Professional Documents
Culture Documents
20081279 TTM-K53
20081819 TTM-K53
Phan Vn Trng
20082846 TTM-K53
Ha Ni 4/2012
I.
III.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
Cc b lc thng dng.................................................................. 9
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
Lc thng thp...................................................................... 10
2.3.3.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
Lm trn nh .............................................................................. 32
2.1.1.
Lc tn s thp Ideal............................................................ 32
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
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2.2.
Lm sc nh ................................................................................ 35
2.2.1.
Lc tn s cao Ideal.............................................................. 36
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
IV.
3.1.
3.2.
Ci t ......................................................................................... 38
3.3.
3.4.
Th nghim ng dng................................................................ 40
KT LUN ........................................................................................ 45
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LI GII THIU
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I.
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X[m,n]
X l d liu
Y[m,n]
nh (F)
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nh ngha v m hnh
Hnh 1: Ma trn lc 3* 3
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Vi K * L << M * L
B lc p ng xung hu hn (FIR)
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B lc p ng xung v hn (IIR)
B lc trung bnh
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= 125
Lc thng thp
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Trong [m, n] l nhiu cng c phng sai 2n. Nh vy, theo cch tnh ca
lc trung bnh ta c:
Lc thng cao
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1.1.
(, ) = 1,=1 ( + , + )
9
(1.1)
1
10
(( 1, 1) + (, 1) + ( + 1, 1) + ( 1, ) +
2 (, ) + ( + 1, ) + ( 1, + 1) + (, + 1) + ( + 1, + 1))
(1.2)
Ni tm li, x l nh trn min khng gian l mt phng php rt trc
quan, ph hp vi cm gic t nhin ca chng ta: nhn vo cc biu thc (1.1) v
(1.2), ta cng hnh dung c phn no v nh kt qu.
Tuy nhin, cng chnh do tnh n gin nh trn m phng php x l nh
trn m phng php x l trn min khng gian l khng c tinh t. Chng hn
h s ca mt n (filter mask) thng c chn l dng.
D nhin, trong mt s trng hp, mt n c th cha cc h s m. Mt th
d khc l cc mt n thng l ma trn i xng. Hin nhin ta thy rng mt n
khng nht thit phi l ma trn i xng. Hn na, cc h s ca mt n cng
khng nht thit nguyn hay hu t. i vi cc trng hp nh vy, cc h s phi
c chn bng mt phng php no , ch khng cn bng trc quan nh trc
y.
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Php bin i Fourier i t min khng gian (lin tc hay ri rc) ti min tn
s lun lun lin tc. Khai trin phn tch mt hm f ca trng xm bt k thnh
tng ca v hn cc sng dng sin hay cos. Mt sng c tn s cng cao th dao
ng cng dy c gy nn s bin i t ngt gi tr ca f. Chnh cc thnh phn
ny gy s xo trn mnh m cho gi tr ca hm f do lm gim tnh trn ca f.
Mt khc tn hiu nhiu l tn hiu c bin thp v tn s cao. V tnh cht ny
nn Fourier c ng dng vo lc nh trn min tn s.
Bin i Fourrier cho mt tn hiu mt chiu gm mt cp bin i:
- Bin i thun: chuyn s biu din t khng gian thc sang khng gian tn
s (ph v pha). Cc thnh phn tn s ny c gi l cc biu din trong khng
gian Fourrier ca tn hiu.
- Bin i ngc: chuyn i s biu din ca i tng t khng gian Fourier
sang khng gian thc.
Khng gian mt chiu
Cho mt hm f(x) lin tc. Bin i Fourrier ca f(x), k hiu F(u), u biu din
tn s khng gian, c nh ngha:
trong :
f(x): biu din bin tn hiu
e-2ixu : biu din pha.
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u, v biu din tn s
- Bin i ngc
1.3.
() = () 2
(1.3)
=0
1
() = () 2
(1.4)
=0
1
2
2
)
() = () (
+
(1.5)
=0
{0,1, , 1}
1
2
2
() = (() ())(cos
+ sin
)
=0
Hay
1
1
2
2
() = ( ()cos
() sin
))
=0
1
2
2
)
+ ( () sin
()cos
=0
1
2
2
)
() = ( ()cos
+ () sin
=0
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(1.6)
R rng (1.6) l mt s phn tch hm g thnh tng ca cc sng sin hay cos.
Ch rng tng y l tng hu han, ch khng phi tng v hn (chui) nh
khai trin Fourier m ta xt mc trc.
Mi sng thnh phn l ()cos
v () sin
. ng vi mi u, cc
() = ()
=0
1
() = ()
=0
V ()cos
v () sin
(1.7)
(1.8)
tng hp ca hai sng ny cng c dng sin hoc cos. Do G(u) = R(u) i I(u)
Nn
|()| = 2 () + 2 ()
V vy
()cos
2
2
+ () sin
( )
2
( )
2
= | ()|(
2 () + 2 ()
2 () + 2 ()
()
= 2
()+2 ()
Gi (, ] l gc tha {
()
= 2
2
()+ ()
Khi
()
2
2
2
2
)
+ ()
= | ()| (
+
2
= | ()|cos(
+ )
1
2
() = | ()|cos(
+ )
(1.9)
=0
Cng thc (1.9) cho ta thy g c th phn tch c thnh tng ca M sng c
bin dng. Mi sng nh vy c tn s l
, vi {0,1,2, , 1}. Ta
mong mun rng khi u cng ln th bin cc sng trn cng nh.
Theo cng thc (1.9) th bin ca sng ng vi u = 0 l
| (0)|. (1.3),
ta c (0) = 1
=0 (), tc l tng ca g. Ta s chng mnh rng
| ()| | (0)|,
{0,1, , 1}
| ()
| ()|
=0
=0
Hay
2
( () ) + ( () ) ( ())
=1
=1
(1.10)
=1
Vi
= 2
= 2
( () ) = (() )2 + ()()
=1
=1
<
( () ) = (() )2 + ()()
=1
=1
<
()()( + ) ()()
<
<
=0
=0
2
2
( ) = ()cos(2
( ) = ()
)
= ()cos
=0
2
= ()
2
2
( ) = ()sin(
( )) = ()sin(2
)
=0
=0
= ()sin(
=0
2
) = ()
Do , vi mi {0,1, , 1}, ta c
( ) = ()
( ) = ()
V vy nn
| ( )| = | ()|
l c th suy ra gi tr ca
1.
| ()|cos (
+ ) ch
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1 (, ) = (, ) 2
=0
(, ) =
1 (, ) 2
=0
=0
1 1
(, ) 2
=0
= (, ) 2( + )
=0 =0
(, ) = (, ) 2( + )
(1.11)
=0 =0
vi u = 0,1,,M-1 , v = 0,1,,N-1.
Tng t nh trng hp mt chiu, ta cng c th tm li f nu bit DFT ca
n bng cng thc
1 1
1
(, ) 2( + )
(, ) =
(1.12)
=0 =0
Nu vit
(, ) = (, ) (, )
Th (1.12) c vit li thnh
1 1
1
( (, ) (, )(2 ( + )
(, ) =
=0 =0
+ 2 (
+ ))
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1 1
1
[ (, )2 ( + ) + (, )2 ( + )]
(, ) =
=0 =0
1 1
1
(, )
|(, )| [
=
2 ( + )
|(, )|
=0 =0
(, )
2 ( + )]
|(, )|
Gi (, ] l gc tha
(, )
|(, )|
(, )
=
|(, )|
(1.13)
Ta c
1 1
1
|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =
(1.14)
=0 =0
Nh vy, hm hai bin f cng c phn tch thnh tng ca MN sng dng
sin hay dng cos, m khng cn n khai trin Fourier cho hm hai bin.
Tip theo, ta xt bin ca cc sng ny, tc l |(, )|. ng thc (1.11)
c th c vit li thnh
1 1
(, ) + (, ) = (, ) [2 (
=0 =0
+ ) + 2 ( + )]
Do
1 1
(, ) = (, )2 (
=0 =0
1 1
(, ) = (, )2 (
=0 =0
+ )
+ )
T (1.14) suy ra
( , ) = (, )
T (1.15) suy ra
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(1.15)
(1.16)
( , ) = (, )
Do
2 ( , ) + 2 ( , ) = 2 (, ) + 2 (, )
Hay
| ( , )| = |(, )|
(1.17)
2
{
=
2
=
T (1.11) ta c
1 1
(0,0) = (, )
=0 =0
5 0 , 4
0 5 , 15
cc sng ng vi (u, v) gn (0, 0), hay (M, 0), hay (0, N), hay (M, N) th c bin
ln. Tip theo, ta xt kh nng vn dng bin i DFT hai chiu (1.11) v (1.12)
vo vic x l nh. Hm f gi y l trng xm, trong f(x, y) l xm ca
nh ti pixel c ta l (x, y).
Gi s ta mun l trn nh, tc l lm trn hm f. Cng thc (1.14) gi rng
kt qu nh g s c dng
1 1
1
(, )| (, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =
(1.18)
=0 =0
nhiu ny. y, t gim c th hiu theo ngha H(u,v) = 1 khi (u, v) kh gn(0, 0),
hoc (M, 0), hoc (0, N), hoc (M, N), cn 0 (, ) < 1 khi (u, v) kh gn
( , ) . tin cho vic tnh ton sau ny, ta dng php bin i sau
2
(, ) = (
, )
2
2
|(, )| = [(1
)+
(, )] = (, )(1)+ 2( + )
=0 =0
1 1
= (, ) (+) 2( + )
=0 =0
1 1
= (, ) 2[( 2 )+( 2 )] = (
=0 =0
= (, )
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, )
2
2
1
(, )| (, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =
(1.19)
=0 =0
( , ) m thi.( Hnh 5)
2
1
|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =
(1.20)
=0 =0
(1.21)
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1 1
1
|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =
(1.22)
=0 =0
(, )(, )
(, )(, )
=
|(, )|
|(, )|| (, )|
(, )(, )
(, )(, )
=
|(, )|
| (, )|| (, )|
Do , nu (, ) 0 th
(, )
|(, )|
(, )
=
|(, )|
(1.23)
1
|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =
(1.24)
=0 =0
() = () 2
=0
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(1.25)
1
() = () 2
(1.26)
=0
() = () (2
=0
2 )
Hay
1
() = ()2
()2
=0
(1.27)
=0
() = ()
=0
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V = 2 nn
2 1
() = ()
=0
Hay
21 1
21 1
() = (2) 2 + (2 + 1) (2+1)
=0
(1.28)
=0
t M = 2K vi K = 21 , th ta thy
2 = 2 2 =
Do (1.28) c vit li thnh
K1
K1
() = (2)
+ (2 + 1) (2+1)
=0
(1.29)
=0
K1
( + ) = (2)
(+)
=0
+ (2 + 1) (2+1)(+)
(1.30)
=0
Ta c
(+) = + = 2
= 2 2 = 2
Do
(+) =
(1.31)
Ta c
(2+1)(+)
(2+1)+(2+1)
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(2+1)
2[
+(2+1) ]
Hay
(2+1)(+) = 2
(2+1)
1
2(2+1)2
Do
(2+1)(+) = (2+1)
(1.32)
K1
( + ) = (2) (2 + 1) (2+1)
=0
(1.33)
=0
2+
= 2( 2 +)
Hay
2
(2+1) = 2 2 2
Hay
(2+1) =
(1.34)
K1
() = (2)
=0
+ (2 + 1)
(1.35)
=0
hay
K1
K1
( + ) = (2) (2 + 1)
=0
=0
t
1 () = (2)
0 1
2 () = (2 + 1) 0 1
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(1.36)
(1.37)
(1.38)
= 2 = (2 ) + (2 )
(1.39)
Trong 1 v 2 l cc hng s.
o chi ph tm DFT ca f l:
+ = (1 + 2 )2 = (1 + 2 )(log )
Tc l thut ton c phc tp l (log ).
R rng chi ph ny tt hn nhiu so vi chi ph 2 nh phng php tnh
thng thng.
Tip theo, ta ng dng thut ton FFT nh trn vo trng hp hai chiu.
Gi s f = f(x,y) l hm hai bin v F = F(u,v) l DFT ca f(x,y)
1 1
(, ) = (, ) 2( + )
(1.40)
=0 =0
Hay
1
(, ) = ( (, ) 2 ) 2
=0
(1.41)
=0
ng vi mi x v v, ta t
1
= (, ) 2
=0
(, ) = 2
(1.42)
=0
(2.1)
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(2.2)
Lm trn nh
1
0
(, ) 0
(, ) > 0
(2.3)
(2.4)
= (, )
(2.5)
=0 =0
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(2.6)
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1
1 + [(, )/0 ]2
(2.7)
2 (,)/2 2
0
(3.8)
Lm sc nh
(2.9)
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0
1
(, ) 0
(, ) > 0
(2.10)
1
1 + [0 /(, )]2
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(3.11)
2 (,)/2 2
0
(3.12)
Giao din
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3.2.
Ci t
Biu lp
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S x l nh mu
3.3.
Chc nng
-
X l nh mu
Lc nhiu nh
Lm trn nh
Lm sc nh
Lu nh c lc
S dng
-
La chn mt b lc bt k:
+ B lc thng thp (lm trn nh): ILPF, BLPF, GLPF.
+ B lc thng cao (lm sc nh): IHPF, BHPF, GHPF.
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3.4.
File/Save Image lu li nh lc
Th nghim ng dng
Bc n = 2
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Vi nh vn bn b r: D0 = 50, n = 2
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nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 5, 15, 25
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nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 5, 15, 25
n=2
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nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 5, 15, 25
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IV.
KT LUN
Thng qua vic tm hiu v nghin cu ti ny gip chng ti c ci nhn
ton din hn v lnh vc x l nh, c bit l nhng phng php ci thin cht
lng nh thng qua cc php lc nh trn min khng gian v min tn s. Do thi
gian c hn nn ti khng trnh khi nhng sai st, mong c gp , nh gi
gip chng ti b sung hon thin ti.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFT
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/44166/2D-FFT-of-an-Image-in-C
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