MC LC

mc Trang

MC LC ............................................................................................... 1 GII THIU V M UN ....................................................................... 6 CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN ......................... 8 YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN ................................ 8 BI 1. PHN LOI CC SN PHM DU M....................................... 9 1. Vai tr ca cc sn phm du m ...................................................... 9 2. Sn phm nhin liu ......................................................................... 10 3. Sn phm phi nhin liu ................................................................... 10 4. Ha phm v dung mi du m ........................................................ 11 5. Kim tra s lng v cht lng u vo......................................... 11 6. Th trng du th ............................................................................ 12 BI 2. XUT NHP NGUYN LIU V SN PHM ............................ 14 1. Kim tra s lng ca nguyn liu v sn phm. ............................. 14 2. Kim tra cht lng ca nguyn liu v sn phm. .......................... 18 3. Kim tra bn b cha ...................................................................... 19 4. Lp th kho, th bn. ........................................................................ 20 5. Tin hnh qu trnh xut nhp nguyn liu v sn phm. ................. 21 6. Thc hnh ........................................................................................ 21 BI 3.LY MU NGUYN LIU V SN PHM .................................. 23 1. Gii thiu s lc v mu ................................................................ 23 2. Ly mu xng, du Diesel v nhin liu phn lc ............................. 25 3. Ly mu m bi trn v bitum .......................................................... 28 4. Lm sch dng c sau khi ly mu ................................................... 29 5. Thc hnh: XC NH CHY MM CA BITUM ASTM D 36 ...................................................................................... 29 BI 4. KH V KH HA LNG ............................................................ 32 1. c im chung ca kh t nhin v kh du m .............................. 32 2. Thnh phn v phn loi kh ............................................................ 33
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3. Kh t nhin v kh ha lng ............................................................. 34 4. Kh du m ha lng ........................................................................ 36 5. Phng php ha lng kh ............................................................... 38 6. Vn chuyn v tn cha kh ............................................................. 40 7. Th trng kh ................................................................................... 41 8. Thc hnh ........................................................................................ 44 BI 5. CONDENSAT ............................................................................ 45 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca condensat ................................................. 45 2. Cc ch tiu ca condensat ............................................................... 46 3. Cch xc nh cc ch tiu ca condensat ........................................ 46 4. ng dng ca condensat ................................................................. 47 5. Thc hnh: XC NH THNH PHN CHNG CT PHN ON .............................................................................................. 47 BI 6. XNG ........................................................................................ 52 1. Khi nim chung ............................................................................... 52 2. Thnh phn ha hc ca xng. ........................................................ 52 3. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c xng. ............................................. 53 4. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh cht chy ca nhin liu trong ng c xng. Tr s octan. .................................................... 55 5. Cc bin php nng cao tr s octan ca xng: Ph gia v phng php ha hc...................................................................... 59 6. nh gi cht lng ca xng thng phm da trn cc tnh cht ........................................................................................... 62 7. Th trng ........................................................................................ 64 8. Thc hnh: XC NH IM ANILIN ASTM D 611 ....................... 66 BI 7. NHIN LIU PHN LC ........................................................... 69 1. ng c phn lc ............................................................................. 69 2. nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc n tnh cht chy ca nhin liu phn lc........................................................................... 70 3. Cc tiu chun ca nhin liu phn lc: Chiu cao ngn la khng khi, nhit tr, t trng, linh ng ....................................... 72
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4. Cc loi nhin liu phn lc khc nhau ............................................ 73 5. Thc hnh: XC NH CHIU CAO NGN LA KHNG KHI - ASTM D1322 ....................................................................... 78 BI 8. DU HA DN DNG .............................................................. 82 1. Thnh phn ha hc ......................................................................... 82 2. Cch xc nh cc ch tiu c trng. ............................................... 82 3. Tiu chun ca du ho dn dng ................................................... 84 4. Cc lnh vc ng dng. .................................................................... 86 5. Thc hnh: XC NH IM CHP CHY CC KN ASTM D 56 ...................................................................................... 87 BI 9. NHIN LIU DIESEL (DO) ........................................................ 90 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca DO ............................................................ 90 2. Nguyn l hat ng ca ng c diesel .......................................... 90 3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong ng c diesel ........................................................................ 91 4. Cc tiu chun ca DO..................................................................... 92 5. Lm sch nhin liu diesel ............................................................... 94 6. Tn cha v vn chuyn DO ............................................................ 95 7. Thc hnh: XC NH HM LNG LU HUNH - ASTM D1266 .............................................................................................. 95 BI 10. NHIN LIU T L (FO) ...................................................... 99 1. Gii thiu v nhin liu t l ........................................................... 99 2. Cc ch tiu ca nhin liu t l ...................................................... 99 3. Thnh phn v phn loi ................................................................ 101 4. Thc hnh: XC NH NHT NG HC - ASTM D 445................................................................................................. 102 BI 11. SN PHM BITUM ................................................................ 108 1. Thnh phn v phn loi bitum....................................................... 108 2. c trng ha l ca bitum ............................................................. 109 3. Cng ngh sn xut bitum .............................................................. 110 4. Tn cha, vn chuyn .................................................................... 111
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5. Thc hnh: XC NH XUYN KIM CA M V BITUM ASTM D 217 ............................................................................... 111 BI 12. DU NHN NG C ......................................................... 116 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca du nhn ................................................ 116 2. Phn loi du nhn: Du bi trn v du ng c ......................... 117 3. Cng ngh sn xut du gc .......................................................... 119 4. Ph gia ........................................................................................... 120 5. Sn xut du nhn thng phm ................................................... 121 6. Cc c trng ha l v tiu chun ca du bi trn...................... 122 7. Cc lnh vc ng dng v th trng .............................................. 123 8. Thc hnh: XC NH TO BT CA DU NHN ASTM D 892 .................................................................................. 123 BI 13. DU NHN CNG NGHIP ................................................. 127 1. Gii thiu chung v du nhn cng nghip .................................... 127 2. Phn loi du nhn cng nghip .................................................... 128 3. Cc loi du cng nghip chuyn dng: Du nhn truyn ng, du my nn, du nhn thy lc, du cch in,v.v... ......... 130 4. Thc hnh: XC NH C TNH TCH KH CA DU NHN - ASTM D 3427 .................................................................. 137 BI 14. M BI TRN ...................................................................... 141 1. Thnh phn v phn loi ................................................................ 141 2. Cc c trng vt l ....................................................................... 146 3. Sn xut m bi trn t du nhn gc v cht lm c ................. 147 4. Ph gia cho m bi trn ................................................................. 150 5. Phn loi m tn cha ................................................................... 151 6. Xc nh cc ch tiu ca m bi trn ............................................. 151 7. Thc hnh: XC NH IM NH GIT CA M - ASTM D 566 ............................................................................................. 152 BI 15. DU NHN TNG HP V CHT LNG CHUYN DNG ............................................................................................ 155 1. Vai tr ca du nhn tng hp ....................................................... 155
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2. Phn loi du nhn tng hp ......................................................... 155 3. iu ch du nhn tng hp .......................................................... 156 4. Cht lng chuyn dng ................................................................... 157 5. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca du nhn tng hp v cht lng chuyn dng .................................................................................. 158 6. ng dng ca du nhn tng hp v cht lng chuyn dng ........ 159 7. Thc hnh: XC NH KH NNG TCH NC CA DU NHN ......................................................................................... 159 BI 16. CC LOI HO PHM V DUNG MI DU M .................. 163 1. Gii thiu chung v dung mi cng nghip. .................................... 163 2. Dung mi v xng dung mi. .......................................................... 164 3. Naphta cng nghip ....................................................................... 166 4. Cc ha phm du m. .................................................................. 171 5. BTX ................................................................................................ 173 6. Thc hnh: XC NH CH S MU SAYBOLT ASTM D 156................................................................................................. 175 PH LC............................................................................................ 178 TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................... 181

GII THIU V M UN
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un Sn phm du m l vt cht lun c mt vai tr rt quan trng v khng th thiu c trong i sng con ngi. Vi tnh cht ph bin kin thc trong lnh vc ho cht, nhng kin thc v cc sn phm du m ca modun ny l rt cn thit khng nhng cho nhng ai hot ng trong ngnh Ho du m cn gip cho mi ngi c c s hiu bit y nht v cc sn phm t du m, qua c th s dng chng hiu qu nht. Mc tiu ca m un M un nhm trang b cho hc vin c kin thc cn bn v cc sn phm du m, t nng cao s hiu bit ca mnh qua mt s vn c th sau y: Hiu c tt c cc tnh cht, tiu chun v ng dng ca cc sn phm du m. La chn cc ph gia ph hp pha ch sn phm du. Pha ch c cc sn phm du m. nh gi c cht lng ca cc sn phm du m.

Mc tiu thc hin ca m un Khi hon thnh m un ny hc vin c kh nng: M t tnh cht v ng dng ca cc sn phm du m. Kim tra nguyn liu u vo. Xc nh cc ch tiu c trng ca sn phm du m. La chn ph gia v pha ch cc sn phm du m. nh gi cht lng ca sn phm du m. Thc hin cc th nghim ca mun trong PTN ha du.

Ni dung chnh ca m un Bi 1: Phn lai cc sn phm du m Bi 2: Xut nhp nguyn liu v sn phm Bi 3: Ly mu nguyn liu v sn phm Bi 4: Kh v kh ha lng Bi 5: Condensat Bi 6: Xng Bi 7: Nhin liu phn lc Bi 8: Du ha dn dng
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Bi 9: Nhin liu Diesel (DO) Bi 10: Nhin liu t l (FO) Bi 11: Sn phm Bitum Bi 12: Du nhn ng c Bi 13: Du nhn cng nghip Bi 14: M bi trn Bi 15: Du nhn tng hp v cht lng chuyn dng Bi 16: Cc loi ha phm v dung mi du m

CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN Hc trn lp cc kin thc c bn v cc sn phm du m T nghin cu ti liu lin quan n cc sn phm du m. Thuyt trnh v tho lun tng ni dung ca m un theo nhm. Xem trnh din v thc hnh pha ch cc sn phm ha du, s dng dng c, trang thit b th nghim; bi tp tnh ton. Tham quan cc nh my ha du, cc c s sn xut ha cht, cc kho cha sn phm, h thng xut nhp sn phm, cc trm phn phi sn phm (cy xng), vin nghin cu, phng th nghim - Kho cu th trng cung cp cc sn phm du m. YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN V kin thc Hiu r bn cht ca tng loi sn phm du m thng qua tt c cc tnh cht c trng, tiu chun k thut v ng dng ca cc sn phm du m. Bit c cc phng php sn xut, cch pha ch v la chn cc ph gia ph hp pha ch sn phm du. nh gi c cht lng ca cc sn phm du m. Nm c cc yu cu cn thit trong cng tc an ton, bo qun, phng chng chy n i vi cc sn phm du m. V k nng Nhn bit c mt cch s b bng trc quan cc sn phm du m. Thc hin c cc th nghim nh: xc nh cc ch tiu cn thit c trng cho cc sn phm du v pha ch sn phm du. M t chnh xc cu hnh v nguyn l vn hnh ca dng c thit b phng th nghim lin quan n cc sn phm du m. S dng thnh tho v ng k thut cc dng c v thit b trong phng th nghim. Vit thu hoch v trnh by c cc qui trnh cng ngh ti cc ni sn xut sau thi gian i tham quan thc t. V thi Nghim tc trong hc tp v tm kim ti liu. Ch ng tm kim cc thng tin trn mng.
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BI 1. PHN LOI CC SN PHM DU M M bi: HD B1

Gii thiu T du m v kh hydrocacbon, bng qu trnh ch bin ho hc c th to ra hng lot cc sn phm qu gi khc nhau. Cc sn phm ca cng nghip ch bin du kh (cng nghip lc du v cng nghip ho du) bao gm nhng chng loi chnh sau: Cc sn phm nng lng, cc sn phm phi nng lng v cc sn phm ho hc. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t vai tr ca cc sn phm du m. Kim tra s lng u vo khi s dng cc sn phm lc du trong iu kin ca PTN ha du. Kim tra cht lng ca cc sn phm lc du. Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN. Ni dung chnh 1. Vai tr ca cc sn phm du m Hng ngn sn phm du m c s dng hng ngy trong i sng bnh thng ca mi chng ta. Ly mt v d c th: Hy th xem xt mi quan tm ca sinh vin chng ta v th tm nhng sn phm du m no c s dng trong gn mt ting ng h chun b trc khi n trng. Ngi sinh vin c nh thc bng chic ng h bo thc c lm bng sn phm du m, trn ngi anh ta ang bn b qun o pijama c may bng cht liu t du m, t cng tc in bt n sng cn phng, cc vt dng trong lc lm v sinh: x phng, kem nh rng, du gi u, nc hoa,.. cho n cc vt xung quanh nh tivi, my vi tnh,... cng c lm t cc sn phm du m. Trn ng n trng, ngi sinh vin ny cn s dng c phng tin v nhin liu cng l cc sn phm t du m. V tm quan trng v nhng nh hng su rng ca n cho nn ngy nay tht kh c th tng tng c cuc sng ca con ngi s ra sao nu khng c cc sn phm t du m. Tuy vy, nhng phn ln nhng ngi s dng chng ta khng bao gi c th hiu ht c mi lin h gia du th (mt cht c mi hi, bn thu, en sm, nhy nha) vi nhng vt
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dng sng p, thm tho, c gi tr, ... m ngi sinh vin s dng trn y. Mi lin h ny ch c th d dng nhn thy nu ngi ta hiu c du m l g v n c hnh thnh v c ra sao. 2. Sn phm nhin liu Sn phm nhin liu l sn phm quan trng nht ca ngnh cng nghip du kh, 80-90% sn lng du kh khai thc c ca th gii c s dng vo mc ch ny. Sn phm nhin liu bao gm hai loi chnh nh sau: 2.1 Sn phm kh Sn phm kh tp trung ch yu hai loi l: kh thin nhin v kh du m ha lng. Kh thin nhin c khai thc t cc m kh, thnh phn ch yu l mtan, c a n ni tiu th dng kh bng ng ng, hoc dng nn trong cc bn thp chu p cao v cng c khi c ha lng thnh kh thin nhin ha lng. Kh du m ha lng c thnh phn ch yu l propan v butan, c sn xut bng cch nn kh ng hnh t cc m du hoc kh t cc qu trnh ch bin du m cc nh my lc du. Mc d c thnh phn v ngun gc hnh thnh khc nhau, nhng cc sn phm kh nu trn u c nhiu ng dng ging nhau: chng khng nhng lm nhin liu sch cho cc l t cng nghip nhit cao, cho tuc bin kh v l hi chy tuc bin kh sn xut in, cho ng c t trong thay cho xng, m chng cn lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ha du, sn xut phn m ur, mlamin,v cc hp cht hu c c bn nh mtanol, formaldehyd, 2.2 Sn phm lng Cc sn phm nhin liu lng bao gm cc loi nhin liu cho ng c, nhin liu cho cc l cng nghip v nhin liu cho sinh hot. c im quan trng nht ca sn phm nhin liu t du kh l s dng thun tin,hiu qu s dng nhit cao, d t ng ho qu trnh iu khin, t gy nhim, cung ng d dng n cc khong cch xa, ng thi tho mn nhu cu ln v a dng ca sn xut v i sng. Mi s tm kim cc dng nng lng khc thay th cc sn phm nhin liu t du kh u vn cn ang pha trc v cho n nay ch mang tnh cht h tr, b sung a dng ho ngun cung cp nng lng cho nhu cu ca con ngi. 3. Sn phm phi nhin liu Cc sn phm phi nhin liu, tuy khng chim phn quan trng v s lng nh cc sn phm nhin liu, nhng ng vai tr thit yu khng km. Trong cc sn phm phi nhin liu, th du m bi trn v bitum (nha
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ng) l hai sn phm quan trng hn c. Khng c du m bi trn, khng c ng c my mc no, d th s hay tinh vi hon ho n u cng khng th hot ng c. Cng nh nu khng c bitum, khng th hnh dung lm sao c th c c cc h thng xa l, giao thng th hoc cc sn bay bn cng hin i nh ngy nay. 4. Ha phm v dung mi du m Ha phm du m l tn gi chung cho cc ha cht c sn xut t du m hay cn gi l cc sn phm ha du. V chng loi ha phm th v cng a dng, phong ph, c sn xut v s dng cho rt nhiu mc ch v lnh vc khc nhau nh lm dung mi, cht do, cc hp cht thm, m phm, phn bn, cc cht hot ng b mt, Dung mi du m l hn hp ch yu ca cc hydrocacbon thm, c dng trong cng nghip trng men, sn du v nhum. Cc sn phm in hnh ca dung mi du m l: benzen, toluen, xylen. Vi s pht trin khng ngng ca cng ngh ha hc ngy cng c nhiu cc sn phm ha du mi c hnh thnh nhm p ng c nhu cu cuc sng ca con ngi. 5. Kim tra s lng v cht lng u vo Do bn cht ha l, nhin liu lng khi di chuyn trong chu trnh t khu giao nhn, vn chuyn n tn tr, bo qun v cp pht s dng s b mt mt v lng v cht. V vy d di hnh thc no, qu trnh giao nhn cng cn phi tin hnh vic kim tra s lng v cht lng u vo v cng vic ny da trn cc nguyn tc ging nh khi tin hnh cc hot ng thng mi c php lut quy nh v bo v. ng thi, li th hin c im ring ca hng ho, c th nu my nguyn tc chnh khi giao nhn nh sau: Nguyn tc thng nht: trong vic la chn cc phng tin v phng thc giao nhn, iu kin v a im giao nhn m trc ht l thng nht v: H n v o lng Dng c o lng Phng php o tnh Ph hp thng l mua bn chung Nguyn tc i din: y l kt qu ca nguyn tc thng nht v cn thit ngn nga hoc gii quyt khi xy ra tranh chp gia cc bn.
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Mu i din Tn trng t chc hoc c nhn i din. 6. Th trng du th C quan Thng tin Nng lng M (EIA) gn y a ra bo co thng 1/2007 v tnh hnh th trng du m th gii thi gian qua cng nh trin vng nm 2007 v 2008 vi nhng nhn nh v d on sau. Quyt nh ct gim sn lng du th ca T chc Cc nc Xut khu Du m (OPEC) trong qu 4/06 lm cho lng d tr mt hng ny ca th gii suy gim v gip cho gi du duy tr mc bnh qun 60 USD/thng. Sn lng du th ca cc nc thnh vin OPEC trong qu 4/06 gim bnh qun 0,7 triu thng/ngy so vi qu 3/06, trong Arp Xt chim ti mt na mc suy gim trn. Trong khi , d tr du th ca cc nc thnh vin T chc Hp tc v Pht trin (OECD) trong thi gian ny cng gim khong 1 triu thng/ngy. D on v mc tng trng st sao gia cung ng du t cc nc ngoi OPEC v nhu cu tiu th du m ton cu cng vi cng sut sn xut ca OPEC gia tng nh s l yu t gip cho th trng du th th gii kh n nh v gi du c th ch suy yu nh trong nm 2007. Nu OPEC iu chnh k hoch sn xut nhm duy tr d tr du th gn bng cc mc thng thng th gi du nm 2007 d bo t 64-65 USD/thng, mc d gi c mt hng ny c th lin tc bin ng trong sut c nm. Nhu cu tiu th du th th gii nm 2007 d on tng 1,5 triu thng/ngy, cao hn 0,7 triu thng so vi mc tng trng ca nm 2006 do s hi phc nhu cu tiu th du th ti th trng M. Trung Quc c d bo s chim khong 1/3 mc tng trng tiu th du th th gii nm 2007. Cung ng du th ca cc nc ngoi OPEC d bo tng 1,1 triu thng/ngy trong nm 2007 nh vic trin khai cc d n khai thc du mi ti bin Caspi, Nga, chu Phi, Braxin v M. Tuy nhin, s suy gim sn lng du ti cc th trng chnh nh Bin bc, Trung ng, Mxic v Nga s hn ch mc tng trng sn lng tim nng t nhng d n trn. D bo cng sut d di ca OPEC s tng ln sau quyt nh ct gim sn lng gn y. Trong trng hp cn cn tng trng cung cu du th th gii din ra cn bng, nh d on ca T chc Nng lng Th gii (EIA), th cng sut d di ca OPEC c th t bnh qun trn 2 triu thng/ngy, mc cao nht k t nm 2002.

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Bt chp trin vng n nh trn, th trng du th th gii s tip tc i mt vi xu hng bin ng gi c trong ngn hn. Gi du c th tng ln nu thi tit hoc nhng vn an ninh gy gin on n hot ng sn xut du ca OPEC v cc nc ngoi OPEC. Tuy nhin, gi du cng c th gim xung nu tng trng tiu mt hng ny chng li, hoc trong trng hp Arp Xt hu b vic ct gim sn lng. Nm 2008, nhu cu tiu th du th th gii d bo tng 1,5 triu thng/ngy, ngun cung du th ca cc nc ngoi OPEC tng 1,1 triu thng/ngy v cng sut du th ca OPEC tng 1 triu thng/ngy.

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BI 2. XUT NHP NGUYN LIU V SN PHM M bi: HD B2

Gii thiu Nguyn liu v cc sn phm du m l cc loi vt cht c s lng v cht lng rt d b bin i trong qu trnh tn cha, vn chuyn, xut nhp di nh hng ca mi trng nh nhit , nh sng, khng kh v nc. Ni dung ca phn ny nu ln cc vn lin quan n vic xut nhp nguyn liu v cc sn phm du m. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t cc phong php xut nhp nguyn liu v sn phm. Kim tra s lng v cht lng nguyn liu v sn phm. Kim tra bn b cha. Lp th kho, th bn b. Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN hoc ly s liu ca nh my Ni dung chnh 1. Kim tra s lng ca nguyn liu v sn phm. Trong vic kim tra s lng, la chn cc phng tin, phng thc giao nhn cn phi thng nht v cc vn sau: 1.1 H n v o lng Cc n v o lng s dng trong ngnh xng du l cc n v o ph hp vi TCVN 6065- 1995/ASTM D 1250/ API.2540/IP.200, bao gm: a. H mt Th tch : lt, m3 Nhit : 0C Khi lng ring 15 oC: kg/l, kg/m3 Khi lng : kg, tn Trong bun bn quc t cho php o tnh xng du thng qua cc bng tnh sn cn c h sau y: b. H o M: gm cc n v o: Chiu di: inches, foot Nhit : oF (Fahrenheit)
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T trng: API Gravity Dung tch: US barrels, US Gallons Trng lng: Long ton, Pound c. H o Anh: gm cc n v o: Chiu di: Inchs, Foot Nhit : oF (fahrenheit) T trng: Specific Gravity 60/60oF (cn gi l Relative Density 60/6oF) Dung tch: barrels, 1m. Gallons. Trng lng: Short Ton, Pound Tt c cc h ni trn khi tnh ton th tch xng du u phi quy v nhit chun (60 oF i vi h Anh-M; 15 oC i vi h Mt) 1.2 Cc phng tin o lng xng du 1.2.1 Phng tin o lng xng du Theo TCVN 01- 2000, phng tin o s dng xc nh s lng xng du trong giao nhn v thanh ton l cc phng tin o nm trong danh mc bt buc phi kim nh nh nc theo Php lnh o lng Vit Nam, bao gm: ng h xng du (gi tt l lng k) kim nh theo tiu chun LVN 22:1998. Ct o nhin liu c kim nh theo LVN 10:1998 Xitc t, c kim nh theo LVN 05:1998. Bng dung tch (barem) b cha c lp theo LVN 28:1998 (b tr ng ) v LVN 29:1998 (b tr nm ngang). Barem x lan xng du (gi tt l x lan) c kim nh LVN 25:1998. Bnh ong cc loi c kim nh theo LVN 12:1998. 1.2.2 Cc phng tin o phi hp: l cc dng c dng phi hp o tnh xc nh s lng xng du nh: thc o, nhit k, v t trng k. a. o nhit : ph hp vi tiu chun ASTM D 1086 o nhit xng du, hin nay c rt nhiu loi nhit k khc nhau c cng nhn l tiu chun ASTM/API/IP, c bit l nhit k t ng.Tiu chun ny qui nh: cho php s dng tt c cc loi nhit k tiu chun dng o xng du trong hm tu, x lan, Xitec, wagon, v b cha m bo c
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sai s nh sau: o trng ti: sai s ti a cho php l 0,2 oC, thang o c ch th ti thiu l 0,2 oC. o tnh giao nhn thng thng: sai s ti a cho php l 0,5 oC, thang o c ch th ti thiu l 0,5 oC. Kt cu nhit k thy ngn: nhit k thy ngn tiu chun c c nh vo gi bng g cng c cc bao xung quanh bu nhit k. Cc bao c lm bng kim loi mu trnh gy tia la in khi va chm. Phng php o: (ph hp vi tiu chun ASTM- D- 1086) Thi gian o: i vi nhit k cc bao: + Du sng: phi ngm trong xng du khng t hn 5 pht. + Du t l: khng t hn 15 pht + i vi nhit k in t: ch c kt qu sau khi trn mn hnh gi tr ca b ch th n nh. c v ghi kt qu o: kt qu c c chnh xc n na vch thanh chia nh nht ca nhit k, v vy kt qu c lm trn tng ng nh sau: + i vi mu trng ti: lm trn n 0,1 oC + i vi mu giao nhn thng thng: lm trn n 0,25 oC. b. o t trng: theo tiu chun ASTM D- 1298 Phn loi v tiu chun: s dng cc loi t trng k (Hydrometer) theo ng tiu chun ASTM-E.100 v ph hp vi iu kin o. i vi qu trnh giao nhn xng du trong nc: thng nht s dng t trng k theo h o mt (o gi tr t trng). Phng php o: theo tiu chun ASTM D 1298 c lp li gia hai ln o o trn cng mt mu th theo cng mt phng php ti hai phng th ngim khc nhau: 0,0015 g/cm3. c. o chiu cao mc cha xng du: Thc o: chuyn dng c qu di theo ng tiu chun bng thp mng, c chiu di thch hp, c vch chia n mm v c kim nh nh nc v o lng. Sai s cho php ca thc o: + 0.1% . Cc loi thc o khc nh thc o bng siu m, thc o in t cng c php s dng vi iu kin phi l thc o c sai s tng ng v c kim nh nh nc. Thuc th du v thuc th nc: dng kem mn, ch th mu r rng, vch ct chnh xc t yu cu k thut o lng.
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Phng php o: kim tra tn, s hiu ca b cha, kim tra tnh trng cng ngh (van ni vo b, kn). Chun b y dng c o, bin bn o b v bt vit, gi lau sch, khn tay thch hp. + M np l o ca b cn o (lu phi ng trc chiu gi). Th thc v qu di vo b cn o theo ng v tr o, rnh kim loi mu nhm phng chy n. + Kim tra chiu cao tng ca l o. + i vi xng du d bay hi: o s b kim tra chiu cao mc xng du ang cha, sau lau sch thc o trong khong cn o, bi mt lp mng thuc ct xng du v thuc th nc, th t t thc xung b cha. Khi thc o cch y mt khong gn 200mm- 250mm th dng li, ch giy lt cho mt du n nh ri mi tip tc th thc xung mt cch nh nhng cho n khi thc chm y (ch phi kim tra chiu cao tng ca l o v thc o). Ch vi giy cho cc loi thuc th kp tc dng sau ko nhanh thc ln c kt qu (c s l trc s chn sau). + o 3 ln cho mt b cha, sai lch gia cc ln o khng vt qu + 2mm i vi b cha c nh v khng vt qu + 3 mm i vi b cha khng c nh nh hm tu, x lanKt qu o l gi tr trung bnh ca 3 ln. + Xc nh nc t do trong cc loi xng du c nht cao: khi o, thc o v qu di phi bo m v tr hon ton thng ng. Cn m bo c thi gian cn thit cho thuc th kp phn ng i mu. Sau khi ko thc ln, dng dung mi thch hp ra sch lp sn phm cn o pha ngoi, sau c phn ct ca thuc th xc nh nc. 1.2.3 S dng phng tin o lng xng du: Tt c cc phng tin o nu trn u c s dng trong qu trnh giao nhn v mua bn xng du. i vi tu du, tuy khng nm trong danh mc, nhng giao nhn xng du phi c barem dung tch c kim nh theo tiu chun quc gia hoc quc t hin hnh. Ti cc bn xut, nu c ng thi nhiu thit b o th phi s dng cc thit b o theo th t u tin bt buc nh sau: i vi ng thy: lng k, barem b, x lan, tu du. i vi ng b: lng k, Barem xitc t, xitec ng st, b cha. i vi bn l: ct o nhin liu, bnh ong, ca ong Cc phng tin o lng v vn ti dng giao nhn xng du phi bo bm cc yu cu v an ton mi trng, phng chng chy n. Khi giao
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nhn phi thng nht thc hin vic nim phong, kp ch phng tin o v vn ti xng du. Con nim dng nim phong hng ha c tnh php l khi c ng k mu m v kiu dng cng nghip. 2. Kim tra cht lng ca nguyn liu v sn phm. Kim tra nh gi cht lng ca nguyn liu v sn phm trong qu trnh giao nhn mua bn, trong tn cha bo qun v khi a n vo s dng cn c tin hnh ng theo cc qui trnh, pht hin v x l kp thi cc trung hp mt phm cht ca nhin liu, ngn chn chng gy tc hi cho thit b, my mc. kim tra y cc ch tiu cht lng ca cc nguyn liu v sn phm du m, cc c s th nghim phi c cc dng c, thit b th nghim ph hp c th tin hnh xc nh cc ch tiu cht lng theo TCVN hay ASTM. Mt phng ha nghim hin i ngoi i ng nhn vin th nghim lnh ngh v h thng qun l cht lng ISO, cn cn phi c cc trang thit b cn thit cho vic kim tra cht lng, cc thit b bao gm: Thit b xc nh tr s Octan: theo ASTM D2699 Thit b chng ct t ng: theo D86 Thit b xc nh p sut hi nc bo ha: theo D323 Thit b o n nh Oxy ha ca xng: theo D525 Thit b kim tra n mn tm ng: theo D130 Thit b xc nh hm lng lu hunh S v ch Pb: theo D4294 Dng c o t trng: theo D287 Trnh t cc cng vic ca qu trnh kim tra cht lng: ly mu, phn tch mu, x l kt qu th nghim xc nh s ph hp vi yu cu k thut. Mu i din ca nguyn liu v sn phm: c dng xc nh cc tnh cht ha, l t tnh th tch chun, gi c v s ph hp vi cc yu cu thng mi v qun l. Vic ly mu xng du kim tra cht lng c qui nh theo TCVN 6777:2000 (ASTM D.4057-95). Phn tch mu: theo cc ch tiu k thut c trng ca tng loi sn phm, phng php phn tch theo tiu chun ASTM hoc TCVN. X l kt qu th nghim xc nh s ph hp vi yu cu k thut: C mt thc t t ra l, cc tnh cht ca nguyn liu v sn phm, hng
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ha ni chung, c xc nh bng cc phng php th ti cc phng ha nghim tiu chun kim tra s ph hp vi cc yu cu k thut. Hai hoc nhiu ln o mt ch tiu ca cng mt mu th theo bt k mt phng php no cng s khng cho kt qu chnh xc nh nhau. Vy nn, T chc ASTM sau nhiu nm nghin cu v thu thp s liu cng phu a ra tiu chun ASTM D 3244-96 c chuyn dch tng ng thnh TCVN 6702:2000 vi ni dung: Quy nh cc hng dn cho hai bn i tc, thng thng l bn cung ng v bn nhn c th so snh v kt hp cc kt qu th nghim c lp thu c khi c s tranh chp v cht lng sn phm. ng thi, n cng quy nh phng php so snh gi tr th nghim thu c vi mt gii hn yu cu k thut. 3. Kim tra bn b cha Vn mt mt v s lng v cht lng, c gi chung l hao ht tr nn ng quan tm trong qu trnh xut nhp nguyn liu v sn phm. C th quan st thy cc hin tng nh bay hi, r r, trn vi, gim phm cp,... trong hu ht cc cng on ca qu trnh, ti tt c cc phng tin cha, thit b tham gia vo qu trnh . Vic kim tra bn b thng xuyn gip lm gim c s hao ht v s lng, cht lng, do bay hi, ng thi ngn nga c cc s c gy ra chy n, nhng ri ro v nhim mi trng do xng du, gy thit hi cho cng ng. Cc cng vic sau y cn phi tin hnh trong cng tc kim tra bn b cha: Kim tra thng xuyn tnh trng y, thn b v cc thit b ca b (van, ng nhp, xut, van x nc,... phi trng thi ng kn, khng r chy. gim hao ht do bay hi, nu c th nn cho ngm cc b cha hoc sn mu sng bc cho cc b cha gim thiu s nh hng ca nhit mi trng, trong nhng ngy nng nng c th tin hnh ti mt gim nhit cho b. Cn m bo nguyn tc gim thiu khong trng trong b, ngi ta thy rng vi cng mt b cha nu cha thng xuyn mc 90% s gim hao ht i 35 ln so vi khi cha mc 20% dung tch b.

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B tr cc b cha hp l vic xut nhp c thc hin ng nguyn tc cp hng c, gi hng mi. c bit lu trnh ln nc vo nhin liu, v nc cng l yu t gy bin tnh cc sn phm du m. Cn tun th ch xc ra b cha v cc phng tin khi chuyn loi sn phm cha. Trong iu kin Vit Nam, thi hn xc ra b cha i vi b cha xng t, nhin liu phn lc ti a l 2 nm; i vi du ha v du diesel ti a l 4 nm v nhin liu t l ti a l 5 nm. 4. Lp th kho, th bn. Cn quan tm ng mc n vic gim hao ht nhin liu gim chi ph sn xut. l kt qu ca nhiu khu cng tc song trc ht l t chc qun l. c th pht hin kp thi vic gim phm cp nhin liu hoc hao ht ln, thm ch gy tranh chp gia cc bn cung cp v nhn hng cn c h thng theo di xng du trong b cha, ti thiu l s o b, th kho, th bn, s l lch b cha v cc thit b cng ngh i km cng nh l lch vn hnh ca tng thit b s dng nhin liu . Vic lp th kho, th bn gip cho vic qun l sn phm c hiu qu hn, cho chng ta bit cc thng tin v s bin ng nhiu t ca cc loi hng, cc mt hng no khng cn tn kho. Khi qun l bng tay, th kho thng dng ba cng c nhiu mu sc khc nhau cc s nhp xut. Hin nay, phn ln cc th kho, th bn c qun l bng cc chng trnh phn mm. Ni dung trong cc th kho, th bn cho bit cc thng tin c th sau: a. Ti ni nhn/xp hng: Tn phng tin nhn hng S hiu lng k: s lng hin th qua lng k, nhit thc t ti lng k hng xut T trng 15oC S lt thc xut qui v lt/15oC b. Ti phng tin nhn hng: Hng xut t b no? Mc cha trong b trc v ssau khi xut? Lu lng bm trung bnh, m3/gi S lt thc xut qua lng k qui v lt/15oC? S lt thc nhn ti phng tin theo kt qu gim nh sau khi xut
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5. Tin hnh qu trnh xut nhp nguyn liu v sn phm. Quy trnh xut nhp nguyn liu v sn phm bng lng k c tin hnh theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Kim tra trc khi xut: Kim tra ban u i vi tu, xlan: thc hin kim tra sch ca hm hng v cng ngh kim sot nc t do trong khi bm xut hng cho phng tin. Kim tra lng k: i din ca phng tin hoc khch hng c php phi hp vi kho hng kim tra tnh trng cng ngh v yu cu k thut lng k nh: kim tra chng ch kim nh lng k v tnh trng cc nim phong, kp ch sau kim nh. c v ghi ch s tng ban u ca lng k. Quay b m tc thi ca lng k v ch s khng (0). Bc 2: Kim tra lng k khi ang xut: Nu c nghi vn v sai s ca lng k phi dng lng k chun u ni tip vo h thng kim tra. Nu sai s ca lng k cng tc vt qu gii hn cho php th lp bin bn v thng bo ngay cho cp qun l trc tip bit x l c th. Bc 3: Kim tra lng k sau khi xut hng: Bo m nguyn trng nim phong, kp ch nh trc khi xut. c v ghi cc gi tr hin th trn lng k bao gm: gi tr trn b m tng v b m tc thi bit v so snh. Kim tra mc cha ti sau khi xt hng v tnh trng nc t do, nu c. Bc 4: o tnh, gim nh v lp bin bn giao nhn ti tu, x lan: o tnh, lp bin bn giao nhn ti tu bn xp hng c thc hin theo TCVN 3569-1993 Lu : sau khi xung hng, nu kim tra v pht hin thy c nc t do trong hm hng th phi x l, bm vt khng li nc trong hm hng. Nu khng th ht vt c nc ln th mi tin hnh o, xc nhn vo bin bn giao nhn nhng du hin v nc (hoc vt nc) thc t o c ti cc im o hng v ti cc l o kim tra nc, cung cp cho cng tip nhn c thng tin nhn hng ha chnh xc hn. 6. Thc hnh T B mn t chc cho sinh vin tham quan mt trm xng du hoc
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kho xng du xem cch kim tra bn b cha, qui trnh xut nhp nguyn liu v cc sn phm, cc qui nh an ton trong qu trnh xut nhp nguyn liu. Ghi chp cc s liu lin quan n s lng, cht lng lm c s lp th kho, th bn v phn tch s liu trong gi hc tip theo.

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BI 3. LY MU NGUYN LIU V SN PHM M bi: HD B3

Gii thiu Cng vic u tin cn thc hin trc khi phn tch xc nh cc ch tiu ca nguyn liu v sn phm l vn ly mu v x l kt qu th nghim xc nh s ph hp vi yu cu k thut. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t cc cch ly mu nguyn liu v sn phm. Ly mu cc sn phm nhin liu khc nhau. Ly mu sn phm phi nhin liu: M bi trn v bitum. Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN ha du. Ni dung chnh 1. Gii thiu s lc v mu Nguyn tc chnh ca quy trnh l phi ly c mu hoc mt s mu cc b t cc v tr trong bn cha hoc thng cha theo cch thc no sao cho mu hoc hn hp mu thu c thc s i din cho du m hoc sn phm du m Mu: l mt phn c ly t ton b th tch c cha hoc khng cha cc thnh phn c cng mhng t l, i din cho ton b th tch . Mc ch ly mu: Giao/ nhn Kim tra/ Th nghim Tnh hao ht Tnh gi c Ph hp vi cc yu cu qun l v thng mi. Mu i din: l mu c cc tnh cht vt l v ho hc ging nh c tnh trung bnh ca khi cht c ly mu, trong mc gii hn v ti lp ca cc phng php th nghim c dng xc nh cc tnh cht ny. Mu cc b: l mt mu mt v tr xc nh trong b cha hoc t mt ng ng ti mt thi gian xc nh. Cc phng php ly mu: Ly mu th cng (ASTM D4057 tng ng TCVN 6777)
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Ly mu t ng (ASTM D4177 tng ng TCVN 6022) Cc phng php ly mu cho cc sn phm c bit nh LPG (ASTM D1265), Du thy lc (ANSI B93.19 v B93.44) Du cch in (ASTM D923) Cc thut ng v nh ngha c bn: Mu ton mc (All-levels sample): Mu c ly bng cch th bnh ly mu n gn y bn cha (cn trnh nc t do), sau m bnh ly mu v ko ln vi tc (khng i) sao cho bnh cha cha khong 75% th tch ca n (khng qu 85%) Mu di ng (running sample) : Mu thu c bng cch th bnh ly mu t b mt du xung st y v quay ngc ln b mt nh du vi mt tc (khng i) sao cho bnh cha cha khong 75% th tch ca n (khng vt qu 85%) (m bo rng khng c nc t do vo bnh ly mu). Mu cc b (spot sample): Mu c ly mt v tr xc nh trong b cha hoc t ng ng mt thi gian xc nh trong qu trnh bm chuyn. Mu ht (mu b mt surface sample): Mu cc b c ly t b mt ca cht lng Mu nh (top sample): Mu cc b thu c k t b mt cht lng 15 cm Mu lp trn (upper sample): Mu cc b ly mc 1/6 chiu su ct cht lng k t b mt Mu lp gia (middle sample): Mu cc b ly mc chiu su ct cht lng Hnh 3.1 Cc v tr ly mu cc b b t ng k t b mt Mu lp di (lower sample): Mu ly mc 5/6 chiu su ct cht lng k t b mt Mu ca xut (outlet sample): Mu cc b c ly ti mp di ca ca xut ca b Mu x (drain sample) v mu y (bottom sample): Trong xitec t th hai mu ny l nh nhau.
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i vi b tr ng hoc hm tu, x lan: mu cc b c th bao gm mu trn, mu gia, mu di , mu y, mu x, mu ca xut, mu b mt, mu mi phao. i vi b tr nm ngang: mu cc b bao gm cc mu c rt ra cc mc cha tng ng vi % chiu cao cha tnh theo ng knh v cng c phn ra lm ba nhm: nhm mu trn, nhm mu gia v nhm mu di. i vi tuyn ng: mu cc b bao gm mu t l vi dng chy, mu mc. Mu gp: (composite sample): l mu pha trn t cc mu cc b theo t l th tch. Mu gp b tr ng: l mu c trn t cc mu trn, mu gia v mu di theo t l: 1Trn +2 Gia +1 Di. Trong mu trn: l mu cc b c ly ra t im gia ca 1/3 mc cha pha trn b; mu gia l mu cc b c ly ra ti im gia ct cht lng trong b; mu di l mu cc b c ly ra ti im gia ca 1/3 mc cha pha di b. Mu gp ca b tr nm ngang: bao gm cc phn bng nhau ca ba mu cc b : Trn + Gia + Di , trong cc mu trn, gia, di c ly cc mc v trn u theo t l th tch. Mu gp i vi cc phng tin tn cha phc tp: (nh hm tu x lan): l hp phn ca cc mu thng thng (mu running) c ly ra tt c cc hm cha xng du cng loi v c pha trn theo t l th tch xng du thc cha ti cc hm . 2. Ly mu xng, du Diesel v nhin liu phn lc Cc sn phm du m nh xng, nhin liu phn lc, du diesel, du FO, du th c p sut hi (RVP) nh hn hoc bng 101kPa (14.7 psi) c cha trong cc b cha, xe t xitec, xe ti, tu, x lan. Nhng sn phm th c hay na lng c th ha lng bng cch gia nhit cng c th p dng qui trnh ny, min l cc sn phm ny thc s lng ti thi im ly mu.

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Bng 3.1. Quy trnh ly mu i vi cc cht lng khc nhau Loi cht lng Cht lng c p sut hi 13.8 kPa n 14.7kPa Cht lng c p sut hi nh hn 101kPa (14.7psia) Cht lng c p sut hi nh hn 101kPa (14.7psia) Phng tin tn cha Bn cha, tu, x lan, xe bn Bn cha c vi ng ng Quy trnh ly mu Ly mu bng chai Ly mu cc b Ly mu ti vi Ly mu ti ng ng Ly mu bng chai Ly mu cc b Ly mu bng ng ly mu Ly mu cc b Ly mu t ng Ly mu bng chai Ly mu cc b Ly mu bng vi 2.1 Bnh cha mu Tr vi cht ly mu D rt, d vo, d lm sch C th trn mu d dng Khng lm thay i tnh cht ca mu khi vn chuyn , tn cha 2.2 Cc loi dng c cha mu Bnh thu tinh Bnh nha (khng dng bnh nha polyethylene thng thng)

Cht lng c p sut hi nh Bn cha, tu, x hn 13.8kPa lan Cht lng c p sut hi nh hn 13.8kPa Cht lng c p sut hi nh hn 13.8kPa Dng chy h Thng, can

Cht lng hay na lng c p Dng chy h, bn sut hi nh hn 13.8kPa h, xe bn, phuy Du th Bn cha, tu, x lan, xe bn, ng ng

Can thic 2.3 Cc loi np y 26

Nt bc Nt thu tinh

Np nha Np vn bng kim loi Khng dng np bng cao su

Hnh 3.2 Cc thit b ly mu bng chai/cc 2.4 Thit b ly mu: 2.5 Qui trnh ly mu: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Kim tra sch ca bnh cha mu, cc hoc chai ly mu v ch dng thit b sch v kh c lng mc cht lng trong b, dng thc o nu cn Gn dy, ng np lie vo cc hoc chai ly mu Th thit b ly mu xung v tr cn thit Ti v tr nh, ko nt lie ra bng cch git mnh dy ly mu

Ti v tr nh, ch thi gian chai/cc c lm y hon ton 7. Ko thit b ly mu ln 8. Kim tra xem chai/cc c y khng, nu khng lp li qui trnh t bc d) 9. y np bnh cha mu v dn nhn 10. Nu ch cn mu cc b t hp mu th bt k u cng phi ly xong mu, dng ng ong o tng lng mu ring ri vo bnh cha mu. Trong nhiu trng hp ly mu th cng cht lng, sn phm c ly mu c cha cu t nng (v d nc t do), cu t ny c xu hng tch ra khi cu t chnh. Khi vic ly mu th cng theo cc iu kin di y:
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Thi gian phi lu cu t nng tch ra v lng xung D on mc cu t nng lng xung ly c mu i din trn mc ny, nu khng mu i din s c cha phn cc cu t

nng Mt trong cc iu kin trn khng m bo th vic ly mu thc hin theo phng php ly mu t ng (TCVN 6022) Cc lu khi ly mu th cng Mu thc hin cc php th tnh cht ha v l bt buc phi theo qui trnh ly mu, vi cc yu cu c th v s lng v bo qun mu. Vic ly mu nn c tin hnh trc khi o lng hng trong b, o nhit v cc thao tc khc c th gy xo trn sn phm trong b; ly mu theo th t : trn nh, lp trn, lp gia, lp di, ca xt, di ca xt, ton phn, y v di ng. Dng c ly mu phi c lm sch trc khi c dng ly mu, i vi sn phm du sng c th lm sch bnh cha mu bng cch xc bnh bng cch xc bnh bng chnh sn phm trc khi ly mu sn phm . Lng cc mu ring pha trn thnh mu gp ai din cho nhiu b (nhiu hm) l cn c t l th tch hng cha trong b tng ng. Phi bo ring tng mu (khng gp) tin th li khi cn. Nn gim ti thiu s ln chuyn cc mu t bnh cha n sang bnh cha kia gia cc thao tc ly mu v th nghim. S tht thot cc hydrocacbon nh, mt nc do bm dnh hoc nhim bn mu s nh hng n kt qu th. Cc mu phi c cha trong cc bnh cha kn ngn nga s tht thot cc cu t nh. Trong thi gian lu gi, phi bo qun mu trnh nh sng, ngun nhit hoc cc iu kin nhit bt li lm mu b chuyn, xung cp. 3. Ly mu m bi trn v bitum Kim tra s ng nht, so snh hnh thi, c ca m gn st mt ngoi ca thng cha vi lp m bn trong, cch b mt t nht 15 cm. Khi cc vt thng cha ca mt l hay mt chuyn hng cng c m th so snh tt c cc vt cha m . Nu khng nhn thy s khc bit trong m, ly mt phn m vi khi lng ti v tr gn trung tm cch b mt t nht l 7,5 cm. Dng tha sch, to hoc dao xn ly m cho vo thng cha sch. Nu c s khc bit nhau
28

ca m ti cc v tr khc nhau, ly 2 mu ring, mt mu ly lp trn mt, gn thnh ca thng cha, v mu kia ly gia, cch b mt t nht 15 cm, v gi mu cho phng th nghim nh l cc mu ring bit. 4. Lm sch dng c sau khi ly mu Cc bnh cha mu phi sch, khng cha cc cht c th gy bn cho sn phm c ly mu (v d: nc, bi, x si, cc cht ty ra, naphta, v cc dung mi khc). Trc khi dng li bnh cha nh can, chai phi c trng sch bng dung mi thch hp. C th dng cc dung mi ty cn ra vt cn. Trng k bng nc my, sy kh bnh bng mt dng kh sch, khng bi, nng nhit 400C hoc cao hn. Cc bnh mi khng cn ra. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, cc dng c ly mu khng ra bng x phng v nc nh i vi cc loi bnh cha, can. Trc khi dng phi kim tra sch s v nguyn vn ca cc bnh cha/ly mu. 5. Thc hnh: XC NH CHY MM CA BITUM ASTM D 36 5.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php th nghim ny ch yu c dng cho cc sn phm bitum. Trong bi ny im chy mm c xc nh bng phng php kim nh truyn thng vng v bi (ring and ball method) theo tiu chun ASTM D 36. 5.2 Mc ch v ngha Nhm xc nh cng ca bitum. Ngoi ra nhit chy mm ca bitum cn c ngha quan trng trong qu trnh tn tr v vn chuyn. 5.3 Tm tt phng php im chy mm l nhit m ti s ha mm ca mu bitum nm trong vng, di tc dng ca nhit, vin bi t trn n ri v ko bitum xung. 5.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 5.4.1 Thit b ha cht a. Thit b B thit b o im chy mm ca bitum bao gm: Bi bng thp Vng nh tm cho bi H thng gia nhit b. Ha cht Nc ct
29

Vng bng thp Nhit k

Glyxerin Etylenglycol 5.4.2 Chun b mu: Gia nhit mu cn thn, khuy u trnh nhit cc b cho n khi mu chy c. Ch : khuy thn trng trnh to bt cho mu. i vi mu ashphalt, gia nhit khng qu 2 gi nhit khng cao hn 110oC so vi im chy mm d on. i vi mu nha , gia nhit khng qu 30 pht nhit khng cao hn 55oC so vi im chy mm d an. Nu cn lp li th nghim, khng gia nhit tr li mu trn, ly mu mi tin hnh li t u. Gia nhit hai vng ng thau n xp x nhit chy c ca mu v t chng trn tm ng thau phng, nhn c bi mt lp mng du silicon. Rt vi mt lng hi tha bitum vo trong mi vng v sau ngui trong khng kh t nht 30 pht. i vi loi bitum mm nhit thng, lm ngui mu t nht 30 pht trong khng kh nhit thp hn t nht 10 oC so vi im chy mm d on. T lc rt mu n kt thc th nghim khng ko di qu 4 gi. Khi mu ngui, ct b phn bitum tha bng mt con dao hay spatula c h nng nh, lp bitum ngang bng vi mt trn ca vng. 5.4.3 Chn cht ti nhit S dng nc ct i vi mu c nhit chy mm t 30 n 80 oC. Nhit b lc khi u l 5 Nhit b lc khi u l 30 Nhit b lc khi u l 5 5.4.4 Quy trnh th nghim Lp b dng c bao gm vng cha mu, vng nh tm v nhit k vo ng v tr. Cho cht lng ti nhit vo b n chiu cao 105 3mm. Nu s dng etylen glycol cn dng qut ht ht kh c. Dng kp t hai vin bi thp vo di y b chng t n nhit khi u nh nhng b phn khc ca dng c. 1oC 1oC 1oC S dng glyxerin i vi mu c nhit chy mm t 80 n 157oC. S dng etylenglycol i vi mu c nhit chy mm t 30 n 110oC.

30

t b vo trong nc hay gia nhit nh, nu cn thit t v duy tr nhit khi u trong vng 15 pht. Ch trnh lm bn cht lng ti nhit. Dng kp ly vin bi y b t vng nh tm. Gia nhit b sao cho nhit tng vi tc khng i 50C/pht. Gi cho b trnh b gi, dng cc tm chn nu cn thit. Khng tnh trung bnh tc tng nhit trong qu trnh th nghim. Sai s ti a cho php cho mi pht, sau 3 pht u, l 0,50C. Khng chp nhn cc kt qu m tc tng nhit khng nm trong gii hn cho php. Ghi nhit cho mi vng v bi ti thi im bitum bao quanh vin bi ri chm vo mt tm di. Ch : khng hiu chnh phn nh ra ca nhit k. Nu 2 nhit cch nhau qu 10C, phi lm li th nghim. 5.5 Bo co kt qu Ghi kt qu im chy mm v cht lng ti nhit s dng. i vi mu bitum cho trc, im chy mm xc nh trong nc s nh hn so vi trong glyxerin. chuyn im chy mm trong nc nhit hi cao hn 80 0C sang im chy mm trong glyxerin, cng thm + 4,20C i vi mu asphalt v +1,70C i mu nha than . Nu im chy mm trong nc 850C, lm li th nghim vi cht ti nhit l glyxerin. im chy mm trong glyxerin nh hn 84,50C i vi asphalt v nh hn 82,00C i vi nha than c chuyn sang im chy mm trong nc bng h s hiu chnh - 4,20C i vi mu asphalt v -1,70C i vi mu nha than . Nu im chy mm trong glyxerin 800C i vi asphalt v 77,50C i vi nha than , lm li th nghim vi cht ti nhit l nc. im chy mm (SP) trong etylen glycol chuyn sang im chy mm trong nc v glyxerin t cc cng thc sau: Asphalt : SP(glyxerin) = 1,026583 SP(nc) = 0,974118 SP(etylen glycol) 1,334968 (0C) SP(etylen glycol) 1,44459 (0C) SP(etylen glycol) 5,063574 SP(etylen glycol) 8,413488

Nha than : SP(glyxerin) =1,044795 SP(nc) = 1,061111 5.6 chnh xc lp li: 3oC. ti lp li: 6oC.

31

BI 4. KH V KH HA LNG M bi: HD B4
Gii thiu Kh thin nhin bt u lm thay i trt t nng lng th gii khi sn xut kinh doanh ton cu chuyn t vic s dng cc dng nng lng truyn thng nh than v du m sang kh thin nhin vi s lng cc c s ho lng kh ngy cng tng ln. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t thnh phn ca kh t nhin v kh du m. M t vai tr ca kh ha lng. Hiu c qui trnh ha lng kh Kim tra kh ha lng trong iu kin PTN . Ni dung chnh 1. c im chung ca kh t nhin v kh du m Kh t nhin c khai thc t cc m kh, cn kh du m hoc kh ng hnh (mang ngha l kh i theo cng du m) c khai thc t cc m du ng thi vi qu trnh khai thc du. Mt c im chung ca kh t nhin v kh du m l chng u c hnh thnh trong cc lp xp pha di lng t su. Khi nm trong va di p sut cao, chng c ho tan trong du m. Sau khi khai thc ly ra khi va do p sut gim, chng thot ra khi du to nn kh du m. Kh c thnh phn gm: mtan, tan, propan v butan, cng mt t pentan i km, trong propan v butan chim t l cao. i vi kh t nhin, thnh phn hydrocacbon cng ch bao gm nhng hp cht nh trong kh du m, ch khc l s phn b tp trung ch yu vo cc hydrocacbon nh l mtan v tan. Do thnh phn ch yu l cc kh hydrocacbon nh, nn kh t nhin v kh du m u d c ha lng iu kin thng. Tnh cht quan trng ny lm cho kh t nhin v kh du m tr nn linh hot hn trong vic s dng.

32

2. Thnh phn v phn loi kh 2.1. Thnh phn c trng ch yu ca kh t nhin v kh du m bao gm hai phn: phn hydrocacbon v phi hydrocacbon. 2.1.1 Cc hp cht hydrocacbon Trong thnh phn kh hydrocacbon, mtan chim hm lng ln nht (>90%), hm lng cc hydrocacbon khc trong dy ng ng ca n nh: tan C2H6, propan C3H8, iso-butan, n-butan khng cao (thng khng qu vi phn trm). Hm lng hydrocacbon t C5 tr ln khng ng k. Hm lng ca cc cu t trn thay i tu theo ngun gc ca kh. V d, trong kh t nhin cha ch yu mtan, cc kh nng hn C3 cn trong kh ng hnh, hm lng cc kh C3 C4 cao hn. C4 rt t,

Bng 4.1. Thnh phn kh t nhin v kh ng hnh khai thc c mt vi m ca Vit Nam. Thnh phn Mtan tan Propan i-Butan n-Butan Pentan, C5 Nit, CO2
+

Kh ng hnh (% th tch) Bch H 71,59 12,52 8,61 1,75 2,96 1,84 0,72 i Hng 77,25 9,49 3,83 1,34 1,26 2,33 4,5 Rng 76,54 6,98 8,25 0,78 0,94 1,49 5,02

Kh t nhin (% th tch) Tin Hi 87,64 3,05 1,14 0,12 0,17 1,46 6,42 1,3 1,49 Rng (m kh) 84,77 7,22 3,46 1,76

2.1.2 Cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon Ngoi thnh phn chnh l hydrocacbon, trong kh t nhin v kh du m cn cha cc hp cht khc nh: CO2, N2, H2S, H2, He, Ar, Ne,... Trong cc loi kh trn, thng Nit chin phn ln. c bit, c nhng m kh cha He vi hm lng kh cao nh cc m kh t nhin M: m Kandas cha 1,28% He, m Texas cha 0,9% He. C nhng m kh cha nhiu H 2S: m Lag ca Php cha H2S vi hm lng 5%. Ngi ta c th s dng cc m kh lm ngun nguyn liu sn xut cc kh tr, thu hi H2S phc v cho cng nghip. 2.2. Phn loi Trong thin nhin thng tn ti cc loi kh hydrocacbon, bao gm: kh
33

t nhin, kh ngng t, kh ng hnh trong qu trnh khai thc du m v cc loi kh th cp sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin du ti cc nh my lc du. Kh hydrocacbon trong t nhin c phn loi theo ngun gc nh di y: Kh t nhin: l cc kh cha trong cc m kh ring bit. Trong kh ny thnh phn ch yu l kh mtan CH4 (t 93 n 99%), cn li l cc kh khc nh tan - C2H6, propan C3H8 v rt t butan C4H10. Kh ng hnh: l kh nm ln trong du m, c hnh thnh cng vi du, thnh phn ch yu l cc kh nng nh: propan, butan, pentan,... (cn gi l kh du m). Kh ngng t (condensat): thc cht l dng trung gian gia du m v kh (phn cui ca kh v phn u ca du), bao gm cc hydrocacbon nh: propan, butan v mt s hydrocacbon lng khc nh pentan, hexan, thm ch hydrocacbon naphtenic v aromatic n gin. iu kin thng, kh ngng t dng lng. Kh ngng t l nguyn liu qu sn xut kh du m ho lng v s dng trong cng nghip tng hp ha du. Ngi ta cn phn loi kh theo hm lng hydrocacbon t propan tr ln: Kh m: l kh giu propan, butan v cc hydrocacbon nng (t propan tr ln trn mc 150g/m3). T kh ny ngi ta ch c xng kh, kh ho lng (LPG) v cc hydrocacbon ring bit cho cng ngh tng hp hu c. Kh kh: l kh cha t hydrocacbon nng (t propan tr ln, di mc 50 g/m3). Kh ny c s dng lm nhin liu cho cng nghip v i sng, lm nguyn liu cho nh my phn m, sn xut ethylen, axetylen, tanol,... 3. Kh t nhin v kh ha lng 3.1. Kh t nhin: Kh t nhin (vit tt l NG) c khai thc t cc m kh, l hn hp ca cc hydrocacbon v phi hydrocacbon, . Trong kh t nhin thnh phn ch yu l mtan (chim n trn 90%), ngoi ra cn mt khi lng nh hydrocacbon c phn t lng cao hn v mt s kh khng thuc loi hydrocacbon nh nit, CO2, H2S, He,... Kh t nhin c th chia thnh cc loi sau: Kh khng ng hnh: c s lng ng k, l kh t do, nm di lng t v khng tip xc vi du th trong m du. Kh ng hnh: l kh t do nm trong cc m du. Kh ho tan: l kh tan trong du th nm di cc m du.
34

ng dng trc tin ca kh t nhin l s dng lm nhin liu sinh nhit, tip l s dng lm ngun hydro trong cc nh my sn xut NH3. Thng thng, kh t nhin c a n ni tiu th dng kh bng mng ng ng, hoc dng nn trong cc chai thp chu lc. Kh ny c gi l Compressed Natural Gas CNG. 3.2. Kh t nhin ho lng Kh t nhin ho lng (vit tt l LNG) l hn hp cc hydrocacbon c tch ra t kh th, hoc trong cc nh my ch bin. Thnh phn ch yu ca LNG l phn ngng (condensate), n c tnh cht v ng dng tng t phn on nh nht ca du th.

Hnh 4.2. Th tch ca kh t nhin ha lng gim i 600 ln. ngha quan trng ca vic ho lng kh t nhin l do s gim 600 ln v th tch lm cho cng vic vn chuyn, bo qun tr nn thun li hn rt nhiu. Kh t nhin ho lng c th dng th (cha phn tch) hoc c th tch ra thnh tng cu t. Cc cu t v hn hp cc cu t c th tch ra t kh t nhin l: tan: l hydrocacbon no, si nhit -88 oC, ha lng p sut cao v nhit di 18 oC. Trong cng nghip ha du, tan c tch ton b ra khi kh LNG s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut ethylene mt dng ho cht c bn nht ca cng nghip ha du. Propan: l hydrocacbon no, si -42 oC, ho lng ngay nhit thng di p sut trung bnh. Hnh 4.3. Cu trc phn t ca cc hydrocacbon ch yu trong LPG

35

Propan thng phm c th cha tan, butan v kh lc du ha lng vi cc hm lng khc nhau. Butan: l hydrocacbon no, tn ti dng lng di iu kin thng. N c th c phn tch thnh n-butan (si 0 oC) v iso-butan (si 11,7 oC). Xng t nhin: l hn hp cc hydocacbon tch ra v thu c t kh t nhin, cha ch yu l pentan v cc hydrocacbon nng hn. Kh t nhin ho lng c s dng lm nhin liu trong nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn nh nng lng, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, kh t dn dng v t ra c u th hn so vi cc loi nhin liu khc. Chng hn nh trong ngnh nng lng, s dng kh t nhin sn xut in s gim gi thnh t 30 n 40%. Xy dng nh my chy bng kh t, vn u t s gim 20% so vi nh my chy bng than. cc nc khc nh New Zealand, tt c cc phng tin giao thng trn ng ph u dung nhin liu LNG, LPG v tit kim c 50% ph tn nhin liu. Bn cnh , khi dng LNG, tui th ca ng c tng ln gp nhiu ln do n c kh nng gim mi mn; ngoi ra gim nhim mi trng do gim ng k lng SOx, COx, NOx trong kh thi. 4. Kh du m ha lng Kh du m ho lng (vit tt l LPG) l kh thu c t qu trnh ch bin du c ha lng, bao gm hn hp cc loi hydrocacbon khc nhau. Thnh phn ho hc ch yu ca LPG bao gm cc hydrocacbon parafinic nh: propan v butan. Ngoi ra tu thuc vo phng php ch bin m trong thnh phn ca n cn c th c mt mt lng nh olefin nh propylen, butylen. Khi ho lng, th tch ca cc hydrocacbon gim, v d: 1 lt propan lng cho 270 lt hi 1 at, 1 lt butan lng cho 238 lt hi 1 at. V vy, cng nh LNG, LPG c th vn chuyn, tng tr mt cch d dng v thun tin. LPG c sn xut bng cch nn kh ng hnh hoc kh t cc qu trnh ch bin du m cc nh my lc du di p sut khng cao lm 10 15kg/cm2. Kh du m ha lng cung cp cho cc h tiu th di dng lng, cha trong cc chai thp hoc xitec chu p. Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam c sn phm LPG ca nhiu cng ty kinh doanh khc nhau, thnh phn propan v butan cng khc nhau: LPG ca Elf Gas Saigon c t l Propan/Butan l 20/80, ca Petrolimex 30/70 v ca Saigon Petro 50/50. c tnh ho l ca cc loi LPG thng phm c tham kho trong
36

bng sau: Bng 4.2. c tnh ho l ca cc loi LPG thng phm Loi LPG c tnh 100% Propan (Propagas)
o

100% Butan (Butagas) 0,580 3,2 0,0 0,4 99,4 0,2 10.920

Hn hp Butan Propan, 50/50 (Saigon Petro) 0,541 9,2 0,0 51,5 47,5 1,0 10.980

T trng g/cm (15 C) p sut hi kg/cm (40 C) Thnh phn: - C2 (tan) - C3 (Propan) - C4 (Butan) - C5 (Pentan) Nhit chy, Kcal/kg
2 o

0,507 13,5 1,7 96,2 1,5 0,0 11.070

Nhit lng to ra khi t chy (gi tt l nhit chy) ca propan l 11.070 Kcal/kg, trong khi ca butan l 10.920 Kcal/kg. Mt khc, p sut hi to ra 20 oC ca propan l 14 kg/cm2, ca butan l 3,86 kg/cm2. Qua cho thy LPG cng nhiu propan, nhit chy c cao hn mt t v s dng c trit v bc hi hon ton nhit mi trng, ngc li, LPG c nhiu butan, bnh thp khng cn p lc cao, v p sut hi khng ln nhit mi trng nhng thng khng s dng c trit nu nhit mi trng thp. Ni chung LPG c th c thnh phn propan v butan khc nhau, nhng cht lng khng c g khc nhau ng k. Vic la chn s dng loi ny hay loi khc thng l do thi quen ca ngi tiu dng. Vit Nam, nhu cu tiu th LPG ngy cng tng, c th tham kho bng sau: Nm Lng LPG (ngn tn) 1998 170 1999 200 2000 316 2001 403 2002 521 2005 558 2010 1054 2015 1593

nhiu nc, LPG c th sn xut di dng 100% propan hoc 100% butan. Nht, cung cp cho dn c LPG di dng 100% propan v thi tit lnh, propan d bc hi hn butan, cn cung cp cho cng nghip LPG di dng 100% butan v d vn chuyn, tn cha v trong iu kin sn xut d
37

trang b cc thit b un nng LPG bc hi hon ton khi s dng. Ngy nay trn th gii c xu hng s dng LPG thay cho nhin liu xng chy t, do n c nhiu u im hn hn so vi cc loi nhin liu khc l nhin liu chy hon ton, khng c khi, khng c tro, khng c ln cc tp cht gy n mn cc phng tin bn b cha, khng nhim. Hm lng kh thi c hi nh: NOx, COx rt t. 5. Phng php ha lng kh Vic chuyn ho kh thnh nhin liu t l hng s dng quan trng v c hiu qu cao, do cng ngh ho lng kh v ang c pht trin trn phm vi ton cu. Thng thng cc hydrocacbon trong thnh phn kh t nhin iu kin thng c nhit si rt thp. Trong qu trnh ho lng kh, cc kh c nhit si thp s c lm lnh xung di im sng ca n. Nhit si iu kin thng v nhit ngng t ti p sut cho i vi mt cu t ca kh t nhin c xem bng sau: Bng 4.3. Nhit si v nhit ngng t i vi mt s cu t Kh Nhit si k thng -161.4 -89 -42 -11.7 -0.5 Nhit ngng t (oC) ti cc p sut khc nhau (atm) 0.068 Metan tan Propan iso-butane n-butane -159 -91 -46 0.231 -144 -63 -12 0.4661 -133 -44 +12 1.163 -92 15,5 2.327 -71 -

d dng t c nhit ngng t, ngi ta cho kh si nhit cao hn da trn nguyn l: nhit si ca mt cht s thay i khi p sut xung quanh chng b thay i. Nu p sut xung quanh tng th nhit si ca cht s tng, v ngc li, nu p sut xung quanh gim th nhit si s gim. sn xut kh t nhin ho lng LNG v kh du m ho lng LPG, ngi ta va nn (tng p sut) nhm tng nhit im si, va lm lnh (gim nhit ) n nhit di im sng, ti kh s ngng t v c ho lng. Di y l trng hp in hnh ca qu trnh ho lng kh propane v n-butane:

38

Bng 4.4. Nhit si i vi mt s cu t Kh im si C Trng thi 20C Kh ho lng p sut: propane - 42 Kh im si: Trng thi: p sut: im si: Trng thi: 14 atm 38C lng 2.6 atm 38C lng

n-butane

- 0.5

Kh

Kh propane si nhit -42 oC. Trong iu kin p sut bnh thng v nhit l 20oC propane trng thi kh. Tuy nhin, nu tng p sut ln 14 ln so vi p sut kh quyn th nhit si ca n s tng ln n +38 oC. nhit ny v p sut 14 atm, propane chuyn sang tn ti trng thi lng. Tng t nh propane, kh butan si -5 oC, nhit ny s tng ln +38 oC bng cch nng p sut ca n ln 2,6 atm, khi butane c ho lng. Trong thc t, ngi ta ho lng kh bng cc phng php sau: Phng php ngng t kh nhit thp: y l phng php c hiu qu v kinh t hn c, kh ngng t nhit -25 oC n - 35 oC, p sut 30 atm n 40 atm. Kh t x nghip khai thc c nn bng my nn kh, sau c lm lnh v a vo thit b sy kh. Kh sau khi c sy a qua thit b sinh hn lm ngui v a vo thit b ngng t nhit thp. Ti kh nn c lm lnh ti nhit m cn thit, sau a sang b phn tch kh, mt phn hydrocacbon ngng t, ho lng v c tch ra. Phng php hp th nhit thp: da trn c s ca hai qu trnh chuyn khi c bn: hp th v kh hp th. Bn cht vt l ca qu trnh l s cn bng gia dng kh v lng do s khuych tn cht t pha ny sang pha khc. Khi t cn bng bn ng lc ca s khuych tn c xc nh bng hiu s p sut ring phn ca cc cu t tch ra trong pha kh v pha lng. Nu p sut ring phn ca cc cu t trong pha kh ln hn trong pha lng th xy ra qu trnh hp th (hp th kh bi cht lng), v ngc li, nu nh p sut ring phn ca cu t b tch ra trong pha kh nh hn trong pha lng th xy ra qu trnh kh hp th (thot kh ra khi cht lng).

39

6. Vn chuyn v tn cha kh Theo phng thc truyn thng, kh c vn chuyn c bng ng ng hoc c ho lng v vn chuyn bng tu. Trong khong cch cung t 3500 4000 km, kh t nhin dn trong ng ng l thun li v gi r. Trng hp phi cung cp i xa hn trn 4000 km hoc phi xuyn qua i dng, kh t nhin s c ha lng, vn chuyn bng cc phng tin c bit. Tht khng may mn, v cc m kh thng qu xa so vi cc th trng ln nn khng c nhiu kh vn chuyn bng ng ng do chi ph xy dng ng ng rt tn km. iu ny c ngha l vn chuyn LNG bng tu hin nay c a chung hn. Nhng tu ny c thit k c bit, tu c v bc kp v c trang b vi h thng lm lnh bn trong c kh nng gi nhit thp (-160 oC) p sut kh quyn.

Hnh 4.4 Kh c vn chuyn bng ng ng

Hnh 4.5 Tu vn chuyn kh t nhin ho lng

Sau khi vn chuyn n ni tiu th, kh c tn tr v cha trong cc b cha. Bn trong b cha ny c lm bng thp khng r, xung quanh c lp cch nhit rt dy. Cc b cha c th c t ni trn mt t hoc xy dng ngm trong lng t. Nhm trnh nhng ri ro gy ra do chy n v gim thiu nh hng n mi trng trong khu vc gn cng nhp v trn t lin, trong tng lai kh ho lng s c tn cha ngoi khi di cc dng nh sau: H thng gin c nh v chuyn i (Hnh 4.7) H thng cu nng lng (Hnh 4.8) B cha ni v h thng ho kh (Hnh 4.9)
40

Kt cu da trn trng lc (Hnh 4.10)

Khi cung cp cho cc h tiu th, phi ha kh tr li.

Hnh 4.6 H thng gin c nh v chuyn i

Hnh 4.7 H thng cu nng lng

Hnh 4.8 B cha ni v h thng ho kh 7. Th trng kh

Hnh 4.9 Kt cu da trn trng lc

Th trng kh thin nhin ton cu tng trng 3%/nm trong thi gian gn y, trong khi LNG tng vt vi con s 8% trong na u nm 2005. Khi th gii chuyn sang sn xut in nh s dng kh th nhu cu kh thin nhin c d bo s tng nhanh hn so vi cc hydrocarbon khc. Ch ring sn lng LNG ca Cng ty Mitsui (Nht Bn) cng c d bo s tng hn gp i trong 15 nm ti. Tp on Royal Dutch/Shell d bo n nm 2025, nhu cu kh s cao hn nhu cu du m. Nh c quy m ln v cng ngh mi, chi ph vn i vi LNG gim hn 1/4 trong thp nin qua. Mt khc cc th trng LNG ln ng Bc , rt xa so vi cc m kh chnh Borneo, Australia v Qatar, ho lng kh vn l mt phng php vn chuyn kh c a chung. Hn na, phn ln mc gia tng sn lng hin nay v trong tng lai khng ri vo khu vc Trung ng m cc quc gia chu , Trung , Australia v Nga.

41

Hnh 4.10. Cng xut nhp kh t nhin ho lng (LNG) Cng theo cch thc tng t m M thng tr th trng du m, cc nn kinh t nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc v i Loan thng tr th trng LNG, mc d hin M c nhiu trm tip nhn LNG nht trn th gii vi phm vi s dng kh thin nhin c m rng trong nhng thp nin qua. Tuy nhin, ch ring Nht Bn hin nay chim khong 53% tng nhu cu kh ton cu, phn ln l nhu cu ca cc cng ty sn xut in. Nh thng l, Trung Quc vn ch l mt th trng nh trong nhu cu kh ton cu v ngi ta hy vng nc ny s tr thnh mt th trng c tc tng trng nhanh trong tng lai. Theo Hip hi nghin cu nng lng th Thng Hi, cng sut sn xut in bng kh thin nhin ca Trung Quc c d bo s tng t 319 triu kW trong nm 2000 n 960 triu kW vo nm 2020. Nhu cu LNG chu s tng hn 150 triu tn vo nm 2015 do nhu cu tng vt ca khu vc ng Bc . Ch ring nhu cu LNG ca Trung Quc c d bo s tng gp i t mc 10 triu tn/nm vo nm 2001 n 20 triu tn/nm vo nm 2015. Gn y, Trung Quc nhp 3 triu tn LNG/nm t m thm lc a Ty Bc Australia. Trung Quc ang gp rt xy dng mt trm tip nhn LNG ln Qung ng nhm ct gia khi lng LNG ny. S lng cc trm tip nhn LNG mi cng tng ln trn ton khu vc chu . Nht Bn ang xy dng 2 trm tip nhn LNG mi, vi k hoch xy dng 2 trm tip theo ang c bn lun n. Hu ht nhu cu kh thin nhin ca Nht Bn u c p ng t khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng, ch yu l t Indonesia - nc chim khong 30% LNG nhp khu ca Nht Bn. Malaysia c d bo s tr thnh nc sn xut LNG ln th hai th
42

gii sau khi hon thnh nh my LNG th ba ca Petronas Bintulu, Sarawak. Trong n lc tm kim b sung ngun nng lng thiu ht, Nht Bn ang rt quan tm n Sakhalin - hn o di 960 km vng Vin ng Nga, vi thm lc a rng 20.000 km2 c tr lng kh thin nhin c tnh ln ti 2,5 nghn t m3. Mt s nh phn tch cho bit cc tr lng kh pha ng Sakhalin c th bng tng tr lng kh Bin Bc. Cc cng ty nng lng quan tm n vic pht trin cc d n Sakhalin ang hy vng sn xut nhiu kh hn na p ng 28%/nm nhu cu kh thin nhin nhp khu ca Nht Bn. Tt c s quan tm LNG khu vc ng Bc d bo s bng n trong cc hot ng xy dng khng ch l mt vi trm tip nhn m c vic ng mi nhiu tu ch LNG c bit. Vic ng mi nhng tu ch LNG cng khng r cht no, vi mc gi 170 triu USD. Nhng xng ng tu ca Nht Bn v Hn Quc l nhng nh sn xut chnh. Theo phn tch, mc d nhu cu LNG cao nhng kh nng dn n s tng vt v gi l rt t. Tng cu dn n s cnh tranh gay gt hn xt v pha cc nh cung cp, lm gim gi v li nhun. C hai xut gi ca d n Sakhalin II i vi cc khch hng Nht Bn v tho thun ca Australia vi Trung Quc u ngh gim 30% gi so vi cc d n khc. Cnh tranh gi c chu c th s tr nn gay gt hn khi d n Sakhalin I - mt d n khc Sakhalin - bt u xy dng ng ng ti Nht Bn hoc Trung Quc. Mt ng ng khc c xut xy dng t Irkutsk, Nga nhm cung cp cho cc th trng Trung Quc v Hn Quc c th lm tng p lc i vi cc chnh sch thu ht vn lin quan n LNG. Hn na, trong lch s, cc hp ng LNG l nhng lin doanh di hn. S tng cung cng vi cng sut ca cc tu ch du ngy cng cao c th to iu kin cho mt th trng LNG giao ngay, do cng lm gim gi. Cc quc gia tiu th bt u yu cu cc tho thun ngn hn hn v tng tnh linh hot ca cc iu khon. Nhiu tho thun ca Indonesia vi Nht Bn s ht hn vo nm 2010 theo k hoch v Nht Bn ang tm cch t c nhng iu khon linh ng hn. Vi s cnh tranh gay gt t pha cc nh sn xut LNG khc, Indonesia c th s chp nhn yu cu ca Nht Bn v nc ny kh m t b hng t la li nhun nu nhng tho thun khng c gia hn thm. Theo mt du hiu cnh tranh trn th trng kh thin nhin chu , khi gi LNG gim, 2 hng cung cp kh ca Nht Bn
43

gn y tuyn b ct gim chi ph i vi cc khch hng ca mnh. 8. Thc hnh T B mn t chc cho sinh vin tham quan mt trm chit np kh ho lng hoc kho cha kh ho lng xem cch kim tra bn b cha, qui trnh chit np cc sn phm kh ho lng, cc qui nh an ton trong qu trnh chit np, tip nhn hoc xut cc sn phm kh. Ghi chp cc s liu lin quan n bi hc v phn tch s liu trong gi hc tip theo.

44

BI 5. CONDENSAT M bi: HD B5
Gii thiu Ngoi du m v kh, cn c mt dng trung gian gia du m v kh, gi l condensat hay l du th nh. Condensat l ngun nguyn liu sn xut kh ha lng, naphta cho xng, ng thi cng l nguyn liu qu cho cng nghip ha du. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bI ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t thnh phn ha hc v ng dng ca condensat trong cng nghip. Phn tch c mt s ch tiu ca condensat nh thnh phn ct, t

trng trong PTN ha du. Ni dung chnh 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca condensat Bnh thng, trong mt s ging du tn ti c du th v kh. Gia hai pha du th v kh tn ti mt cn bng pha, trong mt phn kh b ha tan vo du th. Lng kh ha tan ny ph thuc vo nhit v p sut trong ging du. p sut cng cao, nhit cng thp th lng kh ha tan cng nhiu v ngc li. Khi nm su trong lng t, cc m kh ngng c nhit v p sut rt cao khong 110 atm th cn bng pha nu trn tr thnh cn bng mt pha, c ngha l mtan, tan v cc hydrocacbon nng hn s tn ti dng trung gian gia kh v lng. Pha trung gian ny c khai thc ln v c phn tch thnh hai pha kh v lng v pha lng ny c gi l condensat. Condensat thc cht l phn ui ca kh v phn u ca du m, trong iu kin thng dng lng, nn cn c gi l kh ngng t vi nhit si cui khong 200oC.

Hnh 5.1 Condensat Do , trong thnh phn ca condensat, ngoi cc kh propan, butan, pentan v cc kh hydrocacbon nng cn cha nhiu hydrocacbon lng khc loi parafinic v aromatic c nhit si n 200 oC.

45

2. Cc ch tiu ca condensat Condensat c tnh cht v thnh phn tng t nh du th nh. So vi xng t nhin, n nng hn, c thnh phn phc tp hn v nhiu tp cht hn. nh gi cht lng ca condensat c th da vo cc ch tiu k thut c bn trong bng sau: Bng 5.1. Cht lng ca condensat STT 01 02 03 Ch tiu k thut Tr s octan p sut hi bo ha, KPa Thnh phn ct phn on, oC: - im si u - 10% - 50% - 90% - im si cui - Cn ct, %KL 04 T trng 15 oC c trng cht lng 66 - 68 76,5 40 44 55 104 150 1,2 0,69

Cc s liu ca bng trn thu c t kt qu phn tch mu condensat ca m du Bch H ca Vit Nam. Vi nhng c trng k thut nh trn, cht lng condensat ca m du Bch H l tng i tt, thun li pha ch to ra cc sn phm xng du c gi tr thng phm cao. 3. Cch xc nh cc ch tiu ca condensat Cc ch tiu k thut ca condensat v phng php xc nh chng c trnh by trong bng di y: Bng 5.2. Cc ch tiu k thut ca condensat Ch tiu k thut Khi lng ring 15 oC, kg/l p sut hi bo ha, Psi n mn l ng ... Hm lng lu hunh (%Wt) Tr s axt Tr s octan
46

c trng cht lng 0,6701 11,0 1a 0.013 0.00 65.5

Phng php ASTM D 1298 D 323 D 130 D 1266 D 974 D 269

Thnh phn ct phn on, oC: - im si u - 30% - 50% - 70% - im si cui - Cn ct, %Wt Hm lng nc, %Wt Hm lng tro, %Wt Hm lng benzen, %Wt Hm lng tp cht, %Wt Hm lng Mercaptan, %Wt Hm lng mui, (mg NaCl) 4. ng dng ca condensat 40 51 58 70 147 1,0 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 <0.0001 0.00

D 86

D 95 D 482 D 3606 D 473 D 3227 D 3230

Condensat khng phi l thnh phm hay sn phm thng mi m n thng c cung cp cho cc nh my lc du v tr thnh mt hp phn ca nguyn liu th cung cp cho cc phn xng ch bin. ng dng ch yu ca condensat l trn vi du th lm nguyn liu cho cc nh my lc du. T condensat c th ch bin thu c xng c tr s octan khng cao. xng c cht lng cao hn cn phi pha thm cc ph gia tng tr s octan nh Toluol, MTBE, Tuy nhin, qu trnh ny khng kinh t do gi thnh ca condensat thng cao hn xng thnh phm. cc nc c ngnh cng nghip lc ha du pht trin, condensat thng c s dng lm nguyn liu cho cc nh my ha du sn xut ethylen v cc sn phm nha khc. 5. Thc hnh: XC NH THNH PHN CHNG CT PHN ON 5.1 Phm vi p dng Phng php ny p dng cho chng ct kh quyn cc sn phm du m c s dng trong phng th nghim nh lng c tnh gii hn si ca cc sn phm du nh: Xng t nhin, phn on ct nh v trung bnh, condensat, nhin liu ng c t trong t, nhin liu diesel c hm lng sulfur thp, kerosene 5.2 Mc ch v ngha Phng php chng ct l c s xc nh khong si ca sn phm du m bng chng ct m n gin.
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Tnh cht bay hi ca hydrocacbon c ngha quan trng trong vic gi an ton v s dng, c bit trong lnh vc s dng nhin liu v dung mi. Gii hn si cho bit thng tin v thnh phn v s thay i ca nhin liu trong lu tr bo qun v s dng. Kh nng bay hi ca cc hydrocacbon xc nh khuynh hng to hn hp n tim n. Tnh cht bay hi l c tnh ti quan trng nh gi cht lng cho c xng my bay v xng t, kh nng khi ng, kh nng t nng, v kh nng to hi khi vn hnh nhit cao hay cao. S hin din ca cu t c gii hn si cao trong nhin liu dn n mc hnh thnh mui than rn cao. Tnh cht d bay hi, n tc ng n tc bay hi, l ch tiu v yu t quan trng c dng rt nhiu trong dung mi, c bit l trong ngnh sn. Gii hn chng ct thng c a vo trong cc yu cu cht lng sn phm du m thng mi, ng dng iu khin qu trnh lc du. Mt s thut ng: Th tch mu (Charge volume): Th tch ca mu em phn tch, 100ml, c np vo bnh chng ct. S phn hy (Decomposition): Hydrocacbon b phn hu nhit (Cracking) sinh ra cc phn t nh hn c nhit si thp hn so vi cc Hydrocacbon ban u, thm ch c th thc hin phn ng dehydro ha. Ghi ch: Du hiu nhn bit s phn hy nhit l c khi pht ra v nhit quan st c trn nhit k gim xung bt thng. im si u (Innital boiling point): L nhit o ti git lng u tin ngng t ri t h thng sinh hn xung ng ong hng mu. im si cui (Final boiling point): L nhit cao nht c c trn nhit k. Phn trm thu hi c (Percent recovered): Th tch ca phn mu ngng t quan st c trong ng ong hng mu mi nhit tng ng c tnh theo phn trm th tch mu c np vo bnh ct. Tng phn trm thu hi (Percent total recovery): Kt hp phn trm thu hi v phn trm cn trong bnh ct. Phn trm cn (Percent residue): Th tch ca phn cn trong bnh v c tnh bng phn trm so vi th tch mu em ct. 5.3 Tm tt v phng php: Tin hnh chng ct 100ml mu di iu kin tng ng m mu thuc nhm . Qu trnh chng ct c thc hin bng dng c chng ct trong
48

phng th nghim, p sut kh quyn v tng ng nh chng ct mt a l thuyt. Cc s liu v nhit theo th tch chng ct c ghi chp li mt cch h thng v tu theo yu cu ca ngi s dng s liu, m cc kt qu ghi nhn c v nhit , th tch, cn, mt mt c bo co. Sau khi chng ct xong, nhit si c th c hiu chnh theo kh p k v cc s liu c xem xt v s ph hp theo yu cu t ra, v d nh tc chng ct... Th nghim c lp li cho n khi tha mn nhng yu cu c bit. Kt qu thng c bo co theo phn trm bay hi (percent evaporated) hay phn trm thu hi (percent recovered) theo nhit tng ng, k c bng hay th ca ng chng ct. 5.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 5.4.1 Thit b v ha cht

Hnh 5.2 Thit b chng ct - Nhit k, ng ong - ng sinh hn - B lm lnh 5.4.2 Quy trnh thc nghim - Xng - Du ha, Diesel - Ngun nhit

Dng ng ong ly 100 ml sn phm du m cn nghin cu vo bnh cu. Lp nhit k 3600C vo bnh cu sao cho mp trn ca bu thy ngn nm mc di ca ng thot kh ca bnh cu, trc ca nhit k trng vi trc ca c bnh cu. Lp vi ca bnh cu vo ng sinh hn, u vi ngp su vo ng sinh hn 25- 40 mm nhng khng chm vo ng sinh hn.
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Khi chng ct xng th hp sinh hn cha nc nhit 0 50C. Khi chng cc sn phm nng hn th lm lnh bng nc. Sau khi ong 100 ml sn phm cn nghin cu xong, khng cn sy ng ong, t ngay vo di u ng sinh hn sao cho ui ng sinh hn ngp su kghng di 25 mm nhng khng c chm vo thnh ng ong, sau khi xc nh nhit si u c th cho u cui ca ng sinh hn chm vo thnh ng ong mc cht lng trong ng ong khng b sng snh. Khi chng cc nhin liu nng th ng ong phi lm sch v kh. Khi chng xng ng ong phi t trong cc thy tinh cha nc nhit khng qu 50C, mun vy phi t ln trn ming ng ong mt vt hnh mng nga ( ng ong khng b ni ln) v ming ng ong phi bt bng bng. C th dng n kh hoc bp in c ni thm bin th t ngu iu chnh nhit . Khi tng nhit sn phm s bay hi ngng t sinh hn v chy vo ng ong. Nhit si du l nhit khi xut hin git sn phm u tin chy t ui ng sinh hn ra. - Xng: 5 10 pht - Nhin liu phn lc, diesel nh v du ha: 10 15 pht - Diesel nng: 10 20 pht Qu trnh gia nhit phi iu chnh sao cho thi gian t lc bt u gia nhit cho ti lc c git cht lng u tin ui sinh hn: Tc chng ct tin hnh sao cho 20 25 git/giy ngha l vo khong 4 5 ml/pht. Ghi li nhit ng vi cc th tch sn phm trong ng ong c 10; 20; 30 90; 97,5; 98%. Trong trng hp cn thit ghi nhit si cui. Sau khi chng c 90% sn phm du m iu chnh vic gia nhit sao cho thi gian t lc chng c 90% sn phm n kh kt thc vic chng (ngha l lc dng cp nhit) l 3 5 pht. i vi vic chng du ha v diesel nh, sau khi chng c 95% sn phm n lc kt thc chng khng c qu 3 pht. Ngi ta chm dt vic gia nhit thi im m trong ng ong th tch ca sn phm bng vi th tch c tiu chun ha l 97,5 v 98% i vi tng loi sn phm. Nu nhit si cui cn c xc nh th phi tip tc gia nhit n khi ct thy ngn ca nhit k dng ln mt cao no ri bt u h xung.ghi nhit cao nht ny. Sau khi ngng gia nhit 5 pht, ghi li phn th tch ng ong. Phn cn
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li trong bnh cu rt vo ng ong c th tch10 ml xc nh cn cn li.Xc nh lng mt mt ca qu trnh chng. Nu qu trnh chng ct tin hnh ni c p sut ln hn 770 mmHg hay nh hn 750 mmHg cn ly h s hiu chnh theo cng thc: C = 0,00012(760 P)(273 + t) Trong : P: l p sut kh quyn trong qu trnh chng, mmHg t: l nhit theo nhit k, 0C Nu P>770mmHg th ly nhit theo nhit k tr i h s hiu chnh C. Nu P<750mmHg th ly nhit theo nhit k cng vi h s hiu chnh C. Vic xc nh thnh phn phn on ca benzen nng hay nhng sn phm ti mu khc, tc gia nhit iu chnh sao cho t lc bt u cho ti khi thu c git sn phm u tin t 10 20 pht. Tc chng 8 10 git/pht, ban u vi tc 2 3 ml/pht sau 4 5 ml/pht. Khi chng ct nhin liu c ng c ln hn - 50C th tc cp nc cho sinh hn sao cho nc ra khi sinh hn c nhit t 30 400C. Cc s liu thu c biu din di dng th. 5.5 Bo co kt qu: Kt qu gia hai ln chng song song cho php sai s sau: Nhit si u: 40C Nhit si cui v cc im trung gian: 20C Cn : 0,2 ml

51

BI 6. XNG M bi: HD B6
Gii thiu Trong cc sn phm t du m, xng ng vai tr quan trng c bit. Mi bin ng ca xng u gy ra nhng nh hng ln n nn kinh t ca mt quc gia. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t thnh phn ha hc v ng dng ca xng. Xc nh cc ch tiu k thut chnh ca xng thng phm nh tr s octan v thnh phn ct trong PTN ha du. nh gi cht lng ca xng thng phm. Ni dung chnh 1. Khi nim chung Nhin liu dng cho ng c xng ca t xe my,...c gi chung l xng ng c. Xng ng c l mt trong nhng sn phm quan trng ca cng nghip ch bin du m v ngy nay thc s tr thnh mt sn phm quen thuc v khng th thiu c i vi con ngi. Tuy nhin, khng phi ai cng c th hiu c tht y v xng ng c, bao gm c bn cht ha hc, phm cp cht lng, i tng s dng,... Xng ng c khng phi n thun ch l sn phm ca mt qu trnh chng ct t mt phn on no ca du m hay mt qu trnh chng ct c bit khc. N l mt sn phm hn hp c la chn cn thn t mt s thnh phn, kt hp vi mt s ph gia nhm m bo cc yu cu hot ng ca ng c trong iu kin vn hnh thc t v trong cc iu kin tn cha, d tr khc nhau. 2. Thnh phn ha hc ca xng. Vi khong nhit di 180oC, phn on xng bao gm cc hydrocacbon t C5 C10, C11, c ba loi hydrocacbon parafinic, naphtenic, aromatic u c mt trong phn on. Tuy nhin, thnh phn s lng cc hydrocacbon rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo ngun gc du th ban u. Chng hn, t h du parafinic s thu c xng cha parafin, cn t du naphtenic s thu c xng c nhiu cc cu t vng no hn. Cc hydrocacbon thm thng c rt t trong xng.
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Ngoi cc hydrocacbon, trong phn on xng cn c cha cc hp cht lu hunh, nit v oxy. Cc cht cha lu hunh thng dng hp cht khng bn nh mercaptan (RSH). Cc cht cha nit ch yu dng pyridin; cn cc cht cha oxy rt t, thng dng phenol v ng ng. Cc cht nha v asphanten u cha c. Xng thng c ly t nhiu qu trnh lc ha du khc nhau nh chng ct trc tip du m, cracking xc tc (b gy mch), reforming xc tc (ci to mch), isomer ha (ng phn ha), Alkyl ha t cc phn on du m ,... Trong nh my lc du, tt c cc phn on sn phm c nhit si n 180oC t cc thit b cng ngh ch bin du th hoc cc phn on tch ra t du th, u c gi l phn on xng v u c dng nh mt cu t pha trn thnh sn phm xng cui cng. 3. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c xng. s dng xng lm nhin liu mt cch c hiu qu nht, phi nm vng nguyn l lm vic ca ng c xng. ng c xng l mt kiu ng c t trong, nhm thc hin s chuyn ha nng lng ha hc ca nhin liu khi chy thnh nng lng c hc di dng chuyn ng quay. Theo l thuyt, c hai chu trnh c p dng cho ng c t trong bng tia la in l: ng c 2 k v ng c 4 k, trong ng c 4 k ph bin hn. 3.1. ng c xng 2 k ng c 2 k c s dng nhiu cho xe my nh, thuyn my, my pht in, ca my, xe trt tuyt v cc thit b di ng hoc c nh khc.

K ht

K nn K pht ha K t Hnh 6.1. Chu trnh lm vic ca ng c 2 k

K x

Hn hp nhin liu v khng kh thng qua l ht, c a vo hp trc khuu pha di piston. Hn hp ny sau s chuyn qua khe chuyn vo bung t, n b nn khi piston y ln. Bugi in pht tia la t hn
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hp ngay trc khi piston t c im cht trn, v p sut kh t sau s y piston xung cho n khi khe x l ra cho kh chy thot ra ngoi. Chu trnh hot ng kt thc trong mt vng quay ca trc khuu. ng c ny theo cu trc th n gin v vng chc khng c cc van hot ng nh ng c 4 k. Nhc im chnh ca n l tn nhin liu nhiu hn v b mt i mt phn hn hp khng kh v nhin liu khng c t trong lc y kh thi thot ra ngoi, iu ny gy ra kh khn cho vic p ng cc yu cu v kh thi theo tiu chun mi trng. 3.2. ng c xng 4 k: ng c 4 k l loi ng c t trong c s dng b ch ha kh (cabuarator) hay cn gi l bnh xng con, l b phn chun b xng trc khi
Van ht im cht trn im cht di Bugi Van x Xylanh piston Trc khuu

Hnh 6.2 M hnh ng c 4 k

a vo xylanh. Chu trnh kn 4 k nh sau: Xng t thng nhin liu ca phng tin c bm chuyn n b ch ha kh, hoc h thng phun nhin liu c-in t, ti y xng c phun thnh bi sng, bc hi v ha trn vi khng kh theo mt t l xc nh ty thuc lng xng a vo, sau hn hp hi xng v khng kh s phn phi np vo xylanh ca ng c thng qua van ht. Chu k 1- Ht: Piston i t im cht trn xung im cht di, lc ny van ht m ra ht hn hp xng v khng kh (NL+KK) c iu ch trc b phn ch ha kh. Lc ny van thi ng. Chu k 2 Nn: Piston i t im cht di n im cht trn, nn hn hp (NL+KK), lc ny cc van ng li nn p hn hp (NL+KK). Khi b nn, p sut tng dn n nhit tng, chun b cho qu trnh chy tip theo. p lc nn t n 12 kg/cm2 , nhit nm trong khong 250oC 350oC. Chu k 3 - N: Khi piston ln n im cht trn th bugi nh la t chy hn hp (NL+KK), p lc t c khong 30 - 40 kg/cm2 v nhit tng ln n trn 2000oC. Khi chy, nhit nng bin thnh c nng y piston xung im cht di, ng thi truyn chuyn ng qua thanh truyn lm chy my.
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Chu k 4 - X: Piston li i t im cht di ln im cht trn, y sn phm chy qua van thi ra ngoi. Khi piston bt u i xung th van ht li m ra v li bt u mt chu trinh trnh mi.

K ht

K nn

K n

K x

Hnh 6.3. Chu trnh lm vic ca ng c 4 k Ngy nay, ng c 4 k tr thnh loi ng c hot ng quan trng nht v ang c p dng rng ri cho nhiu loi ng c t, xe my khc nhau. Chu trnh c hon thnh trong bn chu k ca piston, nhng bugi ch mi la mt ln cho hai vng quay ca trc khuu. a s cc loi t c 4 hoc 6 xylanh. Tuy nhin loi ng c c 8 v 12 xylanh cng c thit k cho cc phng tin c tnh nng cao. 4. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh cht chy ca nhin liu trong ng c xng. Tr s octan. 4.1 Qu trnh t chy trong ng c xng: Qu trnh t chy xng trong ng c xng thng tri qua 4 th c bn: ht, nn, n, x. y l qu trnh chy cng bc, thc hin nh tia la in ca bugi. Qu trnh ny din ra trong xylanh rt nhanh, nhng khng phi xy ra tc khc trong ton b th tch ca xylanh, m bt u chy t bugi, sau lan truyn ra dn theo tng lp mt cu la vi tc lan truyn bnh thng t 14 40 m/s. qu trnh chy n nh, to ra p sut hi trong xylanh c tng u n, phn hi xng bn ngoi cu la ch c bt chy khi mt cu la lan truyn n. Trong trng hp mt cu la cha lan truyn n phn hi xng cn li t bc chy do nh hng ca nhit cao v p sut cao trong xylanh, ton b hi xng trong xylanh s b bc chy tc khc, vi vn tc lan truyn nhanh n 100 ln so vi bnh thng, ngha l khong 1.400 4.000 m/s. Kt qu l p sut tng vt mt cch t ngt to ra sng kch n, biu hin
55

thnh ting g kim loi, ting va p trong ng c. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng chy b kch n. Trong trng hp , cng sut ca ng c khng th t c ti a, trong khi tiu hao xng li tng, nhit li b tng qu mc, nhanh chng lm h cc chi tit ng c nh: piston, supap (van), bugi v lm gim tui th ng c do s va p ca sng kch n. Do , yu cu xng dng cho ng c xng l phi c tnh chng kch n cao, v y l yu cu ch yu nht, quan trng nht i vi xng. 4.2. Tr s octan Hin tng kch n lin quan cht ch n thnh phn ha hc ca xng. Nhng hydrocacbon mch thng (n-parafin) d b chy kch n nht, ngc li nhng hydrocacbon parafin c mch nhnh (iso-parafin) hoc hydrocacbon thm, chy khng b kch n. c trng cho tnh chng kch n ca xng, ngi ta dng hn hp xng nhn to gm n-heptane v 2,2,4-trimethylpentane hoc iso-octan lm chun so snh. Kh nng chng kch n ca n-heptan km nht quy c bng 0, ca iso-octan l cao nht, quy c bng 100. Khi mun xc nh tnh kch n ca mt loi xng thc t no , phi pha trn hn hp xng nhn to gm c n-heptan v iso-octan vi t l sao cho cng kch n ca n tng ng vi cng kch n ca loi xng thc t cn xc nh. S phn trm % iso-octan trong hn hp c gi l tr s octan ca nhin liu tng ng. Nh vy, tr s octan c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu trong ng c. Tr s octan cng cao, tnh chng kch n ca xng cng cao.

2,2,4-trimethylpentane n-heptane C hai phng php xc nh tr s octan bao gm: Phng php nghin cu (RON Research Octane Number) Phng php mt (MON Motor Octane Number). Hai phng php ny khc nhau ch yu l iu kin tin hnh o tr s octan, c th l tc quay ca mt th nghim: Theo RON: tc quay ca mt th nghim l 600 vng/pht. Theo MON: tc quay ca mt th nghim l 900 vng/pht.
56

Thng thng cng mt mu xng, tr s octan theo RON bao gi cng cao hn MON. Chnh v vy khi ni n tr s octan ca mt loi xng no , phi phn bit l RON hay MON. Tr s RON th hin c tnh ca ng c khi chy trong thnh ph, tc chm nhng li hay thay i, tng tc t ngt. Tr s MON th hin c tnh ca ng c khi chy trn xa l c tc nhanh u n, hoc ng c khi ch nng. Hiu s ca hai tr s RON v MON ca mt loi xng l ch th cho s thay i c tnh khi ng c hot ng trong hai iu kin ni trn, v c gi l nhy (sensivity) ca xng i vi ch lm vic thay i ca ng c. Mc chnh lch gia RON v MON cng thp cng tt. Hin nay, nhiu nc c xu hng s dng gi tr trung bnh: (RON+MON)/2 c trng cho tnh chng kch n ca xng, thay v dng RON hay MON ring r. Mi loi xng khc nhau c kh nng chng kch n cng khc nhau. C th sp xp kh nng chng kch n ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau: Hydrocacbon thm > olefin mch nhnh > parafin nhnh > naphten c nhnh > olefin mch thng > naphten > parafin mch thng > parafin mch thng ln Ngi ta thy rng: Cc hydrocacbon phn t nh nh parafin mch nhnh, cc aromat ch chy c sau khi im ho, c ngha l loi ny c kh nng chng kch n tt. Cc n-parafin d dng chy ngay c khi mt cu la cha lan truyn ti, gy ra s chy kch n. 4.3. Tr s octan trn ng Tr s octan trn ng l tr s octan c xc nh trong ng c xe my ang vn hnh thc t trn ng. Kh nng chng kch n ca mt loi nhin liu no , ngoi s ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn hydrocacbon, cn ph thuc vo ch lm vic thc t ca ng c, tc l xe ang chy tc nhanh chuyn sang tc chm, nhng ni ng xu phi phanh gp, thi tit thay i t ngt, v.v th hin tng chy kch n c th xy ra. Do vy, ngoi vic nh gi kh nng chng kch n ca cc hydrocacbon trong nhin liu bng phng php MON hoc RON, cn phi nh gi kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu bng phng php o s thay i tr s octan theo ch lm vic, tc l theo s khc nhau v tc quay ca ng c, gi l tr s octan trn ng.
57

Tr s octan trn ng (k hiu l OR) c xc nh theo cng thc: OR = RON -(Sa/2), trong : S l nhy, tnh bng hiu s gia RON v MON; a l h s (t 4,66,2) ph thuc vo t s nn ca ng c. Nh vy, loi nhin liu no c nhy cng thp (tc l chnh lch gia MON v RON cng t), th OR cng gn vi RON. Nu hai loi hydrocacbon c cng RON nh nhau, nhng lai no c nhy cng thp s c kh nng chng lch n cng cao khi lm vic trong cc ch thay i khc nhau; v vy, iso-parafin c nhiu u im hn so vi cc olefin v hydrocacbon thm. 4.4. Tr s octan theo phn on ct R 100oC Xng bao gm nhiu thnh phn hydrocacbon c s khc bit ln v kh nng chng kch n. Cc hydrocacbon c nhit si thp, tr butan, isopentan v benzen, s c tr s octan thp so vi xng ni chung. Khi ng c bt u gia tc m tc khi im ca n thp s xy ra s chia tch ca xng b ha hi trong ng c. Trong iu kin nh vy, vi mt khong thi gian ngn, xylanh c np kh nhiu cc thnh phn hydrocacbon c nhit si thp, bc hi nhanh nhng li thiu cc hydrocacbon c nhit si cao (c kh nng chng kch n cao hn). Hin tng ny dn n s kch n m ta gi l s kch n tc thp, l do l khi ng c lm vic ch ny, lng xng a vo xylanh t v dn n phn ln cc cu t c nhit si thp, vn c tr s octan thp trong xng. Mc d, s kch n tc thp khng gy ra bt c mt trng hp h hng ng c no, nhng n l loi kch n ph bin nht, rt d dng nhn bit ngay. Mt phng php phn tch kh nng chng kch n ca nhng phn c nhit si thp ny c pht trin. Phng php ny bao gm vic chng ct mu v sau xc nh RON ca phn ct c khong nhit si t nhit si u n 100oC. Tr s RON c xc nh nh vy gi l tr s R -100oC ca xng. i vi xng thng phm, R-100oC lun nh hn RON. S cch bit gia RON v R-100oC gi l RON. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo thnh phn ca xng v thng dao ng trong khong t 4-12 n v. i vi xng thu c t qu trnh cracking xc tc do cha nhiu iso-parafin nn chch lch RON thp, c ngha l tr s octan phn b rt ng u trong cc khong nhit si ca xng. Cn xng t qu trnh reforming xc tc, tr s octan phn b khng ng u do cc hydrocacbon thm, l cc cu t c tr s octan cao hu nh nm phn c nhit si cao nn RON thng cao.
58

5. Cc bin php nng cao tr s octan ca xng: Ph gia v phng php ha hc Bng qu trnh chng ct trc tip du th s thu c xng th, cn c gi l naphta m thnh phn ch yu ca n l cc n-parafin, rt t isoparafin v naphten. Phn on xng th ny c bc hi tt, n nh ho hc cao, nhng li c tr s octan thp, tr s RON thng t 65-70 ph thuc vo loi du th, trong khi yu cu v tr s octan cho xng ng c phi ln hn 70. nng cao cht lng ca xng, ngi ta s dng mt s phng php sau y tng tr s octan: 5.1 Phng php dng ph gia Trong phng php ny, ph gia l cc ho cht c pha vo trong xng nhm kim ch hin tng chy b kch n ca cc hydrocacbon trong iu kin cc hydrocacbon ny b xy ha bng cc gii php eter ha hoc alcohol ha bo ha xy trong hn hp nhin liu, khng cho tin trnh xy ha xy ra su sc thm. Cc loi ph gia s dng c chia ra lm hai nhm nh sau: Nhm ph gia c ch: Hai hp cht hu c ca ch c s dng nhiu nht lm ph gia cho xng l tetrametyl ch Pb(CH3)4 (TML) v tetraetyl ch Pb(C2H5)4 (TEL). Thng thng, ngi ta la chn mt trong hai cht trn cho mt loi xng nht nh, t khi dng hn hp ca c hai cht cng mt lc. Ch c cho vo xng di dng cc hp cht ho hc vi mc ch ch yu ci thin tr s octan cho xng. Vi hm lng va , cc cht ph gia c tc dng ph hu cc hp cht trung gian hot ng khng bn, lm gim nng ca n trong khng gian pha ngoi mt cu la s chy c iu ho tt hn, khng gy ra hin tng chy b kch n. Kt qu l tr s octan ca xng c tng ln. C ch cc phn ng khi dng ph gia nh sau: Hydrocacbon khi b xy ho s to ra cc cht hot ng khng bn: R-CH3 + Pb(C2H5)4 O2
t, C t, C
o o

R-CH2O-O-H Pb + 2C2H5

Cht ph gia b phn hy di p sut v nhit cao trong xylanh:

Pb + O2 PbO2 Tc ng ca ph gia b phn hy vi cc cht hot ng khng bn to ra cc cht bn khng hot ng:
59

R-CH2O-O-H + PbO2

R-CHO + PbO + H2O

+ O2

Cht bn khng hot ng Kt ta xt ch PbO s bm trn thnh xylanh, ng dn lm tc nghn ng ng nhin liu v tng mi mn. V vy, ngi ta cho thm mt s cht khc nh C2H5Br hoc C2H5Cl lm bay hi PbO a chng ra ngoi. C ch cc phn ng nh oC t, sau: C2H5Br 2HBr + PbO C2H4 + HBr PbBr2 + H2O

Cc sn phm ca qu trnh l PbBr2 v H2O u l cc cht lng, c nhit si thp, di p sut v nhit cao trong xylanh s d dng bc hi, thi ra khng kh v y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra nhim mi trng. Hn hp cc cht ph gia c ch v cc cht lm bay hi PbO c gi l nc ch. Nc ch rt c nn phn bit xng c ch v xng khng ch, ngi ta thng nhum mu cho xng phn bit v mu l mu c trng cho xng c ch. Nhm ph gia khng ch: Nh trn ni, cc ph gia c ch l khi pha vo xng lm tng tr s octan (t 6 n 12 n v). Tuy nhin, do tnh c ca ch v cc yu cu bo v mi trng nn t nhng nm 1990 cc nc trn th gii thc hin vic loi b xng c cha ph gia ch tng bc. Chu u loi b hon ton xng ch vo nm 2000. Hin nay, nhiu nc p dng mt s gii php hu hiu nhm thay th cho ch theo hai hng chnh: Tng t l xng c tr s octan cao t cc qu trnh ch bin su du th nh: reforming, alkyl ho, isomer ho...khi pha trn vo nhin liu c tr s octan thp. Hng ny cn u t ln v mt cng ngh v lm tng gi thnh xng thnh phm. Dng cc loi ph gia khng cha ch, nh cc hp cht xy thay th cho TEL nh: Metanol, Etanol, Metyl tert-Butyl Eter (MTBE), Etyl tert-Butyl Eter (ETBE), tert-Amylmetyl Eter (TAME) ... Cc

Hnh 6.4 Cu trc phn t MTBE

loi ph gia ny c gi thnh tng i cao v gn y xut hin thm cc lo ngi v mi trng, sc khe nn s hn ch s dng trong tng lai. C th thy r tr s octan ca mt s ph gia cha xy in hnh trong bng sau:
60

Bng 6.1. Tr s octan ca mt s ph gia cha xy Ph gia cha xy Mtanol tanol Tert-Butanol (TBA) Metyl tert-Butyl Eter (MTBE) Etyl tert-Butyl Eter (ETBE), Tert-Amylmetyl Eter (TAME) Mtanol / TBA (50/50) RON 127 136 120 135 104 110 115 123 110 119 111 116 115 123 MON 99 104 100 106 90 98 98 105 95 104 98 103 96 104

T bng trn ta thy, tr s octan RON ca MTBE khong 115 123, do hn hp 15% MTBE trong xng c tr s octan gc l 87 s to nn mt hn hp c tr s RON nm khong 92 92, lm tng t 4 n 5 n v octan, tng ng vi hm lng ch t 0,1 n 0,15 g/l. Vit Nam, t khi quyt nh khng s dng xng pha ch t 1/7/2001, vn xc nh loi ph gia thch hp phc v cho cc n v pha ch xng trong nc t ngun condensate l cn thit. Nhm gp phn gii quyt vn ny mt s Trung tm nghin cu cng ngh lc ho du nghin cu v ch to th nghim ph gia pha ch xng trn c s cht nn l Methylcyclopentandienyl Manganese Tricacbonyl (MMT). y l mt hp cht hu c cha Manganes hin c s dng ph bin thay th cho ch v n nay trn 30 quc gia chp nhn vic s dng ph gia cha MMT trong xng, c bit l Canada s dng cht ny trn 20 nm. Ti M c quan bo v mi trng EPA cng cho php s dng cht ny trong xng. 5.2 Phng php ho hc Gii php pha trn vi cc cht ph gia c cha xy tng tr s octan ca xng ch l gii php tm thi. V lu di, gii php kinh t nht tng tr s octan cho xng l p dng cc qu trnh ch bin ho hc bng cng ngh lc du tin tin nht chuyn cc hydrocacbon mch thng thnh mch nhnh, hoc thnh hydrocacbon vng no, vng thm c tr s octan cao. Cc cng ngh lc du bao gm cc qu trnh nh: cracking xc tc, reforming xc tc, alkyl ho, isomer ha, Cracking xc tc: l qu trnh b gy mch C-C ca cc hydrocacbon trong phn on nng thnh cc sn phm nh, tng ng vi khong si ca cc sn phm nh xng, kerosen, diesel. Qu trnh ny c thc hin di tc dng ca xc tc nn c tnh chn lc cao, to ra nhiu cu t c tr
61

s octan cao trong xng

n-C6H14 C4H8 + C2H6 Reforming xc tc: l qu trnh cu trc li mch phn t ca cc hydrocacbon di tc dng ca nhit v xc tc nhm to ra cc cu t sn xut xng c tr s octan cao, sn xut hydrocacbon thm v kh H 2. o xc tc, C n-C7H16 iso-C7H16
xc tc, C n-C6H14 C6H6 + 4H2 Alkyl ho: l qu trnh a thm gc alkyl (-R) vo phn t cht hu c,
o

xc tc, C

ch yu bao gm hai loi phn ng l alkyl ho alcan v alkyl ha hydrocacbon thm. Ngi ta s dng phn ng alkyl ha alcan nhm to ra xng c tr s octan cao. T cc cu t ban u l kh C4H10 v C4H8 ta thu c xng iso-C8H18 c tr s octan l 100. iso- C4H10 + C4H8 iso-C8H18 Isomer ho: l qu trnh nhm bin i cc hydrocacbon mch thng thnh mch nhnh. Qu trnh ny thng p dng nng cao tr s octan ca xng. Mt khc, y cng l phng php to ra cc cu t cao octan pha vo xng nhm nng cao cht lng ca xng. n-C4H10 iso- C4H10 iso- C4H8 -H2
CH3OH, xtc MTBE + H,

Trong phn ng trn, isomer ha n-butan thnh iso-buten, l cu t ban u tng hp MTBE lm ph gia pha ch vo xng. 6. nh gi cht lng ca xng thng phm da trn cc tnh cht nh gi cht lng xng ngi ta phi xc nh gn 20 ch tiu k thut khc nhau, tuy nhin i vi ngi s dng xng thng phm, mt s ch tiu v tnh cht c ni ti di y l ng quan tm nht: Tr s octan (Octane Number): Ch tiu ny c cp chi tit trong cc phn trn. Cn nhc li rng, v nguyn tc tr s octan cng cao th xng cng tt, tuy nhin i vi ngi s dng iu thit yu l phi s dng xng c tr s octan ph hp vi ng c m nh sn xut yu cu. Ngi ta s dng my o tr s octan kim tra cht lng xng trc khi em cung ng cho th trng. Hm lng ch: Trong sn xut ngi ta thng pha thm nc ch lm cht ph gia nng cao tnh chng kch n ca xng. Tuy nhin, cc hp cht ch v cng c, gy tn thng cho h thn kinh trung ng, nn hin nay trn c nc khng cn lu hnh xng pha ch, m thay vo l xng khng pha ch. Hm lng ch trong xng khng pha ch qui nh trong
62

TCVN 6776:2000 khng c ln hn 0,013mg/lt. Trong phng th nghim hm lng ch c xc nh theo phng php ASTM D.5059. Ngi ta dng my quang ph hunh quang tia X pht hin ch trong xng khng ch theo phng php tiu chun ny. Thnh phn chng ct: Nhin liu trong ng c xng phi c bc hi tt, th hin thnh phn phn on ca chng, c trng bi nhit bt u bc hi, nhit kt thc bc hi v nhit bc hi c 10%, 50%, 90% th tch xng khi chng ct. d dng khi ng khi ng c cn ngui yu cu xng 60-70oC phi bc hi c 10% th tch. a ng c vo ch chy n nh hoc tng tc cao, yu cu xng 115-120oC phi bc hi c 50% th tch. xng chy ht hon ton trong ng c, yu cu xng 180-190oC phi bc hi c 90% v 195-200oC phi bc hi ht ton b. Xng c nhiu thnh phn nh, ngha l nhit thp hn 60oC bc hi trn 10% th tch, ng c d khi ng nhng d to nt hi trong ng dn xng khi my nng, lm gin on vic cp xng gy ra ting n lp bp hoc c th dn n chy my. Phng php nh gi thnh phn ct c thc hin theo tiu chun ASTM D.86. p sut hi bo ha: l p sut ca pha hi trng thi cn bng vi pha lng, n l mt c tnh ha l quan trng ca nhin liu lng d bay hi. Ch tiu ny nh hng trc tip n c tnh khi ng ca ng c, kh nng to nt hi khi ng c hot ng, hao ht do bay hi trong bo qun v mc nguy him do chy. p sut hi bo ha cng cao th kh nng bay hi cng mnh. nhit cao, thng thng p sut hi bo ha ca xng t khng ln hn 13 psi (67 mmHg). Phng php xc nh ch tiu p sut hi bo ha i vi xng khng ch thc hin theo tiu chun: ASTM D.4953. Hm lng lu hunh: Cc nhm hydrocacbon v cc sn phm chy trong nhin liu c kh nng n mn kim loi, s n mn cn do cc tp cht, cc hp cht l axt baz tan trong nc, hp cht v nguyn t lu hunh trong xng l cc tc nhn gy ra n mn ln n thit b, tc dng vi kim loi lm tng lng cn bm li trong xylanh, xpp, bugi,... lm h hi thit b. Thng thng trong xng c rt t axt naphtenic c mc n mn kim loi khng ng k, ngc li axt to ra trong qu trnh tn cha c mc n mn kh mnh.
63

Khi chy lu hunh kt hp vi xy to thnh cc hp cht SO2, SO3 nu khng c nc chng khng c kh nng n mn, nhng khi tan trong nc chng to thnh axt H2SO3, H2SO4 n mn rt mnh v cn thm qua khe h ca vng gng lm du nhn bin cht, kt qu l cc chi tit ny b n mn rt nhanh v cn than bung t tng ln lm gim cng sut v hiu sut s dng ng c. Ngoi ra, kh SO2, SO3 cn gy ra nhim mi trng thng qua khi thi ca ng c. Hm lng lu hunh trong xng c tiu chun TCVN 6776:2000 qui nh l khng vt qu 0,15% khi lng. Phng php xc nh ch tiu hm lng lu hunh c thc hin theo tiu chun ASTM D1266 hoc ASTM-D2622. Hm lng hydrocacbon thm: Cc cht thm (aromatic) tuy lm tng tr s octan, nhng li lm tng cc cht cn, kh thi, k c CO. Trong cc aromatic, benzen l cht gy ung th nn phi c kim sot, tiu chun TCVN 6776:2000 qui nh hm lng benzen trong xng khng c vt qu 5% th tch. Trong phng th nghim, vic xc nh hm lng benzen v toluen trong xng c thc hin theo phng php sc k kh ASTM.D3606-96 (TCVN 6073:2000). Cc hp cht cha xy trong xng: Khi loi b vic pha ch vo xng, ngi ta pht kin vic pha mt s hp cht cha xy tng tr s octan ca xng l cc loi alcol, ete nh: mtanol CH3OH, etanol C2H5OH, metyl ter butyl ete CH3-O-C4H9 vit tt l MTBE, metyl ter amyl ete CH3-O-C5H11 vit tt l MTAE... Nh cp trong phn Nhm ph gia khng ch, cc hp cht trn tham gia vo vic hn ch hin tng chy kch n trong ng c xng, chng khng qu c nh tetraetyl ch. Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc hp cht trn cng c hn ch v nhit lng chy ca chng thp, p sut hi bo ha qu cao, mt s cht d gy tch lp trong xng nu c ln nc. Do ch c php pha mt lng c gii hn trong xng. 7. Th trng Trn th trng, ngi ta phn loi xng theo tr s octan. cc nc pht trin, thng c ba loi: xng thng, xng cao cp v xng thng hng (xng super) nhng ty theo mi nc m mc qui nh tr s octan ca mi loi c khc nhau. Xng thng: l xng c tr s octan RON khng ln hn 90 v c s dng cho cc ng c xe ti, xe gn my c t s nn t 7-8,5. cc nc
64

nh Nga v ng u (Ba lan, Hungary, Rumania,...); cc nc chu nh Trung Quc, Singapore, i loan, Malaixia, Indonexia, Philipin xng thng c RON = 80-86. Trong khi trc y, ti M v Ty u xng thng c RON = 90-92. Xng cao cp: l loi xng c tr s octan t 93-100 c s dng thch hp cho cc gn my v t du lch i mi c t s nn t 8,8-10. Loi xng cao cp RON 93-98 c s dng ph bin Nga, ng u, Chu , Chu Phi v M La tinh. Cc nc G7 trc y cng sn xut loi xng ny, t nhng nm 80 ca th k trc chuyn sang dng loi xng c RON = 98100, tuy vy loi xng c RON = 93-98 vn gi l xng cao cp. Xng thng hng: l loi c phm cp cao hn c xng cao cp, dng cho cc xe du lch hng sang, xe t ua c t s nn ln hn 10 c tr s octan RON =101-103 nh xng thng hng M v xng 5 sao ca Anh. T vic nghin cu th trng v p ng nhu cu s dng ca cc phng tin giao thng ng c xng hin nay v trong tng lai, cc Cng ty xng du trong nc ang cung cp cho th trng Vit Nam c 3 loi xng khng ch c tr s octan RON 90, RON 92 v RON 95. Di y l bng cc ch tiu k thut v phng php th ca cc loi xng trn: Bng 6.2. Ch tiu k thut v phng php th ca cc loi xng Ch tiu cht lng sn phm Phng php th theo ASTM D2699 D 5059-98 D 323-99a D 130-00 D 4294-98 D525-00 Mc qui nh Mogas 90 Min 90 Mogas 92 Min 92 Max 0,013 6 11,5 Mogas 95 Min 95

Stt

1 Tr s octan Octane Number Phng php nghin cu RON 2 Hm lng ch, g/l 3 p sut hi bo ha @ 37,8oC, psi 4 n mn l ng 50oC/3 gi 5 Hm lng lu hunh, %Wt 6 bn xy ha, pht

Max No-1 Max 0,15 Min 240

65

7 Thnh phn chng ct: - 10% th tch, oC - 50% th tch, oC - 90% th tch, oC im si cui, oC Cn + hao ht, %V 8 Khi lng ring @ 15 C, kg/l 9 Hm lng nha thc t, g/100ml 10 Hm lng benzen, % th tch 11 Mu sc
o

D 86-00a Max 70 Max 120 Max 190 Max 210 Max 2,0 D 1298-99 D 381-00 D 5580-00 Quan st Vng 0,700 0,750 Max 5,0 Max 5,0 Xanh l cy Xanh da tri

8. Thc hnh: XC NH IM ANILIN ASTM D 611 8.1 Phm vi p dng Phng php ny c p dng cho cc mu nhin liu sng mu nh: xng, naphta, dung mi, DO,... 8.2 Mc ch v ngha S c mt ca hydrocacbon thm c trong xng nng cao tnh chng kch n ca xng, tuy nhin n lm tng khuynh hng dn n to mui. Vic nng cao hm lng hydrocacbon thm trong nhin liu phn lc lm gim kh nng sinh nhit ca n, lm km i tnh bt la v tng kh nng to mui. V th hm lng hydrocacbon thm c trong xng v nhin liu phn lc c gii hn mc quy nh (khng qu 35% trong xng my bay v 22% trong nhin liu phn lc). 8.3 Tm tt phng php Mt hn hp gm 2 thnh phn l hn hp hydrocacbon v anilin khng tan trong nhau chia thnh 2 lp, khi tng nhit ln th hn hp tr thnh ng nht (tan hon ton). Khi lm ngui t t, n mt nhit xc nh no hn hp li bt u phn lp, biu hin bng hin tng c ln ca dung dch. Nhit ng vi thi im xut hin hin tng c ny gi l im anilin. 8.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 8.4.1 Thit b - ho cht a. Thit b

66

Hnh 6.5. Thit b kim tra im Anilin Ch thch: (1) - Nm iu chnh sng ca n (2) - Nm iu chnh nhit ca thit b gia nhit (3) - Nm iu chnh tc ca motor khuy (4) - Mm: gi thit b cha mu, nhit k, cnh khuy (5) - Motor khuy: gip cnh khuy hot ng (6) - Gi : gi motor khuy v mm (7) - Nt POWER (8) - Cu ch (9) - Thit b gia nhit (10) - Hai u cm ca n v motor b. Ha cht Anilin nguyn cht Mu sn phm du m cn phn tch 8.4.2 Quy trnh thc ngim vo ng nghim cha mu 6ml anilin v 6ml sn phm du m ban u. Lp cnh khuy, nhit k v ng cha mu vo h thng (nh hnh v). Ch lp nhit k sao cho bu thy ngn ca nhit k nm gia ng phn chia ca hai cht lng anilin v sn phm du m cn th nghim. Bu thy ngn khng c chm vo y cc hoc thnh ng. Sau khi lp t h thng nh ch dn, bt h thng gia nhit nng
67

nhit ca cc nc ng thi bt h thng cnh khuy n khi hn hp anilin v sn phm du m ha tan hon ton (h tr nn ng nht). Sau khi h tr thnh ng nht, ngng gia nhit dung dch ngui t t trong khi vn khuy trn cho h ng nht. Trong qu trnh h nhit n mt thi im no hn hp b vn c. c chnh xc nhit thi im ny chnh xc n 0,1oC. chnh l im anillin. Khng tho dng c, tip tc lp li qu trnh trn 3-4 ln, n khi nhit ghi nhn khng lch qu 0,2oC. 8.5 Bo co kt qu Gi tr in anilin l gi tr trung bnh cng. T in anilin tnh ra ch s Diesel theo cng thc sau:
Ch s Diesel im anilin(oF) x T trng (oAPI) 100

T ch s Diesel c th suy ra ch s Cetan nh vo ng cong thc nghim hay cng thc gn ng sau: Ch s Cetan = 0,77 ch s Diesel + 10 8.6 chnh xc lp li: Sai s gia nhng kt qu th nghim trn cng iu kin do mt ngi thao tc cho php ch 1 trong 20 ln th nghim. im Aniline ca mu Mu sch, sng mu Mu ti mu lp li 0,16oC 0,3oC

ti lp: Sai s gia hai kt qu c lp trn hai iu kin my mc, con ngi khc nhau, cho php 1 trong 20 th nghim. Sai s: Ty thuc vo khu vc th nghim im Aniline ca mu Mu sch, sng mu Mu ti mu ti lp 0,5oC 1,0oC

68

BI 7. NHIN LIU PHN LC M bi: HD B7

Gii thiu Nhin liu phn lc c dng cho my bay phn lc c s dng ng c kiu tuc bin kh. Yu cu nhin liu cho loi ng c ny c c tnh hon ton khc vi cc nhin liu cho cc ng c thng thng khc. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bI ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t tnh cht ca nhin liu phn lc. Xc nh cc tiu chun chnh ca nhin liu phn lc nh: Nhit chy,chiu cao ngn la khng khi trong PTN . Ni dung chnh 1. ng c phn lc Hon ton khc vi ng c t trong, khi ng c phn lc bt u lm vic, lung khng kh c bm ht vo ng ht kh vi vn tc tng ng tc my bay. Khng kh vo my nn v c nn ti p sut 3-5 atm, ng thi nng ln n 200 300 oC. Khng kh nng p sut cao s chuyn vo bung t h, nhin liu c phun trc tip vo lung khng kh ny, bay hi to thnh hn hp chy. Sau tia la in c bt ln mt ln, lm ton b khi nhin liu bc chy hu nh p sut thng. Hn hp sau khi chy sinh cng rt mnh tuabin v nh vy bin i ni nng dng kh thnh cng c hc. C nng nhn c trn trc tuabin dng quay my nn. Phn ng nng quan trng cn li do hi nhin liu chy c gin n ra v pht mnh theo ng dn kh ra ngoi, to ra mt phn lc rt ln y my bay lao v pha trc. Nhit ca hn hp kh khi ra khi bung chy ln ti 850 900oC v vi vn tc ti 160 200 m/s. gim bt nhit kh thi, ngi ta tng lng khng kh c dng t chy hi nhin liu ln gp 3,5 4,0 ln cn thit.

69

Hnh 7.1 ng c phn lc Ch thch: 1. Li vo ca khng kh hoc ng ht kh 2. My nn khng kh a vo bung t h 3. Trc quay turbin 4. Bung t chnh nhin liu 5. Turbin chnh bin mt phn ng nng ca dng kh thnh chuyn ng quay, lm quay turbin my nn 6. Bung t ph nhin liu 2. nh hng ca thnh phn ha hc n tnh cht chy ca nhin liu phn lc Nhin liu dng trong ng c phn lc c sn xut trn c s phn on kerosen v phn on naphta. Yu cu quan trng ca nhin liu phn lc l cn phi c tc chy cao, d dng t bc chy, c nhit nng ln, chy iu ho, c ngn la n nh khng b tt trong dng khng kh c tc xoy ln. V yu cu ny th thnh phn ca nhin liu cn c nhiu nparafin mch thng do chng c nhit chy cao hn c so vi cc loi naphtenic v aromatic hydrocacbon. Mt khc, v ng c my bay phn lc hot ng trn cao, nhit mi trng rt thp, m bo cho vic bm nhin liu khng b tc nghn, gin on, yu cu rt kht khe l nhin liu phi c im ng c t -40oC v khng c nc ln trong nhin liu. V cc my bay phn lc u hot ng trn cao, p sut kh quyn gim mnh, trnh to nt hi do s bc hi qu nhanh trong ng dn, nhin liu phi c p sut hi nm gia 140 219g/cm2. ng v mt ny, cc hydrocacbon naphtenic t ra u vit hn.
70

Cn cc n-parafin c phn t lng ln d to tinh th lm tc vi phun v mt tnh linh ng, gy nguy him cho my bay. Nhit nng khi t chy cc loi hydrocacbon gim theo dy sau: Parafinic > Naphtenic > Aromatic Ngoi yu cu v nhit chy, mt yu cu khc khng km phn quan trng l trong thnh phn nhin liu phi m bo sao cho khi chy hon ton khng to cn cc bm trong bung t. V mt ny s c mt ca cc hydrocacbon aromatic gy ra s to cc d nht, v vy trong thnh phn nhin liu ng c phn lc phi hn ch hm lng hydrocacbon aromatic mc di 20%. Mc to tn v to cc ca cc hydrocacbon sp xp theo dy sau: Aromatic > mono-olefin > iso-parafin, naphten > n-parafin nh gi kh nng to cn to cc ca nhin liu thng dng ch tiu chiu cao ngn la khng khi, l chiu cao ti a ca ngn la khng c khi tnh bng mm, khi t nhin liu trong n du tiu chun. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi cng cao chng t nhin liu chy cng hon ton. Chiu cao cng thp, kh nng to cn cacbon cng ln. Cc n-parafin c chiu cao ngn la khng khi cao nht. n-parafin > iso-parafin > naphten > aromat i vi nhin liu cho ng c phn lc, yu cu ti thiu ca chiu cao ngn la khng khi phi t t 20 25 mm. Nh vy, trong thnh phn kerosen, parafin v naphten l cc cu t thch hp nht cho qu trnh chy trong ng c phn lc, hm lng ca chng nm trong khong : vi parafin t 30 n 60% ; vi naphten t 20 n 45%. Ngoi thnh phn hydrocacbon, trong nhin liu phn lc cn c cha mt s ph gia nh ph gi chng oxy ho, chng n mn, chng ng bng, chng tnh in, chng vi khun v kh cc hot tnh ca kim loi. Ph gia ca nhin liu phn lc l mt vn rt quan trng, c quy nh trong tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6426 :1998 c xy dng trn c s bn Yu cu cht lng nhin liu hng khng dng cho h thng hot ng chung. V nguyn tc, nh cung cp nhin liu phn lc phi nm r c y cc thng tin v sn phm do nh my lc du cung cp trc khi quyt nh b sung ph gia. ng thi cc ha nghim kim tra cht lng nhin liu cng phi nm r cc thng tin ny mi c th kt lun nhin liu ph hp hay khng.
71

Nhng thnh phn khng phi hydrocacbon cha trong nhin liu u c nh hng xu n tnh cht s dng ca nhin liu. Cc hp cht lu hunh khi chy to ra SO2, SO3 gy n mn nhit thp, ng thi cn gy cn bm trong bung t, ch yu l nn in, vi phun, tuye thot sn phm chy, gy tr ngi cho qu trnh. Cc hp cht cha oxy, nh phenol, axt naphtenic u lm tng kh nng n mn ca cc thng cha, ng dn nhin liu. Cc cht cha nit lm cho nhin liu km n nh, bin mu. Kim loi nng, nht l vndi, Nikel nm trong sn phm chy nhit cao, khi p vo tuabin chnh s gy ra n mn v ph hng cc chi tit ca tuabin, v vy hm lng kim loi v tro trong nhin liu phi rt nh, khong vi phn triu. 3. Cc tiu chun ca nhin liu phn lc: Chiu cao ngn la khng khi, nhit tr, t trng, linh ng p ng nhng yu cu k thut ca ng c phn lc khi lm vic, nhin liu phn lc phi t c cc ch tiu cht lng l: tnh cht bay hi thch hp; nhit chy cao, tnh n nh ha hc tt, tnh chng n mn ph hp, tnh lu chuyn tt v m bo an ton chng chy n. Mt s ch tiu chnh ca loi nhin liu phn lc m hin nay ang s dng ti Vit Nam c nu trong bng di y : Bng 7.1. Mt s ch tiu chnh ca loi nhin liu phn lc STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
72

Ch tiu cht lng sn phm Khi lng ring 15 oC, kg/l Hm lng lu hunh, %Wt Nhit chp chy TAG, C n mn l ng 100 oC/ 2 gi Hm lng cht thm, %V nht ng hc -20oC, cSt Thnh phn chng ct - im si cui, oC Chiu cao ngn la khng khi, mm Nhit ng c, ng)
o o

Phng php th theo ASTM D 1298-99 D1266-98 D 4294- 98 D 56-00 D 130-00 D1319-99 D 445-97 D 86-00 a

Mc qui nh 0,775 0,840 Max 0,3 Min 38 Max No 1 Max 22 Max 8,0 Max 300

D 1322-97 D 2386-97 D 156-00

Min 25 Max -47 Min 25

C ( linh

11 12

Mu sc SAYBOLT Nhit tr, MJ/kg Tnh dn in

D 4809-95 D 2624- 95

Min 42,8 50 - 450

4. Cc loi nhin liu phn lc khc nhau Trn th gii, phn loi v yu cu k thut i vi nhin liu phn lc ca cc nc rt khc nhau, c bit khi chu u v M. Da vo mc ch s dng, nhin liu phn lc c chia ra thnh 02 nhm chnh l : Nhin liu phn lc dn dng v Nhin liu phn lc dng cho qun s. 4.1 Nhin liu phn lc dn dng Hai t chc ng vai tr ch cht trong vic hnh thnh, duy tr v pht trin cc yu cu k thut cho nhin liu phn lc dn dng l Hip hi th nghim v Vt liu ca Hoa k (ASTM) v B Quc phng Vng quc Anh (MOD). Cc c tnh k thut ca nhin liu phn lc do hai t chc ny a ra rt ging nhau nhng khng hon ton ng nht. Mt s quc gia khc cng c nhng yu cu c bit ring cho nhin liu phn lc, nhng nhng yu cu c bit trn rt gn ging hoc ng nht hon ton vi nhng yu cu k thut hoc ca ASTM hoc ca MOD. i vi cc nc thuc Lin X c v cc nc ng u th da trn phn loi theo tiu chun OCT ca Nga. Cc chng loi ny khc hon ton vi phn loi phng ty tng ng v phn loi ca Nga cng khng c coi l phn loi bnh thng. Tuy nhin, cc nc ny thng chp nhn loi Jet A1 v mt s loi xng bay khc. Phn loi v c tnh k thut ca nhin liu phn lc dn dng theo mt s tiu chun chnh nh sau: ASTM D 1655: Theo quy nh ca tiu chun ny ban hnh nm 1997, nhin liu phn lc dn dng gm: 02 loi c thnh phn ct da trn gc kerosen (Jet A and Jet A-1) v 01 loi c thnh phn ct rng hn nm gia xng my bay v kerosen (Jet B). Nhin liu Jet A c nhit kt tinh cao -40 o C, trong khi Jet A1 c kt tinh thp -47 oC v n ang c s dng cho tt c cc chuyn bay thng mi ni a Hoa K. Tiu chun Defence Standard 91: Tiu chun ny ca B Quc phng Anh c duy tr theo yu cu ca tiu chun DERD 2494 trc y cho nhin liu Jet A-1. y l loi nhin liu c s dng cho hu ht tt c cc
73

chuyn bay dn dng ngoi lnh th Hoa K v cc nc Lin X c. C mt t khc nhau v yu cu k thut gia tiu chun DEF STAN 91-91 Jet A-1 v ASTM D 1655 Jet A-1. Tiu chun CGSB-3.22: l tiu chun chung cho nhin liu phn lc ca Canada, bao gm c nhin liu Jet B c s dng mt phn ti Canada v khu vc Alaska. Tiu chun OCT 10227: l tiu chun ca Nga cho nhin liu phn lc, bao gm c nhin liu kerosene nh loi TC-1 s dng ti cc nc thuc Lin X c v mt phn cc nc ng u cng vi cc loi nhin liu phn lc khc nh T-1, T-2 v RT. Tiu chun chung (Joint Checklist): ban hnh bi nhm cc cng ty du kh a quc gia vn hnh h thng ng c nhin liu phn lc. Ni dung ca tiu chun ny kt hp nhng yu cu ca c hai tiu chun ASTM D 1655 v DEF STAN 91-91 trong mt ti liu duy nht. Tiu chun ca Hip hi vn ti hng khng th gii (IATA): ban hnh Ti liu hng dn s dng cc loi nhin liu phn lc. Ti liu ny bao gm cc yu cu k thut cho 04 loi nhin liu phn lc: 03 loi nhin liu gc kerosene (Jet A, Jet A-1, and TS-1) v 01 loi c thnh phn ct rng hn (Jet B). Jet A theo cc yu cu ca tiu chun ASTM, Jet A-1 theo cc yu cu ca tiu chun chung (Joint Checklist), TS-1 theo cc yu cu ca tiu chun OCT ca Nga, v Jet B theo cc yu cu ca tiu chun CGSB ca Canada. Yu cu k thut ca nhin liu phn lc theo tiu chun ASTM 1655 1997 c chi tit trong bng sau: Bng 7.2. Yu cu k thut ca nhin liu phn lc c tnh k thut Thnh phn - Axt tng, mg KOH/g, max - Hm lng cht thm, % vol, max - Hm lng S mercaptan% KL, max - Hm lng lu hunh tng,% KL, max c tnh bay hi a/ Thnh phn ct, C D 86 0.10 25 0.003 0.30 25 0.003 0.3 D 3242 D 1319 D 3227 D 1266, D 1552 Jet A or Jet A-1 Jet B ASTM P/php th

74

- 10%, max - 20%, max - 50%, max - 90%, max - im si cui, max - Cn, max - Hao ht, max b/ im bt chy, C, min c/ Khi lng ring 15C, kg/m3

205 Bo co Bo co 300 1.5 1.5 38 775-840

145 190 245 1.5 1.5 751802 21 D 56 or D 3828 D 1298 hoc D 4052 D 323 hoc D 5191 D 2386, D 4305 D 445 D 4529, D 3338 D 1740 D 1322 D 1840 D 130 D 3241

d/ p sut hi bo ho 38C, kPa, max Tnh chy - im kt tinh, C, max - nht 20C, mm /giy, max Tnh chy - Nhit tr, MJ/kg, min - Tr s sng, min - im khi, mm, min - Naphtalenes, % vol, max - n mn ng , 2 gi 100C, max n nh - Nhit tt p bnh lc, mm Hg, max - Cn ng, max nhim bn - Hm lng nha thc t, mg/100 mL, max - Phn ng vi nc b mt, max Ph gia dn in, pS/m (10-12
-1 2

-40 / -47 8.0 42.8 45 25 3.0 No. 1 25 Code 3 7 1b 450

-50 42.8 45 25 3.0 No. 1 25 Code 3 7 1b 450

D 381 D 1094 D 2624

m-1)

Hin nay Vit Nam s dng loi nhin liu phn lc theo tiu chun
75

quc t nn cc c tnh k thut chnh ca nhin liu phn lc theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6426 :1998 cng da trn tiu chun ASTM 1655 1997. Bng 7.2. So snh tnh cht ca mt s loi nhin liu phn lc dn dn Nhin liu Tiu chun c tnh k thut - Aromatics, % vol, max Thnh phn, C: - im si ban u - 10%, max - 50%, max - 90% , max - im si cui - p sut hi, kPa, max - im bt chy, C, min - Khi lng ring 15C, kg/m3 - Khi lng ring 20C, kg/m3, min - im kt tinh, C, max - im sng, C, max - nht 20C, mm /giy,max - nht 20C, mm /giy,min - nht 40C, mm /giy,max
2 2 2

Jet A ASTM D 1655 25 205 Bo co Bo co 300 38 775 840 40 8

Jet A-1 DEF STAN 91-91 25.0 Bo co 205 Bo co Bo co 300 38.0 775 840 47.0 8.0

TC-1 OCT 10227* 22 (% KL) 150 165 195 230 250 28 775 50 1.25 8.0

Jet B CGSB3.22 25.0 Bo co Bo co Min 110; Max 190 245 Bo co 21 750-801 51

* Mt s phng php th ca tiu chun OCT hon ton khc so vi phng php s dng, nn gi tr ca nhng c tnh ny khng th so snh trc tip c. 4.2 Nhin liu phn lc dng cho qun s: Do s khc nhau ca h thng vn hnh v cung ng nhin liu phn lc dng trong dn dng v trong qun s v do yu cu ca cc ng c phn lc qun s cn hiu sut lm vic cao nn Chnh ph Hoa K v mt s quc
76

gia khc vn duy tr cc yu cu k thut ring cho cc loi nhin liu phn lc dng trong qun s. Cc thng s k thut ca mt s loi nhin liu phn lc dng trong qun i M c cp trong bng sau: Bng 7.3. Cc thng s k thut ca mt s loi nhin liu phn lc dng trong qun i M p Nm Loi nhin liu a vo s dng 1944 1945 1947 1951 1952 1956 1956 1960 1979 1998 Thnh phn ct sut hi bo ho (Reid), psi JP-1 JP-2 JP-3 JP-4 JP-5 JP-6 JPTS JP-7 JP-8 JP8+100 kerosene Rng Rng Rng kerosene kerosene kerosene kerosene kerosene kerosene =2 5-7 2-3 60 60 60 72 46 54 53 43 47 47 43 60 38 38 60 43 Khng s dng na Khng s dng na Khng s dng na Dng trong Khng qun Dng trong Hi qun Chng trnh XB-70, Khng s dng na bn vi nhit cao bay hi thp, bn vi nhit cao Dng trong khng qun Dng trong khng qun, nhin liu c cha cht ph gia tng bn vi nhit cao im ng c C max im bt chy C min Ghi ch

JP (Jet Propulsion) ngha l y bng phn lc. Theo bng trn, hai loi nhin liu c s dng rng ri hin nay trong qun s ti Hoa K l: JP-5 dng trong Hi qun v JP-8 dng trong Khng qun. C hai u c thnh phn ct da trn phn on kerosene. S khc nhau ch yu gia chng l im bt chy, mc d c nhng tnh cht nh
77

khc nhau. Nhit bt chy nh nht ca JP-8 l 38C, trong khi ca JP-5 l 60C. Nhit ny ca JP-5 cao hn lm cho vic vn chuyn nhin liu bng cc my bay vn ti c an ton hn. im khc nhau ch yu gia nhin liu phn lc dng trong qun s v trong dn dng l vic s dng cc cht ph gia. Thc t, hai loi nhin liu JP-8 v Jet A-1 rt ging nhau. 5. Thc hnh: XC NH CHIU CAO NGN LA KHNG KHI - ASTM D1322 5.1 Phm vi p dng Phng php ny c dng xc nh chiu cao ngn la khng khi ca nhin liu phn lc, n c lin quan n vic xc nh ch s luminometer. 5.2 Mc ch ngha Phng php kim tra ny cung cp cho ta tnh cht to khi ca nhin liu phn lc. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi c lin quan n thnh phn cc hp cht hyrocacbon trong nhin liu. Thng thng nhin liu c cha nhiu aromatic th to nhiu khi hn. Mt nhin liu c chiu cao ngn la khng khi cao th c xu hng to t khi. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi c lin quan n kh nng chuyn nhit bng bc x trong bung t ca nhin liu. 5.3 Tm tt phng php Mu c t bng bc n kn, n c hiu chnh bng hn hp hydrocacbon bit trc chiu cao ngn la khng khi. Chiu cao cc i ca ngn la khi kim tra mu nhin liu m khng to khi gi l chiu cao ngn la khng khi (smoke point) v c n v l mm. 5.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 5.4.1 Thit b - ha cht

78

Hnh 7.2 H thng quan st chiu cao ngn la

Hnh 7.3 Thit b o chiu cao ngn la khng khi

79

Ch thch (1) - ng khi (2) - Thc o (3) - H thng lp n (4) - L thot kh (5) - Nm iu chnh 5.4.2 Chun b mu v dng c t n ni d thao tc, tin hnh v sinh cc l thng kh trn thn n. Bc phi c lm kh khong 0,5 gi 100 110oC v bo qun trong bnh ht m n khi s dng. Mu c th iu kin nhit bnh thng, nu mu qu bn th phi lc trc khi kim tra. 5.4.3 Hiu chnh dng c Dng c phi c hiu chnh trc khi s dng, s dng hai mu chun c chiu cao ngn la khng khi gn nhau xc nh h s hiu chnh. H s hiu chnh = [(As/Ad) + (Bs/Bd)]/2 Trong : As chiu cao ngn la khng khi tiu chun ca mu 1 Ad chiu cao ngn la khng khi o c ca mu 1 Bs chiu cao ngn la khng khi tiu chun ca mu 2 Bd chiu cao ngn la khng khi o c ca mu 2 5.4.4 Quy trnh thc nghim Nhng mt phn ca bc n c sy kh vo mu, phn chiu di an bc c nhng vo mu khng ngn hn 125mm. C th nhng li phn u ca bc vo mu sau khi lp bc n vo ng cha bc. Trong trng hp cn chnh xc cao th nn dng bc mi. Cho 20ml mu chun b sng nhit phng vo bnh cha mu c lm kh v lm sch. t ng cha bc ln bnh cha mu v gn cht vo thn. M van x bnh cha mu nhin liu. Ko cho bc thng ng v ct phn u ca bc sao cho an bc cn li nh ra khong 6mm. t h thng trn vo bn trong n. Tin hnh t n v iu chnh chiu cao ngn la khong 10mm, duy tr trong 5 pht. Tng dn chiu cao ngn la cho n khi xut hin khi ui, sau gim t t chiu cao ngn la cho n lc khng cn khi. Ghi
80

nhn gi tr chiu cao ngn la. Lp li th nghim trn 3 ln, nu cc gi tr gia cc ln o khc nhau qu 1,0mm th phi thay bc mi v tin hnh o li. Sau khi o xong, ly bnh cha mu ra khi n, ra vi naphtha v thi sch bng khng kh chun b cho ln o k tip. 5.5 Bo co kt qu Kt qu trung bnh ca 3 ln o ch cho php sai s vi cc ln o khng qu 0,1mm. Kt qu bo co chnh xc phi c hiu chnh vi h s hiu chnh v c n v l mm. 5.6 chnh xc lp li: Sai s gia nhng kt qu th nghim trn cng iu kin do mt ngi thao tc cho php ch 1 trong 20 ln th nghim l khng lp li. ti lp: Sai s gia hai kt qu c lp trn hai iu kin my mc, con ngi khc nhau, cho php 1 trong 20 trng hp.

81

BI 8. DU HA DN DNG M bi: HD B8
Gii thiu Du ho dn dng (theo tn gi c l du ho thp sng) l mt sn phm du m c s dng rng ri trong i sng hng ngy. Ni dung ca bi hc ny s cung cp nhng thng tin v tnh cht, ng dng ca du ho dn dng, ng thi gip ngi hc c kin thc c bn xc nh cc ch tiu chnh ca du ho dn dng. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t tnh cht v ng dng ca du ho. Xc nh cc ch tiu chnh ca du ho nh: Nhit chy, chiu cao

ngn la khng khi. Mu sc v.v.. trong PTN ha du. Ni dung chnh 1. Thnh phn ha hc Du ha dn dng c sn xut t phn on kerosen, vi khong cch nhit si t 200- 310 oC. Thnh phn ca du ho dn dng bao gm cc hydrocacbon vi mch cacbon trong phn t t C12 n C15. c tnh quan trng nht ca du ha l chiu cao ngn la khng khi, c tnh ny c lin quan n thnh phn ha hc ca du ha, du nhiu hydrocacbon thm, th chiu cao ngn la khng khi thp, ngn la , to nhiu mui v tn bm tim n. Du nhiu hyrocacbon parafinic ngn la sng p, chiu cao ngn la khng khi di, theo yu cu k thut ca nhin liu chiu cao ngn la khng khi ca du ha dn dng phi t ti thiu l 20 mm. Nu trong nhin liu cha nhiu lu hunh, khng nhng gy c hi trc tip cho ngi s dng m cn lm cho bng n m i, khng m bo cng chiu sng ca ngn la. 2. Cch xc nh cc ch tiu c trng. Du ho dn dng phi p ng c nhng tiu chun quy nh nh thnh phn ct, thnh phn ho hc, mu sc, chiu cao ngn la khng khi, nhit bt chy, im ng c, hm lng lu hunh, Sau y l mt s ch tiu k thut c trng, ngha ca n v cc phng php xc nh cc ch tiu y: Thnh phn ct: Thnh phn ct phn nh ho hi ca cc loi
82

hydrocacbon c trong du ho. Nu nhit si cc phn ct cao th du ho khi chy s to thnh than u bc, bc s b tc do axt naphthenic ng li, v vy lng du ln bc s b gim v lm cho ngn la khi chy b yu i. Tuy nhin, nu du ho c gii hn v nhit thp th cng c hi v rt d chy v gy ra ho hon, d bay hi nn gy ra hao ht trong khi vn chuyn v bo qun. Thnh phn ct ca du ho c kim tra, nh gi bng phng php tiu chun ASTM-D.86 v thng c quy nh nhit si 10% v nhit cui. Mu sc: Mu sc cho chng ta bit sch ca sn phm. xc nh mu sc ca du ho cn dng phng php th o mu Saybolt. y l mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng ca du ho. Vic o mu Saybolt c tin hnh theo tiu chun ASTM-D.156. Hm lng lu hunh: Lu hunh l mt cht gy n mn ph hng cc b cha v dng c t n. Do du ho c s dng trc tip thp n, lu hunh khi chy bc hi s trc tip gy hi n sc kho con ngi. m bo khi thp sng n lu hunh chy khng c hi, lng lu hunh trong du ho phi thp hn 0,3%. Phng php xc nh hm lng lu hunh thng c tin hnh theo tiu chun ASTM-D.1266. Ch tiu k thut v nh tnh i vi lu hunh mercaptan: Ch tiu ny c a ra nhm loi b nhng phn ng ph khng mong mun v gim mc ti a mi hi khng d chu. Ch tiu ny c xc nh bng phng php th ASTM-D.4952. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi: c tnh ny cho bit kh nng chy u, sng trng, khng mui ca du ho. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi thng quy nh khng thp hn 20 cm. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi c xc nh bng phng php th ASTM-D.1322. nht ng hc: Ch tiu k thut ny cho bit kh nng chy v bi trn ca du ho. nht ng hc c xc nh nhit 40oC v theo phng php th ASTM-D.455. im chp chy: Ch tiu k thut ny cho bit v him ho chy v l c s v mc nhit bo qun, tn cha v s dng du ho. im chp chy c xc nh bng phng php th ASTM-D.93.

83

3. Tiu chun ca du ho dn dng Trn th gii, mi quc gia u c tiu chun ca du ho dn dng ring p dng cho quc gia mnh. Sau y l tiu chun v du ho dn dng ca mt s nc : 3.1 Tiu chun ca Hoa K Da vo hm lng lu hunh, theo tiu chun ASTM-D.3699-90, du ho dng thp sng c chia ra lm 02 loi : 1-K ; 2-K. Chi tit xem bng di y: Bng 8.1. Yu cu cht lng du ha Cc ch tiu cht lng im chp chy cc kn, oC, min Thnh phn chng ct - im ct 10% th tch, C, max - im si cui, oC, max nht ng hc 40oC,cSt : min/max Hm lng lu hunh, % KL, max - Loi 1-K / Loi 2-K Lu hunh mercaptan, % KL, max n mn l ng 100 oC, 3 gi, max im ng c, oC, max Mu sc SAYBOLT ASTM-D.445 ASTM-D.1266 0,04 / 0,30 ASTM-D.3227 ASTM-D.130 ASTM-D.2386 ASTM-D.156 0,003 No3 -30 +16
o

Phng php th ASTM-D.56 ASTM-D.86

Mc yu cu 38 205 300 1,0 / 1,9

Loi du ho dng cho bp nu khng ng khi c hm lng lu hunh S thp (max : 0,04%). Loi dng cho bp nu dng c ng khi, c hm lng lu hunh cao hn (max : 0,30%). im ct 10%, max =205 oC v im ct cui, max = 300 oC. 3.2 Tiu chun ca Nga Du ho ca Nga c phn thnh 5 loi : KO-20, KO-22, KO-25, KO-30 v loi KO c ch bin t du th c nhiu lu hunh. Cc loi khc nhau ch yu v t trng (t 790 840 kg/m3), mu sc, thnh phn ct (im si cui t 280 oC n 310 oC) v hm lng lu hunh S (t 0,05 n 0,1%), chiu cao ngn la khng khi (t 20 n 24 mm). Du ho thp sng theo tiu chun Nga OCT 4753-68 c th c nu trong bng sau :

84

Bng 8.2. Yu cu cht lng du ha theo Nga Mc yu cu Cc ch tiu cht lng KO-30 KO25 0,795 KO-22 KO-20 KO t du ho giu lu hunh 0,805/ 0,80 25 280 1,0 30 48 -15 1,3 0,003 0,10 Khng c t c 20 290 2,0 25 -15 1,0 0,002 0,04 Khn g c t c 25 310 2,2/ 2,0 22/24 -15 1/1,3 0,003/ 0,002 0,05/ 0,04 Khng c t c 80 270 300 3,0 20 -12 1,3 0,005 0,10 Khng c t c 2,8 24 40 -12 1,0 0,004 0,10 Khng c t c 0,800 -

Khi lng ring 20 oC, g/cm3, max Th tch ct ti : - 200 oC, % th tch, min - 270 oC, % th tch, min im ct ti 70%, oC, max ti 98%, C, max im ct cui, oC, max Mu, n v quy c, max Chiu cao ngn la khng khi, mm, min im chp chy cc kn, oC, min im c, oC, max axt mg KOH/100 ml, max Hm lng tro, %KL, max Hm lng lu hunh, % KL, max Hm lng kim tan trong nc, tp c hc v nc Php th tm ng
o

0,790

3.3 Tiu chun ca Vit Nam Nm 1997, Vit Nam ban hnh tiu chun du ho dn dng : TCVN 6240 :1997. Tiu chun ny tng ng vi loi 2-K ca Hoa K v c nu trong bng sau:

85

Bng 8.3. Yu cu cht lng du ha Vit Nam Cc ch tiu cht lng im chp chy cc kn, oC, min Thnh phn chng ct - im ct 10% th tch, oC, max - im si cui, C, max Hm lng lu hunh, % KL, max nht min/max ng hc 40oC,cSt : ASTM-D.129/TCVN 2708-78 ASTM-D.445 ASTM-D.4952 ASTM-D.130/TCVN 2694-95 Chiu cao ngn la khng khi, mm, max Mu sc SAYBOLT ASTM-D.156 +16 4. Cc lnh vc ng dng. Du ha dn dng l loi nhin liu gm cc loi du t ch yu dng trong sinh hot un nu, thp sng. N c s dng lm nhin liu cho mt s loi bp l xch tay cho khch du lch v mt s quc gia ang pht trin. Nh mt nhin liu un nng, du ho dn dng c s dng lm ngun nhit h tr d phng trong nhng trng hp khn cp xy ra do vic thiu cn trng ca nhng ngi s dng. Khng nn dng cc thit b gia nhit xch tay s dng du ho lm nhin liu trong nh khng c ng khi v kh thi CO2 thot ra rt c. i khi du ho dn dng c dng lm cht ho tan trong cng nghip sn xut lc, vi du. Khi s dng du ho dn dng thp sng hoc un nu, yu cu c bn l chy vi ngn la sng trng v u, khng c mu vng, khng c khi mui v mi kht, tch than rt t trn bc n, khi chy tim n gim t t (khng qu 13% trong 9 pht), du phi c dn ln bc nhanh. ASTM-D.1322 20
o

Phng php th ASTM-D.93/TCVN 2693-90 TCVN 2698-95

Mc yu cu 38

205 300 0,3 1,0 - 1,9 m tnh No3

nh lng lu hunh mercaptan n mn l ng 100 oC, 3 gi, max

86

5. Thc hnh: XC NH IM CHP CHY CC KN - ASTM D 56 5.1 Phm vi p dng Phng php xc nh im bt chy cc kn ca sn phm du m bng thit b cc kn Pensky-Martens, p dng cho khong nhit 40 3600C. Quy trnh ny p dng cho nhin liu chng ct: diesel, du ho, nhin liu turbin, du nhn mi v cc cht lng du m ng nht. 5.2 Mc ch v ngha Dng pht hin cc cht d bay hi v d chy nhim trong cc sn phm du m. N nh gi hm lng cc cu t nh c trong cc mu sn phm, t p dng vo vn bo qun, vn chuyn v bo m an ton. 5.3 Tm tt phng php Mu trong cc th c gia nhit tc quy nh. Khi a ngn la mi tiu chun trc tip vo b mt cc mu cc khong thi gian u n. Nhit chp chy l nhit thp nht m ti hi ca mu trn b mt cc th chp chy khi c mi la tiu chun c a vo. 5.4 Thit b ha cht a. Thit bi

Hnh 8.1. Thit b xc nh nhit chp chy cc kn (1) - Ngn la mi (2) - L cm nhit k (6) - a gia nhit (7) - Cng tc gia nhit
87

(3) - ng dn nc (4) - Np y (5) - Bnh iu nhit b. Ha cht Bp gia nhit Cc cha mu Bnh gas 5.4.1 Qui trnh th nghim 5.4.2 Chun b mu

(8) - ng dn gas (9) - Nt iu khin ngn la mi (10) - Nt gia nhit Du D.O Kerosel Axton

Cn t nht 75 ml mu DO cho mi ln th. Khi ly mu du cn, bnh cha mu phi cha t 85-95% mu. i vi cc loi mu khc phi cha t nht l 50-85% mu. Cc mu th tip theo phi ly t cng mt bnh cha mu, mu th 2 phi ly t bnh cha khng cha t hn 50% mu. Khng m bnh cha mu khi khng cn thit trnh mt phn nh hay hp th hi nc. Bo qun mu nhit khng qu 350C. Bnh cha mu phi c np trong. Vi mu lng lm lnh mu v rt mu nhit thp hn nhit chp chy d kin 180C. Khng cha mu trong bnh thm thu kh. Mu qu c phi c gia nhit trong bnh cha chy lng trong 30 pht nhit thp nht khng vt qu 280C di im chp chy d kin. Nu mu vn cha chy lng c th gia nhit thm 30 pht na. Sau lc nh theo phng nm ngang trn u trc khi chuyn mu vo cc th. Mu cha nc ha tan hay t do cn c tch nc bng CaCl2 hay bng cch lc qua giy lc. 5.4.3 Chun b thit b t thit b trn bn vng chc trnh ni gi la, khng s dng trong t ht ang lm vic. Lm sch v kh cc th v cc b phn ph tr khc trc khi th nghim. 5.4.4 Tin hnh th nghim Cn thn lm sch cc v loi b ht cc vt bn ca ln th trc. Dng ng ong ly chnh xc 50ml mu (DO) cn th nghim cho vo cc cha mu, mu khng c c bt kh trong sut qu trnh th nghim. Dng giy thm lau kh vnh cc, lp cc vo b iu nhit v y kn cc cha mu.
88

t bnh iu nhit ln thit b gia nhit, lp nhit k vo np y ca cc cha mu (bu nhit k phi ngp trong mu th). Tin hnh tng nhit ln t t vi tc tng khong 5-80C/pht (i vi mu c im chp chy d kin t 50-1500C) v 10-120C/pht (Vi mu c im chp chy d kin ln hn 1500C). Khi cch im chp chy d kin khong 300C th gim tc tng nhit cn 20C/pht v chm la mi, iu chnh ngn la mi n kch thc tiu chun trn np y (c ng knh 3,2- 4,8 mm). (khng nn m van bnh gas qu ln ch 3 vng l ) Khi cch im chp chy khong 180C th bt u kim tra im chp chy. c nhit trn nhit k trc, sau cho ngn la mi vo b mt mu th nghim bng c cu trn np, sao cho ngn la h xung vng hi ca cc th trong vng 0.5s, lu li v tr thp trong 1s v nhanh chng tr v v tr c. ( Nu nhit bt chy ca mu th thp hn 1500C th c tng 10C th mt ln. Nu nhit bt chy ca mu th cao hn 150 0C th c tng 20C th mt ln) Khi hi ca mu th trong cc chp chy (xut hin ngn la chp chy mu xanh) th ghi li nhit ny, nhit gi l im chp chy cc kn. (Mi la c th gy ra qung xanh trc im chp chy thc, cn b qua). Sau khi pht hin im chp chy, tip tc nng nhit ln 1-20C na v li th tip tc, nu khng thy xut hin ngn la th th nghim xem nh sai, phi lm li t u. i vi mu cha bit im chp chy th phi lm th nghim thm d bng cch nng nhit 40C/pht v sau 40C li th mt ln. Sau khi xc nh thm d c im chp chy th tin hnh th nghim nh trn. 5.5 Bo co kt qu Kt qu bo co l nhit chp chy c lm trn s n 0,5 0C v theo cng thc hiu chnh sau: T= C+0,25(101,3-K) T: L nhit bt chy sau khi hiu chnh. C: l nhit bt chy ca mu quan st c. K: l p sut ca mi trng th kPa. 5.6 chnh xc Nu im chp chy ln hn 1040C, sai lch khng qu 5,50C. Nu im chp chy nh hn 1040C, sai lch khng qu 20C.

89

BI 9. NHIN LIU DIESEL (DO) M bi: HD B9

Gii thiu Ngy nay, hu ht cc ng c c cng sut ln nh: ng c cho t vn ti, u my xe la, tu thy, my nng nghip,...u s dng ng c diesel. Nhin liu diesel (thng gi l du DO) l mt sn phm du m c s dng ch yu cho ng c diesel hot ng. Ni dung ca bi hc ny s cung cp nhng thng tin v thnh phn ha hc, cch xc nh cc ch tiu chnh, ng dng ca nhin liu diesel, ng thi gip ngi hc c kin thc c bn c th lm sch nhin liu diesel trong iu kin xc nh. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t c cc tnh cht, thnh phn ca nhin liu DO. Xc nh cc ch tiu chnh ca nhin liu diesel nh: tr s xetan,

thnh phn ct phn on. Lm sch lu hunh t nhin liu diesel km phm cht trong iu kin PTN ha du. Ni dung chnh 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca DO Nhin liu diesel c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c diesel, l mt loi nhin liu lng, nng hn du la v xng, c sn xut ch yu t phn on gassoil l sn phm ct trc tip ca du m m gn nh khng qua mt giai on bin i ha hc no na. Thnh phn ha hc ca nhin liu diesel bao gm: 75% l cc hydrocacbon no (ch yu l cc n-, iso-parafin v cycloparafin); 25% l cc hydrocacbon thm (bao gm cc naphtalenes v alkylbenzenes). Cng thc ha hc trung bnh ca nhin liu diesel l C12H26, c dy t C10H22 n C15H32. 2. Nguyn l hat ng ca ng c diesel Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c diesel cng ging ng c xng, phi qua 4 qu trnh : ht, nn, n, x. Tuy nhin im khc bit l ng c diesel khng c bugi nh la m dng bm cao p phun nhin liu trc tip vo bung t trn ln vi khng kh nng trong bung t.
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Do nhit v p sut cao, hn hp nhin liu v khng kh s t chy. Qu trnh chy ny s xy ra bt k im no trong khng gian xy lanh m hn hp khng kh v nhin liu thch hp nht. Khi piston i t trn xung di, van np m ra, khng kh c ht vo xy lanh, sau van ng li; piston li i t di ln trn, thc hin qu trnh nn khng kh. Do b nn, p sut tng, dn n nhit tng c th ln n 500-700oC. Khi piston n gn im u xylanh, nhin liu diesel c phun vo xylanh nh bm cao p di dng sng, khi gp khng kh nhit cao s t bc chy. Khi chy, p sut tng mnh y piston xung di thc hin qu trnh dn n sinh cng c ch v c truyn qua h thng tay bin lm chy my. Piston sau li i t di ln trn thi sn phm chy ra ngoi qua van thi v tip tc thc hin mt chu trnh mi. 3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong ng c diesel Nhin liu trong ng c diesel khi hot ng, phi bc chy v chy u trng thi kh v vy tnh bay hi ca nhin liu c nh hng quyt nh ti tc to thnh cht kh hn hp nhin liu vi khng kh. Ni chung s vng quay ca my n diesel cng cao, th yu cu v thnh phn bay hi ca nhin liu cng cht ch. Phn ct nh nhiu qu s ko di thi k chm chy, tnh bc chy km, p sut trong bung chy s tng ln, my b n rung dn n h hng. Nu phn ct nng nhiu qu s bay hi chm, ht nhin liu sng phun c kch thch ht ln, chy khng ht, c khi en v lng tiu ph nhin liu tng ln. Trong thc t khi a nhin liu vo ng c phi c thi gian cho nhin liu kp bay hi, kp oxy ha, kp bc chy, thi gian gi l thi gian cm ng. Nu thi gian cm ng cng di th mt b phn nhin liu cha kp oxy ha, trong khi mt phn khc b oxy ha s lm bc chy c khi nhin liu b chy cng mt lc iu kin bt buc, tc chy ny rt ln lm cho p sut trong xylanh tng t ngt, lm hao tn cng sut ng c v do nhin liu chy trng thi cha b oxy ha su sc nn khng th chy ht to nn nhiu mui, khi v gy h hi cho ng c. Do khi s dng ngi tiu dng phi ch n vic la chn du diesel c thnh phn ct thch hp trong khong t 170- 350o C. Nh vy, c thi gian chy tr ngn th trong nhin liu phi c nhiu cu t hydrocacbon n-parafin, v cc cu t ny d b oxy ha, tc l rt d t bc chy. Cn cc izo-parafin v cc hp cht hydrocacbon thm rt kh b
91

oxy ha nn thi gian chy tr di, kh nng t bc chy km. C th sp xp kh nng oxy ha (tc l thi gian cm ng) theo chiu gim dn ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau: n-parafin < naphten < n-olefin < izo-naphten < izo-parafin < izo-olefin < Hydrocacbon thm Nh vy, quy lut v nh hng ca thnh phn hydrocacbon n tnh cht chy ca nhin liu trong ng c diesel hon ton ngc vi ng c xng. 4. Cc tiu chun ca DO nh gi cht lng ca nhin liu diesel ngi ta cng phi xc nh trn di 18 ch tiu k thut khc nhau, tuy nhin i vi ngi s dng chng ta cn quan tm n cc ch tiu c bn sau y: 4.1. Tr s xtan Kh nng t bc chy ca nhin liu diesel c nh gi bng tr s xtan (Cetan Number). Tr s xtan ca mt loi nhin liu diesel c xc nh da theo kh nng t bc chy ca nhin liu pha trn t hai cht chun : xtan (C 16H34) l mt hydrocacbon parafinic c kh nng t bc chy cao nht, qui c bng 100 v alpha metyl naphtalen (C11H10) l mt hyrocacbon thm c kh nng t bc chy thp nht qui c bng 0. Tr s xtan chnh l hm lng xtan (tnh bng % th tch) trong hn hp vi -metyl naphtalen c kh nng t bc chy tng ng vi kh nng t bc chy ca nhin liu cn nh gi. Tr s xtan ca nhin li cng cao, cht lng nhin liu diesel cng tt, tuy vy cng khng nn qu cao, thng thng ch t 45 55 v nu qu cao nhin liu s d b bc chy, to cc nhanh u vi phun. Tr s xtan c xc nh theo phng php ng c vi tiu chun ASTM-D.613. Tuy nhin, v s dng phng php ny i hi nhiu chi ph v thi gian nn hin nay ngi ta thng nh gi kh nng t bc chy ca nhin liu diesel thng qua i lng qui c khc l ch s xtan (Cetane Index- CI). Ch s xtan CI c xc nh bng cch tnh ton theo tiu chun ASTM D 976 vi biu thc sau: CI= -420,34+0,016logG2+0,192 G logM+65,01(logM)2-0,0001809 M2 Trong : G l t trng M (API Gravity) c xc nh theo phng php ASTM D.1298 M l nhit si ng vi im 50% th tch, theo oF v xc nh theo
92

phng php ASTM D.86 c chiu chnh theo p sut khng kh thc nghim. Tuy cn mt s hn ch, nhng vic s dng ch s xtan theo phng php ASTM D.976 c p dng kh rng ri. Mt cch tng t, phng php ASTM D 4737- 96 a ra cch tnh ton ch s xtan trn c s 4 thng s thc nghim l t trng, thnh phn chng ct 10%, 50% v 90% th tch. 4.2. nht nht c trng cho tnh linh ng ca mt cht lng, nht thay i theo nhit , gim i khi nhit tng v ngc li tng ln khi nhit gim. nht ca nhin liu diesel l mt tnh cht vt l quan trng, n quyt nh phun sng v chy ca nhin liu, do i hi nhin liu phi c nht thch hp, thng thng nht ca diesel trong khong t 1.8 -5 cSt 40o C. Ch tiu nht c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D445. 4.3. T trng T trng l i lng c trng cho nng nh, c chc ca nhin liu, c o bng trng lng ring ca nhin liu trn trng lng ring ca cht chn so snh, c xc nh cng iu kin. T trng c dng tnh ton, chuyn i gia th tch v khi lng, chuyn i gia th tch nhit ny sang th tch nhit khc. T trng c xc nh theo phng php chun ASTM-D1298 So vi cc ch tiu khc th t trng khng phi l yu t quan trng nh gi cht lng ca nhin liu, tuy nhin n cng c nhng ngha nht nh. Nu hai nhin liu c cng gii hn nhit si th nhin liu no c t trng cao hn th thng c hm lng cc hydrocacbon thm v naphthenic cao hn. Cc nhin liu c t trng thp thng c cha nhiu parafin. Nhit tr ca nhin liu cng c xu hng gim khi t trng tng. T trng ca cc sn phm du m thng c c trng bi tr s o API thay cho t trng d o bng kg/l nhit 15,6 oC so vi nc cng nhit . i vi nhin liu diesel th tr s oAPI t 25 n 40. 4.4. Hm lng lu hunh Nhin liu c cha lu hunh khi chy trong bung t kt hp vi oxy, hi nc to thnh axt H2S04 gy nn n mn rt mnh, v vy vic gii hn hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu l yu cu cn thit, hm lng lu hunh c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D129 v mc lu hunh ti a
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trong nhin liu diesel l 1% khi lng. 4.5. Hm lng nc v tp cht Nc v tp cht l tc nhn gy n mn, mi mn thit b, v s hng hc ca ng c trong khi vn hnh, lm tc bu lc v vy i vi nhin liu diesel hm lng nc v tp cht qui nh khng c vt qu 0.05% v c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 1796. Bng 9.1. Bng cc ch tiu k thut ca diesel v phng php th STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ch tiu cht lng sn phm Ch s Xetan Hm lng lu hunh Nhit chp chy PM n mn l ng 100oC/3 gi Hm lng nc v tp cht nht ng hc 40 C Thnh phn chng ct 90% th tch Khi lng ring 15o C Nhit ng c, Mu sc ASTM
o

Phng php th theo ASTM D 976-00

Mc quy nh Min 50 Max 0.5 Min 60 Max No 1 Max 0.05 1,8 5.0

%Wt
o

D 4294-98 D 93-00 D 130-00 D 2709-96 D 445-97

%V cSt
o

7 8 9 10

D 86-00 D 1298-99 D 97-96a D 1500-98

Max 370 0.820 0.870 Max +9 Max 2.0

kg/l
o

5. Lm sch nhin liu diesel Hin nay, trn th gii c xu hng s dng ngy cng nhiu ng c diesel do ng c ny c t s nn cao hn so vi ng c xng nn cho cng sut ln hn khi s dng cng mt lng nhin liu; nhin liu diesel r hn so vi xng do khng phi qua cc qu trnh ch bin phc tp; kh thi ca cc ng c diesel khng c hi bng kh thi ca ng c xng do nhin liu DO khng cn c ph gia. V cc l do trn, ng c diesel v nhin liu DO ngy cng pht trin v c ng dng rng ri. Vic lm sch nhin liu nhm nng cao cht lng, hon thin phm cp nhin liu diesel c ngha to ln trong vic nng cao nng sut thit b, tui th ng c, bo v mi trng, c th l vn gim thiu hm lng

94

lu hunh xung di 0,5% v cc hydrocacbon thm xung bng hoc di 20% th tch. Hin nay, ti Chu u cc tiu chun mi trng v kh thi cng vi cc chnh sch u i v thu buc cc nh my lc du pha gim mt cch t ngt hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu diesel. Ti Hoa k, t nm 2006 tr i ngi ta bt u chuyn i sang s dng nhin liu diesel c hm lng lu hunh cc thp (ULSD) khong 15 ppm, theo tiu chun c l 500 ppm. Vic thay i ny s gip ci thin ng k tnh trng nhim mi trng hin nay. 6. Tn cha v vn chuyn DO i khi vic tn cha n nh v vn chuyn DO khng phi l mi quan tm i vi phn ln ngi tiu dng, tuy nhin i vi nhng ai mun tn cha nhin liu diesel trong khong thi gian lu hn 1 nm th cn thc hin cc bc sau duy tr tnh ton vn ca nhin liu. Cc bin php sau y nhm lm tng cc mc bo v: - Mua nhin liu diesel sch, cht lng tt t cc cng ty cung cp c uy tn. Gi cho nhin liu kh v mt. S hin din ca nc s lm tng kh nng n mn kim loi ca bn cha v ng ng, cung cp mi trng cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin. - B sung cht n nh thch hp c cha cht chng xy ha, dit khun v cht c ch n mn. - S dng dch v qun l cht lng nhin liu thng xuyn kim tra nhin liu v cn thit lc li nhin liu v b sung cht n nh mi. y l mt thc t ph bin cho vic s dng nhin liu diesel ti cc nh my in. - Lp t mt h thng qun l cht lng nhin liu chuyn dng c th t ng kim tra, lm sch nhin liu v b sung cc cht n nh mi. 7. Thc hnh: XC NH HM LNG LU HUNH - ASTM D1266 7.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php ny ch s dng kim tra cc sn phm nh xng, du ha, DO, nhin liu phn lc c hm lng lu hunh t 0,01 n 0,4% khi lng. Mu phi chy hon ton trong n, i vi mu c hm lng lu hunh cao th phi pha long v phi m bo chy hon ton. 7.2 Mc ch v ngha Ch tiu ny c dng xc nh hm lng lu hunh c trong

95

xng, du lng nhm nh gi ch tiu cht lng sn phm c cha lu hunh. 7.3 Tm tt phng php Dng thit b kim tra hm lng lu hunh theo tiu chun ASTM D1266 t mt lng mu trong h thng kn vi mi trng gm 70% CO 2 v 30% O2 mi trng khng kh sch. Oxt lu hynh c hp th v oxi ha thnh axit sunfuric bi H2O2. Lu hunh di dng sunfat c chun bng NaOH. 7.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 7.4.1 Thit b ha cht a.Thit b B dng c gm: n, ng khi, chp n, bc n bng cotton c chit sch bng dung mi khng cha lu hunh. H thng ng phn phi: Bm chn khng, van iu chnh, ngun cung cp hn hp kh CO2, O2, hoc khng kh vi p sut kh khong 40 cmH2O v lu lng ht chn khng khong 3 lt/pht. b. Ho cht: Nc ct tinh khit phn tch, dung mi c hm lng lu hunh khng qu 0,001% khi lng ho tan hon ton mu v chy khng pht khi nh n-heptan, iso-octan v cn etylic. Dung dch HCl (1:10) Ha tan 1 th tch HCl (d=1,19) vi 10 th tch nc ct, dung dch H2O2 (1:19) ha tan 1 th tch H2O2 (30%) vi 19 th tch nc ct, bo qun trong l thy tinh ti mu c nt kn. Ch th metyl (0,1%) Dung dch NaOH 100g/l, dung dch tiu chun NaOH 0,05N, c bo qun trong chai thy tinh bn vi kim v loi tr kh nng xm nhp CO2. Ch c dng ng cao su sch ni chai vi buret. 7.5 Chun b dng c v ha cht Nu my mi s dng, cho vo bu hp thu 30 2ml nc ct. M ngun chn khng v iu chnh sao cho lu lng khng kh qua mi bu hp th khong 3 lt/pht vi p sut 40 cmH2O thp hn p sut kh quyn. Loi b nc trong bu hp th v gi thit b ch ny. Trung ha dung dch H2O2 (1:19) trc khi dng: Cho vo bu hp th 1
96

git metyl , cho thm 100ml dung dch H2O2 v thm NaOH cho n khi dung dch chuyn t mu sang xanh nht. Cho vo bnh hp th 302ml dung dch H2O2 trung ha. Nu cn, trong qu trnh t dng mt n trng i chng. tin hnh lp rp thit b. ng van iu chnh t, m 100% van p lc t 40 cmH 2O di p sut kh quyn. M CO2 v O2, hiu chnh sao cho lu lng CO2 v O2 qua bu hp th tht nh. p sut chn khng trong ng khi t 12 cmH2O. Ct dy tim di 30 cm lp vo n. 7.4.2 Quy trnh thc nghim 7.4.3 Kim sot qu trnh t Hu ht cc loi mu u chy vi ngn la mu vng sng, kch thc v hnh dng ngn la ph thuc vo tc cung cp ngun kh t, tnh bay hi ca mu, cht ca tim v bc n. iu chnh sao cho ngn la chy ph hp vi mi tc cung cp hn hp kh CO2 v O2 khng kh. i vi cht d bay hi tim v bc phi cht, tim nm di u bc khong vi mm. Nu cn th lm lnh mu. Mu cng t bay hi th cht gia tim v bc t hn v chiu cao tim di hn hoc hm nng mu trc. Ct b phn (tim) bc n, nu mu cha hydrocacbon thm, tim phi cao hn bc n khong 8mm. t trong mi trng khng kh sao cho ngn la khng c khi. Mu kh chy c th tng %O2 trong hn hp CO2 v O2 nhng khng qu 40% Oxy. 7.4.4 Quy trnh t trc tip Dng pipet cho vo mi bnh mu ca n 10 15 ml ( hm lng lu hunh khng vt qu 0,05% v 5 10 ml khi hm lng lu hunh t 0,05 0,4%). y bng nt sch, nh s ri cn chnh xc n 0,005g, ghi li s cn. Lp tim n vo bnh mu, t n bng ngn la khng cha lu hunh (v d nh n cn). Lp n vo h thng. Khi qu trnh t kt thc, tt n v cn li. Tt n cung cp hn hp kh. Thi khng kh qua bnh hp ph khong 5 pht loi tr CO 2, ng van chn khng. Ra ng khi v bu chn 3 ln, mi ln bng 10ml nc ct. Nu mu c cha ch th dng nc nng ra. Cho ton b nc ra vo bnh hp ph ri tin hnh trung ho. Mu i chng: Mu trng thao tc v iu kin t nh mu thc, tho ng khi ca bu hp ph mu trng, y np v thi khng kh t t lc t
97

mu n khi kt thc qu trnh t. Tt ngun kh t v thc hin cng vic kt thc qu trnh t ging nh trn. Thng thng lu hunh trong mu i chng rt thp. 7.4.5 Quy trnh pha vi dung mi Thm 6ml dung mi khng cha lu hunh vo mi bnh thu tinh, y np, nh s th t ri cn chnh xc n 0,005g. Dng pipet thm t 3-4g mu vo mi n. ng nt, lc u ri cn li, ghi s liu cn. Lp n vo h thng ri thc hin t nh trn. Tt n, dng 2ml dung mi ra thnh n, lp li h thng v t vi thi gian t mu. Lp li qu trnh ny sao cho n khi t c 10ml dung mi c pha long. Trung ho: Cho vo mi bnh hp ph t 3 4 git metyl , dng pipet cho tng git NaOH 0,05N khuy u trong qu trnh trung ho bng cch ht chn khng nh bnh hp ph. 7.6 Bo co kt qu Tnh ton hm lng lu hunh theo biu thc sau: %Wt = 16,03 M (A/10W) Trong : M: nng ng lng ca NaOH A: s ml dung dch NaOH dng trung ho bnh hp ph. W: s gam mu t Nu mu c cha ch th hm lng lu hunh phi c hiu chnh nh sau: %Wt = S LF trong : S: hm lng lu hunh tnh nh trn. L: hm lng ch trong mu g/Usgal F: h s bng 0,0015 nu mu cha ph gia ch chng kch n trong nhin liu hng khng v bng 0,0035 nu mu cha tetraethyl hoc tetrametyl ch hoc hn hp c 2 loi ny. Bo co kt qu n 0,01% vi mc hm lng lu hunh t 0,05% tr ln v nu r phng php th 7.7 Sai s: lp li: r = 0,005 ti lp: R = 0,01 + 0,025S S: hm lng lu hunh tng ca mu (%kl)

98

BI 10. NHIN LIU T L (FO) M bi: HD B10

Gii thiu Trong qu trnh ch bin du m, hu ht cc phn an chng ct ca du m u c tn dng, trong phn nng c s dng ch yu lm nhin liu t l. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t tnh cht v ng dng ca nhin liu t l trong cng nghip. Xc nh cc ch tiu chnh ca nhin liu t l nh: Nhit chy, t trng, hm lng kim loi trong PTN ha du Ni dung chnh 1. Gii thiu v nhin liu t l Nhin liu t l FO l phn cn ca cng on chng ct du th di p sut thng, cn chng ct chn khng, cn trong qu trnh ch bin su cc phn on du th, phn tch chit ra trong cc cng ngh sn xut du nhn thng c tn gi chung l du cn. Thnh phn ch yu ca FO l cc hydrocacbon c khi lng phn t ln c nhit si trn 350oC, cc nha asphalten, cc hp cht lu hunh, kim loi Nhin liu du t l FO c s dng lm nhin liu t l cng nghip nh: nung ximng, nu thy tinh, nu luyn gang thp, l hi nh my nhit in, cc loi l hi cng nghip ngoi ra n cn c dng cho cc ng c tu bin c tc chm. 2. Cc ch tiu ca nhin liu t l Cc ch tiu sau y l ng quan tm i vi ngi s dng: 2.1. Nhit tr Nhit tr l nhit lng ta ra khi t chy hon ton mt lng du FO xc nh trong iu kin chun, n v o nhit tr thng s dng l: kJ/kg, kcal/kg, cal/kg. Nhit tr thng thng trong du FO khong t 9.800- 10.500 kcal/kg. Ch tiu nhit tr c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 809.

99

2.2. nht i vi nhin liu t l nht l mt ch tiu quan trng. Nhc li, nht cn gi l ma st ni, l mt ch tiu c trng cho tnh cht ca cht lng chng li s chy ca chng tc l s chuyn dch t lp ny so vi lp khc trong chng di tc dng ca ngoi lc. nht c th c biu th bng nht ng lc hc k hiu l n v tnh l Poise (P), centipoise (cP) hoc nht ng hc k hiu
2

c c

th nguyn l mm / sec hay l centiStock (cSt). Gia hai i lng ny c mi lin h = /d, trong d l khi lng ring ca cht lng ti nhit m nht ng lc hc ca n bng . nht thp lm thun li cho qu trnh bm, vn chuyn du vo h thng l t, cng nh qu trnh phun du qua bc phun vo l, lm cho nhin liu chy c hon ton vi ngn la n nh. a s cc l hi hin i ngy nay u c thm h thng gia nhit lm gim nht ca du t l ph hp vi thit k ca bc phun. nht ln lm cn tr tc phun ca nhin liu, thm ch lm tc vi phun. V vy cc nh ch to lun lun qui nh ch tiu k thut ny cho thit b trong cc ti liu catalog km theo. Ch tiu nht c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM- D 445. 2.3. Hm lng lu hunh Hm lng lu hunh trong du FO c tc hi lm n mn my mc, bung t v c bit gy nhim mi trng do thi ra cc kh c SO 2, SO3 trong khi thi. Tu theo ngun gc du m v qu trnh ch bin trong du FO thng c 3 mc lu hunh nh sau: Lu hung thp: < 0,5% Lu hunh trung bnh : 0,51- 2% Lu hunh cao: > 2,0% i vi du FO c nht ln th hm lng lu hunh cng rt cao v ngc li. Mun c du FO c hm lng lu hunh thp ngoi yu t du th phi c hm lng lu hung thp, cng nghip ch bin i hi k thut v chi ph rt cao, do vy nhin liu t l c hm lng lu hunh thp thng bn gi cao so vi du FO c hm lng lu hunh cao. Xu hng hin nay nhiu nc t ra vic kim sot hm lng lu hunh trong du t l. Ch tiu hm lng lu hunh trong du FO c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM- D.129.
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2.4. Hm lng tro Cc hp cht c kim v mui c trong nc khong ca du m mang vo u nm trong du cn, khi t bin thnh tro. Hm lng tro c lin quan rt ln n cht lng du FO. Tro nhiu s lm gim hiu qu s dng, chnh n l cc loi mui c nhit nng chy thp nn bm vo thnh l bc phun du, lm tc bc phun hoc bm vo thnh ng gia nhit lm gim kh nng truyn nhit ca ng Hm lng tro trong du FO c qui nh ti a l 0,15% khi lng. Ch tiu hm lng tro c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM- D482. 2.5. Hm lng nc v tp cht Nc v tp cht c trong du FO c th gy tc cc ng dn nhin liu, gy cn tr trong qu trnh t, tp cht c th ng li trong cc b cha hoc cc mng lc lm cn tr s tip nhin liu cho l. Mt khc nc c trong du FO c th gy r cho b cha v cc thit b lin quan, ngoi ra n c th to nh vi du FO tr thnh nhng lp keo ly nhy ng di y b, nu tn cha lu ngy s l bn. Ch tiu hm lng nc v tp cht c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM- D.473. 3. Thnh phn v phn loi Ngi ta c th da trn cu to cc dng l t, nht hoc phng php ch bin phn loi du FO. Chng hn, theo tiu chun ASTM- D39698, du FO c phn thnh hai nhm chnh sau: Nhm FO chng ct: gm cc phn on thu c phn trn thp chng ct, n l loi FO nh c cc thng s tng t nh diesel v thng dng cho cc dng l bc hi hoc cc l c cu to vi phun, cc loi FO ny c k hiu l No1, v No2. Nhm FO cn l phn cn thu c cc cng on ch bin su hoc hn hp cn v mt phn FO nh. Du FO cn c nht trung bnh cao v n cng c phn thnh nhiu loi theo nht vi k hiu l No3, No4, No5, No6 theo yu cu ca cc loi l t. Da trn nht ng hc TCVN 6239-1997, du FO c phn loi c th nh sau: FO N-1: l loi nhin liu t l c nht ng hc 50 oC khng ln hn 87 cSt v hm lng lu hunh khng ln hn 2,0% khi lng. FO N-2: l loi nhin liu t l c nht ng hc 50 oC ln hn 87 cSt n khng ln hn 180 cSt. Da theo hm lng lu hunh, FO N-2 li
101

c chia thnh 2 loi: + FO N-2A: l nhin liu t l c hm lng lu hunh khng ln hn 1,5% khi lng, k hiu l FO N-2A (1,5 %). + FO N-2B: nhin liu t l c hm lng lu hunh khng ln hn 3% khi lng, k hiu l FO N-2B (3%). FO N-3: l nhin liu t l nht ng hc 50oC ln hn 180 cSt n khng ln hn 380 cSt. Sau y l bng cc ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu t l v phng php th: Bng 10.1. Bng cc ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu t l Phng STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ch tiu cht lng sn phm Khi lng ring 15o C Hm lng lu hunh Nhit chp chy PM Nhit lng Hm lng nc nht ng hc 50 C Tp cht trch ly Hm lng tro Nhit ng c,
o

php th theo ASTM D 1298-99 D 4294-98 D 93-00 D 4809-95 D 95-99 D 445-97 D 437-95 D 482-00a D 97-96a

Mc quy nh Max 0,970 Max 3,0 Min 66 Min 9800 Max 1,0 Max 180 Max 0,15 Max 0,15 Max +21

kg/l %Wt
o

kcal/kg %V cSt %Wt %Wt

o

4. Thc hnh: XC NH NHT NG HC - ASTM D 445 4.1 Phm vi p dng Phng php ny dng o nht ca cc sn phm du lng sng v ti mu ng nht c tnh cht nh cht lng Niuton. Bng cch o thi gian chy ca mt th tch cht lng qua nht k mao qun thy tinh chun ha di tc dng ca trng lc. nht ng lc hc c tnh bng cch nhn nht ng hc vi t trng ca mu. Khi o cho du cn F.O trong mt vi iu kin du l cht lng phi Niuton cng c p dng phng php ny. Khong nht ng hc p dng cho phng php ny t 300.000 cSt (mm2/s) tt c cc nhit . 4.2 Mc ch v ngha
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0.2

Trong s dng du bi trn, vic vn chuyn, bm rt, s dng nhin liu, vn hnh ng thit b ph thuc ng k vo vic xc nh c nht ph hp ca cht lng s dng. 4.3 Tm tt phng php o thi gian chy ca mt th tch c nh cht lng qua mao qun ca nht k chun ha di tc dng ca trng lc nhit cho trc. nht ng hc l kt qu ca thi gian chy o c v h s nht k. 4.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 4.4.1 Thit b - ha cht: Nht k Dng c kp nht k B n nhit ng h bm giy Nhit k Nht k: Dng nht k mao qun bng thy tinh theo qui nh ca tiu chun ASTM D446 c kim nh. La chn nht k cho ph hp vi mu th nh: Nht k chy xui dng cho cc mu c mu sng, cn nht k chy ngc dng cho cc mu c mu ti, du F.O. Nht k c la chn sao cho thi gian chy ca mu th khng nh hn 200 giy. Hng s ca nht k c chn theo cch sau: C = /200 C: l hng s nht k. : l nht d on ca mu. 200: l thi gian chy ti thiu ca mu. Axt cromic Axton Nht

Hnh 10.1 Nht k mao qun

103

Dng c kp nht k: Gi cho nht k v tr thng ng, ch lch 1 C v mi hng i vi nht k c mt cong theo ng thng, ch lch
o

0.3oC v mi hng i vi nht k c mt cong lch khi ng thng. B n nhit: C th dng cht lng trong sut nh glyxerin, du nht gc sng mu lm cht n nhit. Mu phi nm di b mt n nhit l 20 mm v cao hn y n nhit khong 20 mm. B n nhit c th ci t v duy tr nhit qui nh trong sut thi gian o, vi khong o t 15 100oC. Nhit ti cc im xung quanh nht k o ca b khng c khc nhau nhiu hn 0.02oC. Ngoi khong nhit ny th lch nhit trong b khng c vt qu 0.05oC. Nhit k: S dng nhit k thy tinh hiu chnh c chnh xc 0.02 C.
o

ng h bm giy: S dng mi ng h bm giy c th o c

0.1s hay tt hn, v c chnh xc trong khong 0.07% ca s o khi o trong khong 200 - 900s. Dung dch lm sch nht k: Axit cromic. Dung mi ra: Naphtha cho a phn mu, i vi du cn ra ngay vi dung mi thm nh: Toluen, xylen loi hp cht nha asphanten. Dung mi nh, axeton, nc ct. 4.4.2 Hiu chun v kim nh Dng du nht chun (c nht ng hc chnh xc): Tin hnh xc nh thi gian chy ca du nht trn nht k cn hiu chun. Nu nht xc nh c sai s khng nm trong khong 0.35% ca gi tr chng nhn, kim tra li cc bc ca quy trnh, bao gm hiu chun nht k v nhit k, tm ra ngun gc ca sai s. Cc ngun sai s thng thng nht l do cc ht bi lt vo thn mao qun nht k v sai s o nhit . Cn phi nh gi c l kt qu ng c c trn mu th khng bao gm kh nng kt hp c cc ngun sai s c th. Hng s C ph thuc vo gia tc trng trng ti v tr hiu chun. Khi gia tc trng trng khc nhau nhiu hn 0.1%, hiu chnh h s hiu chun nh sau: C2 = (g2/g1)xC1 C1: L hng s o c g1: Gi tr ti phng th nghim hiu chun. g2: Gi tr ti phng th nghim th nghim.
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4.4.3 Quy trnh thc nghim Ci t nhit cn th cho b n nhit, khuy v bt n chiu sng. Cm nhit k ph hp c hiu chun. C th dng knh lp loi b sai s do quan st. Khi nhit th thp hn im ngng sng, np mu bnh thng m bo hi nc khng ngng t hay ng bng trn thnh mao qun. y nt cao su vo ng gi lng mu ti v tr v t nht k vo b. nht k t c nhit ca b, tho nt v o. Nht k s dng cho cht lng silicon, fluocarbon v cc cht lng khc kh ra bng cc dung mi ra, s c dng ring tr li vi cc cht lng , tr khi hiu chun. Cc nht k ny phi kim tra hiu chun thng xuyn hn. Dung mi ra cc nht k ny khng c s dng ra cc nht k khc. 4.4.4 Quy trnh o vi cht lng trong sut Np nht k theo ch dn ca thit k dng c. Nu mu c cc ht rn th cn lc mu qua li No.200 (75 m). i vi mu c nht cao cn o nhit cao du c th chy t do, dng cc nht k c kch thc thch hp. Ngm nht k c cha mu trong b n nhit t nht l 30 pht mu t nhit cn th. B n nhit c th t t 4-8 nht k, khng c thm hay ly nht k khc khi ang o thi gian chy. V nhit nh hng n nht, trnh thay i nhit . Khi nhit nht k t yu cu, iu chnh th tch mu n vch yu cu sau khi mu t cn bng nhit . Dng qu bp cao su (nu mu khng cha cht d bay hi) hay p sut iu chnh mc du ca mu th v tr trong nhnh mao qun khong 7 mm cao hn vch mc thi gian th nht. o thi gian (s), chnh xc n 0.1s. Cn vm khum mu i t vch mc thi gian th nht n th hai. Nu thi gian nh hn 200s, thay nht k khc c mao qun nh hn v lp li php o. i vi nht k chy xui, dng qu bp bm ln v o li ln hai. Nu hai ln xc nh ph hp vi bng kh nng i vi sn phm, ly gi tr trung bnh tnh ton kt qu bo co. Nu hai ln o khng ph hp, lp li php o sau khi ra k v lm kh nht k v lc mu. 4.4.5 Quy trnh o vi cht lng ti mu nht ca du nhn, cn FO, sn phm parafin c th b nh hng
105

bi ch gia nhit trc . Thng nht k dng cho cht lng c l loi chy ngc. un nng mu trong bnh cha n 60 2oC trong mt gi. Khuy k mu bng que khuy cho mu lng ng nht. Rt mt lng mu vo bnh nh c nt, lp cht nt bnh v lc mnh trong mt pht trn u. Nu mu nhiu parafin hoc nht cao, c th tng nhit un ln trn 60oC mu chy lng hon ton. Nht k trc khi ly mu cn gia nhit mu khng b ngui bm vo thnh nht k ly mu vo nht k theo mc quy nh v t nht k c mu vo b n nhit. Khi nht k t nhit th khng c thm hoc rt bt nht k trong b lm thay i nhit . o thi gian chy ca mu khong chnh xc n 0,1s, mu chy t vch mc th nht n mc th hai. Ra nht k: dng dung mi ra, ra mt vi ln sau dng dung mi nh trng li v sy kh bng khng kh kh cho n khi khng cn vt dung mi. nh k lm sch bng acid cromic trong vi gi loi cn hu c, ra bng nc v acetone v lm kh bng cch thi khng kh. Cn v c c th x l HCl trc khi dng acid cromic lm sch, c bit nu nghi ng c mui bari. 4.5 Bo co kt qu nht ng hc: = C x t ( mm2/s ) Trong : C: l hng s nht k (mm2/s2) t: l thi gian chy (s) nht ng lc hc: Trong : = x d x 10-3 (mPa.s) : l nht ng hc ( mm2/s )

d: l khi lng ring mu nhit xc nh nht (kg/m3) 4.6 chnh xc Kh nng xc nh (d) Sai khc gia hai ln xc nh do cng mt th nghim vin tin hnh trn cng thit b a n mt kt qu n, iu kin vn hnh n nh v ng phng php th ch c 1 trong 20 trng hp vt qua cc gi tr sau: Du gc 40 v 100oC Du pha ch 40 n 100oC Du pha ch 150oC
106

0.0020y 0.0013y 0.015y

0.20% 0.13% 1.5%

Sp du m 100oC Du cn 80 v 100oC Du cn 50oC Ph gia 100 C D.O 40oC Jet -20oC

o

0.0080y 0.011 (y + 8) 0.017y 0.00106y 0.0013 (y +1) 0.0018y

1.1

0.80% 107%

0.18%

y Gi tr trung bnh ca cc kt qu c so snh lp li(r) Sai khc gia cc kt qu thu c do cng mt loi th nghim vin tin hnh trn cng thit b, iu kin vn hnh n nh v ng phng php th ch c 1 trong 20 trng hp vt cc gi tr sau: Du gc 40oC 0.0011x 0.11% Du pha ch 40 n 100oC Du pha ch 150oC Sp du m 100oC Du cn 80 v 100oC Du cn 50oC 0.0026x 0.0056x 0.0141x1.2 0.013 (x + 8) 0.015x 105% 0.26% 0.56%

Ph gia 100oC 0.00192x1.1 o D.O 40 C 0.0043 (x + 1) o Jet -20 C 0.007x 0.7% x Gi tr trung bnh ca kt qu c so snh ti lp (R) Sai khc gia hai kt qu n v c lp do cc th nghim vin cc phng th nghim khc nhau thc hin, trong iu kin vn hnh n nh v ng phng php th ch 1 trong 20 trng hp c vt cc gi tr sau: Du gc 40 v 100oC Du pha ch 40 v 100oC Du pha ch 150oC Sp du m 100oC Du cn 80 v 100oC Du cn 50oC Ph gia 100oC D.O 40oC Jet -20oC 0.0065x 0.0076x 0.018x 0.0366x1.2 0.04 (x + 8) 0.074x 0.00862x1.1 0.0082 (x + 1) 0.019x 0.65% 0.76% 1.8%

7.4%

107

BI 11. SN PHM BITUM M bi: HD D11

Gii thiu Bitum l sn phm kh quan trng ca cng nghip ch bin du m v ha du. Do c s dng nhiu nht lm nha ri ng nn ngy nay khi ni n bitum l ni n nha ng v thut ng bitum-nha ng tr thnh tn quen thuc khi gi tn bitum. Ni dung ca bi hc ny s cung cp nhng thng tin v thnh phn ha hc v phn loi bitum, cc c trng ha l, cng ngh sn xut bitum v cc ng dng ca n. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t tnh cht, thnh phn ha hc v ng dng ca bitum. Xc nh cc ch tiu chnh ca bitum nh: kim xuyn, nhit chy mm trong PTN ha du Ni dung chnh 1. Thnh phn v phn loi bitum Bitum l mt loi cht lng hu c c nht cao, mu en, nhp nhp v ha tan hon ton trong cacbon isulfua (CS2). Nha ng v hc n l hai dng ph bin nht ca bitum. Bitum trong dng nha ng thu c t chng ct phn on du th. Bitum l phn nng nht v c phn on vi im si cao nht. Bitum trong dng hc n thu c t chng ct ph hy cc cht hu c, thng thng t than. Bitum l hn hp ca cc hydrocacbon c phn t lng ln v cc cht nha asphanten. Phn t lng c th t 2.000 n 3.000. V bn cht bitum l mt h keo c 3 cu t, gm c cc cht asphanten, nha c phn tn cao trong mi trng cc hp cht hydrocacbon (gi chung l du nhn). Asphanten m bo cho bitum c rn v nhit chy mm cao. Nha lm tng tnh cht kt dnh v tnh n hi ca bitum. Du nhn l mi trng pha long, c tc dng ha tan nha v lm trng n asphanten. Tnh cht ca bitum ph thuc rt nhiu vo s phn b 3 cu t ni trn. lxuyn kim tng (tc l cng gim) khi t l du/asphanten tng v hu nh khng ph thuc vo hm lng nha. Nhit chy mm tng khi t l
108

du/asphanten gim v cng hu nh khng ph thuc vo hm lng nha. do ( ko cng) t c cc i (100cm) khi t l du/asphanten trong khong t 2 n 5. Trong bitum, cc hydrocacbon c cu to rt phc tp, dng hn hp ca mch cacbon thng vng naphten, vng thm, vng ngng t. Cht nha asphanten cng l nhng cht c cu trc rt phc tp, c phn t lng ln. c bit, ngoi cacbon v hydro, n cn c cha cc nguyn t khc nh xy, nit, v lu hunh. C nhiu cch phn loi bitum khc nhau, di y l hai cch phn loi bitum thng dng nht: Phn loi theo phm vi p dng: bao gm, bitum nha ng, bitum xy dng, bitum c chng, bitum c nng chy cao. Phn loi da vo xuyn kim ca bitum hoc mc bitum: c 4 loi, loi 44/60, loi 60/90, loi 90/130 v loi 130/200. 2. c trng ha l ca bitum 2.1. xuyn kim: xuyn kim c xc nh bng cc thit b chuyn dng v c tnh bng mm chiu su ln xung ca kim c di mt ti trng 100g trong thi gian 5 giy nhit 0 oC v 25 oC. xuyn kim biu th cho cng, xuyn kim nh th bitum cng. 2.2. nht m bo xuyn thm cn thit ca bitum trong t, pha trn tt vi cc cht khong v bao ph hon ton cc ht rn trong qu trnh x l mt ng 2.3. gin di gin di tnh bng cm khi ko cng mt mu c thit din quy nh nhit 25 oC cho ti khi mu th b t ra. gin di biu th tnh nng dnh do, n hi ca bitum, cho bit t l gia cc thnh phn ca bitum. Nhng loi bitum c coi l tt nu c kh nng ko gin di ln (biu th cho n hi ca bitum). gin di cng cao th cht lng ca bitum cng tt 2.4. im chp chy im chp chy ca bitum biu th mc an ton phng chy ca n. Vic nh chun nhit chp la rt quan trng i vi cc loi bitum lng c ng c trung bnh v trong thnh phn ca chng c sn phm du m l
109

cht pha long c nhit chp la tng i thp. 2.5. Nhit chy mm Nhit chy mm biu th kh nng chu nhit ca bitum, l nhit ti mu bitum tiu chun s chy v bin dng. Nhit chy mm cng cao th bitum cng cha nhiu asphanten v kh nng chu nhit cng tt. Trong cc c tnh trn y, xuyn kim v nhit chy mm c xem l 2 c tnh c bn quan trng nht ca bitum. Vi 2 c tnh ny c th nh gi mc cng v mc nhy vi nhit ca bitum. Nu bitum c cng mt nhit xuyn kim nh nhau, nhng c nhit chy mm khc nhau th bitum no c nhit chy mm thp hn s l loi nhy vi nhit hn. 3. Cng ngh sn xut bitum Cc loi bitum du m c sn xut theo 3 loi dy chuyn cng ngh nh sau: 3.1. Cng ngh chng ct chn khng Nguyn liu: mazut v gudron Mazt l phn cn du m si trn 350 oC Gudron l phn cn du m si trn 500 oC, gm cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t cacbon ln hn C41, gii hn cui cng c th n C80. Cng ngh chng ct chn khng thng c chn i vi loi du m c nhiu nha asphanten sn xut bitum t mazt ca n. 3.2. Cng ngh tch lc asphan Nguyn liu: gudron, dung mi Cng ngh tch lc asphan cho sn phm chnh l du tch lc asphan dng sn xut du nhn cn, sn phm ph l asphan sn xut bitum. Bn cht ca cng ngh ny l ha tan gudron trong mt s dung mi thch hp. Thng ngi ta chn propan lng C3H8. Trong qu trnh ny cc cht nha asphanten, cc hp cht hydrocacbon a vng, cc cht cha kim loi,... s keo t v lng xung th rn gi l asphan dng sn xut bitum. Cc hp phn hydrocacbon khc tan trong dung mi gi l phn loi asphan c tch ra sn xut du nhn cn. 3.3. Cng ngh oxy ha cc cn du Nguyn liu l cc cn du ca nhiu quy trnh sn xut khc nhau trong
110

ch bin du m nh: cn chng ct (gudron); cn cracking, cn tch lc asphan; cn trong sn xut du nhn. Bn cht ca cng ngh ny l oxy ha cc loi cn du bng oxy khng kh nhit cao thu c cc phn bitum c cht lng cao. Cc bitum c sn xut t cng ngh oxy ha gi l bitum oxy ha. Cc loi bitum sn xut t cng ngh 1 v 2 gi l bitum cn. lm tng thm cht lng ca bitum, ngi ta s dng mt s loi ph gia v cht mang a vo trong bitum. Cc cht mang trc ht l cc hp cht dng polime nh cao su t nhin, cao su nhn to,... Cc ph gia ny to nn nhng thun li trong s dng bitum xy dng ng s. 4. Tn cha, vn chuyn Bitum v cc sn phm ca bitum (nha ng, hc n) cn phi c cha trong cc thng cha hoc b cha nng c t sao cho trnh b trn hoc r r vo h thng cng thot nc v bo v khi cc cht d chy. Cc thng cha cn c cch ly hoc lp cc tm chn gi xung quanh gim hm lng m ca sn phm. Ni lu gi bitum cn phi xy cc b ngn quanh b cha du. Cc bin php ngn nga du trn khi bc d, cht xp, v d nh cc thng thu hi du r r cc im tip xc. Tch du t nc thi i ra. t cc thng cha, b cha trong cc thng chn nc ma. Nha ng c trng thi cng vn chuyn theo cc ng ri (n ch mm i khi b nng qu) v th i khi n c trn ln vi du izel hay du la cho d vn chuyn. Vo lc giao hng, cc cht nh hn ny s c tch ra khi hn hp. Vic vn chuyn bitum cn phi c tun th theo cc quy nh v bo v mi trng v cc ch dn an ton ca nh cung cp. Nguyn nhn chy thng gp nht l bt chy lp tc khi vt liu cch ly b ngm trong bitumen nng r r ra t cc van b r hoc t b cha qu y. Chy bitumen c th dp bng bt, carbon dioxid, bt nc. Vic dp la bng nc c th gy n. Mt nguyn tc rt quan trng l khng c cho bitumen nng tip xc vi nc hoc nh tng tha v thng lm b cha si hoc pht n. 5. Thc hnh: XC NH XUYN KIM CA M V BITUM ASTM D 217 5.1 Phm vi p dng

111

Phng php ny dng o c ca m nhn bng cch o xuyn kim ca 1 chp nn c kch thc, khi lng v thi gian xc nh. n v o l 0,1mm. Bng 11.1: Bng xc nh cp NLGI Cp NLGI (Vin m quc gia) S c 000 00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Khong xuyn kim lm vic 25 0 C 445 475 430 444 355 385 310 340 265 295 220 250 175 205 130 160 85 115

5.2 Mc ch v ngha xuyn kim ca cc sn phm du m l thng s phn nh mc cng ( nht) ca cc sn phm dng bn rn. Qua gip ta chn la sn phm bi trn thch hp cho cc thit b hot ng cc tc v ti trng khc nhau. 5.3 Tm tt phng php S xuyn qua c xc nh 25oC bng cch th kim hnh nn ri t do qua mu m trong 5 giy. 5.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 5.4.1 Thit b v ha cht My o xuyn kim Cn xuyn kim chun Dng c nhi m Dao ct m B n nhit My o xuyn kim o c M Naphta nh Vi, giy lu Dao gt Dng c o nhit xuyn kim chnh xc n

0.1mm. Cn xuyn kim chun Ph hp cho tt c xuyn kim.

112

Dng c nhi m Gm c cc, np, pippon. Dng c nhi th

cng cho php nhi vi tc 60 10 k p trong mt pht. Dao ct m Dng chun b mu cho xuyn kim bolck. B n nhit B nc hay khng kh cho php kim sot nhit b 25 0,5oC. Dao gtKhng n mn, c li cng rng 32mm v di t nht 150mm. Dng c o nhit C chiu di khong 20mm v ng knh bao 3,7mm (va c l thng hi). C thang o c s chia nh cho php o c n 0,5oC. C khong khng cho phn trn ca bao gi u o ngay pha trn ca tm c l ca dng c nhi v trong khi mu. Vng chy trn (khng bt buc) Dng c thu hi m chy ra t b mt mu. Mu ny c th quay li cc nhi cho th nghim k tip.

Hnh 11.1 Thit b o xuyn kim Ch thch (1) - Mn hnh hin th (2) - Cc phm s (3) - Phm ci t gii hn di (4) - Phm ci t gii hn trn (5) - Phm ci t thi gian o (6) - Phm ci t thi gian dng (9) - Ren (10) - Knh lp (11) - n chiu sng (12) - Nm chnh th (13) - H thng o t ng (14) - Nm kha
113

(7) - Phm bt u o (8) - Phm RESET 5.4.2 Chun b mu

(15) - Nm tinh chnh (16) - Trc my xuyn kim

Kch thc mu yu cu 1 lng mu (t nht l 0.4 kg) lm y cc ca dng c nho m chun. Nu mu khng hay c khong xuyn kim t NLGI 04, s dng phng php D 1403. Nu gi tr xuyn kim ton b thang chia tnh theo phng php th D 1403 cao hn 200, yu cu t nht l 3 ln lng mu cn lm y cc nho thang v . i vi o xuyn kim khi, ly mt lng mu cng c hnh dng, lng cho php ct thnh hnh lp phng 50 mm. xuyn kim khng lm vic: t cc khng ca dng c nho m hay bnh kim loi kch thc tng ng v mu trong bnh kim loi vo b n nhit v n nhit 25 0,50C. Chuyn mu, tt nht l nguyn cc lm y cc dng c nho m. Chuyn sao cho cc hot ng t nht. Lc nh cc lm thot kh v trt y m bng dao tht kho c cc y khng c ti kh. Gt m d bng ming cc, khng c kht bng li dao t nghing 450. Xc nh xuyn kim ngay. xuyn kim lm vic: Chuyn mu vo cc nhi m sch lm y c ngn (khong 13mm gia), trnh a khng kh vo bng cch trt bng dao v va lc va trt ui khng kh. Lp dng c v h l thng, n pitton xung y. t nhit k vo l thng sao cho u nhit k gia m. t my nho vo b n nhit 25oC, cho n nh nhit . Sau khi a dng c nho ra khi b. Lau nc d mt ngoi my nho. Tho nhit k v ng l thng. Nho 60 k p ca pitton trong khong 1 pht, v a pitton v v tr nh. M l thng, b np v pitton, chuyn phn m dnh trn pitton vo cc. Lm bng b mt v thot kh nh trn. xuyn kim lm vic ko di: Lm nh xuyn kim lm vic hai ln c n nhit gia 2 ln 25oC trong 1,5h. M khi: Dng my ct m ct mu m thnh hnh lp phng c cnh 50mm. Ct vt 1 gc, ct 3 mt k vi n 1 lt khong 1,5mm. Ch khng chm vo cc mt mi ct dng th nghim. n nhit 25oC trong t nht 1h. 5.4.3 Chun b thit b Lm sch chp nn v trc my xuyn kim bng vi hay giy mm c thm dung mi nh khng nha khi cn. 5.4.4 Quy trnh th nghim
114

 xuyn kim khng lm vic: t cc vo bn my xuyn kim, gi cho khng dao ng. t kt cu gi chp nn vo v tr 0, v chnh thit b cn thn u chp nn chm vo b mt tm ca mu th. i vi mu c xuyn kim > 400, cc phi vo gi x dch trong khong 0,3mm so vi u chp nn. Th trc chp nn nhanh v cho ri trong khong 5 0,1s. C cu th lng khng c ko trc. ng trc v tr cui thi gian 5s. n nh kim trc n khi dng li trc chp nn v c xuyn kim t v tr kim. Nu mu c xuyn kim > 200, t chp nn vo tm cc, mu ny ch c s dng cho mt th nghim. Nu mu c xuyn kim 200, tin hnh 3 th nghim trn cng 1 cc. xuyn kim lm vic: Xc nh ging nh phn trn. Lm 2 th nghim k tip trn cng 1 mu. a tr li cc phn trn ra bng dao gt v lp li cng on trong phn IV. xuyn kim lm vic ko di: Xc nh ging nh phn trn. Lm 2 th nghim k tip trn cng 1 mu. a tr li cc phn trn ra bng dao gt v lp li cng on trong phn IV. xuyn kim khi: t mu th ln bn dng c, mt mt chun b hng ln trn v n gc n nm chc chn trn bn. t kt cu gi chp nn chm vo b mt tm ca mu th. Xc nh ging nh phn trn. Lm th nghim ti 3 v tr cch cnh t nht 6mm v cng xa l kh hay vt nt trn b mt cng tt. Nu cc kt qu sai khc nhau nhiu hn 3 n v, cn lm li cho n khi sai khc trong khong 3 n v. Lp li quy trnh m t trong phn III trn mi mt chun b ca mu. Bo co 1/3 tng s cc trung bnh i vi 3 mt 5.5 Bo co kt qu Bo co gi tr trung bnh ca 3 ln xc nh 5.6 chnh xc Bng 3.2: chnh xc xuyn kim Khng lm vic Lm vic Lm vic lu di Khi Khong xuyn kim 85 475 130 474 130 475 < 85 lp li 8 7 15 7 ti lp 19 20 27 11

115

BI 12. DU NHN NG C M bi: HD B12 Gii thiu Thay du nhn l mt trong nhng thi quen cn c i vi hu ht nhng ngi i t, xe my. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c mi ngi u hiu cn k v nhng tnh nng, cng nh thng s ghi trn sn phm du nhn. Ni dung ca bi hc ny gip cho ngi hc hiu hn v cc vn lin quan n du nhn ng c. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t cc tnh cht ca du nhn ng c. La chn du nhn ph hp vi ng c, da vo s phn loi. Pha ch du nhn ng c. Xc nh cc ch tiu chnh ca du nhn nh: nht, ch s nht. Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN Ni dung chnh 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca du nhn Du nhn c ngun gc t du m, nn thnh phn ha hc ca n cng ch yu t hai nguyn t chnh l: ccbon (C) chim t 84-87% v Hydro (H) chim t 12-14%, s cn li t 0,5-5% l nhng hp cht lu hunh, Oxy, Nit, cc hp cht c kim, nha asphanten, v mt s kim loi nh V, Ni, Fe, Cu,... V cc nguyn t C v H c kh nng kt hp vi nhau v vi nhiu t l khc nhau theo nhng cng thc rt khc nhau, hp thnh v s nhng hp cht hydrocacbon. Ph thuc vo thnh phn v hm lng ca cc hydrocacbon m du nhn c cc tnh cht khc nhau. Hm lng ca cc parafin mch thng trong du nhn khi ch bin phi gim ti mc nh nht. Mc khc, cc iso-parafin li l thnh phn rt tt trong du bi trn v chng c n nh nhit cao v tnh nhit nht tt, nu mch cng di th c tnh ny cng th hin r nt. Hydrocacbon no n v a vng (naphten): c cu trc xyclohexan gn vi mch nhnh parafin. Naphten c tnh n nh v nhit v ha hc cao, c nht l thnh phn rt qu v rt quan trng chim ti 70% trong du nhn.

116

Cc hydrocacbon thm n v a vng (ch yu cha mch nhnh alkyl): c tnh n nh nhit v nht nhit rt tt. Tuy nhin, cc hydrocacbon thm c mt trong du nhn s lm tng kh nng to mui than, nh hng n ng c nn thng hn ch chng hm lng nh, i khi khng c trong du nhn. Cc hp cht vng naphten, vng thm v mch nhnh alkyl trong cng mt phn t: S vng ngng t cng nhiu m mch nhnh cng ngn th tnh cht nhit nht ca cac hydrocacbon cng km v cng khng thch hp lm du bi trn. Hydrocacbon cha no: c tnh cht khng bn, d b oxy ha nhit cao. V vy thnh phn ny khng nn c trong du nhn, thng b loi i trong qu trnh sn xut du gc. Ngoi cc thnh phn hydrocacbon ch yu nu trn, trong du nhn cn c cc hp cht khc c nh hng n cht lng ca du nhn nh: Hp cht lu hunh ch cho php c t 0,3-0,5% ; hp cht cha oxy mc gii hn, hp cht cha Nit thng khng ch nh hn hoc bng 0,2% ; cc hp cht nha asphan, hp cht c kim cn hn ch mc ti thiu nht. 2. Phn loi du nhn: Du bi trn v du ng c Theo ngha s dng, du nhn c hai loi chnh, l: Du nhn c tnh cht bi trn (gi l ng c) Du nhn khng c tnh bi trn (du cng nghip) C nhiu phng php phn loi du nhn ng c, nhng phn ln u da vo nht phn loi du nhn ng c. 2.1. Phn loi du nhn theo nht (theo SAE) phng php phn loi theo nht, cc nh sn xut du nht thng nht dng cch phn loi ca Hip hi k s t M SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). Cc phn loi ca SAE ty thuc vo sn phm du l n cp hay a cp. Du a cp c nht tha mn nhiu iu kin nhit khc nhau cn du n cp ch p ng mt nhit no . H thng phn loi ca SAE kh phc tp, n lin quan ti nhiu khi nim khc nhau. Tuy nhin, c th ch ra nhng yu t chnh. i vi du a cp, sau ch SAE l tin t nh 5W, 10W hay 15W, 20W. Nhng s ng trc ch "W" dng ch khong nhit m loi du ng c c nht khi ng xe lc lnh. xc nh nhit khi ng theo k t ny, bn ch cn ly 30 tr i cc s nhng theo nhit m. V d, du 10W s khi ng tt m 20 C, du 15W khi ng tt m 15 C.
117

Cc loi du ng c cc nc hn i thng l loi 5W, 10W, 15W nhng a s cc sn phm Vit Nam ch l loi 15W hay 20W. Mc d khng c ngha quan trng khi khi ng v thi tit Vit Nam thng khng qu lnh, nhng t c cc yu cu khi ng lnh, cc nh sn xut phi thm vo cc cht ph gia nn du c s cng nh th cng t. Loi 15W v 20W c mc gi trung bnh nn c cc hng du nhn nhp v hoc sn xut Vit Nam. ng sau ch "W" loi du a cp c th l ch 40, 50 hoc 60. y l k t dng ch khong nht 100 C ca cc loi du nhn. Thng thng, s cng to th nht cng ln v ngc li. V d, vi xe hot ng khng qu khc nghit nh ng c t chng hn, ch s ny khong 30, 40 hoc 50 l . Vi nhng ng c hot ng vng nhit cao, ch s ny phi cao hn, khong trn 60. Do s thay i nhit nn ty thuc ma m ngi ta dng loi 40 hoc 50. Trong ma ng, tri lnh, nhit ng c thp nn ch cn dng loi nh nh 30, 40. ma h, nhit ng c cao nn c th dng loi 50. Do c tnh ca du a cp nn ngi ta thng gi n l "du bn ma". Khi c ch "W", khch hng c th hiu n dng c cho c ma ng v ma h. Ngoi loi a cp, nhiu nh sn xut cho ra c loi du n cp v ch c k hiu nh SAE 40, SEA 50. Loi du ny thng c dng cho cc loi ng c 2 k, my nng nghip, cng nghip... 2.2. Phn loi du nhn theo tnh nng (theo API) Khi phn loi theo tiu chun ny, cc nh sn xut li thng nht phn theo tiu chun ca Vin du m M API (American Petroleum Institute), tc l phn loi theo nhm ng c. API phn ra theo cp S (Service) dng dnh cho du vo ng c xng v C (Commercial) cho cc ng c diesel. Hin ti, vi ng c xng, API phn ra nhiu loi vi th t tin dn t SA, SB, SC ti mi nht l SM. i vi ng c diesel, API chia thnh CA, CD, CC ti CG, CH v CI. Cng v sau, cht lng sn phm cng tt do cc nh sn xut phi thm vo nhng cht ph gia c bit thch nghi vi nhng cng ngh ng c mi. Trn cc sn phm du ng c thng mi, cc nh sn xut thng ghi y cc cch phn loi. Ty thuc vo c im ng c m nhng hng xe hi khuyn co ngi tiu dng s dng loi du no.

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3. Cng ngh sn xut du gc Du thu c trc tip t du m thng cha t yu cu s dng ngay v d dng phn bit cho giai on ch bin du nhn tip theo, ngi ta gi du ny l du khong. Du khong sau khi c tch i nhng thnh phn khng mong mun nh: nha, cc hp cht ca lu hunh, oxy, nit, cc naphten, hydrocacbon thm hoc hn hp ca chng.c gi l du gc. Qu trinh sn xut du gc c tin hnh qua cc giai on sau : Chng ct chn khng: tch ly cc phn on ring bit da vo nht v khong nhit si Mc ch l iu chnh nht v nhit cht chy ca du gc. Ti y, du khong c tch thnh cc phn ct c nht khc nhau nh du cc si nh, du cc si nng, phn on du nhn nh, phn on du nhn nng v phn cn. Chit tch cc cu t khng mong mun bng dung mi: Vic chng ct chn khng da trn s khc bit v nhit si khng phn loi c thnh phn ha hc nh parafin, aromat v naphten, do qu trnh ny cha loi b c cc cu t khng mong mun. Tip theo qua trnh ny l giai on chit tch cc cu t khng mong mun bng dung mi nhm mc ch ci thin chng lo ha v c tnh nhit nht ca du gc. Nhng dung mi chn lc ph bin nht l : furfurol, phenol, nitrobenzen v N-metyl-2-pyrolyon. Nhng dung mi ny thng c s la chn thch hp v n ph thuc vo kh nng phn tch hai nhm cu t khc nhau v mt ha hc. Tch parafin hay loi b sp: do y l hn hp cc parafin mch thng v cc hydrocacbon khc c nhit nng chy cao v km ha tan trong du nhit thp nn cn phi loi b chng trong du gc. y l khu quan trng v kh khn nht, c thc hin theo hai qui trnh chnh: Qui trinh 1: bng cch lm lnh kt tinh sp v dung mi nhm ha tan phn du a vo phn lc nhanh, tch sp khi du. Quy trinh 2: Cracking chn lc b gy cc phn t parafin to ra nhng sn phm c mch parafin nh cn c gi l tch parafin dng xc tc. Nguyn liu c dng l rafinat. Lm sch bng hydro: Mc ch ca qu trinh ny l loi b cc hp cht hu c c cha nit nh hng rt ln n mu sc v bn mu ca
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du gc. Trong cc giai on trn, cn c qu trnh tch asphan bng propan. Cc nguyn liu sn xut du gc phi a qua qu trnh tinh ch loi b asphan nhm tch cc hp cht nha, asphan v mt s hydrocacbon thm a vng. Nh du thu c c nht thp, gim xu hng to cn dng cc. Propan c dng lm dung mi tch asphan do c tnh cht c bit l ha tan parafin rt tt t nhit 40-60oC, kh nng ny gim khi nhit tng v khi n nhit ti hn ca propan l 97oC th tt c cc hydrocacbon u tr nn khng tan. Trong khong nhit 40-97oC, cc hp cht nha v asphan c phn t lng cao hu nh khng tan trong propan. Ngy nay, cng ngh sn xut du gc khng ngng c ci tin to ra cc sn phm c cht lng tt hn bng vic p dng cc cng ngh x l bng hydro nh hydrocracking, hydroizome ha... 4. Ph gia Ph gia l nhng cht hu c, c kim v v c, hoc l nhng nguyn t c thm vo du nhn nng cao cc tnh cht ring bit cho sn phm cui cng. Sau khi c du nhn gc, sn xut du nhn thng phm, ngi ta phi pha thm cc ph gia nhm mc ch tng cng cc tnh cht sn c hoc to ra nhng kh nng m trong du nhn gc cha c. Sau y l cc chng loi ph gia s dng ch yu cho du nhn ng c: Ph gia chng oxy ha bao gm cc dn xut ca phenol, amin nh: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-crezol, phenyl- -naphtalamin. Cc cht ph gia ny nhm mc ch lm chm qu trinh oxy ha ca du, gim bt n mn chi tit v to cn Ph gia tng ch s nht: l cc polyme tan c trong du c tc dng lm tng nht ca du m, ngha l lm cho tc thay i nht ca du theo nhit gim i. Cc ph gia ny c chia thnh 02 nhm: dng hydrocacbon (copolyme etylen-propylen, polyizobutylen; copolyme styrenizopren,...) v dng ester (polymetacrylat, polyacrylat v cc copolyme ca ester styenmaleic). Ph gia c ch n mn: c chc nng gim thiu vic to thnh cc peoxyt hu c, axit v cc thnh phn oxy ha khc lm xung cp ng c, bo v v cc b mt khc khi n mn. Cc ph gia loi ny gm: Dithiophotphat kim loi (km), sunphonat kim loi v kim loi kim cao, cc tc nhn hot ng b mt nh cc axits bo, amin, axit ankylsulfinic, clo ha
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parafin,... Ph gia ty ra: Vi nng 2-10%, cc cht ty ra c th ngn cn, loi tr cc cn khng tan trong du, cn sn, cacbon v cc hp cht ch trn cc b phn ca ng c t trong. Chng tc dng bng cch hp th ln cc ht khng tan, gi chng li trong du nhm gim ti thiu cn lng v gi sch cc chi tit ca ng c. Tc nhn quan trng nht c tnh ty ra l cc ph gia c cha kim loi, chng bao gm: sunphonat, phenolat, salixylat, photphonat. Phn ln sunphonat v salixylat ca canxi hoc magi c s dng nh cc cht ty ra chc kim loi. Ph gia h im ng: nhit thp th kh nng lu ng ca du s b gim, v vy cn pha cc ph gia h im ng c nhm h thp nhit ng c ca du. Cc ph gia ny l cc naphtalen c alkyll ha, cc alkylphenol mch di. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi ph gia khc nh: ph gia phn tn (ngn nga, chng qu trnh to cn v lng ng trong iu kin hat ng nhit thp), cht c ch, ph gia chng mi mn, ph gia bin tnh, gim ma st, ph gia c ch to bt. Ph gia pha ch du nhn phi p ng c yu cu: tan trong du gc, n nh ha hc, khng c hi, c tnh tng hp v bay hi thp. 5. Sn xut du nhn thng phm c c du nhn thng phm p ng c cc yu cu s dng, phi nghin cu tin hnh loi b cc thnh phn khng c li nh: nha, cc hp cht ca lu hunh, oxy, nit, cc naphten, hydrocacbon thm hoc hn hp ca chng. V d: parafin c kh nng lm tng ch s nht nhng li lm cho du mt tnh linh ng nn cng cn loi b bt. Tuy nhin, cng vic ny rt phc tp v tn km, n ch thc hin c trong mt chng mc nht nh. V vy, tng cng phm cht cho du nhn thnh phm, buc phi pha thm ph gia, nhng cht ny lm ci thin tt hn cc tnh cht s dng ca du nhn. Khi ph gia c cho vo du gc vi nhng t l xc nh s to ra du thnh phm gi l du nhn. Du nhn thng phm c cht lng cao hay thp, c m bo tiu chun v cc ch tiu cht lng hay khng l ph thuc rt ln vo vic tinh ch v cng ngh sn xut du gc v cc ph gia, c th hn l qui trnh cng ngh pha ch gia du gc v ph gia. l nhng yu t quan trng nht v quyt nh ti vic iu ch du nhn thng phm c cht lng
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cao. 6. Cc c trng ha l v tiu chun ca du bi trn 6.1 nht nht ca mt s phn on du nhn l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tr lc do ma st ni ti ca n sinh ra khi chuyn ng. Do vy, nht c lin quan n kh nng bi trn ca du nhn. thc hin nhim v bi trn, du nhn phi c nht ph hp, phi bm chc ln b mt kim loi v khng b y ra ngoi, c ngha l n phi c ma st ni ti nh. nht ca du nhn ph thuc ch yu v thnh phn ha hc. Cc hydrocacbon parafin c nht thp hn so vi cc loi khc. Chiu di v phn nhnh ca mch hydrocacbon cng ln, nht s tng ln. Cc hydrocacbon thm v naphten c nht cao. c bit, s vng cng nhiu th nht cng ln. Cc hydrocacbon hn hp gia thm v naphten c nht cao nht. nht ca du nhn thng c o bng poaz (P). centipoaz (cP) i vi nht ng lc, hoc stc (St), centitc (cSt) i vi nht ng hc. 6.2 Ch s nht Mt c tnh c bn na ca du nhn l s thay i nht theo nhit . Thng thng, khi nhit tng, nht s gim. Du nhn c coi l du bi trn tt khi nht ca n t b thay i theo nhit , ta ni rng du c ch s nht cao. Ngc li, nu nht thay i nhiu theo nhit , c ngha l du c ch s nht thp. Ch s nht VI (Viscosity Index) l nht chuyn dng nh gi s thay i ca nht ca du nhn theo nhit . Quy c du gc parafin c nht t thay i theo nhit , VI=100; h du gc naphten c nht thay i nhiu theo nhit , VI=0. Ch s nht l mt i lng c tnh quy c v c th xc dnh theo tiu chun ASTM D2270. 6.3 im bt chy im bt chy l nhit thp nht ti lng hi thot ra trn b mt du nhn bt chy khi ngn la ti gn. Du nhn thng c xc nh im bt chy cc h theo ASTM-D.92 v cc kn theo ASTM-D.93. Phng php ny c s dng pht hin mt lng nh cc cht d bay hi ln trong du.
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Ngoi ra, du nhn cn c mt s c trng ha l khc nh: im ng c, t trng, bn oxy ha, n mn ng, hm lng tro, tr s axxt v kim,... 7. Cc lnh vc ng dng v th trng Trong ng c, du nhn c nhiu tc dng nh gim ma st gia hai b phn tip xc trc tip vi nhau, bi trn, gii nhit lm mt, lm sch, lm kn, chng n mn, bo v kim loi. Tuy nhin, tc dng c bn nht ca n vn l gim ma st hay l bi trn nn nht l ch tiu c nh hng quan trng nht n cht lng ca mt sn phm du nhn thng mi. Lnh vc ng dng chnh ca du nhn l cc ng c, thit b nh mt, t, my ko, cc my mc, thit b cng nghip,... y du nhn c tc dng bi trn, my mc s b hng ngay nu khng c du nhn. Vic chn ng, s dng hp l du nhn cng l vn rt quan trng v nu chn ng th h s ma st c th gim t 100 n 1000 ln so vi ma st kh. Trong thc t, du ng c chim mt t l kh ln trong cng nghip sn xut du bi trn ni chung (khong 40%) v c s dng ph bin. Th trng du ng c rt a dng, phong ph nh c s ra i ngy cng c nhiu cc cht ph gia, cho nn ty thuc vo c im ng c m nhng hng xe hi khuyn co ngi tiu dng s dng loi du no. C th t nh gi hay la chn cho mnh mt loi du thch hp, nhng tt hn c hy hi kin ca cc chuyn gia hay nh k thut vin ca hng t vn. 8. Thc hnh: XC NH TO BT CA DU NHN ASTM D 892 8.1 Phm vi p dng Phng php ny dng xc nh tnh cht to bt ca du nhn ti mt nhit c bit. 8.2 Mc ch v ngha Khuynh hng to bt ca du nhn c th gy nn nhng vn nghim trng cho h thng khi hot ng vi tc cao, th tch bm ln v s bn tung te du. S thiu ht du, s to bong bng hay s chy trn lm mt mt du nhn c th gy nn nhng hng hc cho my mc. Phng php kim tra ny s dng cho vic nh gi nhng loi du dng cho hat ng iu kin bnh thng. 8.3 Tm tt phng php Mu du c duy tr nhit 24oC v c st qua bng mt dng kh c tc khng i trong 5 pht, sau lng trong 10 pht. Phn th

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tch bt cn li c xc nh nh l to bt. Thc nghim c lp li trn mu th hai 93,5oC v cho xp bt 24oC. 8.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 8.4.1 Thit b - ha cht a. Thit b: Thit b kim tra to bt B kim tra H thng cung cp kh ng h bm giy Nhit k

Hnh 12.1 Thit b xc nh to bt b. Ha cht Petroleum distillate Toluen Axeton Petroleum spirit 8.4.2 Chun b thit b Tin hnh lm sch h thng ng ong dng cho kim tra mu v u vo ca h thng cp kh sau mi ln s dng trnh gy nn sai s. ng ong: Ra ng ong vi phn on ct du m, sau vi dung mi du m. Thc hin vic sy kh ng ong trong khng kh. Ra li ng ong bng nc ct, sau trng li vi axeton v tin hnh sy kh. H thng khuch tn kh: lm sch h thng khuch tn kh vi phn on ct du m, toluen, dung mi du m. Ngm h thng khuch tn kh
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vo 300ml phn on ct du m 8.4.3 Quy trnh thc nghim Qui trnh I Trong trng hp khng lc v khuy, rt 200 ml mu vo cc, gia nhit n 49 3oC v cho php lm lnh n 24 3oC, mu phi c kim tra trong khong thi gian 3 gi sau khi nhng ng ong cha mu b nhit 93,5oC. Rt mu vo ng ong 1000 ml cho n vch 190 ml, nhng ng ong vo trong b n nhit t nht l n vch 900 ml, sau duy tr 24 0,5 oC. 5 Khi nhit ca mu bng vi nhit ca b, nhng u khuch tn vo trong bnh cha mu v tin hnh sc kh vi tc dng kh khong 94 ml/pht trong vng 5 pht 3s tnh t khi bt u xut hin bt kh u tin.

Sau khi ht thi gian sc kh, tt my sc kh v ghi nhn th tch ca bt (l th tch tnh t b mt ca lp du n b mt ca lp bt). Tng lng kh st qua h thng khong 470 25 ml. 10s v ghi nhn li th tch lp bt. yn ng ong trong 10 pht

Qui trnh II Rt mu vo ng ong 1000 ml th 2 cho n vch 180 ml. nhng ng ong vo trong b n nhit t nht l n vch 900 ml, sau duy tr 93,5 0,5 oC. Khi nhit ca mu bng vi nhit 93 5 ml/pht trong vng 5 pht 1 oC, nhng u khuch tn vo trong bnh cha mu v tin hnh sc kh vi tc dng kh khong 94 bt kh u tin. Sau khi ht thi gian sc kh, tt my sc kh v ghi nhn th tch ca bt (l th tch tnh t b mt ca lp du n b mt ca lp bt). yn ng ong trong 10 pht 10s v ghi nhn li th tch lp bt. Qui trnh III Lm tan bt sau khi kim tra 93,5oC bng cch khuy v lm lnh mu n 43,5oC bng cch yn ng ong cha mu trong khng kh nhit phng, sau ngm mu vo b n nhit 24 0,5oC. Khi nhit mu bng vi nhit ca b n nhit, lp li vic kim tra nh trn nhit 24oC. Ghi nhn th tch bt sau khi st kh v yn. Mt vi lai du nhn c s dng cc ph gia mi c kh nng chng to bt th khng yu cu phi kim tra tnh to bt, nhng sau mt thi gian tn tr th ph gia ny c th mt i hat tnh v yu cu phi kim tra li tnh to bt. Trong trng hp ny ta phi thc hin qu trnh khuy trn trc khi kim tra theo quy trnh sau: 3s tnh t khi bt u xut hin

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Chun b mt bnh cha sch c th tch khang 1 lt dng cho vic khuy tc cao. Cho 500 ml mu c nhit t 18 n 32oC vo bnh cha v tin hnh khuy tc cao trong 1 pht. Sau yn cho tan bt v n nh n nhit 24 3oC ta tin hnh thc hin quy trnh kim tra qui trnh I, II, III. Thi gian bt u kim tra khng qu 3 gi sau khi khuy trn. 8.5 Bo co kt qu D liu bo co c trnh by trong bng sau: Bng kt qu Khuynh hng to bt Kim tra Th tch bt, ml (sau khi st kh qua 5 pht) Khng khuy trn: Qui trnh I Qui trnh II Qui trnh III Sau khuy trn: Qui trnh I Qui trnh II Qui trnh III 8.6 chnh xc lp li: Sai s gia nhng kt qu th nghim trn cng iu kin do mt ngi thao tc cho php ch 1 trong 20 ln th nghim l khng lp li theo th 3. ti lp: Sai s gia hai kt qu c lp trn hai iu kin my mc, con ngi khc nhau, ch cho php 1 trong 20 trng hp l khng lp li theo th 4. Bt n nh Th tch bt, ml (sau khi yn 10 pht)

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BI 13. DU NHN CNG NGHIP M bi: HD B13

Gii thiu Du nhn cng nghip (thng c gi l du cng nghip) bao gm cc loi du nhn c s dng bi trn cc my mc cng nghip v duy tr hot ng tt c cc loi my mc, thit b cng nghip. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t c vai tr ca du nhn cng nghip. Phn loi c du nhn cng nghip. Xc nh cc tnh cht chnh ca du nhn cng nghip nh: nht, t trng.

Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN Ni dung chnh 1. Gii thiu chung v du nhn cng nghip Ty thuc vo yu cu s dng m du bi trn cng nghip c sn xut, ch bin c ph gia hay khng ph gia v nhng tnh cht l ha khc nhau. Du nhn cng nghip c chia thnh hai nhm ln nh sau: Nhm du cng nghip thng dng: l du dng cho cc c cu hot ng ca my mc thit b iu kin ti trng thp v nhit thp, khng c nhng yu cu c bit v cht lng. Du cng nghip thng dng khng c cht ph gia v c th c s dng trong bt k c cu thit b no hot ng vi trng ti nh. Du cng nghip thng dng khng c yu cu c bit v cht lng, tr tnh bi trn. V vy, da vo nht nh gi mc n nh, kh nng chng lo ha ca loi du ny. Nhm du cng nghip c bit: l loi du nhn chuyn dng, dng bi trn tng thit b ring bit. Du nhn chuyn dng l du nhn m bo kh nng lm vic ca cc my mc thit b cng nghip, cc my gia cng kim loi v cc thit b khc c ch hot ng chuyn dng. Du nhn chuyn dng dng cho cc my mc c c cu tc cao, h thng thy lc ca cc thit b cng nghip truyn ng bnh rng dn hng trt trong my ct gt kim loi, my cn thp. Du tuabin, du my nn, du
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cch in, du xylanh, du chn khng v du my khoan u thuc nhm du nhn chuyn dng. 2. Phn loi du nhn cng nghip Cn c nhng c trng v mc ha l hoc mc ch s dng, t chc tiu chun quc t ISO tin hnh cc bc phn loi c i vi du cng nghip nh 2.1 Phn loi theo nht (tiu chun ISO .3448): Du bi trn cng nghip c sn xut ch yu t du khong v do iu kin lm vic ca du bi trn cng nghip khng qu kht khe nh du ng c nn nht l ch tiu quan trng nht phn loi chng cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. Tiu chun ISO .3448 phn loi nht thnh 18 cp i vi du cng nghip ni chung v du thy lc ni ring. 2.2 Phn loi theo cng dng v lnh vc s dng Ngoi phn loi theo nht ni trn, n gin ha cch phn loi du bi trn cng nghip, trong giao dch ngi ta thng phn loi theo cng dng v lnh vc s dng nh: Du nhn bi trn h thng thit b dng h Du nhn truyn ng bnh rng Du my nn (my nn kh v my lnh) Du thy lc Du cch in Du gia cng kim loi Du tuabin Tiu chun ISO 67430/0-1981 cng tin hnh phn loi theo cng dng v lnh vc s dng ca du bi trn v phn thnh 18 loi. Tuy nhin, do s phn loi theo tiu chun ISO 6743/0-1981 l tng quan v gip cho ngi s dng d tra cu, la chn nhanh cc loi du cn thit, t chc ISO tip phn su thm thnh 4 nhm du bi trn cng nghip thep cc tiu chun su: Tiu chun ISO 6743/1-1981: phn loi theo nhm A: h bi trn h Tiu chun ISO 6743/2-1981: phn loi theo nhm F: trc chnh, trc, mi ni Tiu chun ISO 6743/3-1981: phn loi theo nhm du my nn (my lnh v bm chn khng)

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Tiu chun ISO 6743/4-1981: phn loi theo nhm cho du thy lc

Ngoi ra, ISO cng ban hnh tiu chun ISO 3498-1979: phn loi cho nhm vt liu bi trn my ci. 2.2.1 Tiu chun ISO 6743/1-1981: tiu chun ny phn loi chi tit cho du nhn nhm A ca tiu chun ISO 6743/0 p dng cho h bi trn h. Nhm du ny bao gm du khong tinh ch v cha tinh ch dng bi trn h bnh rng h, cn thp, cc c cu ti trng nh v ti trng ln. 2.2.2 Tiu chun ISO 6743/2-1981: tiu chun ny phn loi chi tit cho du nhn nhm F ca tiu chun ISO 6743/0, p dng cho trc chnh, trc v cc mi ni trc. Nhm du ny bao gm du khong tinh c pha ph gia, dng bi trn ccc c cu tc nhanh. Trong phn loi ny c a iu kin s dng du trong cc chi tit my v gii hn lc chn du nhn theo thnh phn ph gia. 2.2.3 Tiu chun ISO 6743/3-1981: tiu chun ny phn loi chi tit cho du nhn nhm D ca tiu chun ISO 6743/0, p dng cho my nn (my nn khi c my lnh v bm chn khng). Tiu chun ny qui nh loi v ch lm vic ca my nn v bm chn khng, ng thi hng dn s dng du bi trn ph hp vi iu kin s dng v m bo hot ng an ton cho my nn tnh v phng din chng chy n. 2.2.4 Tiu chun ISO 6743/4-1981: phn loi theo nhm cho du thy lc Tiu chun ny p dng cho du thy lc pha ph gia v khng pha ph gia, cho cht lng tng hp , dung dch ha cht dng trong truyn ng thy lc khi, truyn ng c thy lc v truyn ng thy lc ng. 2.2.5 Tiu chun ISO 3498-1979: phn loi cho nhm vt liu bi trn my ci. Tiu chun ISO 3498-1979 cho php cc nh ch to thit b c th hng dn s dng du nhn v m nhn bi trn cho my ci, trong c th loi b nhng gii hn khng cn thit, hoc hng dn cch s dng nhng sn phm du c trong tng lai. Trong phn loi theo tiu chun ny c a ra nhng yu cu c bit ca nh ch to my i vi du nhn v cho bit r vt liu bi trn phi ph hp khi tip xc vi cc chi tit my hoc tip xc vi vt bt kn l cao su. 2.2.6 Phn loi theo Hip hi ch to truyn thng bnh rng M (AGMA) : Phn loi du nhn cho truyn ng bnh rng ca thit b cng nghip cn
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c cc tp on ch to bnh rng ca M nghin cu v lp ra, trong c du nhn khong pha ph gia chng oxy ha, chng n mn, c kh nng y nc v mc sch ca du, chng kt xc.. Ngoi ch s nht (khng nh hn 90) v bn xy ha, phn loi AGMA cn nh gi kh nng chng n mn, chng r, chng to bt, y nc v sch du. i vi du c pha ph gia chng kt xc, n cn nh gi thm kh nng chng kt xc v tnh ha tan ca ph gia. 3. Cc loi du cng nghip chuyn dng: Du nhn truyn ng, du my nn, du nhn thy lc, du cch in,v.v... 3.1. Du nht truyn ng 3.1.1 Yu cu chung: m bo hot ng bnh thng ca h thng truyn ng, du truyn ng phi c cc yu cu c bn nh sau: m bo tnh chng n mn v mi mn C c tnh nht - nhit tt (m bo ch s nht cao v tnh bi trn tt nhit lm vic ca du) Khng gy n mn trn chi tit truyn ng

C n nh oxy ha nhit tt C tnh bo v tt Khng c hi Truyn ng bnh rng trong thit b cng nghip chia lm 2 nhm: Nhm truyn ng bnh rng c bit v bnh rng trc vt Nhm truyn ng bnh rng trc v bnh rng cn vi vng quay u tin ca bnh rng khi quay s ln m khng trt. Truyn ng bnh rng trc vt gm c:Trc khuu; Cn xon; Hypoit Truyn ng bnh rng ca thit b cng nghip thng gy ra 3 dng mi mn: Mi mn thng thng; Mi mn dnh; Mi mn dng m. iu kin lm vic ca truyn ng bnh rng cng nghip rt khc nhau. vn hnh tt i vi chng, phi s dng loi du nhn c ph gia a chc nng (m rng chng loi ph gia) vi nht ca du gc t 12mm 2/s 50oC n 52 mm2/s 100oC. c tnh quan trng ca du nhn i vi truyn ng bnh rng l tnh bi trn v tnh chng xy ha. xc nh, la chn du gc v ph gia cho tng loi truyn ng bnh rng c th l phi da vo ti trng, tc quay c th ca tng trng hp v nhit c th trong vng truyn ng. 3.1.2 Phn loi
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 M v Ty u c 2 h thng phn loi i vi du nhn truyn ng t, my ko: Phn loi theo nht ca Hi k s t M (SAE) Phn loi theo c tnh s dng ca Vin du m M (API) 3.1.2.1 Phn loi SAE Theo SAE , du truyn ng cho t, my ko c chia thnh 6 chng loi v k hiu theo s: SAE 75W, SAE 80W, SAE 85W, SAE 90W, SAE 140W, SAE 250W v tng ng vi nht ca du nht ng vi tng chng loi du ni trn. Du nhn loi SAE 75W, 80W, 85W v loi du tng ng cho cc ma SAE 80 W/90, 80W/140 nn dng nhng nc c kh hu lnh trong ma ng hoc cc ma khc. 3.1.2.2 Phn loi API Vi kt cu ca h truyn ng v iu kin vn hnh khc nhau (tc v ti trng), yu cu v c tnh ca du nhn cng khc nhau nn c thm h thng phn loi API. Theo phn loi API, du nhn c cia tng ng vi tng kiu v mc ti trng ca truyn ng bnh rng, gm 6 nhm sau: GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4, GL5, GL6. Nn s dng mt loi du nhn cho b phn truyn ng chnh v cc b phn truyn ng khc ca t cho hp l gim bt chng loi du nhn v trnh c vic tra du khng ng chng loi. Du truyn ng a dng c ch i vi cc loi du m bo c hot ng ca h truyn ng lm vic cc iu kin khc nhau: momen quay ln, v tc thp, momen quay nh v tc cao, tc cao v c ti trng va p, tc cao v c ti trng cao, ngha l dng cho c xe ti v xe nh. 3.1.2.3 Phn loi du nhn truyn ng theo yu cu c chng Phn loi theo c chng i vi du truyn ng Ty u v M: phn loi theo SAE v API ch mi a ra c yu cu tng th i vi du truyn ng m cha ch ra c ton b ch tiu cht lng ca n. Cc yu cu y v c tnh l ha v c tnh s dng cng nh gii hn cho php ca chng c lit vo nhm du truyn ng c chng. Ty u v M du truyn ng t c chia thnh 2 loi c chng: Du truyn ng c chng dng cho cc hng ch to t Du truyn ng c chng dng cho qun i.
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Hai loi du c chng ny a ra yu cu v c tnh l ha v c tnh s dng du nhn, quy nh khi lng v phng php kim nghim nh gi cht lng. Do yu cu c chng v qun s, du truyn ng ca M thuc loi tin tin nht v ph hp nht vi cc yu cu hin i. Phn loi theo c chng i vi du truyn ng thy lc: c chng ny bao gm cc loi du c sn xut p ng vi cc yu cu k thut ca hng my ko. Ngoi vic p ng cc yu cu truyn ng cn phi ph hp vi hot ng thy lc v hp s t ng. Vi truyn ng chnh ca my ko ngi ta thng dng loi du truyn ng SAE 80, SAE 90, SAE 140. Phn loi theo c chng i vi du truyn ng c thy lc: c chng ny c cc c tnh tt hn nh chu nhit thp, tnh ma st, tnh chng mi mn v tnh chng oxy ha. 3.2 Du bi trn cho my nn 3.2.1 Yu cu chung: Du my nn phi bo m c chc nng sau: Bi trn, lm gim ma st, chng mi mn Lm mt my Lm kn bung nn Chng n mn Ngoi ra du my nn cn phi bo m chc nng ca mnh trong iu kin lm vic ca my nn nh: nhit thay i, cc ch nhit khc nhau, tip xc vi cc kh nn khc nhau. Du bi trn cho my nn lnh cn c cc tnh cht nh: tr vi tc nhn lm lnh, n nh ha hc tt, n nh nhit cao khng b bin cht du vng nhit cao, nhit ng c thp. 3.2.2 Phn loi: c 3 loi du my nn ch yu: Du my nn kh Du my nn lnh Du bm chn khng 3.2.2.1 Du my nn kh: l loi du c di nht nm trong khong 4mm2/s n 20mm2/s hoc hn th 100oC. Yu cu chung i vi du my nn kh : C nht v ch s ph hp C nhit nng chy thp

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C nhit chp chy v nhit t chy cao C nhit t bt chy cao C tnh n nh thy phn tt C tnh chng xy ha, tnh ty ra v tnh phn tn tt Tnh to bt, tnh ha tan thp C tnh trn ln v tnh chng n mn tt Tiu chun ch yu la chn du my nn kh l ty thuc vo loi kh c nn v kiu thit k ca my nn. Thng thng kh nn c 4 loi: khng kh, kh tr, kh hydrocacbon, kh c hot tnh ha hc. i vi du my nn kh gc du m thng c thm cc cht ph gia sau: Cc cht c ch oxy ha chng to sn v cn nha, lm chm qu trnh n mn cc trc kim loi. Cc cht c ch r Cc hp cht phn cc c tc dng ci thin kh nng bi trn khi c mt nc Cc tc nhn chng mi mn v chng to bt. Du nhn tng hp c dng cho cc my nn kh. Cc poly-alkylglycol c s dng trong vic nn cc kh hydrocacbon nh kh t nhin v cc kh c trong qu trnh lc du. Vic s dng loi du bi trn tng hp ny s trnh c vic tt nht trong bung nn v hin tng ra tri lp bi trn, trnh gy ra hin tng chy kh. Poly-alkylenglycol l loi du bi trn thch hp, c dng trong nhng trng hp m nhit nn ln n 200 0C m khng gy ra bt k mt loi cn rn no trong s dng. 3.2.2.2 Du my nn lnh: Du bi trn dng cho my nn lnh c nht thp hn v c cc c im sau: C tnh cht chng mi mn nhit thp, tc l du phi c nht thch hp d vng te ra nhit thp gn ca ht, chng mi mn ui xylanh v trong cacte du. Tr vi tc nhn lm lnh C n nh ha hc tt C n nh nhit cao chng li nh hng gy bin cht du
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do nhit cao ca x ca my nn. Bi trn cc my nn lnh l vn quan trng dng trong cng nghip, trong cc kho lnh, tu lnh v my lnh dng bo qun, nim ct v cc my iu ha khng kh. Thng thng kh amoniac c dng lm lnh trong cc nh my ln ngoi ra cn dng kh flohydrocacbon hoc clohydrocacbon tan trong du lm lnh. Yu cu chung i vi du my nn lnh: C nht ng C tnh bn ha hc cao C n nh xy ha tt C tnh linh ng nhit thp tt C kh nng pha trn tt du my nn lnh c nhit nh git thp thng s dng cc du gc ch bin t naphtalen. Cc du gc t du th parafin phi c kh sp k v c th kt ta thnh cc hydrocacbon rn trong cc halogen hydrocacbon lnh, lm tc cc b phn iu tit v ng ng ca my lnh, gy nh hng n qu trnh trao i nhit. Cc loi du bn tng hp l hn hp ca du khong v alkyl-benzen tng hp hoc cc alkyl aromatic hon ton tng hp c s dng trong du my lnh. Cc du ny c tnh n nh nhit tt, nhit ng c tt, nhit ng c thp v tnh trn ln c vi cc tc nhn lnh mong mun. Cc loi du bi trn gc hydrocacbon tng hp hin nay c s dng rng ri trong cc my nn lnh. 3.2.2.3 Du bm chn khng: thung s dng du c tnh nht cao, cc du gc du m dng cho bm chn khng tt nht l cc phn ct du hp c nht cao. Cc du ny c nhit chp chy cao v khng cha cc cu t c nhit si thp. Thng s dng cc du chuyn dng c p sut hi thp nhit lm vic cho cc bm chn khng to chn khng cao v siu cao. Chng c sn xut t vic chng ct cc du khong gc naphtalen hoc parafin v c n nh xy ha v n nh nhit tt. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng cc este tng hp dng lm du bm chn khng.

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3.3 Du nhn thy lc: 3.3.1 Yu cu: Du thy lc (cn gi l cht lng thy lc) l mt loi du truyn ng, dng trong h thng thy lc truyn lc t mt vt ny sang vt khc. Du nhn thy lc l mt trong nhng nhm du cng nghip quan trng nht v ang c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip, c bit trong cc my cng c, c cu li. Du thy lc hot ng trong trong iu kin ng v c p. Du nhn thy lc l du khong c sn xut t du gc qua khu tinh ch su, khng c ph gia hoc ph gia tng nht, chng mi mn, chng oxy ha, chng phn tn, chng to bt. Du nhn thy lc hot ng khong nhit rng, trong iu kin kh hu khc nhau nn phi c tnh nht nhit tt. Ch s nht phi cao hn cc loi du nhn c ngun gc t du m thng thng. 3.3.2 Phn loi: Nhm du thy lc c rt nhiu sn phm khc nhau v tnh cht khc nhau do c s khc bit rt ln gia cc h thng thy lc v iu kin mi trng hot ng khc nhau. Theo tiu chun quc t, cc tiu chun ISO 3448, ISO 6074, ISO 6743 l tiu biu cho s n lc trong cc gii php tm ra cch phn loi i vi cht lng thy lc. 3.3.2.1 Phn loi theo nht: tiu chun ISO 3448-75 dng cho du nhn cng nghip v du thy lc, c s ca s phn loi theo tiu chun ny l nht 0oC. Du nhn bi trn v du nhn thy lc c phn ra 18 loi v c khong nht t 2 n 1500mm2/s 40oC. 3.3.2.2 Phn loi theo c tnh v mc ch s dng: Du nhn thy lc dng cho my mc cng nghip chia lm 5 nhm: Nhm du khong khng c ph gia: dng trong kch thy lc, my p thy lc, h thy lc ca thit b my ci. Nhm du c ph gia chng n mn, chng oxy ha: dng trong h thy lc my cng nghip. Hn ch s dng trong h truyn ng thy lc v trong kt cu my bm khng c nhu cu chng mi mn cao. Nhm du ph gia chng n mn, mi mn v chng xy ha: s dng rng ri trong h thy lc ca cc thit b cng nghip. Nhm du thy lc c tnh nhit nht cao: dng trong h thy lc ca cc my mc tinh xo, c lp trnh h thy lc hot ng t ng v chnh xc. Du thy lc a nng: dng cho h thy lc my ci ct gt kim loi v
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bi trn my ci nh hng. S dng cho h t ng ha v cc thit b khc lm vic di p sut cao bi trn my dn hng c h thng thy lc dng du. 3.4 Du cch in Du cch in l mt cht lng in mi, cn m bo tnh cch in c b phn dn in ca thit b in (bin th in, t in, cp in). V vy du bin in cn c gi l du bin th. Du cch in gm c 3 loi: Du nhn bin th Du t in Du cp in Du cch in c dng trong mi trng dn nhit nhng phi c kh nng tt mch nhanh trong b ngt mch. Du cch in phi lm vic vi thi gian di rt kh thay th, v vy tnh quan trng nht ca du bin th l bn chng oxy ha. Do tn cha v s dng lu nn khi du bin th b lo ha dn, tnh cch in ca n cng b gim dn. Cc sn phm lo ha trong du bm trn b mt thit b s lm hng tnh dn nhit v cch in. V vy, yu cu cao v tnh n nh chng oxy ha l ht sc cn thit khi la chn du gc v nguyn liu sn xut du cch in. Thc t du bin th c sn xut t phn on tinh ca du m khng c parafin v t lu hunh. Yu cu i vi du cch in: Cch in tt Hon ton khng c nc v tp cht Nhit ng c thp (di -45oC: nhm gi c linh ng ca du nhit thp) C nht cn thit Nhit bt chy cao (khng thp hn 135oC n 150oC)

3.4.1 Yu cu i vi du bin th: y l loi du c chng, khng th thay th bng cc loi du nhn khc, thi hn s dng khong 5-10 nm, ty thuc vo tn st ca trm bin th. Du bin th phi c tnh cch in cao, c kh nng tn nhit mt, c bn oxy ha cao, c thi gian lm vic lu di. Du bin th khng c tc dng ha hc n sn cch in, li st t, kh nng chu in p cao, dn in ring phi rt nh. Cc tnh ny lin quan n thnh phn ha hc ca
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du gc. Hin tng to nh cn phi trnh v c hi cho tnh cch in ca du. Khi vn hnh du bin th cn nh k kim tra cht lng du trnh s c chy n. 3.4.2 Yu cu i vi du t in: dng trng v tm lp cch in ca t in du. Tnh cht c bit ca du t in l tnh bn in mi, ngoi ra du t in khng bay hi trong in trng c hiu in th cao. Ch tiu quan trng ca du t in l bn oxy ha. 3.4.3 Yu cu i vi du cp in: dng tm v lm mi trng cch in trong cp in du. Yu cu phi c tnh in mi tt v tnh bn in mi cao, khi s dng du trong thi gian di, khng nhn, khng thay i tnh in mi, bo m cho du c tnh bn oxy ha. 4. Thc hnh: XC NH C TNH TCH KH CA DU NHN - ASTM D 3427 4.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php th nghim cp n kh nng thot hi ca mt loi du tuabin tch kh thot ra khi nhin liu ny. Tiu chun ny khng nhm mc ch chuyn su vo tt c cc vn an ton. Nhng nht thit ngi s dng phi nm r cch vn hnh phng php th nghim. l trch nhim ca ngi s dng tiu chun ny thit lp s an ton hp l, bo v sc khe ng thi xc nh phm vi ng dng trc khi s dng. 4.2 Mc ch v ngha S ha ln gia du nhn vi khng kh trong mt s chi tit thit b nh: m bch, cc bnh rng truyn ng, bm v cc ng dn du c th xy ra s phn tn cc bt kh li ti khp trong th tch du. Nu thi gian trong bn cha qu ngn, bt kh s ni ln trn b mt du, hn hp kh v du s tun hon trong h thng du nhn. iu ny c th dn n ta khng th duy tr c p sut ca du (c bit l i vi bm ly tm) khng cc mng du trong m v cc bnh rng truyn ng v dn n h thng thy lc hot ng b thiu ht p hoc khng thc hin c. y l phng php th nghim o thi gian kh thot ra n mt hm lng tng i thp l 0,2% th tch di s tiu chun ha ci t cc iu kin th nghim v t cho php so snh kh nng tch bt kh ca cc loi du di cc iu kin th nghim thng qua thi gian tch. ngha

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ca php th ny khng c thit lp mt cch y . Tuy nhin, trng thi bt v nhy thp ca mt s h thng iu khin p sut cc tuabin c th lin quan n tnh thot kh ca du. p sut h thng k v p sut h thng khng thay i khc nhau. Ngy nay, ng dng ca phng php th ny c tm thy cc tuabin c sn xut ngoi nc M. Hm lng kh cng cao th thi gian lu cng ngn v iu ny khng ph thuc vo loi du c s dng. 4.3 Tm tt phng php Kh nn c cho i qua du th nghim c gia nhit cc nhit 25, 50 hay 75oC. Sau , ngng thi kh, thi gian cn thit kh ln trong du thot ra ngoi gim xung cn 0,2% th tch l thi gian tch bt kh (n v l pht) 4.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 4.4.1 Thit b - ha cht a. Thit b - Bnh th nghim: c ch to t thy tinh Bosilicat, gm ng mu c bc lp n nhit lp kht vi u vo ng mao dn kh, i mng ngn v ng ra ca kh. Hai b phn ca bnh th nghim nn c nh du ring v tt nht l dng nh mt cp. Cc b phn thay th c th c dng vi iu kin l do kt qu tng ng vi bnh th nghim ph hp vi cc kch c quy nh. - p k: c thang n v khong t 0 35,5KPa. - Nhit k ASTM: c chnh xc cao. Gii hn ca nhit k t -20oC 102oC vi thang chia 0,2oC v ph hp vi cc yu cu ca nhit k 12C c m t trong ASTM E1. - B gia nhit: Gia nhit kh nn n nhit o. ng xon l xo bng ng nhng trong b hon lu 25oC nhng khi gia nhit ln phi t 50 v 70oC. iu ny c th thc hin thng qua b nc hoc dng hi kh tch ra hay dng b bin nhit bng in. Nhit ca bnh kh ti bnh th nghim c o bng nhit k v nhit k phi p ng cc c im nu trn hay dng cc cng c o khc ph hp. - B hon lu: th tch b khong 10 lt, c tc dng 10 lt/pht v c th duy tr cel th nghim nhit nh trn sai s nhit 0,1oC. Ch : Nc s dng trong b phi c hiu ng tnh in nh nht. Dng cc bnh thy tinh vi glass host fittings hon lu b nc 75 oC. C th dn n nguy him. Khi du c bm theo tc yu cu th s phn p
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(i p) khi p sut vt qu 70 Kpa (10 psi) ca p k c th xy ra dn n lm rng nt dng c thy tinh hay lm bung cc vi ng ni. khc phc tnh trng trn ta dng mt van gim p t vo gii hn p sut cao nht l 70KPa. Ni chung, nn dng mn chn an ton theo yu cu. - Cn t trng: chnh xc ti 0,0005 g/ml vi qu cn hnh trn hay hnh nn ct th tch 5ml hay 10ml, dy 80 1,5mm. Nu qu cn c nhit k th phi dng c khong nhit t 2575oC - L: c kh nng iu chnh nhit n 100oC - ng h bm gi: c kh nng c c n 0,1 pht b. Ha cht Thuc th PA c tinh khit cao. tinh khit ca nc: nu khng c ch dn khc, ni n nc ta s hiu theo ngha thuc th nc c nh ngha phn loi II trong D 1193 Axeton: c c tnh quy nh trong D 329 Khng kh: kh nn

Axit chrome sulfuric: ha tan 50g Natri dicromat trong mt lt sulfuric m c (98%). Cha vo chai thy tinh c nt nhm. 4.4.2 Chun b thit b Lm sch bn trong bnh th nghim, gm c ng dn kh vo v qu cn ch v cc dng c thy tinh khc c tip xc vi mu trc mi php o theo cch sau: Sc ra du cn bm trn dng c th nghim bng 1,1,1-tricloetan v dng khng kh nng lm kh dng c sau khi ra sch. Lm sch thit b bng cch nhng chm trong axit crome sulfuric, ng thi ngm thit b ti thiu l 12h nhit phng cc vt bn silicon sch hon ton. Ra vi nc ct. Ra vi aceton v lm kh bng cch thi kh nn sch. Ch : trong qu trnh thi kh lm kh s xut hin du dng sng m. Bnh th nghim phi c y np, hoc ng dn kh ra phi c ni vi l thot kh cc vng c vt du dng sng m thot ra ngoi. 4.4.3 Quy trnh th nghim Lp thit b th nghim: t nhit b tun hon v b gia nhit kh nn ti mc nhit cn thit duy tr du nhit th nghim. Khng kh nn s mt nhit t im o nhit (im t nhit k) n khi i vo du. Mc
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nhit ca b v khng kh cn cho th nghim phi c thit lp cho thit b, iu ny thc hin bng cch chy th c cp nhit k trong du. Nhit th nghim ph thuc vo nht ca du 40oC nh sau: - Du c nht < 9.0 cSt th nhit th nghim l 25oC - Du c nht = 9.0 cSt th nhit th nghim l 50oC - Du c nht > 9.0 cSt th nhit th nghim l 75oC Gia nhit nh 200ml du c o nht, nhit gia nhit cn cao hn nhit th nghim l 10 oC Rt 180 ml mu va gia nhit vo bnh th nghim. cho mu t n nhit th nghim, thng sau khong 20 pht Gia nhit nh qu cn ca t trng n nhit th nghim trong b khng kh, bng cch dng 1 bnh tr thy tinh c np y c t trong b tun hon. Khi qu cn t n nhit th nghim, nhng qu cn vo mu cn thn khng bong bng kh bm vo qu cn. Gn qu cn vo n cn t trng bng dy platin sao cho y qu cn cch y bnh th nghim 102mm c gi tr t trng t cn chnh xc n 0,001g/ml v l t trng ban u do a qu cn tr vo b kh v t li ch c vi ng dn kh vo. Sau 5 pht, bt u cung cp kh n 20,0 KPa qua p k nhit cn thit duy tr du nhit th nghim. Duy tr nhit v p sut th nghim bng cch iu chnh nu cn thit. Sau thi gian 420 1 giy tt kh v tho thanh ng dn kh vo bnh th nghim ra. Ngay lc , bm thi gian o v nhng qu cn vo trong hn hp phn tn gia du v kh cm dy platin n n cn v duy tr khong cch t y qu cn n y bnh hnh tr l 102mm Ch : Trong trng hp cc loi du th c phn tn ln gia du v kh th u trn ca qu cn lc u c th nm trong lp bt v do t trng c c ln ny c th b sai. Thay i ch cn ti cn 0,2% th tch kh (ng vi do = 0,0017) v ghi nhn thi gian t lc kha kh cho ti cn vt qua im 0. Ghi thi gian ti 15 pht ( sai lch gn ng 1 pht). Nu cn khng t n im 0, sau 30 pht theo di th dng khng tip tc lm th nghim. 4.5 Bo co kt qu Bo co thi gian tch bt kh trong s pht .....oC

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BI 14. M BI TRN M bi: HD B14

Gii thiu Trong nhng trng hp cn bi trn nhng chi tit my khng c iu kin chm nht thng xuyn hoc phi lm vic ti trng nng, nhng loi nht my ni trn c chuyn sang dng do qunh, cn gi l m c hoc m bi trn. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t tnh cht v ng dng ca m bi trn. La chn c m bi trn cho cc loi my mc khc nhau. iu ch m bi trn t du nhn v cht lm c khc nhau.

Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN ha du. Ni dung chnh 1. Thnh phn v phn loi M bi trn l cc cht bi trn dng lng c lm c bng cc cht ph gia dng rn nhm to nn cc tnh cht m ch ring cc cht bi trn dng lng khng c. 1.1. Thnh phn m bi trn Trong thnh phn ca m bi trn, cc cht bi trn lng c th l du khong hoc cc dung dch c tnh bi trn khc. Cht lm c c th l bt c vt liu no ph hp vi cc dung dch v to ra cu trc dng rn hay bn lng. Cc thnh phn khc c th l cc cht ph gia, cc cht bin i c a vo to ra cc tnh cht c bit hoc bin i sn phm hin c. Thng thng, m bi trn l hn hp du khong hoc du tng hp vi 6% n 25% cht lm c dng rn thch hp v mt s loi ph gia. Cc cht lng, nhn lm nhim v bi trn, cht lm c c nhim v gi du v chng chy du, cn mt s thnh phn ph gia khc c s dng ci thin cc c tnh cn thit ca m. M bi trn c sn xut vi thnh phn cht lng l dung dch ca du khong. Cc du ny c th c nht nm trong di tng ng vi kerosine n cc nhin liu gc loi nng nht. Trong mt s loi m c bit, c th s dng cc sn phm nh sp,
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vazolin hoc asphan. Mc d cc loi nguyn liu ny khng hon ton l cc cht bi trn dng dung dch nhng chng th hin nhng chc nng ging nh cc thnh phn lng trong cc loi m thng thng. Tt c cc loi m c ngun gc t du khong u tha mn cc tnh nng hot ng, cc ng dng trong cng nghip t v cc ngnh khc. Ngy nay, vi u im l: c th cho php thit b lm vic iu kin nhit cao, thp v nhit bin nhit c th thay i vt ra ngoi di cho php nn cc loi m ch to t cc dung dch tng hp cng thng c s dng. 1.2 Phn loi m bi trn Do m bi trn rt a dng v chng loi khng ngng m rng, i mi theo yu cu pht trin ca ngnh ch to my, ch to ng c v cc lnh vc k thut ha hc khc cho nn, cng nh du nhn, vic phn loi m bi trn l rt kh khn, thm ch s phn loi nhiu khi cng tn ti ht sc tng i so vi thi gian, khng gian. Mc d vy, cc t chc tiu chun ha cng tng bc tip cn, sng lc vic phn loi m c tin dng v pht huy hiu qu nht cho cc nh ch to my v ngi s dng. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5688 1992 m bi trn c phn loi thnh 3 nhm chnh: M chng ma st M bo qun M lm kn

Trong mi nhm ny, m li c tip tc phn nh theo tnh nng s dng hoc theo c tnh k thut 1.2.1 M chng ma st: M chng ma st c dng bi trn, ngn cch hai b mt tip xc nhm gim ma st v mi mn cc chi tit ca my mc, thit b. M chng ma st c phn chia thnh 4 loi nh sau: 1.2.1.1. M thng dng: M thng dng nhit thng: l m x phng canxi, c nhit nh git > 75oC c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, n nh keo cao, cc tnh cht bo v tt, n nh c hc thp.

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Cng dng: bi trn cc cm ma st th ca my mc, thit b, phng tin vn ti, my mc nng nghip, dng c cm tay, bn l, trc vt bnh rng lm vic trong khong nhit t - 30 n 70oC.

M thng dng nhit tng i cao: l m x phng natri- canxi, c nhit nh git > 120oC. c tnh k thut: chu nc km, n nh keo thp, n nh c hc cao. Cng dng: bi trn cc ln, trt ng c in, bnh xe t, cc cm ma st ca qut, my c lm vic trong mi trng c m thp, nhit t -20oC n +110oC. 1.2.1.2. M a dng: M a dng l m x phng liti, c nhit nh git > 160oC - c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, n nh keo v c hc cao, c tnh bm dnh tt - Cng dng: bi trn tt c cc ln, trt, bn l, cc c cu truyn ng, cc cm ma st my mc v thit b, cc phng tin vn ti lm vic trong iu kin m tng i cao, cng sut thit b ln v c nhit t 40 n 150oC. 1.2.1.3. M c dng: M chu nhit: l m x phng phc canxi hoc m hu c, c nhit nh git > 200oC - c tnh k thut: chu nc trung bnh, n nh keo v n nh ha hc cao. - Cng dng: bi trn tt c cc cm ma st, lc, bi ca my mc v thit b lm vic trong khong nhit trn 150oC. M chu lnh: l m x phng liti to nn t du c nht thp. - c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, n nh keo thp, n nh c hc trung bnh. - Cng dng: bi trn cc cm ma st trong cc thit b k thut ca hng khng, radio k thut, c in lm vic ti trng khng ln v nhit thp n -40oC. M bn ha hc: l m hydrocarbon hoc silicagen - c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, c tnh bo v cao trong mi trng n mn, n nh keo < 10%, n nh c hc trung bnh.
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- Cng dng: bi trn cc cm ma st, lm kn cc mi ni ren, van trong cc cm thit b ha hc hoc thit b my mc lm vic trong mi trng n mn. Bo v b mt kim loi chng n mn. 1.2.1.4. M chuyn dng: M chuyn dng l m c sn xut phc v cho nhng yu cu t hng ring ca tng ngnh. M dng c chnh xc: - c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, bm dnh cao, c tnh chng mi mn, chng n mn v bo qun tt. - Cng dng:bi trn cc cm ma st ca dng c, cc my mc chnh xc nh v tuyn in t hng hi, h thng t ng, cc roto ca con quay lm vic trong iu kin khc nghit, cc chi tit my ng h, h thng tay n, cc my quang hc M my in: - c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, bay hi thp, tnh chng n mn v mi mn tt. - Cng dng: bi trn cc ln ca my in. M my cng c: - c tnh k thut: bn nhit, chu nc tt, n nh keo v ha hc tt, n nh chng xy ha cao. - Cng dng: bi trn cc cm ma st ca my cng c, thit b nng chuyn, thit b luyn kim. Khong nhit lm vic tng i rng. M my khoan: l loi m c sn xut trn c s du nng v c nht cao. - c tnh k thut: chu nc v chng mi mn tt, n nh keo, n nh c hc v chng xy ha cao. - Cng dng: lm gim ma st ct ng khoan, gim mi mn v ma st im ta ca cc chong xoay. M my hng khng: - c tnh k thut: cc ch tiu k thut u tt, c nhit nh git trn 160oC. - Cng dng: bi trn cc c cu thit b bay. M ng st: - c tnh k thut: chu nc km, bn nhit, chng mi mn v n mn
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tt. - Cng dng: bi trn cc trc, ln ca toa xe, cc c cu phanh hm ca tu ha. M ng bin: l m x phng nhm, c nhit nh git > 80oC - c tnh k thut: c tnh bm dnh v bo qun tt, chu nc mn rt tt. - Cng dng: bi trn cc cm ma st ca my tu bin. Lm vic trong mi trng c m cao, n mn ln v trong khong nhit t 0 n 60oC. 1.2.2. M bo qun M bo qun c dng ngn nga n mn cc cho tit kim loi v my mc khi bao gi vn chuyn v bo qun. M bo qun c phn thnh 2 loi nh sau: 1.2.2.1. M bo qun qun dng: l m hydrocacbon, vazlin, c kh nng bm dnh cao v c nhit nh git > 60oC. c tnh k thut: n nh keo v n nh ha hc cao, bay hi thp, c tnh chu nc v bo v tt. Cng dng: to mng ph trn b mt cc chi tit my bng kim loi bo v chng n mn trong qu trnh bao gi, vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng lm vic nhit n 50oC. 1.2.2.2. M dng cho cp M dng cho cp c nhit nh git > 60oC c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, bm dnh vi kim loi cao, tnh cht chng ma st v bo v tt. Cng dng: ngn nga n mn v gim ma st gia cc si cp kim loi. 1.2.3 M lm kn: l m dng dng lm kn cc khe h, cc mi ni ren v mi ni di ng (k c h thng chn khng) M lm kn c chia lm 3 loi sau: 1.2.3.1 M van: c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, bm dnh cao, nhit nh git n nh keo cao. Cng dng: lm kn cc vng m ca my bm, cc van chn ca ng ng, c bit l cc van chn lm vic trong iu kin p sut cao v van thit b cp pht.
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1.2.3.2 M ren: c cha lng ln bt kim loi nh nn c tnh c hi. c tnh k thut: chu nc tt, bm dnh cao Cng dng: bi trn cc mi ni ren ca cc thit b khoan, ng dn du kh d dng lp t cc mi ren chu ti trng v nhit cao. Bi trn cc mi ren trong cc kh ti chu ti trng thp d dng tho lp. 1.2.3.3 M chn khng v lm kn: c sn xut bng cch lm c du gc parafin c nht cao bng Xerezin c cha cao su t nhin. Loi m ny c nhit nh git > 50oC. c tnh k thut: c kh nng bm dnh v bo qun cao, ging nh cao su. Cng dng: lm kn cc mi ni di ng ca h thng chn khng v lm kn cc khe h ca thit b ngn bi, hi m lt vo bn trong my khi bao gi v bo qun thit b my mc trong thi gian di. 2. Cc c trng vt l 2.1. c c c nh ngha l mc m cc vt liu do chng li s bin dng di tc dng ca mt lc. i vi m bi trn, n l php o mi lin h vi cng v xp, ngoi ra cn c th ch c mt s iu v tnh cht dng v tnh cht phn b. c c ghi trong thut ng ca ASTM D.217 l: m xuyn chp hnh cn ca m bi trn (thng gi l xuyn kim). c cng ging nh nht thay i theo nhit v do vy phi c ghi mt nhit c th. m xuyn ca chp hnh cn hay xuyn kim ca m c xc nh bng thit b xuyn kim theo tiu chun. m xuyn c xc nhn nh m xuyn nguyn bn, m xuyn khng hot ng, m xuyn hot ng v m xuyn hot ng trong thi gian ko di. m xuyn nguyn bn c xc nh ngay chnh hp ng m v khng tc ng g trc khi xc nh, mc ch xc nh cng hay mm trong khi ct gi sn phm. m xuyn khng hot ng c xc nh trn mu a vo cc kim tra vi s tc ng ti thiu. Gi tr ny ch ra mt s im lin quan n qu trnh chuyn m t thng cha n thit b s dng m. Gi tr m

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thng c bo co l m xuyn hot ng, n c xc nh sau khi mu c tc ng 60 vng trong my th nghim ca ASTM. N c xem l php th ng tin cy nht v s ln tc ng n mu c khng ch v c th lp li. m xuyn hot ng trong thi gian ko di c cp n trong cc php kim tra n nh cu trc v c tnh. 2.2. nht biu kin: nht biu kin l t s gia p sut v tc dch chuyn nhit khng i. M khng b trt cho n khi c mt lc ln tc ng vo. Nu p sut cng tng th tc trt cng tng mt cch t l v nht c o bng t s gia p sut v tc trt gim i. nht biu kin thay i theo hai yu t l nhit v tc trt, v vy n cn xc nh nhit v tc trt nht nh. nht biu kin c dng d on cc tnh cht phn b v vn hnh ca m, hn na n c th lin quan n momen khi khi ng v vn hnh trong c ch bi trn ca m v n rt c li cho vic d on cc xu hng dn n s tht thot m. 2.3. im nh git: im nh git ca m l nhit ti xut hin mt git m ri xung t l ca cc th trong iu kin kim tra c m t theo tiu chun ASTM. im nh git ca m khng nhng ch ra tnh nng chng li bt c s mi mn no m n th hin rng nhit cao hn im nh git, n lm gim tnh nng hon ho trong qu trnh hot ng. im nh git khng xc nh nhit ti a c th s dng vi m v vy rt nhiu yu t khc cn c quan tm khi dng m bi trn trong iu kin nhit cao. Ch s ny c li cho vic ci thin c tnh cng nh qun l cht lng trong qu trnh sn xut m. 3. Sn xut m bi trn t du nhn gc v cht lm c 3.1. Sn xut m bi trn: Qu trnh ch to m bi trn thng l qu trnh khuy trn, lin quan n vic phn tn cc cht lm c vo dung dch v s ng nht cc cht ph gia hay cc cht bin i. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng nhiu cch. Trong mt s trng hp, cc cht lm c c cc nh sn xut a

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vo bc hon thnh sn phm v sau khuy trn vi du cho n khi t c cu trc mong mun ca du. Trong phn ln cc trng hp cht lm c l x phng kim loi, cht lm c c hnh thnh thng qua cc phn ng trong qu trnh ch to m. Qu trnh hon thin c th c th hoc khng lin quan n s loicc kh xm nhp vo trong qu trnh sn xut. Ngay trc khi rt m c lc loi b cc bi tp c th c a vo t nguyn liu gc hay tong qu trnh sn xut m c th nh hng n tnh nng hot ng ca m. Quy trnh sn xut m bi trn gm cc cng on nh sau: X phng ha, trn du vi x phng: C17H35COOH + Me (OH)x = (C17H35COO)xMe Thm ph gia Loi nc Ct hn hp loi nc vo du Nghin, to bng, mn, ng nht Loi kh Lc Bao gi sn phm. Cc bc tin hnh c bn trn c s dng ch to ton b cc loi m. Trong nhng qu trnh sn xut nht nh mt vi bc c th c thc hin ng thi, trong khi cc quy trnh khc chng c phn chia theo th t c th tng bc. Thit b chnh cho qu trnh sn xut m gm c thng np liu thch hp cho x phng ha. Thng c thit k c b phn gia nhit v c gn cc b khuy trn. Qu trnh gia nhit c th l t trc tip hay bng hi nng. Cc b khuy thng l loi c hai chc nng do c hai b cnh quay theo hng ngc nhau. Mt b cnh c gn vi li dao no gt nhng khi x phng t hai bn thnh ca thng np liu. Thng thng cc thng sn xut c dng m. Tuy nhin, khi sn xut mt vi loi m c th dng thng kn hay thng chu p y nhanh qu trnh x phng ha hay t c phn ng theo yu cu. Sau khi x phng ha m c lm mt cng nh khi chng c gia nhit bng phng tin lm mt l thng hai lp. Tc lm mt sau khi x
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phng c to thnh l rt quan trng cho s hnh thnh cu trc tt ca nhiu loi m, v vy i hi vic khng ch nhit mt cch cht ch. Cu trc c th b i trong qu trnh nghin. Qu trnh nghin c th vn tin hnh lin tc ng thi vi qu trnh lm mt hoc chng c th thc hin ring l. Nu thc hin ring l th cc bm tc ln, cc thit b ng nht, cc my nghin keo c th c s dng. Thng thng mc ch ca cng on nghin l ph cu trc dng si hay ci thin phn tn ca x phng vo dung dch bi trn. Qu trnh nghin trong thng s ph c cu trc dng si, nhng qu trnh nghin bng thit b ng nht ha hay cc loi my nghin khc i hi phi ci thin c s phn tn. Trong qu trnh sn xut, m c th b sc kh. Nhn chung s sc kh khng lm gim tnh nng bi ca m nhng chng nh hng n hnh dng bn ngoi. ci thin cc yu cu ca khch hng mt vi loi m gn y c loi kh. C rt nhiu thit b c s dng cho mc ch ny, nhng v c bn chng u ging nhau theo cch gin cc mng m mng trong chn khng. Mi trng chn khng s ui kh ra v lm cho m sng ra rt nhiu. Cng on sn xut cui cng l lc. n c thc hin vi cc b lc dng li hay cc dng chuyn dng trn th trng. Kch c li lc s dng thay i da trn mc ch s dng cui cng ca sn phm m. Mt s loi m thng dng r tin c th lc s b qua li 40 mesh; tuy vy m s dng trong hu ht cc ng dng bao gm s bi trn cc trc c phn t quay i hi li lc c kch c 100 mesh hay mn hn. Nhng vn nu trn l gii thiu vic sn xut m vi thit b dng n gin nht. Rt nhiu loi m vn cn ch to theo cch ny. Tuy nhin nhng nh my sn xut m ngy nay s dng nhng thit b mi hn v cc cng thc phc tp hn trong vic ch to nhiu loi m. Qu trnh x phng ha c thc hin trong cc thng chu p m c tc trao i nhit ln hn nhiu v s khuy trn c ci thin hn so vi thng np liu kiu m c. Khi pha trn cc loi m cn phi xem xt tnh tng hp ca chng. Nu chng khng c tnh tng hp th khng c pha trn. Cn c s tay k thut tra cu. 3.2. Cht lm c m bi trn Cc cht lm c ch yu c s dng trong m l cc x phng
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kim loi. Nhng loi m u tin c ch to t cc x phng canxi, sau c lm t x phng natri. Sau ny cc loi x phng nh nhm, liti, bari cng c a vo s dng. Mt vi loi m c lm t hn hp cc loi x phng nh canxi vi natri v c gi l cc loi m hn hp. Cc loi x phng ch to t cc kim loi khc cng c a vo ch to m nhng chng khng c th trng chp nhn hoc l do gi c hoc l do cc vn v tnh nng hot ng. Mt vi loi x phng kim loi ch cng c s dng nh cht lm c, nhng phn ln cc loi x phng kim loi ch v km u c s dng nh l cc cht bin i trong m. S bin i cc loi m ch to t x phng kim loi hay cc m phc hp ngy cng tr nn ph bin. Cc m phc hp c ch to bng vic kt hp cc vt liu x phng kim loi thng thng vi cc phc cht. Cc phc cht c th l v c hoc hu c v c th lin quan hoc khng lin quan n cc thnh phn kim loi khc. Mt trong s cc du phc hp thnh cng nht l m phc hp ca canxi. Chng c ch to bng vic kt hp cc vt liu t x phng canxi thng thng v phc cht l cc axt hu c c phn t lng thp. Cc m loi ny c to ra vi im nh git rt cao, thng l 500oF (250oC) v n cn c tnh cht chu ti rt tt. Cc loi m phc hp khc vi nhm, liti, bari u c ch to trong nhng ng dng nht nh. Mt s cht lm c khng phi x phng cng c s dng, ch yu trong cc ng dng ring bit. Cc loi bentonite v oxt silic c chuyn ha v s dng ch to cc loi m khng nng chy cho nhng ng dng nhit cao. V s xy ha vn c th lm cho cc thnh phn du trong cc loi m trn b bin cht nn cn phi bi trn thng xuyn. Cc cht lm c nh polyurea, cc bt mu, thuc nhum, v cc loi vt liu tng hp khc cng c s dng mt vi trng hp nht nh. Tuy nhin do gi thnh cao vic ng dng chng b hn ch v ch s dng nhng ni yu cu tnh nng k thut nghim ngt. 4. Ph gia cho m bi trn Cc cht ph gia v cht bin i thng c s dng trong m bi
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trn l cc cht c ch xy ha v chng to r, cc cht ci thin im ng c, cc cht chng mi mn p sut cao, cc cu t gim ma st v cc bt mu hay thuc nhum Phn ln cc loi nguyn liu ny u c chc nng tng t nh cc nguyn liu a vo du bi trn. Molipden disunfit c s dng trong nhiu loi m dng nhng ni c trng ti ln, tc trn b mt thp v cc chuyn ng giao ng c lin quan.Trong cc ng dng ny vic s dng molysulfied (hay cn gi l moly) lm gim ma st v mi mn. Polyethylene v Teflon c chuyn ho cng c th c s dng trong cc ng dng ny. 5. Phn loi m tn cha M c bi trn ch to t x phng canxi thng dng bi trn cho cc my bm nc, my nng nghip, trc, cc ng v kh nng chu nc tt. M c ch to t x phng natri thng dng cho cc bi vi tc cao v c nhit s dng cao. M c ch to t x phng aluminium, dng thch hp vi cc my ly tm v c sc bm dnh tt. M c ch to t x phng litium thng dng trong my bay s dng trong iu kin nhit thp. M bi trn thng c phn chia theo cng: cng cp 1 (dng nho), cp 2 (dng kem), cp 3 (dng gn nh rn). Ty theo tc quay, kn ca trc, v tr trc, nhit lm vic, mi trng lm vic, mmen xon lc khi ng,... m chn la m vi cng ph hp. Tuy nhin, cn phi chn loi m c ch to t loi nht c nht ph hp vi tnh cht bi trn, bo m to c mng nht c dy ti thiu nhng tin cy khi lm vic. 6. Xc nh cc ch tiu ca m bi trn Cc ch tiu ca m bi trn nh nu trong mc 2, bao gm: c, nht biu kin v im nh git. Vic xc nh cc ch tiu trn c thc hin nh sau: c: Khi mu c chun b theo tiu chun ASTM D217, chp hnh cn c th ra v cho php ln ngp vo trong m di sc nng ca n trong thi gian 5 giy. su m hnh chp cn ln vo trong m c c vi chnh xc 1/10 mm v c ghi nhn l m xuyn ca m. V hnh chp cn s ln su hn trong cc loi m xp hn, m xuyn cng cao tc l m cng xp. m xuyn theo tiu chun ASTM thng o 25oC. Ngoi thit b chun (ASTM D217), cc thit b hnh cn dng v
151

(ASTM D.1403) cng c s dng o m xuyn ca cc mu nh. H s cn bng c s dng hiu chnh m xuyn xc nh t ASTM D.1403 v tiu chun ASTM D217. nht biu kin: c xc nh da trn tiu chun ASTM D.1092. Trong php th ny mu m c y qua mt b cc ng mao qun vi mt tc c t trc. T kch thc ca ng mao qun, vi tc bit trc v p sut y m qua cc ng mao qun trong iu kin cn bng ta s tnh c nht biu kin ca m. Cc kt qu ghi nhn mt cch hnh nh l nht biu kin t l nghch vi tc trt nhit khng i hay n t l nghch vi nhit tc trt khng i. im nh git: c hai quy trnh c s dng kim tra l ASTMD.566 v ASTM-D.2265 (khc nhau thit b gia nhit v do vy c gii hn trn ca nhit cng khc nhau). Bnh cha du s dng trong ASTM-D.566 vi gii hn im nh git c th o c l 260oC. Trong ASTM-D.2265 s dng l gia nhit khung nhm vi gii hn o l 330oC. Cc loi m c lm c bng x phng thng thng khng c im nh git xc nh nhng n c di nhit nng chy n tr nn mm hn. Mt vi loi m khc c th khng thay i v trng thi nhng phn du tch ra.Trong trng hp ny ch c nhng quy trnh kim tra chuyn dng v c khng ch xc nh nhit c th lm c s xc nh c tnh ca m. 7. Thc hnh: XC NH IM NH GIT CA M - ASTM D 566 7.1 Phm vi p dng Phng php ny dng xc nh nh git ca m nhn. Phng php khng dng cho nhit > 288 0 C . Vi nhit cao hn s dng phng php D2265. 7.2 Mc ch v ngha Thng thng, nhit nh git l nhit m ti m chuyn t trng thi bn rn sang lng di iu kin th. S thay i trng thi ny l in hnh cho m c cha x phng lm c loi thng. M cha cc cht lm c khc x phng thng thng s tch du m khng lm thay i trng thi. Phng php ny c ch gip cho vic nh danh m v chng loi v thit lp duy tr du hiu kim tra cht lng. Kt qu ch c coi nh c ngha gii hn v kha cnh tnh nng v y l th nghim tnh.
152

7.3 Tm tt phng php Mu m cha trong cc nh treo trong ng th c gia nhit trong b du vi tc nh trc. Nhit m ti m mu ri t l y cc c ly trung bnh vi nhit ca b du v c ghi nhn l im nh git ca m. 7.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 7.4.1 Thit b v ha cht - Nhit k -5 3000C chia 10/ vch - ng ng - Chn ng mu bng ng m Crm - Cht ti nhit - Que khuy 7.4.2 Chun b thit b - M - Cc thy tinh 500 ml - Mnh giy lc - Bp in - ng nghim chu nhit

Lm sch cc v ng th bng dung mi spirit. Ch s dng cc sch. Khi mt trong ca cc c du hiu b mn, b i. Khi dng cc mi, kim tra kch thc bng ci nh c np cc. Kim tra y bng que 2,72 mm d dng xuyn qua, cn que 2,82 mm th khng. Nu l nh th khoan rng ra, cn ln qu th b i. Kim tra ng th, bu nhit k v sch. Kim tra dn hng vng lie, nt trn. Dung sai tng gia dn hng vng lie v thnh trong ca ng th l 1,5mm. 7.4.3 Quy trnh thc nghim Nhi y m vo cc bng cch n ming rng vo m. B m d bng dao. n nh cc, gi thng ng vi ming nh xung di. Xuyn que kim loi t di ln trn n khi n nh ln 25mm. n que vo cc sao cho que kim loi tip xc vi ng chu vi thp v cao ca cc. Gi tip xc ny, xoay cc trn que theo ngn tr to chuyn ng xon xung pha di que loi phn m hnh chp dnh dc theo que. Khi cc t n im cui que, rt cn thn que ra khi cc sao cho mng phng khng c bt kh, c dy mong mun cn gi li trong cc. t nt lie vo nhit k. Nh ci nh c su nhit k t trong ng th, chnh li v tr nt lie trn ca nhit k sao cho y bu nhit k va kht vo ci nh c su. Thay ci nh c bng cc m sao cho nhit k a vo nm su nh. Khi bu nhit k khng chm vo mu m cng nh cc. Treo ng th vo thit b nh ch dn.
153

Tin hnh gia nhit vi tc 4 7 0 C /pht n khi t nhit khong 17 0 C di im nh git d kin. Khi gim tc gia nhit xung 1 1,50C/pht. S khc nhau gia bung gia nhit v ng th l 1 2 0 C . Khi nhit tng, m s u n nh ra khi l cc. Khi git m rt xung, ghi nhit ca 2 nhit k v ly gi tr trung bnh chnh xc n 1 0 C lm im nh git. Nu m chy thnh dng si th ch ghi nhn nhit khi git m chm y. C th thc hin ng thi nhiu mu cng 1 lc, min l hai mu c xp x cng nhit nh git. 7.5 Bo co kt qu Bo co nhit nh git chnh xc n 1 0 C im chy ca m c tnh theo cng thc sau: DP = ODP + [(BT - ODP)/3] Trong : DP: im chy, oC ODP: Nhit im chy quan st c t nhit k,oC BT: Nhit ca bung gia nhit, c t mn hnh my, oC. Bng kt qu: Tn mu ODP BT DP

7.6 chnh xc lp li: ti lp: 70C 13 0 C

154

BI 15. DU NHN TNG HP V CHT LNG CHUYN DNG M bi: HD B15

Gii thiu Do nhu cu bi trn ca thit b v my mc cng nghip ngy cng a dng nn ra i mt loi du nhn m du gc c tng hp t cc hp cht hu c c phn t lng thp hn du khong. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t cc c tnh v ng dng ca du nhn tng hp. Xc nh cc ch tiu chnh ca du nhn tng hp nh: nht v nhit chp chy. Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN . Ni dung chnh 1. Vai tr ca du nhn tng hp Du nhn ch yu c sn xut t du khong m ngun gc ca n i t du m. Tuy nhin cc tnh cht ca du nhn i t du khong, d c x l su bng nhiu phng php x l bng hydro... cng khng tha mn c cc yu cu bi trn ca cc my mc v thit b cng nghip hin i ca ngnh hng khng, qun s,... V vy, p ng c nhu cu trn ngi ta sng ch ra mt loi du nhn m du gc c tng hp t cc hp cht hu c c cc nhm chc l cc ester, ru a chc,... Hnh 15.1. Du nhn Du nhn tng hp c nhiu u im hn du tng hp khong nh: khong nhit lm vic rng (t 55oC n 320oC), vn gi c tnh cht bi trn nhit cc thp, tnh bn, chng li oxy ha, bc hi nhit cao, c bit c cc tnh cht ring nh c th hon ton khng chy hoc c th ha ln trong nc,... 2. Phn loi du nhn tng hp Hin nay, c hai phng php phn loi ph bin i vi du nhn tng hp :
155

Phn nhm theo loi du c cng tnh cht c trng

Phn nhm theo tnh cht ha hc c bn. Trong bng di y, theo phng php phn loi phn nhm theo tnh cht ha hc c bn, trinh by 4 nhm du c phn loi v cc ng dng tng ng vi tng loi trong nhm : Bng 15.1. Phn loi phn nhm theo tnh cht ha hc v ng dng Cc nhm du tng hp 1. Nhm du hydrocacbon tng hp 2. Nhm du ester hu c 3. Nhm du polyglycol 4. Nhm du ester photphat c sn xut v s dng. 3. iu ch du nhn tng hp Trong thc t, du nhn tng hp thu c bng cc qu trnh phn ng ha hc, m kt qu ca cc qu trnh ny l to ra cc hp cht hu c c nhng tnh cht nh mong mun. Cc hp cht ny c th l cc poly- olefin, alkylbenzel, cc ester hu c,... Ngy nay, cng ngh sn xut du tng hp khng ngng c ci tin to ra cc sn phm c cht lng tt hn bng vic p dng cc cng ngh x l bng hydro nh hydrocracking, hydroizome ha,Nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ny l phn on du nhn thu c bng cch chng ct chn khng phn cn ca du m c mch cacbon t C20 n C35. Mt trong nhng phng php iu ch du nhn tng hp l s dng qu trnh hydrocracking (hay cn gi l cracking du m bng hydro). Hydrocracking l qu trnh b gy mch hydrocacbon c s tham gia ca hydro. Trong qu trnh ny, u tin cc mch cacbon di b b gy thnh cc hydrocacbon dng kh c mch C-C ngn nh C2 (ethylen) hoc C4 (butylen). Sau nhng hydrocacbon ny s dn dn kt hp thnh cc hp cht poly- -olefin t ethylen, polyisobutylen t butylen, cng c th cc hp cht c ni i, ni ba, mch phn nhnh v mch vng c hnh thnh. Do qu trnh c s hin din ca hydro nn sn phm thu c u l cc
156

ng dng Du ng c turbin, du my nn v du bnh rng Du ng c, ng c phn lc, du thy lc, du my nn Du phanh, du chu la, du my nn kh v du bnh rng Du nhn v cht lng chu la.

Bn nhm du trn y chim trn 90% lng du tng hp hin ang

hydrocacbon no. 4. Cht lng chuyn dng Cht lng chuyn dng c chia ra thnh cc nhm chnh sau y : 4.1. Nh ct gt kim loi: Nh ct gt kim loi c sn xut t du khong, cc cht nh ho, cc ph gia chng n mn kim loi, ph gia phn tn. Nh ct gt kim loi l dung dch chuyn dng lm mt v bi trn trong qu trnh gia cng ct gt kim loi c bit l kim loi en, ra sch phi kim loi, chng han g, hn ch s bin ng do nhit, gim ma st b mt lm vic, tng tc gia cng. 4.2. Du tch khun v du ko dy ng Du tch khun v du ko dy ng c pha ch t du tng hp cao cp, cht nh ho v cc ph gia chng dnh v chng n mn. Du tch khun c dng vi nc sch cho nh mu trng sa s dng bi trn v lm mt khun trong qu trnh c p lc nhm, qu trnh c cao su, ko dy ng. Du tch khun gip phi tch ra khi khun mt cch d dng, m bo chnh xc ca cc chi tit c, khng gy n mn khun v phi c. Du ko dy ng c tc dng chng kt xc, m bo bng v chnh xc ca dy, khng gy n mn cho dy ng v thit b ko. 4.3. Du tch khun Du tch khun c pha ch t du khong, ph gia chu ti, ph gia chng dnh. Du tch khun chuyn dng bi trn u chy trong qu trnh p p lc nhm, duy tr qu trnh p c lin tc, tng bn cho khun, to bng cho sn phm. 4.4. Du nh thu lc Du nh thu lc c pha ch t du gc cht lng cao, cht hot ng b mt, ph gia phn tn, chng n mn. Du Nh thu lc c dng lm cht lng thu lc cho ct chng l v dn chng thu lc trong cng nghip khai thc qung v than. 4.5. Cht lm mt ng c Cht lm mt ng c c sn xut t ethylene glycol v cc ph gia chng n mn, ph gia chng lng cn v mt s ph gia khc. Cht lm mt ng c c pha vi nc dng lm mt ng c trnh hin tng qu nhit ng c, chng n mn cc kim loi trong h thng
157

lm mt ng c, chng lng cn, bi trn cc b phn chuyn ng... 4.6. Du ra cc loi Du ra c tng hp t cc cht hot ng b mt c chn lc t ch tiu cht lng v bo v mi trng. Du ra dng ty ra du m v cc cht bn hu c khc bm trn cc gia dng (ni, xoong, bt a..) v cc loi qun o bng la t tm, len, d. Du ra khng hi da tay, ty sch cht bn, khng c hi. Du ra xe my c tnh nng ty ra mnh, c dng ty cc cht du m gc khong cng nh gc ng thc vt, cc cht bn hu c, bi, t... bm trn xe my. Du ra xe my khng hi da tay, khng gy n mn kim loi, khng gy trc sn v lm tng bng cho xe my. Du ra tng hp c dng ty cc cht du m gc khong cng nh gc ng thc vt, cc cht bn hu c, bi, t... bm trn kim loi, vi vc, nha, cao su, thu tinh, snh s...Du khng gy c hi, khng gy n mn kim loi, khng lm h hng vt ra. 5. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca du nhn tng hp v cht lng chuyn dng Bng di y l cc ch tiu cht lng ca du nhn tng hp v cht lng chuyn dng vi cc gi tr in hnh v phng php th nghim kim tra nh gi: Bng 15.2. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca du nhn tng hp Ch tiu T trng 25C, kg/l pH (dung dch 5% trong nc) Nhit chp chy cc h, C, min nht ng hc (cSt) : - 40C - 100C bn nh n mn tm gang 46,5 0,5 90,5 t t IP 263/70/1994 IP 125/82/1994 ASTM D 445 Gi tr in hnh 1,04 - 0,90 8,5 -9,0 > 150C Phng php th ASTM D1298 ASTM D1287 ASTM D 92

158

 n mn tm ng

IP 263/70/1994

6. ng dng ca du nhn tng hp v cht lng chuyn dng Bng di y cho bit nhng ng dng c bn nht ca du nhn tng hp v cht lng bi trn tng hp. Bng 15.3. Cc ng dng c bn nht ca du nhn tng hp Lnh vc ng dng 1. Vi t: Sn xut cc loi du ng c Sn xut cc loi du bnh rng Sn xut cc loi du phanh 2. Vi ngnh hnh khng: Sn xut cc loi du turbin kh Sn xut cc loi cht lng thy lc 3. Vi cc ngnh cng nghip: Sn xut cht lng thy lc chng chy Sn xut cc loi du turbin kh Sn xut cc loi du my nn ester photphat, Polyglycol ester hu c, hydrocacbon tng hp Polyglycol, hydrocacbon tng hp, ester hu c, ester hu c Polyglycol hydrocacbon tng hp, ester hu c hydrocacbon tng hp Polyglycol Loi du nhn/cht lng tng hp

7. Thc hnh: XC NH KH NNG TCH NC CA DU NHN ASTM D 1401 7.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php ny dng xc nh kh nng tch ca du khong v du tng hp t nc. 7.2 ngha ca phng php v s dng Phng php kim tra ny c xc nh kh nng tch ca nc trong du nhim bn. N c th dng kim tra nhng loi du mi hoc qua s dng. 7.3 Tm tt phng php Cho 40ml mu v 40ml nc ct vo ng ong v khuy trong 5 pht 54 C, thi gian yu cu cho vic phn tch phi c bo co km theo kt qu. Nu qu trnh phn tch xy ra hon ton hoc th tch phn nh tng cn li sau 30 pht yn l t hn 3ml. c th tch du, nc v lp nh
o

159

tng ti nhit kim tra. 7.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 7.4.1 Thit b - ha cht a. Thit b: ng ong: 100ml, c thang o t 5 100ml v vch chia nh nht l 1,0ml. B gia nhit: c th duy tr nhit 54 Chiu di Chiu rng : 120 : 19 1,5 mm 0,5 mm 1oC Cnh khuy my cho, c kch thc nh sau:

B dy : 1,5 mm Cnh khuy c gn vo motor khuy c th iu chnh c tc khuy v tc c th t c tc 1500 15 rpm.

Hnh 15.2 Thit b xc nh kh nng tch nc ca du nhn b. Ha cht: 160

Nc tinh khit Dung mi lm sch, hydrocacbon nh (naphtha) Axeton

Ha cht lm sch: HCl nng 7.4.2 Chun b mu Phng php kim tra ny rt nhy vi mt lng nh cht bn, do phi tn tr mu cn thn theo tiu chun ASTM D4057. 7.4.3 Chun b thit b Ra sch ng ong bng dung mi lm sch, sau ra li vi axeton v bng vi nc. Lm kh ng ong n khi khng cn git nc no dnh trn thnh ng ong. Lm sch cnh khuy vi gi bng cotton thm t vi dung mi lm sch, sy kh. Cnh khuy b c cong hay bin dng th khng c s dng. 7.4.4 Quy trnh th nghim Gia nhit nc trong b n nhit n nhit 54 1oC v duy tr nhit ny trong sut qu trnh th nghim. Cho nc ct vo ng ong n vch 40ml v cho tip mu cn o vo cho n vch 80ml, t ng ong vo trong b n nhit v yn trong 10 pht. Lp h thng cnh khuy vo trong ng cha mu n v tr yu cu. Bt u khuy v quan st lp nh tng, iu chnh tc khuy cho n khi t c tc 1500 15 rpm. Sau khi khuy 5 pht, ngng khuy v ly cnh khuy ra khi ng cha mu v ra sch cnh khuy (lu : phi cho git lng cui cng trn cnh khuy nh xung ng ong). Di chuyn ng ong n mt v tr khc trong b n nhit, yn 5 pht (k t khi tt v ly cnh khuy ra khi ng cha mu) sau ly ng ong cha mu ra khi b nhit, quan st v ghi nhn th tch ca lp du, lp nc v lp nh tng. 7.5 Bo co kt qu Kt qu bo co c dng nh sau: 40-40-0(20): Qu trnh phn tch xy ra hon ton sau 20 pht v c nhiu hn 3ml nh tng ti thi im 15 pht. 39-38-3(20): Qu trnh phn tch khng xy ra hon ton, sau khi kt thc qu trnh phn tch th tch nh tng cn li l 3ml. 39-35-6(60): C nhiu hn 3ml nh tng cn li trong ng ong sau 60 pht, 39ml du 35ml nc v 6ml nh tng. 41-37-2(20): Qu trnh phn tch xy ra khng hon ton, lp nh tng
161

cn li sau 20 pht phn tch t hn 3ml. 43-37-0(30): Lp nh cn li t hn 3ml sau 30 pht phn tch, th tch lp nh ti thi im 25 pht l 3ml. 7.6 Sai s Sai s: khng yu cu

162

BI 16. CC LOI HO PHM V DUNG MI DU M M bi: HD B16

Gii thiu Ho phm du m l tn gi chung cho cc ho cht c sn xut t du m hay cn gi l cc sn phm ho du. V chng loi, c th ni l v cng a dng v phong ph, chim n 90% cc sn phm hu c m con ngi c th sn xut c. Mc tiu thc hin Hc xong bi ny hc vin s c kh nng: M t tnh cht v ng dng ca cc loi ha phm v dung mi du m. Xc nh c mt s tnh cht chnh ca dung mi du m nh: Thnh phn ct, thnh phn ha hc, so mu saybolt, trng lng phn t v.v.. Thc hin cc th nghim lm trong PTN ha du. Ni dung chnh 1. Gii thiu chung v dung mi cng nghip. Dung mi cng nghip c sn xut t du m, thc cht l mt loi xng c bit bao gm cc hydrocacbon C4 C10 c chng ct trc tip t du th vi cc gii hn si nh v c bc hi tt, nn c s dng nh cc dung mi. Dung mi cng nghip c c tnh chung l dung mi khng cc, khng c hoc c rt t cc hp cht cha lu hunh, nn cho php s dng trong trng hp tip xc vi cc kim loi qu, hoc trong cng nghip sn xut sn. V trong sn thng c thnh phn mui ch hoc oxt ch, nu c lu hunh, chng s to ra sulfua ch c mu en, lm hng sn. Dung mi cng nghip c s dng nhiu trong trch ly cht do, du thc vt, cng nghip cao su, keo dn, cng nghip nhum, cng nghip ho cht, cng nghip sn,... Dung mi cng nghip thng c nhng loi c phn chia theo gii hn si ca chng nh bng sau: Bng 16.1. Phn chia dung mi cng nghip theo gii hn si Khong si, oC 30 - 75 40 100 Lnh vc s dng Trch ly cht thm Keo dn, ty cht bn trn len d

163

60 80 70 100 100 - 130 135 205 White spirit

Trch ly cht bo, du thc vt, sn xut m xng Trch ly cht bo, du thc vt, cng nghip cao su Cng nghip cao su, nhum ty cht bn, in Dung mi nng cho cng nghip sn

2. Dung mi v xng dung mi. Dung mi l cht lng dng ho tan nhng cht khc. Dung mi ni chung c p dng rng ri chit du m thc vt, sn xut keo trong cng nghip cao su v ch to vcni v sn du. Ngoi ra dung mi cn c s dng trong cc mc ch k thut khc nh ra cc chi tit my, git qun o, tng hp da nhn to,... Dung mi ni chung bao gm c: Nhm xng dung mi, trong gm c xng dung mi dng cho cng nghip cao su, xng dung mi dng trong cng nghip sn v xng dung mi dng trong cc mc ch k thut Dung mi du m

Ete du m 2.1 Xng dung mi Xng dung mi l hn hp ca cc parafin, cc xycloparafin v cc hydrocacbon thm c gii hn si gia 150 oC n 220 oC. Xng dung mi l cht lng trong sut, n nh ho hc, khng n mn v c mi m du. Xng dung mi c p dng rng ri chit du v m thc vt, sn xut keo trong cng nghip cao su, ch to sn v vcni. Ngoi ra, chng cn c s dng cho cc mc ch k thut khc nhau nh ra cc chi tit my, git qun o, tng hp da nhn to. 2.1.1 Xng dung mi dng cho cng nghip cao su L phn on c nhit si thp, chng ct trc tip t du m hoc t qu trnh reforming xc tc c kh thm. Xng dung mi c gii hn khong si hp (80 - 120 oC) nhm m bo cho chng c kh nng bay hi nhanh. Cc loi xng dung mi c dng ch bin keo cao su cc loi khc nhau. Hm lng hydrocacbon thm trong xng dung mi theo tiu chun v sinh cng nghip khng c vt qu 3%. 2.1.2 Xng dung mi dng trong cng nghip sn (White spirit) Xng dung mi dng trong cng nghip sn c sn xut t phn on
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xng chng ct trc tip t du m v c chng ct li trong khong si hp 165 200 oC. Hm lng hydrocacbon thm t ti 16%. Xng dung mi (White spirit) hay cn gi l xng trng hoc xng thm, thuc h dung mi hydrocacbon. V bn cht, xng dung mi (White spirit) l mt sn phm du m c ly t cui phn on xng v u phn on kerosene. Xng dung mi c s dng ch yu trong cng nghip sn du v mt s ngnh cng nghip khc nh lm cht pha sn, lm kh sn cho in mu trn vi. V vy, n cn c tn l xng pha sn. Ngoi ra, n cn c dng kh du m trn b mt kim loi, pha ch cht nh bng, lau kh. Loi xng ny phi ho tan tt c cc thnh phn khng bay hi ca sn, bay hi khng c mi, c vn tc bay hi c xc nh (khng bay hi nhanh qu v cng khng bay hi chm qu lm nh hng n b mt ca sn). 2.1.3 Xng dung mi dng trong mc ch k thut Xng dung mi dng cho cc mc ch k thut cng nghip c thnh phn phn on rng ln hn ng vi khong si 45 170 oC. N l xng c chng ct trc tip, khng c hydrocacbon loi C2H5-, khng c cht thm (hm lng hydrocacbon thm khng quy nh). Xng dung mi k thut c dng lm dung mi trong ngnh cng nghip da nhn to, dng lm sch vi, ra kim loi v cc chi tit chng n mn. Xng ny c si u l nh nht so vi cc loi xng dung mi (khng thp hn 45 oC), l loi cht lng d bay hi, c hi v d chy n. 2.1.4 Xng chit L xng thng qua qu trnh reforming bng xc tc, c tch cht thm v c thnh phn ct hp. Xng chit c dng ch yu trong cc nh my sn xut du dng phng php chit thu c du thc vt, dng tch m khi da. Ngoi ra, xng chit cng c dng lm dung mi trong cng nghip cao su va sn du (loi lm kh nhanh). 2.2 Dung mi du m Dung mi du m l hn hp ch yu ca cc hydrocacbon thm, c thnh phn ct t 110 200 oC. Dung mi du m c sn xut ch yu t cc qu trnh nhit phn cc phn ct ca du m nh du ho - gazoin. Nhng phn on ny thng
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cho sn lng cao nht v cc loi hydrocacbon thm nh, ng thi c hin tng to cc tng i nh. Cc phn on du ho -gazoin gc naphthen (c cha 30-60% hydrocacbon naphthen) l nguyn liu tt nht nhit phn. Dung mi du m c dng trong cng nghip trng men, sn du v nhum. Cc phn on du m gc parafin c ln hydrocacbon khng no (l cc sn phm ca qu trnh cracking) cng c s dng lm nguyn liu nhit phn. Tuy nhin, s dng cc nguyn liu c hm lng cc hp cht khng no cao khi nhit phn s cho lng cc tng i cao, h thp sn lng kh t v hydrocacbon thm nh. Vi qu trnh reforming xc tc ang c p dng ph bin cho php thu c sn lng kh cao cc loi hydrocacbon thm nh c tinh khit cao. Qu trnh tch v thu cc loi hydrocacbon thm t sn phm ca qu trnh reforming xc tc ni trn c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng php nh chng ct ng si, tch bng cc dung mi tng ng, hp thu bng silicagen,... Trong cng nghip, thng s dng phng php tch bng dietylenglycol tch ring bit tng loi hydrocacbon thm v thng t t 75 n 90%, tu theo tng phng php v cht lng sn phm c th Ngi ta thng li dng nhng s khc bit trong cc tnh cht vt l tch nhng hydrocacbon thm C8H10 ra thnh nhng cht ng phn ring (o, m-, p-Xylen v etylbenzen). O-Xylen v etylbenzen c tch bng phng php tinh ct, cn p-Xylen c tch bng phng php kt tinh nhit thp. Dung mi du m c dng cho cng nghip sn v c dng sn xut vcni, sn, sn trng men,... Cc sn phm in hnh ca dung mi du m l: benzen, toluen , xylen. 2.3 Ete du m Ete du m (Petroleum ether) l hn hp ca cc loi hydrocacbon dy mtan v thu c t cc sn phm chng ct trc tip, sn phm alkyl ho v cc sn phm tng hp. Chng c lu hnh di 2 nhn mc: 4070 v 70100 ng vi gii hn si. 3. Naphta cng nghip Naphta cng nghip thng c sn xut v phn phi cho cc hng cng nghip theo nhiu con ng khc nhau v thng l hn hp nhng
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phc cht hydrocacbon, tr nhng hn hp tng i tinh khit nh hexan, toluen. V vy, chng khng thch hp vi cch phn loi khoa hc chnh xc. Naphta cng nghip rt khc nhau, t hydrocacbon mch thng n cc cht thm v trong nhiu trng hp chng c cha c hp cht olefin v naphthen. 3.1 Phn loi Qua qu trnh s dng, phn loi na k thut c hnh thnh gm 4 loi sau: Naphta bo Naphta thm Naphta trung bnh

Naphta khng mi Trong thc t, mt s trng Naphta bo c chia ra gm paraphin v naphthen. Phn nhiu naphta l phc hp ca cc hydrocacbon. Cht lng ca naphta ph thuc vo du gc. Nu naphta c nhiu parafin v naphthen th naphta c gi l Naphta bo. Trong cng nghip, naphta cng c phn loi theo ho tan. Mc ho tan c xc nh bi gi tr Kari-Butanol. 3.1.1 Naphta bo: Nhng naphta c s Kari-butanol 45 c gi l naphta bo m khng cp ti thnh phn ca chng 3.1.2 Naphta thm: Cc cht thm trong naphta cng nghip bao gm c cc loi nh benzen, toluen, xylen vi ho tan theo php th Kari-butanol l 98. Mt s naphta c bit nh alkyl naphtalen c phn nhm thuc loi thm c ch s ho tan Kari-butanol nh xylen, toluen. 3.1.3 Naphta trung bnh: Nhm trung bnh ca naphta cng nghip bao gm cc loi naphta chng ct thng hoc naphta pha trn, c ch s ho tan Kaributanol t 45 98. 3.1.4 Naphta khng mi: Naphta khng mi bao gm cc nhm naphta mi. N c phn loi khng theo ch s ho tan v thc t n hu nh khng c mi. Naphta gm nhng loi c ho tan t thp n cao, t nhng loi c bay hi rt cao nh hexan cho ti nhng loi c si cao, k c nhng loi c khong si hp. Khi sn xut naphta cng nghip, cn phi ch u tin n nhng du gc ban u, c th l du th, xng t nhin v n l hn hp phc tp ca
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cc hydrocacbon. Do vy, c th duy tr c tnh ng nht ca sn phm, cn c nhng quy c phn loi cc qu trnh ch bin du th v xng t nhin sn xut naphta. 3.2 Cc qu trnh ch bin naphta cng nghip 3.2.1 Qu trnh chng ct Thc t cc cht naphta bo nh ru khong (mineral spirit), dung mi stoddard, naphta Vc-ni sn (Vernish Maker & Painters naphta) hoc vit tt l V.M & P, thu c ch t qu trnh chng ct. Trong mt s trng hp cn dng thm quy trnh x l ngt ci thin mi. Vic chng ct xng t nhin cho ta dung mi c tinh khit tng i cao dng parafin, nh hexan, l cc sn phm c thnh phn chng ct tuyt ho. Cc loi naphta thm nh benzen, toluen v xylen nguyn thu c sn xut nh l sn phm ph trong quy trnh cc ho than. S linh hot ca cc thit b chng ct hin i cho kh nng c th sn xut ra cc loi naphta c khong si theo yu cu. 3.2.2 Qu trnh reforming: bao gm cc qu trnh reforming xc tc v hydroforming,... sn xut naphta cng nghip loi trung bnh v loi thm. Trong thc t, cc qu trnh ny c pht trin sn xut ra nhin liu t c tr s octan cao t nhng vt liu ban u c tr s octan thp. V vy, nhng qu trnh cng ngh mi ny cng cho php ta sn xut naphta cng nghip quan trng nht. Reforming l ngun cho cc cht thm benzen, toluen v xylen. Hydroforming cho ra cc sn phm: pha trn l benzen, toluen v xylen; pha di l naphta cng nghip c hm lng alkyl naphtalen cao. Loi ny c th chng ct ra mt s naphta cng nghip c ho tan cao. Nhng naphta ny rt c ch trong lnh vc thuc tr su lm dung mi cho thuc tr su, thuc dit c v bo v g. 3.2.3 Qu trnh alkyl ho: l qu trnh rt quan trng a ra nhng sn phm dung mi khng c mi nh ru khong (mineral spirit). Cc sn phm cn ca qu trnh ny c chng ct v c x l cho ra mt s dung mi khng mi m trc kia phi c x l bng axt sulfuric nng. 3.3 S dng v tiu chun ho naphta cng nghip Trong cc ngnh cng nghip hin i, tht kh ch ra mt cch c th rng c mt ngnh cng nghip no khng s dng trc tip hoc gin tip naphta.
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Nhng sn phm ny c phm cp cht lng rt rng v linh hot nh ho tan, thnh phn ct, bay hi,... u lm cho chng tr nn v gi trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip c bit. 3.3.1 si 3.3.1.1 Nhm naphta bo c nhng khong si nh sau: Ete du ho (petroleum ether) Dung mi cao su (rubber solvent) Ru nh (Light spirit) Naphta Vc-ni (High flash V.M naphta) Ru khong nh (Light mineral spirits) Stoddard solvent : 37,8 oC : 65,6 oC : 93,3 oC : 121,1 oC : 148,9 oC : 176,7 oC

Oderless mineral spirit : 204,4 oC 3.3.1.2 Hydrocacbon loi parafin tinh khit c khong si nh sau: Pentan izo-hexan Hexan : 30 38 oC : 50 62 oC : 65 70 oC

izo-heptan : 87 93 oC Heptan : 95 98 oC 3.3.1.3 i din ca naphta thm c khong si nh sau: Benzen cng nghip : 79 80 oC Toluen cng nghip : 95 100 oC Xylen cng nghip : 130 140 oC 3.3.1.4 Nhiu loi naphta thm khc c khong si n 260 oC. 3.3.2 S dng: Di y l vic s dng mt vi naphta cng nghip thng dng. Hexan: Naphta loi parafin ny c ng dng ln nht trong nhng quy trnh chit xut. N c dng chit xut du u tng, du bng, du ng cc, du lc, du ht lanh, ht cacao, ma,...; chit xut cht bo, du t tht m, xng, lng v m bi trn. Ngoi ra, n c dng trong vic sn xut bt cao su, keo dnh, mc khc, giy, mt n trong khu hon thin da nhn to, trong vic lm sch cc chi tit chnh xc. Hexan c bay hi cao nht so vi tt c cc loi naphta cng nghip. Heptan: Cng l mt loi naphta parafinic c dng thay th cho hexan trong iu kin vn hnh i hi dung mi c chp chy cao nhng c bay hi thp hn. Dung mi cao su: l loi dung mi cht bo c khong si thp c
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dng trong sn xut bt cao su, cht keo dnh, lp cao su, m phanh, mc khc, tch bo da, mc v sn lc. Dung mi sn lc: c dng lm cht pha long trong khu chun b lc v vt liu bt tng hp, ni m i hi lm kh nhanh. V tc bay hi c th gn bng vi toluen nn khi s dng thng phi hp vi toluen. Vc-ni sn (V.M & P naphta): thuc loi naphta nh, naphta ty kh, c dng lm mng sn, vcni v c dng trong sn lc. Chng cng c dng trong sn xut bt cao su, keo dnh, sp, nh bng di dng cht lm sch. Stoddard solvent: l mt loi dung mi c bit dng ty sch kh, c mu v mi d chu, c im bt chy cao. N c dng trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, c bit trong ty ra kim loi v ty m. Yu cu i vi dung mi loi ny l sch, khng b vn c, khng nc, khng b i v bin mi. Mi ca n phi l mi naphta ch bin ngt. Alkyl naphtalen: l loi naphta thm mi c dng trong lnh vc thuc tr su, l nhng cht ho tan nhng tc nhn mnh nh: DDT 3.3.3 Tiu chun ho naphta cng nghip: C 15 dung mi cng nghip c tiu chun ho theo ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 3.3.3.1 Naphta cng nghip, loi petroleum spirits v mineral spirit theo ASTM-D.235, c thnh phn ct gn ging nh xng, c th l: Nhit si 50% : 177 oC min; Nhit si cui : 210 oC; Nhit bt chy : 38 oC min; Mu trng, mu Saybolt : + 21 min. 3.3.3.2 Loi heavy petroleum spirits (heavy mineral spirit) theo ASTMD.965 im si u im si 95% im si cui Bt chy : 171 oC min; : 238 oC; : 251 oC ; : 51,5 oC.

Heavy petroleum spirit c dng nh cht lm mng i vi sn chm, vcni. 3.3.3.3 Loi refined solvent naphta theo ASTM-D.838 170

T trng im si 5% im si 90%

: 0,850 0,870; : 0 oC; : 145 oC ;

im kh : 180 oC max. 3.3.3.4 Loi crude light solvent naphta theo ASTM-D.839 T trng : 0,860 0,885; im si 5% : 130 oC; im si 90% : 160 oC ; im kh : 180 oC max. 3.3.3.5 Loi crude heavy solvent naphta theo ASTM-D.840 T trng 15 oC : 0,885 0,970; im si 5% im si 90% im kh 4. Cc ha phm du m. 4.1 Izo-Propyl Alcohol: : 150 oC; : 200 oC ; : 220 oC max.

Izo-Propyl Alcohol (I.P.A) c cng thc ho hc l: (CH3)2CHOH v cn c gi l propanol hoc izopropanol thuc h ru no. c trng k thut ca I.P.A nh sau: Trng lng phn t : 60,10 im tan : -89,5 oC; im si : 82,3 oC ; T trng 15 oC : 0,78 I.P.A l mt cht lng linh ng, c mi d chu, c th trn ln theo t l bt k vi nc v nhiu cht lng hu c. I.P.A l dung mi tuyt vi cho nhiu cht hu c, c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip nh lm dung mi son cho cc du t nhin, lm tc nhn chit tch trong ho m phm v dc phm. I.P.A l mt trong nhng nguyn liu gc cho tng hp hu c, sn xut cht ty ra v nh bng. I.P.A cn c dng lm cht chng ng, lm cu t kh nc, lm cht ph tr kh sp trong chng ct du th. 4.2 Dioctylphtalat: Dioctylphtalat (D.O.P) hoc Dietylphtalat:c cng thc ho hc l: C6H4(CO2C2H5)2. N l mt cht lng khng mu, khng trn ln vi nc nhng c th trn ln vi nhiu dung mi hu c. ng dng quan trng nht ca D.O.P l dng lm cht do ho cho nha PVC v cc loi polymer khc. V vy, ngi ta cn gi l cht lu ho nha.
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4.3 Parafin du m Parafin du m dng rn l cc tinh th hydrocacbon thuc dy m, ch yu c cu to mch thng, c iu ch t nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut du nhn. Ty thuc vo mc tinh luyn m chng c mu trng, c mu hi vng hoc c mu t vng sng n mu nu sng. Cc parafin c p dng rng ri trong cc ngnh k ngh in t, thc phm, hng liu v mt s lnh vc khc. Chng l mt trong nhng ngun nguyn liu quan trng nht sn xut axt bo. Trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm s dng cc parafin c tinh luyn k, khng c c mi, khng c cha axt, kim v cc cht sulfat, clorua, cc cht c hc v nc. 4.4 Xerazin Xerazin l hn hp cc parafin c cu trc phn t dng izo, vi s lng nguyn t ccbon trong phn t t 36 n 55. Xeazin thu c t nguyn liu t nhin v c tng hp t CO2 v H2. Nguyn liu l ozokerit t nhin v phn kt ta du m gc naphthen cha parafin. T xerazin ngi ta lm ra cc ch phm khc nhau trong ngnh ho hc dn dng, vazlin. Xerazin cng c s dng lm cht c trong sn xut du m bi trn, lm cht cch in trong k ngh in v in t v lm cc phn sp nn. 4.5 Izopropylbenzen Izopropylbenzen l sn phm alkyl ho benzen ca phn on propanpropylen, c s tham gia c cht xc tc l photpho. Izopropylbenzen c dng lm nguyn liu tng hp metylstyrol, sau metylstyrol li c s dng lm nguyn liu ng trng hp cng vi butadien thnh cao su tng hp. 4.6 Pirobenzen Pirobenzen l hp cht hydrocacbon, trong ch yu l hydrocacbon thm loi nh v nhng hydrocacbon thuc cc lp khc c nhit si di 175 oC. Pirobenzen c s dng nng cao tnh cht chng kch n cho cc loi xng my bay (khng qu 10%, do kh nng c th tch ra t hn hp cc tinh th benzen khi nhit thp.

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4.7 Naphtalin k thut Naphtalin k thut l mt loi hydrocacbon thuc dy thm, kt tinh di dng phin nh, khng mu, ng nh. Naphtalin k thut c iu ch bng cch lm lnh naphtalin ri tch cc tinh th ra bng my ly tm, sau c lm sch bng phng php thng hoa v c xut xng di dng sn phm kt tinh nguyn cht. Ty theo iu kin ch bin v mc tinh ch, naphtalin c sn xut ra di nhiu dng v loi khc nhau: Naphtalin tinh th: dng tng hp cc sn phm v bn thnh phm hu c, cc cht n, dc phm cng nh dng sn xut cc dung mi tetralin v decalin. Naphtalin dng vin, bt v vy: c s dng lm thuc tr su (chng nhng, rp, mt vi,...) 4.8 Nha pec du m Nha pec du m l mt loi cht cn dng nha, thu c t qu trnh chng ct nha kh t nhit phn. Nha pec du m c s dng lm nguyn liu ch bin cc khng tro gc du m dng lm in cc, lm cht th cho nha than trong ngnh sn xut thuc n tri-nitrotoluen, hoc dng lm cht kt dnh. 4.9 Lacoil du m Lacoil (du lc) l sn phm c ch bin t gudron, ly ra t qu trnh lm sch bng axt sulfuric cc phn on thm cha tinh ch, ng thi pha thm phn du benzen ri sau ho tan ton b hn hp vo dung mi, cui cng em ra bng nc v trung ho cn axits sulfuric bng kim nh. Lacoil l nguyn liu sn xut du sn nhn to v cc loi mng cch in. 4.10 Piropolimer Piropolimer l cc sn phm trng hp ca nhng hydrocacbon khng no nhit phn (tc l phn cn thu c sau khi tinh ct th cp) c pha thm dung mi (di 40%). Cng nh Lacoil, piropolimer l nguyn liu sn xut du sn nhn to. 5. BTX Nhng hydrocacbon thm (aromatic) ca cng nghip ho du sn xut, ch yu l benzen, toluen, xylen (gi tt l BTX). Trc y, vic sn xut nhng hydrocacbon aromatic ch yu da vo
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vic thu hi kh ca cng nghip sn xut than cc, nhng v sn lng qu thp, khng p ng nhu cu pht trin cng nghip cht do v si ho hc, nn ngy nay phi da vo cng nghip ho du, va c sn lng cao, va c gi thnh h nn phn hydrocacbon aromatic nhn c trn c s du m chim t l trn 90%. BTX l nhm cc sn phm gc rt quan trng nn cc c trng k thut ca chng c cp c th nh sau: 5.1 Benzen Benzen l cht lng, khng mu, trong sut, linh ng, c mi c trng, d bay hi v c c tnh mnh. Benzen c cng thc ha hc l C 6H6 thuc h hydrocacbon thm. Benzen c sn xut ra bng phng php reforming xc tc (cht xc tc l Al-Pt) nhit 480 - 520 oC v p sut 20 at. Nguyn liu tin hnh reforming l xng chng ct trc tip t du m c nhit si phn on t 60 n 85 oC. Benzen c dng lm nguyn liu gc ch bin cc loi si polyamid lai capron v nylon, cao su tng hp v cht do trn c s phenol. Ngoi ra, benzen cn c dng lm nguyn liu ch bin thuc nhum, dc phm, cc ch phm nhip nh, dng lm dung mi v cht tch ly,... Trong cng nghip ha du, benzen c s dng lm nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut cc loi sn phm alkyl cng nh c s dng lm ph gia cho nhin liu ng c tng tr s octane. 5.2 Toluen Toluen c tn ha hc l metylbenzen hoc phenylmetan vi cng thc ha hc ca toluen l C6H5CH3, thuc h hydrocacbon thm, l cht lng trong sut, khng mu, c mi c trng ging nh benzen nhng t c hn benzen. Toluen hon ton khng trn ln vi nc nhng trn ln hon ton vi hu ht cc cht lng hu c, c bit l cc sn phm du m lng. Toluen c sn xut ra bng phng php reforming xc tc (cht xc tc l Al-Pt) nhit 480 - 520 oC v p sut 20 at. Nguyn liu tin hnh reforming l xng chng ct trc tip t du m c nhit si phn on t 85 n 120 oC. Toluen l mt dung mi du m tt cho nha, du m nhn v cc sn phm t nhin khc, c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip ha cht, sn, trng men v y dc, lm dung mi chit tch v kh du m, lm nguyn liu sn xut cht keo dnh, mc in v mt s ha cht quan trng
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nh thuc n TNT, toluendiizoxyanat, axt benzoic,... Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s dng toluen nh mt thnh phn ph gia c tr s octan cao cho xng my bay v t. 5.3 Xylen Xylen l cht lng khng mu, c mi v cng c nhng tnh c trng tng t nh toluen. Xylen l hn hp ca ba loi xylen: o-Xylen, m-Xylen v p-Xylen Xylen c sn xut ch yu bng phng php reforming xc tc (cht xc tc l Al-Pt) nhit 480 - 520 oC nh benzen v toluen nhng p sut t 35 - 40 at. Nguyn liu tin hnh reforming l xng chng ct trc tip t du m c nhit si phn on t 120 n 140 oC. Xylen l dung mi tt cho cc cht bo, sp, hc n v nhiu loi nha. Xylen c dng lm dung mi v cht pha long trong sn, trng men, lm nguyn liu sn xut mc in, keo dnh, mattit, thuc tr su, cht mu v cht ty ra tng hp. Xylen k thut c dng lm dung mi ca cc loi vc ni, thuc nhum, mattit, dc phm cng nh trong cng nghip ha cht sn xut xilidin, cht mu v cht ty ra tng hp,... Trong s cc hydrocacbon thm k trn, th benzen v xylen c nhu cu cao hn c, v vy phi s dng toluen chuyn ho thnh benzen v xylen. BTX c s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut ra cc sn phm th h th 2, bao gm cc loi c trnh by trn s trn. 6. Thc hnh: XC NH CH S MU SAYBOLT ASTM D 156 6.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php ny c p dng cho cc sn phn nhin liu sng mu nh: Xng t, xng my bay cha pha mu, nhin liu phn lc, naphtha, du ha, sp du m v du trng dc phm... 6.2 Mc ch v ngha Mu saybolt nh gi thnh phn ca cc cu t nng c trong sn phm du m. Ngoi ra, thng qua mu saybolt ta c th nh gi hm lng nha c trong sn phm du m v s thay i tnh cht ca nhin liu trong qu trnh bo qun v s dng. 6.3 Tm tt phng php Mu Saybolt l mu ca sn phm lng, gc du m trong sut c nh ngha da trn thang o t 16 (ti nht) n + 30 (sng nht).
175

Tm cao ca ct mu sao cho khi nhn xuyn qua di ca ct, mu ca ct mu ph hp vi mu ca mt trong 3 tm knh chun. T cao thu c v loi knh chun s dng, tra bng tm c gi tr mu saybolt. 6.4 Tin hnh thc nghim 6.4.1 Thit b - ha cht My so mu Saybolt gm c ng mu c chia vch v ng chun, h thng quang hc, ngun sng v cc tm knh chun mu.

Hnh 16.1. Thit b o mu Saybolt 6.4.2 Chun ha thit b Tho tm knh ra khi y ca ng mu. Ra tm knh, ng mu, ng chun (ra bng x phng v nc, trng li bng nc ct v axeton, thi kh). Lp v nh v cc ng vo my. Bt ngun sng, quan st cng sng ca hai na trng quang hc vi c hai ng rng v mng ngn 12 mm c tho ra khi y ng chun. iu chnh v tr ngun sng c c cng sng mi na trng quang hc l nh nhau. Lp tr li mng ngn 12 mm vo bn di ng chun v nc ct vo ng mu n vch 508 mm ( 20 in). Cng sng quan st c mi trng quang hc cn phi nh nhau i vi my so mu c php s
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dng. 6.4.3 Chun b mu Khi mu c, lc n qua giy lc, nh lng ph hp cho n khi n c mu sng. Khi chun b mu sp du m th nghim, khng c un nng qu v c th xy ra s oxy ha lm bin mu mu. 6.4.4 Quy trnh i vi du sng v du trng dc phm Trng ng mu bng mt phn ca mu. Tho cho mu chy ht, y mu vo ng mu. So snh mu vi chun mu nguyn (chun s 1). Khi mu sng hn mu chun th di chuyn v thay th n bng chun mt na. Khi mu ti hn chun nguyn cao 158 mm (6,25 in) th t thm mt knh chun nguyn na (thnh chun s hai). Ch : Mu trong ng phi khng c bt kh. Vi chun mu thch hp v mu trong ng mu phi mc m mu ca n r rng v ti hn mu ca chun, th t t x bt mu qua vi cho n khi mu ca mu ch hi ti hn chun mu. T im ny h mc mu xung cao gn nht ng vi cao trong bng mu. Khi mu ca mu quan st vn cn ti hn chun mu th tip tc h mc mu xung cao tip theo trong bng ri li so snh. Lp li thao tc ny cho n khi cao ca mu du t n mc mu ca mu v chun mu l nh nhau hoc khc bit nhau khng ng k. T im ny h thp ct mu xung cao tip theo ghi trong bng m mu mu r rng sng hn chun mu th ghi s mu ng vi mc cao hn gn nht, l mu Saybolt. Ch : i vi sn phm du m c mu ti hn mu Saybolt 16, dng tiu chun ASTM D 1500. 6.4.5 Quy trnh i vi sp du m un nng mu sp cao hn im ng c (theo tiu chun ASTM D 938) t 8 n 17oC. H nng ng mu trc, rt sp lng vo ng mu. 6.5 Bo co kt qu Ghi kt qu s mu Saybolt o c Khi mu phi x l lc, cn ghi u ny vo trong kt qu.

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PH LC
1. Chuyn i gn ng gia cc i lng 1 inch 1 foot 1 foot vung 1 arce 1 feet khi 1 thng 1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) 1 Triu BTU 1 pound 1 tn du th 1 thng du th (US Barrel) 100 thng du th/ngy 1 triu tn du th/nm Thng/ngy (B/d) x 49,8 Tn/nm x 0,0201 25 mm 1/3 mm 1/10 m2 1 ha 30 lt 150 lt 1/4 Kcal 250 thermi 0,5 kg

7,3 thng 0,14 tn 50.000 tn/nm 20.000 thng/ngy tn/nm Thng/ngy (B/d)

Trng lng ring gn ng cc sn phm du kh Du th Xng Du ha DO FO Nht Bitum 1 tn LNG 0,80 0,71 0,78 0,82 0,19 0,85 1,00 0,97 tn/m3 0,79 tn/m3 0,84 tn/m3 0,92 tn/m3 0,99 tn/m3 0,95 tn/m3 1,10 tn/m3 8,0 9,0 8,2 7,8 6,9 7,5 6,4 6,6 thng/tn 8,1 thng/tn 7,6 thng/tn 6,9 thng/tn 6,5 thng/tn 6,7 thng/tn 3,8 thng/tn 52,3 x 103 feet khi kh

1,4 x 103 Nm3 kh thin nhin

thin nhin tiu chun

178

2. Chuyn i chnh xc gia cc i lng 1 inch = 2,54 cm 1 foot = 12 inch = 30,48 cm 1 dm trn t lin (mile terrestre) = 1,609 km 1 dm trn bin (mile marin) 1 inch vung = 929 m2 = 0,405 ha 1 arce = 9 feet vung 1 dm vung = 2,590 km2 1 gallon (M) = 3,7853 lt 1 gallon (Anh) 1 lt = 4,5459 lt 0,264 gallon (M) 0,222 gallon (Anh) Thng (US Barel) = 159,984 lt = 42 gallon (M) = 34,973 gallon (Anh) 1 m3 1 feet khi 1 tn Anh (long ton) 1 tn M (short ton) 1 pound (lp)
o o o

= 1,853 km

= 6,2898 thng (US Barrel) = 35,3147 feet khi = 28,317 lt = 0,1781 thng = 1016 kg = 907 kg = 453,59 g C = 5/9 (oF) - 32 F = 1,8 (oC) + 32 API =
141,5 d 60 o F 60 F
o

131,5

3. Chuyn i theo tng nng lng 1 tn LNG = 1,22 tn du th = 0,8 tn FO nng = 0,91 tn LPG thng mi = 0,90 tn than Nhit nng ca cc n v nhin liu tng ng: BOE (Barrel Oil Equivalent) = 5,8 x 106 BTU
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TOE (Ton Oil Equivalent) TCE (Ton Coal Equivalent)

= 43 x 106 BTU = 27,8 x 106 BTU

1000 feet khi kh thin nhin (1000 CFNG) = 1 x 106 BTU H s chuyn ha theo tng ng nng lng BOE 1 7,41 4,71 0,17 Du th Xng Du ha DO (Diesel Oil) FO (Fuel Oil) LNG LPG Than TEO 0,14 1 0,64 0,02 TCE 0,2 1,6 1 0,04 = 18.300 = 20.500 = 19.800 = 19.200 = 18.300 = 22.300 = 21.300 = 10.200 14.600 19.500 1000 CFNG 5,8 43,0 27,3 1

Nhit nng ca nhin liu (BTU/lb)

180

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. inh Th Ng Ha hc du m v kh. Nh xut bn KHKT, H Ni 2001. Nguyn Th Minh Hin Cng ngh ch bin kh - HBK H Ni 2000. B mn cng ngh hu c ha du trng HBK H Ni Cc bI th nghim v ha du, H Ni 2000. Oil and chemical processing Public Affairs Department, Esso UK PLC, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 8UX, UK. L vn Hiu Cng ngh ch bin du Nh xut bn KHKT, H Ni, 2000. Kiu nh Kim Cc sn phm du m Nh xut bn KHKT, H Ni 1999. Trn Mnh Tr Du kh v du kh Vit Nam - Nh xut bn KHKT, TP. HCM, 1996. Sukhanov V.P. - Petroleum Processing English translation, Mir Publishers, 1982. .., .., .. , , ,

1986. 10. Th nghim chuyn du kh, Khoa Cng ngh Ho hc v Du kh Trng HBK TP.HCM, nm 2002.

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