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TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA HA NI

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN VA TRUYN THNG

BAO CAO BAI TP LN


Mn hc: X l nh
TI:
Tm hiu v cc php lc s, kho st v xy dng th nghim
cc ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s vi x l nh mu.
Gio vin hng dn: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Hong Lan
Sinh vin thc hin:

Nguyn Khnh Hng

20081279 TTM-K53

Nguyn L Hoi Nam

20081819 TTM-K53

Phan Vn Trng

20082846 TTM-K53

Ha Ni 4/2012

LI GII THIU ........................................................................................... 4


KHI QUT V NH, NH S .......................................................... 5

I.

II. TM HIU V CC PHP LOC S.................................................... 7


1. Khi qut v php lc nh..................................................................... 7
2. Cc b lc s ........................................................................................... 7

III.

2.1.

nh ngha v m hnh ................................................................. 7

2.2.

Phn loi b lc ............................................................................. 8

2.3.

Cc b lc thng dng.................................................................. 9

2.3.1.

B lc trung bnh .................................................................... 9

2.3.2.

Lc thng thp...................................................................... 10

2.3.3.

Lc ng hnh (Homomorphic Filtering) .......................... 11

KHO ST V XY DNG TH NGHIM CC NG DNG

CA PHP LOC TRN MIN TN S. .................................................. 12


1. C s l thuyt...................................................................................... 12
1.1.

Hn ch ca x l nh trn min khng gian .......................... 12

1.2.

Php bin i Fourier v min tn s ....................................... 13

1.3.

Php bin i Fourier ri rc - DFT ........................................ 14

1.4.

Bin i Fast Fourier (FFT) ...................................................... 25

2. ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s ........................................... 31


2.1.

Lm trn nh .............................................................................. 32

2.1.1.

Lc tn s thp Ideal............................................................ 32

2.1.2.

Lc tn s thp Butterworth ............................................... 34

2.1.3.

Lc tn s thp Gauss .......................................................... 35


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2.2.

Lm sc nh ................................................................................ 35

2.2.1.

Lc tn s cao Ideal.............................................................. 36

2.2.2.

Lc tn s cao Butterworth ................................................. 36

2.2.3.

B lc tn s cao Gauss ........................................................ 37

3. Xy dng th nghim cc ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s


37

IV.

3.1.

Giao din ..................................................................................... 37

3.2.

Ci t ......................................................................................... 38

3.3.

Chc nng v s dng................................................................ 39

3.4.

Th nghim ng dng................................................................ 40

KT LUN ........................................................................................ 45

PHN CHIA CNG VIC .......................................................................... 46


TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 47

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LI GII THIU

X l nh l mt lnh vc mang tnh khoa hc v cng ngh. N l mt ngnh khoa


hc mi m so vi nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhng tc pht trin ca n rt
nhanh, kch thch cc trung tm nghin cu, ng dng, c bit l my tnh chuyn
dng ring cho n. X l nh l mt qu trnh lin tc. u tin l thu nhn nh t
camera, v tinh hay cc b cm ng,Tip theo tn hiu ly vo s c s ha
thnh tn hiu s v chuyn qua giai on x l, phn tch hay lu tr li. Vic x l
nh chnh l tng cng nh, tc l lm cho nh tr nn p hn, tt hn v r hn.
C nhiu phng php ci thin cht lng nh nhng y chng ti ch yu tp
trung nghin cu v cc phng php lc nh. Tuy c gng ht sc nhng bi
vit chc chn khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. V vy rt mong c gp b
sung gip chng ti hon thin ti.

Nhm sinh vin:


Nguyn Khnh Hng
Nguyn L Hoai Nam
Phan Vn Trng

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I.

KHI QUT V NH, NH S


nh c th c hiu l thng tin (v ng nt, hnh khi, mu sc) ca

vt th hay quang cnh c chiu sng m con ngi cm nhn v quan st c


bng mt v h thng thn kinh th gic..
i tng chnh ca x l nh chnh l nh chp t nhin. Qu trnh x l nh
c hiu l x l ni dung thng qua d liu nh, qua nng cao cht lng nh
hin th hay t c mt yu cu cm quan no .
nh thng thng c hiu l d liu trn mt mt phng nh, ta cn gi l
nh n (Image), hay nh tnh. Ngoi nh n, ta cn gp dng chui cc nh c
chp lin tip nhau thng qua mi quan h v thi gian, nh gi l chui nh,
(hay nh ng, phim). y ta ch quan tm n i tng l nh n. nh n
biu din d liu nh thng qua (cc) hm chi ca cc bin ta trong mt
phng nh: I(x,y)
i vi nh n mu, hay nh a mc xm, d liu nh c biu din di
dng mt hm chi I(x,y). Vi cc gi tr I(x,y), x, y l cc s thc, v ta c 0
I(x,y) LMAX. Vi nh mu, d liu nh c biu din thng qua 3 hm chi
ca 3 mu c bn R (), G (xanh l), B (xanh lam): IR(x,y), IG(x,y) , IB(x,y).
nh s l mt dng biu din, lu tr v th hin nh tnh. nh s thc cht l
nh chp (mt phng nh gm v s im vi v s cc gi tr mu khc nhau)
thng qua qu trnh ly mu (ri rc ha v khng gian) v lng t ha (ri rc
ha v mt gi tr d liu). nh s c biu din di dng mt ma trn im nh
I[m,n] (m [0..M], n [0..N]) , mi phn t ca ma trn gi l mt im nh
pixel. Trong gi tr ca mi im nh li ph thuc vo tng loi nh:
nh nh phn: mt im nh ch nhn 2 mc gi tr nn cn 1 bit lu tr.
nh a mc xm: gi tr im nh c chia thnh 256 mc [0..255] nn ta
cn 8 bits/pixel.
Vi nh mu: ty thuc vo s lng mu, cht lng mu m ta cn 8, 16, 24
bits/pixel. Vi h mu c bn RGB ta cn 3*8 = 24 bits/pixel.
n y vic x l nh tr thnh vic x l cc phn t ca ma trn im nh.

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Mt bc nh s c biu din bi mt ma trn im nh I[m,n], trong mt


im nh c c trng bi ta [m, n] v gi tr mu I. Nh vy, cc php x l
nh c th tc ng vo ta ca cc im nh, lm thay i v tr ca cc im
nh, hnh khi trong nh, ta gi l cc php x l v hnh hc. Bn cnh tc ng
vo ta ca cc im nh, cc php x l nh cng c tc ng n gi tr mu I
ca cc im nh, ta gi l cc php x l v ni dung. Nhn chung cc php x
l hnh hc khng lm thay i ni dung ca nh v c ng dng ph bin trong
qu trnh hin th hnh nh. Cc php x l v ni dung tc ng lm thay i cc
thnh phn v mt gi tr mu ca im nh, t mang li nhng hiu qu v cm
nhn khc nhau.
Cc php x l v ni dung c
biu din thng qua m hnh nh sau:

X[m,n]

X[m, n] l ma trn im nh ban

X l d liu

Y[m,n]

nh (F)

u, sau qu trnh x l d liu F, ta

nhn c ma trn im nh Y[m, n]. Ty thuc vo F m ta c ma trn kt qu


Y[m, n] khc nhau.
Vic x l nh mu cng nh x l nh a mc xm. Vi nh mu chng ta
x ring 3 mu c bn R (), G (xanh l), B (xanh lam): IR(x,y), IG(x,y) , IB(x,y).

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II. TM HIU V CAC PHP LOC S


1. Khi qut v php lc nh
Php lc nh c s dng nhiu trong x l nh, c dng trong gim
nhiu, lm nt nh, cng nh trong pht hin cnh, bin nh. Cc php lc nh ch
yu c s dng ngn chn cc tn s cao trong hnh nh, nh lm mn nh hay
tn s thp nh pht hin cnh trong hnh nh. Cc b lc c th chia lm 2 loi
theo php ton : lc tuyn tnh v lc phi tuyn. Php lc tuyn tnh l cc php lc
c bn cht l lc tn s nh lc trung bnh, lc thng thp, lc thng cao, lc o
hm. Ngc li cc php lc phi tuyn bao gm lc trung v, lc ng hnh, lc vi
k lng ging gn nht, lc hng r .
Cc php lc nh u s dng cch x l cc b, tc l im nh u ra ch
chu nh hng ca 1 s im nh ln cn theo k thut mt n. Ngi ta cng s
dng php nhn chp ri rc thc hin b lc.
Lc khng gian thng thng c thc hin kh nhiu hoc thc hin mt
s kiu nng cao nh.
2. Cc b lc s
2.1.

nh ngha v m hnh

Mt hnh nh c th c lc trong min tn s hoc trong min khng gian.


Trong k thut lc min khng gian ta s dng mt mt n, t hp im nh t nh
hng ca cc im ln cn. Trong min khng gian ta s dng php nhn chp tn
hiu nh u vo vi b lc s :
Y(m, n) = H(k, l) * X(m, n)
Ma trn lc H:

Hnh 1: Ma trn lc 3* 3
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Vi K * L << M * L

Ma trn b lc cn c gi l ma trn ht nhn. Cc ma trn ht nhn c th


c nhiu kch thc ty , ph bin nht l ma trn 3*3 (hnh 1), ngoi ra trong cc
trng hp c th c th s dng cc b lc 5*5 hay 7*7. B lc trong min khng
gian vi ma trn ht nhn kh trc quan v d thc hin. N ph hp vi cm quan
ca chng ta. Tuy nhin cng chnh v kh n gin nn n khng c c s tinh
t. Mt n thng c cc gi tr dng v i xng, nhng khng nht thit phi
nh vy. N c th c chn theo mt phng php no m khng th trc
quan v mt trong cc phng php l lc trn min tn s .
Phng php lc trn min tn s n gin l thc hin cc php bin i
nh trn min tn s. Cc tn hiu u vo, u ra ca nh, cc b lc u c bin
v min tn s.
Y(u, v) = X(u, v) * H(u, v)
Vi Y(u, v) = DFT(Y(m, n));
X(u, v) * H(u, v) = DFT (X(m,n ) * H(k,l))
B lc trn min tn s c 2 loi l b lc thng thp v thng cao. B lc
thng thp thng c s dng lm m nh, gim nhiu, b lc thng cao th
c s dng lm sc nt cnh, bin lm cho nh r nt hn. Thc ra bn cht
ca php lc s u s dng lc tn s, ch l thc hin trn min khng gian hay
min tn s m thi.
2.2. Phn loi b lc
Gm c 2 loi:
-

B lc p ng xung hu hn (FIR)

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B lc p ng xung v hn (IIR)

2.3. Cc b lc thng dng


2.3.1.

B lc trung bnh

Cc b lc trung bnh thng c s dng gim nhiu trong mt hnh nh.


Tuy nhin, n gii quyt c vn tt hn.
Nguyn l:
Mi im nh c thay th bng trung bnh trng s ca cc im ln cn:

Vi a(k, l) = 1/Nw, trong s Nw l s im trong ca s. Gi tr mi ca im


nh c thay bng trung bnh cng cc im ri vo ca s W

Nu im nh c thay th bng trung bnh cng ca im vi trung bnh


cng ca 4 im ln cn k, ta c:

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Hnh 2:Ma trn u vao


Trn hnh 2, gi tr pixel trung tm khng i din cho cc im xung quanh
n, v vy ta s thay th bng gi tr trung bnh ca cc im ln cn:
im ln cn: 124, 126, 127, 125, 123, 119, 115, 120, 150
Gi tr trung bnh:

124 +126+127+125+123 + 119 +115 +120+150


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= 125

Nh vy gi tr 150 s c thay th bi gi tr trung bnh 125. y s dng


ca s 3 x 3. Nu dng ca s ln hn s to nh c mn hn.
2.3.2.

Lc thng thp

Lc thng thp thng c s dng lm trn nhiu.


Vi k thut lc trn min khng gian ngi ta hay dng mt s mt n lc c
dng sau:

Ta d dng nhn thy khi b = 1, Hb chnh l mt n lc Ht1 (lc trung bnh).


hiu r hn bn cht kh nhiu cng ca b lc ny, ta vit li phng trnh thu
nhn nh di dng:

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Trong [m, n] l nhiu cng c phng sai 2n. Nh vy, theo cch tnh ca
lc trung bnh ta c:

Nh vy nhiu cng trong nh gim i Nw ln.


2.3.3.

Lc ng hnh (Homomorphic Filtering)

K thut lc ny hiu qu vi nh c nhiu nhn. Thc t, nh quan st c


gm nh gc nhn vi mt h s nhiu. Gi X*(m, n) l nh thu c, X(m, n) l
nh gc v (m, n) l nhiu, nh vy:
X(m, n) = X*(m,n) * (m, n)
Lc ng hnh thc hin ly logarit ca nh quan st. Do vy ta c kt qu
sau: log(X(m, n)) = log(X*(m,n)) + log((m, n))
R rng, nhiu nhn c trong nh s b gim. Sau qu trnh lc tuyn tnh, ta
chuyn v nh c bng php bin i hm e m.
2.3.4.

Lc thng cao

Lc thng cao dng lm ni bt cc chi tt c tn s thp. Cc phn t c tn


s khng gian cao s sng hn, cn cc phn t c tn s khng gian thp s en.
K thut lc thng cao cng c thc hin nh thao tc nhn chp. Cc mt n hay
c dng nh:

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III. KHO SAT VA XY DNG TH NGHIM CAC NG DNG CA


PHP LOC TRN MIN TN S.
1. C s l thuyt
Hn ch ca x l nh trn min khng gian

1.1.

Phn trn chng ta nu nhng ng dng ca phng php lc trn min


khng gian. Bin php x l nh trn min khng gian l kh trc quan.Trn min
khng gian, xm ti mt pixel trong nh mi bng mt biu thc tuyn tnh gia
xm ca cc pixel k cn trong nh c. Nh vy, lm cc chi tit trn nh trn
hn, ta c th tnh xm ti pixel (x,y) trn nh mi bng trung bnh cng xm
ca chnh n v 8 pixel ln cn trong nh c.
1

(, ) = 1,=1 ( + , + )
9

(1.1)

Nu mun lm cc chi tit trn nh ni bt hn, ta c th tnh xm ti pixel


(x, y) trn nh mi bng mt trung bnh c trng s xm ca chnh n v 8 pixel
ln cn trong nh c, trong trng s ng vi f(x,y) l ln nht, chng hn:
(, ) =

1
10

(( 1, 1) + (, 1) + ( + 1, 1) + ( 1, ) +

2 (, ) + ( + 1, ) + ( 1, + 1) + (, + 1) + ( + 1, + 1))
(1.2)
Ni tm li, x l nh trn min khng gian l mt phng php rt trc
quan, ph hp vi cm gic t nhin ca chng ta: nhn vo cc biu thc (1.1) v
(1.2), ta cng hnh dung c phn no v nh kt qu.
Tuy nhin, cng chnh do tnh n gin nh trn m phng php x l nh
trn m phng php x l trn min khng gian l khng c tinh t. Chng hn
h s ca mt n (filter mask) thng c chn l dng.
D nhin, trong mt s trng hp, mt n c th cha cc h s m. Mt th
d khc l cc mt n thng l ma trn i xng. Hin nhin ta thy rng mt n
khng nht thit phi l ma trn i xng. Hn na, cc h s ca mt n cng
khng nht thit nguyn hay hu t. i vi cc trng hp nh vy, cc h s phi
c chn bng mt phng php no , ch khng cn bng trc quan nh trc
y.
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Phng php x l nh trn min tn s l mt trong s . S can thip su


sc ca ton hc cho ta nhng i tng, nhng i lng n di lp v trc quan
ca nh. Do , nu ch n thun quan st, phn tch nh bng th gic th ta khng
d g cm nhn c cc i lng ny. Thay v thao tc trc tip trn xm ca
cc pixel (trng xm), ta s thao tc, x l trn cc i tng mi ny.
1.2.

Php bin i Fourier v min tn s


Bin i Fourrier cho mt tn hiu c th hnh dung nh sau:

Php bin i Fourier i t min khng gian (lin tc hay ri rc) ti min tn
s lun lun lin tc. Khai trin phn tch mt hm f ca trng xm bt k thnh
tng ca v hn cc sng dng sin hay cos. Mt sng c tn s cng cao th dao
ng cng dy c gy nn s bin i t ngt gi tr ca f. Chnh cc thnh phn
ny gy s xo trn mnh m cho gi tr ca hm f do lm gim tnh trn ca f.
Mt khc tn hiu nhiu l tn hiu c bin thp v tn s cao. V tnh cht ny
nn Fourier c ng dng vo lc nh trn min tn s.
Bin i Fourrier cho mt tn hiu mt chiu gm mt cp bin i:
- Bin i thun: chuyn s biu din t khng gian thc sang khng gian tn
s (ph v pha). Cc thnh phn tn s ny c gi l cc biu din trong khng
gian Fourrier ca tn hiu.
- Bin i ngc: chuyn i s biu din ca i tng t khng gian Fourier
sang khng gian thc.
Khng gian mt chiu
Cho mt hm f(x) lin tc. Bin i Fourrier ca f(x), k hiu F(u), u biu din
tn s khng gian, c nh ngha:

trong :
f(x): biu din bin tn hiu
e-2ixu : biu din pha.
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Bin i ngc ca F(u) cho f(x) c nh ngha:

Khng gian hai chiu


Cho f(x,y) hm biu din nh lin tc trong khng gian 2 chiu, cp bin i
Fourier cho f(x,y) c nh ngha:
- Bin i thun

u, v biu din tn s
- Bin i ngc

1.3.

Php bin i Fourier ri rc - DFT

tng ca vic p dng khai trin Fourier nm ch ta mun phn tch mt


hm hai bin f = f(x, y) bt k thnh tng ca v hn cc sng dng sin hay cos. Tuy
nhin, khng nht thit ch c khai trin Fourier mi cho ta mt cch phn tch nh
vy. Hn na, trng xm f m ta ang xt l hm bc thang, tc l c hu hn
gi tr nn f hon ton c th c phn tch thnh sng mt cch n gin hn. Ta
bt u xt cch phn tch n gin hn ny di dng mt chiu thy r
tng.
Gi g l mt hm c min xc nh ri rc nh sau
g: {0,1,.,M 1} R
Khi hm G:{0,1,...,M 1}C xc nh bi
1

() = () 2

(1.3)

=0

c gi l bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) ca g.


Cng thc (1.3) cho thy mi hm ri rc g u c DFT. Hn na, khi bit
DFT ca g l G, ta c th tm ngc tr li g bng cng thc:
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1
() = () 2

(1.4)

=0

Cng thc (1.3) v (1.4) cho thy s tng ng 1 1 gia mt hm ri rc


v DFT ca n. Khi bit g ta c th tm c G v ngc li. Tuy nhin, iu c
bit li nm cng thc (1.4). Ta bit rng:
= +
Nn (1.4) c vit li nh sau:
1

1
2
2
)
() = () (
+

(1.5)

=0

V G l hm nhn gi tr phc nn ta c th biu din n di dng


G(u) = R(u) i I(u)

{0,1, , 1}

Trong R v I ch nhn cc gi tr thc. Th vo (1.5), ta c


1

1
2
2
() = (() ())(cos
+ sin
)

=0

Hay
1

1
2
2
() = ( ()cos
() sin
))

=0

1
2
2
)
+ ( () sin
()cos

=0

V g ch nhn gi tr thc nn phn o hai v bng 0. Do


1

1
2
2
)
() = ( ()cos
+ () sin

=0

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(1.6)

R rng (1.6) l mt s phn tch hm g thnh tng ca cc sng sin hay cos.
Ch rng tng y l tng hu han, ch khng phi tng v hn (chui) nh
khai trin Fourier m ta xt mc trc.
Mi sng thnh phn l ()cos

v () sin

. ng vi mi u, cc

sng ny u c chu k l , tc l c tn s l . Do , khi u cng ln (tc l cng


gn M) th tn s dao ng ca cc sng ny cng cao. Tip theo, ta xt bin ca
cc sng ny. T (1.3), ta c
1

() = ()
=0
1

() = ()
=0

V ()cos

v () sin

(1.7)

(1.8)

l hai sng cng tn s (sng kt hp) nn

tng hp ca hai sng ny cng c dng sin hoc cos. Do G(u) = R(u) i I(u)
Nn
|()| = 2 () + 2 ()
V vy
()cos

2
2
+ () sin

( )
2
( )
2
= | ()|(

2 () + 2 ()
2 () + 2 ()
()

= 2
()+2 ()
Gi (, ] l gc tha {
()
= 2
2
()+ ()

Khi
()

2
2
2
2
)
+ ()
= | ()| (
+

2
= | ()|cos(
+ )

Do (1.6) c vit li nh sau


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1
2
() = | ()|cos(
+ )

(1.9)

=0

Cng thc (1.9) cho ta thy g c th phn tch c thnh tng ca M sng c
bin dng. Mi sng nh vy c tn s l

, vi {0,1,2, , 1}. Ta

mong mun rng khi u cng ln th bin cc sng trn cng nh.
Theo cng thc (1.9) th bin ca sng ng vi u = 0 l

| (0)|. (1.3),

ta c (0) = 1
=0 (), tc l tng ca g. Ta s chng mnh rng
| ()| | (0)|,

{0,1, , 1}

iu cn chng minh tng ng vi


1

| ()

| ()|

=0

=0

Hay
2

( () ) + ( () ) ( ())
=1

=1

(1.10)

=1

Vi
= 2

= 2

Khai trin 2 v ca (1.10) ta c c bt ng thc tng ng:


1

( () ) = (() )2 + ()()
=1

=1

<

( () ) = (() )2 + ()()
=1

=1

<

()()( + ) ()()
<

<

p dng bt ng thc Bunhyakovski-Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c


+ ( 2 + 2 )( 2 + 2 )
M 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 1 nn ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
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Nh vy, sng ng vi u = 0 c bin ln nht. Nu quan st k (1.7) v


(1.8), ta s pht hin ra mt tnh cht c bit na ca G.
Theo (1.7), thay u bi M u ta c
1

=0

=0

2
2
( ) = ()cos(2
( ) = ()
)

= ()cos
=0

2
= ()

Theo (1.8), thay u bi M - u, ta c


1

2
2
( ) = ()sin(
( )) = ()sin(2
)

=0

=0

= ()sin(
=0

2
) = ()

Do , vi mi {0,1, , 1}, ta c
( ) = ()
( ) = ()
V vy nn
| ( )| = | ()|

iu c ngha l th ca | | i xng qua ng thng = .


2

Do , tht ra ch cn bit | ()| vi 0


cc | ()| vi

l c th suy ra gi tr ca

1.

Do , ta cng c th chp nhn rng cc sng

| ()|cos (

+ ) ch

ng vai tr l nhiu khi u kh gn .


2

Trn y ta va a ra mt cch biu din sng cho hm mt bin g. ,


mt s sng ng gp ln vo gi tr tng ca G ( khi u gn 0 hoc gn M), trong
khi mt s sng khc ch ng vai tr nhiu (khi u gn

). Trn tinh thn , ta

cng c mt cch khai trin tng t cho trng hp hm hai bin.

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ng vi mi {0,1, , 1}, ly Fourier ri rc theo bin y ca f(x, y) ta


c
1

1 (, ) = (, ) 2
=0

Tip tc ly Fourier ri rc theo bin x ca 1 (, ), ta c


1

(, ) =

1 (, ) 2

=0

=0
1 1

(, ) 2
=0

= (, ) 2( + )
=0 =0

Nh vy, ta c th bin i Fourier ri rc cho hm hai bin f(x,y) l


1 1

(, ) = (, ) 2( + )

(1.11)

=0 =0

vi u = 0,1,,M-1 , v = 0,1,,N-1.
Tng t nh trng hp mt chiu, ta cng c th tm li f nu bit DFT ca
n bng cng thc
1 1


1
(, ) 2( + )
(, ) =

(1.12)

=0 =0

Nu vit
(, ) = (, ) (, )
Th (1.12) c vit li thnh
1 1

1

( (, ) (, )(2 ( + )
(, ) =

=0 =0

+ 2 (


+ ))

Do f l gi tr thc nn phn o ca v phi bng 0. Ta c

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1 1

1


[ (, )2 ( + ) + (, )2 ( + )]
(, ) =

=0 =0

1 1

1
(, )

|(, )| [
=
2 ( + )
|(, )|

=0 =0

(, )

2 ( + )]
|(, )|

Gi (, ] l gc tha
(, )
|(, )|
(, )
=
|(, )|

(1.13)

Ta c
1 1

1

|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =

(1.14)

=0 =0

Nh vy, hm hai bin f cng c phn tch thnh tng ca MN sng dng
sin hay dng cos, m khng cn n khai trin Fourier cho hm hai bin.
Tip theo, ta xt bin ca cc sng ny, tc l |(, )|. ng thc (1.11)
c th c vit li thnh
1 1

(, ) + (, ) = (, ) [2 (
=0 =0



+ ) + 2 ( + )]

Do
1 1

(, ) = (, )2 (
=0 =0
1 1

(, ) = (, )2 (
=0 =0


+ )


+ )

T (1.14) suy ra
( , ) = (, )
T (1.15) suy ra
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(1.15)

(1.16)

( , ) = (, )
Do
2 ( , ) + 2 ( , ) = 2 (, ) + 2 (, )
Hay
| ( , )| = |(, )|

(1.17)

Nh vy hm | |i xng qua ng thng

2
{

=
2
=

T (1.11) ta c
1 1

(0,0) = (, )
=0 =0

Tc F(0,0) l gi tr tng ca f. Ta chng minh c rng


(0,0) = |(, )|
Nh vy, |(, )| t gi tr ln nht ti (0, 0). iu c ngha l trong cc
sng thnh phn ca f, sng c bin ln nht l sng ng vi (u, v)=(0, 0), v
bin ny bng gi tr tng ca f.
Di y l biu cao ca hm F(u,v) vi
(, ) = {

5 0 , 4
0 5 , 15

Hnh 4: th ham |F|


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Theo Hnh 4 th | (, )| cng nh khi (u, v) cng gn ( , ). Do , cc


2

song ng vi (u, v) gn ( , ) c bin nh (v do ch ng vai tr nhiu), cn


2

cc sng ng vi (u, v) gn (0, 0), hay (M, 0), hay (0, N), hay (M, N) th c bin
ln. Tip theo, ta xt kh nng vn dng bin i DFT hai chiu (1.11) v (1.12)
vo vic x l nh. Hm f gi y l trng xm, trong f(x, y) l xm ca
nh ti pixel c ta l (x, y).
Gi s ta mun l trn nh, tc l lm trn hm f. Cng thc (1.14) gi rng
kt qu nh g s c dng
1 1

1

(, )| (, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =

(1.18)

=0 =0

Trong H(u,v) kh nh khi (u, v) gn ( , ) lm gim bin ca cc


2

nhiu ny. y, t gim c th hiu theo ngha H(u,v) = 1 khi (u, v) kh gn(0, 0),
hoc (M, 0), hoc (0, N), hoc (M, N), cn 0 (, ) < 1 khi (u, v) kh gn

( , ) . tin cho vic tnh ton sau ny, ta dng php bin i sau
2

(, ) = (

, )
2
2

Khi | (, )| kh b khi (u,v) xa ( , ).


2

Php bin i ny tng ng vi php bin i trn min nh (tc l i


nh) sau:
(, ) = (1)+ (, )
Tht vy,
1 1

|(, )| = [(1

)+

(, )] = (, )(1)+ 2( + )
=0 =0

1 1

= (, ) (+) 2( + )
=0 =0
1 1

= (, ) 2[( 2 )+( 2 )] = (
=0 =0

= (, )
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, )
2
2

Cng thc (1.18) c bin i thnh


1 1

1

(, )| (, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =

(1.19)

=0 =0

S bin i ny ch l s di im sng nht trn |(, )| t (0,0) sang


( , ) m thi.( Hnh 5)
2

Hnh 5: Trc khi di trc va sau khi di trc


nh thu c (1.19) l nh kt hp ca nh c i bin. Do , nh
kt qu ng vi f l g phi tha mn:
(, ) = (1)+ (, )
Tc l
(, ) = (1)+ (, )
Nu t (, ) = (, ) (, ) th (1.19) c vit li thnh:
1 1

1

|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =

(1.20)

=0 =0

Trong c cho bi (1.13) nhng thay R v I bng v


(, )
|(, )|
(, )
=
|(, )|

(1.21)

Nu gi l phn thc ca DFT ngc ca G th p dng (1.14) vi , ta c

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1 1

1

|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =

(1.22)

=0 =0

Trong c cho bi (1.13) nhng thay F bi G v thay R v I ln lt


l Re(G) v Im(G).
V
(, ) = (, ) (, ) = (, )(, ) (, )(, )
Nn vi gi thit h(u,v) thc, ta c
( ) = (, )(, )
( ) = (, )(, )
Do
=

(, )(, )
(, )(, )
=
|(, )|
|(, )|| (, )|

(, )(, )
(, )(, )
=
|(, )|
| (, )|| (, )|

Do , nu (, ) 0 th
(, )
|(, )|
(, )
=
|(, )|

(1.23)

T (1.21) v (1.23) ta suy ra =


Do (1.22) c vit li thnh
1 1

1

|(, )| [2 ( + ) + ]
(, ) =

(1.24)

=0 =0

So snh vi (1.20) ta suy ra (, ) = (, ). iu c ngha l (1.19)


chnh l phn thc ca bin i DFT ngc ca (, ) = (, ) (, ). Nh
vy, vi hn ch rng hm lc H l thc v khng m th quy trnh x l nh c
vit nh sau:
1.i nh: (, ) = (1)+ (, )
2.Lp bin i DFT hai chiu (, ) ca .
3.To mt lc khng m H(u,v).
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*Nu mun lm trn nh



(, ) = 1 (, ) ( , )
2 2
{

0 (, ) < 1 (, ) ( , )
2 2
*Nu mun lm sc nh:

, )
2
2
{

0 (, ) < 1 (, ) ( , )
2 2
4.Tnh (, ) = (, ) (, ).
(, ) = 1 (, ) (

5.Tm , l phn thc ca bin i DFT ngc ca G.


6.nh kt qu (, ) = (1)+ (, )
Quy trnh x l nh mu nh sau:

Hnh 6: Qu trnh x l nh mau trn min tn s


1.4.

Bin i Fast Fourier (FFT)

Trn tinh thn nh gi phc tp ca thut ton, chng ti ch nu tng


v phn tch chi ph ca thut ton ch khng i su vo chi tit ca n. thy
tng ca FFT, ta xt trng hp hai mt bin f v vi M ci dng ly tha c s 2
Gi s DFT ca hm mt bin f l F
1

() = () 2
=0

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(1.25)

Bin i DFT ngc tng ng l


1

1
() = () 2

(1.26)

=0

Vn t ra l lm sao tnh nhanh F(u) vi u=0, 1, 2,, M-1 t (1.25) nu


bit f(x) vi x = 0, 1, 2,, M-1. Lm sao tnh nhanh f(x) vi x = 0, 1, 2,, M-1 t
(1.26) nu bit F(u) vi u = 0, 1, 2,, M-1.
V (1.25) v (1.26) cc cu trc kh ging nhau nn ta ch phn tch (1.25), ta
vit li di dng
1

() = () (2
=0

2 )

Hay
1

() = ()2
()2

=0

(1.27)

=0

Nu tnh F(u) t (1.27) th vi mi u ta phi tn t nht 2M php cng, 2M


php nhn v 2M php tnh lng gic. Do , tnh ra c F(u) vi mi u = 0,
1, 2,, M-1, ta phi tn khong 22 php cng, 22 php nhn v 22 php tnh
lng gic. Nh vy, phc tp ca phng php (1.27) l (2 ). l ta
xem nh php tnh lng gic c chi ph ngang vi php cng v nhn. Thc t th
cc php tnh sin hay cos c chi ph ln hn nhiu. Do , khuyt im (1.27) l
ta phi tnh ton qu nhiu trn cc hm lng gic. Do , khuyt im (1.27) l
ta phi tnh ton qu nhiu trn cc hm lng gic. Cng thc (1.25) gi cho ta
mt gii php.
1

Nu t = 2 th (1.27) c vit li thnh


1

() = ()
=0

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V = 2 nn
2 1

() = ()
=0

Hay
21 1

21 1

() = (2) 2 + (2 + 1) (2+1)
=0

(1.28)

=0

t M = 2K vi K = 21 , th ta thy
2 = 2 2 =
Do (1.28) c vit li thnh
K1

K1

() = (2)

+ (2 + 1) (2+1)

=0

(1.29)

=0

Nu s hng th nht ca v phi (1.29) ch c tnh vi u = 0, 1, 2,, K-1


th cu trc ca n ging v phi ca (1.25) nhng f(x) thay bi g(x) = f(2x).
Vi 0 1, thay u bi u + K (1.29), ta c
K1

K1

( + ) = (2)

(+)

=0

+ (2 + 1) (2+1)(+)

(1.30)

=0

Ta c
(+) = + = 2

= 2 2 = 2

Do
(+) =

(1.31)

Ta c

(2+1)(+)

(2+1)+(2+1)

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(2+1)

2[
+(2+1) ]

Hay
(2+1)(+) = 2

(2+1)
1

2(2+1)2

= (2+1) (2+1) = (2+1)

Do
(2+1)(+) = (2+1)

(1.32)

Th (1.31) v (2.32) vo (1.30), ta c


K1

K1

( + ) = (2) (2 + 1) (2+1)
=0

(1.33)

=0

Vn by gi l s hng th hai v phi ca (1.29) hay (1.33) vn cha c


cu trc ging s hng th nht ca n. Do ta cn phi phn tch tip s hng
ny.
Ta thy
(2+1) = 2+ = 2

2+

= 2( 2 +)

Hay
2

(2+1) = 2 2 2
Hay
(2+1) =

(1.34)

Th (1.34) vo (1.29) v (1.33), ta c


K1

K1

() = (2)
=0

+ (2 + 1)

(1.35)

=0

hay
K1

K1

( + ) = (2) (2 + 1)
=0

=0

t
1 () = (2)
0 1
2 () = (2 + 1) 0 1
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(1.36)

V gi 1 () v 2 () ln lt l DFT ca chng th (1.35) v (1.36) c


vit li nh sau
1
1
1 () + 2 ()
2
2
1
1
( + ) = 1 () 2 ()
2
2
( ) =

(1.37)
(1.38)

Nh vy, tnh c tt c cc F(u) vi u = 0, 1, 2,, M 1 th ta cn phi


tnh 1 (), 2 () v .
Nu gi v ln lt l s php cng v php nhn cn dng tm F(u)
(1.25) ng vi M = 2 th chi ph tnh tt c cc 1 ( ) vi u = 0, 1, 2,, K 1 l
1 + 1 . Chi ph tnh tt c cc 2 () vi u = 0, 1, 2,, K 1 l 1 +
1 . tnh F(u) (1.37) v (1.38) ta cn phi tnh c

= 2 = (2 ) + (2 )
(1.39)

Nu dng (1.39) tnh th ta vn phi tn n 2 php tnh lng gic


ng vi mi u. Tc l phi tn 2M php tnh lng gic tnh c tt c cc
F(u). l chi ph ln m ta ang mun n trnh. Ta thy rng
+1 =
Nh vy, ta ch cn dng 2 php tnh lng gic tnh c , ri sau
dng php nhn hai s phc tnh c 2 , 3 , , 1 . Mt php nhn hai
s phc tn 4 php nhn s thc v 2 php cng s thc. Do vy, chi ph tnh
(1.37) v (1.38) l 4 php nhn v 2 php cng. Do , tnh ht tt c cc
vi u = 0, 1,, K 1 th ta phi tn 4K php nhn v 2K php cng.
Nh vy, t (1.37) v (1.38) ta c
= 21 + + 2
= 21 + 4 + 2
Hay
= 21 + 2. 2
= 21 + 4. 2
Do
= 1 2
= 2 2
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Trong 1 v 2 l cc hng s.
o chi ph tm DFT ca f l:
+ = (1 + 2 )2 = (1 + 2 )(log )
Tc l thut ton c phc tp l (log ).
R rng chi ph ny tt hn nhiu so vi chi ph 2 nh phng php tnh
thng thng.
Tip theo, ta ng dng thut ton FFT nh trn vo trng hp hai chiu.
Gi s f = f(x,y) l hm hai bin v F = F(u,v) l DFT ca f(x,y)
1 1

(, ) = (, ) 2( + )

(1.40)

=0 =0

Hay
1

(, ) = ( (, ) 2 ) 2
=0

(1.41)

=0

ng vi mi x v v, ta t
1

= (, ) 2
=0

Khi vi mi x = 0, 1,, M 1 th chnh l DFT mt chiu ca () =


(, ). Do , chi ph tnh c cc vi v = 0, 1,, N - 1 l NlogN. Cng
thc (2.41) c vit li
1

(, ) = 2

(1.42)

=0

Nh vy, chi ph tnh c tt c cc (1.42) l MNlogN.


Tip theo, ng vi mi v = 0, 1, 2,, N1, v phi ca (1.42) chnh l DFT
ca gv(x) = Axv. Do , chi ph tnh c tt c cc F(u, v) vi u = 0, 1,, M-1
l MlogM. Do chi ph tnh tt c F(u, v) ca (1.42) vi u = 0, 1, .., M-1 v v =
0,1,, N-1 l MNlogM. Tm li, chi ph tnh tt c cc F(u,v) t f l
+ = ()
Thut ton tnh DFT ngc hon ton tng t DFT thun, tc l cng c
phc tp l (). Nh vy FFT c phc tp l (). R rng
30
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y l chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph ca phng php x l nh bng khai


trin Fourier hai chiu .
2. ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s
Trong mc ny, ta s p dng nhng c s l thuyt lp c cc mc
trn vo bi ton x l nh c th. ng dng c th m ta xt y l tng cng
nh. l vic lm cho nh tr ln tt hn, p hn, hay r hn.Vi mt nh nhe,
ta lun mun lm cho n r hn. Khi , t s lc ly nhng sng c tn s cao
trong min tn s, v y l nhng sng th hin s thay i t ngt v xm ca
nh. Lc , hm lc tn s cao (Highpass filter ) s c dng.
Tuy nhin, nhiu khi khng phi nh no cng r nt cng p, chng hn
nhng vt th m bn thn n xu th nh chp ca n khng th p c.
Thm ch nh chp cng r nt th cng xu, v ci xu c soi rt r, rt k. Do
, i vi nhng nh nh vy, ta khng mong mun n r thm na, m mun n
m i che bt khuyt im ca vt trong nh. Lc ny, ta ch gi li nhng sng
vi tn s thp trong min tn s (Lowpass filter), b i cc sng c tn s cao th
hin sc nt ca nh. Vi ta, cc sng ny gi y ch ng vai tr nhiu m thi.
Hn na, ta bit rng vic mun lm trn nh hay lm sc nh ch khc nhau
cch chn hm lc. Do , i vi bi ton x l nh c th, hm lc phi c
xc nh mt cch tng minh. chnh l nguyn nhn ra i nhiu phng php
chn hm lc m ta s nu di y. Trc ht, ta nhc li quy trnh x l nh trn
min tn s:
Lc sng trn min tn s gm cc bc:
1. Nhn nh f vi (1)+ tnh tin gc ta ca bin i vo gia nh.
2. Tnh F(u, v) t nh nhn c bc 1.
3. Nhn hm lc H(u, v) vo hm F(u, v).
4. Tnh Fourier ngc ca hm nhn c bc 3.
5. Ly phn thc ca hm nhn c bc 4.
6. Tnh tin nh li bng cch nhn (1)+
Nu f(x, y) biu din nh nhp vo, v F(u,v) l bin i Fourier ca n. Khi
min tn s sau khi lc l
G(u, v) = H(u, v)F(u, v)

(2.1)
31

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c c nh sau khi lc, ta ch cn ly Fourier ngc ca hm G(u, v)


nh lc = 1 [ (, )]

(2.2)

C hai kiu lc c bn l lc tn s thp, v lc tn s cao. Lc tn s thp


ngha l lm suy gim cc tn s cao trong khi gi li cc thnh phn c tn s
thp. Ngc li, lc tn s cao li gi li cc tn s cao v lm yu i cc tn s
thp.
2.1.

Lm trn nh

Cc tn s thp trong bin i Fourier ng gp ln cho mc xm ti nhng


vng trn ca nh. Do lm trn nh ta phi lm m i cc ng bin, tc l
phi gim i cc tn s cao. V vy ta phi s dng kiu lc tn s thp. C 3 loi
lc tn s thp hay c dng l Ideal, Butterworth, v Gauss.
2.1.1. Lc tn s thp Ideal
y l cch lc n gin nht, ta ch cn b i cc thnh phn tn s trong
bin i Fourier m khong cch ti tm ln hn mt 0 xc nh. Ta gi y l lc
Ideal tn s thp (Ideal Lowpass filter, hay vit tt l ILPF)
(, ) = {

1
0

(, ) 0
(, ) > 0

(2.3)

Trong 0 l s khng m, v (, )l khong cch t im (, ) ti tm.


Nu nh kch thc th tm ca min tn s l(, ) = ( , ), vy nn


2

(, ) = [( /2)2 + ( /2)2 ]1/2

(2.4)

Tuy nhin, con s 0 khng mang y ngha, v vy ta cn mt tiu


chun xc nh 0 . lm nh vy, ta xc nh lng nng lng trong min
ang xt i vi nng lng tng cng
1 1

= (, )

(2.5)

=0 =0

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Hnh 7: (a) Vn bn b r. (b)Vn bn sau khi lc tn s thp


T l phn trm nng lng trong ng trn
= 100 [ (, )/ ]

(2.6)

vi (u,v) chy trong min .


Trn hnh 7a ta c mt vn bn b li, cc k t b v to khong trng, tuy
mt chng ta c th d dng c c cc k t ny nhng my tnh th vic nhn
dng cc k t ny kh kh khn. Cc khc phc cc khe h nh ny l lm nha
nh lp cc khe h (Hnh 7b). Hnh 8(a) l mt bc nh kch thc 500500 v
ph Fourier ca n l Hnh 8(b). Cc vng trn bn knh ln lt l 5, 15, 30, 80, v
230, bao quanh vng cha nng lng tng ng l = 92.0, 94.6, 96.4, 98, v
99.5%.

33
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Hnh 8: (a) nh vi kch thc 500x500. (b) Ph Fourier ca nh.


Cc vng trn vi bn knh ln lt la 5, 15, 30, 80, va 230
2.1.2. Lc tn s thp Butterworth
Hm lc Butterworth tn s thp (Butterwoth Lowpass Filter, hay BLPF) bc
n vi 0 cho trc c nh ngha nh sau
(, ) =

1
1 + [(, )/0 ]2

(2.7)

Hnh 9:Ham lc BLPF


Vi (, )c nh ngha nh (2.4). Khng ging nh ILPF l ct b hon
ton cc thnh phn tn s cao, BLPF ch lm gim cng ca cc thnh phn
34
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tn s, v tn s cng cao th cng cng b gim i nhiu. V d vi D(u, v) = 0


th (, ) = 1, ngha l thnh phn tn s ti tm khng i, trong khi (, ) =
0.5 khi (, ) = 0 th cng ti y gim i 50%.
2.1.3. Lc tn s thp Gauss

Hnh 10: Ham lc GLPF


Hm lc Gauss (Gauss Lowpass Filter, hay GLPF) c nh ngha nh sau
(, ) =

2 (,)/2 2
0

(3.8)

0 cho thy s tri rng ca ng cong Gauss, ngha l khi 0 cng nh th


hm lc lm gim i cc tn s cao mnh hn, v ngc li. Khi (, ) = 0 th
cng ti y s gim cn 0.607 so vi ban u (Hnh 10).
2.2.

Lm sc nh

Do cc cnh hay cc bin trn vt th c th hin qua cc thnh phn tn s


cao nn ta s dng kiu lc tn s cao lm sc nh. Do lc tn s cao l tri
ngc vi lc tn s thp nn hm lc tn s cao c th c tnh nh quan h
(, ) = 1 (, )

(2.9)

Trong (, ) l lc tn s thp. Phn ny ta cng s ni n ba loi lc


tn s cao : Ideal, Butterworth, v Gauss.

35
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2.2.1. Lc tn s cao Ideal


Hm lc tn s co Ideal (Ideal Hightpass Filter, hay IHPF) c nh ngha
nh sau
(, ) = {

0
1

(, ) 0
(, ) > 0

(2.10)

Hnh 11: Hm lc IHPF


2.2.2. Lc tn s cao Butterworth
Hm lc tn s cao Butterworth (Butterworth Highpass Filter, hay BHPF)
c nh ngha nh sau:
(, ) =

1
1 + [0 /(, )]2

Hnh 12: Ham lc BHPF

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(3.11)

2.2.3. B lc tn s cao Gauss


Hm lc tn s Gauss (Gauss Highpass Filter, hay GHPF) c nh ngha
nh sau
(, ) =

2 (,)/2 2
0

(3.12)

Hnh 13:Ham lc GHPF

3. Xy dng th nghim cc ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s


3.1.

Giao din

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3.2.

Ci t

Biu lp

Biu Use Case

38
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S x l nh mu

Chc nng v s dng

3.3.

Chc nng
-

X l nh mu

Lc nhiu nh

Lm trn nh

Lm sc nh

Lu nh c lc

S dng
-

Click vo button Select Image hay File/Select Image la chn nh

La chn mt b lc bt k:
+ B lc thng thp (lm trn nh): ILPF, BLPF, GLPF.
+ B lc thng cao (lm sc nh): IHPF, BHPF, GHPF.
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Ko thanh Scroll D0 hay la chn bc Level thay i thng s b


lc v quan st s thay i ca nh sau khi lc.

3.4.

File/Save Image lu li nh lc
Th nghim ng dng

3.4.1. B lc thng thp Ideal


- nh gc vi kch thc 458x391 pixel
- nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 20, 50, 100

3.4.2. B lc thng thp Butterworth


-

nh gc vi kch thc 458x391 pixel

nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 20, 50, 100

Bc n = 2

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Vi nh vn bn b r: D0 = 50, n = 2

3.4.3. B lc tn s thp Gauss


-

nh gc vi kch thc 458x391 pixel

nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 20, 50, 100

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3.4.4. B lc thng cao Ideal


-

nh gc vi kch thc 295x249 pixel

nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 5, 15, 25

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3.4.5. B lc thng cao Butterworth


-

nh gc vi kch thc 295x249 pixel

nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 5, 15, 25

n=2

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3.4.6. B lc thng cao Gauss


-

nh gc vi kch thc 295x249 pixel

nh c lc tng ng vi D0 = 5, 15, 25

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IV.

KT LUN
Thng qua vic tm hiu v nghin cu ti ny gip chng ti c ci nhn

ton din hn v lnh vc x l nh, c bit l nhng phng php ci thin cht
lng nh thng qua cc php lc nh trn min khng gian v min tn s. Do thi
gian c hn nn ti khng trnh khi nhng sai st, mong c gp , nh gi
gip chng ti b sung hon thin ti.

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PHN CHIA CNG VIC


1. Thng tin v sinh vin
- H v tn: Nguyn Khnh Hng
in thoi: 01668831690
Email: n.khanhhung@gmail.com
Lp: TTM-K53
- Nguyn L Hoi Nam
Lp: TTM-K53
- Phan Vn Trng
Lp: TTM-K53
Bo co thc hin ti: i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
Thi gian: 9/3/2011 22/4/2011
2. Ni dung bi tp ln
- Tm hiu v cc php lc s
- Kho st cc ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s i vi nh mu
- Xy dng th nghim cc ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s.
3. Nhim v c th ca bi tp ln
- Phan Vn Trng: Tm hiu v cc php lc s.
- Nguyn Khnh Hng: Kho st phng php lc trn min tn s, xy
dng ng dng th nghim, bo co.
- Nguyn L hoi Nam: Kho st phng php lc trn min tn s, cc
ng dng ca php lc trn min tn s.

Ha Ni, ngay 9 thng 3 nm 2011

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TI LIU THAM KHO

Digital Image Processing - 4th Edition - Pratt-Wiley Intersc

Slide X l nh PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Hong Lan

Slide X l tn hiu s - PGS.TS Trnh Vn Loan

X l nh trn min tn s - Phm Ngc Tun, Nguyn Quc Thng,


ng Nguyn ng Nguyn.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFT

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/44166/2D-FFT-of-an-Image-in-C

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