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An ton v sinh lao ng
Ti liu dnh cho ging vin An ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc an ton
V ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan
Trong s dng in Trong s dng in
Thc hin trong khun kh
D n Nng cao Nng lc Hun luyn An ton V sinh Lao ng Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)
Muc tiu ca D n: Tng cng cng tc an ton v sinh lao ng, gp phn gim
tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip ni lm vic; ci thin quan h x hi gia
cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cc t chc i din ca ngi lao ng v ngi s
dng lao ng thng qua tng cng nng lc ca Trung tm Hun luyn An ton -
V sinh Lao ng, cng c h thng hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng, xy dng
chnh sch hun luyn v dch v hun luyn v an ton - v sinh lao ng cho cc
i tc x hi m bo an ton v sinh lao ng v iu kin lao ng.
Vn phng T chc Lao ng Quc t tai Vit Nam
48-50 Nguyn Thi Hoc, H Ni, Vit Nam
Tel: 84 43 7340902 * Fax: 84 43 7340904
UT BN L NG NHA X AO - X HI
Ti liu dnh cho ging vin An ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc an ton
Trong s dng in
An ton v sinh lao ng
V ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan
Trong s dng in
D n Nng cao Nng lc
Hun luyn ATVSL Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)

1
D n Nng cao Nng lc
Hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng vit nam
(Vie/05/01/LUX)









(Ti liu dnh cho ging vin an ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc
an ton v ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan)










Nh xut bn Lao ng - X hi
H Ni - 2008

2
Bn quyn @ T chc Lao ng Quc t 2008
Xut bn ln th nht nm 2008
n phm ca T chc Lao ng Quc t (International Labour Organization)
c hng qui ch bn quyn theo Ngh nh Th s 2 ca Cng c Bn quyn
Ton cu. Tuy nhin, mt s trch on ngn t nhng n phm ny c th c ti
s dng m khng cn xin php vi iu kin phi nu r ngun trch dn. Mi hot
ng ti bn hoc bin dch ton b n phm ny phi c Phng Xut bn (Quyn
v Giy php) ca T chc Lao ng Quc t, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Thy S; hoc
qua email pubdroit@ilo.org. T chc Lao ng Quc t sn sng tip nhn cc yu
cu cp php.
Cc th vin, cc vin nghin cu v cc c quan khc c ng k ti cc t
chc quyn ti bn c th sao chp trong phm vi giy php c cp cho mc
ch ny. tham kho thng tin v cc c quan ng k quyn ti bn quc gia
ca bn, hy truy cp ti a ch http://www.ifrro.org
An ton v sinh lao ng trong s dng in / Safety in electrical use
Ti liu dnh cho ging vin an ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc an ton v
ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan
ISBN: 978-92-2-821633-2 (bn in/print)
ISBN: 978-92-2-821634-9 (bn pdf / web pdf)
c thc hin trong khun kh D n nng cao nng lc hun luyn an ton v
sinh Lao ng (VIE/05/01/LUX) do Chnh ph Luxembourg ti tr.
Cc ch nh trong cc n phm tun theo quy nh ca Lin Hip Quc v khng
c th hin bt c quan im no ca T chc Lao ng Quc t v quy ch php l
hoc ranh gii lnh th ca bt c quc gia, khu vc, lnh th hoc chnh quyn no.
Cc tc gi chu trch nhim hon ton v cc kin th hin trong cc bi vit,
nghin cu v trong cc ti liu lin quan. n phm ny khng phi l s xc nhn
ca T chc Lao ng Quc t v cc quan im th hin trong .
Nhng dn chng v tn cng ty, sn phm v qui trnh thng mi khng ng
th hin s xc nhn ca Vn phng Lao ng Quc t. Bt c cng ty, sn phm
hoc qui trnh thng mi no khng c nu trong n phm cng khng nhm th
hin s phn i ca T chc Lao ng Quc t.
Cc n phm ca ILO hin c mt cc ca hng sch hoc ti cc Vn phng
ILO cc nc, hoc trc tip ti Phng Xut bn ca T chc Lao ng Quc t,
CH-1211, Geneva 22, Thy S. Catolog hoc danh mc cc n phm mi c th ly
min ph ti a ch nu trn hoc qua email: pubvente@ilo.org.
Xin tham kho ti trang web ca chng ti: www.ilo.org/publns
In ti Vit Nam


1



Li ni u

Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh hnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh
nghip trn c nc c xu hng gia tng, trong c nhiu v tai nn lao
ng nghim trng lm cht, b thng nhiu ngi v thit hi nhiu v ti
sn. Cc quy nh ca php lut v hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng ngy
cng c hon thin v c th hn. Cc cp, cc ngnh v cc doanh
nghip quan tm, ch trng vic hun luyn v an ton v sinh lao ng.
Tuy nhin qua iu tra v nhu cu hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng trong
nm 2007 cho thy cng tc hun luyn v an ton v sinh lao ng cn
nhiu hn ch, bt cp nh: T l hun luyn cn thp v mang tnh hnh
thc, s lng ging vin cn thiu v cha c o to c bi bn, phng
php hun luyn cha ph hp, cha c nhng b gio trnh chun v cc
ni dung hun luyn phc v cho tng i tng hun luyn...
gp phn thc hin tt cc mc tiu Chng trnh Quc gia v Bo
h lao ng n nm 2010 do Chnh ph ban hnh, trong c mc tiu
trung bnh hng nm gim 5% tn sut tai nn lao ng trong cc ngnh,
lnh vc c nguy c cao v tai nn lao ng (Khai khong, xy dng v s
dng in), Cc An ton Lao ng, B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi
phi hp vi T chc Lao ng Quc t trong khun kh D n nng
cao nng lc hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX) do Chnh ph Luxembourg ti tr thc hin vic bin son
4 b ti liu cho bn ngnh c nguy c cao v an ton v sinh lao ng sau:
1. An ton v sinh lao ng trong sn xut c kh
2. An ton v sinh lao ng trong thi cng xy dng
3. An ton v sinh lao ng trong khai thc m
4. An ton v sinh lao ng trong s dng in

2
Bn b ti liu ny c bin son trn c s nghin cu v k tha cc
ti liu quc t v trong nc, cc tiu chun v quy chun v an ton v
sinh lao ng cng nh cc bo co nghin cu khoa hc ca cc chuyn
gia trong bn ngnh ni trn. Ni dung ti liu ch yu a ra nhng kin
thc chung, c bn v an ton cho tng ngnh/lnh vc lm c s cho vic
bin son bi ging cho cc i tng c lin quan. Ti liu c chnh
sa trn c s tip thu kin gp ca chuyn gia cc ngnh, a phng
v lnh vc ny. Ty theo tng i tng cn hun luyn m c th tham
kho, chn lc nhng ni dung thit yu v b tr thi lng ph hp vi
tng i tng.
Ban qun l D n xin chn thnh cm n cc tc gi c tn sau y
tham gia bin son, chnh sa, hiu nh b ti liu: ng Nguyn Mnh
Khang, ng o Anh Tun, b Trn Th Vn Thu v cc cn b t Trung
tm Hun luyn An ton V sinh Lao ng; v c bit cm n cc kin
phn bin, nhn xt ca ng Phng Huy Dt, Ph ban Bo h Lao ng,
Tng lin on Lao ng Vit Nam; v s ng gp ca cc ng nghip
hon thnh b ti liu An ton v sinh lao ng trong s dng in ny.
Ti liu c bin son ln u nn khng trnh khi thiu st, D n
VIE/05/01/LUX v Ban son tho rt mong c s ng gp qu bu ca
cc chuyn gia v ng nghip./.

V Nh Vn
Ph Cc trng Cc An ton Lao ng
Trng ban Qun l D n







3


Chng 1
CC KHI NIM C BN V AN TON IN


I. HIN TNG DNG IN I TRONG T V S PHN
B IN TCH TRN MT T
Trng hp dy dn b t ri xung t hay cch in ca thit b in
b chc thng, s c dng in chm t.
V phng din an ton, dng in chm t lm thay i c bn
trng thi ca mng in (in p gia t v dy dn thay i, xut hin
cc in th khc nhau gia cc im trn mt t v gn ch chm t).
Dng in i vo t s to nn im chm t mt vng dng in d
trong t v in p trong vng ny phn b theo mt nh lut nht nh
(hnh 1.1).

Hnh 1.1

Bng tnh ton v thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng in p trong
vng ny phn b theo dng hypebn v c ng cong phn b in p
nh sau:
Hnh bn cu
I

4

Hnh 1.2

in p ti mt im no y trn mt t (im A) gn ch chm t
c tnh theo cng thc:
U
x
= U

. X

/ X = K. 1/X (CT 1.1)

Trong :
X: Khong cch t im A n im chm t
U
x
: in p ti im A
U

: in p trn vt ni t.
X

: Bn knh vt ni t.
K = U

. X

(CT 1.2)
Ti im chm t U

= U
max
.
Trong vng cch vt ni t gn 1m c khong 68% in p ri.
Nhng im trn mt t nm ngoi 20m cch ch chm t thc t c
th xem nh ngoi vng dng in nguy him (hay cn gi l nhng im
c in p = 0 t).
Trong khi i vo trong t, dng in tn b in tr ca t cn tr.
in tr ny gi l in tr tn hay in tr ca vt ni t.
R

= U

/I

(CT 1.3)
Trong :
U

: in p ging trn vt ni t.
I

: Dng in chy qua vt ni t vo trong t.

5
II. IN P TIP XC
Trong qu trnh tip xc vi thit b in, nu mch in khp kn qua ngi
th in p ging trn ngi ln hay b tu thuc vo in tr khc mc ni tip
vi thn ngi. Phn in p t vo ngi gi l in p tip xc (U
tx
).
V chng ta nghin cu an ton trong iu kin chm vo mt cc (mt
pha) l ch yu, nn c th xem U
tx
l th gia 2 im trn ng dng in
i qua m ngi c th chm phi. r hn chng ta xt v d sau:
C 2 ng c 1 v 2. V cc ng c ny ni vi vt ni t c in tr
R

. ng c 1 b chc thng cch in ca 1 pha.

Trong trng hp ny vt ni t v v cc thit b u mang in p
i vi t l:
U

= I

.R

Ngi chm vo bt k ng c no cng c th l U

. Mt khc th
ca chn ngi (U
ch
) ph thuc vo khong cch t ch ng n vt ni
t. Kt qu l ngi b tc dng ca in p:
U
tx
= U

- U
ch
(CT 1.4)

Hnh 1.3
Cng xa vt ni t U
ch
cng nh. Nu > 20m, U
ch
= 0 U
tx
= U

.
Trong trng hp chung c th biu din:
U
tx
= .U

Trong : l h s tip xc.
Trong thc t U
tx
lun < U

(in p ging trn vt ni t).

6
III. IN P BC
Khi 1 pha chm t hoc 1 thit b no b chc thng cch in, ta c
s phn b th nh sau:
in p i vi t ch trc tip chm t: U

= I

. R


Hnh 1.4
in p gia 2 chn ngi do dng in chm t to nn gi l in p
bc.
U
b
= U
x
- U
x+a
= K (
x
1
-
a x
1
+
) =
) a x ( x
a . K
+
(CT 1.5)
Trong :
K = U

. X

a: di bc (khong 0,8 m)
x: Khong cch n ch chm t.
T cng thc trn ta thy:
+ Cng xa vt ni t, U
b
cng nh.
+ Nhng im cch xa vt ni t 20m U
b
xp x bng 0
+ Nhng vng trn ng th (hay nhng mt cu ng th) l nhng
vng trn (hay mt cu ng tm) m tm im l ch chm t. U
b
= 0 khi
2 chn ngi ng trong vng trn ng th.

7
Nh vy s ph thuc i vi khong cch n ch chm t ca U
b
tri
ngc vi U
tx
.
in p bc c tr s kh ln nn d khng tiu chun ho U
b
nhng
m bo an ton, qui nh l khi c chm t phi cm ngi n gn
ch b chm t vi khong cch sau:
+ T 4 m 5 m i vi thit b trong nh.
+ T 8 m 10 m vi thit b ngoi tri.
Ngi ta khng tiu chun ho U
b
cng nh U
tx
m ch tiu chun ho
in p i vi t - l in p ng vi dng in chm t tnh ton
trong bt k thi gian no ca nm u khng vt qu:
+ 250V i vi in p > 1000V.
+ 40V i vi in p < 1000V.
Dng in i qua chn ngi, khng qua c quan h hp tun hon
nn t nguy him hn, nhng vi tr s in p bc khong 100V n
250V, cc bp c c th b co rt lm ngi ng lm thay i s u
in. Qui trnh kim tra v s dng cc phng tin bo v ca Lin X
(c) qui nh: khi i li trong cc trm ngoi tri, phi dng ng cch in
nu U
b
> 40V.
IV. IN P CHO PHP
in tr c th con ngi thng rt khc nhau (in tr ngi nh:
4 7k; in tr ngi ln: 13 17k) v l hm ca nhiu bin s. Mi
bin s li ph thuc vo nhng hon cnh khc nhau, nn trong nhiu
trng hp khng th d on trc c tr s dng in qua ngi. V th
xc nh gii hn an ton cho ngi, khng da vo
"
dng in an ton
"

m phi theo in p cho php.
Dng in p cho php s tin li v mi mng in c mt in p
tng i n nh.
Thc t cho thy rng in p th cp my hn (< 65V) vn lm cht
ngi. V nhng ni c bit nguy him c khi xy ra tai nn thit b
in p 12V.

8
Tiu chun in p cho php mi nc mt khc:
- Ba Lan, Thu S, Tip Khc: U
cp
= 50V.
- H Lan, Thuy in, Php: U
cp
= 24V.
- Lin X (c): tu theo mi trng lm vic m U
cp
c cc tr s: 65V;
36V v 12V...
Vit Nam: U
cp
i vi chiu sng cc b cc my cng c, chiu
sng nhng ni nguy him (trong bung kn, hm m...) l 36V v 24V.
Cn nhng ni c bit nguy him ly U
cp
= 12V.
V. MT S THUT NG C BN KHC
1. Mng in h p c trung tnh cch ly (S IT): Mng in c
trung tnh th cp my bin p hoc my pht in khng ni vi ni t
hoc c ni vi b ni t qua mt tng tr ln hoc qua thit b pht
tn hiu, o lng, bo v, dp h quang, cn v ca cc thit b in
c ni t.
2. Mng in h p c trung tnh ni t trc tip: Mng in c
trung tnh th cp ca my bin p hoc my pht in ni trc tip vi ni
t hoc ni vi b ni t qua mt in tr nh (v d qua my bin dng),
cn v ca cc thit b in c ni vi dy "khng", bao gm s TN-
C, TN-C-S hay TN-S.
3. Chm t: l s ni in bt ng gia nhng b phn c mang in
p ca thit b in vi nhng cu trc khc hoc vi t trc tip. Dng
in chm t l dng in i vo t qua ch b chm.
4. Dy "khng" (PEN): Dy trung tnh trong mng h p 3 pha, 4 dy
m im trung tnh c ni t trc tip.
5. Dy bo v (PE): Dy ch dng cho mc ch bo v ni "khng", c
tch t dy "khng" khi bo v thit b 1 pha, hoc l dy th 5 trong mng
in 3 pha, 5 dy (S TN-S), hoc l dy ni t trong s IT v TT.
Ch thch
Dy "khng" va lm nhim v l dy trung tnh dn in (N), va
lm nhim v l dy bo v (PE) (S TN-C). Khi p dng ni "khng"

9
cho thit b in 1 pha, t dy "khng" phi tch ra lm 2 dy l: Dy trung
tnh (N) v dy bo v (PE) (S TN-C-S). (Trong s TN-C-S, s
TN-C khng bao gi c s dng sau TN-S. im tch PE khi PEN
thng l im u ca li in).
6. Dy ni "khng": Dy dn ni v ca thit b in cn bo v ni
"khng" vi dy "khng" (PEN) hoc vi dy bo v (PE).
7. Dy ni t: Dy dn ni cc b phn cn bo v vi in cc ni
t.
8. Ni "khng": Bin php bo v khi ni v ca thit b in vi dy
"khng", khi c chm v s hnh thnh ngn mch 1 pha, dng in ngn
mch gy tc ng thit b bo v ct dng in ngun n ch chm v.
9. Ni t: Ni mt im ca mch in hoc v ca thit b in vi
trang b ni t.
10. Ni t bo v: Ni v ca thit b in vi trang b ni t gim
in p chm t n mc an ton cho ngi vn hnh v m bo thi gian
tc ng ca thit b bo v khi c s c chm v.
11. Ni t lm vic: Ni im trung tnh my bin p hoc mt im
no ca dy trung tnh ca mng vi trang b ni t, nhm bo m ch
lm vic ca mng in v khc phc nhanh s c.
12. Ni t lp li: Ni dy "khng" vi trang b ni t gim nh
in p trn dy "khng".
13. Trang b ni t: Kt cu bao gm cc in cc ni t v dy ni
t.
14. in cc ni t: Cc vt dn in hay mt nhm cc vt dn in
c lin kt vi nhau v tip xc trc tip vi t.
15. in cc ni t nhn to: Cc in cc c thit k, lp t v
s dng cho mc ch ni t.
16. in cc ni t t nhin: Cc kt cu kim loi c sn ca cc
ng ng ca nh v cng trnh tip xc trc tip vi t v c phi hp
s dng cho mc ch ni t.

10
17. ng trc ni t hoc ni "khng": Phn dy ni t hoc ni
"khng" ko di ni n cc thit b in cn bo v.
18. Vng in th "khng": l vng t ngoi phm vi vng tn ca
dng in chm t.
19. in p trn trang b ni t: in p gia im dng in i vo
cc ni t v vng in th "khng" khi dng in t in cc ni t tn
vo t.
20. in tr trang b ni t (cn gi l in tr ni t): T s gia
in p trn trang b ni t v dng in vo trang b ni t.
21. Thit b iu khin: Mt t hp bao gm cc phn t iu khin,
o lng, iu chnh cng vi cc thit b c lin quan ti chng v c b
sung hon chnh bng cc lin kt c in bn trong, cc kt cu chu lc v
v che chn.
22. T iu khin: V cha cc kh c in v thit b iu khin, c
lp t trn my hoc tch ri so vi my.
23. Hc: Mt v tr trong my hoc trong t iu khin c bao kn
mi pha, nhng c ca lp rp, quan st hoc thng gi cho cc thit b
in bn trong.
24. Knh: Cc rnh hoc mng, ng... ch dng t v bo v dy dn.
25. ng dn: Knh c ch to di dng ng c thnh cng hoc
mm bng vt liu kim loi hoc phi kim loi bo v dy dn.
26. Mch ng lc: Mch dng phn phi in nng t ngun in
n cc thit b trc tip thc hin cc thao tc cng ngh.
27. Mch iu khin: Mch dng iu khin hot ng ca my v
bo v mch ng lc.
28. Thit b ng ct: Nhng thit b dng ng hoc ngt mt hoc
nhiu mch.
29. Thit b iu khin: Thit b trong mch iu khin dng iu
khin my.

11
30. C cu dn ng ca thit b iu khin bng tay: Nhng cm
ca h thng dn ng m phi dng cc ngoi lc tc ng vo n khi thao
tc (v d: cc nt n, cn iu khin...).
31. Cch in lm vic: Cch in m bo cho thit b lm vic
bnh thng v bo v ch yu chng in git.
32. Cch in b sung: Cch in c lp b sung cho cch in lm
vic bo v chng in git khi cch in lm vic b h hng.
33. Cch in kp: Cch in kt hp c cch in lm vic v cch
in b sung.
34. Cch in tng cng: Cch in lm vic c ci tin vi cc
tnh cht c in bo m mc bo v chng in git nh cch in
kp.
Ni t thit b in c phn loi theo mc nguy him nh sau:
35. Ni nguy him v in: Ni c mt trong nhng yu t sau:
1- m tng i trong khng kh vt qu 75% trong thi gian di
hoc c bi dn in (bi bm vo dy dn, lt vo trong thit b in).
2- Nn nh dn in (nn nh bng kim loi, t, b tng ct thp...).
3- Nhit cao (c nhit vt qu 35
o
C trong thi gian di hn 24
gi).
4- Nhng ni ngi c th tip xc ng thi mt bn l cc kt cu
kim loi ca nh xng, cc thit b my mc ni t v mt bn v kim
loi ca thit b in c nguy c chm v.
36. Ni c bit nguy him v in: Ni c mt trong nhng yu t
sau:
1- Rt m (c m tng i ca khng kh xp x 100% - b mt
trn, tng, sn nh v vt trong nh c ng sng).
2- Mi trng c hot tnh ha hc (thng xuyn hay trong thi gian
di cha hi, kh, cht lng c th to nn cc cht, nm mc dn n ph
hy cch in v cc b phn mang in ca thit b in).

12
3- ng thi c hai yu t tr ln ni nguy him v in nu khon
36, iu ny.
37. Ni t nguy him v in: Ni khng thuc hai loi trn.
38. Thit tr in: Cng trnh in tp hp thit b in dng sn
xut, bin i, truyn dn, phn phi v tiu th in nng.
39. Cng vic lm ct in hon ton: Cng vic tin hnh m tt
c cc ngun dn in n u c ct in.
40. Cng vic lm ct in mt phn: Cng vic tin hnh m
ch c mt s phn mang in c ct in. Nhng phn mang in cn li
phi thc hin cc bin php ngn cch khng cho ngi lm vic chm
phi.
41. Cng vic lm khng ct in: Cng vic lm trc tip trn nhng
phn mang in.
42. in p an ton: in p khng vt qu 36V i vi ngun in
xoay chiu v 48V i vi ngun in mt chiu. in p ny phi c
cp t ngun cung cp in an ton.
43. Cc k hiu quc t (xem Ph lc 11).













13


Chng 2
TC HI CA DNG IN I VI C TH CON NGI

I. KHI NIM CHUNG
in nng ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong sn xut cng nh i
sng. in gp phn nng cao nng xut lao ng, gim nh cng lao
ng, ci thin iu kin sinh hot, vn ho v tinh thn ca nhn dn...
Tuy nhin, in cng gy ra nhng tai nn, s c ht sc nghim trng
nu khng tun th nhng qui chun, tiu chun v an ton trong sn xut,
qun l v tiu th in.
Theo thng k hng nm: tai nn lao ng cht ngi do in chim
khong hn 10% tng s tai nn lao ng cht ngi ni chung, thm ch c
nm chim ti 20% tng s tai nn lao ng cht ngi.
Khoa hc hin nay phn tch y v tc hi ca dng in i vi
c th con ngi.
Thc t cho thy khi chm vo vt c mang in p, con ngi s chu
tc ng bi dng in i qua ngi. Tc hi sinh l do dng in gy ln
nh: hu hoi b phn thn kinh iu khin cc gic quan, lm t lit c tht,
sng mng phi, hu hoi c quan h hp v tun hon...
Tai nn in thng xy ra trong cc trng hp sau:
- Do chm phi nhng b phn bng kim loi ca thit b in khi cch
in b hng.
- Do chm phi vt dn c mang in p.
- Do in p bc, xut hin ch dng in i vo t.
- Do h quang khi ng ct in hoc vi phm khong cch an ton li
in.
Do in tch tnh in

14


Hnh 2.1 Hnh 2.2




Hnh 2.3

II. NHNG YU T LIN QUAN N TAI NN IN
Nghin cu v chn thng in, ngi ta xc nh c cc yu t
lin quan n tai nn in l:
- in tr ca c th ngi.
- Loi v tr s dng in i qua ngi.
- Thi gian dng in i qua ngi.
- ng i ca dng in qua c th ngi.
- Tn s dng in i qua c th ngi.
- c im ca ngi b in git.

15
1. in tr ca c th ngi (R
ng
)
1.1. in tr ca ngi (R
ng
) l tr s in tr o c gia 2 in cc
t trn c th ngi. C th chia in tr ngi thnh hai phn
- in tr lp da 2 ch in cc t ln (dy t 0,05 0,2 mm), c
coi l cch in tt; in tr sut t 1 triu 10 triu cm
- in tr ca cc b phn bn trong c th: in tr sut t 100 200 cm
in tr ca lp da ngoi do in tr ca lp sng trn da quyt nh.
Chnh v vy, tu theo v tr khc nhau m in tr ca da cng khc nhau.

V d: in tr ca bn tay gp 10 50 ln in tr da mt. Hoc nu xem
in tr gia hai bn tay l 1 th in tr gia 2 bn chn l 1,3.
in tr ca c th ngi l i lng khng n nh, n c th thay i
trong mt phm vi rt ln khong 1.000 100.000
1.2. in tr ca c th ngi ph thuc vo nhng yu t sau
a) Tnh trng da kh hay m, sch hay bn, nguyn vn hay xy xt
- Bnh thng da kh ro sch s, khng xy xt th R
ng
= 3.000
100.000 (o khi U = 15 20V).
Nu co sch lp sng: R
ng
= 1.000 5.000.
Khi mt lp da ngoi (biu b) th R
ng
= 500 700 v khi mt hon
ton da th R
ng
ch cn 100 200.
Trong tnh ton ly R
ng
= 1000.
m ca da cng nh hng n R
ng.
V d: Tay t c mui th R
ng
gim

30 n 50%. Cn vi nc ct th R
ng
gim 15 n 35 %. S d nh
vy v khi da b m, nc ho tan cc mui khong v axt ca c th bi
tit qua m hi lm cho da tr thnh dn in hn.
Da b bn lm cho R
ng
gim v cc ht bi nh bi than, bi kim loi dn
in rt tt. Cc loi bi bm vo da lm gim in tr ca da. Ngoi ra cc
loi bi bn dn in chui vo ming cc tuyn m hi, tuyn nhn to thnh
nhng mch dn in lu di da lm cho in tr da gim xung.

16
b) V tr tip xc, din tch tip xc v lc tip xc
- Do cu to khng ng nht, dy lp sng ca da v s phn b cc
tuyn m hi trn c th cc v tr khc nhau cng khc nhau. V vy, R
ng

thay i ty thuc vo v tr tip xc.
- Din tch tip xc cng ln th R
ng
cng nh. Vi in p b (50 n
60V) c th xem in tr ca da t l nghch vi din tch tip xc:
Khi din tch tip xc = 8 cm
2
R
ng
= 7000.
Khi din tch tip xc = 24 cm
2
R
ng
= 3300.
Khi din tch tip xc = 400 cm
2
R
ng
= 1000.
- Khi da ngi b d mnh trn cc in cc R
ng
.
c) Thi gian tc dng ca dng in qua ngi cng lu, R
ng
cng gim
do da b t nng v c s thay i v in phn.
d) Cc tham s ca mch in nh dng in v in p
- Khi c dng in qua ngi, R
ng
gim i. S d nh vy l do lc c
dng in i vo thn ngi, da b t nng, m hi thot ra lm R
ng
.
Th nghim cho thy:
Vi I
~
= 0,5 mA R
ng
=4500.
I
~

= 2 mA R
ng
= 2000.
I_ = 0,5 mA R
ng
= 1200.
I _ = 2 mA R
ng
= 8000.
- in p rt nh hng n R
ng,
v ngoi hin tng in phn cn c
hin tng chc thng. Vi lp da mng, hin tng chc thng c th
xut hin in p t 10 n 30V. Nhng ni chung nh hng ca in p
th hin r nht vi tr s in p > 250V. Lc ny in tr ngi c th
xem tng ng vi lc ngi b bc ht lp da ngoi.
in p mt chiu, c th khng c in dung v in ng cc phn
tng ln. Do trng hp in p mt chiu R
ng
ln hn trng hp
in p xoay chiu.

17

Hnh 2.4: S ph thuc ca R
ng
vo in p ng vi cc thi gian tip
xc khc nhau

e) Cc yu t sinh l v mi trng xung quanh
in tr ca nam ln hn n, gi ln hn tr. Nhng kch thch bt ng
i vi ngi nh: chm hoc nh, m thanh, nh sng cng lm cho R
ng
gim. Hm lng xy trong khng kh tng (d ch trong thi gian ngn)
cng lm cho R
ng
gim...
S d nh vy l do phn ng ca c th di tc dng nhit ca mi
trng, lm tng s cung cp mu v lm mch mu dn n, R
ng
gim.
Dng in c tr s khong 100mA c kh nng gy cht ngi. Tuy
nhin c trng hp tr s dng in khong 5 n 10 mA lm cht
ngi. S d nh vy l do mc kch thch h thng thn kinh v kh
nng chu ng ca mi ngi nh hng quyt nh n mc tn
thng. i vi mi ngi, kh nng chu ng khc nhau. Khi ung
ru m b tai nn in th mc tn thng cng tng ln.
in tr ca c th ngi c th c biu din bng s thay th
sau:

18
R1
R2
R3
X1
X2
X3

Hnh 2.5
Trong :
R
1
, X
1
: Tr khng ca da pha dng in i vo.
R
2
, X
2
: Tr khng pha dng in i ra.
R
3
, X
3
: Tr khng cc c quan bn trong thn ngi.
2. Loi v tr s ca dng in git
Dng in l yu t vt l trc tip gy ra tn thng. R
ng
, U
ng
ch l
cc i lng bin i dng in qua ngi m thi.
Vi mt tr s dng in nht nh, s tc ng ca n vo c th ngi
hu nh khng thay i.
T thc nghim, ngi ta o c cc tr s dng in gy tc hi
ln c th ngi nh sau:
Dng in
(mA)
Tc dng ca dng xoay chiu
(50 n 60 Hz)
Tc dng ca dng
mt chiu
0,6 n 1,5 Bt u thy ngn tay t. Khng c cm gic g
2 n 3 Ngn tay t rt mnh. Khng c cm gic g
5 n 7 Bp tht co li v rung. au nh kim chm, thy nng.

19
Dng in
(mA)
Tc dng ca dng xoay chiu
(50 n 60 Hz)
Tc dng ca dng
mt chiu
8 n 10 Tay kh ri vt mang in.
Ngn tay, khp tay lng bn tay
thy au.
Nng tng ln.
20 n 25 Tay khng ri c vt mang
in, au, kh th.
Nng tng ln, tht co qup li
nhng cha mnh.
50 n 80 Th b t lit, tim bt u p
mnh.
Nng mnh, bp tht tay co rt,
kh th.
90 n 100 Th b t lit, nu ko di 3 giy
tim b t lit dn ti ngng p.
Th b t lit.

Qua bng trn ta thy: Dng in qua ngi cng ln cng nguy him.
Dng in bt u gy nguy him cho ngi l 20 25mA (xoay chiu) v
50 n 80 mA (mt chiu). Lm cht ngi l 100mA.
Tuy nhin khi xt v tai nn in, khng nn ch n thun theo tr s
dng in m phi xt n mi trng, hon cnh xy ra tai nn v sc chu
ng ca c th nn nhn. C nh vy mi c th l gii c nhiu trng
hp in p nh, tr s dng in khng ln hn tr s dng in gy chong
bao nhiu, c th gy cht ngi.
Khi nghin cu cc hin tng sinh l hc v in git, cc nh khoa
hc ca Lin X dng cc phng php o lng c bit v thn trng
chng minh rng: c khi dng in ch 5 10 mA gy cht ngi. Chnh
v vy, hin nay vi dng in xoay chiu tn s 50 60Hz, tr s dng in
an ton ly bng 10 mA.
3. Thi gian dng in i qua ngi
Yu t thi gian tc dng ca dng in vo c th ngi rt quan trng
v biu hin di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau.
- Thi gian tc dng cng lu, R
ng
cng gim v lp da b nng dn v
lp sng trn da b chc thng cng nhiu, tc hi ca dng in vo c th
ngi cng tng ln.
- Khi dng in tc ng trong thi gian ngn th tnh cht nguy him
ph thuc vo nhp p ca tim. Mi chu k co dn ca tim ko di 1
giy. Trong chu k c khong 0,1 giy tim ngh lm vic (gia trng thi co

20
v dn) v thi im ny, tim rt nhy cm vi dng in qua n. Nu
dng in qua ngi ln hn 1 giy, th no cng trng vi thi im ni
trn ca tim.
Th nghim cho thy rng, d dng in ln (hng chc A) i qua ngi
m khng gp thi im ngh ca tim cng khng c nguy him g.
Cn c nhng l lun trn c th gii thch v sao cc mng in cao
p (110kV; 35 kV; 10kV; 6kV...) tai nn do in gy ra rt t dn n trng
hp tim ngng p hay ngng h hp. Vi in p cao, dng in xut hin
trc khi ngi chm vo vt mang in. Nn nhn cha kp chm vo vt
mang in th h quang pht sinh v dng in qua ngi ln (c th n
vi A). Dng in ny tc ng rt mnh vo ngi gy cho c th mt s
phn x phng th rt mnh lit. Kt qu l h quang in b dp tt ngay
(hoc chuyn sang b phn mang in bn cnh). Dng in ch tn ti
trong khong thi gian vi phn ca giy. Vi thi gian ngn nh vy rt t
khi lm tim ngng p hay h hp b t lit. ch b t s sinh ra 1 lp
hu c cch in ca thn ngi v chnh lp hu c ny ngn cch dng
in vi thn ngi mt cch c hiu qu.
Tuy nhin khng th kt lun in p cao khng gy nguy him, v dng
in ln ny qua c th trong thi gian ngn nhng c th t chy nghim
trng lm cht ngi.
4. ng i ca dng in
ng i ca dng in qua ngi quyt nh nhiu n mc gy tc
hi. iu ch yu l c bao nhiu phn trm ca dng in tng qua cc c
quan h hp v tim. Qua th nghim ngi ta ghi c kt qu sau:
ng i
ca dng in
Phn lng dng in tng qua tim (%)
T chn qua chn 0,4
Tay tri qua chn 3,7
Tay qua tay 3,3
Tay phi qua chn 6,7
u qua chn 6,8

21
T c kt lun l: dng in qua tim hay c quan h hp ph thuc
cch tip xc ca ngi vi mng in.
Dng in t u qua chn v t tay phi qua chn c phn lng qua
tim nhiu nht. V phn ln dng in qua tim theo trc dc, trc ny nm
trn ng t tay phi (hoc u) n chn.
Dng in i t chn n chn c phn lng dng in qua tim nh
nht. Ngi ta dng ch lm th nghim, cho dng in i t chn ny
n chn kia ca ch vi U = 960V trong 12 giy. Kt qu l khng con no
b cht. Trng hp tng n 6000V cng khng lm ch cht. Cng lm th
nghim trn vi th v th cng chu c in p 180V n 400V trong
thi gian t 0,5 12,5 giy.
Tuy nhin khng nn cho rng U
b
khng nguy him v khi b in p
bc, cc bp tht, cc c ca chn s co rt li lm ngi ng xung, lc
s u in s khc i.
5. Tn s in git
in khng ca c th ngi do in dung to nn X
ng
=
fC 2
1

.
Khi f th R
ng
cng nguy him. Nhng trn thc t kt qu li
khng nh vy m tn s cng cao th mc nguy him cng gim i.
Vin nghin cu bnh ngh nghip Lningrt dng ch lm th
nghim v thu c kt qu sau:
S TT
Tn s
(Hz)
in p
(V)
S ch th nghim
(con)
Xc sut ch
b cht (%)
1 50 117 n 120 15 100
2 100 117 n 120 20 45
3 125 100 n 121 10 20
4 150 120 n 125 10 0
Nh vy tn s cng cao, xc xut ch cht cng gim.
Mun gii thch hin tng ny, phi tm nh hng ca cc loi tn s
dng in n cc t bo hu c, c bit l cc t bo quan trng lin quan
n tim v h hp.

22
Lc t in p mt chiu vo mng t bo, cc phn t trong t bo b
phn thnh nhng ion khc du v b ht ra ngoi mng t bo. Nh vy
phn t b cc ho v ko di thnh ngu cc. Cc chc nng sinh vt, ho
hc ca t bo b ph hu n mt mc nht nh.
Nu t ngun xoay chiu vo th ion cng chy theo 2 chiu khc nhau
ra pha ngoi mng t bo. Nhng lc i chiu th chuyn ng ca ion li
ngc li. Nu vi mt tn s no ca dng in, tc ca ion c
trong mt chu k chy c 2 ln b rng ca t bo th trng hp ny ng
vi mc kch thch nhiu nht, t bo b ph hu nhiu nht.
Vi dng in tn s cao, khi dng in i chiu, ion khng kp p
vo mng t bo. Tn s cng tng ln, ng i ca ion cng ngn v mc
kch thch t bo cng t.
tn s cao, in trng hu nh khng nh hng n chuyn ng
ca i- on, t bo khng b kch thch nhiu.
i vi ngi, tn s 50 60Hz l nguy him nht. Khi tn s b hoc
ln hn cc tr s trn, mc nguy him s gim xung.
Trong thc t sn xut, vi cc loi my pht tn s 3.000 Hz, 10.000Hz
hay ln hn, cng sut 10kW cng khng xy ra hin tng in git cht
ngi.










23


Chng 3
PHN TCH AN TON TRONG CC MNG IN


A. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG CC MNG IN N
GIN (Mng in mt chiu v mng in xoay chiu 1 pha)
I. KHI NGI CHM VO 2 CC
y l trng hp nguy him nht. Khi : I
ng
=
ng
R
U
(CT 3.1)
Trong : U l in p ca li in.
Tai nn thng xy ra khi cng nhn sa cha li in c mang in
p. Mt tay s vo mt cc cn chm vo cc kia c th bng tay, ci tay
hay mt tay khc.
II. KHI NGI CHM VO 1 CC
Trong thc t vn hnh, trng hp ngi chm vo 2 cc t xy ra m
thng l chm vo mt cc v hu qu ca tai nn ph thuc tnh trng lm
vic ca li in i vi t.
1. Mng in cch in i vi t

Hnh 3.1.

24
Khi ngi chm vo 1 cc s to nn mt mch kn. V cch in ca
mng khng bao gi tht l tng (R
1
; R
2
) nn ta c s ng tr
tng ng.

Hnh 3.2

T s ng tr ta tnh c:
I
ng
=
2 1 2 1 ng
1
R R ) R R ( R
R . U
+ +
(CT 3.2)
Gi thit: R
1
=R
2
= R
c
I
ng
=
cd ng
R R 2
U
+
(CT 3.3)
T biu thc (3.3) ta thy r vai tr ca R
c.
. Nu cch in ca mng
cng tt th mc nguy him cng gim.
Nu ly dng in an ton = 10 mA th iu kin an ton l:
R
c
100 U - 2R
ng

+ Trng hp nguy him nht khi ngi chm vo 1 pha cn pha kia
chm t. Lc :
I
ng
=
ng
R
U

ging nh chm vo 2 cc.
+ Trong cc biu thc trn chng ta khng xt n in tr ca nn
nh v in tr ny rt b, hoc khng tham gia trong s . Tuy nhin, lc

25
chm vo 1 cc, ngha cch in ca nn nh (hoc giy dp) l rt quan
trng. Khi :
I
ng
=
cd ch ng
R ) R R ( 2
U
+ +
(CT 3.4)
Trong : R
ch
l in tr ca giy dp + nn nh
R
c
l in tr cch in ca mng
2. Mng in c 1 cc hay 1 pha ni t
2.1. Mng in 1 dy
Mng ny ch c 1dy cn dy khc l t hay ng ray (tu in...)

Hnh 3.3.
S thay th:

Hnh 3.4.

26
T ta tnh c:
I
ng
=
0 cd 0 cd ch ng
cd
R R ) R R )( R R (
R . U
+ + +
(CT 3.5)
Nu xem R
o
= 0 (v nh) I
ng
=
ch ng
R R
U
+

(CT 3.6)

Nh vy, nu ngi ng trn t t hay trn ng ray m chm vo
dy dn in s phi chu 1 in p bng ton b in p ca mng in. Do
vy khi vn hnh mng in ny rt nguy him nn phi treo cao dy dn
in hoc tng cng cch in di chn ngi.
2.2. Mng in 2 dy
Mng ny dng o lng 1 pha, cung cp in cho my bin p
hn hay bin p dng cho loi n cm tay...
Khi chm vo cc c ni t

Hnh 3.5
Bnh thng khi chm vo cc c ni t khng nguy him g v:
U
ng
= I
lv
.R
ab
(CT 3.7)
Trong : I
lv
l dng in lm vic ca mng in
R
ab
l in tr ca on dy dn ab

27
D chm vo im b cch vt ni t bao nhiu th U
ng
lun < 5% U.
Nhng khi xy ra ngn mch, in p phn b trn ng dy theo in
tr ca dy dn. Nu tit din dy dn nh nhau th ti im c in p bng
U/2 v cng gn im a in p cng gim.
Khi chm vo cc khng ni t
I
ng
=
ch ng
R R
U
+
(CT 3.8)
Rt nguy him, ging nh trng hp ngi ng trn t t chm vo
dy dn in ca mng in 1 dy.
3. Mng in cch in i vi t c in dung ln
Vi cc mng in ng dy cp v ng dy trn khng in p ln
hn 1000V v mng c in p nh hn 1000V c nhiu nhnh s c in
dung i vi t ln. N gy ln hin tng l: ng dy tuy ct ra khi
mch in nhng in tch tn d vn c th gy nguy him cho ngi.
Trong mng in xoay chiu, in p ca in tch tn d khng nhng
ph thuc thng s ca mch in m cn ph thuc vo thi im ct mch
in.
Theo tnh ton: nu ngi cch in vi t m chm vo 2 cc th dng
in qua ngi:
I
ng
=
ng
0
R
U
.e
12 ng
C R
t
(CT 3.9)
Trong :
U
o
l in p tn d ca ng dy ng vi thi im khi ngi chm
vo mch in.
C
12
l in dung gia cc dy dn ca ng dy b ct.
Nu bit U
o
; R
ng
; C
12
, ta xy dng c quan h gia dng in qua
ngi v thi gian nh sau (I
ng
(t)):

28

Hnh 3.6

T ta c nhn xt: nu in dung cng ln (C
2
> C
1
) tr s in tch
tn d (Q = C.U) cng cao lm cho dng in duy tr cng lu v tt nhin
tr s trung bnh ca dng in tc dng vo ngi cng ln. Nu chm vo
1 dy ca ng dy b ct in (gi s dy dn 1) th:
I
ng
=
ng
0
R 2
U
.e
) C C 2 ( R
t
11 12 ng
+
(CT 3.10)
Trong : C
11
: in dung dy dn 1 vi t
C
12
: in dung gia dy dn 1 vi 2
Nguy him ca in tch tn d khng nhng ch do tr s ca dng in
phng, thi gian phng m cn nhit lng gy bng:
Q = 0,24
2
CU
2
(CT 3.11)


29
B. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG CC MNG IN 3 PHA
I. MT S KHI NIM
* Trong k thut in, ngi ta chia thit b in lm 2 loi:
- Thit b in c in p > 1000V
- Thit b in c in p < 1000V
* Trung tnh ca MBA c th ni t hay cch ly.
- Nu trung tnh khng ni vi cc thit b ni t hoc ni qua thit b
b dng in in dung trong mng, qua my bin in p... hay qua cc
kh c in c in tr ln c gi l trung tnh cch in i vi t.
- Nu trung tnh ni trc tip vi thit b ni t hoc qua mt in tr
b th gi l trung tnh trc tip ni t.
* Dy trung tnh l dy ni vi im trung tnh trc tip ni t, s dng
lm dy ngc khi ph ti cc pha khng u nhau.
Khng nn cho rng trung tnh v dy trung tnh khng mang in p.
Khi c hin tng lch pha hoc c chm t 1 pha... Trung tnh cng nh
dy trung tnh u mang in p nguy him n tnh mng ngi.
* Trong mng 3 pha c nhng trng hp tai nn sau:
- Chm vo 2 hoc 3 pha
- Chm vo 1 pha.
- Chm vo vt khng dn in nhng c in p xut hin bt ng (v
thit b, kt cu kim loi...).
- B tc dng ca in p bc.
- Tn thng do h quang in.
II. MNG IN C TRUNG TNH CCH IN I VI T
1. Trng hp chm vo 1 pha
1.1. Trng hp chung
Khi mng in c trung tnh cch in i vi t s xut hin dng
in r v dng in dung ca cc pha vi t. Khi ngi chm vo 1 pha
no (v d pha C). Ta c s nguyn l nh sau:

30

Hnh 3.7
Trong : C
1
C
2
C
3
0
R
1
R
2
R
3

Dng nh lut Kic hp lp v gii cc phng trnh vi phn ngi
ta thu c:
I
ng
=
2
g . U
ng
[ ] [ ]
2
3 2 1
2 2
3 2 1 ng
2
3 2 3 2
2
2 3 2 3
) C C C ( ) g g g g (
) C C .( . 3 ) g g ( 3 ) C C .( . 3 ) g g ( 3
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +

(CT 3.12)
Trong :
g =
R
1
l in dn
U l in p pha
= 1/f, f l tn s ngun in
Cng thc trn cho php xc nh I
ng
ca mi trng hp chm vo
mng in 3 pha vi thng s bt k ca mng in.
1.2. Vi mng c in p < 1000V
* Mng < 1000V c in dung b
Mng ny thng c chiu di ca dy cp < 1Km nn c th b qua
in dung C (C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= 0)

31
n gin: coi R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
c

Thay vo biu thc (CT 3.12) ta c:
I
ng
=
c ng
R R
U
+ 3
3
(CT 3.13)
Nh vy mng ny khi ngi chm vo 1 pha no y hoc chm vo
v thit b c cch in b hng th dng in qua ngi ph thuc chnh
vo cch in ca mng (R
c
). Nu tng cng cht lng cch in ca
mng s t c yu cu an ton.
* Mng < 1000V c in dung ln
Mng ny thng c chiu di ng dy > 1Km. Lc phi xt n
c dng in r v dng in dung.
n gin, coi:
C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
R
1
= R
3
= R
3
= R
c

Thay vo biu thc (CT 3.12) ta s tnh c:
I
ng
=
ng
R
U
.
2
ng
2 2 2
cd
ng cd cd
R ) C R 1 ( 9
) R 6 R ( R
1
1
+
+
+
(CT 3.14)
T biu thc ta thy: nu C cng ln, I
ng
cng tng
1.3.Vi mng in > 1000V
Trong mng in ny, in tr cch in thng rt tt nhng in dung
ca cc pha i vi t ln (khong vi phn mi F/Km) v th c th
thay vo biu thc (CT 3.12):
R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= (g
1
= g
2
= g
3
= 0).
C
1
= C
2
= C
3
= C
v ta thu c: I
ng
=
2 2
ng
)
C
1
( R 9
U 3

+
(CT 3.15)

32
T c th suy ra C cng ln, I
ng
cng tng.
1.4. Khi chm vo 1 pha cn pha khc chm t

Hnh 3.8
Trng hp ny rt nguy him v in p t ln ngi t ti in p
dy. Nu pha kia chm t hon ton th ngi b ng in p dy tc dng
I
ng
=
ng
d
R
U

2. Trng hp chm vo 2 pha
Trong tnh trng vn hnh bnh thng ca mng in, khi ngi chm
vo 2 pha s b in p dy tc dng
I
ng
=
ng
d
R
U

III- MNG IN C TRUNG TNH NI T TRC TIP
1. ngha ca vic ni t trung tnh
Ni t trung tnh nhm gim bt s nguy him do chm t gy ln, gi
cho in p ca cc dy pha i vi t khng tng cao lc xy ra chm t.
Gi s in tr ni t trung tnh rt b (R = 0). Mt pha b chm t cn
ngi chm vo 1 trong 2 pha cn li th in p t ln ngi ch l in p
pha ch khng phi in p dy nh trong mng trung tnh cch in.

33
Mt u im khc ca mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip l khi xy ra
chm t s a n ngn mch 1 pha v ct mch in. Nh vy trng thi
chm t i vi mng in c trung tnh cch in i vi t ko di rt
lu, cn vi mng ny ch tn ti trong thi gian rt ngn (thi gian cn thit
bo v tc ng).
Ngoi ra ni t trung tnh cn c u im v mt kinh t v in p ca
mng ny i vi t khng vt qu in p pha nn cch in ca mng,
ca cc cun dy my in v cc b phn dn in i vi v thit b hay
vi t u tnh ton vi in p pha, cn khi trung tnh cch in i vi
t phi tnh ton vi in p dy.
Mt khc trong thc t sn xut, lc ph ti cc pha khng u nhau
hoc xy ra chm t s c hin tng lch pha, lc trung tnh v dy
trung tnh s c in p d, in p ny nhiu khi c gi tr tng i ln.
Nu dng bin php ni trung tnh bo v th in p d ny s xut hin
trn v my gy nguy him cho ngi. Do ni t trung tnh s c tc
dng trit tiu hoc hn ch in p d n mc an ton.
Tuy nhin cn lu l:
- Trong thc t vn hnh, iu kin in tr ni t trung tnh (R
0
= 0) l
rt kh thc hin m s tn ti mt gi tr no , nn khi xy ra chm t
mt pha, in p ca pha chm t s phn b trn c R
0
v R
ch
(in tr
ch chm t). Do in p ca cc pha i vi t cng nh in p t
vo ngi (lc chm phi pha cn li) s ln hn in p pha v t ti in
p dy tu thuc vo ln ca R
0
v R
ch.

- Khi vn hnh bnh thng (khng b chm t) lc ngi chm vo 1
pha no y ca mng c trung tnh ni t th in p t ln ngi s l
in p pha v in tr cch in ca mng khng tham gia hn ch dng
in qua ngi, l nhc im ca mng trung tnh ni t.
2. Mng in in p > 1000V
mng in ny thng c trung tnh ni t trc tip. Khi ni t
trung tnh, cch in i vi t c th b gim thp, nh vy rt kinh t.
i vi mng > 1000V, v phng din an ton m ni cng rt khuyn
khch ni t trung tnh. Khi trung tnh khng ni t, nu xy ra chm t 1

34
pha th tnh trng ny ko di rt lu v dng in in dung rt b, bo v rle
khng tc ng. gn ch chm t, s xut hin s phn b in p rt nguy
him v in p phn b tn ti rt lu. Ngc li nu trung tnh ni t trc
tip th vi cc cp in p k trn, dng in chm t nht nh s rt ln v
khi no cng cho bo v dng in cc i tc ng v ct ch b s c.
Ngoi ra trng thi bnh thng ca mng ny th khi chm vo 1 pha,
mc nguy him u nh nhau (d trung tnh ni t hay khng ni t)
v khng nh hng g n vic chn ch lm vic ca trung tnh.
Tuy nhin i vi mng > 1000V c trung tnh ni t ch c hin tng
khng tt l: lc v thit b b chc thng cch in, dng in qua thit b
ni t rt ln v khi chm v hay chm t, trong mng in ch cn in
tr th t khng.
Dng in n nh ca ngn mch 1 pha trong mng 110 kV t ti
hng ngn am pe. Nh vy, mun bo m n nh nhit cho h thng ni
t th h thng ny rt t. Mt khc trn h thng ni t (k c v thit b
ni vi h thng ni t) s c th hiu i vi t ln, th hiu ny c th
truyn sang mng c in p < 1000V nu cc mng ny ni t chung.
Dng in chm t ln lm cho bo v ct nhanh tc ng (trong
khong thi gian 0,035 0,12 giy) v in th cng xut hin trong thi
gian rt ngn, nhng tnh trng ny i vi mng < 1000V cng rt nguy
him v ngi lun tip xc vi v thit b. C th khc phc hin tng ny
bng cch ni t ring cho mng > 1000V v < 1000V.
- Khi ngi chm vo 1 pha: I
ng
=
ng
f
R
U
.
- Khi chm vo 2 pha: I
ng
=
ng
d
R
U

C 2 trng hp u nguy him.
3. Mng in vi in p < 1000V
mng ny hay xy ra hin tng chm vo 1 pha: I
ng
=
ng
f
R
U


35
Nu chm vo 2 pha: I
ng
=
ng
d
R
U

mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip in p < 1000V, khi xy ra chm
t 1 pha s to nn tnh trng phn b th nguy him. Trong khi , dng in
chm t khp mch qua ch chm t khng cho bo v ct ch b s c
v tnh trng ny s ko di nh mng c trung tnh cch in vi t.
IV. KT LUN CHUNG V VN AN TON TRONG MNG
IN 3 PHA
1. Nu mng c trung tnh cch in th khi ngi chm vo 1 pha dng
in qua ngi s ph thuc cch in v in dung ca mng in.
Nu cch in ca mng cng cao, in dung ca cc pha i vi t
cng nh th mc nguy him cng gim.
Khi xy ra s c chm t 1 pha s dn n s phn b in tch nguy
him ch chm t v tnh trng ny s ko di rt lu v nhiu trng hp
dng in chm t khng cho bo v tc ng ct ch b s c, lm cho
in p ca cc pha cn li i vi t tng cao n in p dy. Khi ngi
chm vo 1 trong cc pha cn li s b in p dy tc dng.
2. Nu mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip s gim c nguy him khi
c chm t 1 pha, v n gi cho in p ca cc pha cn li i vi t
khng tng cao v khi ngi chm vo 1 trong cc pha cn li s b in
p dy tc dng.
Mt khc mng > 1000V, khi xy ra chm t 1 pha s a n ngn
mch 1 pha v dng in chm t ny ln bo v ct phn b s c.
V nh vy tnh trng phn b in th nguy him ch chm t s ko
di trong 1 thi gian ngn.
Mng ny c nhc im l tnh trng vn hnh bnh thng ca
mng in, nu ngi chm vo 1 pha s nguy him hn so vi mng c
trung tnh cch in v lc vai tr cch in ca mng khng tham gia
hn ch dng in qua ngi.
3. Khi chm vo 2 pha, tnh trng nguy him mng trung tnh cch ly
cng nh mng trung tnh ni t u nh nhau, v in p t ln ngi
u bng in p dy.

36


Chng 4
CC BIN PHP PHNG TAI NN IN


A. CC BIN PHP
I. CCH IN CA THIT B IN
Cch in l bin php quan trng hng u bo v khng cho in
r ra v my gy nguy him cho ngi s dng, trnh truyn in gia cc
pha gy ra ngn mch.
Trong thc t sn xut c th do vic s dng my mc c k, cch in
b gi ci, hoc c th do lp rp, gi gn bo qun cch in khng tt, nn
hin tng in r ra v thit b tr thnh ph bin. V vy trong qu trnh
s dng thit b, phi nghim chnh chp hnh cc ch v s dng, kim
tra, th nghim cch in ca thit b. Nu s dng qu in p, cch in
s h hng. Thiu s kim tra, th nghim s khng pht hin c kp thi
sa cha hoc thay th.
1. Tiu chun cch in
Cch in c c trng bng R
c
. Tr s ca R
c
cho php ph thuc
vo in p ca mng in.
Tr s R
c
i vi cc mng in v thit b in c quy nh trong
cc TCVN tng ng.
2. Kim tra v th nghim
Theo qui trnh an ton thit b in, vic kim tra, th nghim thit b
in hng nm phi tin hnh t 1 2 ln hoc nhiu hn tu theo iu kin
sn xut c th tng ni.
Kim tra, th nghim cch in c th tin hnh bng nhiu cch.
Thng thng dng M-g-met. Khi c iu kin th th bng sc chu
ng i vi in p tng cao. Cch th tin hnh nh sau:

37
Loi thit b in in p th xoay
chiu (V)
Phng php th
Cp c in p n 1 kV 500 1000 Quay M-g-met loi 1000V trong
1 pht
Cp c in p n 2 kV (4 5) Um Th in p trong 5 pht. Quay M-
g-met loi 1000V trong 1 pht
ng c in c cun
Stato n
380 V
500 V
3000 V
6000 V


1000
1500
5000
10.000

Th in p trong 1 pht

Kt qu kim tra, th nghim c ghi vo s nht k vn hnh thit b
in.
3. Cch in kp v cch in tng cng
tng cng cch in, bo m an ton cho ngi s dng, ngi ta
dng cch in kp v cch in tng cng.
Cch in kp l cch in 2 lp c lp vi nhau, mi lp u c kh
nng chu c in p nh mc ca thit b in. Cch in tng cng l
cch in c tr s in tr cch in cao hn cch in thng thng,
thng c s dng cho cc loi my in cm tay.
II- BO V NI T
1. Mc ch ngha
Khi cch in b h hng, nhng phn kim loi ca thit b in hay cc
my, thit b khc thng trc kia khng c in p, by gi c th mang
hon ton in p lm vic. Khi ngi chm vo, c th b tai nn.
an ton, ngi ta ni t nhng phn kim loi ca my, thit b
gim in p nhng b phn trn i vi t (khi c s c) n mt gi tr
an ton, khng gy nguy him cho ngi khi v tnh chm vo v thit b c
cch in b chc thng.
Nh vy, ni t l s ch ng ni in cc b phn ca cc my, thit
b in vi h thng ni t. H thng ni t gm thanh ni t v dy dn
ni t.

38
Ngoi ni t bo v, cn c loi ni t vi mc ch xc nh ch
lm vic ca thit b in nh: ni t trung tnh my bin p (my pht),
ni t bo v qu in p, ni t chng st...
Thng ngi ta ni nhng b phn ni t c nhng cng dng khc
nhau thnh mt h thng ni t (tr nhng thu li ng ring r).
Ni t ring r cho thit b in l khng hp l v nguy him v khi c
chm t 2 im, to nn th hiu nguy him trn phn ni t ca thit
b. Trong trng hp ny c dng in b xut hin. Tr s dng in ny
khng cho bo v chm t lm vic.
Khi c h thng ni t, chm t 2 im s bin thnh ngn mch 2
pha a n t ng ct ch b h hng.
2. Ni t tp trung
Gi s thit b in ni vo mch in 1 pha hay mt chiu. V thit b
c ni t. Thit b b in r ra v. Ta c s nguyn l v s ng
tr khi ngi chm vo v thit b in nh sau:

Hnh 4.1. Ni t tp trung
T ta tnh c:
I
ng
= U.g
2
.g
ng
/(g
1
+ g
2
+ g
ng
+ g

) (CT 4.1)
Trong : g = 1/R
V g
1
, g
2
, g
ng
rt nh so vi g

nn c th b qua mu s v:
I
ng
= U.g
2
.g
ng
/ g

(CT 4.2)
1
2
2
1
G2
G1
G1
G
Gng
G1
G2
Gng
1 2
G
u

39
Bo v ni t tp trung t yu cu khi: I
ng.
R
ng
U
txcp
T CT 4.2 rt ra:
Mun gim I
ng
th gim g
ng
(tng cng cch in ca ngi i vi t).
Hoc gim g
2
(tng cch in ca dy dn i vi t).
Hoc tng g

(gim in tr ni t).
Bin php gim in tr ni t n gin v c th lm c.
Tuy nhin, v in tr sut ca t ln nn ni t tp trung kh m
bo c yu cu an ton. V th ngi ta thng dng h thng ni t
hnh li (hnh vng).
3. Ni t hnh li (hnh vng)
iu kin an ton trong trng hp cch in b chm v v c dng
in i qua vt ni t c xc nh bng U
tx
v U
b
. Nhng in p ny
khng vt qu tr s gii hn no y m bo an ton cho ngi.
Nh phn tch chng III: cng gn vt ni t, U
tx
cng nh v U
b

cng ln.
Nu dng ni t tp trung th khi c dng in chm t (I

) i qua,
in p phn b trn mt t rt khng li.
Mun ng thi gim U
tx
v U
b
phi dng bin php ni t hnh li.

Hnh 4.2. Ni t hnh li
Theo mt ct A - B
Utd = l.R
Ub
Utx

40
Trn hnh v chng ta thy: nu ni t hnh li, U
b
v U
tx
gim xung
rt thp.
Ni t bo v hnh li thc hin bng cch cm cc ng (hoc thanh)
theo chu vi v gia vng t cn bo v.
Hnh v theo mt ct AB ch ra cch xy dng ng th hiu ca mi
ng ni t ring r v sau y cng tt c cc tung ca ng cong ny
li s c dng phn b in p cho h thng ni t trong vng bo v
(ng m nt).
Qua hnh v chng ta thy: trn mt t c rt nhiu im c in th
cc i (cc im nm trn trc thng ca vt ni t). Cho nn, th gia
cc im trong vng bo v chnh lch rt t v do gim c in p
bc v in p tip xc.
iu cn ch l ngoi vng bo v ca mng li ni t, ng phn
b in p ln nn U
b
c gi tr ln. trnh U
b
nguy him, dc theo ng
ngoi mng li ni t, ngi ta chn cc tm bng kim loi v cc tm
ny khng ni vi h thng ni t. Lc , ng phn b th vng ny
s c dc gim v gim c U
b
.
4. Lnh vc dng bo v ni t
4.1. Thit b in c in p < 1000V
Bo v ni t dng trong trng hp trung tnh cch in i vi t.
- Nhng b phn cn ni t:
+ V my in; my bin p; cc kh c in; cc thit b chiu sng...
+ B phn truyn ng ca cc thit b in.
+ Cc cun th cp ca my bin p o lng.
+ Khung ca t phn phi in; bng iu khin; bng in v t in
cng nh cc b phn c th tho ra c hoc h nu nh trn c t
cc thit b in.
+ Nhng kt cu kim loi ca thit b phn phi; kt cu t cp; nhng
u mi bng kim loi ca cp; v kim loi v v bc ca cp lc v cp

41
kim tra; v kim loi ca dy dn in; ng kim loi lun dy dn in; v
v gi ca thanh ci dn in; cc mng, hp, cc dy cp thp v cc
thanh thp dy cp v dy dn in cng nh cc kt cu kim loi khc
trn t cc thit b in.
+ V kim loi ca cc my in di ng v cm tay.
+ Cc thit b in c t cc b phn di ng ca my v cc c
cu.
- Nhng b phn khng cn ni t:
+ Cc thit b in xoay chiu c in p n 380V v mt chiu c
in p n 440V trong cc phng t nguy him v in.
+ V ca thit b in, dng c in v cc kt cu lp rp in c t
trn cc kt cu kim loi, trn cc thit b phn phi, trn cc khung, t, bng
iu khin, trn cc b my cng c v cc my ci c ni t vi iu
kin bo m tip xc v in chc chn vi h thng ni t chnh.
+ Tt c cc ph kin ca cch in cc dng khc nhau, thanh ging,
gi , ph tng ca thit b chiu sng c lp trn cc ct in ngoi tri
bng g hoc trn kt cu bng g ca trm in ngoi tri, nu nh khng
yu cu nhng kt cu ny phi c bo v chng qu in p kh quyn.
Khi lp dy cp c v kim loi c ni t hoc dy ni t khng c
cch in trn ct g th nhng b phn k trn phi c ni t.
+ Nhmg b phn c th tho ra hoc m ra c ca cc khung kim
loi ca cc bung phn phi, t, ro chn... nu nh trn cc b phn
khng t thit b in hoc cc thit b in c lp trn c in p
xoay chiu khng ln hn 42V v mt chiu khng ln hn 110V.
+ V dng c c cch in kp.
+ Cc loi mc, kp bng kim loi, cc on ng bng kim loi bo
v cp nhng ch cp xuyn tng, trn ngn v cc chi tit tng t, k
c cc hp ni v r nhnh kch thc n 100 cm
2
, nhng dy cp hay dy
dn c v bc cch in t chm trong tng, trn ngn hay cc phn t
khc ca cng trnh xy dng.

42
4.2. Thit b c in p > 1000V
Bo v ni t phi dng trong mi trng hp khng ph thuc ch
lm vic ca trung tnh v loi nh ca.
mng ny, ngoi vic thc hin ni t cn phi c bin php san
bng th. Do vy phi thc hin ni t theo hnh li (hnh vng).
Trong mng in c in p n 1000V c im trung tnh cch ly
(hoc ngun in 1 pha c cc u ra c cch ly vi t, cng nh cc
mng in 1 chiu c im gia c cch ly vi t) c s dng cung
cp in cho cc thit b in trong trng hp c nhng yu cu an ton
in cao (nh cc thit b in di ng, khai thc than v m). Cc thit b
in phi c ni t kt hp vi kim tra cch in ca mng hoc s
dng my ct in bo v.
5. Hnh dng ca vt ni t, in tr ni t
5.1. Hnh dng ca vt ni t
Vt ni t c th c dng hnh ng hay thanh ch nht, hoc hnh thanh
mng ( ni cc ng ni t vi nhau hay ni cc ng ni t vi thit b
cn ni t), hoc cc vt ni t t nhin (v cp, ng dn nc, cc c cu
bng kim loi ca to nh...).
Nhng vt ni t t nhin ny c ni vo thit b ni t chnh thnh
mt h thng ni t chung. Ni chung cc vt ni t t nhin vo thit b
ni t chnh cn c tc dng l m bo an ton cho ngi khi chm ng
thi vo cc vt ni t t nhin v v thit b v l do no c in p
xut hin trn chng.
5.2. in tr ni t
in tr ni t gm: in tr phn tn, in tr ca cc dy dn v
thanh ni t hp li. in tr phn tn chnh l in tr ca t. Mun
gim in tr ca t c th lm gim in tr sut ca t (

). Do thnh
phn ca t phc tp nn

thay i trong mt phm vi rt rng. Thc

nghim cho thy:

ph thuc thnh phn t, nhit , m, t cht hay
khng, t c cha mui, axt...

43
tnh ton in tr ni t (R
n
), xut pht t tr s an ton ca in
p tip xc:
U
txcp
= . U

= U
txcp
/ I

(CT 4.3)
Trong :
: H s tip xc
U
txcp
c th = 36V; 24V; 12V... tu theo loi nh ca.
Qua tnh ton v tho mn iu kin an ton chung, qui phm an ton
hin hnh qui nh nh sau;
- Vi thit b in c in p 1000V:
R
n
4. khi cng sut ca my pht hoc my bin p l 100kVA
R
n
10 khi cng sut ca my pht hoc my bin p l < 100kVA
- Vi thit b c in p > 1000V:
R
n
0,5 trong bt c thi gian no trong nm, c tnh n in tr ni
t t nhin. in tr ni t nhn to khng vt qu 1.
- Trong mng in c mng in ni t hiu qu
Trong trng hp trang b ni t c s dng ng thi cho c thit
b in c in p n 1000V:
R = 125/ I ()
Trong trng hp ny vn phi thc hin nhng yu cu v ni t (ni
khng) cho cc thit b in c in p n 1000V.
Trong trng hp trang b ni t ch s dng cho thit b in c in
p ln hn 1000V:
R = 250 / I () nhng khng ln hn 10.
Trong :
R l in tr ln nht ca trang b ni t ()
I l dng in ngn mch chm t tnh ton (A). Trong mng in
khng c b dng in in dung th dng in tnh ton ly bng 125%
dng in danh nh ca cc thit b b .

44
Dng in ngn mch chm t tnh ton cn phi c xc nh theo
s vn hnh li in khi dng in ngn mch c tr s ln nht.
III- BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH (ni " khng")
1. ngha ca bo v ni dy trung tnh
Bo v ni dy trung tnh l ni v thit b in vi dy trung tnh (dy
ny c ni t nhiu ch).
ngha ca vic ny xut pht t ch: mng < 1000V c trung tnh
ni t trc tip, nu dng bo v ni t s khng m bo c cc iu
kin an ton.
V d: c 1 mng 3 pha 380/220V cp in cho 1 ng c.
ng c c tip t bo v. C R
o
= R

= 4 (nh hnh v).

Hnh 4.3. S nguyn l bo v ni khng
Khi ng c chm v ta c
I

= U / (R
o
+ R

).
I

ny khng phi lc no cng dy chy ca cu ch b chy lm

cho bo v tc ng ct ch b h hng.
v d trn: I

= 220V / (4 + 4 ) = 27,5 A.
Vi tr s ny ch lm chy c dy chy ca loi cu ch b vi
I
m
= 27,5 / (2 2,5) = 14 11 A.
A
B
C
R
l
R0


45
V nh vy, nu dng in ni trn tn ti lu th trn v thit b in c
in p bng 1/2 in p pha v iu kin khc cn c th ln hn. iu
l khng m bo an ton. Mt khc in p ca 2 pha cn li i vi t
s tng cao (gy nguy him v cch in ca mng c thit k thp hn -
ch thit k i vi in p pha).
Ngi ta tm cch tng gi tr dng in chm t ny ln mt gi tr
no bo v c th ct nhanh ch b s c mi m bo c an ton.
Bin php n gin nht l dng dy dn ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh.
Mc ch ca n l bin s chm v thit b thnh ngn mch 1 pha bo
v lm vic ct nhanh phn b s c.
S nguyn l bo v nh sau:

Hnh 4.4. S nguyn l bo v ni khng
2. Phm vi p dng
Bo v ni dy trung tnh dng cho mng in 4 dy in p < 1000V
c trung tnh ni t. Bo v ni dy trung tnh dng cho mi c s sn xut
khng ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh. Bin php ny va n gin,
r tin li d c kh nng thc hin, nn hu ht cc c s sn xut cng
nghip hin nay u dng loi bo v ny.
Khi dng bo v ni dy trung tnh cho thit b in c in p < 1000V
th nhng b phn cn ni dy trung tnh v khng cn ni dy trung tnh
c qui nh cng nh trong bo v ni t.

46
3. Ni t lm vic v ni t lp li
Khi dng bo v ni dy trung tnh, trung tnh ny s c ni t u
ngun in (ni t lm vic) v ni t lp li trong tng on ca mng
(ni t lp li).
- Bo v ni dy trung tnh s khng th dng c nu dy trung
tnh khng ni t v: nu xy ra chm t ch no y s lm cho v
cc thit b ni vi dy trung tnh c in p gn bng in p pha. Hoc
khi c s lch pha, trn dy trung tnh s c in p d v a in p
ny ra v my. im trung tnh ca my pht, my bin p v pha in
p n 1000V phi c ni vi cc ni t bng dy ni t. Khng cho
php s dng dy trung tnh lm vic i t im trung tnh ca my pht
hoc my bin p n bng lp thit b phn phi lm dy ni t ca
my bin p hoc my pht.
Cc cc ni t phi c t trc tip gn my. Trong trng hp
ring (v d cc trm trong phn xng) th cho php t cc ni t trc
tip cnh tng nh.
in tr ca trang b ni t ni vi im trung tnh ca my pht
hoc my bin p hoc u ra ca ngun in 1 pha bt k thi im
no trong nm phi 2; 4 v 8 tng ng vi in p dy: 660; 380; v
220V i vi ngun in 3 pha hoc: 380; 220 v 127V i vi ngun
in 1 pha.
- Khi dng bo v ni dy trung tnh, dy trung tnh phi c ni t
lp li v nhng l do sau:
- Gim c in p i vi t ca dy trung tnh (cng nh v thit
b) nu nh chm v thit b in.
- Gim nh c ch s c trng hp dy trung tnh b t.
V d: c mt mng 3 pha, dy trung tnh b t v xy ra chm v sau
ch b t.

47

Hnh 4.5. S ni khng khi dy trung tnh b t
Khi dng in chm t khng cho bo v tc ng v tn ti s
phn b in th nh sau:
Sau ch b t: u
tx2
= U
Trc ch b t: u
tx1
= 0
Khi c ni t lp li:

Hnh 4.6. S khi c ni t lp li m dy trung tnh b t

48
u
tx
sau ch t gim. Lc :
u
tx2
= u
tx3
= I

.R
c
= U.R
c
/ (R
c
+R
c
)
u
tx1
= I

.R
c
= U.R
c
/ (R
c
+ R
c
)
Kt qu l lm cho s phn b th cc thit b in trc ch t v
sau ch t c u hn. Nu R
c
= R
l
th u
tx
= U/2. Tt nhin tr s ny
khng tho mn iu kin an ton, v vy phi c bin php bo v cho
dy trung tnh khng b t nh:
- Khi thc hin ni dy trung tnh phi dng dy trung tnh bo v ring,
tch bit vi dy trung tnh lm vic (mng 3 pha 5 dy) hoc 1 phn dy
trung tnh bo v, tch ring ra t dy trung tnh lm vic ni trung tnh
cho thit b in. Ch ni phi hn hoc dng bulng bt cht m bo
tip xc tt (c s ni "khng" ph lc 3).
- Trong mch ca dy trung tnh khng c dng cu dao hay cu ch.
Mun ct dy trung tnh ch c th dng my ct in v my ct s ct
ng thi dy trung tnh v cc dy pha khc cng mt lc. Khng c
php s dng dy trung tnh bo v ca 1 ng dy ni trung tnh cho
thit b c cung cp in t 1 ng dy khc.
- m bo ngt t ng phn b s c, cng nh m bo n nh
nhit, in dn ton phn ca dy trung tnh bo v trong tt c cc trng
hp khng c nh hn 50% in dn ca dy pha.
(Qui phm mt s nc qui nh in dn ca dy trung tnh bng vi
in dn ca dy pha).
- C 3 dng ni dy trung tnh l:
+ Khng c ni t lp li.
+ Ni t lp li b tr tp trung.
+ Ni t lp li b tr hnh mng vng.
cui cc ng dy cung cp in (hoc cc nhnh r) c chiu di
ln hn 200m cng nh u vo t ng dy n cc thit b in cn
ni trung tnh phi c ni t lp li cho dy trung tnh bo v (hoc dy
trung tnh lm vic, nu dy ny c dng ni trung tnh).

49
Trong trng hp ny, trc ht nn s dng cc cc ni t t nhin
nh mng ct v ni t chng st ca ng dy. Ni t lp li cc phn
xng nn ni vo cc mch vng ni trung tnh hay dy trung tnh bo v
2 im tr ln.
Ni t lp li ca dy trung tnh trong li in mt chiu phi l cc
cc ni t nhn to v cc cc ny khng c ni vi cc ng ng t
ngm trong t. c php s dng trang b ni t chng st trn ng
dy in mt chiu lm ni t lp li cho dy trung tnh. Dy dn ni
dy trung tnh vi ni t lp li phi c chn theo dng in lu di c
tr s khng nh hn 25A v c kch thc m bo c bn c hc.
in tr ca tt c cc ni t lp li (k c ni t t nhin) cho trung
tnh ca mi ng dy trn khng bt k thi im no trong nm khng
c ln hn 5; 10; 20 tng ng khi in p dy: 660; 380 v 220V i
vi ngun in 3 pha hoc; 380; 220 v 127V i vi ngun in 1 pha.
Trong trng hp ny, in tr ca mi cm ni t lp li khng c ln
hn; 15; 30 v 60 tng ng vi cc in p nu trn.
Khi in tr sut ca t ln hn 100 m th c php tng tr s in
tr qui nh trn ln 0,01 ln nhng khng c ln hn 10 ln ( o bng
.m).
cn bng th, phi ni tt c cc kt cu kim loi c sn trong khu
vc t thit b in v cc kt cu ni t t nhin khc vi mch vng ni
trung tnh hoc vi dy " khng" bo v v v thit b in.
4. Nhng yu cu i vi ni trung tnh bo v thit b in
Khi ni trung tnh thit b in, m bo ngt t ng phn b s c
th in dn ca dy pha v dy trung tnh bo v phi m bo khi c s
chm v hoc chm ra dy trung tnh bo v, dng in ngn mch khng
nh hn:
- 3 ln dng in danh nh ca b phn ngt khng iu chnh hoc
dng chnh nh ca b phn ngt c iu chnh ca ptmt c c tnh
dng in ngc.
- 3 ln dng in danh nh ca dy chy cu chy gn nht.

50
Dng in tc ng tc thi nhn vi h s xt n s sai lch (theo s
liu nh my) v nhn vi h s d tr l 1,1 khi bo v bng ptmt c b
ngt in t. Khi khng c s liu nh my th bi s dng in ngn mch so
vi dng in chnh nh phi ly khng nh hn 1,4 i vi ptmt c dng
in danh nh n 100A v khng nh hn 1,25 i vi ptmt c dng
in danh nh ln hn 100A.
Khi dy trung tnh bo v i song song v i cnh cc dy pha th dy
trung tnh bo v phi c cch in bng cch in dy pha. Trong trng
hp dy trung tnh bo v c b tr hon ton tch bit vi dy pha v
khng dng cp in cho ph ti 1 pha th dy ny khng cn cch in.
Khi thc hin ni trung tnh, nu iu kn ct ca thit b bo v khng
tho mn (dng danh nh ca cu chy hay dng tc ng ca ptmt qu
ln) th cho php dng bin php san bng th b sung.
Trong trng hp ny, tng chiu di cc in cc san bng th phi
c xc nh qua tnh ton m bo tr s in p chm khng vt qu
tr s gii hn an ton.
cc im c kh nh, trn cc cng trng xy dng... c cc thit b
in, my in di ng, cm tay c cng sut nh, nu ko dy trung tnh
n thit b in gp kh khn hoc khng kinh t th cho php dng bin
php ni t v thit b in lm bin php bo v. Khi cn phi m bo
iu kin ct ca thit b bo v lc c ngn mch chm v.
Khng cho php s dng dy trung tnh lm vic ca cc dng c in
di ng mt pha v mt chiu lm dy trung tnh bo v. ni trung tnh
cho cc thit b in ny, phi s dng dy th 3 ring, dy dn ny c
ni vi dy trung tnh lm vic hoc dy trung tnh bo v trong cc hp u
dy trn cc bng phn phi in, t, bng lp rp...
Trong mch dy ni t v dy trung tnh bo v, khng c lp cc
thit b ct mch v cu chy.
Cho php lp thit b ng ct trong mch dy trung tnh lm vic nu
nh dy ny ng thi c s dng ni trung tnh. Thit b ng ct ny
phi ct cc dy dn c in ng thi vi ct dy trung tnh lm vic.

51
Nhng thit b ng ct mt cc phi c lp cc dy pha m khng
c lp vo dy trung tnh.
Tit din ca dy trung tnh bo v cho cc thit b in di ng v cm
tay nn ly bng tit din ca dy pha. Cc li ca dy pha v dy trung tnh
phi l dy ng mm c tit din khng nh hn 15mm
2
i vi dng c
in cm tay dng trong cng nghip v khng nh hn 0,75mm
2
i vi
cc dng c in cm tay dng trong sinh hot.
5. Kim tra ni t, ni trung tnh
Trang b ni t v ni trung tnh thit b in cn phi c kim tra
khi nghim thu, kim tra nh k v kim tra bt thng.
Kim tra nghim thu c thc hin sau khi trang b ni t, ni trung
tnh c lp t xong.
Kim tra nh k c thc hin theo thi gian qui nh t 6 thng n
2 nm 1 ln tu theo mc nguy him ca ni b tr thit b in.
Kim tra bt thng c thc hin khi: xy ra tai nn, s c hoc c
nguy c xy ra tai nn; sau khi sa cha trang b ni t, ni trung tnh hoc
lp t thit b; sau bo lt hoc ma ln nh hng n ni t, ni trung
tnh; khi xy dng mi hay sa cha cc cng trnh ni t, ni trung tnh;
khi xy dng mi hay sa cha cc cng trnh khc c kh nng gy h
hng cc b phn ca trang b ni t, ni trung tnh.
*Ni dung ca kim tra nghim thu bao gm:
- Kim tra lp t thc t so vi thit k.
- Kim tra vic s dng vt liu theo yu cu thit k.
- Kim tra ton b cc mi hn, mi ni, xem xt v bn c hc, in
tr tip xc.
- Kim tra cc bin php chng n mn, g.
- Kim tra vic bo v cc mch dn i qua cc khe ln co dn v
chng ngi khc.
- Kim tra cc bin php chng in p chm v in p bc nhng
ni cn thit.

52
- Kim tra vic ni t v o in tr ni t.
- Kim tra cc bin php chng in p chm v in p bc nhng
ni cn thit.
- Kim tra vic lp t v o in tr ni t.
- Kim tra in tr mch pha - dy trung tnh v kh nng ct ca thit
b bo v (kch thc, qui cch dy chy, dng chnh nh ca ptmt).
Vic kim tra c thc hin qua xem xt bng mt, dng thc o,
my o in tr mch pha - dy trung tnh...
* Ni dung kim tra nh k v kim tra t xut gm c:
- o R

, in tr mch pha-dy trung tnh.

- Kim tra ton b trang b ni t, ni trung tnh.
- Kim tra cc mi hn, mi ni.
- Kim tra tnh trng cc lp m hoc sn chng n mn, r.
- Kim tra cc mt tip xc in.
- Kim tra phn ngm, nhng ch nghi ng (o ln xem v o c).
- Kim tra cc mch dn qua chng ngi.
- Kim tra tnh trng ca t.
IV. CT IN BO V
Ct in bo v l bin php t ng tch thit b in hoc phn thit
b xy ra s c e do nguy him ra khi li trong thi gian ngn t khi
s c.
Bin php ny c u im l khi trn v thit b xut hin in p n
mt gi tr no th bo v s tc ng ct thit b b s c ra khi li
in, m bo an ton cho ngi nu ngi chm vo v thit b.
Bin php ny c th dng b sung hoc thay th cho bo v ni t
v ni trung tnh.
Ct in bo v c th khng ch theo nguyn tc in p hoc nguyn
tc dng in.

53
V d: Xt mt c cu ct in bo v

Hnh 4.7. S ct in bo v
Bnh thng trn v ng c khng c in. L xo (2) b ko cng v
li st (5) gi cu dao (3) v tr ng cung cp in cho ng c (1) lm
vic. Khi cch in b hng (1 pha chm v), trn v ng c c in p.
Trn cun dy 4 c dng in chy qua ht li st (5). L xo (2) ko cu dao
(3) ct in ngun cung cp.
Nh vy c th tnh ton cun dy 4 nh th no khi trn v thit b
xut hin in p t tr s qui nh th ct in m bo an ton cho ngi.
Ni t ca c cu ct in bo v phi lm ring. Nu ni vi ni t
bo v th 2 u dy c cng in th, c cu khng tc ng. in tr ni
t ca c cu (R) khng yu cu qu nh nn d thc hin.
V. S DNG IN P THP
Nh phn tch, mi trng lm vic c nh hng n R
ng
, U
tx
t
ln ngi. Vic ci to mi trng l cn thit nhng khng phi lc no
cng lm c.
V d: Nh my dt phi gi m nht nh bo m si khi t.
Lm vic cnh l hi phi chu nhit cao, lm vic trong mi trng c
hi, kh n mn... an ton ngi ta h thp in p s dng xung:

54
Tuy nhin, do yu cu cng ngh cng nh kinh t, vic h thp in p
cng ch trong mt mc nht nh. in p cho php ca thit b in
c chn tu theo loi mi trng v tnh cht nguy him ca iu kin
lm vic.
1. Phn loi mi trng
V phng din an ton, thng cn c vo t
o
, m, bi dn in, ho
cht n mn... chia cc gian phng s dng in ra 3 loi:
1.1. C mc nguy him cao
L ni c mt trong nhng yu t sau:
- m hoc c bi dn in ( m tng i ca khng kh vt qu
75% trong thi gian di hoc c bi dn in bi bm vo dy dn, lt vo
trong thit b in).
- Nn nh dn in (bng kim loi, t, b tng ct thp, gch...).
- Nhit cao (c nhit vt qu 35
o
C trong thi gian di hn mt
ngy m).
- Nhng ni ngi c th ng thi tip xc 1 bn vi cc kt cu kim
loi ca nh, cc thit b cng ngh, my mc... ni t v mt bn vi
v kim loi ca thit b in.
L ni c mt trong nhng yu t sau:
- Rt m (c m tng i ca khng kh xp x 100%, trn, tng,
sn nh v vt trong nh c ng sng).
- Mi trng c hot tnh ho hc (thng xuyn hay trong thi gian di
cha hi, kh, cht lng c th to nn cc cht, nm mc dn n ph hu
cch in v b phn mang in ca thit b in).
- ng thi c 2 yu t tr ln ca ni nguy him (nu mc a).
1.2. Ni t nguy him (bnh thng): L ni khng thuc 2 loi trn
2. Chn in p
Theo iu kin an ton, in p cho php ca cc loi n di ng v
cc dng c in c nh nh sau:

55
2.1. in p cho php ca n cm tay di ng
- Loi nh c bit nguy him: U
cp
12V
- Loi nh c mc nguy him cao: U
cp
36V
2.2. in p cho php ca cc dng c in c nh
- Cho loi nh c bit nguy him: U
cp
36V
- Cho loi nh mc nguy him cao: U
cp
36V
Vi nhng dng c c kim tra thng xuyn, vi trnh chuyn
mn kh, dng nhng phng tin bo v tt... c th cho php > 36V
nhng 220V.
- Cho nhng nh ca khng c mc nguy him cao: U
cp
380/ 220V.
cung cp in p thp cho cc thit b cn phi dng my bin p
h p, loi my bin p cch ly 2 cun dy s v th cp. V nu dng MBA
t ngu ch gii quyt c hiu s in p ch khng h thp c in p.
V d: c s sau










Hnh 4.8

Nu ngi chm vo dy trn ca n 36V s phi chu in p 220V
cn nu chm vo dy di s phi chu in p 184V.
220V
36V

56
VI. PHN CHIA MNG IN
Phn chia mng in l bin php tch cc my dng in ra khi li
in chung v li ni t. thc hin c phn chia mang in, ngi
ta dng my bin p cch ly.
Nhim v ca my bin p cch ly l cch ly cc my dng in vi
li in chung v li tip t, nu ngi tip xc vi cc phn h in
th dng in khng th khp mch v ngun qua ngi c.
Yu cu i vi my bin p cch ly l: m bo kt cu chc chn v
chu c in p th nghim tng cao.
My bin p cch ly ch c dng cung cp cho mt thit b dng in
v phi bo v bng cu chy hoc bng ptmt pha s cp, c dng
in chnh nh khng qu 15A.


Hnh 4.9. Phn chia mng in

in p th cp ca my bin p cch ly phi 380V. Cm ni t
cun th cp my bin p cch ly v cc thit b in c cung cp t my
bin p cch ly .
V my bin p cch ly phi ni t.
VII. CN BNG IN TH
Mc d yu cu ct mch in trong khi sa cha l iu rt quan
trng, nhng trong mt s trng hp cn thit vn cho php sa cha
ng dy c in p, nht l nhng ng dy cp in cho nhng h
tiu th quan trng.

57
Yu cu ca phng php ny l cch ly ngi vi tt c cc vt c in
th khc trong khi tip xc vi dy dn c in p.
Lm nh vy loi tr v hn ch n mc an ton dng in khp
mch qua ngi xung t.Thc nghim cho thy: khi ngi ng trn s
35 kV chm vo in 500V khng c cm gic g. ng trn s 35kV chm
vo in p 1000V mi bt u c cm gic.
Dng in qua ngi tng ln theo s tng ca in p. V th m
bo an ton i vi in p cao th yu cu cch in i vi t v vt c
in th khc ca sn thao tc phi cao.
1. Lm vic di in p cao

Hnh 4.10. Cn bng in th

Vic sa cha ny phi c ngi c thm quyn v trnh chuyn
mn duyt. Ngi sa cha phi c trnh chuyn mn v hc qua lp sa
cha ng dy c in p.
Khi lm vic, cho php chm vo vt mang in bng vt cch in
hoc trc tip bng tay.
Trng hp bng tay phi c cch in ngi vi t v dng bin
php cn bng th (hnh 4.10).

58
Ngi cng nhn ng trn mm kim loi cch in vi t, dng
so vt dy ( ni sn vi mm) vo pha cn sa cha. Sau mi
chm trc tip bng tay. Lc sa xong, dy ny phi c tho ra sau
bng so cch in.
an ton, ngi ta dng dy i v chn din tch mm b hn
ch dng in in dung n mc an ton.
Kt qu l: Khi ngi sa cha ng dy in p 110kV ang c in
th ch chu dng in ln nht (khi u chm vo dy dn v khi rt tay
khi dy) l 400A nhng vi thi gian rt b (t 1 1,5s - khong phn
triu dy) nn khng kp gy nguy him, cn dng in tip xc bnh
thng th rt b, khng ng k.
2. Lm vic di in p thp
Ch cho php trong trng hp nu ngt mch in s lm h hng qu
trnh cng ngh, h hng nhiu sn phm...
Khi lm vic phi c k s in hay k thut vin kim tra trc tip.
Phi ngn cch cn thn nhng pha bn cnh v nhng vt c ni t bng
m hay tm cao su.
Ngoi ra khi lm vic phi dng dng c c cch in ch tay cm, eo
gng tay, i giy cch in.
VIII. T CHC VN HNH AN TON
Kinh nghim cho thy: phn ln cc trng hp xy ra tai nn in l
do vi phm tiu chun, qui chun k thut an ton (KTAT) in, vi phm
cc qui trnh lm vic an ton, trnh vn hnh non km, sc kho khng
m bo.
vn hnh an ton cn trit tun th cc tiu chun, qui chun
KTAT in ngay t khu ch to lp t TB. Trong qu trnh vn hnh cn
thng xuyn kim tra, sa cha, bo dng khc phc, loi tr cc nguy c
gy tai nn.
Chn cn b k lng, hun luyn k, phn cng trc cht ch...

59
1. K hoch kim tra tu sa
Mun thit b c an ton, cn tu sa, bo dng theo k hoch.
Cn lp h s thit b in theo di tnh trng k thut, trn c s
c s theo di, xem xt nh gi chung c k hoch sa cha bo
dng kp thi.
Ngoi cng vic c tnh chu k, cn c ngi thng xuyn kim tra
pht hin nhng h hng, nhng nguy c mt an ton v c bin php khc
phc kp thi.
2. Chn cn b
Cng nhn, nhn vin phc v in phi 18 tui tr ln, c sc kho
tt, c trnh chuyn mn tt. Nm vng qui trnh, tiu chun, qui chun
KTAT in c lin quan. C thi lm vic cn c, cn thn. Bit cp cu
tai nn in.
3. Hun luyn
Trc khi lm vic, ngi lao ng phi c hun luyn v KTAT in.
Vic hun luyn c tin hnh theo 3 bc. Trong bc quan trng
khng th b qua l hun luyn thc hnh ngay ti ni lm vic. nh k
phi c hun luyn li.
Theo qui nh hin hnh (Thng t 37 ngy 29 /12/2006 ca B Lao
ng - Thng binh v X hi), cng nhn in phi c hun luyn cp
th an ton trc khi lm vic.
4. T chc lm vic
Th t thao tc khng ng trong qu trnh ng ct mch in, qun l
ng ct in khng cht ch... nhiu khi dn n nhng tai nn, s c
nghim trng. trnh tnh trng ny, vic phn cng ngi trc v ng
ct in phi ht sc cht ch. Ti ni trc phi c s ni cc ng dy,
v tnh trng thc t ca cc TB v nhng im c ni t.
Khi tin hnh sa cha TB hoc cc phn mng in u phi c phiu
giao nhim v v phi ghi r loi v c tnh cng vic, a im, thi gian,
bc th c php lm vic, iu kin an ton phi tun theo, trch nhim ca
tng ngi. Phiu ny phi c cc nhn vin chuyn mn kim tra.

60
Ngi trc ch c th thao tc theo mnh lnh (tr trng hp xy ra tai
nn, s c th c quyn thao tc trc, bo co sau).
Phiu thao tc phi c ghi thnh 2 bn, 1 bn lu ti b phn giao
vic v 1 bn giao cho ngi thc hin.
nhng ni quan trng, vic thao tc phi do 2 ngi m nhn,
1 ngi thc hin, 1 ngi theo di, kim tra.
Tu theo tnh cht cng vic m mu phiu thao tc i hi nhng mc
cht ch khc nhau.
B- NHNG YU CU AN TON I VI MT S THIT
B IN
I. NG C IN
V mt an ton, ng c in c th c chia thnh: ng c kiu h,
ng c kiu kn, kiu chng n, ng c chng thm m...
Tu theo iu kin lm vic m chn loi ng c cho ph hp.
ng c kiu h: Dng trong cc gian phng c t nguy him v
in. Khi t cc ng c ny phi che chn trnh ngi tip xc phi
phn mng in.
ng c kiu kn: Ngoi vic trnh cho ngi tip xc vi phn mang
in cn ngn bi, phoi v cc vt khc lt vo bn trong ng c.
ng c kiu chng n: Trnh kh nng gy n nhng ni c cc loi
bi, hi, kh nguy him v n.
ng c kiu khng thm m: dng lm vic trong mi trng c nc,
di nc. ng c in loi ny khng c kh nng chng n, ngc li
ng c chng n khng lm vic c di nc. ng c phi c
bo dng nh k. Nu ngng mt thi gian trn mt thng trc khi cho
chy li phi kim tra cch in, kim tra li dy ni t, kim tra phn c.
Nu c g bt thng hoc h hng phi sa cha xong mi c ng
in. Cc ng c cng xut 40kW phi t ng h o V v A. Trn
c nh du cc U v I nh mc ca ng c.

61
II. KH C IN NG CT IN
1. Cu dao
Cu dao l kh c ng ct in n gin dng ng ct mch in
Trong vn hnh nu ng ct lc c ti s c th h quang. V vy cu
dao phi c hp ngn tia la. V hp cu dao nu bng kim loi th phi ni
t. Nu cu dao t cc bng phn phi v iu khin th phi t pha
sau lng, cn iu khin ca cu dao phi lm bng vt liu cch in v t
pha trc. ng ct cu dao chnh phi mang gng tay cch in. Khi ct
in sa cha phi treo bin cm ng in ti cu dao. Nu khng c ngi
trc phi dng cht cch in lt khi ng nhm cng khng ng c,
vic ng ct cu dao bng tay ch c thc hin vi in p < 500V.
2. Dao cch ly
Dng cc thit b in >1000V. Vic thc hin ng ct dao cch ly
c thc hin khi mng ch c in p m khng c dng in chuyn ti.
V dao cch ly khng c b phn dp tia la. Nu ct c ti s lm lm chy
cc u tip xc ca dao, tia la c th gy chp mch hoc gy tai nn.
ng ct dao cch in phi c phiu thao tc v phi c 2 ngi.
Khi ng ct phi i ng, eo gng tay cch in, ng trn bc cch
in, dng so cch in.
Khi ct dao cch ly phi ct my ct trc v khi ng dao cch ly th
my ct in phi ng sau.
Khi ng ct dao cch ly, nu thy tia la phi nhanh chng a v v
tr ng. Trong lc c dng bo, sm st, khng ng ct dao cch ly c
ng dy thng ra ngoi tri.
3. My ct in t ng
My ct in t ng c ch to c b phn t ng dp tt h quang
in, do c th ng ct c dng in chuyn ti ln.
3.1. My ct in kiu nhiu du
Dng ct dng in ph ti v dng in ngn mch in p >1000V.
Du c tc dng dp tt tia la, ng thi cch in vi v my. C nhng
loi sau:

62
- Loi ng ct bng tay.
- Loi ng bng tay, ct t ng.
- Loi ng ct t ng.
Khi s dng cn phng du mt tnh cht cch in, in truyn ra
v. Du bn ra gy ho hon. Du mt tnh cht dp la lm cho my b n
v bc chy ln. Mun trnh nhng tc hi phi m bo nhng yu
cu sau:
Nu my c dung lng du qu 60 kg th phi tch ring tng pha mt.
Tt c cc b phn c in khc phi cch xa ch t my ct in.
Phi c tng chn ngn cch hon ton vi ni lm vic ca ngi lao
ng. Ngi khng c trch nhim khng c vo bung my ct in.
My ct phi c du hiu bo trng thi ng ct. Cc nt iu khin my
phi ghi nhim v r rng. Hng nm sau mi ln ct (my ct nhy) phi
kim tra li cht lng ca du. My ct nhy qua ba ln phi thay du.
3.2. My ct in t du
My ct in t du cng dng thit b in >1000V. Do cu to, khi
ct tia la b phn tn v ko di, v vy du s dp tt tia la d dng hn
nn du cha trong my t. V t du nn v my c in.
Khi s dng cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Gi t my ct phi c cch in tt.
- Cc li chn bng kim loi phi c ni t.
- Trn v my c bo hiu v my mang in.
- Sau mi ln my ct nhy phi kim tra li du, thng xuyn kim tra
mc du trong my. Khi kim tra iu khin cc my ct cng phi c 2
ngi v theo phiu thao tc. eo gng tay v i ng cch in.
4. Khi ng t
Khi ng t dng ng m my an ton v tin li hn cu dao (thao
tc nh nt iu khin). Khi ng t hin nay c dng rng ri. Khi s
dng cn ch :

63
- Bo v tt cc b mt tip xc, cun dy, nam chm, rle nhit bo v
qu ti.
- Ty theo iu kin v dng loi khi ng t thch hp nh: loi h,
loi kn, loi bo v, loi khng bt bi, loi chng chy n
III. CU CH
Cu ch dng bo v ng dy v h thng thit b in. y l c
cu t ng n gin nht. Mun cu ch c hiu qu th phi dng ng
chnh nh, nu khng s mt tc dng bo v (qu ti hoc ngn mch).
Cu ch c cc loi nh: cu ch nt, cu ch l, cu ch ng, dy ch.
1. Cu ch nt: C nt bng vt liu cch in, trong t dy ch, ch
rng quanh dy c nht y aming dp h quang khi chy cu ch.
Cu to sao cho khi vn gn cht mi c in truyn vo trnh in git
cho ngi lp. Cu ch nt dng cc mng chiu sng v cc ng c cng
sut nh.
2. Cu ch l: Gm mt vi l ch lp vo mt cch in. Cu ch l
c t trong hp c v cch in trnh b in git v tia h quang khi
cu ch chy. Cu ch l s dng mng 220V.
3. Cu ch ng: Gm mt ng s rng, hai u c hai vng kim loi.
Trong ng c dy ch lun qua ni hai u ng li. C loi trong ng c ct
thch anh dp h quang.
Bt k cu ch no cng phi t sau cu giao c th ngt in khi
thay th. Ch c thay th cu ch di in p khi eo knh, gng tay cch
in.
IV. MY BIN P
V mt an ton vi my bin p cn ch :
Trong my bin p c cha nhiu du dp h quang v cch in.
phng khi my bin p b n, du bn tung ra gy ha hon th khi
my t trong phng, bn di my phi c hm cha ht lng du
trong my.

64
- My bin p t trong nh phi c phng ring bit, ca c kha v
m ra ngoi. ca treo bin bo hiu "in cao th, cm vo". Nu t
ngoi tri phi c hng ro chc chn, c ca kha. Trong khu vc t my
phi si chng trt. V my bin p phi c ni t bo v.
- Hng nm phi tin hnh th du v tu sa my. Phi thng xuyn o
cch in ca my bin p. Phng t my phi thong mt tn nhit tt.
Ch c tin hnh cc vic trn my bin p khi my c ct in c
cao v h p. Cc u dy phi c tip t tm thi.
V. CC DNG C IN CM TAY
- Cc dng c in cm tay phi tha mn yu cu an ton nh nhanh
chng c th thot ra khi mng in, khng ngi s dng c th chm
vo cc b phn mang in.
- ni t nguy him v in c th dng in p 220V. Cn nhng ni
nguy him v c bit nguy him v in ch dng cc dng c c in p
n 36V. Nu khng th h thp in p ca dng c xung 36V th phi
tip t v thit b v trang b phng h.
VI. YU CU AN TON VI MNG IN X NGHIP
1. Mng trong phn xng
- Mng trong phn xng bao gm h thng dy dn v cp in.
Chng c nhiu loi vi tnh nng khc nhau. Khi s dng phi chn loi c
tnh nng ph hp vi c im v tnh cht sn xut nhm bo m c
cch in v bn c hc.
- Dy dn trong cc phn xng phi l dy bc cch in. Nu chn
ngm phi chn ng loi cp. Dy dn qua tng, sn nh, trn nh khng
c chm vo cc b phn kim loi phng dng in r khi cch
in hng. Dy dn xuyn qua tng phi c lun trong ng s cch in.
Dy dn i trn cao phi bt trn s cch in.
- Trong cc nh sn xut thng dng cp t ngm di rnh cp, trn
c np y bng b tng ct st. Cng c th t cp dc theo tng trong
phn xng, dc theo trn nh v cc kt cu kim loi ca ngi nh. Dng
nhng mc hoc inh c bit gn cht vo.

65
2. Mng in ngoi tri
- Nu l dy dn trn th phi t trn s cch in, phi m bo cao
ti thiu l 6m i vi in p n 1000V v 7m i vi in p t 1000V
n 10kV.
- Dy dn i qua mi nh phi t trong ng thp v phi m bo
khong cch gia dy dn vi bt c im no ca nh phi t nht l 2m.
- Dy dn trn a phn x nghip phi tnh ti 3 ln d tr v sc bn
c hc v tng cng cch in khi bt trn cc con s.
- Vi in p >1000V phi dng dy dn nhiu si. Khi cc dy cao p
v h p i cho nhau, phi t dy cao p trn dy h p v nu i ngm th
phi t dy h p trn dy cao p, gia chng phi t mt lp gch v
cch nhau ti thiu 0,35m.
















66


Chng 5
NH HNG CA TRNG IN T TN S CNG NGHIP
V TRNG IN T TN S RADIO, BIN PHP
PHNG TRNH

I. NH HNG CA TRNG IN T TN S CNG
NGHIP V BIN PHP PHNG TRNH
1. Khi qut v in t trng
in t trng l cm t ch v 2 i lng vt l c n v o v cch
tnh ring bit.
- in trng sinh ra khi c in p. Khi in p tng th cng in
trng (E) cng tng. n v o cng in trng l kV/m.
- T trng sinh ra khi c dng in. Khi tr s dng in tng th
cng t trng (H) tng. n v o cng t trng l Gaus (G)
hoc Tesla (T).
2. nh hng ca in t trng i vi sc kho con ngi
T nhng thp k 60 n 70- th k XX, khi xut hin h thng truyn
ti in 380kV, 500kV, 750kV mt s nc trn th gii ngi ta quan
tm n vic nghin cu nh hng ca thit b in cao p, siu cao p n
con ngi v mi trng, ng thi xut cc bin php hn ch,
phng nga nhng nh hng nguy him, c hi i vi con ngi, thit b
v mi trng.
Vin Nghin cu v sinh lao ng v bnh ngh nghip (Lin X), phi
hp vi Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng tin hnh
nghin cu nhng ni dung sau:
- Tc hi ca in t trng i vi con ngi.
- nh mc gi tr an ton ca in t trng i vi con ngi.

67
- a ra phng php tnh ton v o c, ch to my o cng
in trng.
- Nghin cu v quy nh p dng cc gii php phng trnh nh
hng ca in t trng.
nghin cu nh hng ca in t trng n con ngi v nh
mc gi tr an ton cho php ca cng in trng, cc nh khoa hc
Lin X c cng tin hnh nghin cu trong phng th nghim v theo
di bnh l ca cc nhm cng nhn vn hnh, sa cha thit b in cao p,
siu cao p.
Trn c s kt qu nghin cu, cc nh khoa hc a ra nhng quy
nh, hng dn thc hin cc bin php t chc v k thut phng nga
nh hng nh cch ch to, lp t cc loi chn in trng, quy nh thi
gian lm vic trong trm v cc bin php k thut lin quan.
Cng ho dn ch c (c) ngi ta cng quan tm vn in t
trng khi a h thng in 380kV vo vn hnh v ban hnh cc quy
nh phc v cho vic vn hnh, sa cha thit b in cao p. H ch to
my o cng in trng tn s 50Hz.
Nhng ni dung nghin cu tng t cng c tin hnh M, Italy.
Vit Nam, sau khi tham kho tiu chun cng in trng ca
nhiu nc trn th gii; khuyn co ca U ban quc t v bo v bc x
ion ho (ICNIRP); ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO) v kt lun ca cc hi
tho khoa hc v nh hng ca in t trng ca li truyn ti in
a ra nhn nh:
Khi phi sng hoc sinh hot lu di trong vng nh hng ca in t
trng vt qu gii hn cho php, sc kho ca nhng ngi ny b gim
st, biu hin l: cm thy mt mi, kh chu, u oi, kh ng. Nu nng th
ri lon chc nng ca h thng thn kinh trung ng, ca h thng tim
mch, dn n au u, au nhi vng tim, gia tng s mt mi v lm
tng huyt p, ri lon nhp tim.
Bn cnh , in t trng cn gy nn hin tng cm ng tnh in.
Cc vt dng bng kim loi cch in i vi t nh: mi tn, mng si,

68
dy phi, dy ng- ten... gn ng dy cao p th trn vt s xut hin
hin tng cm ng tnh in.
Khi dng bt th in chm vo nhng vt ny th bt th in u .
Nu ngi v tnh chm vo nhng vt ny u c cm gic b in git.
Dng in ny gy cm gic au n, c bit thi im bt u tip xc,
i khi c hin tng phng tia la in km theo.
Tuy vy, d in p cm ng tng i cao nhng dng in thc t
tng i nh. Thng th dng in ny khng gy tai nn cht ngi
nhng gy tm l hoang mang, lo s v kh chu cho con ngi.
Ngoi ra c mt s gi thuyt cho rng: in t trng c th gy ung
th, bnh mu trng, v sinh. Tuy nhin, nhng gi thuyt ny khng c
s chng minh v khng c t chc y t th gii cng nhn.
3. Cc bin php phng trnh
phng trnh nh hng ca in t trng tn s cng nghip i
vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng, Vit Nam tin hnh cc bin
php sau:
Ban hnh cc quy nh v trang b in i vi cc ng dy cao p v
siu cao p. Ban hnh cc tiu chun v mc cng in trng cho
php v quy nh vic kim tra ch lm vic.
Theo :
- Cng in trng tc dng trc tip ln ngi khng c ln
hn 25 kV/m.
- Mc cho php ca cng in trng (E) ph thuc vo thi gian
(T) m con ngi chu tc ng trc tip ca in trng c quy nh
theo biu thc sau:
+ T = 0 gi khi E > 25 kV/m
+ T = 1/6 gi khi 20 kV/m < E 25 kV/m
+ T = 50/E - 2 gi khi 5 kV/m E 20 kV/m
+ Khng hn ch khi E < 5 kV/m
- C th ta c thi gian cho php lm vic trong mt ngy m:

69
Cng in
trng (kV/m)
< 5 5 8 10 15 18 20 >20
Thi gian cho php
(h)
Khng hn
ch
8 4,25 3 1,33 0,8 0,5
10
pht
Khng cho php lm vic nhng ni c cng in trng ln hn
25 kV/m nu khng c phng tin bo v.
- Tt c cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh, nh ca, ct, x, dm kim
loi, hng ro, dy cng kim loicch ng dy v trm 500kV di
100m v 220kV di 50m hay giao cho vi ng dy in cao p u
phi c ni t.
- Hng nm, cc n v cn t chc khm sc kho nh k cho cn b
cng nhn lm vic trong cc trm v ng dy 220kV, 500kV theo quy nh.
- Phi o cng in trng ch lm vic ca ngi lao ng trong
cc trng hp:
+ Khi a thit b mi vo vn hnh.
+ Khi t chc ch lm vic mi.
+ Khi thay i kt cu ca thit b v cc phng tin bo v c nh
phng trnh nh hng ca in trng.
+ Khi s dng cc s thao tc mi.
+ Kim tra v sinh nh k.
Kt qu o phi c ghi vo bin bn.
II. NH HNG CA TRNG IN T TN S RADIO V
CCH PHNG TRNH
1. nh hng ca trng in t tn s radio n sc kho con ngi
Trng in t tn s Radio l trng in t c di tn s t 60kHz
n 300GHz.
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy rng: khi con ngi trong phm
vi nh hng ca tn s trn, v lu di s nh hng nhiu mt n cc
chc nng sinh l ca c th v nh hng n sc kho, c bit l chc
nng sinh sn.

70
2. Cch phng trnh
phng trnh nh hng ca trng in t tn s Radio, Vit Nam
c cc quy nh cc gi tr gii hn cho php ca cng v mt
dng nng lng trng in t nhng ni ngi lao ng lm vic trc
tip vi cc thit b bc x nng lng in t v chu tc dng ca trng
in t, ng thi quy nh cc phng php kim tra cc bin php v
phng tin bo v c bn.
2.1. Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cng v mt dng nng
lng trng in t
Trng in t trong di tn s t 60 kHz n 300 MHz c nh gi
bng cng cc thnh phn ca n; cn trong di tn s t 300 MHz n
300 GHz c nh gi bng mt dng nng lng.
Gii hn cng cho php ca trng in t ni ngi lao ng
lm vic v chu tc dng ca trng in t trong mt ngy lm vic khng
c vt qu:
Theo cng in trng:
+ 50 V/m i vi di tn s t 60 kHz n 3 MHz.
+ 20 V/m i vi di tn s t 3 MHz n 30 MHz.
+ 10 V/m i vi di tn s t 30 MHz n 50 MHz.
+ 5 V/m i vi di tn s t 50 MHz n 300 MHz.
Theo cng t trng:
+ 5 A/m i vi di tn s t 60 kHz n 1,5 MHz.
+ 0,3 A/m i vi di tn s t 30 MHz n 50 MHz.
- Gii hn mt cho php ca dng nng lng in t (n v o l
W/m
2
; W/cm
2
) trong di tn s t 300 MHz n 300 GHz v thi gian
ngi lao ng chu tc dng ca trng in t (tr trng hp bc x ca
anten quay v qut) c quy nh nh sau:
+ n 0,1 W/m
2
, thi gian lm vic khng qu 1 ngy.
+ T 0,1 n 1 W/m
2
, thi gian lm vic khng qu 2h.
+ T 1 n 10 W/m
2
, thi gian lm vic khng qu 20 pht.

71
- Gii hn mt cho php ca dng nng lng trng in t trong
gii tn s t 300 MHz n 300 GHz v thi gian ngi lao ng chu tc
dng ca trng in t do anten quay v qut c quy nh nh sau:
+ n 1 W/m
2
, thi gian lm vic khng qu 1 ngy.
+ n 10 W/m
2
, thi gian lm vic khng qu 2 gi.
2.2. Phng php kim tra cng v mt dng nng lng
trng in t
- Vic kim tra gi tr gii hn cho php ca trng in t cn c
thc hin bng cch o cng v mt dng nng lng trng in t
tt c cc ni m ngi lao ng chu tc dng ca bc x in t trong
iu kin sn xut.
- Vic kim tra phi c tin hnh nh k t nht 1 ln trong nm, k
c cc trng hp sau:
+ Khi a cc thit b bc x nng lng in t mi vo s dng;
+ Khi thay i cu to thit b bc x nng lng in t hin c;
+ Khi thay i kt cu thit b bo v;
+ Khi thay i s mch in v thay i ch lm vic ca thit b
bc x nng lng trng in t;
+ Khi t chc thm ni lm vic mi;
+ Khi sa cha nng lng bc x in t.
- Cn tin hnh o trong trng hp cng sut s dng ca ngun nng
lng trng in t ln nht.
- Vic o mt dng nng lng ca anten quay v qut cn tin hnh
khi hng anten vo nhng ni ngi lao ng chu tc dng ca trng
in t trong iu kin sn xut.
- Kt qu o cn c ghi vo bin bn vi ni dung sau:
+ Ngy thng tin hnh o.
+ Tn v loi thit b o.
+ Nm sn xut.
+ Cng sut, tn s.

72
+ Ch lm vic ca thit b
+ Ngun pht trng in t
+ V tr o
+ cao ca im o tnh t sn nh hoc mt t
+ Kt qu o
+ Cng in trng
+ Mt dng nng lng trng in t
+ Dng c o lng
+ Kt lun.
Bin bn phi c ch k ca ngi ph trch khu vc, i din phng
k thut an ton v ca ngi c c quan c i o.
2.3. Phng php v phng tin bo v ngi khi b tc ng ca
trng in t
- Cn s dng cc phng tin bo v i vi tt c cc loi cng vic
nu iu kin lm vic khng tho mn cc yu cu nu phn b.
- bo v ngi lao ng, cn s dng cc phng php v phng
tin bo v sau:
+ Gim cng v mt dng nng lng trng in t bng cch
dng ph ti thch hp v phn t hp th cng sut, che chn ch lm vic;
+ Tng khong cch t ni lm vic n ngun bc x in t;
+ B tr cc thit b bc x nng lng in t trong phng lm vic
mt cch hp l;
+ Quy nh cc ch lm vic hp l cho thit b v ngi lao ng;
+ S dng thit b bo hiu (m thanh, nh sng);
+ S dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn.
- Phng php bo v cn c chn ph hp vi di tn s lm vic,
c im cng vic, cng v mt dng nng lng trng in t v
t c hiu qu bo v cn thit.

73

Chng 6
BO V AN TON LI IN CAO P

Li in cao p l li in c in p danh nh t 1.000V tr ln.
Hin ti Vit Nam ang s dng cc cp in p cao p sau: 22kV; 66kV;
110kV; 220kV v 500kV.
Cng trnh li in cao p bao gm li in cao p v hnh lang bo
v an ton li in cao p.
I. BO V AN TON CNG TRNH LI IN CAO P
1. Khi nim: Bo v an ton cng trnh, li in cao p bao gm cc
bin php v qun l, k thut v quy nh trch nhim ca cc c quan, t
chc v c nhn c lin quan nhm m bo an ton cho cc cng trnh, li
in, cc khu dn c v cho ngi lao ng.
2. Ngh nh s 106/2005/N-CP ngy 17/8/2005 ca Chnh ph quy
nh chi tit mt s iu ca Lut in lc v bo v an ton cng trnh li
in cao p quy nh:
2.1. Vic xy dng cng trnh li in cao p
- Sau khi d n cng trnh li in cao p c c quan nh nc c
thm quyn ph duyt mt bng xy dng, chm nht sau 15 ngy ch u
t phi thng bo bng vn bn cho UBND a phng, t chc, h gia
nh, c nhn l ch s dng t, ch s hu nh, cng trnh xy dng v ti
sn khc nm trong phm vi hnh lang an ton li in cao p. Vic bi
thng, h tr v t, ti sn trn t v h tr khc cho ngi ang s dng
t khi xy dng cng trnh c thc hin theo quy nh v bi thng, h
tr v ti nh c.
Mi cng trnh c to lp sau khi nhn c thng bo thc hin
d n m vi phm hnh lang an ton li in cao p theo quy nh th buc
phi ph d v khng c bi thng, h tr.

74
Trng hp buc phi xy dng ng dy trn khng qua cc cng
trnh c tm c quan trng v chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho, an ninh, quc
phng, thng tin lin lc, nhng ni thng xuyn tp trung ng ngi, cc
khu di tch lch s- vn ho, danh lam thng cnh c nh nc xp
hng th phi m bo cc iu kin l:
+ on ng dy dn in trn khng vt qua cc cng trnh v cc a
im trn phi c tng cng cc bin php an ton v in v xy dng;
+ Khong cch t im thp nht ca dy dn in trng thi vng
cc i n mt t t nhin khng c nh hn quy nh sau:
in p n 35kV 66-110kV 220kV
Khong cch 11m 12m 13m
- on cp ngm ni vi ng dy dn in trn khng tnh t mt t
tr ln n cao 2m phi c t trong ng bo v.
- Khi hon thnh xy dng cng trnh li in cao p, ch u t cng
trnh phi thng bo ngay n UBND tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng
c cng trnh li in phi hp qun l.
2.2. Khong cch an ton phng in theo cp in p
- Nh , cng trnh c php tn ti trong hnh lang bo v an ton
ng dy dn in trn khng khng c vi phm khong cch an ton
phng in theo cp in p v phi tun th cc quy nh v bo v an ton
ng dy dn in trn khng khi sa cha, ci to nh , cng trnh
n 22kV 35kV 66-110kV 220kV
in p
Dy
bc
Dy
trn
Dy
bc
Dy
trn
Dy trn
Khong cch an ton
phng in
1,0 m 2,0 m 1,5 m 3,0 m 4,0 m 6,0 m
- Cm tin hnh mi cng vic trong hnh lang bo v ng dy dn
in trn khng nu s dng thit b, dng c, phng tin c kh nng vi
phm khong cch an ton phng in theo cp in p. Trng hp c
bit, do yu cu cp bch ca cng tc quc phng, an ninh, phi c s tho
thun vi n v qun l cng trnh li in v cc bin php bo m an
ton cn thit.

75
in p n 22 kV 35 kV 66 - 110kV 220kV 500kV
Khong cch an ton
phng in
4,0 m 4,0 m 6,0 m 6,0 m 8,0 m
- Khong cch an ton phng in theo cp in p nhng on giao
cho gia ng dy dn in trn khng vi ng b, ng st, ng
thu ni a l khong cch ti thiu t dy dn in khi dy trng thi
vng cc i n im cao nht ca i tng c bo v v c quy
nh trong bng sau:
in p

Khong cch
an ton phng in
n 35kV 66-110kV 220 kV 500kV
n im cao nht (4,5m) ca
phng tin giao thng ng b
2,5 m 2,5 m 3,5 m 5,5 m
n im cao nht (4,5m) ca
phng tin, cng trnh giao thng
ng st.
3,0 m 3,0 m 4,0 m 7,5 m
n im cao nht (7,5m) ca
phng tin, cng trnh giao thng
ng st chy in
3,0 m 3,0 m 4,0 m 7,5 m
n chiu cao tnh khng theo cp
k thut ca ng thu ni a
1,5 m 2,0 m 3,0 m 4,5 m
2.3. Hnh lang bo v an ton ng dy dn in trn khng
Hnh lang bo v an ton ca ng dy dn in trn khng l khong
khng gian dc theo ng dy v c gii hn nh sau:
- Chiu di hnh lang c tnh t v tr ng dy ra khi ranh gii bo
v ca trm ny n v tr ng dy i vo ranh gii bo v ca trm k tip.
- Chiu rng hnh lang c gii hn bi hai mt thng ng v hai
pha ca ng dy, song song vi ng dy, c khong cch t dy ngoi
cng v mi pha khi dy trng thi tnh theo quy nh trong bng sau:
n 22kV 35kV
66 - 110
kV
220kV 500kV
in p
Dy bc Dy trn Dy bc Dy trn Dy trn
Khong cch 1,0 m 2,0 m 1,5 m 3,0 m 4,0 m 6,0 m 7,0 m

76
- Chiu cao hnh lang c tnh t y mng ct n im cao nht ca
cng trnh cng thm khong cch an ton theo chiu thng ng quy nh
trong bng sau:
in p n 35 kV 66 n 110 kV 220 kV 500 kV
Khong cch 2,0 m 3,0 m 4,0 m 6,0 m
2.4. Hnh lang bo v an ton cc loi cp in i trn mt t hoc
treo trn khng l khong khng gian dc theo ng cp in v c gii
hn v cc pha l 0,5 m tnh t mt ngoi ca si cp ngoi cng.
2.5. Cy trong hnh lang bo v an ton ng dy dn in trn khng
- i vi ng dy dn in c in p n 35kV trong thnh ph, th
x, th trn th khong cch t im bt k ca cy n dy dn in trng
thi tnh khng nh hn khong cch quy nh trong bng sau:
in p n 35kV
Dy bc Dy trn
Khong cch
0,7 m 1,5 m
- i vi ng dy c in p t 66kV n 500kV trong thnh ph, th
x, th trn th cy khng c cao hn dy dn thp nht. Khong cch t
im bt k ca cy n dy dn khi dy trng thi tnh khng nh hn
khong cch quy nh trong bng sau:
in p 66 n 110kV 220kV 500kV
Dy trn
Khong cch
2,0 m 3,0 m 4,5 m
- i vi ng dy ngoi thnh ph, th x, th trn th khong cch t im
cao nht ca cy theo chiu thng ng n cao ca dy dn thp nht khi
ang trng thi tnh khng nh hn khong cch quy nh trong bng sau:
in p n 35kV 66 n 110kV 220kV 500kV
Dy bc Dy trn Dy trn
Khong cch
0,7 m 2,0 m 3,0 m 4,0 m 6,0 m
- La, hoa mu v cy trng ch c trng cch mp mng ct in, mng
no t nht l 0,5m.

77
2.6. Nh , cng trnh trong hnh lang bo v ng dy dn in
trn khng
iu kin nh , cng trnh c tn ti trong hnh lang bo v an
ton cng trnh li in cao p n 220kV:
- Mi lp v tng bao phi lm bng vt liu khng chy;
- Mi lp, khung nh v tng bao bng kim loi phi ni t theo quy
nh v k thut ni t;
- Khng gy cn tr ng ra vo kim tra, bo dng, thay th cc
b phn cng trnh li in cao p;
- Khong cch t bt k b phn no ca nh , cng trnh n dy dn
gn nht khi dy trng thi tnh khng c nh hn khong cch quy
nh trong bng sau:
in p n 35kV 66 n 110kV 220kV
Khong cch 3,0 m 4,0 m 6,0 m
- Cng in trng 5 kV/m ti im bt k ngoi nh cch mt t
1m v 1 kV/m ti im bt k bn trong nh cch mt t 1m.
i vi nh , cng trnh xy dng hp php trc khi xy dng ng
dy dn in trn khng nu cha p ng cc iu kin quy nh th ch
u t xy dng cng trnh li in cao p chu kinh ph v t chc thc
hin vic ci to nhm tho mn cc iu kin .
Trng hp ch b ph d mt phn m phn cn li vn tn ti, s dng
c v p ng c cc iu kin quy nh th c bi thng phn gi
tr nh, cng trnh b ph d v chi ph ci to hon thin li nh, cng trnh
theo tiu chun k thut tng ng ca nh, cng trnh trc khi b ph
d. Trng hp khng th ci to c p ng iu kin nu trn m
phi d b hoc di di th c bi thng v nh, cng trnh v h tr di
di theo quy nh ca php lut v bi thng, h tr v ti nh c.
2.7. Hnh lang bo v an ton ng cp in ngm
Hnh lang bo v an ton ng cp in ngm c gii hn nh sau:
- Chiu di hnh lang c tnh t v tr cp ra khi ranh gii phm vi bo
v ca trm ny n v tr vo ranh gii phm vi bo v ca trm k tip.

78
- Chiu rng hnh lang c gii hn bi:
+ Mt ngoi ca mng cp i vi cp t trong mng cp;
+ Hai mt thng ng cch mt ngoi ca v cp hoc si cp ngoi
cng v hai pha ca ng cp in ngm i vi cp t trc tip trong
t, trong nc c quy nh trong bng sau:
t trc tip trong t t trong nc
Loi cp
in
t n
nh
t khng
n nh
Ni khng c tu
thuyn qua li
Ni c tu thuyn
qua li
Khong cch 1,0 m 1,5 m 20,0 m 100,0 m
- Chiu cao c tnh t mt t hoc mt nc n:
+ Mt ngoi ca y mng mng cp i vi cp t trong mng cp;
+ su thp hn im thp nht ca v cp l 1,5m i vi cp t
trc tip trong t hoc trong nc.
2.8. Hnh lang bo v an ton trm in
Hnh lang bo v an ton trm in l khong khng gian bao quanh
trm in v c gii hn nh sau:
- i vi cc trm in khng c tng, ro bao quanh, hnh lang bo
v trm in c gii hn bi khng gian bao quanh trm in c khong
cch n cc b phn mang in gn nht ca trm in theo quy nh trong
bng sau:
in p n 22kV 35kV
Khong cch 2,0 m 3,0 m
- i vi trm in c tng hoc hng ro c nh bao quanh, chiu
rng hnh lang bo v c gii hn n mt ngoi tng hoc hng ro;
2.9. Bin bo, tn hiu
- n v qun l cng trnh li in cao p phi t bin bo, bin cm
theo quy nh ca php lut.
- Cc ct in phi c sn mu trng, t khong chiu cao 50m tr
ln v phi t n tn hiu trn nh ct trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Ct in cao t 80m tr ln;

79
+ Ct in cao trn 50m n di 80m nhng v tr c yu cu c bit;
+ Trng hp ng dy dn in cao p nm trong gii hn 8.000m
tnh t ng h, ct cnh gn nht ca sn bay, vic sn ct, t n bo
hiu theo quy nh ca c quan qun l nh nc v hng khng;
+ Dc theo ng cp in ngm trong t, ch cng trnh phi t ct
mc hoc du hiu.
2.10. Qun l, vn hnh cng trnh li in cao p
- Trch nhim ca n v qun l vn hnh:
+ Kim tra, pht hin kp thi cc hnh vi vi phm, c bin php x l
hoc kin ngh cc c quan c thm quyn x l.
+ Kim tra, duy tu, bo dng ng dy ng thi hn. Khng vn
hnh qu ti i vi ng dy vt qua nh , cng trnh.
+ Thng k, bo co theo quy nh.
- Ngi qun l vn hnh, sa cha li in phi thc hin cc quy
nh v an ton.
- Vic cht cy, ta cnh m bo an ton cng trnh li in cao p do
n v qun l vn hnh cng trnh li in thc hin v phi thng bo cho
n v qun l hoc ch s hu cy bit v bi thng thit hi theo quy nh.
2.11. Cc hnh vi b nghim cm
- Vo trm in, tho g hoc tro ln cc b phn ca cng trnh li
in khi khng c nhim v.
- Trm cp, nm bn, gy h hng cc b phn ca cng trnh li in.
- S dng cng trnh li in vo mc ch khc khi cha c tho
thun ca n v qun l cng trnh li in.
- Th diu, vt bay gn cng trnh li in
Lp t dy phi, ng ten, gin gio, bin, hp n qung co v cc vt
dng khc m khi ri c th va qut vo cng trnh li in.
- N mn, m m, xp cha cc cht d chy n, cc cht ho hc gy
n mn cc b phn ca cng trnh li in v cc hnh vi khc nh hng
n an ton ca cng trnh li in

80


Chng 7
TNH IN - CCH PHNG TRNH


I. NGUYN NHN SINH RA TNH IN V TC HI CA N
- Nguyn nhn sinh ra tnh in ch yu l do ma st gia cc vt cch
in vi nhau, hoc gia vt cch in v vt dn in, do s va p ca cc
cht lng cch in khi chuyn rt, hoc va p ca cht lng cch in vi
kim loi.
- Tnh in to ra trn cc ht nh, rn cch in trong qu trnh
nghin nt. S xut hin in tch tnh in l kt qu ca nhng qu trnh
phc tp c lin quan n s phn b li cc in t v ion khi tip xc gia
2 vt khc nhau.
- Trong sn xut, tnh in c th l nguyn nhn ca nhng v n,
chy, tai nn nghim trng v l yu t nh hng n sc kho con ngi.
Tnh in thng xut hin cc ai truyn lc ln, cc ngnh sn xut
len, vi, giy, cao su, in, nghin, sng in th tnh in c th rt ln.
V d: ai truyn chuyn ng vi tc 15 m/s trong iu kin phng
th nghim o c in th tnh in t ti 70 80kV.
Khi giy chuyn ng qua my cn lng c th t ti 50kV. Trng
hp tng t len t ti 10 15kV, vi ph cao su t ti 10 15kV.
- Th hiu cao ch thu c trong trng hp vt dn in c cch
in tt. Khi cch in khng , trn vt dn in do cm ng in t,
in tch s b r xung t v s khng xut hin th hiu cao.
Kh nng nhim in th ph thuc nhiu yu t nh: tnh dn in
ca vt cht, thnh phn cc cht cha trong n v cc nguyn nhn
khc. Khi t n mt tr s in p cao s xy ra phng tia la in qua
khng kh, iu ny c th dn ti chy n, v n th hiu 3kV tia la

81
in s gy chy i vi phn ln cc kh chy, n 5kV s gy chy cc
loi bi chy.
- in tch tnh in cn c th tch ly ngay trn c th ngi trong
trng hp ngi mc qun o len, t, si nhn to v cch ly vi mt t
bng giy cch in v di chuyn trn sn cch in, thao tc vi cc cht
cch in.
- Tc dng sinh hc ca tnh in ln ngi ph thuc vo nng lng
phng in v biu th di dng xuyn hoc va p. Tc dng ny thng
khng nguy him v tuy in p cao nhng cng dng in li rt nh.
Tuy nhin c trng hp do s s hi ng t trn cao xung v nu b
phng in lu s nh hng xu n sc kho v c th sinh ra mt s
bnh, nht l bnh thn kinh.
II. CC BIN PHP PHNG S NGUY HIM CA TNH
IN
C 3 loi bin php phng sau:
- Gim in th ca tnh in n mc an ton khng phng in c
na.
- Lm tiu tan s tch lu in tch tnh in.
- Khng cho xut hin in tch tnh in.
Cc bin php phng ny ty theo c tnh v iu kin pht sinh
tnh in m c hnh thc khc nhau:
* i vi ai truyn:
- Lm chi tip t hoc lc tip t.
- Tng in dung ca h thng ai truyn gim hiu in th xung.
- Bi du nhn vo mt ai truyn hoc lm ai truyn bng vt liu dn
in c in tr xut 10
4
.cm.
- Lm m mi trng khng kh ti 80 85% (v phn ln cc v n do
tnh in xy ra khi m khng kh thp).
* i vi ngnh sn xut len, vi, giy c th dng cc bin php sau:
- Lm trn b mt bng lp h ph ngoi.

82
- Tng m ca sn phm t 45% ln 8,10% bng cc cht ht nc
(nh glycerin).
- Tng m ca mi trng xung quanh ln 80%.
* i vi bi cng nghip, dng cc bin php:
- Tip t tt c v my, thit b b lc, li ng dn m trong c
xy ra qu trnh nghin sng phn ly, chuyn ng ca bi cng nghip.
- Tip t cn trc quay c cch ly vi t trc.
- t li kim loi c tip t trong ng ng c dn bi.
- Lm m khng kh ti mc m iu kin sn xut cho php.
* i vi qu trnh vn chuyn, chuyn rt nhin liu lng c th dng
cc bin php:
- Tip t c nh: t nhng cc tip t ng sn cc b, kho, trm
cung cp nhin liu khi rt th ni dy tip t t cc tip t ti cc
u ng b cha bng kim loi.
- Tip t lu ng: dng cho cc xe ch nhin liu bng cch ni dy
xch vo cc xe v cho ko l trn mt ng.
* Truyn tnh in tch lu trn ngi xung t, bng cch:
- Lm sn dn in, tip t qu m, tay m ca, tay vn cu thang, tay
quay cc thit b my mc.
- i giy dn in.
- Khng mc qun o c kh nng nhim in, khng eo nhn, vng v
chng c th tch in tch tnh in.
- Vn tay vo cc cc tip t ng sn.
- Dng tn hiu t ng bo c tnh in.
Khi xut hin in tch tnh in n mc no th h thng t ng s
lm nhim v tiu tan s tch lu in tch tnh in hoc dng tn hiu bo
cho ngi c trch nhim bit c bin php x l thch hp.


83


Chng 8
s cp CU NGI B IN GIT

Khi b in git, nn nhn c th sng hay cht l do s cu c c kp
thi ng phng php hay khng. Nhiu cuc th nghim v thc t chng
minh rng: t lc b in git n 1 pht sau cu cha ngay th 90% trng
hp cu sng c, 6 pht sau mi s cu, ch c th cu sng c 10%,
nu 10 pht sau mi s cp cu th rt t trng hp c th cu c.
Vit Nam c trng hp nn nhn c cu sng sau 6h lin cp
cu, cn trn th gii c trng hp cu sng c sau 8h cp cu hoc
lu hn na.
V vy, khi c tai nn in, lc nn nhn tt th, tim ngng p cng
khng c php xem nn nhn cht, m phi khn trng t chc cp
cu ngay.
I. TCH NN NHN RA KHI NGUN IN
s cu c hiu qu th iu quan trng l nhanh chng tch nn nhn
ra khi ngun in, sau tin hnh s cu khn trng, ng phng php
v phi tht kin tr.
Nhanh chng tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in:
y l cng vic c tnh cht quyt nh trong vic s cu. V thi gian
dng in qua ngi cng lu th mc nguy him cng tng v cng kh
cu cha hn.
Vic tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in phi tu theo tng trng hp
c th m thc hin vi tinh thn nhanh chng nht.
* Nu nn nhn chm vo mng h p
- Ct cu dao in nu cu dao gn.

84
- Dng vt cch in nh thanh tre, g kh gt nn nhn ra khi
ngun in hoc gt dy in ra khi ngi nn nhn.
- Nu nn nhn nm cht vo dy in th phi ng trn g kh b xc
nn nhn ra khi ngun in.
- Nm o, qun nn nhn ko nn nhn (khng chm vo ngi nn
nhn).
- Ct dy in bng ru, dao, cn g.
Cn linh hot x tr trn nguyn tc: Cu ngi phi cch ly vi nn
nhn bng cc vt cch in hoc nu khng cch ly vi nn nhn th phi
cch ly bn thn mnh vi vt dn in khc, hoc l nhanh chng bng mi
cch ct ngun in.
* Nu nn nhn chm vo in cao p th phi dng ng cch in v
gng tay cch in, nhanh chng ct ngun in hoc dng so cch in
m cu.
* Nu nn nhn chm in ngoi tri, ni khng th nhanh chng tch
nn nhn khi ngun in th phi nm dy tip t vo dy in on
trc ngi b nn v pha ngun. Tuy nhin phi ht sc thn trng khi tin
hnh bin php ny. Nu nn nhn trn cao cn b tr nh th no nn
nhn khng b thng vong khi ri xung t
II. CC PHNG PHP S CU
Ngi b in git sau khi c ct khi ngun in, c th xy ra hai
trng hp sau: bt tnh cn th hoc bt tnh khng th
Trng hp 1: Bt tnh cn th
1. Lay gi kim tra mc p ng ca nn nhn






85
2. u nn nhn nga ti a, lun gi ng th thng, trnh tt li.
3. Kim tra ng th v nhp th ca nn nhn bng cch gh tai ca
mnh vo ming hoc mi ca nn nhn xem cn th khng ng thi t
tay vo mch c ca nn nhn xem c p khng, mt nhn xung ngc ca
nn nhn xem c php phng khng.
4. Kim tra cc tn thng khc.
5. a nn nhn v t th nm nghing an ton nu nn nhn cn th v
khng c cc tn thng khc.
Ch : Khng a nn nhn v t th hi phc nu nghi ng c tn
thng ct sng.







6. Thng xuyn kim tra mch, nhp th v cc du hiu ton thn
khc
Trng hp 2: Bt tnh khng th
1. Lay gi kim tra mc p ng ca nn nhn







86
2. u nn nhn nga ti a, lun gi ng th thng, trnh tt li.
3. Kim tra v lm sch ng th bng cch:
- Nghing u v m ming nn nhn
- Dng ngn tay ch kim tra v ly d vt trong ming (nu c)
4. Kim tra nhp th, mch ca nn nhn bng cch: nhn - nghe - s -
cm nhn v bt mch.

Nu nn nhn khng th, khng c mch th tin hnh h hi thi ngt
v p tim ngoi lng ngc nh sau:
Tin hnh p tim ngoi lng ngc kt hp vi h hi thi ngt ngay
Cch lm:
- t nn nhn nm nga trn nn phng, cng
- Dng 2 bn tay v lc ca 2 cnh tay p vung gc ln v tr 1/3 di
ca on gia hm c trn v hm c di ca nn nhn vi tn s 30 ln
p tim v 2 ln h hi thi ngt ( mt chu k)
- Thc hin 5 chu k lin tc, sau dng li kim tra mch, nhp th
ca nn nhn. Lm lin tc cho n khi nn nhn c p ng.






Hnh 2.4. Cp cu theo phng php thi ngt

87
Ch : Tu tng la tui v th trng ca nn nhn m p tim ngoi
lng ngc vi lc tng ng trnh tn thng thm cho nn nhn (thng
thng p su khong 3 5 cm) .
Khi no dng p tim ngoi lng ngc v h hi thi ngt:
- Nn nhn c p ng: c mch v th c.
- C s tr gip ca nhn vin y t.
- Hin trng s cu tr nn khng an ton.
- Nn nhn khng c p ng: ton thn lnh, mm nhn, khng th,
khng c mch, da tm ti, ng t gin khng p ng vi nh sng.




















88

Chng 9
CHNG ST


I. HIN TNG ST
1. Khi nim
St l hin tng phng in trong kh quyn gia m my dng mang
in tch vi t hoc gia cc m my dng mang in tch tri du vi nhau.
Nh vy mun c st, trc ht phi c nhng m my mang in tch.
S hnh thnh ca m my ny rt phc tp. C nhiu gi thuyt nhm gii
thch qu trnh ny, nhng hin nay thuyt c nhiu ngi cng nhn nht
l thuyt Sim-Sn.
Theo thuyt ny: git nc phn b in tch khng ng u. in
tch m pha ngoi cn in tch dng pha trong. Khi c lung gi xoy
rt mnh, lm ht nc phn ra thnh nhiu ht nh. Pha ngoi mang in
tch m b gi cun i hnh thnh m my mang in tch m phn cn li
mang in tch dng.
2. Qu trnh phng in
Qu trnh tp trung in tch s lm tng cng in trng ti cc
im gn m my v khi t ti mt gi tr no (khong 20 30kV/cm)
th s xy ra phng in.
Thng gp nht l nhng m my tch in m t thp xung
cao < 2Km s gy ra hin tng cm ng in tch dng trn mt t.
nhng nh cao, in tch tp trung nhiu to nn in trng ln nn st
thng nh vo nhng im cao.
Qu trnh phng in xy ra gm 3 giai on:
+ Giai on 1: Phng in ban u, khng kh bt u b ion ha. Lc
ny theo nhng con ng d phng nht, st s phng thnh nhng sung
gin on, nhiu nhnh vi tc t 10
7
10
8
cm/s.

89
+ Giai on 2: Khi cc tia phng in ti mt t th bt u giai on
phng in chnh. Lc ny c s trung ha in tch my v t mnh lit
gy ra ting n v nh sng chi, tc phng t ti 10
9
cm/s.
+ Giai on 3: L giai on phng in trng lp, in tch ca m
my khng phng ht mt ln m phng thnh nhiu ln lin tip, ko di
khong my chc % giy.
3. Cc tham s tnh ton bo v chng st
Nhiu chng trnh nghin cu v thc nghim khoa hc xc nh
c mt s thng s tnh ton bo v chng st nh sau:
- Cng in trng ca my dng t 100 triu n 1 t vn.
- Thi gian phng in mt ln t 15 1000s.
- Dng in st t 10 230kA. Phn ln t ti 50kA.
- Tng s in tch chuyn di khi phng in t 20 100C
Hot ng ca dng st gn lin vi iu kin kh hu v t ai a
hnh tng vng.
Nc ta vo vng nhit i nng v m, rt thun li cho vic hnh
thnh my dng v st v vy chng st phi l vn c bit quan tm.
II. TC HI CA ST
i vi ngi trc ht st nh ngun in p cao v rng ln.
Nh chng ta bit, ch cn mt dng in rt nh cng gy cht
ngi, v vy nu b st nh th ngi s b cht ngay.
Nhiu khi st khng phng in trc tip cng nguy him, v khi dng
in st i qua vt ni t s to nn mt in p bc rt nguy him. Thc
t c trng hp hng trm con b b cht do st nh.
Tc hi ca st cn c th gy nn nhng m chy ln, nu trc tip
nh vo cc cng trnh, thit b th s gy nn nhng ph hoi ln.
Tc hi ca st c nhiu dng nhng c th chia thnh hai loi ch yu
sau:

90
1. Tc hi do st nh trc tip
St nh trc tip hay st nh thng l do s phng trc tip xung i
tng, thng l cc im cao nh: ct in, ct bum, ng khi, i ni...
St nh trc tip gy nhiu tc hi. Ni b st nh khng kh b t
nng ln hng vn , c th lm chy cc tm st dy 4mm v c bit
nguy him i vi nhng cng trnh c cha vt liu n chy (kho mn, b
xng du...). Nhng cng trnh kin trc bng gch, ngi, b tng. Nhng
vt liu dn in km th sc ph hoi cng nghim trng.
Trong h thng in lc c nhiu trng hp s c nghim trng do
st nh vo cc ng dy dn in cao p lm mt in, hoc st nh vo
cc nh my in lm hng my in, my bin th...
i vi mng thng tin vin thng: st nh lm chy cc tng i, gin
on thng tin v thit hi ln v vt cht...
2. Tc hi do nh hng gin tip ca st
St cn gy nh hng gin tip qua hin tng cm ng tnh in v
cm ng in t.
- Cm ng tnh in: Nhng cng trnh trn mt t, tip t khng
tt, nu di cc m my dng c in th s cm ng nn nhng in
tch tri du vi in tch ca m my. Nu st nh gn cng trnh s lm
cho cc in tch trn mt i khng kp vi cc in tch ca m my,
m cn tn ti thm mt thi gian, gy nn in p cao. in p ny c th
ngay trong nh hoc theo dy in, ng kim loi truyn vo nh to nn
nhng tia la gy n chy, hoc gy tai nn cho ngi.
- Cm ng in t: Khi st nh vo cc dy dn nm trn cng trnh
hay gn th xung quanh s to nn mt t trng mnh. T trng ny
s lm cho cc mch vng kn (gm nhiu kt cu kim loi hn ni vi nhau
ngu nhin thnh mch kn) xut hin mt sc in ng cm ng. Dng
in ny c cc nguy him nh: To ra dng in chy trong mch vng
kn, lm nng nhng ch tip xc xu v c th nh la nguy him.
Cng do cm ng in t, in p c khi ln ti hng vn vn, c th
phng tia la in ra cc vt xung quanh. hn ch tc hi ca st, cn
phi thc hin cc bin php chng st.

91
III. CHNG ST
1. Chng st nh trc tip
chng st nh trc tip ngi ta dng ct thu li (thu st). Nguyn
tc lm vic ca ct thu li l thu st v mnh, khng cho st nh vo i
tng c bo v. Kh nng bo v ca ct thu li l do c im d
phng in ca mi nhn v tr cao hn dn dng in st xung t.
Thi gian gn y, ngoi vic dng thu li chng st, ngi ta cn
nghin cu p dng gin chng st. Nguyn tc lm vic ca n l trung ha
cc in tch ca m my, lm trit tiu khng cho st xy ra. Mun th ct
chng st phi cao v din tch tip xc ca gin vi my dng phi ln hn
do gi thnh cao. Hin nay bin php ny p dng cn t v thng dng
cho cc cao c, cc h thng thng tin quan trng.
Bn cnh , vic s dng h thng chng st pht x ion sm cng
ang c p dng ngy cng thng dng. Nguyn tc lm vic ca h
thng chng st ny l khi c my dng, h thng chng st s pht ra
nhng ion tri du vi in tch ca m my. Kt qu l to nn mt t
trng mnh, thu ht s phng in t cc m my v h thng chng st,
khng cho nh vo cc cng trnh cn bo v.
Thu li c nhiu loi: Ct thu li, dy thu li, li thu li.
1.1. Ct thu li
Ct thu li gm 3 phn: Kim thu st, dy dn st v cc ni t.
- Kim thu st lm bng kim loi trn c, u vt nhn v trng km
chng g. Nhim v ca kim thu st l to ra in trng mi nhn, thu ht
cc in tch ca cc m my st.
- Dy dn st: l dy ni kim thu st vi cc tip t, c tc dng dn
dng in st xung t. Dy thng lm bng st trn = 8 12 mm, sn
chng g. Dy phi t theo ng ngn nht t kim thu st n cc tip t
trnh hin tng phng in t dy n cc b phn khc ca cng trnh.
- Cc ni t c tc dng tn dng in st vo cc lp t xung quanh.
Yu cu phi m bo in tr ni t nh khng gy ra in p ln
trn mt t khi c dng in st chy vo kim thu st xung t.

92
Nguyn tc: Ct thu li c th b tr c lp ngoi i tng cn c
bo v hoc ngay trn cng trnh ty theo tnh cht v v tr ca cng trnh.
Nguyn tc thu li bao gi cng phi t cao hn ch cao nht ca i
tng c bo v. Do c cao vt ln trn bi cnh xung quanh nn
hng phng in t m my xung kim thu li l ln nht, v vy nh
kim thu li c in trng ln nht.
Phm vi bo v ca ct thu li
* Trng hp ct thu li n:
Phm vi bo v ca mt kim thu st ng ring r l mt hnh nn gy
khc, nh trng vi nh kim, y l mt hnh trn c bn knh bng 1,5 ln
chiu cao ca kim.

Hnh 9.1.

93
Mt ct ng ca phm vi bo v gii hn bi mt ng sinh gy
khc, do hai on thng to thnh. Mt on ni t nh kim n mt im
mt t cch chn ct thu st bng 0,75; on kim ni t mt im trn
kim thu st v cao bng 0,8h ti mt im mt t cch chn ct thu
st bng 1,5h.
T hnh 9.1 c th thy im b c cao = 2/3h
cao h
x
bt k, bn knh bo v ca kim thu st r
x
c xc nh
bng cc cng thc sau:
+ Nu
h
h
x

3
2
th r
x
= 1,5 (h - 1,25h
x
) (CT 9.1)
+ Nu
h
h
x

3
2
th r
x
= 0,75 (h - h
x
) (CT 9.2)
Trng hp bit r
x
v h
x
th chiu cao ca kim thu st xc nh bng
cc cng thc sau:
+ Nu
h
h
x

67 , 2
th h =
5 , 1
h 9 , 1 r
x x
+
(CT 9.3)
+ Nu
h
h
x

67 , 2 >
th h =
75 , 0
h 75 , 0 r
x x
+
(CT 9.4)
* Khi dng 2 ct thu st (2 kim thu st).
Trng hp dng hai ct thu li th phm vi bo v c kch thc ln
hn so vi tng s phm vi bo v ca hai ct n.
Qua th nghim cho thy: Khu vc c xc sut 100% phng in vo ct
thu li c bn knh R = 3,5h. Nh vy, khi hai ct thu li t cch nhau mt
khong cch a = 2R = 7h th bt k im no trn mt t trong khong gia
hai ct s khng b st nh.
T suy ra: Nu hai ct thu li t cch nhau vi khong cch a

7h
th s bo v c cao h
0
xc nh bi cng thc:
h - h
0
=
7
a
hay h - h
0
= h -
7
a
(CT 9.5)

94
Phm vi bo v to bi hai kim thu st cao bng nhau, phm vi hai
u xc nh nh hai kim ng ring r, phm vi gia 2 kim c gii hn trn
l cung trn i qua 2 nh kim v tm ca cung nm trn ng trung trc
ca on thng ni lin gia hai kim v c cao bng 4 ln chiu cao ca
kim thu st (H= 4h).


Hnh 9.2


Bn knh cung trn xc nh bng cng thc sau:
R = H - h
0
= 4h - h
0
(CT 9.6)
Trong h
0
l chiu cao ti im thp nht ca cung v c xc nh
bng cng thc:
H
0
= 4h -
2 2
25 , 0 9 a h + (CT 9.7)

95
Khi bit a v h
0
th chiu cao ca kim thu st xc nh bng cng
thc:
H = 0,571h
0
+
2 2
0
a 0357 , 0 h 183 , 0 + (CT 9.8)
Mt ct ngang ca phm vi bo v ti im thp nht, gia hai kim
thu st hon ton ging nh phm vi bo v ca mt kim thu st ng
ring s c chiu cao l h
0
. Mt ct ny cho php xc nh c b rng
ca phm vi bo v trn mt bng ti im gia hai kim thu st theo cc
cng thc sau:
+ Nu
3
2
h
h
0
x
th b
x
= 1,5(h
0
- 1,25h
x
) (CT 9.9)
+ Nu
3
2
h
h
0
x
> th b
x
= 0,75(h
0
-h
x
) (CT 9.10)
Khi bit h
x
v b
x
, chiu cao thp nht ca vng bo v gia hai kim
xc nh bng cng thc:
+ Nu 67 , 2
b
h
x
x
th h
0
=
5 , 1
h 875 , 1 b
x x
+
(CT 9.11)
+ Nu 67 , 2
b
h
x
x
> th h
0
=
75 , 0
h 75 , 0 b
x x
+
(CT 9.12)
- Khi dng hai ct thu li (kim thu st) c chiu cao khc nhau.
Phm vi bo v hai u xc nh nh trng hp hai kim ng ring
r.
Phm vi bo v gia hai kim xc nh nh sau: T nh kim thu st
thp vch ng thng ngang ct ng sinh gii hn phm vi bo v ca
kim thu st cao.
Ti giao im ny coi nh c mt kim thu st gi tng cao bng kim
thu st thp. V sau xc nh phm vi bo v cn li nh i vi 2 kim
thu st c cao bng nhau (vi khong cch a).

96

Hnh 9.3

- Khi dng nhiu kim thu st kt hp (hnh 9.3)
Phn ngoi ca phm vi bo v c xc nh nh trng hp kim thu
st kp (tng i mt) (Yu cu khong cch a

7h) bn trong khng cn

v m ch cn kim tra theo iu kin bo v, phm vi pha trong a gic
(hoc tam gic nu 3 kim) s c hon ton bo v vi iu kin l:
b
x

0
D

8 b
x

Trong : b
x
l b rng ca phm vi bo v ti ch hp nht gia 2 kim
thu st lin tip.
D l ng knh vng trn ngoi tip tam gic hoc ng cho di
nht ca a gic.
Nu chiu cao ca kim thu st ln hn 30m th D phi gim xung bng
cch nhn thm vi h s P = 5,5 h

97
1.2. Dy thu st
Dy thu st dng bo v nhng vt ko di (nh ng dy, ng
ng...).

Hnh 9.4

Phm vi bo v ti 2 u dy xc nh nh kim thu st ng ring r.
Nhng bn knh y nn bo v bng 1,2 ln chiu cao ca u mt dy thu
st.
Phm vi bo v dc dy thu st phi xc nh theo cao thc t ti cc
im khc nhau ca dy v tnh theo cng thc:
+ Khi h
x

2/3 h th b
x
= )
h
h
1 ( h 6 , 0
x
(CT 9.13)
+ Khi h
x
< 2/3 h th b
x
= )
h 8 , 0
h
1 ( h 2 , 1
x
(CT 9.14)
Phm vi bo v ca hai dy thu st, phn bn ngoi c xc nh nh
trng hp mt dy cn phn bn trong c gii hn bi ng cung v
qua 3 im, 2 im treo trn dy thu st v im gia c cao:

98
h
0
= h - S/4
Trong :
S l khong cch gia hai dy (S phi < 4h)

Hnh 9.5.

2. Chng st gin tip
2.1. Chng st cm ng tnh in
phng cm ng tnh in ca st cn phi ni t cc thit b, cu
trc kim loi sau y:
- Thit b t ngoi tri.
- Thit b t trong nh c ng dy hoc ng ng i t ngoi vo.
- Thit b t trong nh khng c mi bng kim loi.
Trng hp thit b c mi bng kim loi nhng khng c ng ng
hoc ng dy lin h vi bn ngoi th ch cn tip t mi nh l c.
Dy tip t chng st mi nh kim loi t cch nhau khng qu 15m v ti
thiu phi c 2 dy. Lc , cc ch gip nhau ca mi nh cn c bin php
ni lin mch (hn hoc dng dy ni).
i vi ng dy trn khng: Phi ni chn n ct i vo nh. Hoc
c th dng on cp ngm thay cho ng dy trn khng vo nh.
on cp ny phi di (khong 50 100m).
2.2. Chng st cm ng in t
phng cm ng in t th tt c cc kt cu kim loi cch ly vi
t v t gn nhau nh hn 10cm phi c ni li;

99
Nhng ch mt bch tip xc xu phi c bin php ni lin chng
thnh mt vng kn v phi c tip t tt khng c s chnh lch in
th. Cc dy ni phi bt cht bng bulng hoc hn.
3. Mt s im cn lu
Ni t chng st phi t ring bit vi ni t thit b in trnh
in p nguy him xut hin trn v thit b khi c st.
dng in st thot xung t nhanh th dy dn st phi tt, mi hn
phi chc chn. in tr ni t cng b cng tt.
Quy nh hin hnh cho php:
R
n

20 cho nhng cng trnh bnh thng

R
n

10 cho nhng cng trnh c nguy him chy n (TCVN 4568 -

97: quy nh chng st cho kho cha vt liu n th R
n

10 cho
chng st nh thng v R
n

5 cho chng st cm ng tnh in).

Nu t c in tr sut ln th phi dng phng php ci to t hoc
t b phn ni t ra xa (ni c in tr sut nh).
Khi lm mi bin php m khng t c tr s R
n
quy nh,
hoc c th thc hin nhng qu tn km th R
n
c php tng ln nhng
khng qu 50 (i vi cng trnh bnh thng).
H thng chng st phi c nh k o kim tra (vo ma kh),
nhng h hng cn c sa cha thay th kp thi.









100


Chng 10
Nhng phng tin, dng c cn thit
cho an ton in

I. BO V KHI NGUY HIM KHI TIP XC BT NG VI
VT DN IN
trnh b tip xc bt ng vi nhng vt dn in, nhng phn mng
in trn hay mi ni in m ngi c th b tip xc phi c chn k
hoc ro li.
Nhng vt dn in trong nh , ni cng cng... cn c che kn, cn
nhng ni sn xut (nhng ni ch c ngi phc v ti cc thit b in)
th c th che kn bng li hoc tm bo v c l. Ro hay np y cn
phi c kha trnh m nhiu khng cn thit. Cc vt che y cn m
bo bn c hc.
Nhng vt dn in t ch qua li trong nh, cn phi che chn, bo
v vi cc cao sau:
10 kV tr xung 2,5m
35 kV tr xung 2,75m
110 kV tr xung 3,5m
Nhng vt dn in ngoi tri cn c che chn bo v vi cao sau:
35 kV 3m
110 kV 3,75m
154 kV 4m
220 kV 4,5m
My bin p, thit b in khc, nu mp di s cch in c chiu cao
thp hn 2,5m so vi nn cn c ro. Chiu cao hng ro phi khng thp
hn 1,7m.

101
II. MT S PHNG TIN, DNG C CN THIT CHO AN
TON IN
1. Cc phng tin bo v
Cc phng tin bo v c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
+ Phng tin cch in, trnh in p (bc, tip xc, lm vic) gm:
so cch in, km cch in, dng c c tay cm cch in, gng tay cch
in, giy cch in, ng cch in, m cch in.
+ Thit b th in di ng, km o dng in.
+ Bo v ni t di ng, ro chn, bin bo.
Phng tin bo v trnh tc dng ca h quang, mnh kim loi b nung
nng, cc h hng c hc: knh bo v, gng tay bng vi bt, dng c
chng kh c.
Trong phng tin bo v cch in li c chia lm 2 loi: chnh v ph.
+ Phng tin bo v cch in chnh c cch in m bo khng b
in p ca thit b chc thng, c th dng chng chm trc tip vo
nhng phn mang in.
+ Phng tin bo v ph: bn thn chng khng th bo v c m
ch l phng tin ph vo phng tin chnh.
Phng tin bo v chnh c lm bng cht c c tnh cch in bn
vng hn phng tin bo v ph.
Phng tin bo v phi c gi gn theo quy tc nh sn. Trong cc
trm phn phi trong nh, li i vo phi c ch dnh ring thit b bo v.
Phng tin bo v cn c kim tra u n, th nghim theo chu k
vi in p tng cao, tng ng vi tng loi phng tin bo v c quy
nh ti cc Tiu chun Vit Nam.
2. Phng tin cch in, trnh in p
* So cch in
So cch in dng trc tip iu khin dao cch ly, t ni t di
ng, th nghim cao p.

102
So cch in gm 3 phn: phn cch in, phn lm vic, phn tay
cm. di ca so ph thuc vo in p (hnh 10.1.a).
Khi dng so cn ng trn b cch in, eo gng v i giy cch in.
So dng trong nh c th em dng ngoi tri khi tri kh gio, cn dng
ngc li cn c quy trnh cho php.

Hnh 10.1

* Km cch in
Km cch in dng t v ly cu ch, y cc np cch in bng
cao su. Km l phng tin bo v chnh dng vi in p di 35kV.
Km cch in cng gm 3 phn: phn lm vic, phn cch in, phn
tay cm (hnh 10.1.b).
* Gng tay in mi, giy ng, m lt (hnh 10.1.c, d, e)
Dng vi thit b in, cc dng c ny c sn xut ring vi cu to
ph hp vi quy trnh. Tuyt i khng c xem l phng tin bo v nu
cc vt trn khng phi l loi sn xut ring dng cho thit b in.
)
d)
c)
b)
a)
f) g)
h)
i)

103
* B cch in (hnh 10.1. f,g).
B cch in c kch thc khong 75cm x 75cm nhng khng qu
150cm x 150cm, lm bng g tm ghp. Khong cch gia cc g khng
qu 2,5 cm. Chiu cao b t sn g n nn nh khng nh hn 10cm.
* Nhng dng c c tay cm cch in (hnh 10.1. h,i).
di phn cch in khng c di 10 cm v lm bng cht khng
b tc dng ca m hi, xng, du ha, axt v khng b st m.
3. Thit b th in di ng
Thit b th in di ng dng kim tra c in p hay khng v
nh pha. Dng c c bng n neon, n sng khi c dng in in dung
i qua. Kch thc thit b ph thuc vo in p.
Khi dng thit b th in ch a vo thit b th n mc cn thit
c th thy sng. Chm vo thit b ch cn khi vt c th khng c
in p.
4. Thit b bo v ni t tm thi di ng
Bo v ni t tm thi di ng l phng tin bo v khi lm vic
nhng ch ngt mch in nhng d c kh nng a in p nhm vo
hoc d b xut hin in p bt ng trn chng.
Cu to gm nhng dy dn ngn mch pha, cn ni t vi cc cht
ni vo phn mang in. Cht phi chu c lc in ng khi c dng
ngn mch.
Cc dy dn lm bng ng tit din khng b hn 25mm
2
. Cht phi
c ch tho dy ngn mch c bng n.
Ni t ch c thc hin sau khi kim tra khi dy dn khng c
in. u tin ni u cui ca ci ni t vo t, sau th c in p
hay khng ri ni dy vo vt mang in. Khi tho ni t ra th lm
ngc li.
trnh cc ni t b qun, cn phi kim tra tht k. Cc ni t lm
vic theo ca, kp phi kim tra khng nhng s lng m phi kim tra c v
tr t chng.

104
cc ni t c nh, trnh nhm ln ngi ta cn dng kha lin
ng in t hoc lin ng in c.
5. Dng c che chn tm thi di ng, np y bng cao su
Dng c che chn tm thi di ng bo v ngi th sa cha khi
b chm vo in p. Nhng vt ny lm bnh phong ngn cch, chiu cao
chng 1,8m. Mt ngi c th mang i d dng.
Vt lt cch in t che vt mang in phi lm bng vt liu mm,
khng chy. C th dng chng nhng thit b di 10 kV trong trng
hp khng tin dng bnh phong.
Bao y bng cao su cch in dao cch ly phi ch to sao cho d
y v tho d rng c bng km.
6. Bin bo an ton in
Dng bo trc s nguy him cho ngi n gn vt mang in, cm
thao tc nhng thit b gy ra tai nn, nhc nh.
Cc bin bo an ton in c gii thiu Ph lc 12.













105

Ph lc 1
Phn loi thit b in phng n


1. Loi "chng n kn" l loi thit b in c v kn, chc chn, chu c
p lc 2,5 kg/cm
2
; m bo ngn chn chng n t bn trong khi c s c phn
in m khng gy bc la t bn trong ra mi trng bn ngoi.
2. Loi "an ton chng n cao" l loi thit b in c kh nng loi tr
pht sinh tia la, h quang, nhit nguy him ch lm vic bnh
thng v ch khi ng.
3. Loi "ngm du" l loi thit b in c nhng chm trong du
ngn cch thit b in vi mi trng n bn ngoi.
4/ Loi "thi bng p sut d" l loi thit b in c v kn v c thi
khng kh sch vo trong v.
p sut d trong v thit b c duy tr trong sut thi gian thit b
lm vic ngn nga hn hp n t mi trng bn ngoi xm nhp vo
thit b to thnh mi trng n trong v thit b.
5. Loi " an ton tia la" l loi thit b in c c trng bng nng
lng nh ca tia la, hay h quang in, nng lng ny khng kh
nng gy n trong mi trng c nguy him n.
6. Loi "c bit" l loi thit b in c t trong v kn, bn trong
cha kh tr hoc y keo pxi, ct thch anh cho cc thit b in
khng c b phn di ng hay khng c cc tip im thng thng.
7. Cc thit b, dng c in phng n c phn chia theo cp nhit
nh quy nh trong bng sau:
K hiu cp nhit ca thit b Nhit gii hn
0
C
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
450
300
200
135
100
85

106

Ph lc 2
Phn loi gian bung, ngi nh v cng trnh theo
nguy c chy n

Tn cng trnh
Loi nguy
c chy n
1 2
1. Gin xut nhp xng du bng ng st
- xut nhp sn phm du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
0
C tr
xung
N-1c
- xut nhp sn phm du c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
o
C C-2
2. Cu tu xut nhp xng du bng ng thu
- xut nhp sn phm du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
0
c tr
xung.
N-1c
- xut nhp sn phm du c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
0
c. C-2
3. Trm bm xng du

- bm xng du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
o
C tr xung nu:

+ C h thng thng gi cng bc N -1a
+ Khng c h thng thng gi cng bc N -1
- bm sn phm du c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
o
C C -1
4. B cha xng du

- B cha xng du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
o
C tr xung. N-1c
- B cha xng du c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
o
C C-2
5. ng dn xng du

- B dn xng du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
o
C tr xung nu:

+ t trong nh N-1a
+ t ngoi tri N-1c
6. Cm van trn ng ng

- dn sn phm du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
o
c tr xung
nu:

+ t trong nh N-1
+ t ngoi tri N-1c
- dn sn phm du c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
o
C nu:


107
Tn cng trnh
Loi nguy
c chy n
1 2
+ t trong nh N-1
+ t ngoi tri C-2
7. Ni ng xng du vo phuy v cha nh

- ng xng du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
o
C tr xung nu:

+ trong nh N-1
+ ngoi tri N-1c
- ng xng du c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
o
C nu:

+ trong nh C-1
+ ngoi tri C-2
8. Gin ng xng du v t xi tc N-1c
9. Ct giao xng l cho t N-1
10. Ni bo qun xng du cha trong phuy

- bo qun phuy du c nhit bt chy ca hi t 45
o
C tr xung nu:

+ Trong nh C-1
+ Ngoi tri C-2
- cha xng du c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
o
C

+ Trong nh C-1
+ Ngoi tri C-2
11. Kho cha v phuy C-2
12. Nh ho nghim xng du N-1b
13. Kho bo qun mu du N-1b
14. Xng ti sinh du nhn N-1a
15. Nh ga ra t N-1b
Trong :
- Khu vc c nguy him n cp N-1: l khu vc trong qu trnh vn
hnh, khai thc bnh thng, xng du thng xuyn bay hi, c th ho vi
khng kh thnh hn hp chy n trong mt thi gian ngn.
- Khu vc c nguy him n cp N-1a: l khu vc trong qu trnh vn
hnh, khai thc bnh thng, xng du bay hi t v t c kh nng to thnh
hn hp n, ch sinh ra hn hp n khi vi phm cc nguyn tc an ton hoc
khi cc thit b, phng tin b h hng xy ra s c trong qu trnh lm vic.

108
- Khu vc c nguy him n cp N-1b: l khu vc trong qu trnh vn
hnh, khai thc bnh thng, xng du khng bay hi v khng c kh nng
tch t hi xng du ho vi khng kh to thnh hn hp n, hoc khi
lng xng du qu t nn hi khng to thnh hn hp n, tr trng
hp s c hay h hng thit b, phng tin.
- Cng trnh c nguy him n cp N-1c: l cng trnh c cc thit b b
tr ngoi tri xut nhp, tn cha. Cc cng trnh ngoi tri c nguy him
n cp N-1c ch sinh ra v to thnh hn hp n khi ang xut nhp quanh
ming ng, van th, van an ton hoc khi vi phm cc nguyn tc an ton
trong qun l, khi b r r, s c.
- Khu vc c nguy him chy cp C-1: l cc cng trnh c kt cu kn
dng tn cha, bo qun, pha ch, ti sinh... cc cht lng d chy c
nhit bc chy ca hi trn 45
o
C.
- Khu vc nguy him chy cp C-2: l nhng cng trnh c cc thit b
b tr ngoi tri dng bo qun, xut nhp, pha ch hoc s dng du m
c nhit bt chy ca hi trn 45
o
C.













109

Ph lc 3
Tit din ca dy ni t lm vic

Thp
Tn gi ng Nhm
Trong
nh
Ngoi
tri
Trong
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
Dy trn:
- Tit din mm
2

- ng knh mm

4
-

6
-

-
5

-
5

-
10
Dy dn c bc cch in:
- Tit din mm
2


1,5

2,5

-

-

-
Li ni t hoc ni "khng"
ca dy cp v dy dn nhiu
li trong cng mt v bo v
chung vi cc dy pha: tit
din mm
2




1



2,5



-



-



-
Thp gc:
- B dy ca g, mm

-

-

2

2,5

4
Thp dt:
- Tit din, mm
2

- B dy, mm

-
-

-
-

24
3

48
4

48
4
ng ng dn nc, dn kh
(bng thp):
B dy ca thnh ng, mm
ng ng (ng bng thp):
B dy ca thnh ng, mm


-

-


-

-


2,5

1,5


2,5

2,5


3,5

-
Ch thch:
Khi t dy dn trong ng th tit din ca dy "khng" c php ly bng 1
mm
2
, nu nh dy pha c cng tit din nh vy.
Khng cho php s dng dy "khng" (PEN) v dy trung tnh (N) i t im
trung tnh ca my pht hoc my bin p n bng lp thit b phn phi lm dy
ni t lm vic.
Cc cc ni t phi c t gn my bin p. Trong trng hp my pht
hoc my bin p t trong nh, cho php t cc ni t cnh tng bn ngoi
nh.

110

Ph lc 4
Phn loi cp bo v ca my in cm tay

1. Phi ch to cc my theo cc cp bo v c bn sau:
Cp I: Gm cc my c cc bo v ni t hoc ni "khng". Cc chi
tit c in p u c cch in lm vic; mt s chi tit c cch in kp
hoc cch in tng cng.
Cp II: Gm cc my khng c b phn ni ti dy bo v. Tt c
cc chi tit c in p ca my u c cch in kp hoc cch in tng
cng.
Cp III: Gm cc my c in p danh nh khng qu 42V, ton b
mch ngoi v mch trong ca my khng c in p khc.
My phi dng in mt ngun ring hoc dng in qua bin p cch
ly hoc b i in c in p khng ti khng vt qu 50V, mch th cp
khng ni t hoc ni "khng".
2. in p danh nh ca cc my cp I v II khng c vt qu:
- 220V i vi my dng in mt chiu.
- 380V i vi my dng in xoay chiu.
Hiu in th gia t v dy bt k ca li hoc ngun cp in cho
cc my cp I v II khng c ln hn 220V.







111

Ph lc 5
S ni "khng" thit b in

1. S c dy bo v (PE) v dy trung tnh (N) chung (TN-C)

2. S c dy "khng" bo v tch mt phn (TN- C-S)



Thit b in
1 pha
Thit b in
3 pha
Kt cu kim loi
Ni
t
lm
vic
Dy khng (Pen)
Ni
t
lm
vic
Thit b in
1 pha
Thit b in
3 pha
Thit b in
3 pha
Kt cu kim loi
Dy khng lm vic (N)
Dy khng bo v (PE)
A
B
C
A
B
C

112
3. S c dy "khng" lm vic v dy "khng" bo v ring (TN-S).

4. Bng h s thi tit dng tnh ton in tr ca trang b ni t
Hnh thc
ni t
su t din
tch cc ni t
H s thay i
in tr sut
Ghi ch
Tia thanh nm
ngang
0,5 m
o,81 m
1,41,8
1,251,45
Tr s nh ng vi t
kh (o vo ma ma)
Cc ng thng
ng
0,8 m tnh t mt t
n u trn ca cc
1,21,4 Tr s ln ng vi t
m (o vo ma kh)


Thit b in
3 pha
Thit b in
1 pha
Ni
t
lm
vic
Kt cu kim loi
Dy khng bo v (PE)
Dy khng lm vic (N)
A
B
C

113

Ph lc 6
S b tr my ct dng r trong mng in
3 pha loi TT



1. Ni t lm vic;
2. V;
3. Ni t bo v;
4. My ct in dng r.

114

Ph lc 7
Mu phiu cng tc in h p

n v:.......................
PHIU CNG TC
IN H P
S:............

Nhimv:............................
...........................................
.............................................
a im:...........................
.............................................
:............................................
S ngi:..............................
Bin php AT:.....................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
Thi gian:.........................

Ngy.....thng....nm...
Ngi cp phiu cng tc
(k tn)
n v: phiu cng tc in h p
....................... S:.....................

Nhim v cng tc:..............................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
a im cng tc:.................................................
................................................................................
S ngi trong nhm cng tc:..............................
Bin php an ton khi cng tc:............................
................................................................................
................................................................................
Thi gian bt u lm vic: t .... gi, ngy.........
Kt thc cng vic:.................gi, ngy.................
Nhn xt tm tt cng vic:...................................

Ngy.....thng......nm...
Ngi ch huy trc tip Ngi cp phiu cng tc
(k tn) (k tn)


Ngi cho php vo lm vic
(k tn)

Ghi ch: In thnh tp, kh giy 130 x 290, ng du gip lai.

115

Ph lc 8
Mu s lnh cng tc

Thi
gian
Tn ngi ra
lnh v ch k
Ni dung cng
vic
Tn ngi nhn
lnh v ch k
Tm tt kt
qu cng vic

























116

Ph lc 9
Khong cch thng ng nh nht ca ng dy
dn in h p trn khng n mt t, cng trnh

c im ca khu vc Khong cch (m)
n mt t khu vc ng dn c; ng
giao thng c -t, xe la qua li.
6,0
n mt t khu vc tha dn c. 5,0
n va h, ng dnh cho ngi i b
on nhnh r vo nh.
3,5
n mc nc cao nht ca knh, rch, ao,
h... khng c tu, thuyn qua li.
2,0
n mc nc cao nht ca sng, knh, rch
c tu thuyn qua li.
Tnh khng theo cp k thut ca ng
thu +1,5m
n mi nh, sn thng. 2,5
Cy trng di ng dy phi cch dy
di cng
1,0

Ph lc 10
Khong cch ngang nh nht ca ng dy dn
in trn h p ti mt t, cng trnh

c im khu vc Khong cch (m)
n ca s, ban cng, sn thng, b phn gn
nht ca cu.
1,5
n tng xy kn, n cy ci. 1,0
n tng xy kn nu dy dn c t trn gi
gn vo tng, khong cch gi 30m
0,3
n ct xng du, kho cha nhin liu, ho cht
d chy, n.
10



117

Ph lc 11
Gii thch cc k hiu quc t

+ TN-C: Mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip, cn thit b in c ni
"khng"; dy bo v (PE) v dy trung tnh (N) chung.
+ TN-C-S: nh trn nhng dy bo v (PE) v dy trung tnh (N) on
gn ngun chung, sau li tch ra.
+ TNS: Mng c trung tnh ni t trc tip, thit b in c ni
"khng"; dy bo v (PE) v dy trung tnh (N) tch ring (mng ba 3 nm
dy).
+ N: Dy trung tnh (N).
+ PE: Dy bo v (PE).
+ PEN: Va l dy trung tnh, va l dy bo v.













118

Ph lc 12
Bin bo an ton in

(Tham kho Tiu chun Vit Nam 2572-78)

S
1

S
2

c
f
g e
h
1

d
k
h
2

b
n
a
L
h
3

h
3

h
3

k
b
a
Kiu 1aX Hnh 1
Kiu 1aX Hnh 2
L

119


20
24
10
24
24
10
360
35
20
5
3
240
70
6
12
12
4
230
160
240
230
20
24
10
10
24
24
360
35
20
5
3
Kiu 2aX Hnh 3
Kiu 2K Hnh 4

120


c
f s
s
1

d
k
b
L
L
k
a
n
h
1

e
g
h
2

h
3

h
3

h
3

s
2

b
a
Kiu 2b Hnh 5
Kiu 3aX Hnh 6

121
b
b
a
a
Kiu 4aX Hnh 8
Kiu 3b Hnh 7





122
b
a
Kiu 5aX Hnh 9
5
12
12
40
40
160
4
350
360
40
25
30
26
30
40
240
Kiu 6aX Hnh 10

123
f t
g
n
a
k
L
h
3

b
h
2

k
d
S
1

S
2

b
a
Kiu 7b Hnh 11
Kiu 8b Hnh 11

124

b
a
70 100
4
3
30
5
20
30
240
4
10
120
70 100
10
120
4 240
40
40
Kiu 9b Hnh 13
Kiu 10c Hnh 14
Kiu 11c Hnh 15

125
h
a
b b h
a a
c
d
c
g
c
b
Kiu 14L Hnh 18 Bin bo c l gn c
nh Hnh 19
Bin bo khng c
l gn c nh Hnh 20
b
a


















d
n
g
f
f
k
h
2

L b
a
Kiu 12d Hnh 16
Kiu 13d Hnh 17

126



Danh mc cc ti liu tham kho

1. Gio trnh an ton in Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni
2. Gio trnh an ton in, V trung hc chuyn nghip-dy ngh
3. Ti liu tp hun cho ging vin v an ton in ca Jica (Nht Bn).
4. Ti liu tp hun cho chuyn gia v an ton in ca Kosa (Hn Quc).
5. TCVN 5556-91: Thit b in h p - Yu cu chung v bo v chng
in git
6. TCVN 4756-89: Quy phm ni t v ni khng cc thit b in.
7. TCVN 4086-85: An ton in trong xy dng - Yu cu an ton chung.
8. TCVN 3146-86: Cng vic hn in - Yu cu chung v an ton.
9. TCVN 4726-89: K thut an ton my ct kim loi - Yu cu i vi
trang b in.
10. TCVN 4163-85: My in cm tay - Yu cu k thut.
11. TCVN 5180-90: Pa lng in- Yu cu chung v an ton
12. TCVN 3718-82: Trng in t tn s radio - Yu cu chung v an
ton.
13. TCVN 2572-78: Bin bo an ton in.
14. TCVN 3259-92: My bin p v cun khng in lc - Yu cu an
ton.
15. TCVN 3145-79: Kh c ng ct mch in, in p n 1000V-
Yu cu an ton
16. TCVN 2295-78: T in ca thit b phn phi trn b v ca trm
bin p trn b - Yu cu an ton.

127
17. TCVN 4115-85: Thit b ngt in bo v ngi dng cc my v
dng c in di ng c in p n 1000V - Yu cu k thut chung.
18. TCVN 3623-81: Kh c in chuyn mch in p n 1000V- Yu
cu k thut chung.
19. TCVN 5334-1991: Thit b in kho du v sn phm du- Quy
phm k thut an ton trong thit k v lp t.
19. TCVN 3620-92: My in quay - Yu cu an ton.
20. TCVN 5887-91: So cch in
21. TCVN 5588-91: ng cch in
22. TCVN 5589-91: Thm cch in
23. TCVN 5586-91: Gng cch in
24. TCVN 5699-1998: An ton i vi thit - Yu cu chung b in gia
dng v cc thit b in tng t.
25. TCVN 6950-1-2001: ptmt tc ng bng dng d khng c bo
v qu dng dng trong gia nh v cc mc ch tng t (RCCB) - Quy
nh chung
26. TCVN 6615-1-2000: Thit b ng ct dng cho thit b - Yu cu
chung
27. TCVN 4264-1994: Qut in sinh hot - Yu cu an ton v phng
php th.
28. TCVN 2048-1993: v phch cm in 1 pha
29. TCVN 5717-1993: Van chng st
30. TCN-1984: Quy phm k thut an ton khai thc thit b in cc
nh my in v li in.
31. Ti liu ca vin nghin cu khoa hc k thut v bo h lao ng
nm 1996: Hng dn thc hin cc bin php an ton in.
32. Sch hng dn v an ton lao ng - v sinh lao ng, KS. Hong Vn
Hng v BS. Nguyn c n nm 2003, Nh Xut bn Lao ng - X hi.

128
33. Cc ti liu hi tho khoa hc nm 2007 v nh hng ca in t
trng li truyn ti in - Thc trng v gii php phng trnh.
34. Ngh nh s 106/2005/N-CP ngy 17/8/2005 ca Chnh ph quy
nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut in lc v bo v
an ton cng trnh li in cao p.




















129



MC LC
Trang
Li ni u
Chng 1: Cc khi nim c bn v an ton in 5
Chng 2: Tc hi ca dng in i vi c th con ngi 15
Chng 3: Phn tch an ton trong cc mng in 23
Chng 4: Cc bin php phng tai nn in 36
Chng 5: nh hng ca trng in t tn s cng nghip v tn
s rai, bin php phng trnh 68
Chng 6: Bo v an ton li in cao p 73
Chng 7: Tnh in- cch phng trnh 80
Chng 8: Cp cu ngi b in git 85
Chng 9: Chng st 90
Chng 10: Cc trang b, phng tin cn thit cho an ton in 100
Ph lc 105
Danh mc ti liu tham kho 126


130

(Ti liu dnh cho ging vin an ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc
an ton v ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan)

Nh xut bn Lao ng - X hi
S 36, ng Ho Bnh 4, Minh Khai,
Hai B Trng, H Ni
T: 04. 36246917 - 36246919; Fax: 04. 36246915


Chu trch nhim xut bn:
H tt thng
Bin tp v sa bn in:
Nguyn Quang dng
Trnh by ba:
Don vn Huy


M s:
10 17
308 80

In 500 cun, kh 16x24 (cm). Giy chp nhn ng k k
hoch xut bn s 983-2008/CXB/8-308/LXH.
In xong v np lu chiu Qu IV/2008.

N
H
A

X
U

L
A
O

N
G

A
n

t
o

l
a
o

n
g
A
n

t
o

s
i
n
h

l
a
o

n
g
T
r
o
n
g

n
g

n
An ton v sinh lao ng
Ti liu dnh cho ging vin An ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc an ton
V ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan
Trong s dng in Trong s dng in
Thc hin trong khun kh
D n Nng cao Nng lc Hun luyn An ton V sinh Lao ng Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)
Muc tiu ca D n: Tng cng cng tc an ton v sinh lao ng, gp phn gim
tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip ni lm vic; ci thin quan h x hi gia
cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cc t chc i din ca ngi lao ng v ngi s
dng lao ng thng qua tng cng nng lc ca Trung tm Hun luyn An ton -
V sinh Lao ng, cng c h thng hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng, xy dng
chnh sch hun luyn v dch v hun luyn v an ton - v sinh lao ng cho cc
i tc x hi m bo an ton v sinh lao ng v iu kin lao ng.
Vn phng T chc Lao ng Quc t tai Vit Nam
48-50 Nguyn Thi Hoc, H Ni, Vit Nam
Tel: 84 43 7340902 * Fax: 84 43 7340904
UT BN L NG NHA X AO - X HI
Ti liu dnh cho ging vin An ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc an ton
Trong s dng in
An ton v sinh lao ng
V ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan
Trong s dng in
D n Nng cao Nng lc
Hun luyn ATVSL Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)