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Cng Thc

Ton Hc
S Cp
Handbook of Primary
Mathematics

Tm tt cc nh l, tnh cht v cng thc ton c
bn nht, d hiu nht.

2008
Deltaduong
TND Corp.
12/10/2008


ii

Mc lc
I. S HC ................................................................................ 8
1. Cc du hiu chia ht ..................................................... 8
2. Cc gi tr trung bnh ..................................................... 8
II. GII TCH KT HP .......................................................... 9
A. CC LOI KT HP...................................................... 9
1. Hon v (khng lp) ....................................................... 9
2. Hon v lp .................................................................... 9
3. Chnh hp (khng lp) ................................................. 10
4. Chnh hp lp .............................................................. 10
5. T hp (khng lp) ...................................................... 11
6. T hp lp ................................................................... 11
B. NH THC NEWTON ................................................... 12
III. I S ............................................................................. 14
1. Cc php ton trn cc biu thc i s ....................... 14
2. T l thc .................................................................... 17
3. S phc ....................................................................... 18
4. Phng trnh ............................................................... 19
5. Bt ng thc v bt phng trnh ............................... 24
6. Cp s; mt s tng hu hn........................................ 29
7. Logarith ...................................................................... 30
IV. HNH HC....................................................................... 31
A. CC HNH PHNG ...................................................... 31


iii

1. Tam gic ..................................................................... 31
2. a gic ........................................................................ 35
3. Hnh trn ..................................................................... 37
4. Phng tch ................................................................. 39
B. TH TCH V DIN TCH XUNG QUANH ................ 41
1. Hnh lng tr ............................................................... 41
2. Hnh chp u ............................................................. 41
3. Hnh chp ct u ....................................................... 41
4. Hnh tr ....................................................................... 42
5. Hnh nn ..................................................................... 42
6. Hnh nn ct ................................................................ 42
7. Hnh cu ...................................................................... 43
V. LNG GIC................................................................... 44
1. Hm s lng gic v du ca n ................................ 44
2. Hm s lng gic ca mt s gc c bit ................. 45
3. Mt s cng thc i gc ............................................ 46
4. Cc cng thc c bn .................................................. 46
5. Hm s lng gic ca gc bi .................................... 47
6. Cng thc h bc ......................................................... 48
7. Hm s lng gic ca tng v hiu cc gc ................ 48
8. Bin i tng v hiu ca hai hm s lng gic ......... 49
9. Bin i tch ca hai hm s lng gic....................... 50
10. Cng thc gc chia i .............................................. 51


iv

11. Mt s cng thc i vi cc gc trong mt tam gic
(o, |, l cc gc trong mt tam gic)............................. 52
12. Mt s cng thc khc ............................................... 52
13. Cng thc lin h gia cc hm s lng gic ........... 55
VI. HNH HC GII TCH TRN MT PHNG ................. 56
1. im ........................................................................... 56
2. Php i trc ta (Hnh 20) ..................................... 56
3. Ta cc (Hnh 21) .................................................. 57
4. Php quay cc trc ta ............................................ 57
5. Phng trnh ng thng ........................................... 58
6. Hai ng thng .......................................................... 58
7. ng thng v im .................................................. 59
8. Din tch tam gic ....................................................... 60
9. Phng trnh ng trn ............................................. 61
10. Ellipse (Hnh 23) ....................................................... 61
11. Hyperbola (Hnh 24).................................................. 63
12. Parabola(Hnh 25) ..................................................... 65
VII. I S VECTOR ........................................................... 67
1. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector ...................... 67
2. Php chiu vector ln trc hoc vector () ..................... 68
3. Cc thnh phn v ta ca vector (Hnh 34) ............ 69
4. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector c cho nh
cc ta ........................................................................ 69
5. Tch v hng ca hai vector ...................................... 69


v

6. Tch vector ca hai vector............................................ 71
7. Tch hn hp ca ba vector .......................................... 72
VIII. O HM V VI PHN ............................................. 73
1. Gii hn ...................................................................... 73
2. o hm v vi phn ..................................................... 74
3. ng dng hnh hc ca o hm.................................. 77
4. ng dng o hm kho st hm s ........................ 77
IX. PHP TNH TCH PHN ................................................ 84
A. TCH PHN KHNG XC NH ................................ 84
1. nh ngha .................................................................. 84
2. Cc tnh cht n gin nht ......................................... 84
3. Tch phn cc hm hu t ............................................ 85
4. Tch phn cc hm v t .............................................. 87
5. Tch phn ca hm lng gic ..................................... 90
B. TCH PHN XC NH ............................................... 92
1. nh ngha .................................................................. 92
2. ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh...................... 92
3. Mt s ng dng ca tch phn xc nh ...................... 92





6

MT S K HIU TON HC
= Bng a=b

ng nht bng ab
=
Khng bng (khc) a = b
~
Xp x bng a~b
< Nh hn a<b
> Ln hn a>b
s
Nh hn hoc bng asb
>
Ln hn hoc bng a>b
Tng ng Mnh A
mnh B
|| Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s |a|
+ Cng a+b
- Tr a-b
. (hoc) Nhn a.b hoc a
b

: (hoc __) Chia
a:b hoc
a
b

m
a
a ly tha m
2
2 4 =

Cn bc hai
4 2 =
n

Cn bc n
3
32 2 =
i n v o
2
1 i =
log
a
b
Logarith c s a ca b
3
log 9 2 =
lga Logarith thp phn ca a log10=1
lna Logarith t nhin (c s e) ca a
n! n giai tha 4!=1.2.3.4=24
A
Tam gic
AABC
Z
Gc phng ZABC


Cung
AB
, AB AB
on thng AB
AB


Vector AB

Vung gc
Song song


7

# Song song v bng

ng dng
( )
|| ++
Song song v cng chiu
AB DC ||


( )
|+ +|
Song song v ngc chiu
AB CD |+


)
o
phut goc phang hoac cung
giay

1310' 35''


'
''


8

I. S HC
1. Cc du hiu chia ht
Cho 2: S (v ch s ) c ch s tn cng chn hoc bng
khng.
Cho 4: S (v ch s ) c hai ch s tn cng bng khng hoc
lm thnh mt s chia ht cho 4 (quy c 4=04; 8=08).
Cho 8: S (v ch s ) c ba ch s tn cng bng khng hoc
lm thnh mt s chia ht cho 8 (quy c 8=008; 16=016).
Cho 3: S (v ch s ) c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3.
Cho 9: S (v ch s ) c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 9.
Cho 6: S (v ch s ) ng thi chia ht cho 2 v 3.
Cho 5: S (v ch s ) c ch s tn cng l 0 hoc 5.
Cho 25: S (v ch s ) c hai ch s tn cng l 0 hoc lm
thnh mt s chia ht cho 25.
Cho 11: S (v ch s ) c tng cc ch s v tr chn v
tng cc ch s v tr l bng nhau hoc hiu ca chng l mt
s chia ht cho 11.
2. Cc gi tr trung bnh
Trung bnh cng:
1 2
1
1
... 1
n
n
i
i
a a a
M a
n n
=
+ + +
= =


Trung bnh nhn:
0 1 2
. ...
n
n
M a a a =


9

Trung bnh iu ha:
1
1 2
1 1 1
...
n
n
M
a a a

=
+ + +

Trung bnh bnh phng:
2 2 2
1 2
2
...
n
a a a
M
n
+ + +
=
II. GII TCH KT HP
A. CC LOI KT HP
1. Hon v (khng lp)
Mt hon v ca n phn t l mt dy c th t ca n phn t ,
mi phn t c mt trong dy ng mt ln.
S hon v khc nhau c to thnh ca n phn t k hiu l
P
n
. S ny bng tch tt c cc s nguyn lin tip t 1 cho n
n, ngha l bng n!
P
n
=1.2.3n=n! (n giai tha)
Quy c 1!=1 v 0!=1.
2. Hon v lp
Cho n phn t, trong c n
1
phn t ging nhau thuc loi 1,
n
2
phn t ging nhau thuc loi 2, n
k
phn t ging nhau
thuc loi k, (n
1
+n
2
++n
k
=n).
Sp xp n phn t cho thnh mi dy (cng di) c th c.
Mi dy thu c nh vy gi l mt hon v lp ca n phn t
cho.


10

S lng ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n k
P n n n hon v lp bng:

( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
, ,...,
! !... !
... ,
n k
k
k
n
P n n n
n n n
n n n n
=
+ + + = k la so loai

3. Chnh hp (khng lp)
Cho n phn t khc nhau, k n s .
Ta gi mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t l mt dy c th t
gm k phn t chn t n phn t cho, mi phn t c mt
trong dy khng qu mt ln.
S chnh hp chp k c th to thnh t n phn t bng:
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
1 2 ... 1
1 2 ... 1
k
n
A n n n n k
n n n n k
=
= +

Hay
( )
!
!
k
n
n
A
n k
=


c bit khi k=n, ta c !
k
n n
A n P = =
4. Chnh hp lp
Cho n phn t khc nhau, c k l mt s t nhin bt k ( k n > ).
Trong nh ngha chnh hp nu mc 3 nu ta cho php mi
phn t c th c mt trn mt ln th ta c nh ngha ca chnh
hp lp chp k.
S lng chnh hp lp chp k c th to thnh t n phn t:


11

k k
n
A n =
5. T hp (khng lp)
T n phn t khc nhau ta to nn nhng nhm gm k phn t
khc nhau khng n th t ca cc phn t trong nhm to
thnh. Mi nhm thu c theo cch gi l mt t hp chp k
ca n phn t cho ( k n s ).
S lng t hp chp k c th thnh lp t n phn t bng:
( ) ( )
1 ... 1
! !
k
k
n
n
n n n k
A
C
k k
+
= =
Hay:
( )
!
! !
k
n
n
C
k n k
=

(quy c
0
1
n
C = )
Cc tnh cht ca :
k
n
C
; k n k
n n
C C

= (0.1)
1
1
;
k k k
n n n
C C C

+
= + (0.2)
( )
; .
k
n n
C P k n k =
6. T hp lp
Nu trong nh ngha ca t hp mc 5 ta cho php mi phn
t c c mt nhiu ln th mi nhm thu c gi l t hp
lp chp k ca n phn t cho.
S cc t hp lp chp k c th to thnh t n phn t bng:


12

( )
( )
1
1 !
! 1 !
k k
n n k
n k
C C
k n
+
+
= =


Hay:
( )
1
; 1
k
n n k
C P k n
+
=
B. NH THC NEWTON
Nh thc Newton
1
l cng thc biu din biu thc (a+b)
n
, vi n
nguyn dng, di dng a thc theo cc n s a v b:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2
1
...
2!
1 ... 1
...
!
n
n n n
n k k n
n n
a b a na b a b
n n n k
a b b
k

+ = + + +
+
+ + +

Hay l:
( )
1 1 2 2 2
0
... ...
n
n
n n n k n k k n k n k k
n n n n
k
a b a C a b C a b C a b b C a b

=
+ = + + + + + + =


Cc h s:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 ... 1
1, , ,..., ,... 0
2! !
n n n n n k
n k n
k
+
s s
Gi l cc h s ca nh thc.

1
Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (4 January 1643 31 March 1727) was an English
physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist,
theologian and one of the most influential men[5] in human history. More


13

Tnh cht ca cc h s:
Cc h s cc s hng cch u hai mt bng nhau;
Bit cc h s
1 k
n
C

v
k
n
C ca khai trin
( )
n
a b + ta tm c
cc h s
1
k
n
C
+
ca khai trin
( )
1 n
a b
+
+ theo cng thc (1.2) mc
5.
Da vo cc tnh cht ny,ngi ta lp ra tam gic s cho cc h
s ca khai trin, gi l tam gic Pascal:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
. . . . . . . .

Dng th n(n=0,1,2,) trong bng trn lit k cc h s ca
khai trin (a+b)
n
.
Cng thc nh thc Newton c th tng qut cho trng hp ly
tha bc n nguyn dng ca tng k s hng:
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
!
... ...
! !... !
k
n
n n n
k k
k
n
a a a a a a
n n n
+ + + =

2
Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 August 19, 1662) was a French
mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. More


14

Trong ly tng ( E ) c ly theo mi s hng c th c
dng:
1 2
1 2
1 2
!
...
! !... !
k
n n n
k
k
n
a a a
n n n

Vi 0
i
n n s s v
1 2
... .
k
n n n n + + + =
III. I S
1. Cc php ton trn cc biu thc i s
Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s
|a|=a nu a>0, |a|=-a nu a<0
Quy tc v du khi nhn v chia:
+ . + = +
+ . =
. + =
. = +

+ : + = +
+ : =
: + =
: = +
Cc php ton trn cc a thc
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
;
;
a b c x ax bx cx
a b c m n a m n b m n c m n
am an bm bn cm cn
a b c a b c
x x x x
+ + = + +
+ + + = + + + + +
= + + + + +
+ +
= + +

Cc php ton trn cc phn thc


15

;
. ;
: .
a c ad cd
b d bd
a c ac
b d bd
a c ad
b d bc

=
=
=

Mt s ng nht thc:
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
3
3 2 2 3
2 2
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
1 2 2 1
2
4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 ;
3 3 ;
;
;
;
... ;
2
2 2 ;
2 2 2 ;
m m m m m m
a b a ab b
a b a a b ab b
a b a b a b
a b a b a ab b
a b a b a ab b
a b a b a a b ab b
a b a b a b
a ab b a ab b
a b c a b c ab ac bc
a b c a b

+
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
= + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
3
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1
1 2 3 2 1
2 2 2 ;
2 2 2 ;
6
3 ;
... ... 2 ... ;
... .
n n n n
m m m m m m
c ab ac bc
a b c a b c ab ac bc
a b c a b c abc
a b ab b c bc c a ca
a a a a a a a a a a a a
a b a b a a b a b b


+
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +



16

(nu m l s t nhin l)
Cc php ton vi ly tha

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
.
0
;
. ;
. ;
;
0 ;
1, 0 ;
1
, 0 ;
.
m
m n
n
m n m n
m
m m
n
m m n
m
m
m
m
m
m
n m
n
a
a
a
a a a
a b a b
a a
a a
b
b b
a a
a a
a
a a

=
=
=
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
= =
=

Cc php ton vi cn s (nu cn c ngha)

. ...
m
a a a a =
m lan



17

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
.
.
.
1
;
. . ;
, 0 ;
;
;
;
, 0 ;
, .
n p
n m m p
n n n
n
n
n
m
n m
n
m n m n
m
n m n
n n
n
a a
a b a b
a a
b
b
b
a a
a a
a a
x x a
a
a
a
x a b
x
a b
a b
a b

=
=
= =
=
=
=
= =

= =


2. T l thc
nh ngha:
a c
b d
=
Tnh cht c bn: ad=bc
Tm cc s hng ca t l thc: ;
bc ad
a b
d c
= =
Cc dn xut:


18

; ; ; ;
; ;
; .
a b d c d b a b c d
c d b a c a b d
a b c d a b c d
a b c d a c
a c b d
a b c d a b c d

= = = =
+ +
= =

= =


3. S phc
Cc php ton trn s phc

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2 3 2 4 3 4
4 1 4 2 4 3
2 2
2 2 2 2
1, . , . . 1,..., 1,
, 1, ;
' ' ' ' ;
' ' ' ' ' ' ;
;
' ' ' '
.
' ' ' ' ' '
n
n n n
i i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i
a bi a b i a a b b i
a bi a b i aa bb ab ba i
a bi a bi a b
a bi aa bb ba ab
a b i a b a b
+ + +
= = = = = = =
= = =
+ + = +
+ + = + +
+ = +
+ + +
= +
+ + +

Biu din hnh hc s phc

Hnh 1
1 i =


19

im M(a,b) biu din s phc a+bi (Hnh 1)
2 2
r OM a bi a b = = + = +
l module ca s phc.
xOM = Z
l argument ca s phc,
2 2 2 2
tan ; cos ;sin
b a b
a
a b a b
= = =
+ +

Dng lng gic ca s phc:
( )
cos sin a bi r i + = +

Cng thc Moivre
3
:
( ) ( )
cos sin cos sin
n
n
r i r n i n + = + (

4. Phng trnh
a) Phng trnh tng ng
Nu biu thc C(x) c ngha trong min xc nh ca phng
trnh A(x)=B(x), th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A x B x A x C x B x C x = + = +

3
Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754) was a French mathematician famous for
de Moivre's formula, which links complex numbers and trigonometry, and for
his work on the normal distribution and probability theory. He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society in 1697, and was a friend of Isaac Newton,
Edmund Halley, and James Stirling. Among his fellow Huguenot exiles in
England, he was a colleague of the editor and translator Pierre des Maizeaux.
More


20

Nu biu thc C(x) c ngha v khc khng trong min xc nh
ca phng trnh A(x)=B(x), th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. . A x B x A x C x B x C x = =
Nu n l s t nhin (n=1,2,3,) th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 n n
A x B x A x B x
+ +
= = ( (


b) Mt s phng trnh i s
(o) Phng trnh bc nht
ax+b=0, a = 0; nghim
b
x
a
=
(|) H hai phng trnh bc nht hai n
1 1 1
2 2 2
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ =

+ =


Nu
1 1
2 2
a b
a b
= h c nghim duy nht:
1 1
2 2
1 2 2 1
1 1
1 2 2 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 2 2 1
1 1
1 2 2 1
2 2
c b
c b
c b c b
x
a b
a b a b
a b
a c
a c
a c a c
y
a b
a b a b
a b

= =


= =




21

Nu
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= = th h v nh:
( )
( )
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
0
0
x
c b x
y b
b
y
c b y
x a
a

= =

= =

tuy y
tuy y

Nu
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= = h v nghim.
(_) Phng trnh bc hai
2
0, 0 ax bx c a + + = =
Nghim
2
4
2
b b ac
x
a

=
Nu b
2
-4ac>0: Hai nghim thc v khc nhau;
Nu b
2
-4ac=0: Hai nghim thc v bng nhau (nghim kp);
Nu b
2
-4ac<0: Hai nghim l cp s phc lin hp.
Tnh cht ca nghim (cng thc vit)
1 2
1 2
;
. .
b
x x
a
c
x x
a
+ =
=



22

(o) Phng trnh bc ba
Dng tng qut: ( )
3 2
0, 0 ax bx cx d a + + + = =
Dng chnh tc vi
3
b
x y
a
=
3
0 y py q + + =
Trong
2 3
2 3
2
2
;
3 27 3
b c b bc d
p q
a a a a a
= + = +
Cng thc Cardano
4

2 3 2 3
3 3
2 4 27 2 4 27
q q p q q p
y = + + + +
Tnh cht cc nghim
1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
;
;
. . .
b
x x x
a
c
x x x x x x
a
d
x x x
a
+ + =
+ + =
=


4
Gerolamo Cardano or Girolamo Cardano (French Jerome Cardan, Latin
Hieronymus Cardanus; September 24, 1501 September 21, 1576) was an
Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler.
More


23

c) Phng trnh m v phng trnh logarith c bn
(o) Phng trnh m
( )
, 0
x
a c a = >
Vi c>0, a= 1 c duy nht nghim log ;
a
x c =
c=1, a=1 v s nghim;
c = 1, a=1 v nghim;
c s0 v nghim
(|) Phng trnh logarith
( )
log , 0, 1
a
x c a a = > =
Vi mi c phng trnh c nghim duy nht x=a
c
.
d) Phng trnh lng gic c bn
cos x m =
1 ms c v s nghim ( )
2 , arccos ,0 ; x k m o t o o t = + = s s
|m|>1 v nghim
sin x m =
1 m s c v s nghim


24

( )
1 1
2 2
2
2
arcsin ,
2 2
x k
x k
m
o t
t o t
t t
o o
= +

= +

| |
= s s
|
\ .

|m|>1 v nghim
tan x m =
Vi mi m thc c v s nghim:
arctan ,
2 2
x k
m
o t
t t
o o
= +
| |
= s s
|
\ .

cot tan x m =
Vi mi m thc c v s nghim
( )
cot tan , 0
x k
arc m
o t
o o t
= +
= < <

5. Bt ng thc v bt phng trnh
a) Bt ng thc
nh ngha: ( ) ( )
0 0 a b a b a b > < > <
Cc tnh cht c bn:
Nu a>b th b<a; ngc li nu a<b th b>a.
Nu a>b v b>c th a>c. Cng nh vy, nu a<b v b<c th
a<c.


25

Nu a>b th a+c>b+c
Nu a>b b c>d th a+c>b+d
Nu a>b b c<d th a-c>b-d
Nu a>b v m>0 th .
a b
am bm
m m
> >
Nu a>b v m<0 th am<bm
Nu a>b>0 v c>d>0 th ac>bd
b) Bt phng trnh
(o) Bt phng trnh tng ng
A B B A > <
A B C A B C > + > + (vi C c ngha trong min xc nh ca
bt phng trnh A B > ).
Nu C c ngha v >0 trong min xc nh ca bt phng trnh
A>B, th:
. . A B AC BC > >
Nu C c ngha v <0 trong min xc nh ca bt phng trnh
A>B, th:
. . A B AC BC > <
Nu 0 B = trong min xc nh th:
0 . 0
A
AB
B
> >


26

(|) Bt phng trnh c cha gi tr tuyt i
Gi s 0 o > , khi :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
;
0
0
0
0
F F
F
F
F
B x A x B x
A x B x
B x
B x
A x B x
A x B x
B x
A x B x
B x
A x B x A x B x
o o o
o
o
o
< < <
>

>

<

< <

<

>

<

>

>

>

<

>

> > ( (


(_) Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n
( )
, 0 ax b a > =
Nu a>0 th ;
b
x
a
> nu a<0 th
b
x
a
<


27

(o) Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
1 2
0
4 0
0, 4 0
2
4 0
4 0
0,
4 0
ax bx c
b ac x
b
a b ac x
a
x x
b ac
x x
b ac
a
b ac x x x
+ + >

<

> = =

<

>


>

s
<
> < <
nghiem ung vi moi ;
nghiem ung vi moi
nghiem ung vi moi
vo nghiem
nghiem ung vi ;


y x
1
, x
2
l hai nghim thc ca tam thc bc hai
2
ax bx c + + .
(c) Bt phng trnh m v logarith c bn
Bt phng trnh m
( ) ( ) A x B x
a a > vi a>1 s tng ng vi
bt phng trnh A(x)>B(x); vi 0<a<1 s tng ng vi bt
phng trnh A(x)<B(x).
Bt phng trnh logarith
( ) ( )
log log
a a
A x B x >
Vi a>1 s tng ng vi h:
( )
( ) ( )
0 B x
A x B x
>

>


Vi 0<a<1 s tng ng vi h:


28

( )
( ) ( )
0 A x
A x B x
>

<


(|) Bt phng trnh lng gic c bn
cos
1 ;
1
1 2 2 ,
arccos , 0
x m
m x
m
m k x k
m
o t o t
o o t
>
<
>
s + s s +
= s s
Vi nghiem ung vi moi
Vi vo nghiem;
Vi nghiem ung vi
trong o

( )
sin
1 ;
1
1 2 2 ,
arcsin ,
2 2
x m
m x
m
m k x k
m
o t t o t
t t
o o
>
<
>
s + s s +
= s s
Vi nghiem ung vi moi
Vi vo nghiem;
Vi nghiem ung vi
trong o

( )
tan
2 1 ,
2
arctan , .
2 2
x m
k x k
m
t
o t
t t
o o
>
+ s s +
= < <
vi moi m nghiem ung vi
trong o

cot tan
,
arccottan , 0 .
x m
k x k
m
t o t
o o t
>
s s +
= < <
vi moi m nghiem ung vi
trong o



29

6. Cp s; mt s tng hu hn
(o) Cp s cng
( )
1 2 1
2 1 3 1 1
, ,..., , ,...
, 2 ,..., 1
n n
n
a a a a
a a d a a d a a n d

= + = + = +

Trong a
n
l s hng th n ca cp s cng, d l cng sai.
( )
( )
1
1
2 1
2 2
n
n
a n d n
a a n
S
+ (
+

= =
Trong S
n
l tng ca n s hng u tin ca cp s (tng ring
th n).
(|) Cp s nhn

1 2 3 1
2 1
2 1 3 1 1
, , ,..., , ,...
, ,...,
n n
n
n
a a a a a
a a q a a q a a q

= = =

Trong a
n
l s hng th n ca cp s nhn, q l cng bi.
Tng ring th n:
( )
1 2 1
1
... . , 1
1
n
n n
q
S a a a a q
q

= + + + = =


( )
1
, 1
n
S na q = =
Tng ca cp s nhn li v hn
( )
1 q <


30

1
1
a
S
q
=


(_) Mt s tng hu hn
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
3
3 3 3 3
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
3
3 3 3
1
1 2 3 ... 1
2
1
1 ... 1
2
1 3 5 ... 2 3 2 1
2 4 6 ... 2 2 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 3 ... 1
6
1
1 2 3 ... 1
4
1
1 3 5 ... 2 3 2 1
4
1 3 5 ... 2 3 2
n n
n n
q p q p
p p q q
n n n
n n n n
n n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
n
+
+ + + + + =
+ +
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + = +
+ +
+ + + + + =
+
+ + + + + =
+
+ + + + + =
+ + + + +
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
3
2 2
2
4
4 4 4 4
1 2 1
1 2 1 3 3 1
1 2 3 ... 1
30
n n n
n n n n n
n n
=
+ + +
+ + + + + =

7. Logarith
nh ngha: Cho N>0, 0<b, b= 1
log
x
b
N x b N = =
Tnh cht


31

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
1
1 2 1 2
2
log log log , 0 ;
log log log , 0 ;
log log , 0 ;
1
log log , 0 ;
log log .log , 0, 1, 0 ;
1
log , 0, 1
log
b b b
b b b
b b
b b
b b a
b
a
N N N N N N
N
N N N N
N
N N N
N N N
N a N a a N
a a a
b
o
o
o
o
= + >
= >
= >
= >
= > = >
= > =

Logarith thp phn:
( )
lg 10 10
x
N x N b = = = c so
Logarith t nhin
ln
1
lim 1 2, 718281828...
x
n
n
N x e N
b e
n

= =
| |
= = + ~
|
\ .
trong o

IV. HNH HC
A. CC HNH PHNG
1. Tam gic
a) Tam gic u
a l cnh, h l ng cao, S l din tch.


32

2
2
2
2
2
3 1, 566 ;
3
3
0, 866 ;
2
3
0, 433 ;
4
3
0, 578 .
3
a h h
h a a
a
S a
h
S h
= ~
= ~
= ~
= ~

b) Tam gic vung

Hnh 2
b v c l cnh gc vung; a l cnh huyn; o v | l cc gc
nhn; S l din tch; h l ng cao h t nh gc vung xung
cnh huyn; b, c l hnh chiu ca b v c ln cnh huyn.


33

2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
90 ;
;
sin cos cot tan tan ;
1
;
2
' ';
' ;
' ';
1 1 1
.
a b c
b a a c c
S bc
c c a
b b a
h c b
h b c
o |
o | | o
+ =
= +
= = = =
=
=
=
=
= +


c) Tam gic thng

a, b, c l cc cnh; o, |, l cc gc i
tng ng vi cc cnh; r, R l bn knh
vng trn ni tip, ngoi tip; p l na
chu vi; S l din tch.
Hnh 3


34

( )( )( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 ;
sin sin sin
2 cos ;
2 cos ;
2 cos ;
tan cot tan
2 2
;
tan tan
2 2
cos
2
;
sin
2
sin
2
;
cos
2
4
1 1 1
sin sin sin ;
2 2 2
a b c
R
a b c bc
b a c ac
c a b ab
a b
a b
a b
c
a b
c
abc
S p p a p b p c pr
R
ab ac bc
r p
o |
o
|

o |
o | o |
o |

o |

| o
= = =
= +
= +
= +
+
+
= =

+
+
=

=
= = = =
= = =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
tan tan tan ;
2 2 2
a p b p c
o |
= =

di ng trung tuyn k t nh A:
2 2 2
1
2 2 ;
2
a
m b c a = +
di ng cao h t nh A:


35

( )( )( )
2
;
a
p p a p b p c
h
a

=
di ng phn gic k t nh A:
( )
2
;
a
g bcp p a
b c
=
+

Tnh cht ca ng phn gic (AI l phn gic trong ca gc
A):
;
BI IC
AB AC
=
Trong mt tam gic, giao im ba ng phn gic l tm vng
trn ni tip, giao im ba ng trung trc l tm vng trn
ngoi tip.
2. a gic
a) Hnh vung
a l cnh; d l ng cho; S l din tch.
2 2
2
0, 707 ;
2
2 1, 414 ;
1
.
a d d
d a a
S d a
a
= ~
= ~
= =

b) Hnh ch nht v hnh bnh hnh
a l cnh y; h l ng cao; S l din tch
S=ah.


36

c) Hnh thoi
a l cnh y; d l ng cho ln; d l ng cho nh; S l
din tch:
1
';
2
S dd =
Nu gc nhn hnh thoi bng 60

th a=d v:
2 2
1
3 0,866 ;
2
S a a = ~
d) Hnh thang
a v b l cnh y; b l ng cao; S l din tch
( )
1
.
2
S a b h = +
e) T gic li bt k
d
1
, d
2
l di hai ng cho; o l gc gia chng; S l din
tch.
1 2
1
sin .
2
S d d o =
f) a gic u n cnh
n l s cnh; a l cnh; o l gc trong ca a gic; | l gc
tm; r v R l bn knh vng trn ni tip, ngoi tip; S l din
tch.


37


Hnh 4
2
1 180 1
cot tan ;
4 2
180
cot tan ;
2
180
cossec ;
180 2
2sin
2 tan 2 sin ;
2 2
2
.180 ;
360
.
S na arn
n
a
r
n
a
R
n
n
a r R
n
n
n
o
| |
o
|
= =
=
= =
= =

=
=


3. Hnh trn
a) Hnh trn
r l bn knh; C l di vng trn; S l din tch


38

2 2
2 6, 283 ;
2 3, 545 ;
3,142 ;
.
2
C r r
C S S
S r r
Cr
S
t
t
t
= ~
= ~
= =
=

b) Hnh qut trn
r l bn knh vng trn; l l di cung; n

l s o gc tm;
S l din tch

Hnh 5
2
2
2
0,1745 ;
360
0, 00872 .
360
rn
l rn
r n
S r n
t
t
= ~
= ~


c) Hnh vin phn
r l bn knh vng trn; l l di cung; a l di dy cung;
n

l s o gc tm; h l cao ca vin phn; S l din tch




39


Hnh 6
2
2 sin ;
2
1 cos tan ;
2 2 4
0, 01795 ;
180
sin .
2 180
n
a r
n a n
h r
n
l r rn
r n
S n
t
t
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
= =
| |
=
|
\ .


4. Phng tch
a) Phng tch
Phng tch ca im I i vi vng trn tm O, bn knh r l
i lng
2 2
d r , trong d l khong cch OI. Nu I nm
ngoi hnh trn th phng tch dng, I nm trong ng trn
th phng tch m, I nm trn ng trn th phng tch bng
0.


40


Hnh 7
K hiu gi tr tuyt i ca phng tch l p
2
, th
2 2 2
2 2
;
. .
p d r
p IAIB IT
=
= =

b) Trc ng phng Tm ng phng
Trc ng phng ca hai vng trn O
1
v O
2
(
1 2
O O = ) l qu
tch cc im M c phng tch bng nhau i vi hai vng trn
cho.
Trc ng phng vung gc vi ng ni hai tm ti im N,
m:
2 2
1 2
1
2 2
r r d
O N
d

= +
Hoc
2 2
2 1
2
2 2
r r d
NO
d

= +
Trong d l di ng ni tm; r
1
v r
2
l cc bn knh ca
hai vng trn.


41

c bit nu hai vng trn ct nhau ti hai im th trc ng
phng i qua hai im y; nu hai vng trn tip xc nhau th
trc ng phng l tip tuyn chung ti tip im.
Tm ng phng ca ba vng trn l giao im ca ba trc
ng phng ca tng cp cc vng trn .
B. TH TCH V DIN TCH XUNG QUANH
K hiu chung: h l ng cao; p l chu vi y; S l din tch
y; S
xq
l din tch xung quanh; V l th tch.
1. Hnh lng tr
;
.
xq
V Sh
S ph
=
=

2. Hnh chp u
(Nh rng chn ng cao trng vi tm a
gic y, y l a gic u).
a l trung on ca hnh chp u:
1
;
3
1
.
2
xq
V Sh
S pa
=
=

3. Hnh chp ct u
a l trung on ca hnh chp ct u; S
1
v
S
2
l cc din tch y; p
1
v p
2
l cc chu vi y.
Hnh 8: Hnh lng tr
Hnh 9: Hnh chp u


42

( )
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
1
;
3
1
.
2
xq
V h S S S S
S p p a
= + +
= +

4. Hnh tr
r l bn knh vng trn y.
2
;
2 .
xq
V Sh r h
S rh t
= =
=

5. Hnh nn
r l bn knh vng trn y; l l ng
sinh.
2
1 1
;
3 3
.
xq
V Sh r h
S rl t
= =
=

6. Hnh nn ct
R v r l cc bn knh vng trn y di
v y trn; h l ng cao nn ct; H l
ng cao hnh nn; l l ng sinh nn
ct.
( )
( )
2 2
1
;
3
;
.
xp
V h R r Rr
S R r l
hr
H h
R r
t
t
= + +
= +
= +


Hnh 10: Hnh chp ct u
Hnh 11: Hnh tr
Hnh 12: Hnh nn
Hnh 13: Hnh nn ct


43

7. Hnh cu
a) Hnh cu
R l bn knh; V l th tch; S l din tch
mt cu.
3
2
4
;
3
4 .
V R
S R
t
t
=
=

b) Hnh chm cu
R l bn knh cu; r l bn knh vng trn
y chm cu; h l ng cao chm cu; V
l th tch; S l din tch mt chm cu.
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
1 1
3 ;
3 6
2 .
V h R h h h r
S Rh r h
t
t t
| |
= = +
|
\ .
= = +

c) Hnh i cu
R l bn knh hnh cu; r
1
v r
2
l cc bn
knh vng trn y i cu; h l ng cao
i cu; V l th tch; S l din tch xung
quanh i cu.
( )
3 2 2
1 2
1 1
;
6 2
2 .
V h r r h
S Rh
t t
t
= + +
=

d) Hnh qut cu
Hnh 14: Hnh cu
Hnh 15: Chm cu
Hnh 16: Hnh i cu


44

R l bn knh cu; r l bn knh vng trn
y chm cu; h l ng cao chm cu; V
l th tch; S l din tch mt qut cu.
( )
2
2
;
3
2 .
V R h
S R r h
t
t
=
= +

V. LNG GIC
1. Hm s lng gic v du ca n
a) Hm s lng gic ca cc gc nhn
sin ;
tan ;
sec ;
c
a
c
b
a
b
o
o
o
=
=
=


Hnh 18
cos ;
cot tan ;
cossec .
b
a
b
c
a
c
o
o
o
=
=
=


Hnh 19
b) Du ca hm s lng gic ca mt gc bt k
Gc phn
t
sino coso tano cottano seco cosseco
I
+ + + + + +
Hnh 17: Hnh qut cu


45

II
+ +
III
+ +
IV
+ +
2. Hm s lng gic ca mt s gc c bit
o
0



30



45



60



90



120


180


270


360


sino
0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
3
2

0 -1 0
coso
1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0
1
2


-1 0 1
tano
0
1
3

1
3


3

0 0
cottano
3
1
1
3

0
1
3


0
seco
1
2
3

2
2 -2 -1 1
cosseco 2
2
2
3

1
2
3

-1


46

3. Mt s cng thc i gc
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
sin sin
cos cos
tan tan
cot tan cot tan
sin 180 sin
cos 180 cos
tan 180 tan
cot tan 180 cot tan
sin 360 sin
cos 360 cos
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=


( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
tan 360 tan
cot tan 360 cot tan
sin 90 cos
cos 90 sin
tan 90 cot tan
cot tan 90 tan
sin 270 cos
cos 270 sin
tan 270 cot tan
cot tan 270 tan
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=


4. Cc cng thc c bn
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
sin cos 1;
tan .cot tan 1;
sin 1
tan ;
cos cot tan
cos 1
cot tan ;
sin tan
1
1 tan sec ;
cos
1
1 cot tan cossec .
sin
o o
o o
o
o
o o
o
o
o o
o o
o
o o
o
+ =
=
= =
= =
+ = =
+ = =



47

5. Hm s lng gic ca gc bi
2 2 2 2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
sin 2 2sin cos ;
cos 2 2cos 1 1 2sin cos sin ;
2tan
tan 2 ;
1 tan
cot tan 1 cot tan tan
cot tan 2 ;
2cot tan 2
sin3 3sin 4sin ;
cos3 4cos 3cos ;
3tan tan
tan3 ;
1 3tan
cot tan 3cot t
cot tan3
o o o
o o o o o
o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o o o
o o o
o o
o
o
o
o
=
= = =
=


= =
=
=

=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
an
;
3cot tan 1
sin 2sin 1 cos sin 2 ;
cos 2cos 1 cos cos 2 .
n n n
na n n
o
o
o o o o
o o o

=
=



48

6. Cng thc h bc
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
sin 1 cos 2 ;
2
1
cos 1 cos 2 ;
2
1
sin 3sin sin3 ;
4
1
cos 3cos cos3 ;
4
1 6
sin cos 4 4cos 2 ;
8 2
1 6
cos cos 4 4cos 2 ;
8 2
1
sin sin5 5sin3 10sin ;
16
1
cos cos5 5cos3 10cos .
16
o o
o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o o
o o o o
=
= +
=
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
= +
= +

7. Hm s lng gic ca tng v hiu cc gc
( )
( )
( )
( )
sin sin cos cos sin ;
cos cos cos sin sin ;
tan tan
tan ;
1 tan tan
cot tan cot tan 1
cot tan .
cot tan cot tan
o | o | o |
o | o | o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
| o
=
=




49

8. Bin i tng v hiu ca hai hm s lng gic
sin sin 2sin cos ;
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin ;
2 2
cos cos 2cos cos ;
2 2
cos cos 2sin sin ;
2 2
sin cos 2 sin 2 cos ;
4 4
sin cos 2 sin 2 cos ;
4 4
sin
tan tan
o | o |
o |
o | o |
o |
o | o |
o |
o | o |
o |
t t
o o o o
t t
o o o o
o
o |
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
+ =
( )
( )
( )
( )
;
cos cos
sin
tan tan ;
cos cos
sin
cot tan cot tan ;
sin sin
sin
cot tan cot tan ;
sin sin
tan cot tan 2cossec2 ;
tan cot tan 2cot tan 2 .
|
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
| o
o |
o |
o o o
o o o
+

+ =

=
+ =
=



50

9. Bin i tch ca hai hm s lng gic
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
sin sin cos cos ;
2
1
cos cos cos cos ;
2
1
sin cos sin sin ;
2
tan tan tan tan
tan tan ;
cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan
cot tan cot tan cot tan cot t
cot tan cot tan
tan tan
o | o | o |
o | o | o |
o | o | o |
o | o |
o |
o | o |
o | o
o |
o |
= + (

= + + (

= + (

+
= =
+
+
= =
+
an
;
tan tan
cot tan tan cot tan tan
cot tan tan .
tan cot tan tan cot tan
|
o |
o | o |
o |
o | o |

+
= =
+



51

10. Cng thc gc chia i
2
2
2
2
2
1 cos
sin ;
2 2
1 cos
cos ;
2 2
sin 1 cos 1 cos
tan ;
2 1 cos sin 1 cos
sin 1 cos 1 cos
cot tan ;
2 1 cos sin 1 cos
2tan
2
sin ;
1 tan
2
1 tan
2
cos ;
1 tan
2
2tan
2
tan ;
1 tan
2
cot tan 1
2
cos
2cot t
o o
o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o o
o o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

=
+
=

= = =
+ +
+ +
= = =

=
+

=
+
=

= ;
an
2
cos sin 1 sin 2 .
o
o o o = +



52

11. Mt s cng thc i vi cc gc trong mt tam
gic (o, |, l cc gc trong mt tam gic)
2 2 2
2 2 2
sin sin sin 4cos cos cos ;
2 2 2
cos cos cos 4sin sin sin 1;
2 2 2
sin sin sin 4sin sin cos ;
2 2 2
cos cos cos 4cos cos sin 1;
2 2 2
sin sin sin 2cos cos cos 2;
sin sin sin 2sin sin cos ;
si
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
o |
o | o |
o | o |
+ + =
+ + = +
+ =
+ =
+ + = +
+ =
n 2 sin 2 sin 2 4sin sin sin ;
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 4cos cos sin ;
tan tan tan tan tan tan ;
cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan ;
2 2 2 2 2 2
cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan 1.
o | o |
o | o |
o | o |
o | o |
o | o |
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

12. Mt s cng thc khc



53

2
2
2
2
2
2
1 cos 2cos ;
2
1 cos 2sin ;
2
1 sin sin cos 2cos ;
2 2 4 2
1 sin sin cos 2sin ;
2 2 4 2
sin 2 sin
4 4
1 tan ;
cos
cos cos
4
2 sin
4
1 cot tan ;
sin
sin s
o
o
o
o
o o t o
o
o o t o
o
t t
o o
o
t
o
o
t
o
o
o
o
+ =
=
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
= =
| |

|
\ .
=
+
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 1
cos cos
2 2
in 2 sin3 ... sin ;
2sin
2
2 1
sin sin
2 2
cos cos 2 cos3 ... cos ;
2sin
2
sin cos sin cos
n
n
n
n
a x b x a b x a b x
o
o
o o o
o
o
o
o o o o
o
o
+

+ + + =
+

+ + + + =
+ = + + = + +




54

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos ,
sin ;
sin ,
cos .
a
a b
b
a b
a
a b
b
a b

o
o
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
trong o


55

13. Cng thc lin h gia cc hm s lng gic
Hm sino coso tano cottano seco cosseco
sino=

2
1 cos o

2
tan
1 tan
o
o

+

2
1
1 cot tan o

+

2
sec 1
sec
o
o


1
cosseco

coso=
2
1 sin o


2
1
1 tan o

+

2
cot tan
1 cot tan
o
o

+

1
seco

2
cossec 1
cossec
o
o


tano= 2
sin
1 sin
o
o


2
1 cos
cos
o
o



1
cot tano

2
sec 1 o

2
1
cossec 1 o


cottan=
o
2
1 sin
sin
o
o


2
cos
1 cos
o
o


1
tano

2
1
sec 1 o


2
cossec 1 o

seco= 2
1
1 sin o


1
coso

2
1 tan o +

2
1 cot tan
cot tan
o
o
+


2
cossec
cossec 1
o
o


cosseco
=
1
sino
2
1
1 cos o


2
1 tan
tan
o
o
+


2
1 cot tan o +

2
sec
sec 1
o
o





56

VI. HNH HC GII TCH TRN MT PHNG
1. im
Khong cch gia hai im (x
1
, y
1
) v (x
2
, y
2
):
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
d x x y y = +
Khong cch t mt im (x, y) n gc ta :
2 2
d x y = +
Dng tng qut ca khong cch gia hai im (x
1
, y
1
) v (x
2
,
y
2
) trong h ta xin gc :
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 cos d x x y y x x y y = + +
Ta ca im chia on thng theo t l m/n
1 2
1 2
;
.
nx mx
x
m n
ny my
y
m n
+
=
+
+
=
+

2. Php i trc ta (Hnh 20)
1 1
1 1
x a x x x a
y b y y y b
= + =


= + =

hoac


57


Hnh 20
3. Ta cc (Hnh 21)
Ox: Trc cc;
O: Cc;
r: Bn knh vector;
: Gc cc.
2 2
cos ;
sin ;
.
x r
y r
r x y

=
=
= +

4. Php quay cc trc ta
x,y: Ta c ca im M;
x
1
, y
1
: Ta mi ca im M.
o: Gc quay.
1 1
1 1
cos sin ;
sin cos .
x x y
y x y
o o
o o
=


Hnh 21
y
x
0
M
o
o
Hnh 22


58

5. Phng trnh ng thng
Phng trnh tng qut Ax+By+C=0.
Phng trnh chnh tc y=kx+b
Phng trnh theo cc on chn trn cc trc ta
1
x y
a b
+ =
Phng trnh php dng cos sin 0 x y p o o + =
H s php dng
2 2
1
M
A B
=
+
(du c chn sao cho
ngc du vi du ca C).
6. Hai ng thng
Cc phng trnh dng tng qut
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
A x B y C C
A x B y C
+ + =
+ + =

Gc gia hai ng thng cho (vi h s gc k
1
, k
2
)
2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
tan
1
k k AB A B
k k A A B B
u

= =
+ +

iu kin hai ng thng song song
1 2
k k = hoc
1 1
2 2
A B
A B
=
iu kin hai ng thng vung gc


59

1 2
1 k k = hoc
1 2 1 2
0 A A B B + =
Ta giao im ca hai ng thng
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
C B C B
x
B A B A
C B C A
y
B A B A


ng thng th ba
3 3 3
0 A x B y C + + = i qua giao im ca hai
ng thng trn nu:
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
0
A B C
A B C
A B C
=
7. ng thng v im
Phng trnh ng thng i qua mt im cho trc
( )
0 0
, M x y
theo mt hng cho:
( )
0 0
y y k x x =
tan k o = (o l gc lp bi ng thng vi chiu dng trc
honh)
Khong cch t im
( )
1 1
, x y ti mt ng thng
1 1
cos sin d x y p o o = + (a l gc lp bi ng thng vi
chiu dng trc honh) hoc
1 1
2 2
Ax By C
d
A B
+ +
=
+
(du c
chn ngc du vi C).


60

Phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cho
( ) ( )
0 0 2 2
, , , A x y B x y :
1 1
2 1 2 1
y y x x
y y x x

=


Phng trnh ng thng i qua im
( )
0 0 0
, M x y v song song
vi ng thng y=ax+b
( )
0 0
y y a x x =
Phng trnh ng thng i qua im
( )
1 1
, M x y v vung gc
vi ng thng y=ax+b
( )
1 1
1
y y x x
a
=
8. Din tch tam gic
Tam gic c mt nh gc ta
( )
1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
x y
S x y y x
x y
= =
Tam gic c v tr bt k
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
, , , , , A x y B x y C x y


61

( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1
2 1 3 1 3 1 2 1
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
x x y y
S
x x y y
x x y y x x y y
x y y x y y x y y

= =

= = (

= + + (


9. Phng trnh ng trn
ng trn c tm trng vi gc ta , bn knh r
2 2 2
x y r + =
ng trn vi tm c ta (a,b) bn knh r
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b r + =
Phng trnh tham s ca ng trn
( )
cos
0 2
sin
x r t
t
y r t
t
=

s s


10. Ellipse (Hnh 23)
O: Tm;
AA
1
=2a: Trc ln;
BB
1
=2b: Trc nh;
F, F
1
: Cc tiu im;
FM, F
1
M: Cc bn knh vector;
FF
1
=2c: Tiu c;


62

BF=BF
1
=AO=a;
FM+F
1
M=AA
1
=2a;
a
2
-c
2
=b
2
.
Phng trnh chnh tc ca
Ellipse:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
Tm sai ca Ellipse:
2 2
1
c a b
a a
c

= = <
Bn knh vector ca im M(x, y) ca Ellipse
r a x c =
Din tch ca Ellipse
S=tab
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi Ellipse ti im
( )
1 1 1
, M x y
1 1
2 2
1
x x y y
a b
+ =
Phng trnh php tuyn vi Ellipse ti im
( )
0 0 0
, M x y
( )
2
0
0 0
2
0
a y
y y x x
b x
=
y
x
0
M
B
A1
A
F
F1
B1
2a
c c
y
r
r1
Hnh 23: Hnh Ellipse


63

Tham s tiu ca Ellipse
2
b
p
a
=
Phng trnh cc ng chun ca Ellipse
2
a
x
c
= hoc
a
x
c
=
Phng trnh ng knh ca Ellipse
2
2
b
y x
a k
=
Trong k l h s gc ca ng knh lin hp.
Phng trnh tham s ca Ellipse:
cos
sin
x a t
y b t
=


11. Hyperbola (Hnh 24)
O: Tm;
F, F
1:
Cc tiu im;
FM, F
1
M: Cc bn knh vector;
FM-F
1
M=AA
1
-2a;
y
x
0
2c
2a
F F1
A A1
M
r1
r
Hnh 24: Hyperbola


64

FF
1
=2c;
c
2
-a
2
=b
2
.
Phng trnh chnh tc ca Hyperbola
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
=
Tm sai ca Hyperbola
2 2
1
c a b
a a
c
+
= = >
Bn knh vector ca im thuc Hyperbola
1
c
r x a x a
a
c
r x a x a
a
c
c
= =
= + = +

Phng trnh cc ng tim cn ca Hyperbola
b
y x
a
=
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im
( )
1 1 1
, M x y
1 1
2 2
1
x x y y
a b
=
Phng trnh php tuyn ti im ( )
0 0 0
, M x y


65

( )
2
0
0 0
2
0
a y
y y x x
b x
=
Hoc
2 2
2
0 0
a x b y
c
x y
+ =
Tham s tiu ca Hyperbola
2
b
p
a
=
Phng trnh ng knh ca Hyperbola
2
2
b
y x
a k
=
Trong k l h s gc ca ng knh lin hp.
Phng trnh ca Hyperbola cn
2
2
a
xy = hoc
k
y
x
=
12. Parabola(Hnh 25)

AN: ng chun
O: nh
F: Tiu im
AF=p: Tham s ca Parabola
y
x
0
A F
F1
M
N
K
p
c
l
r
Hnh 25: Parabola


66

S: Din tch
Phng trnh chnh tc ca parabola
y
2
=2px
Din tch ca parabola
2
3
S lc =
Tm sai ca parabola 1
FM
MK
c = =
Bn knh vector ca parabola
2
p
r x = +
Phng trnh ng chun ca parabola
2
p
x =
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca parabola
( )
1 1
yy p x x = +
Hoc
( )
1
1 1
0
y
y y x x
y
=
Phng trnh php tuyn ca parabola


67

( )
1
1 1
y
y y x x
p
=
Hoc
( ) ( )
1 1 1
0 y x x p y y + + =
VII. I S VECTOR
1. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector
Vector A

l mt on thng c di xc nh v hng xc
nh.
A A =

l di hoc module ca vector A

.
Cc vector bng nhau (Hnh 26)
A B
A B
A B
=

=

++



Cng cc vector (cc hnh 27, 28, 29)
; A B C
A B C D E
+ =
+ + + =




Hnh 27

Hnh 28

Hnh 29
Vector i (Hnh 30)
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
B
C
D
E
A

Hnh 26


68

1
1
1
A A
A A
A A

=

|+





Tr cc vector (Hnh 32, 31)
1
A B A B C = + =





Hnh 31


Trong
1
B B =


Nhn vector vi mt s
k A B =


Vector B

lun tha mn cc iu kin:


,
,
B k A
B A
B A
=
++
|+
neu k > 0
neu k < 0




Nu k=0 hoc 0 A=

, th 0 B =


2. Php chiu vector ln trc hoc vector (Hnh 33)
( )
cos cos ,
x
B
hc A hc A MN A A A B = = = =




A
C
B B
1
Hnh 32
A

Hnh 30
A

1
A A =



69


Hnh 33
3. Cc thnh phn v ta ca vector (Hnh 34)
1 2 3
A OM OM OM = + +


Hoc A Xi Y j Zk = + +


Trong
1
2
3
OM Xi
OM Y j
OM Zk
=
=
=



l cc thnh
phn ca vector;
cos , cos , cos X A Y A Z A o | = = =
l cc ta ca vector (chiu
vector ny ln cc trc ta ).
4. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector c cho
nh cc ta
Nu
1 2
A A A =

th
1 2 1 2 1 2
, , . X X X Y Y Y Z Z Z = = =
Nu
2 1
A A =

th
2 1 2 1 2 1
, , . X X Y Y Z Z = = =
5. Tch v hng ca hai vector
nh ngha
A
B
M
1 N
1
M
N
O x

O
M
M
M
2
1
3

o
|
i
k
j
x
z
y
A
Hnh 34


70

( ) ( )
, cos ,
A B
A B AB AB A B Ach B Bhc A = = = =



Cc tnh cht ca tch v hng
( ) ( )
( )
AB BA
mA B m AB
A B C AC BC
=
=
+ = +
(tnh giao hoan)
(tnh phan phoi)




Tch v hng ca cc vector di dng ta
1 2 1 2 1 2
. AB X X YY Z Z = + +


Bnh phng v hng ca vector
2
2
cos0 A AA AA A = = =


Bnh phng module ca vector
2
2 2 2 2
A A X Y Z = = + +


Module ( di) ca vector
2 2 2 2
A A X Y Z = = + +


iu kin hai vector trc giao
( )
A B


1 2 1 2 1 2
0 AB X X YY Z Z = + + =


Gc gia hai vector
{ }
1 1 1
, , A X Y Z

v
{ }
2 2 2
, , B X Y Z




71

1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos
X X YY Z Z AB
A B
X Y Z X Y Z

+ +
= =
+ + + +


Cc cosin ch phng ca vector
{ }
, , A X Y Z


2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos
cos
cos
X
X Y Z
Y
X Y Z
Z
X Y Z
o
|

=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +

6. Tch vector ca hai vector
nh ngha
Tch vector ca hai vector , A B

(k hiu A B

hoc , A B
(


) l
vector C

tha mn cc iu kin sau:


( )
sin , , , C AB A B C A C B =


V cc vector , , A B C

lp thnh b ba vector thun (nghch) nu
h ta l thun (nghch).
Cc tnh cht ca tch vector


72

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
A B B A
mA B m A B
A nB n A B
A B C A C B C
C A B C A C B
=
=
=
+ = +
+ = +






Tch vector di dng ta
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
.
i j k
A B X Y Z
X Y Z
Y Z Y Z i Z X Z X j X Y X Y k
= =
= + +




Gc gia vector
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
sin ,
A B
A B
A B
Y Z Y Z Z X Z X X Y X Y
X Y Z X Y Z

= =
+ +
=
+ + + +




7. Tch hn hp ca ba vector
nh ngha
( )
ABC A B C =


Cc tnh cht ca tch hn hp


73

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
ABC BCA CAB BAC ACB CBA
A B CD ACD BCD
mA BC m ABC
= = = = =
+ = +
=




ngha hnh hc ca tch hn hp
ABC

bng th tch ca hnh hp c ba cnh l ba vector y.


iu kin ng phng ca ba vector 0 ABC =


Tch hn hp di dng ta
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2
.
X Y Z
ABC X Y Z
X Y Z
X Y Z Z Y Y Z X Z X Z X Y X Y
= =
= + +


VIII. O HM V VI PHN
1. Gii hn
lim(x+y-z)=limx+limy-limz (nu cc gii hn v phi tn ti)
lim(xyz)=limx limy limz (nu gii hn v phi tn ti)
lim
lim lim lim 0
lim
x x
x y
y y
| |
= =
|
\ .
neu ton tai va


74

( ) ( )
1
0
0
0
sin
lim 1;
lim 1 , 2.718281828... ;
lim 0;
!
tan
lim 1;
lim 1 ;
lim 1;
!
lim 2 .
a
x
a
n
a
x
x
n
x
x
n n
n
x
x
a e e
a
n
x
x
x
n e
n
a
n
n e n
t

=
+ = =
=
=
| |
+ =
|
\ .
=
=

2. o hm v vi phn
Cc o hm n gin


75

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
'
2
'
1
,
2
' ';
' ' ' ';
' ' ' ' ;
' '
;
' ' ;
' 0;
' 1;
' ;
1 1
;
1
' ;
2
n n
Cu Cu
u v w u v w
uvw u vw v uw w uv
u u v v u
v v
f u x f u u x
C
x
x nx
x x
x
x

=
+ = +
= + +

| |
=
|
\ .
(
=

=
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
=




76

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
ln ' ;
1
lg ' lg ;
' ;
' ln ;
sin ' cos ;
cos ' sin ;
1
tan ' ;
cos
1
cot tan ' ;
sin
1
arcsin ' ;
1
1
arccos ' ;
1
1
arctan ' ;
1
1
arccottan ' ;
1
' ' ln '.
x x
x x
v v v
x
x
x e
x
e e
a a a
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
u vu u u u v

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
+
=
+
= +

Vi phn ca hm v cc tnh cht n gin;
dy=ydx



77

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
;
;
;
.
d Cu Cdu
d u v w du dv dw
d uvw vw du uw dv uv dw
u vdu udv
d
v v
=
+ = +
= + +

| |
=
|
\ .

3. ng dng hnh hc ca o hm
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong y=y(x) ti im (x
0
, y
0
)
( )( )
0 0 0
' y y y x x x =
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong v i qua mt im cho
trc bt k
( )
1 1 1
, M x y
( )( )
1 0 1
' y y y x x x =
Trong x
0
l nghim kp ca phng trnh
( )
( )
0 0
0
1
'
y y x x
y x
=
4. ng dng o hm kho st hm s
Hm s chn, hm s l
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l chn nu
f(x)=f(-x)
c gi l l nu
f(x)=-f(x)


78

Hm s tun hon
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l tun hon nu c s dng l sao cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 ... f x f x l f x l f x kl = = = =
S dng p nh nht c tnh cht trn c gi l chu k ca
hm s.
Hm s n iu
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l n iu tng tht s (ng bin) nu
t x
1
<x
2
suy ra f(x
1
)<f(x
2
);
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l n iu gim tht s (nghch bin)
nu t x
<
x
2
suy ra f(x
1
)>f(x
2
);
Nu trn tt c cc du < (>) c thay bi du
( )
s > th hm
c gi l n iu tng (gim) theo ngha rng;
iu kin hm s y=f(x) n iu tng (gim) trong khong
xc nh l
( ) ( ) ( )
' 0 ' 0 f x f x > s trong khong xc nh.
Hm lin tc
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l lin tc ti x=a nu
( ) ( )
lim
x a
f x f a

=
Cc i, cc tiu ca mt hm s
Hm s y=f(x) c cc i (cc tiu) ti im x
0
nu c mt s a
dng sao cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
f x f x f x f x s > vi
0 0
x a x x a s s +


79

Nu x
0
tha mn h phng trnh:
( )
( )
0
0
' 0
'' 0
f x
f x
=

<


Th x
0
l honh im cc i;
Nu x
0
tha mn h phng trnh:
( )
( )
0
0
' 0
'' 0
f x
f x
=

>


Th x
0
l honh im cc tiu;
Hm li
Hm s y=f(x) gi l li nu vi ,0 1 o o s s th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 1 ; f ax x af x f x o o + s +
Hm s y=f(x) li khi v ch khi o hm f(x) tng theo ngha
rng (hoc tng ng o hm bc hai
f(x) >0)
im un
im x
0
l im un ca th hm s
y=f(x) nu f(x
0
)=0 v f(x) i du khi i
qua x
0
.
Cc ng tim cn
Hnh 35: Tim cn ngang


80

Tim cn ngang (Hnh 35): ng cong y=f(x) c tim cn
ngang y=b nu
( )
lim
x
f x b

=

Tim cn xin (Hnh 36): ng cong
y=f(x) c tim cn xin y=ax+b nu
( )
lim 0
x
f x ax b

= (


Cch tm tin cn xin y=ax+b:

Tim cn ng (Hnh 37): ng cong y=f(x) c tim cn ng
x=x
0
nu
( )
0
lim
x x
f x

=

Trc v tm i xng: th hm s
y=f(x) nhn ng thng x=o lm trc i
xng khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
2 f x f x o =

th hm s y=f(x) nhn im
( )
, I o |
lm tm i xng khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
2 2 f x f x o | =
Kho st hm s
( )
3 2
0 y ax bx cx d a = + + + =
2
' 3 2 ;
'' 6 2 .
y ax bx c
y ax b
= + +
= +

( )
( )
lim ;
lim
x
x
f x
a
x
b f x ax

=
= (

Hnh 36: Tim cn xin
Hnh 37: Tim cn ng



81

Nu
2
0
3 0
a
b ac
>

th hm s lun ng bin;
Nu
2
0
3 0
a
b ac
<

th hm s lun nghch bin.


2
3 0, ' 0 b ac y > = c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
, hm s c
cc i v cc tiu.
Cc giao im vi trc honh: Phng trnh
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + lun c nghim thc.
Nu
2
3 0 b ac s hoc
2
3 0
0
cd ct
b ac
y y
>

>

th phng trnh c v ch
c mt nghim v th ch ct trc honh ti mt im.
Nu
2
3 0
0
cd ct
b ac
y y
>

th phng trnh c mt nghim n v mt


nghim kp; th ct v tip xc vi trc honh ti hai im.
Nu
2
3 0
0
cd ct
b ac
y y
>

<

th phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit;


th ct trc honh ti ba im khc nhau.
im un ,
3 3
b b
y
a a
| |
| |

| |
\ .
\ .
l tm i xng ca th.
Hm s ( )
4 2
0 y ax bx c a = + + =


82

3
2
' 4 2 ;
'' 12 2 .
y ax bx
y ax b
= +
= +

Trong trng hp 0 ab > hm s ch c mt im cc tr l (0,c)
(cc i nu b<0, cc tiu nu b>0).
Trng hp ab<0:
Nu b<0, hm s c cc i ti (0,c) v hai im cc tiu
2
,
2 4
b b
c
a a
| |

+
|
|
\ .
;
Nu b>0 hm s c cc tiu (0,c) v hai im cc i
2
,
2 4
b b
c
a a
| |

+
|
|
\ .
.
Trong trng hp ny cc im ,
6 6
b b
y
a a
| |
| |

|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
l cc
im un.
Hm s , ', ' 0
' '
ax b
y a b
a x b
+
= =
+

Hm s xc nh vi
'
;
'
b
x
a
=
( )
2
' '
' ,
' '
ab a b
y
a x b

=
+



83

ab-ab=0, hm s khng i ;
'
a
y
a
=
ab-ab>0 hm s ng bin;
ab-ab<0 hm s nghch bin;
Tim cn ngang: ;
'
a
y
a
=
Tim cn ng:
'
;
'
b
x
a
=
Tm i xng l giao im
'
,
' '
b a
A
a a
| |

|
\ .
ca hai ng tim
cn.
Hm s
2
' '
ax bx c
y
a x b
+ +
=
+

Tim cn xin:
' '
;
' '
a a b ab
y x
a a

= +
Tim cn ng
'
'
b
x
a
= .
Tm i xng ca th l giao im hai ng tim cn.


84

IX. PHP TNH TCH PHN
A. TCH PHN KHNG XC NH
1. nh ngha
( ) ( )
f x dx F x C = +
}

Trong F(x)=f(x), C l hng s ty .
2. Cc tnh cht n gin nht
( ) ( )
( )
;
,
... ...
' ' ;
.
dx x C
kf x dx k f x dx
u v w dx udx vdx wdx
uv dx uv vu dx
udv uv vdu
= +
=
+ + + = + + +
=
=
}
} }
} } } }
} }
} }
k la hang so;



85

3. Tch phn cc hm hu t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
1
1
2
2 2
, 1 ;
1
ln ;
, 1 ;
1
1
ln ;
ln ;
1
ln ,
1
ln ;
2
1
ln ln , ;
m
m
n
n
x
x dx C m
m
dx
x C
x
ax b
ax b dx C n
a n
dx
ax b C
ax b a
ax b a bc ad
dx x cx d C
cx d c c
dx x b
C a b
x a x b a b x a
dx x d
C
x a a x a
xdx
a x a b x b C a b
x a x b a b
xdx
+
+
= + =
+
= +
+
+ = + =
+
= + +
+
+
= + + +
+
+
= + =
+ + +

= +
+
= + + + =
+ +
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
ln ;
2
1
arctan ;
1
ln ;
2
x a C
x a
dx x
C
x a a a
xdx
x a C
x a
= +

= +
+
= + +
+
}
}
}



86

( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2 3
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 1
arctan ;
2 2
1 1
;
2
1
ln arctan ;
1
arctan ln ;
1 2 4
ln
4 2 4
dx x x
C
a x a a a
x a
xdx
C
x a
x a
x b
dx b x
C
a b a a
x a x b
x a
x b
xdx x
b C
a b a
x a x b
x a
dx ax b b ac
ax bx c
b ac ax b b ac
= + +
+
+
= +
+
+
| | +
= + +
|
+
+ +
+
\ .
| | +
= +
|
+
+ +
+
\ .
+
=
+ +
+ +
}
}
}
}
}
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
;
1 2
arctan , 4 0 ;
4 4
1
ln .
2 2
C
dx ax b
C b ac
ax bx c
ac b ac b
xdx b dx
ax bx c
ax bx c a a ax bx c
+
+
= + <
+ +

= + +
+ + + +
}
} }



87

4. Tch phn cc hm v t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
;
2
;
3
2 2
;
3
2 3 2
;
15
1
ln , 0 ;
1
arctan , 0 ;
dx
ax b C
a
ax b
ax bdx ax b C
a
ax b
xdx
ax b C
a
ax b
ax b
x ax bdx ax b C
a
dx ax b b ac
C b ac
x c ax b b ac ax b b ac
dx ax b
b ac
ac b
x c ax b ac b
= + +
+
+ = + +

= + +
+

+ = + +
+
= + >
+ + + +
+
= <

+ +
}
}
}
}
}
}
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
ln , 0 ;
ax b
dx ax b cx d
cx d c
ad bc
a ax b a ax b C ac
c ac
+
= + +
+

(
+ + + + >

}
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
1
arctan , 0; 0 ;
ax b
dx ax b cx d
cx d c
a cx d
ad bc
C c a
c ax b
c ac
+
= + +
+
+

+ > <
+

}



88

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2
3
2 2
2
3
2
2 2 2
2
3
2
2 2 3
;
15
2 8 12 15
;
105
2 2
;
3
2 8 4 3
;
15
1
ln , 0 ;
2
arctan , 0 ;
a bx a bx
x a bxdx C
b
a abx b a bx
x a bxdx C
b
a bx
xdx
a bx C
b
a bx
a abx b x
x dx
a bx C
b
a bx
dx a bx a
C a
x a bx a a bx a
dx a bx
C a
a
x a bx a
dx
x a bx
+
+ = +
+ +
+ = +

= + +
+
+
= + +
+
+
= + >
+ + +
+
= + <

+
+
}
}
}
}
}
}
;
2
2 ;
a bx b dx
ax a
x a bx
a bxdx dx
a bx a
x
x a bx
+
=
+
+
= + +
+
} }
} }



89

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
1 2
2
2 1 2
1 2 1
2 2
3
2
2 2 2
1
2
2
2
2 1
2 2 ;
1
2 1
2
;
2 2
2
2 3 2
;
2 3 2 3
2
.
2
m
m m
m m m
m m m
x ax x
m a
x ax x dx x ax x dx
m m
m a
x dx x ax x x dx
m m
ax x ax x
ax x
ax x m ax x
dx dx
x m ax m a x
dx ax x
C
ax
x ax x

+
+
= +
+

= +

+
= +

= +

} }
} }
} }
}



90

5. Tch phn ca hm lng gic
2
2
3 3
3 3
1 2
1 2
sin cos ;
cos sin ;
1
sin sin 2 ;
2 4
1
cos sin 2 ;
2 4
1
sin cos cos ;
2
1
cos sin sin ;
3
1 1
sin sin cos sin ;
1 1
cos cos sin cos ;
n n n
n n n
xdx x C
xdx x C
x
xdx x C
x
xdx x C
xdx x x C
xdx x x C
n
xdx x x xdx
n n
n
xdx x x xdx
n n


= +
= +
= +
= + +
= +
= +

= +

= +
}
}
}
}
}
}
} }
} }
cossec ln tan ;
sin 2
sec ln tan ;
cos 2 4
dx x
xdx C
x
dx x
xdx C
x
t
= = +
| |
= = + +
|
\ .
} }
} }



91

2
2
2 3
2 3
2 2
cot tan ;
sin
tan ;
cos
1
sin cos cos 2 ;
4
1
sin cos sin ;
3
1
sin cos cos ;
3
1 1
sin cos sin 4 ;
8 32
dx
x C
x
dx
x C
x
x xdx x C
x xdx x C
x xdx x C
x xdx x x C
= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
= +
}
}
}
}
}
}

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin sin
sin sin , ;
2 2
cos cos
sin cos , ;
2 2
sin sin
cos cos , ;
2 2
1 sin
arcsin , ;
sin sin
m n x m n x
mx nxdx C m n
m n m n
m n x m n x
mx nxdx C m n
m n m n
m n x m n x
mx nxdx C m n
m n m n
dx a x b
C a b
a b x a b x
a b
+
= + + =
+
+
= + =
+
+
= + + =
+
+
= + >
+ +

}
}
}
}

( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 sin cos
ln , ;
sin sin
dx b a x b a x
C b a
a b x a b x
b a
+
= + >
+ +

}
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 cos
arcsin , 0, 0 ;
cos cos
1 cos sin
ln , ;
cos cos
dx a x b
C a b
a b a b x
b a
dx b a x b a x
C a b
a b a b x
b a
+
= + > <
+ +

+ +
= + <
+ +

}
}



92

2 2
2 2
1 sin cos
ln .
sin cos sin cos
dx b x a x a b
C
a x b x a x b x
a b
+ +
= +
+ +
+
}

B. TCH PHN XC NH
1. nh ngha
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
b
f x dx F x F b F a
a
= =
}

Trong F(x)=f(x)
2. ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh (Hnh 38)
( )
b
aABb
a
g x dx S =
}

3. Mt s ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
a) Tnh din tch hnh phng
Din tch ca hnh gii hn bi ng cong y=f(x) v cc ng
y=0, x=a, x=b, trong y c cng mt du vi mi gi tr ca x
trong khong (a, b) l:
( )
b
a
S f x dx =
}
(xem Hnh 38)
b) Tnh di cung
di (s) ca mt cung ca ng cong phng f(x,y)=0 t im
(a,c) n im (b,d) l:
y
x a
b O
A
B
y=f(x)
Hnh 38


93

2
2
1 1
b d
a c
dy dx
s dx dy
dx dy
| |
| |
= + = +
| |
\ .
\ .
} }

Nu phng trnh ca ng cong x=f(t), y=g(t) th di ca
cung t t=a n t=b l:
2 2
b
a
dx dy
s dt
dt dt
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
}

c) Tnh th tch khi trn xoay
Th tch ca khi trn xoay c sinh ra do phn ng cong
y=f(x) trong khong x=a v x=b chuyn ng quay xung quanh
o Trc x l
2
b
a
V y dx t =
}

o Trc y l
2
d
c
V x dy t =
}

Trong c v d l cc gi tr ca y tng ng vi cc gi tr ca
a v b ca x.
d) Th tch to bi tit
din song song
Nu mt phng vung gc vi
trc x ti im (x,0,0) ct vt th
theo mt tit din c din tch l
S(x) th th tch ca phn vt th
trong khong x=a v x=b l:
y=f(x)
y
x
x
A
B
a b
Hnh 39


94

( )
b
a
V S x dx =
}


e) Din tch mt ca khi trn xoay
Din tch mt ca vt th c sinh ra bi phn ng cong
y=f(x) trong khong x=a v x=b chuyn ng quay
o i vi trc x l
2
2 1 ;
b
a
dy
S y dx
dx
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
}

o i vi trc y l
2
2 1 .
d
c
dx
S x dy
dy
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
}

Trong c v d l cc gi tr ca y tng ng vi cc gi tr a v
b ca x.






95

CH MC
C
Cp s
Cp s cng 29
Cp s nhn 29
Cp s nhn li v hn 30
Cng bi 29
Cng sai 29
Tng hu hn 30
D
i s
Cn s 16
a thc 13
ng thc (ng nht thc) 14
Ly tha 15
Phn thc 13
S e 74
G
Gii tch kt hp
Giai tha 8
Nh thc Newton 11
Tam gic Pascal 12
H
Hm s
Cc i 79
Cc tiu 79
im un 79
ng bin 78
Hm lin tc 78
Hm li 79
Hm s chn 77
Hm s l 77
Hm tun hon 78
Nghch bin 78
Tm i xng 80
Tim cn ng 80
Tim cn ngang 79
Tim cn xin 80
Trc i xng 80
Hnh hc phng
Phng tch 39
Qut trn 38
Tm ng phng 40
Trc ng phng 40
Vin phn 38
L
Lng gic
Gc bi 47
Gc trong tam gic 52
S
S phc
Argument 19
Biu din hnh hc 18
Module 19


96

V
Vector
Chiu vector 68
Gc gia hai vector 71
Tch hn hp 72
Tch v hng 70
Ta 69
Vector i 67

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