An ton v bo mt thng tin

H mt m affine
1.Bi ton v h mt m affine 2.K thut m ha affine 3.Thut ton Euclid m rng 4.Gii m trong affine 5.Mt s gii thut dng trong lp trnh Trnh by : Nguyn Tin Dng Lp: H thng thng tin Kha: 5

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Bi ton v m affine

Pht biu bi ton v h mt m affine: Khng gian bn r v bn m ca h m l cc xu c hnh thnh t mt bng ch ci A c di l N. Khi khng gian kha ca h m affine c xc nh nh sau: Khng gian kha ca h m l cc cp s (a,b) vi a,b ZN v c chung ln nht ca a v N l 1 K = { (a,b): a,b ZN ,UCLN(a,N) =1} Hoc:

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Bi ton v m affine

c chung ln nht ca 2 s a, b l s nguyn dng d ln nht tha mn iu kin d l c ca c hai s nguyn a, b. K hiu: UCLN( a, b) hoc GCD( a, b). Trong vnh ZN vi a,b ZN v a>=1, N>=2 nu UCLN(a,b)=1 th ta gi a v b l cc s nguyn t cng nhau

I.

Bi ton v m affine

Cu hi: Trong bng ch ci ting anh c 26 ch( tc N =26), nu ta nh s cc ch ci ca bng ch ci t 0 25( nh hnh v di). Hi ta s c c bao nhiu ch s a, b tha mn yu cu ca bi ton m affine v khng gian kha ca h m affine vi bng ch ci trn s bao gm bao nhiu b s?

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Bi ton v m affine

Li gii: Ch s a theo yu cu ca bi ton phi tha mn 2 iu kin sau: a Z26 UCLN( a, 26) =1 Cc s tha mn yu cu a ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25} Nh vy c tt c 12 ch s a tha mn yu cu ca bi ton Ch s b ch cn tha mn iu kin b Z26 c 26 ch s b tha mn yu cu bi ton. C 12 cch chn ch s a, 26 cch chn ch s b khng gian kha K ca bng ch ci ting anh trn s gm 12 x 26 = 312 kha. y l con s tng i nh.

II. M ha trong affine

m ha ngi ta nh s cc ch ci ca bng ch ci t 0 N-1 v tin hnh m ha, gii m tng k t Hm m ha trong affine c dng nh sau: EK(x) = (ax +b)mod N vi (a,b) K K t bn r c s th t l x s c chuyn thnh k t c s k t l (ax +b)mod N trong bng ch ci A. Vi a = 1: ta s c h mt m dch vng

II. M ha trong affine

V d: M ha bn r WAR bng h mt m affine vi K=(7,10) trong bng ch ci ting anh c 26 k t.

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II. M ha trong affine

Li gii:
i cc ch trong xu WAR thnh cc ch s tng ng: 22, 0, 17 K=(7,10) tc l ta c a= 7 v b=10, p dng vo hm m ha trong affine ta c:

Ek(22) = (7*22+10) mod 26 = 8 I Ek(0) = (7*0+10) mod 26 = 10 K Ek(17) = (7*17+10) mod 26 = 25 Z

Kt qu l : IKZ

III. Thut ton Euclid m rng

Gi s a ZN , phn t nghch o ca a l phn t a-1 ZN sao cho a.a-1 = 1 mod N hoc a.a-1 = 1 iu kin s a c nghch o theo modulo N l UCLN( a,N) =1 hay GCD(a,N)=1 tc l a v N l 2 s nguyn t cng nhau. Cch tm s nghch o ca a: S dng thut ton Euclid m rng Gii thut Euclid m rng kt hp qu trnh tm CLN(a, b) trong thut ton Eclid vi vic tm mt cp s x, y tho mn phng trnh a*x +b* y = CLN(a,b) (phng trnh i--phng)

III. Thut ton Eclid m rng

Thut ton Euclid: Gi s cho hai s t nhin a, b, ngoi ra a>b>0. t r0 =a, r1 =b, chia r0 cho r1 c s d r2 v thng s nguyn q1. Nu r2 =0 th dng, nu r2 khc khng, chia r1 cho r2 c s d r3 v thng s nguyn q2, ...V dy cc ri l gim thc s nn sau hu hn bc ta c s d rm =0 Ta c:

r0 = q1 * r1 + r2 , r1 > r2 >0 r1 = q2 * r2 + r3 , r2 > r3 >0 r2 = q3 * r3 + r4 , r3 > r4 >0 ....... rm-1 = qm * rm + rm+1, rm > rm+1 > 0 rm = qm+1 * r m+1 S d cui cng khc 0 l rm+1 UCLN(a,b)= rm+1

III. Thut ton Eclid m rng

Phng trnh i--phng: a*x +b* y = CLN(a,b)= d x, y c tm theo cng thc truy hi: a*xi + b* yi = d vi i=1,2,.. x0= 1 , x1= 0, xi+2 = xi qi+1 * xi+1 y0= 0 , y1= 1, yi+2 = yi qi+1 * yi+1 Ngch o ca a trong modulo N: Trong vnh ZN nu coi b=N th ta c UCLN(a,N)=1 N*x +a* y = 1 vi a, x, y ZN Mt khc: (N*x +a* y )mod N = (N*x) mod N + (a*y) mod N = (a*y) mod N (a*y) mod N =1 mod N y l nghch o ca a theo modulo N Ch : Nu y<0 th nghch o ca a l N+y

III. Thut ton Euclid m rng

V d: Tm nghch o ca a=11 trong Z26 tc N=26 Li gii: Tm UCLN(11,26) nu bng 1 th 11 c nghch o trong Z26 ngc li th 11 khng c nghch Z26
Bc i 0 1 2 3 N 26 11 4 3 a 11 4 3 1 q 2 2 1 3 r 4 3 1 0

UCLN(11,26) =1 vy 11 c nghch o trong Z26

III. Thut ton Eclid m rng

Phng trnh: 26*x +11*y = 1
Y0 = 0, Y1 =1 v Yi+2 = Yi Yi+1 * Qi+1
Bc i 0 1 2 3 N 26 11 4 3 a 11 4 3 1 Qi+1 2 2 1 3 Ri+1 4 3 1 0 Yi 0 1 -2 Yi+1 1 -2 5 Yi+2 -2 5 -7

Ta c y = -7, vy nghch o ca 11 trong vnh Z26 l -7+26=19 Trong Z26, ch bng phng php th v sai cng c th tm c cc nghch o ca cc phn t nguyn t cng nhau vi 26: 1-1 = 1, 3-1 = 9, 5-1 = 21, 7-1 = 15, 11-1 = 19, 17-1 =23, 25-1 = 25.

IV. Gii m Affine

Vi bi ton c m ha: EK(x) = (ax +b)mod N vi (a,b) K chng ta s cng nhau i gii m bi ton trn Phn tch: Gi s gi x l s nguyn th hin k t ghi bn r v y l s nguyn th hin hin k t ghi bn m ca k t x. V gi a-1 l nghch o ca a theo modulo N

IV. Gii m Affine

Ta c: y = (ax +b)mod N

ax = (y-b) mod N ( p dng tnh cht kt hp, phn phi v giao hon ) a-1 ax = a-1 (y-b) mod N ( nhn c 2 v vi a-1 ) x = a-1 (y-b) mod N
Vi a,b,y bit ta s tnh c x k t tng ng vi v tr x trong bng k t Hm gii m l: dK(y) = a-1(y-b) mod 26

IV. Gii m Affine

V d: Gii m thng ip FBWGC bng m Affine vi a = 7 v b = 7 bng b ch ci ting Anh (N = 26).

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IV. Gii m Affine

Chuyn cc k t thnh cc s: 5 1 22 6 2 Ta tnh a-1 trong modulo 26

Ta c 7-1 = 15
p dng cng thc gii m ta c:
dK(5) = 7-1(5-7) mod 26 = (-30) mod 26 = (-30+ 2*26) mod 26 = 22 W dK(1) = 7-1(1-7) mod 26 = (-90) mod 26 = (-90 +4*26) mod 26 = 14 O dK(22) = 7-1(22-7) mod 26 = 225 mod 26 = 17 R dK(6) = 7-1(6-7) mod 26 = (-15) mod 26 = (-15+1*26) mod 26 = 11 L d2(y) = 7-1(2-5) mod 26 = (-75) mod 26 = (-75 +3*26) mod 26 = 3

Thng ip c gii m l: WORLD

V.

Mt s thut ton dng trong lp trnh

1. Tm UCLN(a,b) S dng quy:

S dng tnh lp li:

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Mt s thut ton dng trong lp trnh

S dng thut ton nguyn bn:

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2.

Mt s thut ton dng trong lp trnh

Tm mod ca a v b

int mod(int a,int b,int x) { int kqmod = (a * x + b)%26; return kqmod; }

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Mt s thut ton dng trong lp trnh

3. Gii thut Eclud m rng Procedure Euclid_Morong (a,m) int, y0=0,y1:=1; While a>0 do { r:= m mod a ; if r=0 then Break q:= m div a ; y:= y0-y1*q;

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Mt s thut ton dng trong lp trnh

m:=a; a:=r; y0:=y1 ; y1:=y; } If a>1 Then Return "A khng kh nghch theo moun m" else Return " Nghch o modulo m ca a l y ;

Xin chn thnh cm n!