =
b a
d(x)dx =
b a
g2 (x) g1 (x)
dy)dx
Tng t, oi vi viec tnh the tch. Cho f la ham lien tuc, dng tren [a, b] [c, d]. Xet khoi gii han bi o th f tren [a, b] [c, d], V = {a x b, c y d, 0 z f (x, y)}. Vi moi x [a, b], ta co d f (x, y)dy S(x) = dien tch hnh thang {(y, z) : c y d, 0 z f (x, y)} = c Theo cach xay dng tch phan, ta co the a tch phan 3 lp ve lap cac tch phan 1 lp: tt(V ) =
dxdydz =
b a
S(x)dx =
b a
d c
f (x, y)dy)dx
Tong quat, ta co cong thc:
3.2 Cong thc Fubini. Cho C Rn Rm o c, f : C R kha tch.

Goi = {x Rn : y Rm , (x, y) C} la hnh chieu cua C len Rn , Cx = {y Rm : (x, y) C} nhat cat cua C tai x. f (x, y)dy vi moi x . Khi o ta co Gia s ton tai
Cx
f (x, y)dxdy =
Cx
f (x, y)dy)dx.
Chng minh: Trc het chng minh cho C = AB , vi A, B la cac hop trong R n , Rm
tng ng. Gia s P, P la cac phan hoach A, B tng ng. Khi do P P la phan hoach A B
V.3 Cac cong thc tnh tch phan.
67
P
thanh cac hnh hop S S , S P, S

L(f, P P ) = =
SP SS P P
. Ta co
inf{f (x, y); x S, y S }v(S S ) ( inf{f (x, y); x S, y S }v(S ))v(S) inf{f (x, y); y S }v(S); x S}v(S)
B SP S P
inf{
xS
SP
S P
inf (
f (x, y)dy)v(S)
L(
f (x, y)dy, P ).
Tng t, ta co
L(f, P P ) L(
B
f (x, y)dy, P ) U (
f (x, y)dy, P ) U (f, P P ).
f = ( f (x, y)dy)dx. T o suy ra AB A B Vi C bat ky, ton tai cac hop A, B sao cho C A B . Thac trien f len toan bo A B bi gia tr 0 ngoai C , roi ap dung tren ta co cong thc.
V du.
a) Gia s g1 , g2 : [a, b] R la cac ham lien tuc, va g1 g2 . at C = {(x, y) : a x b, g1 (x) y g2 (x)}. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren C . Khi o C la tap o c (bai tap) va
C
f (x, y)dxdy =
b a
g2 (x) g1 (x)
f (x, y)dy)dx
b) Gia s h1 , h2 : R lien tuc, gii noi tren tap o c R2 , va h1 h2 . at C = {(x, y, z) : (x, y) , h1 (x, y) z h2 (x, y)}. Cho f la ham lien tuc tren C . Khi o C la tap o c va
C
f (x, y, z)dxdydz =
h2 (x,y) h1 (x,y)
f (x, y, z)dz)dxdy
c) e tnh dien tch Ellip E = { Hnh chieu E len Vay dien tch
x2 y 2 + 2 1}, ap dung cong thc Fubini ta co: a2 b b b a2 x2 y a2 x2 }. Ox la [a, a], nhat cat Cx = {y : a a
a a
b a
v(E) =
a2 x2
b a a2 x2
dy)dx =
a a
= 2ab(arcsin
x x2 + a a
b a
a2 x2 dx
a2 x2 )|a = ab. a
68 Cong thc oi bien neu moi quan he cua s thay oi the tch cua mot hnh A khi qua phep bien hnh g (phep oi bien). Ve mat a phng o co dan hnh chnh la nh thc cua ao ham Dg . Cu the, ta co:
Gia s Khi o
3.3 Cong thc oi bien. Cho
g : U Rn thuoc lp C 1 tren tap m U Rn . A la tap o c co bao ong A U , sao cho g la 1-1 va det Dg = 0 tren A. neu f : g(A) R kha tch, th f g| det Dg| kha tch tren A va
g(A)
f=
f g| det Dg|.
2.1). Ngoai ra, theo nh ly Lebesgue f g| det Dg| kha tch tren A. e chng minh cong thc, ta da vao bo e khai trien:
g = (n Tn ) (1 T1 ), Ti (x) = a + i (x a), i la phep i (x1 , , xn ) = (x1 , , i (x), , xn ) (i = 1 , n). g Thc vay, do det Dg(a) = 0 nen ton tai i, n (a) = 0. xi Goi B(x) = a + (x a), vi la hoan v n vi i. g h at h = g B . Khi o n (a) = n (a) = 0. xn xi
Chng minh: V g C 1 nen thoa ieu kien Lipschitz tren A. Vay g(A) o c (xem
Bc 1 (Bo e khai trien): Neu g C 1 va det Dg(a) = 0, th ton tai lan can (hop) Ua cua a sao cho tren o trong o hoan v toa o, con
at (x) = (x1 , , xn1 , hn (x)). Ta co C 1 va det D(a) = n (a) = 0. Theo xn nh ly anh xa ngc, ton tai lan can U cua a tren o co anh xa ngc 1 C 1 . Ta co g = h B 1 = G T , vi T = B 1 = a + 1 (x a), G(x) = (h1 (x), , hn1 (x), xn ). Tiep tuc lap luan tng t cho G ta co bieu dien can tm.
Bc 2: Cong thc ung cho g(x) := T (x) = a + (x a), la hoan v.
Bc 3: Cong thc ung tren Ua cho g(x) := i (x) = (x1 , , i (x), , xn ).

Ua = S [an .bn ], S
e chng minh ch can ap dung cong thc Fubini vi chu y la | det T | = 1. (?) Ta chng minh trng hp i = n, trng hp khac hoan toan tng t. Gia s la hop trong Rn1 . Khi o (U ) = S n (U ), va det D = n . xn Theo cong thc Fubini
(U )
= = =
S S U
( (
n (x1 , ,xn1 ,[an ,bn ]) bn an
f (x)dxn )dx1 dxn1 . n |dxn )dx1 dxn1 xn
f (x1 , , n (x))|
(cong thc oi bien 1 bien)
f | det D|.
Bc 4: Neu cong thc ung cho T va , th cung ung cho T .
69
f | det D|
Thc vay,
T (C)
= = =
T (C) C C
f T | det(D) T || det DT | f ( T )| det D( T )|. P
Ket thuc chng minh cong thc: Do A compact nen A cha trong hnh hop nao o.
Ton tai phan hoach P hop o sao cho vi moi S trien nh bc 1 tren S . Suy ra:
g(A)
ma S A = th g co khai
A
f=
SP SA=
g(AS)
f=
SP SA=
AS
f g| det Dg| =
f g| det Dg|.
Trong ng dung co the can ap dung dang tong quat hn sau:

1 tren phan tren A va
nh ly. Cho
g : U Rn , U m trong Rn . Gia s A o c A U , g la 1trong intA. Khi do neu f kha tch tren g(A), th f g| det Dg| kha tch
g(A)
f=
f g| det g|. 0} = 0.
Viec chng minh da vao bo e Sard: {x : det Dg(x) = A = intA A, g(A) g(A). Cac chi tiet xem nh bai tap.
Vi chu y
V du. Sau day la cac phep oi bien hay dung:
Toa o cc:
g : R2 R2 |
cho bi g(r, ) = (r cos , r sin ).

cos r sin sin r cos = r. y
D(x, y) | = | det Dg(r, )| = D(r, )
gE 0 R
Er
B r
Ex
Neu A R2 o c, g song anh tren intA va f kha tch tren A, th

g(A)
f (x, y)dxdy =
f (r cos , r sin )rdrd.
Chang han co the chuyen viec lay tch phan tren hnh tron thanh viec tch phan tren hnh ch nhat nh v du sau
x2 +y 2 R2
ex
2 y 2
dxdy =
2 0 0
er rdrd = (1 eR ).
70 Bai tap: Ap dung cong thc Fubini va cho R + suy ra
ex dx =
Toa o tru: g : R3 R3 , (r, , z) (r cos , r sin , z). Ta cung co | det g(r, , z)| = r, va neu A R2 o c, g song anh tren intA va f kha tch tren A, th
g(A)
f (x, y, z)dxdydz =
f (r cos , r sin , z)rdrddz
Phep bien oi nay hay c s dung khi mien co dang hnh tru. Chang han, vi tru A = {x2 + y 2 1, 0 z 1}, ta co
A
z dxdydz = 1 + x2 + y 2
1 0 0
2 0
z rdrddz = 1 + r2
1 0
zdz
r dr = ln 2. 2 1+r 2
Toa o cau: g : R3 R3 , (, , ) ( cos sin , sin sin , cos ). nh thc Jacobi: | det Dg(, , )| = 2 sin . (?)
T s
z
s U
x
0

Ta co
g(A)
f (x, y, z)dxdydz =
f ( cos sin , sin sin , cos )2 sin ddd,
trong o A o c, g song anh tren intA va f kha tch. Phep oi bien nay thuan tien khi mien tch phan co dang hnh cau. Chang han
x2 +y 2 +z 2 R2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz = =
R 0 0 R 0
2 0
3 sin ddd
3 d
sin d =
R4 2.2. 4
V du. Qua phep v t the tch thay oi the nao? Goi A la tap o c trong Rn . Cho R. Xet phep v t : Rn Rn , (x) = x. Khi o vi phep oi bien (y1 , , yn ) = (x1 , , xn ), ta co
v((A)) =
(A)
dy =
n dx = n v(A)
71
Bai tap: Chng minh tnh chat hnh hoc sau cua nh thc: Xet hnh bnh hanh tao bi v1 , , vn Rn
A = {y Rn : y = x1 v1 + + xn vn , 0 x1 , , xn 1}
Khi o the tch
v(A) = | det(v1 , , vn )| = |det(vij )1i,jn |
trong o vi = (vi1 , , vin )
Bai tap Giai Tch 2
I. Day ham - Chuoi ham

Chuoi luy tha - Chuoi Taylor
1. Lap luan sau cua Euler tai sao sai? Ta co Vay
1 + x + x2 + x3 + =
1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 3 + = = . x x x x(1 1/x) x1 1 1 1 Cong lai suy ra + 3 + 2 + + 1 + x + x2 + x3 + = 0, x x x
1 . 1x
khi x = 0, 1. e)
k=1
2. Xac nh ban knh hoi tu va mien cua cac chuoi luy tha sau: xk k (x + 2)k (x 1)k d) b) k!xk c) a) 2 f)
(1)k 2k+1 x k k=1
k=1
1 2k k
k=0
g)
1 k k=1
k+1 k=0 x 2
2k
k=2
ln k
xk
3. Da vao phep lay tch phan hay ao ham qua dau tong, tnh cac tong sau: xk+1 d) (k2 + 2k 2)xk a) xk b) (k + 1)xk c) e)
k=0
(1)k
xk k
k=0
k=1
f)
k=0
x2k+1 2k + 1
k=0
k+1
g)
2k 2 + 1 k x k! k=0
k=0
4. ung hay sai: neu f kha vi vo han tren (a, b), th chuoi Taylor cua f tai c (a, b) luon hoi tu. 5. ung hay sai: chuoi Taylor cua mot ham neu hoi tu, th hoi tu ve chnh ham o. 6. Cho ham f (x) = e x2 (x = 0), Chuoi Taylor cua f ?
1
f (0) = 0.
Chng minh
kha vi vo han lan.
7. Khai trien thanh chuoi Taylor tai 0 cac ham sau: x c) f (x) = a) f (x) = sin3 x b) f (x) = 2 d) f (x) =
a+x
e)
(1 x)(1 x ) 1+x f (x) = ln 1x 1

x
1 (1 x)n
e 2 dt. 8. nh ngha ham sai so: erf(x) = 2 0 Bieu dien ham di dang chuoi luy tha, viet 5 so hang au cua chuoi o. Da vao chuoi tren tnh xap x gia tr erf(1). dt. 9. nh ngha ham: Si(x) = t 0 Bieu dien ham di dang chuoi luy tha. Da vao chuoi tren tnh xap x gia tr Si(1).
x
t2
sin t
Bai tap
Chuoi Fourier
74
1. Chng minh neu f co chu ky T , th
a+T a
f (x)dx =
T 0
f (x)dx, a.
2. Cho f la ham kha vi lien tuc tren [, ]. Goi ak , bk va ak , bk la cac he so Fourier cua f va f . Bang cach tch phan tng phan chng minh ak = kbk , bk = kak . 3. Viet chuoi Fourier cac ham sau: a) f (x) = 0, neu x 0; f (x) = 1, neu 0 < x . b) f (x) = |x|, x . 4. Xet s hoi tu va hoi tu eu cua chuoi Fourier cua cac ham cho bai tap tren. Suy ra
1 1 1 = 1 + + 4 3 5 7 va 2 1 1 1 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 8 1 3 5
Tai x := 0, chuoi Fourier co ga tr bang f (x)? 5. Cho t R \ Z, va ham ft (x) = cos tx, a) Khai trien Fourier ft (x). 2t 1 b) Suy ra cotan t = + 2
t
k=1
|x| .
c) ao ham tng t suy ra d) Tch phan tng t suy ra
n 1 2 = lim . t sin n+ k=n (t k)2
(t k 2 )
t2 t2 t2 sin t = lim (1 )(1 ) (1 2 ) n+ t 1 2 n
6. Khai trien Fourier cac ham: a) f (x) = ex , x [0, 2] b) f (x) = 0, neu x [0, l]; f (x) = 1, neu x (l, 2l). c) f (x) = x, x (2, 2). 7. Bieu dien cac ham sau thanh chuoi lng giac ch co cos, bang cach thac trien chung thanh ham le: a) f (x) = 1, neu x [0, /2]; f (x) = 0, neu x (/2, ]. b) f (x) = x( x), x [0, ]. 8. Bieu dien cac ham bai tren thanh chuoi lng giac ch co sin, bang cach thac trien chung thanh ham chan. 9. Biet khai trien Fourier
x=2 (1)k+1 sin kx, k k=1
< x < pi
Bang cac lay tch phan suy ra khai trien Fourier cua x2 , x3 , x4 , khi < x < . Tai sao co the tch phan vao dau tong?
Bai tap
75
II. Khong gian Rn .

1. Chng minh
|d(x, y) d(y, z)| d(x, z).
2. Xac nh m, M, a, b > 0, sao cho vi moi x = (x1 , , xn ) Rn a) m 1in |xi| x M 1in |xi |. max max b)
a x
n i=1
|xi | b x .
3. Tm ieu kien can va u cho x, y Rn e co cac ang thc

| < x, y > | = x y ,
va
x+y = x + y .
4. Cho f, g la cac ham lien tuc tren [a, b]. Chng minh
b a
fg
b a
1/2
b a
1/2
. M
5. Cho
T : Rn Rm la anh T (h) M h , h Rn .
xa tuyen tnh. Chng minh ton tai
sao cho
6. Xac nh phan trong, phan ngoai va bien cac tap sau trong Rn :
{x : x 1}, {x : x = 1}, {x = (x1 , , xn ) : xi Q, i = 1, , n}.
7. Cho a R v x1 = a, xk = x2 xk1 + 1. Vi a nao th: k1 a) (xk ) n ieu. b) (xk ) b chan. c) (xk ) hoi tu. Khi o tm gii han. 8. Cho day so dng (xk ). x a) Chng minh neu lim k+1 = L > 0, th lim k xk = L. k xk k (HD: chng minh > 0, A, B > 0, N N : k N A(L B(L + )k .) kk k = e. b) Ap dung a), tm gii han day xk = , suy ra lim 1/k
k!
k
)k < xk <
(k!)
9. Chng minh neu la

lim
1 (x1 + + xk ) = M . k k
1
lim xk = M ,
th gii han cua day trung bnh cong cua (xk )

1
10. Cho 0 < xk < yk , xk+1 = (xk yk ) 2 va yk+1 = (xk + yk ). Chng minh xk < yk . 2 Suy ra (xk ), (yk ) hoi tu ve cung gii han. 11. Cho day (xk ) trong Rn . Gia s day Cauchy nen hoi tu.
xk+1 xk < k2 1 , k . +k 1
Chng minh (xk ) la

1 (k N)
12. Dung tieu chuan Cauchy, chng minh day so x k = 1 + + + 2 k khong hoi tu.
la
13. Neu chng minh chi tiet: trong R tap [a, b] ong, (a, b) m, va (a, b] khong ong khong m.
Bai tap
76
14. Chng minh hnh cau m B(a, r) la m trong R n . 15. Cho A la tap con cua R, cha moi iem hu t thuoc [0, 1]. Chng minh neu A ong, th A cha [0, 1]. 16. Cho Uk a) c)
kN kN
(k N)
la cac tap m trong Rn . ung hay sai b) la ong. d)

Uk
kN kN
Uk
la m.
la m. la ong.
(Rn \ Uk )
(Rn \ Uk )
17. Chng minh: a) Neu X Y , th X Y . b) X Y = X Y . c) (X Y ) X Y , (X Y ) X Y , v (X Y ) = X Y X Y. 18. Cho X la tap vo han va gii noi trong R n . Chng minh X co iem tu. 19. Chng minh cac tap sau khong compact bang cach ch ra mot phu m cua no ma khong co phu con hu han: a) Z tap cac so nguyen trong R. b) {x Rn : x < 1}. 20. Hp, giao, tch cac tap compact co compact? 21. a) Chng minh neu X ong va x X , th ton tai d x > 0 sao cho
d(x, y) dx , y X.
b) Chng minh neu X ong, K compact, va X K = , th ton tai d > 0 sao cho
d(x, y) d, x K, y X.
c) Tm v du X, K ong va X K = , nhng khong to tai d > 0 e bat ang thc b) thoa. 22. Cho day tap hp (Fk ) trong Rn la day compact long nhau that lai , i.e. vi moi k N, Fk compact, Fk Fk+1 , va diam(Fk ) = sup{d(x, y) : x, y Fk } 0, khi k . Chng minh kN Fk co duy nhat mot phan t. 1 Gia thiet compact khong the bo, chang han day Ik = (0, ), k N, co k Ik = .
k
23. Cac tap sau compact? lien thong? a) {(x, y) R2 : |x| 1}. b) {(x, y) R2 : x4 + y4 = 1}. c) {x Rn : x r}. d) {x Rn : 1 x 2}. e) {x Rn : x = 1}. f) Tap hu han. g) Tap cac so nguyen Z. h) Tap cac so hu t trong [0, 1]. 24. Cac menh e sau ung hay sai: a) Neu K la tap compact trong Rn , th Rn \ K compact. b) Neu K la tap lien thong trong Rn , th Rn \ K lien thong. 25. Chng minh: Neu Li , i I, la cac tap lien thong, va Li th Li lien thong.
iI
Lj =
vi moi i, j ,
Bai tap
77
26. Chng minh neu C lien thong, th bao ong C lien thong. 27. Cho C = {(x, y) R2 : 0 < y x2 , x = 0} {(0, 0)}. Chng minh C lien thong, nhng khong ton tai ng gap khuc trong C noi (0, 0) vi mot iem khac thuoc C . 28. Cho C = {(x, y) R2 : y = sin , x = 0} {(0, y) : |y| 1}. Chng minh C x lien thong nhng khong lien thong ng, i.e. ton tai 2 iem thuoc C khong the noi nhau bang ng cong trong C . 29. Tap Cantor C c xay dng nh sau: F0 = [0, 1]. 2 1 F1 = [0, ] [ , 1], la tap t F0 bo i mot phan ba khoang m gia. m gia cua cac oan. Tong quat, Fk la tap lap t Fk1 bo i mot phan ba khoang m gia cua cac oan. k k+1 e y Fk la hp 2k oan dang [ k , k ]. at C = k Fk . Chng minh: 3 3 k a) Moi x C , co bieu dien duy nhat x = ak , vi ak {0, 2}. k=0 3 b) C la vo han khong em c. c) C compact d) int(C) = . e y C co o dai bang khong, theo ngha: phan bu cua C co o dai la
1 3
3 3 2 1 2 7 8 1 F2 = [0, ] [= , ] [ , ] [ , 1], 9 9 3 3 9 9
la tap t F1 bo i mot phan ba khoang
+ 2. 1 + + 2k1 /3k + = 1 9
III. Lien tuc

1. Xet cac gii han lap, gii han tai (0, 0) cua ham 3. Chng minh khi n +, ta co
n +n n , n + 1 n
2 2
f (x, y) =
x4
x2 y . + y2
2. Tm v du ham hai bien co gii han lap ton tai nhng khac nhau.
n , (1)n n2 = O(n2 ), n2 +2 = o(n3 ), sin n = O(1) 2
4. Chng minh khi x 0, ta co

(1 + x) ex ln(1 + x) sin x cos x = = = = = 1 + x + o(x) 1 + x + o(x) x + o(x) x + o(x) 1 1 x2 + o(x) 2
hay
(1 + x) ex ln(1 + x) sin x cos x
1 + x 1+x x x 1 1 x2 2
5. Khi x , hay dung ky hieu o, O e so sanh:

x , x , ax , bx , logc x, logd x (, , a, b, c, d > 0)
Bai tap
78
6. Xet tnh lien tuc cac ham:

xy(x + y) , neu (x, y) = (0, 0); f (0, 0) = 0. x2 + y 2 exy 1 , neu xy = 0; f (x, y) = 0, neu xy = 0. b) f (x, y) = 2xy sin xy , neu x = 0; f ((0, y) = y. c) f (x, y) = x
a) f (x, y) =
7. Tm v du ham lien tuc theo tng bien nhng khong lien tuc.. xy (HD: Xet f (x, y) = 2 2 , f (0, 0) = 0)
x +y
8. Tm v du ham f : R2 R lien tuc khi han che tren moi ng thang qua (0, 0), nhng khong lien tuc tai o. (HD: Xet f (x, y) =
x2 y x4 + y 2
neu (x, y) = (0, 0), f (0, 0) = 0)
9. Cho f : R R, thoa f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), x, y R. Chng minh neu f lien tuc tai 0, th f lien tuc. 10. Cho g : R R, thoa g(x + y) = g(x)g(y), x, y R. Chng minh neu g lien tuc tai 0, th g lien tuc. 11. Cho f : [0, 1] [0, 1], f (x) = , neu x = la phan so toi gian; q q neu x vo t. Chng minh f ch lien tuc tai cac iem vo t 12. Cho f : Rn Rm . Chng minh cac ieu sau tng ng (i) f lien tuc tren Rn . (ii) f 1 (V ) la m. vi moi tap m V Rm . (iii) f 1 (F ) la ong, vi moi tap ong F Rm . 13. Chng minh neu U R la tap m, th 14. Cho f ong.
: Rn R {(x, y) R 2 : x U } 1 p f (x) = 0,
la tap m. la tap
f (U )
lien tuc. Chng minh tap

U R
{x Rn : 0 f (x) 1}
15. Tm v du f : R R lien tuc va khong m (t.. khong ong).
la tap m (t.. ong) nhng
16. Chng minh tap cac ma tran kha nghch {A M at(n, n) : det A = 0} la m trong khong gian Mat(n, n) cac ma tran vuong cap n tren R. 17. Cho f : R R lien tuc. Cac tap sau m, ong, compact, lien thong?
{x : f (x) = 0} {x : f (x) > 1} {f (x) : x 0} {f (x) : 0 x 1}
18. Cho f : R2 R lien tuc. Chng minh {f (x, y) : x2 + y2 = 1} la mot oan.

inf 19. Cho X Rn . nh ngha d(x, X) = yX d(x, y).
a) Chng minh ham
x d(x, X) Rn |d(x, X) d(x , X)| d(x, x ) )
la ham lien tuc. (HD: Chng minh
Bai tap
79
xX
b) Chng minh:
khi va ch khi d(x, X) = 0.

d(x, X)
. c) Cho X, Y la cac tap ong ri nhau. Xet ham f (x) = d(x, X) + d(x, Y ) Chng minh f lien tuc va f 1 (1) = Y, f 1 (0) = X . Suy ra ton tai cac tap m U, V ri nhau va X U, Y V . (Ta noi: trong Rn , hai tap ong ri nhau co the tach bi hai tap m). inf 20. nh ngha khoang cac gia 2 tap con X, Y cua Rn : d(X, Y ) = xX,yY d(x, y). n compact, X ong. T tnh lien tucoua ham K x d(x, X), Cho K R chng minh ton tai x0 K, y0 X sao cho d(x0 , y0 ) = d(K, X). Tm v du ieu kien K compact khong the thieu.
21. Cho f : Rn Rm lien tuc. Chng minh neu B Rn la tap gii noi, th f (B) la tap gii noi. 22. ung hay sai: neu f : Rn Rm lien tuc va K compact (t.. lien thong), th f 1 (K) compact (t.. lien thong). 23. Cho v du ham f lien tuc, gii noi nhng khong at max, min. 24. Cho f : K R lien tuc, K compact. Chng minh tap M = {x : f (x) = max f } K la compact. 25. ung hay sai: khong ton tai toan anh lien tuc t [0, 1] len (0, 1). 26. Cho f : K f (K) la 1-1 lien tuc. Chng minh neu K compact, th f 1 lien tuc. Neu K khong compact th sao? 27. Chng minh ham g(x) = sin lien tuc va gii noi, nhng khong lien tuc eu x tren (0, +). 28. Cho f : A Rm , A Rn . Ta noi f thoa ieu kien Lipschitz neuu
L > 0 : f (x) f (y) L x y , x, y A 1
a) Chng minh neu f thoa ieu kien Lipschitz, th f lien tuc eu.. b) Xet xem tong, tch cac ham thoa ieu kien Lipschitz co thoa ieu kien Lipschitz khong? 29. Chng minh neu thong.
f : R n Rm
lien tuc, th o th
Gf
la tap ong va lien
30. Cho f : C R lien tuc, C lien thong. Chng minh neu f (x) = 0, x C , th f (x) luon dng hay luon am vi moi x C . 31. Chng minh moi a thc bac le he so thc luon cot nhat mot nghiem thc. 32. Chng minh phng trnh x4 + 7x3 9 = 0 co t nhat hai nghiem thc. 33. Chng minh phng trnh: tgx = x co vo so nghiem. 34. Cho f : [a, b] [a, b] lien tuc. Chng minh f co t nhat mot iem bat ong, i.e. iem x0 : f (x0 ) = x0 .
Bai tap
80 va
f (0) = f (2).
35. Cho
f la ham lien tuc tren [0, 2] (0, 2), f (c) = f (c + ).
Chng minh to tai
36. Cho f : [a, b] R lien tuc, f (a)f (b) < 0. Neu phng phap xap x tm nghiem 1 phng trnh f (x) = 0. Ap dung tnh gan ung 2 vi sai so < 10 , bang cach 2 2 = 0 tren [0, 2] tm nghiem x 37. Vi cac gia tr nao cua R, th ham f (x) = x,
xR
la anh xa co?
a b c d R2 , +
38. Cho A : R2 R2 la anh xa tuyen tnh xac nh bi ma tran A = a) Chng minh neu a, b, c, d > 0, th A xac nh mot anh xa: R+ = {x R : x > 0}. b) Vi ieu kien cua a) nh ngha f : [0, ] [0, ], bi 2 2
A cos sin = () cos f () sin f () R2 +
. vi
Chng minh f lien tuc. T o suy ra A co mot vector rieng thuoc R 2 . + c) f co la anh xa co? 39. Cho f : R2 R2 , la anh xa tuyen tnh f (x, y) = (ax + by, cx + dy). Tm ieu kien cua cho a, b, c, d e f la anh xa co tren khong gian Euclid R2 . Tong quat bai tap tren khi f : Rn Rn , f (x) = Ax, trong o A = (aij ) la ma tran vuong cap n. 40. Cho f : [0, r] [0, r], f (x) = x2 . nh r e f la anh xa co. 41. Cho f : X X , thoa: d(f (x), f (y)) < d(x, y), x, y X, x = y. a) Tm v du ham f thoa bat ang thc tren nhng khong co iem bat ong. b) Chng minh f : [0, 1] [0, 1], f (x) = sin x, thoa bat ang thc tren nhng khong la anh xa co. 42. Cho f
:K K
la anh xa co tren tap compact.
K.
Ky hieu fn = f f .
n ln
Chng minh nN fn (K) la tap ch co duy nhat mot iem.
43. Tm cac v du: Day ham lien tuc hoi tu ve mot ham lien tuc, nhng s hoi tu la khong eu. Day ham khong lien tuc hoi tu eu ve ham lien tuc. 44. ung hay sai: Neu day ham (fk ) hoi tu eu ve f va day so (x k ) hoi tu ve x, th day (fk (xk )) hoi tu ve f (x). . 45. Cho day a thc Pk (x) = 1 + x + + xk , k N, va ham f (x) = 1x Chng minh vi moi 0 < c < 1, (Pk ) hoi tu eu ve f tren [0, c], nhng khong hoi tu eu ve f tren (0, 1). 46. Ta noi g la ham tuyen tnh tng khuc tren [a, b] neuu ton tai cac iem: a = a0 < a1 < < an = b, sao cho g(x) = Ak x + Bk , x [ak1 , ak ],
k = 1
Bai tap
1, , n.
81
Tm cac he thc ma cac he so Ak , Bk phai thoa e g lien tuc. Chng minh moi ham lien tuc tren [a, b] la gii han eu cua day ham tuyen tnh tng khuc. 47. Viet a thc Berstein Bk (f ), cua ham f (x) = x2 , vi x [0, 1]. Tm k sao cho 1 . Bk (f ) f = sup (|Bk (f )(x) x2 |) <
x[0,1]
1000
48. Viet a thc Berstein Bk (f ), cua ham (Bk (f )) hoi tu eu ve f .
f (x) = x3 , x [0, 1].
Chng minh
49. Chng minh ham f (x) = ex , x R, khong la gii han eu cua day ham a thc. (nh ly Weierstrass khong ung cho khoang m). 50. Cho A la tap ca ham co dang:
h(x) =
n i=0
ai ebi x , n N, ai , bi R.
Khi o moi f C[0, 1], co la gii han eu cua day ham thuoc A hay khong? 51. Neu co mot day a thc hoi tu eu ve f tren [a, b], th f co kha vi? 52. Cho day a thc (Pk ):
1 P0 (x) = 0, Pk+1 (x) = Pk (x) + (x Pk (x)2 ). 2 2 x 2 , nen 0 x Pk (x) . Chng minh qui na: 0 x Pk (x) 1 + k x k T o suy ra (Pk ) hoi tu ve ham [0, 1] x x. (ay la mot chng minh khac cho ieu: ham f (t) = |t| = t2 , t [1, 1], la
1
gii han eu cua day ham a thc).
53. Cho f C[0, 1]. Gia s vi moi k = 0, 1, f (x)xk dx = 0. Chng minh 0 f 0. (HD: Chng minh tch phan cua tch f vi moi a thc eu bang khong. 1 Sau o ap dung nh ly Weierstrass chng minh f 2 = 0).
0
54. Cho f : [0, 1] R khong la a thc. Gia s (Pk ) la day ham a thc hoi tu eu ve f tren [0, 1]. Chng minh bac cua cac P k khong b chan. (HD: Mot a thc P (x), bac n, c xac nh mot cach duy nhat bi gia tr tai n + 1 iem x0 , , xn va co bieu dien qua cong thc noi suy Lagrange
P (x) =
n i=0
P (xi )i (x),
i (x) =
xj ) ) j=i (xi xj )
j=i (x
IV. ao ham
1. Cho f : Rn Rm thoa: M sao cho vi tai 0 va Df (0) = 0. Neu f (x) < M x , th f co kha vi?
f (x) M x
2
. Chng minh f kha
Bai tap
82
2. Viet ma tran Jaconi cua: a) f (x, y) = (xy, y/x). b) f (x, y, z) = (x4 y, xez ). c) f (x, y, z) = (z xy , x2 , tgxyz). d) f (x, y, z) = (ez sin x, xyz). 3. Tnh grad f cua cac ham: a) f (x, y, z) = x sin y/z . b) f (x, y, z) = ex2 +y2+z2 . 4. Viet phng trnh mat phang tiep xuc cua cac mat cho bi phng trnh: a) z = x3 + y4 , tai x = 1, y = 3, z = 82. b) x2 y2 + xyz = 1, tai (1, 0, 1). c) z = x2 + 2xy y2 + 1, tai (1, 1, 3). d) ax2 + 2bxy + cy2 + dx + ey + f = 0, tai (x0 , y0 , z0 ). 5. Tnh goc tao bi hai mat cong sau tai (2, 1, 2):
S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9
va va
S2 : z = x2 + y 2 3.
6. Trong R3 cho hai mat cong xac nh bi cac phng trnh:

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 S2 : x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3.
Chng minh S1 , S2 tiep xuc vi nhau tai (1, 1, 1). 7. Trong R3 cho hai mat cong xac nh bi cac phng trnh:
S1 : ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1
va
S2 : xyz = 1.
Tm cac tham so a, b, c sao cho S1 , S2 vuong goc vi nhau tai cac giao iem. 8. Tm vector tiep xuc vi cac ng cong tham so hoa: a) c(t) = (3t2 , et, t + t2 ), tai iem ng vi t = 1. b) c(t) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t, t), tai iem ng vi t = /2. 9. Tm hng ma f (x, y, z) = x2 y sin z , tang nhanh nhat tai lan can (3, 2, 0). 10. Tm hng ma f (x, y) = ex2 y, giam nhanh nhat tai lan can (0, 0). Ve cac ng mc. 11. ung hay sai: Mot ham f xac nh tren (a, b), kha vi tai c, va f (c) > 0, (HD: Xet ham: f (x) = x neu x hu t, f (x) = sin x neu x vo t. Chng minh f (0) > 0, nhng f khong n ieu lan can 0) 12. Chng minh tnh chat Darboux: Neu f kha vi tren [a, b], th f nhan moi gia tr nam gia f (a), f (b). (HD: Cho la mot gia tr nam gia f (a) va f (b). Chng minh g(x) = f (x)x at cc tr tai c (a, b)). 13. Cho f (x) = x2 sin neu x khong lien tuc.
1 x = 0, f (0) = 0.
Chng minh
kha vi, nhng
Bai tap
83
14. Chng minh ham so sau co cac ao ham rieng tai (0, 0) nhng khong lien tuc
f (x, y) = x , y
neu y = 0; f (x, y) = 0, neu y = 0.
15. Ham f goi la kha vi theo hng v Rn tai a neuu ton tai
Dv (a) = lim f (a + tv) f (a) . t0 t
a) Chng minh neu f kha vi tai a, th f co ao ham theo moi hng tai a, va
Dv f (a) =< grad f (a), v >
b) Chng minh f co ao ham theo moi hng cha chac f kha vi. xy neu x2 = y, f (x, y) = 0 neu x2 = y. (HD: Xet ham f (x, y) = 2 Hay ham
x +y x2 y neu (x, y) = (0, 0); f (0, 0) = 0. f (x, y) = 4 x + y2
16. Xet tnh kha vi cua cac ham a) f (x, y) = 3 x3 + y3 . xy b) f (x, y) = 2 2 neu x, y = 0, f (0, 0) = 0.
x +y
c) f (x, y) =
d) f (x, y) = |x| + |y|.
x2 y 2 x2 y 2 + (y x)2
neu x, y = 0, f (0, 0) = 0.
17. Kiem tra cong thc ao ham ham hp: a) f (u, v, w) = u2 v + v2 w, vi u = xy, v = sin x, w = ex . b) f (u, v) = u2 + v sin u, vi u = xeu , v = yz sin x. 18. Cho f : R R va F : R2 R la cac ham kha vi. Gia s F/x F = 0. Chng minh f = , vi y = f (x).
y F/y F (x, f (x)) 0,
va
19. Xet phep oi bien toa o cc: x = r cos , y = r sin . Cho f : R2 R kha vi, vaF (r, ) = f (x, y). Chng minh
(D1 F (r, ))2 + 1 (D2 F (r, ))2 = (D1 f (x, y))2 + (D2 f (x, y))2 r2
20. Qua phep quay goc , toa o cu (x, y) va mi (u, v) co quan he sau
x = u cos v sin , y = u sin + v cos
Cho f : R2 R kha vi, va F (u, v) = f (x, y). Chng minh

(D1 F (u, v))2 + (D2 F (u, v))2 = (D1 f (x, y))2 + (D2 f (x, y))2
Bai tap
84
F =0 x
21. Cho f la ham kha vi. Chng minh F a) F (x, y) = f (x2 + y2 ), thoa x
y
b) F (x, y) = f (xy), thoa x c)
F F y =0 x y F F b = 0. F (x, y) = f (ax + by), thoa a y x
22. Cho f, g : R R thuoc lp C 2 . a) Vi c R,at u(x, y) = f (x + cy) g(x cy). Chng minh u thoa phng trnh song::
c2 2u 2u = x2 y 2
b) Cho v(x, y) = f (3x + 2y) + g(x 2y). Chng minh

4 2v 2v 2v 3 2 =0 4 x2 xy y
23. Cho f : R2 R2 kha vi lien tuc va thoa ieu kien Cauchy-Riemann

f2 f1 f2 f1 = , = . x y y x
a) Chng minh: det Jf (x, y) = 0 neu va ch neu Df (x, y) = 0. b) Chng minh neu f kha nghch th anh xa ngc cung thoa ieu kien CauchyRiemann. 24. Ham f : Rn R goi la thuan nhat bac R+ . Gia s f kha vi. Chng minh
f m
neuu f (tx) = tm f (x), x Rn , t
thuan nhat bac m
xi
i=1
f (x) = mf (x), x Rn . xi
25. Cho f : Rn R thuoc lp C k
(k > 1).
n i=1
Chng minh
f (x) = f (0) +
gi (x)xi , gi C k1 (Rn ).
26. Cho f : R R kha vi. Gia s |f (x)| L, x. Chng minh f thoa ieu kien Lipschitz: |f (x) f (y)| L|x y|, x, y R. Suy ra ieu kien e ham kha vi f : Rn Rn la anh xa co. Tm v du. 27. Cho f
: [a, b] R la ham kha vi. Gia s 0 < m < f (x) M , x [a, b], va f (a) < 0 < f (b). Sau ay la mot phng phap tm nghiem cua f . 1 a) Chng minh g(x) = x M f (x) xac nh mot anh xa co tren [a, b]. 1 b) Cho x0 [a, b] va xk+1 = xk M f (xk ), k N. Chng minh day (xk ) hoi tu ve nghiem duy nhat x cua f . |f (x0 )| m k 1 c) Chng minh sai so: |xk+1 x | m M
Bai tap
85
28. Gia s f : R R kha vi lien tuc, f (a) = b, va f (a) = 0. Goi la so dng: 1 neu |x a| < , th |f (x) f (a)| |f (a)|. at = 2 |f (a)|. Chng minh 2 neu | b| < , th day y
x0 = a, xk+1 = xk f (xk ) y (k N) f (a) f (x) = y , x [a , a + ]. x+y . 1 xy
hoi tu ve nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh:
29. Ap dung tnh chat cua ao ham, rut gon bieu thc:
f (x, y) = arctg x + arctg y arctg
30. Gia s f : Rn Rm , co ao ham Df (x) = A, x, trong o A la anh xa tuyen tnh. Chng minh f la anh xa affin, i.e. f (x) = Ax+ const. 31. Cho
f : U R la ham kha vi tren hnh cau U R n . Chng D1 f (x) = 0, x U , th f khong phu thuoc bien th nhat, i.e.
minh neu
f (x1 , x2 , , xn ) = f (x1 , x2 , , xn ), (x1 , , xn ), (x1 , , xn ) U
32. Cho f (x, y) = xy
x2 y 2 x2 + y 2
neu x, y = 0, f (0, 0) = 0. Chng minh

2f 2f (0, 0) = (0, 0). xy yx
33. Khai trien Taylor en cap 2 cac ham: a) f (x, y) = x2 + y22, tai (0, 0); va tai (1, 2). b) f (x, y) = ex2 y cos xy, tai (0, 0). c) f (x, y) = e(x1)2 cos y, tai (1, 0) 34. Khai trien Taylor tai 0 ham: f (x) = e x2 neu x = 0, f (0) = 0. Chuoi Taylor co hoi tu ve f hay khong? Ham f co la ham giai tch khong? 35. Xet phep bien oi lp C 1
u = f1 (x, y) v = f2 (x, y)
1
Chng minh bien oi tren la kha nghch a phng tai (x 0 , y0 ) neu

= f1 f2 f1 f2 x y y x
khac 0 tai (x0 , y0 ), va khi o phep bien oi ngc x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) co cac ao ham rieng thoa
x u y u = = 1 v y 1 v x x v y v = = 1 u y 1 u x
Bai tap
86
f (x, y) = ( xy x2 y 2 , ). 2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 x
36. Cho
Xet tnh kha nghch a phng cua
tai
(0, 1).
37. Xet tnh kha nghc a phng cua cac phep bien oi a) Toa o cc: R2 (r, ) (r cos , r sin ) R2 . b) Toa o cau: R3 (, , ) ( cos sin , sin sin , cos ) R3 . Mo ta hnh hoc va tm cac mien macac phep bien oi tren la song anh. 38. Cho f : R2 \ {(0, 0)} R2 \ {(0, 0)}, f (x, y) = (x2 y2 , 2xy). a) Chng minh det Df (x, y) = 0, (x, y), nhng f khong kha nghch tren R 2 \ {(0, 0)}. b) Chng minh f la n anh tren A = {(x, y) : x > 0}. Tm f (A). c) Tnh Dg(1, 0),trong o g la anh xa ngc a phng cua f . 39. Cho f : Rn Rn , f (x) = x 2 x. Chng minh f C , va la song anh t hnh cau n v len chnh no, nhng f 1 khong kha vi. 40. Cho
1 x + x2 sin neu x = 0, f (0) = 0. Chng 2 x f (0) = 0, nhng f khong kha nghc a phng tai 0. f (x) =
minh
kha vi va
ieu nay co mau thuan g vi nh ly ham ngc khong?
41. Cho f : Rn Rn thuoc lp C 1 va f (x) c < 1, x at g(x) = x + f (x). Chng minh g la song anh. (HD: Hay chng minh gy (x) = y f (x) la anh xa co, roi dung nguyen ly iem bat ong.) 42. Cho f : Rn+k Rn la ham lp C 1 . Gia s f (a) = 0 va Df (a) co hang Chng minh vi moi c u gan 0, phng trnh f (x) = c luon co nghiem. 43. Cho f : R R thuoc lp C 1 . Xet phep bien oi
u = f (x) v = y + xf (x) n
Chng minh neu f (x0 ) = 0, th bien oi tren kha nghc a phng tai x0 , y0 ) va bien oi ngc co dang x = f 1 (u), y = v + uf 1 (u). 44. Tai nhng gia tr nao cua x ma t phng trnh F (x, y) = y 2 + y + 3x + 1 = 0, co the giai y = y(x) la ham kha vi tai lan can iem o. Trong trng hp o dy hay tnh .
dx
45. Cho (x0 , y0 , z0 ) la mot nghiem cua he:

z 2 + xy a = 0, z 2 + x2 y 2 b = 0.
Tm ieu kien e co the giai tai lan can nghiem tren x = f (z), y = g(z) la cac ham kha vi. Trong trng hp o hay tnh f (z), g (z). 46. Cho f : R3 R, g : R2 R la cac ham kha vi. Xet F (x, y) = f (x, y, g(x, y)). a) Tnh DF (x, y) theo cac ao ham rieng cua f va g . b) Neu F (x, y) = 0 vi moi x, y, tnh D1 g, D2 g theo cac ao ham rieng cua f .
Bai tap
87
(x4 + y 4 )/x = u sin x + cos y = v
47. Xet he phng trnh
Khi nao co the giai x, y nh cac ham kha vi cua u, v tai lan can x = /2, y = /2. x Tnh ( 3/4, 1).
u
48. Co the giai x, y, z theo u, v, w tai lan can (0, 0, 0) t he phng trnh sau?
u(x, y, z)
= x + xyz v(x, y, z) = y + xy w(x, y, z) = z + 2x + 3z 2
49. Chnh minh t he phng trnh

x2 y 2 u3 + v 2 + 4 = 0 2xy + y 2 2u2 + 3v 4 + 8 = 0 1.
co the giai u, v theo x, y tai lan can x = 2, y = 1 thoa u(2, 1) = 2, v(2, 1) = Tnh cac ao ham rieng cua cac nghiem u, v tai o.
xu + yv 2 = 0 xv 3 + y 2 u6 = 0
50. Xet tnh giai c cua u, v theo x, y t he phng trnh
tai lan can x = 1, y = 1, u = 1, v = nghiem u = u(x, y), v = v(x, y) tai o.

1.
Tnh cac ao ham rieng cua cac
51. Xet tng giai c cua u, v, w theo x, y, z t he phng trnh

3x + 2y + z 2 + u + v 2 = 0 4x + 3y + z + u2 + v + w + 2 = 0 x + z + u2 + w + 2 = 0
tai lan can x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, u = 0, v = 0, w = 2. Tnh cac ao ham rieng cua cac nghiem u = u(x, y, z), v = v(x, y, z), w = w(x, y, z) tai o. 52. Chng minh phng trnh sin tx + cos tx = t, |t| < x = (t), vi la ham kha vi vo han. Hay viet khai trien Taylor en cap 2 cua tai 0.
1 , 2
ton tai duy nhat nghiem
53. Cho dang toan phng Q(x, y) = ax2 + 2bxy + cy2 (a = 0). Chng minh: a) Q xac nh dng khi va ch khi a > 0 va ac b2 > 0. b) Q xac nh am khi va c khi a < 0 va ac b2 > 0. c) Q khong xac nh dau khi va ch khi ac b2 < 0. 54. Xet cc tr cac ham: a) f (x, y) = x2 + 2xy + y2 + 6. b) f (x, y) = (x2 + y2 )ex2y2 .
Bai tap
88
c) f (x, y) = x3 3xy2 . (o th ham nay co dang lng kh). d) f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + 2z 2 + xyz . e) f (x, y, z) = xy 2 z 3 (a x 2y 3z), (x, y, z > 0 va a > 0). f) f (x, y, z) = cos 2x sin y + z 2 . 55. Cho a1 , , an R. Xac nh x sao cho
n i=1
(x ai )2
t min.
56. Bai toan xap x bac n, bnh phng be nhat: Cho hai ai lng x, y ma quan he gia chung c cho bi bang d lieu sau (nh quan trac thc nghiem chang han)
x y x1 y1 x2 y2 xm ym
a) Tm a thc bac n, p(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn , sao cho

Q(a0 , , an ) =
m i=1
(p(xi ) yi )2 min
b) Chng minh a thc p(x) = a0 + a1 x xap x bnh phng be nhat cho bo d lieu tren thoa
a1 a1
2 i xi
+ a0 xi + na0 i
i xi
= =
i xi yi i yi
c) Ap dung tm xap x bac 1 hay bac 2, khi cac d lieu la x -2 -1 1 2 x 0 3 6 y 1 4 5 y 2 1 1 2 Ve o th cac ham tm c. So sanh vi a thc noi suy Lagrange. 57. Cho f : [0, 1] R ta muon tm A, B, C sao cho
1 0
(f (x) Ax2 Bx C)2 dx
at
min
Chng minh A, B, C la nghiem he phng trnh tuyen tnh

1 A + 1B + 1C 5 4 3 1 A + 1B + C 3 2
1 4A
1 0 0 0 1 1
x2 f (x)dx xf (x)dx f (x)dx
+ 1B + 1C = 3 2 =
a thc Ax2 + Bx + C goi la xap x bac 2 trung bnh bnh phng be nhat cua f . Tong quat hoa cho xap x bac n, trung bnh bnh phng be nhat cho ham lien tuc tren [a, b].
Bai tap
89
V. Tch phan Riemann

1. Phan hoach eu [a, b] thanh n oan roi tnh tong tren ca tong dc cua cac ham: a) f (x) = x2 , x [0, 1]. b) f (x) = sin x, x [0, /2]. Tnh cac tong va tm khi n +. Neu y ngha hnh hoc. 2. Chng minh neu f lien tuc tren [0, 1], th 3. Cho
A Rn k 1 k f( ) = n n n k=1 lim R
A 1 0
f.
tap m, o c va f : A f (x0 ) > 0 tai mot iem x0 A. Chng minh

1 0
lien tuc, khong am. Gia s f > 0. th f 0.
4. ung hay sai: Neu f lien tuc tren [0, 1] va
f 2 = 0,
5. ung hay sai: Moi tap con trong R2 R2 0 eu co o o khong trong R3 . 6. Chng minh neu g la ham lien tuc tren [a, b], th o th cua g co o o khong. Suy ra neu g1 , g2 lien tuc tren [a, b] va g1 g2 , th tap {(x, y) : a x b, g1 (x) y g2 (x)} la o c trong R2 . 7. Cho f (x, y) = x2 + sin , neu y = 0, va f (x, 0) = x2 . Chng minh f kha tch y tren A = {(x, y) R2 : x2 + y2 1}. 8. ung hay sai: Neu |f | kha tch th f kha tch. 9. ung hay sai: Neu f kha tch tren [a, b] va f (x) == g(x) tren mot tap co o o khong, th g kha tch. 10. Cho f, g : A R kha tch va |f g| = 0. Chng minh f (x) = g(x) vi A moi x ngoai tr mot tap co o o khong. 11. Chng minh neu f : [a, b] R n ieu, th f kha tch. 12. Cho f, g : [0, 1] R la cac ham kha tch. Chng minh ham h(x, y) = f (x)g(y), (x, y) [0, 1] [0, 1], kha tch. 13. Cho f : [a, b] R kha vi lien tuc, f (a) = 0, f (b) = 1, va minh ton tai c sao cho f (c) = 0. 14. Cho f (x) = x +
n b a f
= 0.
Chng
chng minh f co nghiem tren (, ). 15. Cho f : A R va g : B R la cac ham kha tch. Cho F (x, y) = f (x) + g(y). F = f v(B) + gv(A). Chng minh
AB A B
k=1
(ak sin kx + bk cos kx).
Ap dung nh ly gia tr trung bnh,
Bai tap
90
16. Dung cong thc Fubini chng minh tnh oi xng cua ao ham rieng cap 2: 2f 2f = . Neu f C 2 (R2 ), th
xi xj xj xj 2f 2f (a) (a) > 0. Khi o, do f C 2 , D(x) > 0 (HD: Gia s D(a) = xi xj xj xj tren mot lan can hop cua a. Ap dung cong thc Fubini a ra ieu vo ly) dxdy ,
17. Tnh a) b)
A A
vi A la tam giac gii han bi cac ng:
x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
(x + y + z)2 dxdydz ,
vi A = {(x, y, z) : x + y + z 1, x, y, z 0}.
1 x 1 0
18. Cho g : [0, 1] R la ham kha tch. Chng minh

1 0
g(t)dt dx =
tg(t)dt.
19. Tnh a)
0
y 1 y2
sin x dxdy . x dxdy . x ex
b) d)
0
2 0 ln 16
2 x
e 2 y dydx.
4
1 2
c)
1 0
ex/2
1 dydx. ln y
(Cac ham trong dau tch phan co nguyen ham khong la ham s cap!) 20. a ve tch phan mot lp cac tch phan sau: a) b)
x 0 1 0
d dx
0 1 0
d dy
0 0
f ()d. f (z)dz.
x+y
21. Tnh: 1 a)
0
1 0 1 y
(x4 y 4 )dxdy , (x2 + y 2 )dxdy ,
bang phep oi bien u = x2 y2 , v = 2xy. bang phep oi bien x = u + v, y = u v.
b) a) b) c) d)
1 0
22. Dung phep oi bien thch hp, tnh:

D D V V
ex
2 y 2
dxdy ,
trong o D = {x2 + y2 1}. trong o V

= {1 x2 + y 2 2, 1 z 2}. = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 1}.
1 0 1
ln(x2 + y 2 )dxdy , trong o D = {x, y 0, a2 x2 + y 2 b2 } (0 < a < b). z x2 + y 2 dxdydz , e(x

2 +y 2 +z 2 )3/2
dxdydz ,
trong o V
23. Dung bien oi toa o tru thch hp e tnh
1y 2 1y 2
z(x2 + y 2 )dzdydx.
Bai tap
91
24. Cho la ham kha vi tren [a, b], f la ham lien tuc tren [a, b]. Chng minh
d dx
(x) (a)
f (t)dt = f ((x)) (x).
25. Tnh ao ham cua F khi a) F (t) = b) F (t) =

0x,yt
tx 2 e y dxdy.
(HD: oi bien x = tu, y = tv). trong o f la ham lp C 1 .
x2 +y 2 +z 2 t2
f (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz ,
26. Tnh dien tch hay the tch a) D = {(x, y) : x2 < y < 1 x2 }. b) V = {x2 + y2 + z 2 < 1, z < 1/2}. 27. Hnh bnh hanh cang bi v1 , , vn Rn , c nh ngha la tap:
P = {x Rn : x = t1 v1 + + tn vn , t1 , , tn [0, 1]}
Chng minh the tch cua P :
v(P ) = | det(v1 , , vn )|.
28. Cho S la tap o c trong Rn , va > 0. Xet tap R = {(x : x S} la bien oi v t cua S . Chng minh the tch cua S va R co quan he: v(R) = n v(S). 29. Cho
: [0, ) R la ham lien tuc, tang, khong b chan va (0) = 0. at = 1 . a) Cho , > 0. Da vao dien tch [0, ] [0, ] va dien tch gii han bi cac truc toa o va , chng minh bat ang thc Young:
0
b) Cho p, q 1 va
1 1 + = 1. p q
Ap dung a) cho (x) = xp1 suy ra

p q + p q
c) T o chng minh bat ang thc H older:

n i=1
|ai bi | (
n i=1
|ai |p ) p (
n i=1
|bi |q ) q
30. Cho [, ] [0, 2] va f : [, ] R lien tuc, f 0. Xet hnh quat D = {(r cos , r sin ) : , 0 r f ()}. Chng minh cong thc dien tch
S(D) = 1 2

f 2 ()d
Bai tap
92
31. Cho f : [a, b] R lien tuc, f 0. Goi D = {(x, y) : a x b, 0 y f (x)}. Xet cac khoi tron xoay khi quay D quanh truc x hay truc y trong R3 : X = {(x, y cos , y sin ) : (x, y) D, 0 2}. Y = {(x cos , y, x sin ) : (x, y) D, 0 2}. Chng minh cac cong thc tnh the tch
v(X) =
b a
f 2 (x)dx
va
v(Y ) = 2
b a
xf (x)dx x r}.
32. Bai tap nay nham tnh the tch hnh cau B n (r) = {x Rn : a) Chng minh v(B n (r)) = n rn , trong o n = v(B n (1)). n2 b) Tnh 2 2 (1 x2 x2 ) 2 dx1 dx2 . 1 2 c) Suy ra bieu thc quan he gia n va n2 . d) Tnh n . T o suy ra v(B n (r)) n 2n+1 n (S: 2n = , 2n+1 = )
n! 1.3 . . . (2n + 1)
x1 +x2 1
33. Cho T la song anh tuyen tnh tren R n . Chng minh

B(0,r)
e<T x,T x> dx =
T (B(0,r))
| det T 1 |.
Cho r , suy ra ac biet, ta co

+
Rn
e<T x,T x> dx =

2
ex dx =
n/2 . | det T |

(Vnmath - Com) - Giai Tich 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Vnmath - Com) - Giai Tich 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG AI HOC A LAT

KHOA TOAN - TIN HOC

-- Lu hanh noi bo -a Lat 2008

Hng dan sinh vien oc giao trnh

Chng II. Khong gian Rn

Chng III. Ham lien tuc tren Rn

Chng IV. ao ham

Chng V. Tch phan Riemann

I. Day ham - Chuoi ham

Tren mien o day hoi tu ve ham

n 1 f (x) = lim (1 |x|) = 1, x. n n b) Cho fn (x) = xn (n N), la

neu |x| < 1 neu x = 1

1.2 S hoi tu eu. Day ham

ton tai N , sao cho

goi la hoi tu eu ve ham

n N |fn (x) f (x)| < , x D

Noi mot cac khac:

Mn = sup |fn (x) f (x)| 0,

Mn = sup |fn (x) f (x)| = 1.

(fn ) va (gn ) hoi f + g va cf tren D.

tu eu ve f va g tren D, th (fn + gn ) va (cfn )

Chng minh: Ga s (fn ) hoi tu eu ve f tren D. Khi o

lim lim fn (x) = lim lim fn (x)

I.2 Chuoi ham.

f |b a| sup |fn (x) f (x)| 0,

Suy ra f = F + lim fn (c). Hn na, ta co n Ta co

lim fn c n Fn (x) = fn (x)

2.1 nh ngha. Mot chuoi ham tren X la tong hnh thc

la chuoi ham hoi tu eu tren D neuu day ham tong rieng

hoi tu eu ve S tren D, i.e.

V du. Xet chuoi ham

1x 1 xn+1 nen Sn (x) = 1x

sup |Sn (x) S(x)| = sup

4 Tuy nhien chuoi khong hoi tu eu tren D, v

sup |Sn (x) S(x)| = +

2.2 Tieu chuan Cauchy. Chuoi ham

hoi tu eu tren D khi va ch khi

2.3 Menh e. Ga s chuoi ham

hoi tu eu tren [a, b]. Khi o

(3) Neu fk kha vi lien tuc tren [a, b] va chuoi

hoi tu eu tren [a, b], th

2.4 Mot so dau hieu hoi tu eu cho chuoi ham.

day giam, hoi tu eu ve 0 va

la chuoi ham co day tong

rieng b chan tren D, th

Abel: Neu (fn ) la day n ieu b chan va

Theo tieu chuan Cauchy

I.3 Chuoi luy tha.

3. CHUOI LUY THA

ta a chuoi luy tha tam tai

3.1 nh ly Abel. Cho chuoi S(x) =

Khi o ton tai R, 0 R +,

Vay |ak z k | >

vi vo so ch so k. Suy ra ak z k 0, nen theo ieu

V du. a) Chuoi b) Chuoi

co ban knh hoi tu la R =

|an | k! = lim = 0. n (k + 1)! k |an+1 | lim

co ban knh hoi tu la .

3.2 Menh e. Ga s chuoi luy tha

co ban knh hoi tu R > 0.

xac nh ham kha vi moi cap tren (x0 R, x0 + R) va

ta co the lay ao ham va tch phan vao dau tong:

ak (x x0 )k+1 + C k+1 k=0