TRNG AI HOC A LAT

KHOA TOAN - TIN HOC

TA LE LI - O NGUYEN SN

GIAI TCH 3
(Giao Trnh)

-- Lu hanh noi bo -a Lat 2008

Giai Tch 3
Ta Le Li - o Nguyen Sn Muc luc

Chng I. Tch phan phu thuoc tham so

1. Tch phan phu thuoc tham so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Tch phan suy rong phu thuoc tham so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Cac tch phan Euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chng II. Tch phan ham so tren a tap Chng III. Dang vi phan

1. a tap kha vi trong Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. Tch phan ham so tren a tap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1. Dang k-tuyen tnh phan oi xng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2. Dang vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3. Bo e Poincare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1. nh hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2. Tch phan dang vi phan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3. Cong thc Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chng IV. Tch phan dang vi phan

Bai tap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

I. Tch phn ph thuc tham s

1
1.1

Tch phn ph thuc tham s

nh ngha

nh ngha 1. Xt hm f (x, t) = f (x1 , . . . , xn , t1, . . . , tm ) xc nh trn min X T Rn Rm . Gi s X o -c (Jordan) v vi mi gi tr ca t T c nh, hm f (x, t) kh tch theo x trn X. Khi tch phn I(t) =
X

f (x, t)dx

(1)

l hm theo bin t = (t1 , . . . , tm ), gi l tch phn ph thuc tham s vi m tham s t1 , . . . , tm .

1.2

Tnh lin tc

nh l 1. Nu f (x, t) lin tc trn X T Rn Rm , y X, T l cc tp compact, th tch phn I(t) =

X

f (x, t)dx

lin tc trn T . Chng minh. C nh t0 T . Ta s chng minh vi mi > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi t T , d(t, t0) < ta c | I(t) I(t0) |< . T nh ngha suy ra | I(t) I(t0) |=
X

(f (x, t) f (x, t0))dx

X

| f (x, t) f (x, t0) | dx.

Do f lin tc trn compact nn lin tc u trn , tc l tn ti > 0 sao cho | f (x , t ) f (x, t) |< v(X)

vi mi (x, t), (x , t ) X T , d((x , t ), (x, t)) < . T , vi d(t, t0) < ta c | I(t) I(t0) |< v(X) v(X) = .

5 2 |x|dx = 1 v hm x2 + t2 lin tc trn

2 2

V d. 1) Ta c lim [1, 1] [ , ].

t0 1

x2 + t2dx =

1 1

xt2ex t nu t = 0 2) Kho st tnh lin tc ti im (0, 0) ca hm f (x, t) = . 0 nu t = 0 Nu f (x, t) lin tc ti (0, 0), th f (x, t) lin tc trn [0, 1] [ , ]. Khi , tch
1

phn I(t) =
0

f (x, t)dx lin tc trn [ , ] . Nh-ng ta c

1
2 t2

lim I(t) = lim xt2ex

t0

1 2 = lim(et 2 t0

t0 0

1 1 2 2 = lim ex t d(x2t2 ) 2 t0 0 1 1) = = 0 = I(0). 2

Vy, hm f (x, t) khng lin tc ti (0, 0). Sau y chng ta s kho st mt tng qut ha ca nh l 1 trong tr-ng hp X = [a, b]. nh l 2. Cho f (x, t) lin tc trn [a, b] T , vi T l tp compact v a(t), b(t) l hai hm lin tc trn T sao cho a(t), b(t) [a, b] vi mi t T . Khi , tch phn
b(t)

I(t) =
a(t)

f (x, t)dx

lin tc trn T . Chng minh. Do f lin tc trn tp compact nn gii ni, tc l tn ti M > 0 sao cho | f (x, y) | M vi mi (x, t) [a, b] T . C nh t0 T ta c:
a(t0 ) b(t) b(t0 )

| I(t) I(t0) |=
a(t) a(t0 )

f (x, t)dx +
b(t)

f (x, t)dx +
b(t0 ) b(t0 )

[f (x, t) f (x, t0)]dx

a(t0 )

a(t)

f (x, t)dx +

f (x, t)dx +
b(t0 )

(f (x, t) f (x, t0))dx

a(t0 ) b(t0 )

M | a(t) a(t0) | +M | b(t) b(t0) | +

a(t0 )

| f (x, t) f (x, t0) | dx.

6 Khng nh suy ra t tnh lin tc ca a(t), b(t) v nh l 1. V d. Do hm 2

1 lin tc trn [0, 1] [ , ] v cc hm (t) = t, 1 + x2 + t 2 (t) = cos t lin tc trn [ , ], ta c

cos t 1

lim
t0 t

dx dx = 1 + x2 + t 2
0

dx = . 2 1+x 4

1.3

Tnh kh vi.

nh l 3. Nu f (x, t) v cc o hm ring

f (x, t), i = 1, . . . , m, lin tc ti trn X T Rn Rm , y X, T l cc tp compact, th tch phn I(t) =

X o

f (x, t)dx

kh vi trn T v vi mi i ta c: I (t) = ti
X o

f (x, t)dx. ti

Chng minh. Vi mi t0 T c nh ta c: I(t0 + hi ei ) I(t0) = hi

X

f (x, t0 + hi ei ) f (x, t0) dx. hi

trong ei l c s chnh tc ca Rm . p dng nh l gi tr trung bnh cho hm 1 bin ta c: f (x, t0 + hi ei ) f (x, t0 ) = Khi : I(t0 + hi ei ) I(t0) hi
X

f (x, t0 + i hi ei )hi , ti

0 < i < 1

f (x, t0)dx = ti
X

f f (x, t0 + ihi ei) (x, t0)]dx ti ti

7 f (x, t) trn compact X T v l lun nh- trong chng ti f (x, t)dx. ti

X

S dng tnh lin tc ca minh nh l 1 suy ra

I I(t0 + hi ei ) I(t0) (t0) = lim = hi 0 ti hi Tnh lin tc ca I (t) trn T suy ra t nh l 1 ti

/2 0

V d. Xt I(t) =

1 + t cos x 1 ln dx, t (1, 1). Ta c cc hm cos x 1 t cos x nu x = /2 nu x = /2 f 2 (x, t) = , 2 cos2 x t 1t

1 ln 1 + t cos x f (x, t) = cos x 1 t cos x 2t

lin tc trn [0, /2] [1 + , 1 ]. Vy, theo nh l trn

/2

I (t) = 2
0

dx =2 1 t2 cos2 x
0

du = . 2 + u2 1t 1 t2

T , I(t) = arcsin t + C. V I(0) = 0, nn C = 0. Vy, I(t) = arcsin t. f (x, t), i = 1, . . . , m, lin tc ti trn [a, b] T , y T l tp compact trong Rm , (t), (t) kh vi trn T v (t), (t) [a, b] vi mi t T , th tch phn nh l 4. Nu f (x, t) v cc o hm ring
b(t)

I(t) =
a(t) o

f (x, t)dx

kh vi trn T v vi mi i ta c:
(t)

I (t) = ti
(t)

f (x, t)dx + f ((t), t) (t) f ((t), t) (t). ti ti ti

8 Chng minh. Xt hm m + 2 bin

v

F (t, u, v) =
u

f (x, t)dx,

(t, u, v) D = T [a, b] [a, b].

Ta s ch ra rng F (t, u, v) l hm kh vi. Vi mi u, v c nh, t nh l 3, suy ra

v

F (t, u, v) = ti
u

f (x, t)dx. ti

V phi ca ng thc trn -c xem nh- l tich phn ph thuc cc tham s t, u, v. f Hm (x, t) xem nh- l hm theo cc bin x, t, u, v lin tc trn [a, b] D. T ti F (t, u, v) l hm lin tc nh l 2, vi a(t, u, v) = u, b(t, u, v) = v, suy ra ti trn D. Ngoi ra ta cn c F (t, u, v) = f (u, t) v u F (t, u, v) = f (v, t) v

u l nhng hm lin tc trn D. Vy, hm F (t, u, v) kh vi. Hm I(t) -c xem nh- l hm hp I(t) = F (t, (t), (t)). T , hm I(t) kh vi v I F F F (t, (t), (t)) (t) + (t, (t), (t)) (t) (t) = (t, (t), (t)) + ti ti u ti v ti
(t)

f (x, t)dx + f ((t), t) (t) f ((t), t) (t). ti ti (t) ti 2

sin t

V d. Xt tch phn I(t) =

t

etxdx. Theo nh l trn, hm I(t) kh vi v

sin t

I (t) =
t

xetxdx + et sin t cos t et .

2
2.1

Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s

Cc nh ngha

nh ngha 2. Gi s hm f (x, t) xc nh trn [a, ) T , T R, sao cho vi mi t T c nh , hm f (x, t) kh tch trn [a, b], vi mi b > a. Tch phn

I(t) =
a

f (x, t)dx

(1),

gi l tch phn suy rng loi 1 ph thuc tham s. Tch phn (1) gi l hi t
b

ti t0 nuu tch phn

a

f (x, t0 )dx hi t, tc l tn ti lim

b a

f (x, t0)dx = I(t0)

hu hn. Tch phn (1) gi l hi t trn T nuu hi t ti mi im ca T , tc l

> 0, t T, a0( , t) > a, sao cho b a0 =

b

f (x, t) < .

Tch phn (1) gi l hi t u trn T nuu

> 0, a0( ) > a, sao cho b a0, t T =

b

f (x, t) < .

nh ngha 3. Gi s hm f (x, t) xc nh trn [a, b) T , T R, sao cho vi mi t T c nh , hm f (x, t) kh tch trn mi on [a, b ], > 0 . Tch phn
b b

J (t) =
a

f (x, t)dx = lim +

0 a

f (x, t)dx,

(2)

gi l tch phn suy rng loi 2 ph thuc tham s. Tch phn (2) gi l hi t
b b

ti t0 nuu tch phn

a

f (x, t0)dx hi t, tc l tn ti lim

0 a

f (x, t0)dx = J (t0)

hu hn. Tch phn (2) gi l hi t trn T nuu hi t ti mi im ca T , tc l

b

> 0, t T, ( , t) > 0, sao cho 0 < < =

b

f (x, t) < .

10 Tch phn (2) gi l hi t u trn T nuu

b

> 0, 0( ) > 0, sao cho 0 < < , t T =

b

f (x, t) < .

Ch . 1) T-ng t, ta nh ngha
b b

I(t) =
b

f (x, t)dx = lim f (x, t)dx = lim +

a a b

f (x, t)f (x, t), f (x, t)f (x, t),

J (t) =
a

0 a+

v cng c khi nim hi t, hi t u t-ng ng. 2) Vic kho st tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s loi 2 -c thc hin hon ton t-ng t nh- loi 1, t nh ngha cc khi nim n cc tnh cht. Do , trong mc ny, ta ch kho st tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s

I(t) =
a

f (x, t)dx.

V d. Xt tch phn I(t) =

0

textdx. Khi

a) I(t) hi t trn (0, ) v

ln > 0, t T, a0 = , b > a0 = t
b

text = ebt < .

b) I(t) khng hi t u trn (0, ) v vi (0, 1), vi mi a0 > 0, nu chn ln , th ta c text = ebt > . b = a0 v t t bt ng thc 0 < t < a0 b c) I(t) hi t u trn Tr = [r, ), vi r > 0. Tht vy, ta c

ln , b a0, t Tr = > 0, a0 = r
b

text = ebt < ea0 r < .

11

2.2

Mt s tiu chun hi t u

nh l 5. (Tiu chun Cauchy) T khi v ch khi

Tch phn I(t) =

a

f (x, t)dx hi t u trn

b2

> 0, a0( ) > a, sao cho b1, b2 a0 , t T =

b1

f (x, t) < .

()

Chng minh. Gi s I(t) =

a

f (x, t)dx hi t u trn T . Khi , iu kin ()

suy ra t bt ng thc
b2

f (x, t)
b1 b1

f (x, t) +
b2

f (x, t)

Ng-c li, vi t c nh, iu kin () suy ra I(t) hi t. Trong (), cho b2 0, suy ra I(t hi t u theo nh ngha. 2 nh l 6. (Tiu chun Weierstrass) Gi s (1) tn ti hm (x) sao cho |f (x, t)| (x), x a, t T ,

(2) tch phn

a

(x)dx hi t.

Khi , tch phn I(t) =

a

f (x, t)dx hi t u trn T .

Chng minh. Theo tiu chun Cauchy i vi tch phn suy rng hi t, vi mi > 0, tn ti a0 sao cho
b2

(x) < , b1, b2 a0 .

b1

Suy ra,
b2 b2 b2

f (x, t)
b1 b1

|f (x, t)|
b1

(x) < . 2

Theo nh l 5, tch phn I(t) hi t u.

kho st tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s hi t u, chng ta thit lp mi quan h gia n v dy hm hi t u.

12

Mnh 1. Gi s tch phn I(t) =

a n

f (x, t)dx hi t u trn T v (an ), vi

an > a. l dy s sao cho lim an = . Khi , dy hm

an

In (t) =
a

f (x, t)dx

hi t u ti hm s I(t) trn T .

Chng minh. Do I(t) =

a

f (x, t)dx hi t trn T nn dy hm (In (t)) hi t ti > 0, tn ti a0 sao cho

I(t) trn T . V I(t) hi t u nn vi mi

f (x, t) < ,
b

b > a0, t T.

V lim an = nn tn ti N > 0 sao cho vi mi n N , ta c an b. Vy, n ta c a

n

|In (t) I(t)| =

a

f (x, t)
a

f (x, t) =
an

f (x, t) < , 2

vi mi n N , vi mi t T . T , In (t) hi t u ti I(t) trn T . 2.2.1

Tnh lin tc

nh l 7. Nu hm f (x, t) lin tc trn [a, ) [c, d] v tch phn I(t) = f (x, t)dx hi t trn trn [c, d], th I(t) lin tc trn [c, d].
a

Chng minh. Gi (an ), vi an > a. l dy s sao cho lim an = v xt dy n hm a

n

In (t) =
a

f (x, t)dx, t [c, d].

Vi mi n c nh, theo nh l 1, hm In (t) lin tc trn [c, d]. Theo mnh 1, dy hm (In (t)) hi t u ti I(t). Theo nh l v tnh lin tc ca dy hm hi t u, I(t) lin tc trn [c, d]. 2

13 2.2.2 Tnh kh vi

nh l 8. Gi s f (x, t) lin tc trn [a, ) [c, d]. t (b) Tch phn I(t) = f (x, t)dx hi t trn [c, d]. (a) Hm f (x, t) lin tc v c o hm ring
a

(c) Tch phn

f a

(x, t)dx hi t u trn [c, d]. I (t) =

f a

Khi , hm I(t) kh vi trn [c, d] v ta c cng thc Chng minh. Xt dy hm

a+n

(x, t)dx.

In (t) =
a

f (x, t)dx, t [c, d].

Vi mi n, theo nh l 3, hm In (t) kh vi trn [c, d] v

a+n

In (t) =
a

f (x, t)dx, t [c, d]. t

f

(x, t)dx. Theo mnh 1, dy hm t In (t) hi t u trn [c, d]. Theo nh l v tnh kh vi ca dy hm hi t u, I(t) kh vi trn [c, d] v
a

Ta c lim In (t) = I(t) v lim In (t) =

I (t) =

lim In (t) = lim In (t) =

n a

f (x, t)dx. t 2

2.2.3

Tnh kh tch

nh l 9. Gi s hm f (x, t) lin tc trn [a, ) [c, d] v tch phn I(t) = f (x, t)dx hi t u trn [c, d]. Khi , hm I(t) kh tch trn [c, d] v ta c
a

cng thc
d d d

I(t)dt =
c c a

f (x, t)dx dt =
a c

f (x, t)dt dx

14 Chng minh. Theo nh l 7, I(t) l hm lin tc trn [c, d], do kh tch. Xt dy hm

a+n

In (t) =
a

f (x, t)dx, t [c, d].

Vi mi n c nh, theo nh l 1, hm In (t) lin tc trn [c, d]. Theo mnh 1, dy hm (In (t)) hi t u ti I(t) trn [c, d]. Theo nh l v tnh kh tch ca dy hm hi t u, ta c
d d d n a+n d a d d

I(t)dt =
c c

lim In (t) dt = lim

n c

In (t)dt

= lim

n c a+n n a

f (x, t)dx dt f (x, t)dx dt =

c a c

= lim

f (x, t)dt . 2

3
3.1
3.1.1

Cc tch phn Euler

Tch phn Euler loi 1
nh ngha

Tch phn Euler loi 1 hay hm Beta l tch phn ph thuc 2 tham s dng
1

B(p, q) =
0

xp1 (1 x)q1 dx, p > 0, q > 0.

3.1.2

Cc tnh cht cu hm Beta

1) S hi t. Ta phn tch B(p, q) thnh hai tch phn

1/2 1 p1 q1

B(p, q) =
0

(1 x)

dx +
1/2

xp1(1 x)q1 dx = B1 (p, q) + B2 (p, q).

15 Tch phn B1 hi t nu p > 0 v phn k nu p 0. iu ny suy ra t xp1 (1 x)q1 Mq xp1, Mq = max (1 x)q1
0x1/2

p1

(1 x)

q1

mq x

p1

, mq = min (1 x)q1 .
0x1/2

T-ng t, tch phn B2 hi t nu q > 0 v phn k nu q 0. Nh- vy hm B(p, q) xc nh vi mi p > 0, q > 0. 2) S hi t u. Tch phn B(p, q) hi t u trn ch nht [p0 , p1 ] [q0, q1 ], trong , 0 < p0 < p1 , 0 < q0 < q1. iu ny suy ra t nh gi xp1 (1 x)q1 xp0 1 (1 x)q01 , x (0, 1), p p0 , q q0, v sau s dng tiu chun Weierstrass. 3) Tnh lin tc. Hm B(p, q) lin tc trn min xc nh ca n. Tht vy, vi mi (p, q), p > 0, q > 0, tch phn B(p, q) hi u trn [p , p + ] [q , q + ], do lin tc trn min ny. 4) Tnh i xng. Bng cch i bin x = 1 t, ta -c B(p, q) = B(q, p). 5) Cng thc truy hi. Bng cch ly tch phn tng phn t tch phn B(p, q) ta -c B(p + 1, q + 1) = q q B(p + 1, q) = B(p, q + 1). p+q+1 p+q+1

c bit, nu m, n l cc s t nhin, th p dng lin tip cng thc trn, ta c B(1, 1) =1 1 p+1 n! (p + n)(p + n 1) (p + 1) (n 1)!(m 1)! . (m + n 1)!

B(p + 1, 1) = B(p + 1, n) =

B(m, n)

16

3.2
3.2.1

Tch phn Euler loi 2

nh ngha

Tch phn Euler loi 2 hay hm Gamma l tch phn ph thuc tham s dng

(p) =
0

xp1 ex dx, p > 0.

3.2.2

Cc tnh cht cu hm Gamma

1) S hi t. Ta phn tch B(p, q) thnh hai tch phn

1 p1 x

(p) =
0

e dx +
1

xp1 ex dx = 1 (p) + 2 (p).

Tch phn 1 (p) hi t khi p > 0. iu ny suy ra t xp1 ex xp1 , x (0, 1]. Tch phn 2 (p) hi t khi p > 0. iu ny suy ra t x2p xp1 ex = lim = x = 0, v lim 1 x x e xp+1

1 xp+1
1

< .

Suy ra, tch phn (p) =

0

xp1ex dx hi t khi p > 0.

2) S hi t u. Tch phn 1 (p) hi t u trn mi on [p0.p1 ], vi p1 > p0 > 0. iu ny suy ra t

1

xp1 ex xp01 (0 < x 1)

0

xp0 1 < , xp0 1 ex < .

1

p1 x

p1 1 x

e , (1 x < ),

3) Tnh lin tc. T tnh hi t u suy ra hm (p) lin tc trn min xc nh ca n.

17 4) Cng thc truy hi. Bng cch tch phn tng phn, ta c
b b

(p + 1) =
0

xp ex dx = lim

xp ex + p
0 0

xp1ex dx

= p(p).

Nu n l s t nhin, th p dng lin tip cng thc trn, ta c (p + n) = (n + p 1)(n + p 2) p(p). Ni ring, (1) = 1, (n + 1) = n!, (1/2) =
ex 0

dx = 2 ex dx = x 0

5) Lin h vi hm Beta. Bng php i bin x = ty, t > 0, ta c

(p) = tp
0

y p1ety dy.

Thay p bi p + q v t bi t + 1 ta -c

(p + q) = (1 + t)p+q
0

y p+q1 e(1+t)y dy.

Nhn hai v ca ng thc trn vi tp1 ri ly tch phn theo t t 0 n ta -c

(p + q)
0

tp1 dy = (1 + t)p+q

tp1 ety y p+q1 ey dy dt.

0 0

i bin x =

t tp1 , ta -c B(p, q) = . Mt khc, c th i th t p+q 1+t 0 (1 + t) tch phn v phi (hy kim chng iu ny nh- bi tp). T

(p + q)B(p, q) =
0 0

tp1ety y p+q1 ety dt dy y p+q1 ey

0

(p) dy yp

= (a)
0

y q1ey dy = (p)(q).

Vy. ta c cng thc B(p, q) = (p)(q) . (p + q)

II. Tch phan ham so tren a tap kha vi

1. A TAP KHA VI TRONG Rn

cua x, khoang m moi x C , ton tai lan can m V thuoc lp C p , (t) = (x1 (t), , xn (t)), sao cho: (1) : I C V la 1-1. (2) (t) = (x1 (t), , xn (t)) = 0, vi moi t I . Khi o (, I) c goi la mot tham so hoa cua C tai x.
Rn
#

1.1 ng cong. Tap con C Rn c goi la ng cong trn lp

C p (p 1) neuu I R, va : I Rn

t0
s

x0
s

"!

Vector (t) goi la vector tiep xuc cua C tai x. Ta co phng trnh tham so cua ng thang tiep xuc vi C tai (t0 ):
x = (t0 ) + s (t0 ), s R

V du. Trong R2 . a) ng tron co the cho bi tham so hoa: x = a cos t, y = a sin t, t [0, 2). b) Tham so hoa: x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = bt, t (0, H), mo ta ng xoan. Bai tap: Viet cu the phng trnh tiep tuyen khi n = 2 hay n = 3. Nhan xet. ieu kien (t) = 0 bao am cho ng cong khong co goc hay iem lui. Chang han, neu (t) = (t3 , t2 ) th ng cong co iem lui tai (0, 0), con (t) = (t3 , |t|3 ), th ng cong co iem goc tai (0, 0).

cua x, tap m U , va x S , ton tai lan can m V p , (u, v) = (x (u, v), , x (u, v)), sao cho: C 1 n (1) : U S V la 1-1. (2) rank (u, v) = 2, i.e. D1 (u, v), D2(u, v) oc lap tuyen tnh, (u, v) U . Khi o (, U ) c goi la mot tham so hoa cua S tai x. Khi co nh mot bien u hay v, cho cac ng cong toa o. Cac vector D1 (u, v), D2 (u, v) goi la cac vector tiep xuc cua S tai (u, v). Ta co phng trnh tham so cua mat phang tiep xuc vi S tai (u0 , v0 ):
Rn R2 x = (u0 , v0 ) + sD1 (u0 , v0 ) + tD2 (u0 , v0 ), (s, t) R2

1.2 Mat cong. Tap con S Rn c goi la mat cong trn lp

C p (p 1) neuu moi : U Rn thuoc lp

II.1. a tap kha vi trong Rn .

20

T v s E u
U

 s E x

Trng hp n = 3, N (u, v) = D1 (u, v) D2 (u, v) = (A(u, v), B(u, v), C(u, v)), la vector vuong goc vi S tai (u, v). Khi o phng trnh tong quat cua mat phang tiep xuc vi S tai (u0 , v0 ) = (x0 , y0 , z0 ):
A(u0 , v0 )(x x0 ) + B(u0 , v0 )(y y0 ) + C(u0 , v0 )(z z0 ) = 0

Bai tap: Xac nh toa o vector phap qua cac ao ham rieng cua .
V du. Trong R3 . a) Tham so hoa mat cau:
x = a cos sin , y = a sin sin , z = a cos , (, ) (0, 2) (0, )

b) Tham so hoa mat xuyen:

x = (a+b cos ) sin , y = (a+b sin ) sin , z = b sin , (, ) (0, 2)(0, 2), (0 < b < a)

Bai tap: Viet phng trnh mat phang tiep xuc vi cac mat tren. Bay gi, ta tong quat hoa cac khai niem tren.

1.3 a tap. Tap con M

x M , ton tai lan can lp C p , sao cho: (M1) : U M V la 1-1. (M2) rank (u) = k, i.e. D1 (u), , Dk (u) oc lap tuyen tnh, vi moi u U . Khi o (, U ) c goi la mot tham so hoa cua M tai x. Khi co nh k 1 bien trong cac bien, cho cac ng cong toa o. Cac vector D1 (u), , Dk (u) goi la cac vector tiep xuc cua M tai (u). Ta co phng trnh tham so cua k- phang tiep xuc vi M tai (u0 ): x = (u0 ) + t1 D1 (u0 + + tk Dk (u0 ), (t1 , , tk ) Rk

Rn c goi la a tap k chieu lp C p (p 1) neuu moi m V Rn cua x, tap m U Rk , va : U Rn thuoc

1.4 Cho a tap bi he phng trnh. Cho tap m

F 1 , , Fm : V R .

Xet tap cho bi he phng trnh

V Rn

va cac ham lp C p

M = {x V : F1 (x) = = Fm (x) = 0}

II.1. a tap kha vi trong Rn .

21

Gia s rank (DF1 , , DFm )(x) = m, x M . Khi o M la a tap kha vi, n m chieu, lp C p .
F = (F1 , , Fm ).

Chng minh: at k = n m. Ky hieu x = (x , y) Rk Rm = Rn , va

det F (a) = 0. y

Vi moi a M , bang phep hoan v toa o, co the gia thiet nh ly ham an, lan can V cua a = (a , b), ta co

Theo

M V = {(x , y) V : F (x , y) = 0} = {(x , y) V : y = g(x )},

vi g la ham lp C p mot lan can U cua a . Vay : U Rn , (x ) = (x , g(x )) la mot tham so hoa cua M tai a.
V du. Trong R3 . a) Mat cau S 2 cho bi phng trnh: F (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z 2 1 = 0. De kiem tra F (x, y, z) = (2x, 2y, 2z) = (0, 0, 0) tren S 2 . Vay S 2 la a tap kha vi 2 chieu (= mat cong trn). b) ng tron C cho bi he phng trnh sau la a tap 1 chieu
F1 (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 1 = 0 = 0 F2 (x, y, z) = x + y + z W , U cua 1 (x), 1 (x) tng ng sao cho tren W ta co = h, trong o h = 1 : W U la vi phoi, i.e. song anh va h 1 kha vi. Chng minh: Ro rang h = 1 la song anh t 1 ((W ) (U )) len 1 ((W ) (U )). Ta can chng minh h thuoc lp C p . Do rank D = k, hoan v toa o, co the gia thiet k dong au cua D(u) la oc lap D(1 , , k ) =0 tuyen tnh khi u thuoc mot lan can U cua iem ang xet, i.e. D(u1 , , uk ) tren U . Ky hieu x = (x , y) Rk Rnk . Goi i : Rk Rk Rnk la phep nhung i(u) = (u, 0), va p = Rk Rnk Rk la phep chieu p(x , y) = x . D(1 , , k ) = 0. Theo nh ly at (u, y) = ((u), y). T gia thiet det D = D(u1 , , uk ) ham ngc, ton tai 1 C p a phng. Ta co h = 1 = ( i)1 = p 1 . Cac ham thanh phan la thuoc lp C p , nen h thuoc lp C p .

Nhan xet. Neu (, W ) la tham so hoa khac cua M tai x, th ton tai cac lan can

Cho : ( , ) M la ng cong lp C 1 tren M , (0) = x0 . Khi o (0) c goi la vector tiep xuc vi M tai x0 . Tap moi vector tiep xuc vi M tai x0 c goi la khong gian tiep xuc vi M tai x0 va ky hieu Tx0 M . Neu (, U ) la mot tham so hoa cua M tai x0 = (u0 ), th
Tx0 M = {v Rn : v = t1 D1 (u0 ) + + tk Dk (u0 ), t1 , , tk R} = ImD(u0 ).

1.5 Khong gian tiep xuc. Cho M Rn la a tap kha vi k chieu va x0 M .

II.1. a tap kha vi trong Rn .

22

Neu M cho bi he phng trnh F1 = = Fm = 0, tai lan can x0 , th

Tx0 M = {v Rn : v grad Fi (x0 ), i = 1, , m}.

Viet mot cach khac Tx0 M cho bi he phng trnh

v Rn : < grad F1 (x0 ), v >= =< grad Fm (x0 ), v >= 0

Bai tap: Tm phng trnh khong gian tiep xuc cho S 2 va C v du tren.
Hk = {x = (x1 , , xk ) Rk : xk 0} va goi la na khong gian Hk = {x Hk : xk = 0} = Rk1 0 va goi la b cua Hk , Hk = {x Hk : xk > 0} va goi la pha trong cua Hk . +

1.6 a tap co b. Ta se dung cac ky hieu:

cua Rk ,

Tap con M Rn c goi la a tap k chieu lp C p co b neuu moi x M , ton tai lan can m V Rn cua x, tap m U Rk , va : U Rn thuoc lp C p , sao cho: (M1) : U Hk M V la 1-1. (M2) rank (u) = k, vi moi u U . Khi o cac iem x = (u), u U , c phan thanh 2 loai: iem trong cua M , neu u Hk . + iem b cua M , neu u Hk . Ky hieu M = {x M : x la iem b cua M }, va goi la b cua M .
Nhan xet. nh ngha iem trong va iem bien khong phu thuoc tham so hoa.
xk T
s E Rk 1

 E s x

Hk Rn

M = {x V : F1 (x) = = Fm (x) = 0, Fm+1 (x) 0} M = {x V : F1 (x) = = Fm (x) = Fm+1 (x) = 0} Gia s rank (DF1 , , DFm )(x) = m, x M , va rank (DF1 , , DFm+1 )(x) = m + 1, x M . Khi o M la a tap kha vi, n m chieu, lp C p , co b M .

va cac ham lp C p , F1 , , Fm , Fm+1 : V R. Xet cac tap cho bi he phng trnh va bat phng trnh

Menh e. Cho tap m V

Chng minh: Tng t 1.4

V du. Trong R3 hnh cau ong B cho bi bat phng trnh:

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1,

la a

II.1. a tap kha vi trong Rn .

23
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

tap 3 chieu co b la mat cau B cho bi:

(1) M la a tap kha vi k 1 chieu khong b, i.e. (M ) = . (2) Neu x M , th Tx M la khong gian con k 1 chieu cua Tx M . thay neu (, U ) la tham so hoa cua M tai x va x M , th ( i, i1(U )) la tham so hoa cua M tai x. Vi tham so hoa o x la iem trong cua M . Vay (M ) = . Hn na Tx M la khong gian sinh bi D1 (u), , Dk1 (u) nen la khong gian con k 1 chieu cua Tx M . Cho F = (F1 , , Fm ) : V Rm , thuoc lp C 1 tren tap m V Rn . Goi M = {x V : F1 (x) = = Fm (x) = 0}, va gia thiet rank F (x) = m, x M . Cho f : V R, thuoc lp C 1 . Bai toan: Tm cc tr cua ham han che f |M . Noi cach khac la tm cc tr cua f vi ieu kien rang buoc F1 = = Fm = 0.
a,

Menh e. Cho M la a tap kha vi k chieu. Khi o:

Chng minh: Goi i : Rk1 Rk , i(u1 , , uk1 ) = (u1 , , uk1 , 0). Khi o de

1.7 ng dung vao bai toan cc tr ieu kien.

Nhan xet. V M la a tap, nen vi moi a M ton tai tham so hoa (, U ) cua M tai

vi a = (b).

ieu kien can. Neu

grad f (a) Ta M ,

f at cc tr vi rang buoc F1 = = Fm = 0, tai a, th i.e. ton tai 1 , , m R, sao cho

grad f (a) = 1 grad F1 (a) + + m grad Fm (a)

at cc tr tai b. Suy ra (f ) (b) = f (a) (b) = 0. Vay < grad f (a), v >= 0, v Im (b) = Ta M , i.e. grad f (a) Ta M . Do rank (grad F1 (a), , grad Fm (a)) = m = codimTa M , nen grad f (a) thuoc khong gian sinh bi grad F1 (a), , grad Fm (a).

Chng minh: Theo nhan xet tren, ro rang f | M at cc tr tai a tng ng vi f

Phng phap nhan t hoa Lagrange. T ket qua tren, e tm iem nghi ng cc tr
cua f vi ieu kien F1 = = Fm = 0, ta lap ham Lagrange
L(x, ) = f (x) 1 F1 (x) m Fm (x), x V, = (1 , , m ) Rm

Neu a la cc tr ieu kien, th ton tai Rm , sao cho (a, ) la nghiem he

L (x, ) = 0 x

F1 (x)

.. .

= 0

Fm (x)

= 0

V du. Xet cc tr f (x, y, z) = x + y + z , vi ieu kien x2 + y2 = 1, x + z = 1. Trc het, ta thay ieu kien rang buoc xac nh mot a tap (Ellip E).

II.2 Tch phan ham so tren a tap.

24

Lap ham Lagrange L(x, y, z, 1, 2 ) = x + y + z 1 (x2 + y2 1) 2 (x + z 1). Giai he phng trnh

L x L

= 1 21 x = 1 21 y = 1 x2 + 1 x+z1 y2

2 = 0 = 0 2 = 0 = 0 = 0

y L z

Ta co cac iem nghi ng cc tr la (0, 1, 1). Do tap ieu kien compact, nen f phai at max, min tren tap o. Hn na, cac iem cc tr o phai la mot trong cac iem nghi ng cc tr. Vay max f |E = max{f (0, 1, 1) = 1, f (0, 1, 1) = 0} = f (0, 1, 1) = 1,
min f |E = min{f (0, 1, 1) = 1, f (0, 1, 1) = 0} = f (0, 1, 1) = 0

Trong trng hp tap ieu kien khong compact, ta co the s dung ket qua sau:

ieu kien u. Gia s f, F1 , , Fm thuoc lp C 2 , va

grad f (a) = 1 grad F1 (a) + + m grad Fm (a),

i.e.

L (a, ) = 0. x

at Hx L(x, a) la Hessian cua ham Lagrange L theo bien x. Khi o Neu Hx L(a, )|Ta M xac nh dng, th f |M at cc tieu tai a. Neu Hx L(a, )|Ta M xac nh am, th f |M at cc ai tai a. Neu Hx L(a, )|Ta M khong xac nh dau, th f |M khong at cc tr tai a.

toan tm cc tr cua f . Do f (a) (b) = 0, tnh ao ham cap 2, ta co H(f )(a)(h) = Hf (a)( (b)h) (Bai tap). Do Fi = 0, ta co H(Fi ) = 0 va theo tnh toan tren H(Fi )(b)(h) = HFi (a)( (b)(h). Suy ra Hx L(a, )|Ta M = H(f )(b)|TaM . T ieu kien u cua bai toan cc tr a phng ta co ket qua. .
V du. Cho k N va a R. Tm cc tr buoc x1 + + xn = an. 2. TCH PHAN HAM SO TREN A TAP
f (x1 , , xn ) = xk + + xk , n 1

Chng minh: Vi cac ky hieu phan tren, bai toan tm cc tr cua f |M tng ng bai

vi rang

nen co khai niem o dai va vuong goc. o dai vector T = (xt, yt , zt): T = x2 + yt2 + zt2 t

< , >,

2.1 o dai, dien tch, the tch trong R 3 . Trong R3 , co trang b tch vo hng Euclid

II.2 Tch phan ham so tren a tap.

25
v = (xv , yv , zv ):

Dien tch hnh bnh hanh tao bi u = (xu , yu , zu ), dt(u, v) = u v = u v

= u 2 < u, v > < v, u > v 2
1 2

| < u, v > |2 .

trong o v = v

+ v

la phan tch:

la hnh chieu vuong goc v len u, v u.

< u, v > + < u, v > < v, v > + < v, v > < u, u > < u, u > + < v, u > < v, u >

Chng minh: Ta co v = u, < v , u >= 0. Suy ra

< u, u > < u, v > < v, u > < v, v > = = = < u, u > < v, u > < u, u > < v, u > u 2 v 2

0 v

T o suy ra cong thc tren The tch khoi bnh hanh tao bi u, v, w R3 : tt(u, v, w) = dt(u, v) w
=

= | < u v, w > | = | det(u, v, w)| < u, u > < u, v > < u, w > < v, u > < v, v > < v, w > < w, u > < w, v > < w, w > w

1 2

trong o w = w bi u, v.

+ w

la phan tch:

la hnh chieu vuong goc w len mat phang sinh

E

T w  v B

Chng minh: Tng t cong thc cho dien tch. (Bai tap)

2.2 The tch k chieu trong R n . Trong Rn co trang b tch vo hng Euclid. The tch
k
V1 (v1 ) = v1 , Vk (v1 , , vk ) = Vk1 (v1 , , vk1 ) vk trong o vk = vk + vk la phan tch: sinh bi v1 , , vk1 .

chieu cua hnh bnh hanh tao bi v1 , , vk Rn , c nh ngha qui nap theo k:
vk

la hnh chieu vuong goc cua vk len khong gian

Cong thc tnh. Goi G(v1 , , vk ) = (< vi , vj >)1i,jk la ma tran Gramm. Khi o
Vk (v1 , , vk ) = det G(v1 , , vk )

II.2 Tch phan ham so tren a tap. Chng minh: Tng t cong thc cho dien tch (Bai tap).

26

2.3 Phan t o dai - o dai ng cong. Cho C R3 la ng cong cho bi tham

so hoa
: I R3 , (t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t))
i l((Ii ))

Ta can tnh o dai l(C) cua ng cong. Phan hoach I thanh cac oan con Ii = [ti , ti + ti]. Khi o l(C) = Khi ti be, th l((Ii )) l( (ti )ti) = (ti ) ti. nh ngha phan t o dai : dl = (t) dt = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dt t t t nh ngha o dai cua C :
l(C) =
C

dl =

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dt t t t

2.4 Phan t dien tch - Dien tch mat. Cho S R 3 la mat cong cho bi tham so
hoa
: U R3 , (u, v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v))

Ta can tnh dien tch cua mat S . Ga s U co the phan hoach bi cac hnh ch nhat be Ui = [ui , ui +ui ][vi , vi +vi ]. Khi o dt(S) = i dt((Ui)). Khi ui , vi be, th dt((Ui )) dt(D1 (ui , vi )ui , D2 (ui , vi )vi ). nh ngha phan t dien tch :
dS = dt(D1 , D2 )dudv = EG F 2 dudv,

trong o

Khi o nh ngha dien tch cua S : dt(S) =

S

= xu 2 + yu 2 + zu 2 E = D1 2 G = D2 2 = xv 2 + yv 2 + zv 2 F = < D1 , D2 > = xu xv + yu yv + zu zv

dS =

EG F 2 dudv

2.5 Phan t the tch - The tch hnh khoi. Cho H la hnh khoi cho bi tham so hoa
: A R3 , (u, v, w) = (x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w))

e tnh the tch H , bang lap luan tng t nh cac phan tren, ta co cac nh ngha: Phan t the tch:
dV = tt(D1 , D2 , D3 )dudvdw = | det J|dudvdw

The tch H :

V (H) =

dV =

A | det J|dudvdw

Bay gi ta tong quat hoa cac khai niem tren.

II.2 Tch phan ham so tren a tap.

27

2.6 Phan t the tch tren a tap. Cho M R n la a tap kha vi k chieu.
Phan t the tch tren M la anh xa
dV : M x dV (x) = the

tch k chieu han che tren Tx M.

Gia s (, U ) la mot tham so hoa cua M tai x = (u1 , , uk ). Khi o

dV (x)(D1 (x)u1 , , Dk (x)uk ) = Vk (D1 (x), , Dk (x))u1 uk

Vay neu at

G = (< Di , Dj >)1i,jk , dV =

th qua tham so hoa

det G du1 duk

Sau ay ta xay dng tch phan cua f tren M (con goi la tch phan loai 1) Neu M = (U ) vi (, U ) la tham so hoa, th nh ngha
M

2.6 Tch phan ham tren a tap. Cho f : M R la ham tren a tap kha vi k chieu.
M

f dV

f dV =

f det G ,

trong o G = (< Di, Dj >)1i,jk .

M

Khi k = 1 tch phan tren goi la tch phan ng va ky hieu

f dl.

Khi k = 2 tch phan tren goi la tch phan mat va ky hieu f dS . M Trng hp tong quat, khi M cho bi nhieu tham so hoa, ngi ta dung ky thuat phan hoach n v sau ay e dan cac tch phan tren tng tham so hoa. Cho O = {(i , Ui ) : i I} la ho cac tham so hoa M . Ho = {i : i I} goi la phan hoach n v cua M phu hp vi ho O neuu cac ieu sau thoa vi moi i I : (P1) i : M [0, 1] lien tuc. (P2) suppi = {x M : (x) = 0} la tap compact. (P3) suppi i (Ui ). (P4) Moi x M , ton tai lan can V cua x, sao cho ch co hu han ch so i I i = 0 tren V . (P5) iI i (x) = 1, x M . Tnh chat (P4) goi la tnh hu han a phng cua ho {supp i , i I}. Do tnh chat nay tong (P5) la tong hu han vi moi x.

nh ly. Vi moi ho O cac tham so hoa cua a tap M , ton tai ho phan hoach n v phu hp vi O.
tham so hoa tai x. Goi Bx Ux la mot hnh cau tan 1 (x). Ga s Bx = B(a, r). x Ham gx : Rk R c nh ngha nh sau
gx (u) =

Chng minh: Ga s M compact, k chieu. Vi moi x M , ton tai (x , Ux ) O la

1 r 2 ua 2

, ,

neu neu

ua r u a > r.

II.2 Tch phan ham so tren a tap.

28

Khi o gx C (bai tap). at gx (y) = gx (1 (y)), neu y x (Ux ), va gx (y) = 0, x neu y x (Ux ). Khi o gx lien tuc tren M . V M compact, ton tai hu han gxi . x1 , , xN M , sao cho x1 (Bx1 ), xN (BxN ) phu M at i = gx1 + + gxN Khi o ho {i : i = 1, N } la phan hoach n v can tm. Khi M khong compact, ton tai ho em c cac tap x (Bx ), hu han a phng phu M . Lap luan tng t nh tren co the xay dng phan hoach n v trong trng hp nay.

Ga s a tap M c tham so hoa bi ho O = {(i , Ui ) : i I}. Theo nh ly tren ta co ho = {i : i I} la phan hoach n v cua M phu hp vi O. nh ngha
M

f dV =
iI

i (Ui )

i f dV (=
iI

Ui

i f i det Gi ).

vi ga thiet ve phai ton tai. Chang han, khi M compact va f lien tuc.
Nhan xet. nh ngha tren khong phu thuoc ho tham so va phan hoach n v. Chng minh: Khi hai tham so hoa cua M thoa (U ) = (W ). Khi o = h,

vi h la vi phoi. De kiem tra cac ma tran Gramm quan he vi nhau theo cong thc t G (w) = Jh(w)G (h(w))Jh(w). Theo cong thc oi bien, ta co
U

f det G = =

W W

f h| det Jh| det G h

t f det JhG h det Jh = W

f det G .

Vay nh ngha khong phu thuoc tham so hoa. Neu = {j : j J} la mot phan hoach n v khac cua M . Khi o
j M

j f =

(
i

i )j f =

i,j

i j f =

i,j

j i f =

(
j

j )i f.

Vay nh ngha cung khong phu thuoc phan hoach n v. Nhac lai cac cong thc tnh: Khi : I Rn , (t) = (x1 (t), , xn (t)) la tham so hoa ng cong C . Ta co
C

f dl =

f ((t))

(x1 )2 (t) + + (xn )2 (t)dt.

Khi : U R3 , (u, v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) la tham so hoa mat S . Ta co
S

f dS =

f EG F 2 ,

trong o

= xu 2 + yu 2 + zu 2 E = D1 2 G = D2 2 = xv 2 + yv 2 + zv 2 F = < D1 , D2 > = xu xv + yu yv + zu zv

II.2 Tch phan ham so tren a tap.

29

V du. a) o dai ng xoan C : x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = bt, t [0, h], la

C

dl =

h 0

a2 sin2 t + a2 cos2 t + b2 dt = h a2 + b2

b) e tnh dien tch mat cau ban knh R, trc het tham so hoa, chang han
(, ) = (R cos sin , R sin sin , R cos ), (, ) U = (0, 2) (0, )

Khi o cac vector tiep xuc cua cac ng toa o: Dien tch mat cau la
S

D1 (, ) = (R sin sin , R cos sin , 0) D2 (, ) = (R cos cos , R sin cos , R sin ). Suy ra E = R2 sin2 , F = 0, G = R2 .
2 0 0

dS =

EG F 2 dd =

R2 sin dd = 4R2

c) e tnh the tch hnh cau ban knh R, co the dung tham so hoa
(r, , ) = (r cos sin , r sin sin , r cos ), (r, , ) U = (0, R) (0, 2) (0, )

Khi o

The tch hnh cau la

B(0,R)

D1 (r, , ) = (cos sin , sin sin , cos ) D2 (r, , ) = (r sin sin , r cos sin , 0) D3 (r, , ) = (r cos cos , r sin cos , r sin ). dV = = det(< Di , Dj >)drdd
2 0 0

R 0

1 0 0 4 2 sin2 0 drdd = R3 0 r 3 0 0 r2

III. Dang vi phan

Khi tnh tch phan tren a tap ta can mot oi tng bat bien vi phep tham so hoa. V du n gian nhat la khi tnh tch phan tren R, theo cong thc oi bien ta co
b a

f (x)dx =

f ((t)) (t)dt

trong o la vi phoi t (, ) len (a, b). Ngi ta a vao khai niem dang vi phan bac 1: va phep oi bien: = f ((t)) (t)dt. Khi o cong thc tren co the viet lai la
b a

= f (x)dx

Ngoai ra dang vi phan cung la khai niem thch hp e tch phan trng vector tren a tap se c e cap en chng sau. Chng nay xet en cac dang vi phan va cac phep toan tren chung.
1. DANG k-TUYEN TNH PHAN OI XNG.
1.1. nh ngha.

xng tren V

Cho V la khong gian vector tren R. Mot dang k-tuyen tnh phan oi la mot anh xa
: V V R
k lan

thoa cac ieu kien sau vi moi v1 , , vk V , R va 1 i < j k: (A1) (v1 , , vi + vi , , vk ) = (v1 , , vi , , vk ) + (v1 , , vi , , vk ). (A2) (v1 , , vi , , vk ) = (v1 , , vi , , vk ). (A3) (v1 , , vi , , vj , , vk ) = (v1 , , vj , , vi , , vk ). (A3) (v1 , , vi , vj , , vk ) = 0, neu vi = vj , vi moi i = j . (A3) (v(1) , , v(k) ) = ()(v1, , vk ), vi moi hoan v cua {1, , k}, () la ky so (= sign i<j ((j) (j))). Chng minh: (A3) (A3): Trong bieu thc cua (A3) neu v i = vj , th 2(v1 , , vi , vi , , vk ) = 0. Suy ra (A3). (A3) (A3): Trong bieu thc cua (A3) neu v i = vj = v + w, th t (A1) (A3) suy ra
(v1 , , v, , w, , vk ) + (v1 , , w, , v, , vk ) = 0.

Nhan xet. ieu kien (A1)(A2) co ngha la tuyen tnh theo tng bien Nhan xet. ieu kien (A3) tng ng vi mot trong cac ieu kien sau:

(A3) (A3): Ap dung moi phep hoan v la hp cua cac phep chuyen v, ky so moi phep chuyen v la 1, va ky so cua hp 2 hoan v bang tch ky so cua 2 hoan v o.

III.1. Dang k-tuyen tnh phan oi xng.

32

(A3) (A3): Ap dung (A3) vi la chuyen v i va j .

V du. Cho F la mot vector trong R3 . Khi o: a) WF (v) =< F, v >, v R3 , la dang 1-tuyen tnh tren R3 (cong cua F doc theo v) b) F (v1 , v2 ) =< F, v1 v2 >, v1 , v2 R3 , la dang 2-tuyen tnh phan oi xng tren R3 (thong lng cua F qua hnh bnh hanh tao bi v 1 , v2 ) c) nh thc la dang n-tuyen tnh phan oi xng tren R n . Gia tr det(v1 , , vn ) la the tch co hng cua bnh hanh tao bi v1 , , vn Rn .

( + )(v1 , , vk ) = (v1 , , vk ) + (v1 , , vk ) ()(v1 , , vk ) = (v1 , , vk ) , vi , k (V ), R. De thay (k (V ), +, ) la khong gian vector tren R.

Ky hieu k (V ) la tap moi dang k-tuyen tnh phan oi xng tren V . Tren tap nay ta nh ngha 2 phep toan:
1.2 Khong gian vector

k (V ).

V du. a) 1 (V ) chnh la khong gian oi ngau cua V , i.e. 1 (V ) = V = L(V, R). b) Cho 1 , 2 V . nh ngha dang 2-tuyen tnh: 1 2 : V V R,
(1 2 )(v1 , v2 ) = 1 (v1 )2 (v2 ) 2 (v1 )1 (v2 ) = det 1 (v1 ) 1 (v2 ) 2 (v1 ) 2 (v2 )

Ve mat hnh hoc gia tr tren chnh la dien tch co hng cua hnh bnh hanh trong R 2 tao bi (v1 ), (v2 ), trong o = (1 , 2 ) : V R2 . Cho 1 , , k V . Tch ngoai cua cac dang tren la mot k-dang 1 k k (V ), c nh ngha:
1.3 Tch ngoai.

1 k (v1 , , vk ) =

()(1) (v1 ) (k) (vk ) = det(i (vj )), v1 , , vk V,

i.e. (1) (2)

1 k =

()(1) (k) .

Tnh chat.

1 (i +i ) k = 1 i k +1 i k . (1) (k) = ()1 k , vi la hoan v.

Vi moi 1 , , k , i 1 (V ), , R va i = 1, , k,

Chng minh: Suy t tnh chat cua nh thc.

k -tuyen tnh phan oi xng. Cho V la mot khong gian vector tren R. Gia s 1 , , n la mot c s cua V . Khi o mot c s cua k (V ) la he {i1 ik , 1 i1 < < ik n}. Nh vay moi k (V ) co bieu dien duy nhat di dang
1.4 Bieu dien dang

=
1i1 <<ik n

ai1 ik i1 ik

III.2 Dang vi phan.

k va dim k (V ) = Cn =

33

Chng minh: Goi

(delta Kronecker). Cho k (V ). Cho v1 , , vk V . Khi o

v1 =
i1

n! . (n k)!k! {1 , , n } la c

s oi ngau cua {e1 , , en }, i.e.

i (ej ) = ij

i1 (v1 )ei1 , , vk = i1 (v1 )ei1 , ,

ik

ik (vk )eik ,

(v1 , , vk ) = (
i1

=
i1 , ,ik

i1 (v1 ) ik (vk )(ei1 , , eik ) i(1) (v1 ) i(k) (vk ) ()(ei1 , , eik )

ik

ik (vk )eik )

=
i1 <<ik

=
i1 <<ik

(ei1 , , eik )i1 ik (v1 , , vk )

Vay he {i1 ik , 1 i1 < < ik n} la he sinh. e chng minh tnh oc lap tuyen tnh, trc het nhan xet la
i1 ik (ej1 , , ejk ) = 1 0

neu neu

(i1 , , ik ) = (j1 , , jk ) (i1 , , ik ) = (j1 , , jk )

Suy ra neu to hp tuyen tnh

=
i1 <<ik

ai1 ik i1 ik = 0,

th theo nhan xet tren

(ei1 , , eik ) = ai1 ik = 0.

n ac biet: k (V ) = 0, khi k > n, n (V ) co so chieu la Cn = 1, va moi n (V ) co bieu dien = a1 n , vi a R .

2. DANG VI PHAN
2.1 nh ngha.

phan tren U

Cho U la tap m trong Rn . Mot dang vi phan bac la mot anh xa

: U k (Rn ).

hay k-dang vi

Dang vi phan goi la thuoc lp C p neu anh xa tren thuoc lp C p . Ky hieu k (U ) la tap moi k-dang vi phan lp C p tren U , va k (U ) = k (U ). p De thay k (U ) co cau truc khong gian vector. p V du. Cho U R3 va F : U R3 la mot trng vector. Khi o cac dang vi phan sau c dung e anh gia thong lng cua F doc theo mot ng hay qua mot mat a) WF : U 1 (R3 ), WF (x, y, z)(v) =< F (x, y, z), v > b) F : U 2 (R3 ), (x, y, z)(v1, v2 ) =< F (x, y, z), v1 v2 >.

III.2 Dang vi phan.

34

Cho f : U R la ham lp C p+1 . Khi o vi moi x U , f (x) : Rn R la dang tuyen tnh. Ta nh ngha vi phan cua f la 1-dang vi phan
df : U 1 (Rn ), x df (x) = f (x).

Xet ham toa o th i Vay

xi : Rn R, (x1 , , xn ) xi .

Ta co

dxi (x)(v) = xi (x)v = vi , v = (v1 , , vn ) Rn . df (x)(v) = f (x)v = = f f (x)v1 + + (x)vn x1 xn f f (x)dx1 (x)(v) + + (x)dxn (x)(v). x1 xn

Hay la

df =

n i=1

f dxi . xi

2.2 Bieu dien dang vi phan.

Tch ngoai cua cac 1-vi phan 1 , , k 1 (U ):

x U,

(1 k )(x) = 1 (x) k (x),

la mot k-dang vi phan tren U . Do cac 1-dang dx1 , , dxn la mot c s cua 1 (U ), nen cac k-dang vi phan tren U co bieu dien duy nhat di dang
=
1i1 <<ik n

ai1 ik dxi1 dxik ,

trong o ai1 ik la cac ham tren U va thuoc lp C p neu la dang lp C p .

V du. Neu U R3 , th ta thng ky hieu cac toa o la (x, y, z). Khi o Cac 0-dang vi phan chnh la cac ham f : U R. Cac 1-dang vi phan con goi la dang Pfaff va co bieu dien P dx + Qdy + Rdz . Cac 2-dang vi phan co bieu dien Adx dy + Bdy dz + Cdz dx . Cac 3-dang vi phan co bieu dien f dx dy dz .

Bai tap: Cho U R3 va F : U R3 , F = (P, Q, R). Chng minh cac dang vi phan cho v du 2.1 co bieu dien a) WF = P dx + Qdy + Rdz b) F = P dy dz + Qdz dx + Rdx dy .
2.3 Toan t oi bien.

U, V la cac tap m trong Rm , Rn tng ng. : U V, u = (u1 , , um ) x = (1 (u), , n (u)) la anh xa kha vi.

Cho

toan t oi bien

Gia s Khi o

: k (V ) k (U ), = ai1 ik (x)dxi1 dxik , ai1 ik ((u))di1 dik .

c nh ngha nh sau
(u) =
1i1 <<ik n 1i1 <<ik n

III.2 Dang vi phan.

35

V du. a) Cho : R R2 , (t) = (x = cos t, y = sin t) va (x, y) = xdy ydx. Khi o (t) = cos td(sin t) sin td(cos t) = dt. b) Cho : R2 R2 , (r, ) = (x = r cos , y = r sin ) v (x, y) = dx dy. Khi o
(r, ) = d(r cos ) d(r sin ) = (cos dr r sin d) (sin dr + r cos d) = rdr d (do dr dr = d d = 0, d dr = dr d).
Tnh chat.

(1) (2) (3)

(1 + 2 ) = (1 ) + (2 ), 1 , 2 k (V ). (1 k ) = (1 ) (k ), 1 , , k 1 (V ). m i (dxi ) = di = duj . uj j=1

Chng minh: Xem nh bai tap.

Bai tap: Cho : Rn Rn kha vi. Chng minh

(f (x)dx1 dxn ) = f ((u)) det (u)du1 dun .

Nhan xet. Co the nh ngha toan t oi bien khong qua bieu dien tren toa o (i.e.

nh ngha khong phu thuoc he toa o) nh sau

(u)(v1 , , vk ) = ((u))( (u)v1 , , (u)vk ).

2.4 Toan t vi phan.

Vi moi k N, toan t vi phan c nh ngha nh sau

d : k (U ) k+1 (U ), dai1 ik dxi1 dxik .

d(
1i1 <<ik n

ai1 ik dxi1 dxik ) =

1i1 <<ik n

V du. Vi n = 2, ky hieu toa o la (x, y). Khi o

d (P dx + Qdy) = dP dx + dQ dy P P dx + dy dx + = x y Q P dx dy = x y Q Q dx + dy dy x y

(e y la dx dx = dy dy = 0, dy dx = dx dy). Trong R3 cho dang vi phan (x, y, z) = sin xydx + ex2 +y dy + arctgxdz .

III.2 Dang vi phan.

36

Khi o
d = (d sin xy) dx + d(ex
2 +y

) dy + d(arctgx) dz
2 2 +y

= (y cos xydx + x cos xydy) dx + (2xex +y dx + ex 1 2 dz dx. = (2xex +y x cos xy)dx dy 1 + x2

dy) dy +

1 dx dz 1 + x2

Bai tap: Tnh d (P (x, y, z)dx + Q(x, y, z)dy + R(x, y, z)dz), va d (P (x, y, z)dx dz + Q(x, y, z)dz dx + Q(x, y, z)dx dy) .
Nhan xet. Neu k (Rn ) vi k n, th d = 0.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Tnh chat.

d(1 + 2 ) = d1 + d2 , 1 , 2 k (U ). d(1 2 ) = d1 2 1 d2 , 1 , 2 1 (U ).. d(d) = 0 , i.e. d d = 0 . d( ) = (d) , i.e. d = d.

Ta co

Chng minh: (1) la ro rang. Do (1) ta ch can chng minh (2) khi 1 = adxi , 2 = bdxj .
d(1 2 ) = = = = d(adxi bdxj ) = d(abdxi dxj ) d(ab) dxi dxj = (bda + adb) dxi dxj bda dxi dxj + adb dxi dxj = (da dxi ) bdxj adxi db dxj d1 2 1 2 .

Trc khi chng minh (3) e ngan gon ta ky hieu: dx I = dxi1 dxik , vi I = (i1 , , ik ) la mot bo k ch so thuoc {1, n}. Do (1) ch can chng minh (3) khi = aI dxI . Ta co
d(d) = d(daI dxI ) = d
i

aI dxi dxI xi

i j

=
i

aI d xi
i j

dxi dxI =

2 aI dxj dxi dxI xj xi (

= = d(d)

2 aI dxi dxj dxI xi xj (thay

do dxi dxj = dxj dxi )

oi vai troi, j)

Vay 2d(d) = 0, suy ra (3). Cung vay ch can kiem tra (4) khi = aI dxI k (V ). Ta co
d( ) = d(aI dI ) = d(aI ) dI . (d) = (daI dxI ) = (daI ) (dyI ) = (daI ) dI .

Can chng minh

d(aI ) = (daI ). aI dxj = xj

ang thc ung la do:

j

(daI ) =
j

aI dj = xj

aI ( xj

j dui ) = d(aI ). ui

III.3 Bo e Poincare

37

Vay cac tnh chat tren a c chng minh.

Nhan xet. Do (4) toan t d khong phu thuoc he toa o.

3. BO E POINCARE

Cho dang vi phan k (U ). goi la ong tren U neuu d = 0 tren U . goi la khp tren U neuu ton tai k1 (U ) sao cho = d .
3.1 Dang o va dang khp.

Nhan xet. Neu khp, th ong v d(d) = 0.

V du sau ch ra dang ong nhng khong khp:

x2 y 2

(x, y) = y 2 x2

ydx xdy 1 (R2 \ 0). x2 + y 2

Dang la ong, v d = 2 2 2 dy dx 2 2 2 dx dy = 0. (x + y ) (x + y ) Nhng khong khp. That vay, gia s ton tai ham f 0 (R2 \ 0), = df . Goi (t) = (sin t, cos t). Khi o
= (df ) = d( f ) = d(f ) = (f ) dt. = dt . Vay (f ) (t) 1. Mat khac = sin2 t + cos2 t Suy ra f (t) = t+ const. ieu nay vo ly v f la ham co chu ky 2 . cos td(sin t) sin td(cos t)

Khi mot dang Pfaff = a1 dx1 + + an dxn 1 (U ), ton tai ham f 0 (U ) thoa df = , th f c goi la mot tch phan au cua . Noi mot cach khac f thoa he phng trnh vi phan ao ham rieng cap mot
f f = a1 , , = an . x1 xn

Vay neu co tch phan au (= kha tch = khp), th d = 0, i.e. cac ham a1 , , an thoa he thc ai aj = vi moi i, j = 1, , n.
xi xj

Tnh chat hnh hoc cua tap nhieu khi quyet nh bai toan giai tch. Mot dang ong cung la khp tren U , khi tap U co tnh chat hnh hoc sau: Tap con U trong Rn goi la co rut c ve mot iem neuu ton tai mot anh xa lp C 1
3.2 Tap co rut c.

x0 U

h : U [0, 1] U, (x, t) h(x, t)

sao cho:

h(x, 0) = x0

va h(x, 1) = x,

x U .

V du. Sau ay la mot so lp tap co rut quan trong:

III.3 Bo e Poincare

38

Tap loi: tap U goi la loi neuu x, y U oan [x, y] = {x + t(y x) : t [0, 1]} U . Chang han Rn , hnh cau, hnh hop la cac tap loi. Tap hnh sao: tap U goi la hnh sao neuu x0 U : x U, [x0 , x] U . Trong cac v du tren anh xa h(x, t) = x0 + t(x x0 ) thoa nh ngha 3.2. Bai tap: Ro rang la tap loi la tap hnh sao. Tm v du tap hnh sao khong loi, tap co rut c khong hnh sao.
o moi dang ong tren U la khp, i.e.
3.3 nh ly

(Bo e Poincare). Gia s U la tap m trong R n , va U co rut c. Khi

k (U ), d = 0 k1 (U ), = d.

Chng minh: Goi Jt : U U [0, 1], Jt (x) = (x, t). Cho k = 1, 2, . Trc het ta xay dng anh xa tuyen tnh K : k (U [0, 1]) k1 (U ), thoa

( )

Kd + dK = J1 J0

Moi phan t cua k (U [0, 1]) la tong cac dang co mot trong hai dang sau: (1) a(x, t)dxI hay (2) b(x, t)dt dxJ , vi I = (i1 , , ik ), J = (j1 , , jk1 ). V vay ch can nh ngha K cho tng dang co dang tren. Ta nh ngha
K(a(x, t)dxI ) = 0
0

K(b(x, t)dt dxJ ) =

b(x, t)dt dxJ

1

Kiem tra ieu kien () vi dang (1):

(Kd + dK)(adxI ) = K(da dxI ) + d(0) = (

a dt)dxI 0 t = (a(x, 1) a(x, 0)dxI = (J1 J0 )(adxI ).

1 0

Kiem tra ieu kien () vi dang (2):

(Kd + dK)(bdt dxJ ) = K(db dt dxJ ) + d(( = K( bdt) dxJ )
1 b dxi dt dxJ ) + d(( bdt) dxJ ) xi 0 i 1 1 b ( )dt dxi dxJ + d(( bdt) dxJ ) = xi 0 0 i

= d((
(J1 J0 )(bdt dxJ )

bdt) dxJ ) + d((

bdt) dxJ ) = 0.

= b(x, 1)d(1) dxJ b(x, 0)d(0) dxJ = 0.

Bay gi cho h : U [0, 1] U la anh xa co rut ve x0 . Gia s k (U ) ong, i.e. d = 0. Ta chng minh = Kh la (k 1)-dang thoa d = . Do () ta co
(Kd + dK)h Kdh + dKh Kh d + dKh 0 + dKh = = = =
(J1 J0 )h . (h J ) . (h J1 ) 0 (idU ) (x0 ) . + 0.

III.3 Bo e Poincare

39

Vay = Kh la dang can tm.

k1
He qua.

Neu U la tap m co rut c, 1 , 2 k (U ), va d1 = d2 , th ton tai sao cho d = 1 2 .

V du. Tap R2 \ 0 la khong co rut c v ton tai dang vi phan ong ma khong khp tren o (xem v du 3.1).
Nhan xet. T he qua tren, ta thay thoa bo e Poincare la khong duy nhat.

Co the da vao chng minh cua nh ly e xay dng e

d = :

= Kh .

V du. Cho = (x2 2yz)dx + (y2 2zx)dy + (z 2 2xy)dz 1 (R3 ). De kiem tra d = 0. e tm f sao cho df = , nh sau: Cach 1: V R3 la tap co rut ve 0 vi h(x, y, z, t) = (tx, ty, tz). Theo nh ngha cua cac toan t, ta co:
h = t2 (x2 2yz)(xdt + tdx) + t2 (y 2 2zx)(ydt + tdy) + t2 (z 2 2xy)(zdt + tdz).
1 0

Kh =

t2 (x2 2yz)xdt +

t2 (y 2 2zx)ydt +

t2 (z 2 2xy)zdt.

Suy ra

1 f = Kh = (x3 + y 3 + z 3 6xyz) la mot tch phan au cua , i.e. df = . 3

Cach 2: Ham f thoa df = , co the viet lai

(1) (2) (3) f x f y f z = x2 2yz = y 2 2zx = z 2 2xy

e tm f , ta lan lt tch phan theo tng bien: x3 T (1) suy ra f = 2xyz + (y, z)

3 y3 = y 2 . Vay = + (z). T (2) suy ra y 3 z3 = z 2 . Vay = + const. T (3) suy ra z 3 1 3 3 3 Suy ra f = (x + y + z ) 2xyz+ const 3

(Cach 2 co the lam cho cac mien hnh hop).

IV. Tch phan dang vi phan

1. NH HNG

1.1 Trng vector. Cho M Rn . Mot trng vector tren M la anh xa

F : M Rn , F (x) = (F1 (x), , Fn (x))

Ve mat hnh hoc xem trng vector nh ho vector F (x) co iem goc at tai x.

1.2 nh hng ng cong. ng cong trn C

: C R3 la trng x, vi moi x C .

vector lien tuc va tiep xuc

r (x) ' rrr rt

R3 , goi la nh hng neuu vi C , i.e. (x) tiep xuc vi C tai

C
X

V du. ng tron n v co the tham so hoa bi (t) = (cos t, sin t), t (0, 2). Khi o trng vector tiep xuc (t) = ( sin t, cos t) xac nh hng ngc chieu kim ong ho.

1.3 nh hng mat. Cho S

la mat cong trn. Ta noi S la nh hng c neuu ton tai trng vector phap lien tuc tren S , i.e. ton tai N : S R 3 , lien tuc va N (x) Tx S, x S . Khi o S goi la nh hng phap N .
R3
w ffN (x) f f  xfs E

IV.1. nh hng.

42

V du. a) Mat cau la nh hng c va co the chon mot trong hai hng: hng phap trong hay hng phap ngoai. Cu the khi tham so hoa mat cau bi
(, ) = (cos sin , sin sin , cos ), (, ) (0, 2) (0, ).

Vi tham so hoa o, cac vector tiep xuc vi cac ng toa o la

= ( sin sin , cos sin , 0), = ( cos cos , sin cos , sin ) la hng phap trong. De kiem tra hng phap N = b) La Mobius cho ta mot v du ve mat khong nh hng c.

Da vao trc quan: tren R co the nh hai hng (dng neu cung hng vi chieu tang, am neu ngc lai). Trong R2 co the nh hai hng (thuan hay ngc chieu kim ong ho). Ta co nh ngha sau. Cho V la khong gian vector k chieu tren R. Trong ai so tuyen tnh ta a biet la neu (v1 , , vk ) va (w1 , , wk ) la cac c s cua V , th ton tai ma tran chuyen c s P = (pij )kk sao cho wj = i pij vi . Ta noi (v1 , , vk ) va (w1 , , wk ) cung hng neuu det P > 0, (v1 , , vk ) va (w1 , , wk ) ngc hng neuu det P < 0. Nh vay tren tap cac c s cua V c chia thanh hai lp tng ng, moi lp gom cac c s cung hng vi nhau. Lp cunh hng vi (v 1 , , vk ) ky hieu la [v1 , , vk ], lp cac c s ngc hng ky hieu la [v 1 , , vk ]. Khong gian V goi la a nh hng neu ta chon mot hng = [v1 , , vk ].
V du. Trong Rk c s chnh tac xac nh hng chnh tac. Theo ngon ng trc quan, hng chnh tac trong R la hng dng, hng chnh tac trong R 2 la hng ngc chieu kim ong ho, con hng chnh tac trong R 3 la hng tam dien thuan.
e2

1.4 nh hng khong gian vector.

T '

e3
$

e2
E

e1
E

e1
E

' 

e1

Hng chnh tac cua R1 , R2 , R3 Mot ho hng = {x : x la mot hng tren Tx M, x M } goi la tng thch neuu chung bien oi mot cach lien tuc theo ngha sau: vi moi a M , ton tai tham so hoa (, U ) tai a sao cho [D1 (u), , Dk (u)] = (u) , vi moi u U .

1.5 nh hng a tap. Cho M Rn la a tap kha vi k chieu.

IV.1. nh hng.
M M

43

goi la nh hng c neuu ton tai mot ho hng tng thch tren M . goi la nh hng neuu M nh hng c va ho hng tng thch c chon. Khi o mot tham so hoa nh tren goi la tham so hoa xac nh hng . ng vi viec xac nh trng vector phap lien tuc. Ta co N = D 1 D2 la trng phap vector.
Nhan xet. oi vi mat cong trong R3 , viec xac nh hng nh nh ngha tren tng

nh hng c.

1.6. Hng cam sinh tren b. Menh e. Cho M la a tap kha vi co b M . Neu M nh hng c, th M cung

Vi moi (, U ) O, goi i : Rk1 Rk , i(u1 , , uk1 ) = (u1 , , uk1 , 0). Khi o ho {( i, i1 (U )) : (, U ) O, U Hk = } la ho tham so hoa M . Vi moi x M , va (, U ) O la ho tham so hoa tai x, nh ngha
x

Chng minh: Ga s O la ho tham so hoa cua M xac nh hng .

= [D1 (u), , Dk1 (u)], x = (u).

Ta se chng minh

khong phu thuoc tham so hoa (, U ) O, va do vay ho M , = { x : x = (u) M, (, U ) O } la mot ho hng tng thch tren M . Neu (, U ), (, W ) O la cac tham so hoa tai x, th = h vi det h > 0. Toa o th k cua h thoa:
x

hk (w1 , , wk1 , 0) = 0, va hk (w1 , , wk1 , wk ) > 0 khi wk > 0.

Suy ra vi w = (w1 , , wk1 , 0), dong cuoi cua ma tran h (w) la

(D1 hk (w) = 0 Dk1 hk (w) = 0 Dk hk (w) > 0).

Do o det h (w) = det(h i) (w1 , , wk1 )Dk hk (w) > 0. Vay det(h i) (w1 , , wk1 ) > 0. Ma (h i) (w) chnh la ma tran chuyen c s D1 (u), , Dk1 (u) sang c s D1 (w), , Dk1 (w) trong khong gian Tx M (x = (w) = (u)), nen
[D1 (w), , Dk1 (w)] = [D1 (u), , Dk1 (u)].

Do vay

c nh ngha khong phu thuoc tham so hoa xac nh hng x .

(, U ) la tham so hoa tai x x = [D1 (u), , Dk (u)]. Khi o nh ngha

sinh nh sau: Vi moi x M , goi

nh ngha. Cho M la a tap nh hng . Khi o tren M ta xac nh hng cam

cua
M

xac nh hng , i.e.

x = (1)k [D1 (u), , Dk1 (u)].

(Dau (1)k e thuan tien cho cong thc Stokes sau nay)
Nhan xet. Goi la tham so hoa nh hng tai x = (u). V Tx M la khong gian

IV. Tch phan dang vi phan.

44

vector con cua Tx M co oi chieu 1, nen vi moi v Tx M \ Tx M xay ra mot trong hai trng hp: (1) v hng vao trong M , neu v (u)(Hk ) + (2) v hng ra ngoai M , neu ngc lai trng hp (1). Ve mat trc quan, ta nhan biet hng tren M la hng cam sinh nh sau: Cho v1 , , vk1 la c s Tx M . Khi o neu v Tx M la vector hng vao trong M va xac nh hng = [v1 , , vk1 , v], th hng cam sinh tren b la
x = (1)k [v1 , , vk1 ]
'  E s x

Chang han, neu Hk nh hng chnh tac, th hng cam sinh tren H k = Rk1 0 trung vi hng chnh tac tren Rk1 neu k chan, va ngc vi hng chnh tac o neu k le.
V du. Trc quan hn na: Neu mien M trong R2 nh hng chnh tac hay la mat cong trong R3 nh hng phap N , th hng cam sinh tren ng cong M la hng i doc theo o mien pha trai. Neu M la mien trong R3 nh hng chnh tac, th hng cam sinh tren mat cong M la hng phap tuyen ngoai. 2. TCH PHAN DANG VI PHAN

Trc het la mot vai gi y cho viec xay ng tch phan cua trng vector hay cua dang vi phan. Cho F = (F1 , F2 , F3 ) la mot trng vector trong R3 . Vi v R3 la vector goc tai x, gia tr WF (x)(v) =< F (x), v >, goi la cong cua F (x) doc theo v . Ta co 1-dang vi phan tng ng: WF = F1 dx1 + F2 dx2 + F3 dx3 . Cho C la mot ng cong nh hng trong R 3 . Ta can xay ng tch phan cua trng F doc theo C , hay la tch phan cua dang vi phan WF tren C :
C

WF =

F1 dx1 + F2 dx2 + F3 dx3 .

Vi v1 , v2 R3 la cac vector goc tai x, gia tr F (x)(v1 , v2 ) =< F (x), v1 v2 >, goi la thong lng cua F (x) qua mat bnh hanh S tao bi v1 , v2 . Ta co 2-dang vi phan tng ng F = F1 dx2 dx3 + F2 dx3 dx1 + F3 dx1 dx2 .

IV. Tch phan dang vi phan.

45

Cho S la mat nh hng trong R3 . Ta can khai niem tch phan cua trng vector F qua mat S , hay la tch phan cua dang vi phan F tren S :
S

F =

F1 dx2 dx3 + F2 dx3 dx1 + F3 dx1 dx2

Khi o

2.1 nh ngha. Cho U la tap m Rk , va k (U ).

= f (u)du1 duk .
U

nh ngha

f (u)du1 duk =

f (u)du1 duk .

neu tch phan ve phai ton tai.

Rn .

2.2 Tch phan dang vi phan. Cho M la a tap kha vi k chieu nh hng trong

Cho k (V ), vi V la tap m cha M . Sau ay ta xay dng tch phan cua dang tren M (con goi la tch phan loai 2) M Neu M = (U ) vi (, U ) la mot tham so hoa xac nh hng , th nh ngha
M

Trng hp tong quat, khi M cho bi mot ho tham so hoa O = {( i, Ui ) : i I} xac nh hng , ta dung ky thuat phan hoach n v. Goi = { i : i I} la phan hoach n v cua M phu hp vi O. nh ngha
M

=
iI

i (Ui )

=
iI

Ui

(i ) i

vi gia thiet ve phai ton tai. Chang han khi M compact va lien tuc. Fi dxi , va goi la tch phan ng. Khi k = 1, tch phan co dang
M

Khi k = 2, tch phan co dang

M i<j

Fij dxi dxj ,

va goi la tch phan mat.

Nhan xet. nh ngha tren khong phu thuoc cach chon ho tham so xac nh hng

h (f (u)du1 duk ) = h = ( h) = .

va phan hoach n v. Chng minh: Khi hai tham so hoa (, U ) va (, W ), cung xac nh hn , ta co = h, vi h la vi phoi co det Jh > 0. Neu = f (u)du1 duk , th
= h (f (u)du1 duk ) = .

Theo cong thc oi bien, ta co

U U

f=

f h det Jh =

Vay nh ngha khong phu thuoc tham so hoa xac nh cung hng. Neu = {j : j J} la mot phan hoach n v khac cua M . Khi o
j M

j =

(
i

i )j =

i,j

i j =

i,j

j i =

(
j

j )i

i .

IV. Tch phan dang vi phan.

46

Vay nh ngha cung khong phu thuoc phan hoach n v. (1) (2)

2.3 Tnh chat. Cho M la a tap k chieu nh hng trong tap m V . Khi o
M

: k (V ) R

la tuyen tnh.

, vi ky hieu M e ch M nh hng .
i Ui (u1 , , uk ) ( h, h1 (U ))

Chng minh: (1) suy t tnh tuyen tnh cua

ta co

(2) Xet phep oi bien h(u1 , , uk ) = (, U ) la tham so hoa xac nh hng , th hng. T o suy ra vi moi phan hoach
M

. Khi o det h = 1. Neu la tham so hoa xac nh n v phu hp vi ho tham so hoa,

(
U

va

1 h (U )

( h) =

) =

V du. a) Cho C la ng cong trn, cho bi tham so hoa : I R n , nh hng theo chieu tang cua tham so. Khi o
C

Fi dxi =
i

Fi di =
i

(
i

Fi (t)i (t))dt.

Chang han, neu ng tron n v nh hng ngc chieu kim ong ho, th
x2 +y 2 =1

ydx xdy = x2 + y 2

2 0

sin td(cos t) cos td(sin t) = cos2 t + sin2 t

2 0

dt = 2.

b) Cho S la mat cau n v nh hng phap trong, th vi tham so hoa xac nh hng tng ng, ta co
S

xdy dz = = =

[0,2][0,] [0,2][0,] [0,2][0,]

cos sin d(sin sin ) d(cos ) cos sin (cos sin d + sin cos d) d( sin d) cos2 sin3 d d =?

Cho F = (P, Q, R) la trng vector lp C 1 tren mot tap m V R3 . (1) Cho C V la ng cong kn, nh hng bi trng vector tiep xuc n v T = (cos , cos , cos ). Khi o
S V la mat (cos , cos , cos ). Khi o
S

2.4 Quan he gia tch phan loai 1 va loai 2.

(2) Cho

P dx + Qdy + Rdz =

trn, nh hng bi trng phap vector n v N =

< F, N > dS = (P cos +Q cos +R cos )dS.

< F, T > dl =

(P cos + Q cos + R cos )dl.

P dydz+Qdzdx+Rdxdy =

IV.3 Cong thc Stokes Chng minh: Nh phan gi y au tiet, ta co:

47

v R3 , goi T la vector ch phng n v cua v . Khi o 1-dang WF (v) =< F, v > , co Bieu dien 1: WF = P dx + Qdy + Rdz. Bieu dien 2: WF (v) =< F, T > v =< F, T > dl(v). Vay neu C la ng cong trong R3 nh hng bi trng vector tiep xuc n v T ,

(1) Vi moi

th

T o suy ra (1). (2) Vi v1 , v2 R3 , goi N la vector n v ch phng v1 v2 . Khi o 2-dang vi phan F (v1 , v2 ) =< F, v1 v2 >, co Bieu dien 1: F = P dy dz + Qdz dx + Rdx dy. Bieu dien 2: F (v1 , v2 ) =< F, N > v1 v2 =< F, N > dS(v1 , v2 ). Vay neu S la mat cong nh hng bi trng vector phap n v N , th
S

WF =

< F, T > dl.

F =

< F, N > dS.

T o suy ra (2).
3. CONG THC STOKES

3.1 nh ly (Cong thc Stokes). Cho M la a tap kha vi k chieu, nh hng, compact
trong tap m V Rn , vi b M nh hng cam sinh. Khi o
M

d =

, k1 (V ).

{(i , Ui ) : i I} la tham so hoa nh hng cua M . Khong giam tong quat, gia s Ui cha trong mot hnh hop Ai . Goi i : Rk1 Rk , i(u1 , , uk1 ) = (u1 , , uk1 , 0). Khi o ho {(i i, i1 (Ui )) : i I }, vi I = {i I : Ui Hk = }, la ho tham so hoa M nh hng (1) k . Neu {i : i I} la phan hoach n v phu hp vi ho a cho, th
M

Chng minh: Gia s M nh hng va la hng cam sinh tren M . Cho

d = =

d(
iI

i ) =
iI

i (Ui Hk )

di . i .

M iI

i ) =
iI

i (Ui H k )

e cho gon, at = i , U = Ui , A = Ai minh: (1) Neu U Hk = , i.e. i I \ I , th (2) Neu U Hk = , i.e.

iI

= [1 , 1 ] [k , k ].
(U )

Ta can chng

d = 0. d = (1)k
(U H k )

, th

(U Hk )

IV.3 Cong thc Stokes

48

Goi =

Khi o xem

j=1

aj (u1 , , uk )du1 duj duk k1 (U ). k1 (A)

bang cach at aj (u) = 0 khi u U . Ta co

k

( i) = ak (u1 , , uk1 , 0)du1 duk1 . (d) =

j=1 k

daj du1 duj duk (1)j1 aj du1 duk . uj

j=1

oi vi trng hp (1), ta co
(U )

d = =

(d) =
[l ,l ]

A j=1

(1)j1

aj du1 duk uj

(aj ( , j , ) aj ( , j , ))du1 duj duk

l=j

= 0.

(ang thc th ba suy t cong thc Fubini va cong thc Newton-Leibniz, ang thc cuoi la do (u1 , , j , , uk ), (u1 , , j , , uk ) U nen cac gia tr cua aj tai o triet tieu). oi vi trng hp (2), ta co
(U Hk )

d = = =

U Hk j=1 k AHk

(1)j1

aj du1 duk uj

aj du1 duk uj j=1 aj (1)j1 ( du1 duk ). [1 ,1 ][0,k ] uj (1)j1

Khi j = k,

Khi j = k, Vay theo cong thc Fubini, ta co

(U Hk )

aj duj = aj (u1 , , j , , uk ) aj (u1 , , j , , uk ) = 0. [j ,j ] uj ak duk = ak (u1 , , k ) ak (u1 , , 0) = ak (u1 , , 0). [0,k ] uk d = (1)k
j=k

[j ,j ]

ak (u1 , , 0)du1 duk1 .

Mat khac
(U Hk )

ARk1 0

ak (u1 , , 0)du1 duk1 .

T o suy ra cong thc can chng minh.

Chu y. Neu M khong compact cong thc khong ung. Chang han, M la khoang m

IV.3 Cong thc Stokes

49

trong R, (x) = xdx.

3.2 Cac cong thc co ien. Sau ay la cac he qua cua nh ly tren: Cong thc Newton-Leibniz. Cho V la tap m trong Rn , F
va : [a, b] V la tham so hoa ng cong trn. Khi o
([a,b])

:V R

thuoc lp C 1

dF = F ((b)) F ((a)).

Cong thc Green. Cho D R2 la mien compact, co b C = D nh hng ngc

chieu kim ong ho. Cho P, Q la cac ham lp C 1 tren tap m cha D. Khi o
D

Q P )dxdy = x y

P dx + Qdy.

S = C la ng cong kn nh hng sao cho mien pha trai. Cho P, Q, R cac ham lp C 1 tren mot tap m cha S . Khi o
S

Cong thc Stokes co ien. Cho S R3 la mat cong trn nh hng phap N , co b
R Q P R Q P )dxdy+( )dydz +( )dz dx = x y y z z x

P dx+Qdy+Rdz.

trn nh hng phap ngoai. Cho V . Khi o

V

Cong thc Gauss-Ostrogradski. Cho V

Q R P + + )dxdydz = x y z

R3 la mien compact, co b V = S la mat P, Q, R la cac ham lp C 1 tren mot mien m cha P dy dz + Qdz dx + Rdx dy.

V du. a) Dien tch mien D gii han bi ng cong kn C trong R2 :

D

dxdy =

xdy =

ydx =

1 2

(xdy ydx).

b) The tch mien V gii han bi mat cong kn S trong R 3 :

V

dxdydz = =

1 ( 3

xdy dz =
S

ydz dx =
S

zdx dy
S

xdy dz +

ydz dx +

zdx dy)
n i=1

3.3 Menh e. Ga s U la tap m, co rut c trong Rn . Cho =

Khi o cac ieu sau tng ng: (1) la khp, i.e. ton tai f C 1 (U ), sao cho df = . (2) la ong, i.e. d = 0.

ai dxi 1 (U ).

IV.3 Cong thc Stokes

50

(3) (4)

ai ai = xi xj
C

, vi moi i, j .

= 0,

vi moi ng cong kn C U .

Chng minh: Suy t bo e Poincare va cong thc Stokes. (Bai tap)

V du. Tap R2 \ {0} khong co rut c v tren o co dang 2 2 ong, nhng x +y tch phan tren ng tron la 2 = 0. Bai tap: Chng minh Rn \ {0} khong co rut c bang cach xet dang
n i=1

xdy ydx

(1)i

xi dx1 dxi dxn . x n/2

(trong o ky hieu dxi e ch dxi khong co mat trong bieu thc.)

3.4 ng dung vao giai tch vector.

trong R3 . e1 + e2 + e3 , goi la toan t nabla. Ky hieu = x1 x2 x3 Cho f : U R la ham kha vi. Trng gradient cua f , c nh ngha:
grad f = f = f f f e1 + e2 + e3 . x1 x2 x3

Cac toan t grad, rot, div: Trong R3 vi c s chnh tac e1, e2, e3 va U la tap m

Cho F = F1 e1 + F2 e2 + F3 e3 la trng vector kha vi tren U . Trng xoan cua F , c ky hieu va nh ngha
rot F = F = e1 x1 F1 e2 x2 F2 e3 x3 F3

Ham nguon cua trng F , c ky hieu va nh ngha:

div F =< , F >= F1 F2 F3 + + . x1 x2 x3

Quan he vi toan t vi phan. nh ngha cac ang cau:

h1 : X (U ) 1 (U ), h2 (F1 e1 + F2 e2 + F3 e3 ) = F1 dx1 + F2 dx2 + F3 dx3 . h2 : X (U ) 2 (U ), h2 (F1 e1 +F2 e2 +F3 e3 ) = F1 dx2 dx3 +F2 dx3 dx1 +F3 dx1 dx2 . h3 : C (U ) 3 (U ), h3 (f ) = f dx1 dx2 dx3 .

IV.3 Cong thc Stokes

51

Khi o bieu o sau giao hoan

C (U ) id 0 (U )
grad

X (U ) h1

rot d

X (U ) h2

div d

C (U ) h3 3 (U )

1 (U ) 2 (U )

ngha la ta co:

h1 grad = d id, h2 rot = d h1 , h3 div = d h2 .

Chng minh: Xem nh bai tap

He qua. T d d = 0, suy ra
R3 .

rot grad = 0,

div rot = 0.

3.5 Cong thc Stokes cho tch phan loai 1. Cho F la mot trng vector kha vi trong
N , co b S = C la ng cong nh hng cam sinh bi trng vector tiep xuc n v T sao cho mien S nam pha trai. Khi o
C

(1) Gia s S la mat cong compact trong R3 , nh hng bi trng vector phap n v

< F, T > dl =

< rot F, N > dS.

(2) Gia s V la mien gii noi trong R3 co b V

< F, N > dS =

= S la mat cong nh hng bi trng vector phap n v N hng ra pha ngoai. Khi o
S V

div F dV.

Chng minh: Suy t cong thc Stokes va moi quan he gia tch phan loai 1 va loai 2.

53

Bi tp gii tch 3
1 Bi tp tich phn ph thuc tham s
1

1. Tnh cc gii hn
1+t

1) lim 4) lim

t0 1 1+t t0 t

x2 + t2 dx

2) lim

ln(x + |t|) 5) lim t0 0 ln(x2 + |t2|

t0 t 1

1 dx dx 3) lim 2 + t2 n 0 1 + (1 + x/n)n 1+x /2 x x2 /t2 e dx 6) lim et sin x dx. t 0 t2 1

2. Kho st tnh lin tc ca hm I(t) =

0

tf (x) , trong hm f (x) lin tc x2 + t 2

v d-ng trn on [0, 1]. 3. 1) Tm o hm ca cc tch phn eliptic

/2 /2

E(t) =
0

1 t2 sin2 xdx

F (t) =
0

dx 1 t2 sin2 x

dx.

2) Hy biu din E , F qua cc hm E, F . 3) Chng minh rnh E tha ph-ng trnh vi phn 1 1 E (t) + E (t) + E(t) = 0. t 1 t2 4. Gi s hm f (x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc. Tnh I (t) nu
t t2 x+t

1) I(t) =
0

f (x + t, x t)dx

2) I(t) =
0 xt

sin(x2 + y 2 t2)dy dx.

5. Chng minh rng hm Bessel vi cc ch s nguyn

1 In (t) =
0

cos(nx t sin x)dx,

54 tha mn ph-ng trnh Bessel t2 y + ty + (t2 n2)y = 0.

t

6. Cho hm (x) thuc lp C 1) trn on [0, a] v I(t) =

0

(x)dx . Chng tx

minh rng, vi mi t (0, a) ta c

t

I (t) =
0

(x)dx (0) + . tx t

7. Bng cch ly o hm theo tham s, hy tnh

/2 2 2 2

1) I(t) =
0

ln(t sin x + cos x)dx

2) I(t) =
0

ln(1 2t cos x + t2)dx.

8. Chng t rng, hm I(t) =

0

cos x dx. kh vi lin tc trn R. 1 + (x + t)2

9. Chng minh cng thc Frulanhi

b f (ax) f (bx) dx = f (0) ln , (a > 0, b > 0), x a

0

trong f (x) l hm lin tc v tch phn

f (x) a

c ngha vi mi a > 0.

sin(tx) dx. Chng minh rng x 0 1) D(t) hi t u trn mi on [a, b] khng cha 0. 2) D(t) hi t khng u trn mi on [a, b] cha 0. 10. Xt tch phn Dirichlet D(t) =

11. Xt tch phn I(t) =

0

etx

sin x dx. Chng minh rng x

1) I(t) lin tc trn [0, ) 1 . 2) I(t) kh vi v I (t) = 1 + t2 3) I(t) = arctan(t) + . 2 4) D(1) = I(0) = lim I(t) = , trong D(t) l tch phn Dirichlet. t0 2

55
sin(tx) 0

12. Chng minh rng D(t) =

dx =

sgnt. 2

13. Bng cch ly o hm theo tham s, hy tnh 1)I(t) = 3)I(t) =

0 etx2 0 1 etx esx esx dx, (t, s > 0) 2) I(t) = dx, (t, s > 0) x x 0 ax ln(1 t2 x2) e ebx sin txdx, (a, b > 0). dx, (|t| 1) 4)I(t) = x x2 1 x2 0
2

14. S dng tch phn Dirichlet v cng thc Frulanhi tm gi tr ca cc tch phn sau 1) 4)
0 sin ax cos bx 0 1 3

x x 0 sin ax sin ax dx, (|t| 1) 5) x x 0

dx

2)

sin ax sin bx 2

dx 3) 6)

sin4 0

ax

dx

x2 sin4 ax sin4 bx dx. x

15. S dng cc tch phn Euler tnh cc tch phn sau 4 a dx x 2 2 x2 dx, (a > 0) 2) 1) x a dx 3) 2 3 0 0 (1 + x) 0 1+x /2 1 dx 2 4) dx, (n > 1) 5) sin6 x cos4 xdx 6) x2n ex dx. n 1 xn 0 0 0 16. Hy biu din cc tch phn sau qua cc tch phn Euler
xm1 xm xm (n > 0) 2) dx (a, b, n > 0) 3) dx n n p xn 0 1+x 0 (a + bx ) 0 e /2 ln2 x 5) xpeax ln xdx (a > 0) 6) dx. 4) tann xdx 4 0 0 0 1+x

1)

17. Chng minh cc cng thc Euler ( > 0, p > 0, /2 < < /2). (p) 1) xp1ex cos cos(x sin )dx = p cos p. 0 (p) xp1 ex cos sin(x sin )dx = p sin p. 2) 0

Bai tap

56

II. Tch phan ham tren a tap

1. Cho f : Rn Rm . Chng minh f kha vi lp C p khi va ch khi o th f la a tap kha vi lp C p trong Rn Rm . 2. Cho F : Rn Rm la anh xa kha vi. Goi M la tap con cua Rm cho bi he phng trnh F (x) = 0. Chng minh neu rank F (x) = m vi moi x M , th M la a tap kha vi n m chieu. 3. Cho
(t, ) = (x(t), y(t) cos , y(t) sin ), (t, ) (a, b) (0, 2), la mot a tap kha vi trong R3 . Chng minh cac ng cong toa o la vuong goc vi nhau. Tm vector phap va mat phang tiep xuc. Ap dung: hay tham so hoa mat tru, cau, xuyen. : (a, b) R2 la tham so hoa ng cong trn, (t) = (x(t), y(t)) y(t) > 0. Chng minh mat tron xoay cho bi tham so hoa:

va

4. Cho : (a, b) R2 la tham so hoa mot ng cong trn va p = (p1 , p2 , p3 ) R3 vi p3 = 0. Chng minh mat non cho bi tham so hoa: (t, s) = (1 s)p + s((t), 0), (t, s) (a, b) (0, 1), la a tap kha vi trong R3 . Xac nh cac ng cong toa o, vector phap, mat phang tiep xuc. 5. Kiem tra cac tap cho bi cac phng trnh hay tham so sau la a tap khong. Trong R2 : a) x = a(1 sin t), y = a(1 cos t) b) x = t2 , y = t3 . Trong R3 : a) x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = bt (a, b la ca hang so dng) b) x = 2 cos 2t, y = sin 2t, z = sin 2t x2 y 2 z 2 x2 y 2 x2 y 2 z 2 c) 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 d) 2 + 2 2 = 1 e) 2 + 2 z = 1
a b c a b c a b

f) x = (b + a cos ) cos , y = (b + a cos ) sin , z = a sin g) Tm phng trnh ng thang hay mat phang tiep xuc cho cac a tap tren. 6. Kiem tra cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh sau xac nh a tap co b trong R3 : a) x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1, z 0 b) x2 + y2 a2 , x + y + z = 0 c) x2 + y2 + z 2 a2 , x + z = 0 d) z 2 y2 + x2 , z = a. 7. Chng minh trong R3 , mat cau x2 + y2 + z 2 = a2 khong the cho bi mot tham so hoa, nhng co the cho bi hai tham so hoa. 8. Xac nh phng trnh cua khong gian tiep xuc tai (x0 , f (x0 )) cho a tap bai tap 1.
x2 + y 2 = z 2 y 2 = ax

h)

x2 + y 2 = a2 x+y+z = 0

Bai tap

57

9. Phac hoa cac mat, roi xac nh cac ng cong toa o, vector phap, khong gian tiep xuc cua cac mat cho bi tham so hoa:: a) (t, ) = (t cos , t sin , ). (mat Helicoid).
b) (t, ) = ((1 + t cos 2 ) cos , (1 + t cos ) sin , t sin ), 2 2 (la Mobius)

|t| <

1 , (0, 2). 4

10. Xet a tap M cho bai tap 2. Goi F = (F1 , , Fm ). a) Chng minh khi o khong gian tiep xuc cua M la
Tx M = ker F (x) = {v Rn : < grad F1 (x), v >= =< grad Fm (x), v >= 0 }.

b) Cho f : Rn R. Chng minh neu f at cc tr vi ieu kien x M = {x : g(x) = 0} tai a, th ton tai 1 , , m R, sao cho
grad f (a) = 1 grad F1 (a) + + m grad Fm (a).

11. Xet cc tr ham: a) f (x, y) = ax + by, vi ieu kien x2 + y2 = 1. b) f (x, y, z) = x 2y + 2z , vi ieu kien x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1. c) f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z 2 , vi ieu kien d) f (x, y, z) = xyz , vi cac ieu kien: e) f (x, y, z) = x + y + z , vi cac ieu kien:
x2 y 2 z 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 (a > b > c > 0). a2 b c 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, x + y + z = 0. x x2 + y 2 = 2, x + z = 1.

12. Xet cc tr cac ham: a) f (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z 2 , vi ieu kien x2 + y2 2 z 0. b) f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y2 + 3z 2 , vi ieu kien x2 + y2 + z 2 100. 13. Tm the tch ln nhat cua cac hnh hop ch nhat vi ieu kien dien tch mat la 10m2 . 14. Chng minh trung bnh hnh hoc khong ln hn trung bnh so hoc, i.e.
(a1 an ) n
1

1 (a1 + + an ), n

(a1 , , an > 0)

15. Chng minh bat ang thc (HD: Xet cc tr

n i=1

x + y n xn + y n , (x, y > 0, n N). 2 2 n + yn x , vi ieu kien x + y = s). f (x, y) = 2

16. Chng minh bat ang thc H older:

ai xi (
n i=1

ap ) p ( i

n i=1

xq ) q , i

neu xi , ai > 0,

1 1 + = 1 (p, q > 0). p q

Bai tap

58

Suy ra bat ang thc Milkovski:

n i=1

|ai + xi | ) (
p q

1 p

n i=1

|ai | ) + (
1 q

1 p

n i=1

|xi |q ) q
p

HD: |a + x|p = |a + x||a + x|

|a||a + x| + |x||a + x| q .

17. Chng minh cc tr ham f (x, y) = ax2 + 2bxy + cy2 , vi ieu kien x2 + y2 = 1, b at tai cac vector rieng cua ma tran a c . b 18. Tong quat bai tap tren. Cho A la ma tran thc, oi xng cap n. nh ngha f (x) =< Ax, x >= t xAx, x Rn . Chng minh neu v R n , v = 1: f (v) = max{f (x) : x = 1}, th Av = v . Suy ra moi matran oi xng eu co gia tr rieng thc. 19. Cho u, v R3 . Chng minh
uv =( u
2

v 2 < u, v >) 2 =

dien tch hnh bnh hanh tao bi u, v

Suy ra cac toa o cua u v theo cac toa o cua u, v. 20. Cho h : Rn Rn , h(x) = x, va P la hnh bnh hanh k chieu trong Rn . Tm moi quan he gia cac the tch k chieu Vk (P ) va Vk (h(P )). 21. Tnh cac tch phan ng: a) y2 dl, C la cung cycloid x = a(t sin t), y = a(1 cos t), 0 t 2.
C

b) a. c)

xdl, C zdl, C

la phan ng loga co phng trnh trong toa o cc: la cung xoan x = t cos t, y = t sin t, z = t, 0 t T.

r = a k , r

d) x2 dl, C la cung tron x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1, x + y + z = 0 C (HD: Da vao tnh oi xng cua cac bien) 22. Tnh cac tch phan mat: a) zdS , S la mat x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = v, 0 < u < a, 0 < v < 2.
S

b) c)

S S

zdS , S

la phan mat non z =

x2 + y 2

gii han bi tru x2 + z 2 2az .

(x + y + z)dS , S

la na mat cau x2 + y2 + z 2 = a2 , z 0.
1 1

23. Chng minh cong thc Poisson

x2 +y 2 +z 2 =1

f (ax + by + cz)dS = 2

f (u a2 + b2 + c2 )du.

(HD: Dung phep quay va e y phep quay bao toan ien tch)

Bai tap

59

24. Tnh o dai cac ng cong tham so hoa: a) (t) = (a cos bt, a sin bt, ct), t [0, h] b) (t) = (t cos bt, t sin bt, ct), t [0, h] 25. Cho f : U R la ham kha vi tren tap m U tnh the tch n chieu
Vn (graphf) =
n U

Rn.

Chng minh cong thc

1 2

f 2 1+ ( ) xi i=1

Ap dung tnh o dai Ellip va dien tch mat Ellipsoid. 26. Chng minh cong thc tnh ien tch cho mat tron xoay bai tap 3:
S = 2
b a

y(t)(x (t)2 + y (t)2 ) 2 dt

Ap dung tnh dien tch mat Ellipsoid va mat xuyen. 27. Viet cong thc tnh dien tch mat non cho bai tap 4. Neu mot v du cu the.

III. Dang vi phan.

1. Cho (x, y) = f (r, ) = (r cos , r sin ). Tnh f (dx),
f (dy), f (dx dy).

2. Cho (x, y, z) = f (r, , ) = ( cos sin , sin sin , cos ). Tnh

f (dx), f (dy), f (dz), f (dxdy), f (dy dz), f (dz dx), f (dxdy dz).

3. Cho

f : R n Rm (g f ) = f g .

g : R m Rp

la cac anh xa kha vi. Chng minh

4. Cho f : Rn Rm kha vi va rank f (x) < k vi moi x Rn . Chng minh khi o f = 0 vi moi k (Rm ). 5. Tnh d cac dang vi phan trong trong R3 sau a) = xdx + ydz b) = sin xdx + ydy + exy dz c) = exy dx dz d) = xdy dz + ydz dx + zdx dy. 6. Tm (n 1)-dang vi phan trong Rn sao cho d = dx1 dxn . 7. Gia s 1 v 2 la cac 1-dang ong. Chng minh 1 2 la dang ong. 8. Chng minh dang (x, y, z) = 3 (xdy dz + ydz dx + zdx dy), r vi r2 = x2 + y2 + z 2 , la ong nhng khong khp trong R 3 \ {0}.
1

Bai tap

60
n i=1

9. Cho dang vi phan =

ai (x)dxi

trong cau m tam a cua Rn . Gia s ong.

Chng minh e tm ham f sao cho df = co the dung cac cong thc sau: n 1 ai (a + t(x a))dt xi . a) f (x) =
a1 (x1 , , xn )dx1 + b) f (x) = 1 trong o a = (1 , , n )
i=1 x1 0 x2 2

a2 (1 , x2 , , xn )dx2 + +

xn n

an (1 , 2 , , xn )dxn .

10. Kiem tra tnh ong cua dang , roi tm tch phan au khi a) = (x4 +4xy3 )dx+(6x2 y2 5y4 )dy b) = (x+sin y)dx+(x cos y+sin y)dy c) = ex cos ydx ex sin ydy d) = (x2 + 2xy y2 )dx + (x2 2xy y2 )dy e) = a(x)dx + b(y)dy + c(z)dz , trong o a, b, c la cac ham kha vi tren R. f) = a(x2 + y2 + z 2 )(xdx + ydy + zdz), trong o a la ham kha vi tren R. 11. Xac nh e dang vi phan sau la ong, roi tm tch phan au
= 3x2 y y 3 x3 3xy 2 dx + 2 dy. (x2 + y 2 ) (x + y 2 ) (0) = 0,

12. Xac nh ham : R R, Tm tch phan au.

sao cho dang sau la ong

= (1 + x2 )(x)dx 2xy(x)dy 3zdz.

IV. Tch phan dang vi phan

1. Chng minh mot ng hay mat lien thong nh hng c, th co the nh ung 2 hng. Mot ng hay mat co d thanh phan lien thong nh hng c, th co the nh bao nhieu hng? 2. Neu v du a tap co b khong nh hng c, nhng b nh hng c. 3. Tnh 4. Tnh vi C la ng xoan x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z bt, 0 t 2 , nh hng (a, 0, 0) en (a, 0, 2b).
C

ydx + zdy + xdz ,

a) C la ng tron n v nh hng ngc chieu kim ong ho. b) C ng cong kn khong qua (0, 0).

(x + y)dx (x y)dy , x2 + y 2

khi:

Bai tap

61 vi x, y, r, la cac ham kha vi.

5. Cho : [a, b] R2 \ {0} la mot tuyen. Gia s

(t) = (x(t), y(t)) = (r(t) cos (t), r(t) sin (t)) y(t)x (t) + x(t)y (t) . x2 (t) + y 2 (t) ydx + xdy . Chng minh ong = x2 + y 2 I(, 0) = 1 2 =
b a

a) Chng minh (t) =

nhng khong khp. b) Xet c) nh ngha ch so vong quay cua quanh 0:

y(t)x (t) + x(t)y (t) dt x2 (t) + y 2 (t) t [0, 2].

Tnh ch so tren khi (t) = (a cos kt, a sin kt),

(y 2 z 2 )dx + (z 2 x2 )dy + (x2 y 2 )dz , 6. Tnh C trong o C la chu vi tam giac cau: x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1, x, y, z cam sinh hng phap ngoai mat cau..

0,

nh hng

7. Cho S la o th ham z = x2 + y2 + 1, (x, y) (0, 1)2 . Hay xac nh mot hng cho S roi tnh
S

ydy dz + xzdx dz

8. Tnh tch phan o goc khoi cua mat S oi vi goc 0:

S

xdy dz + ydz dx + zdx dy (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2

trong trng hp S la: a) Mat cau. b) Na mat cau. c) Mot phan tam mat cau. 9. Trong R3 , cho S : 4x2 + y2 + 4z 2 = 4, y 0. a) Phac hoa S va S . 1 b) Tham so hoa S bi (u, v) = (u, 2(1 u2 v2 ) 2 , v). Xac nh hng cho bi tham so . va d . c) Cho = ydx + 3xdz . Tnh
S S

10. Ap dung cong thc Green, tnh: I = nh hng ngc chieu kim ong ho.
a b

xy 2 dy x2 ydx,

vi C : x2 + y2 = a2

11. Ap dung cong thc Green, n dienntch hnh gii han bi ng cong trong R 2 tnh x y cho bi phng trnh + = 1. (a, b, n > 0). 12. Cho I = xdx + ydy + zdz , C vi C la ng tron: x2 + y2 + z 2 = a2 , x + y + z = 0, vi nh hng t chon. a) Tnh trc tiep I . b) Dung cong thc Stokes tnh I .

Bai tap

62

13. Cho S R3 la mat trn co b la ng cong C = S . Gia s C cha trong mat phang co nh ax + by + cz d = 0, (a2 + b2 + c2 = 1). Tnh
C

dx dy dz a b c x y z

14. Cho I = yzdx dy + xzdy dz + xydz dx, S vi S la pha ngoai mat: x2 + y2 = R2 , x, y, z 0, z H . a) Tnh trc tiep I . b) Dung cong thc Gauss-Ostrogradski tnh I . 15. Cho I = 4xdy dz 2y2 dz dx + z 2 dx dy, S vi S la pha ngoai mat gii han bi: x2 + y2 4, 0 z 3. a) Tnh trc tiep I . b) Dung cong thc Gauss-Ostrogradski tnh I . 16. Tnh I(t) = P (x2 + y2 )dx dy + Q(y, z)dy dz + R(z, x)dz dx, St vi P, Q, R la cac ham kha vi, St = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y2 + (z 1)2 = t2 , z 0}. Suy ra I (t). 17. Cho =
n i=1

ai dxi 1 (U ), vi U

la tap m, co rut c trong Rn Chng minh

cac ieu sau tng ng: (i) la khp, i.e. ton tai ham f : = df . (ii) la ong, i.e. d = 0. a a (iii) i = j , vi moi i, j = 1, , n. (iv) (iv)
xj
C

= 0,

xi

vi moi ng cong kn C .

Ca,b

ch phu thuoc a, b ma khong phu thuoc ng cong C a,b noi chung.

18. Kiem tra ket qua bai tren khi = a) f (x2 + y2 )(xdx + ydy) b) f (x)dx + g(y)dy + h(z)dz c) f (x + y + z)(dx + dy + dz) d) f ( x2 + y2 + z 2 )(xdx + ydy + zdz), trong o f, g la cac ham lp C 1 .
f (x2 + y 2 )(ydx + xdy), vi f la ham lp C 1 . 19. Xet C Chng minh tch phan tren khong phu thuoc dang cua ng cong phu thuoc 2 au mut cua C . C

ma ch

20. Tm ieu kien cho cac ham P, Q thuoc lp C 2 sao cho

C

P (tx, ty)dx + Q(tx, ty)dy,

khong phu thuoc t, vi moi ng cong kn C .

Bai tap
cos(N, r)

63

dS , trong o r = (x, y, z), S la mat trn, 21. Tnh tch phan Gauss r 2 S kn trong R3 , 0 S , va N la trng phap, n v, hng ngoai.

22. Cho V R3 la khoi gii han bi mat tr7n, kn S , va N = (cos , cos , cos ) la trng phap vector n v nh hng mat S . Chng minh: a) cos(N, v)dS = 0, vi moi hng v Rn . S b) The tch cua V cho bi cong thc
V = 1 3
S

(x cos + y cos + z cos )dS < F, N > dS = (a + b + c)V . = x2 + y 2 ,

c) Neu F (x, y, z) = (ax, by, cz), th 23. Tnh

F (t) =
S

va f (x, y) x2 + y 2 + z 2 1; va f (x, y) = 0 trong trng hp ngc lai.

f dS ,

vi

S : x + y + z = t,

neu

((cos z cos y) cos + (cos x cos z) cos + (cos y cos x) cos ) dS , 24. Tnh S vi S la pha tren mat cau x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1, va , , la cac goc tao bi trng phap vector cua S vi cac truc toa o. (x2 cos + y 2 cos + z 2 cos )dS , 25. Tnh S vi S la mat non gii han mien: x2 + y2 z 2 , 0 z h, nh hng bi trng phap vector N = (cos , cos , cos ) hng ra ngoai.

26. Cho trng vector F (x, y, z) = (x2 z, 2y3 z 2 , xy2 z). Tnh div F rot F = F . 27. Chng minh rot(grad )f lp C 2 )
= 0,

=< , F >

va

va div(rot F )= 0 (f la ham, F la trng vector

28. Trng vector F = (F1 , , Fn ) tren U Rn , goi la trng the neuu ham f kha vi tren U , sao cho F = grad f (goi la ham the) a) F la trng the khi va ch khi F = F1 dx1 + + Fn dxn la dang khp. (x, y, z) b) Trng hap dan F (x, y, z) = m 2 2 2 3 co la trng the? Neu co tm ham the cua no.
C S

(x + y + z ) 2

29. Trong R3 , cho trng vector F . Th giai thch tai sao trong vat ly ngi ta goi a) < F, T > ds la cong cua trng F doc theo ng cong C . b)
< F, N > dS

la thong lng dong F qua mat cong cong S .

30. Trong R3 cho trng vector kha vi F . Chng minh

div F (x0 ) = lim
r0

1 Vr

Sr

< F, N > dS,

Bai tap

64

Vi Vr la the tch hnh cau tam x0 ban knh r, vi Sr la b va N la trng phap vector n v tren Sr . 31. Cho S la mat gii han khoi V va N trng phap vector n v tren S . Chng minh div N dV = dien tch (S) the tch (V )
V

32. Cho , la cac ham lp C 2 tren mien gii noi V R3 , co b la mat kn S , nh hng bi trng phap vector n v N hng ra pha ngoai. Chng minh a) Cong thc Green th nhat:
V

(+ < , > dV =

< , N > dS

b) Cong thc Green th hai:

V

( > dV =

< , N > dS

trong o =< , >=

2 2 2 + 2 + 2, x2 y z

la toan t Laplace.