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Cu 1: S ra i v c im ca CNTT? Ti sao CNTT nh gi cao vai tr ca tin t v thng nghip?

S ra i ca CNTT CNTT l t tng kinh t u tin ca GCTS, ra i trc ht Anh, sau Php, v cc nc khc, vo khong nhng nm 1450, pht trin n gia th k 17 v sau suy i. N ra i trong bi cnh phng thc sx PK tan r, phng thc sx TBCN mi ra i. + V mt lch s: y l thi k tch ly ca CNTB. Tc l thi k tc ot bng bo lc nn sx nh v tch ly tin t ngoi phm vi cc nc C, bng cch cp bc v trao i khng ngang gi vi cc nc thuc a thng qua con ng ngoi thng. + V mt kinh t: KTHH pht trin, GCTS cn tin KDSX, cn kht tin ca C bt u bc l. Tin t khng ch c sd lm phng tin trung gian T HH m cn c sd lm t bn sinh li 1 cch ph bin. S cp bc thuc a bt u din ra v thng nghip c u th hn sx. N i hi phi c l thuyt KT-CT ch o, hng dn hot ng thng nghip. + V mt CT: GCPK begin suy tn, GCTS mi ra i, ang ln- l GC tin tin, c c s kte tng i mnh nhng cha nm c chnh quyn. Do CNTT ra i chng li CNPK. + V phng din KH-TN: C nhng pht kin ln v mt a l nh: tm ra C-M, tm ra ng sang D m ra kh nng lm giu nhanh chng cho cc nc phng Ty. + V mt VH- t tng: y l thi k hng sng ca m trng trung c bi s xut hin ca phong tro phc hng, CNDV chng li cc thuyt gio duy tm ca nh th, cao t tng t do nhn quyn v bnh ng. c im ca CNTT: + CNTT phn nh li ch v t tng ca tng lp thng nhn, n coi trng tin v thng nghip. + CNTT c tc tin b do phn nh ng yu cu ca lch s lc by h. + Nhng t tng kte ca h cn n gin, ch yu l m t b ngoi ca cc hin tng v cc qu trnh kte, cha i su vo phn tch c bc ca cc hin tng kte. + CNTT cha hiu bit v cc quy lut kte, do h rt coi trng VT ca Nh nc i vi kte. + CNTT mang nng tnh cht kinh nghim, ch dng li nghin cu lnh vc lu thng m cha nghin cu lnh vc sx. + CNTT mc d c nhng c trng c bn ging nhau, nhng cc nc khc nhau th c nhng sc thi dt khc nhau. Vd: TBN CNTT trng kim; Anh- CNTT trng thng mi CNTT nh gi cao vai tr ca tin v: H cho rng 1 t nc c nhng m vng, m bc nu khng c tin h phi trao i khng ngang gi. H cng tch ly c nhiu tin th NSNN cng nhiu tin, t nc ngy cng pht trin, cng giu mnh. Quan im ny xut pht t hon cnh ra i ca CNTT. Giai on trng tin l thi k u ca CNTT nn h rt coi trng tin t. T tng trung tm ca cc tc phm kte l bng cn i tin t (ngn k cho tin ra nc ngoi m khuyn khch mang tin t nc ngoi v). Nhng ngi theo CNTT cho rng cn phi c s can thip ca NN = cch a ra cc cs hnh chnh, gim st thng nhn nc ngoi k c em tin v m phi mua ht bng HH. Cu 2: So snh 2 giai on ca CNTT Anh? Vo th k 16, nc Anh hi t cc tin cho CNTT xut hin & sau t trnh chn mi nht vi 2 G r rt: G 1 : Hc thuyt tin (bng cn i tin t) th k 15-16 vi i biu William strafford Quan im ca CNTT ca c trnh by trong tp Trnh by tm tt 1 vi li ku ca ca ng bo chng ta. Trong tp ny cho rng s ku ca t & ti cho ngi khc l k phn nh ng nguyn nhn of s t . Theo , nguyn nhn of t l nm trong vn tin. NN phi gi khi lng tin khi s hao ht bng s can thip ca NN vo lu thng tin t. G 2: Hc thuyt trng thng (bng cn i thng mi) vi i biu Thomas Munt Xut thn l thng nhn, sau l G cty ng n. Tp u tin Bn v mua bn gia Anh v bin h cho C/s n cp ca cty & khng nh TM l phng php duy nht kim tin. Tp c xem l kinh thnh ca CNTT ca l S giu c ca nc Anh trong mu dch i ngoi. Trong tp ny chng li khu hiu cm XK tin t v ra 1 s bin php m bo cn i thng nghip xut siu. SO SNH: Ging nhau: + nh gi rt cao VT ca tin t, coi l tiu chun ca gi c. 1

+ y mnh pht trin TM c bit l ngoi thng. + nh gi cao VT ca NN trong qun l nn kte: NN c VT vn nng, VT siu kinh t c th iu khin mi mt /s KT-XH. + Thng qua TM, lu thng l ngun gc duy nht sinh ra ca ci. Khc nhau: G 1: 1. Cm XK tin t. 2. Quan im v gi c: H ku ca nc Anh bn HH ra nc ngoi vi gi thp v ngh phi bn vi gi cao. 3. Quan im NN: Can thip vo kte = cc bp hnh chnh hay sc lnh. 4. Cha thy xu th tdo ha kte. 5. Cha thy quan h lu thng tin t phn nh lu thng HH. G 2: 1.Chng li quan im cm XK tin t, coi Xk tin l th on lm tng ca ci. 2.Cn bn HH ra ngoi vi gi c h gi. 3.= Cc bin php kte. 4. thy 5.Tuy cha r bn cht ban u nhng cng nhn thy. Cu 3: Nhn xt cu ni ca Thomas Mun Thng mi l hn th vng vi s phn thnh ca QG. Khng c php l kim tin tr TM Giai on th k 17 cn c gi l giai on hc thuyt v Bng cn i thng mi m i biu in hnh l Thomas Mun. l ngi ni ting c knh phc nht trong hng ng cc nh kinh t trng thng Anh th k 17. Cc nh kte ny cho rng nc Anh cn c thng d TM tr nn thnh vng. Thomas Munt vit nh sau TM l ch ra rng: ngoi thng lm 1 quc gia tr nn giu c h khi no n dn n thng d TM. Bng CTM ni : Chng ta phi gi vng nguyn tc l hng nm bn cho ngi nc ngoi lng HH > s chng ta phi mua vo ca h. t c s cn i khuyn nn m rng c s nguyn liu cho CN, thu hp tiu dng qu mc hng NK ca nc ngoi, y mnh cnh tranh, nh h Z, nng cao cht lng HH. Theo quan im ca , vic XK tin nhm mc ch bun bn l chnh ng. Bi v vng ra TM lm tin tng ln. Tnh trng tin tha thi trong nc l c hi, lm cho c hng ha tng cao. cn ni tng ngn kh = nhng cch thng thng th ch c ngoi thng m thi, chng ta phi thy r quy lut ; hng nm bn cho nc khc nhiu hn th vn tt hn do chnh ngi trong nc tiu th. vit Chng ta k c phng tin g khc c c TS bng ngoi thng. Nx: + ng: Trong iu kin kte pht trin. + Sai: Cha cp n qtsx bi v sx l im xut pht , tiu dng l im cui cng cn TM l thc hin chc nng phn phi & trao i l khu trung gian. Mc d Thomas Mun khng c cc nh kte ngy nay nh gi cao v mc d k c nhng khm ph m ng, nhng thc s li du n trong lch s kte hc. tng v c/s kte ca CP nn c sd to ra thng d TM l ng gp c ngha lu di ca . TM l. D nhin lc Thomas Munt ang vit Anh ang nm di bng thi k hong kim ca TBN v B o Nha khi h chim ot vng bc khi xm lc cc vng Ty Bn Cu. L lun ca c nhng cng hin nht nh v mt l lun khi ch ra VT quan trng ca TM i vi s pht trin ca cc QG. Cu 4: Gii thch quan im ca CNTT qua cu ni sau: Ni thng l h thng ng dn, ngoi thng l my bm. Mun tng ca ci phi c ngoi thng nhp dn ca ci qua ni thng. + CNTT nh gi cao VT ca tin t, coi tin t l tiu chun ca ca ci, tin chun nh gi mi hnh thc ngh nghip, s giu c v l s hng mnh of quc gia. Do mc ch kte ca mi nc l phi tng khi lng tin t. NN cng c nhiu tin th cng giu c. + H coi HH ch l phng tin gia tng khi lng tin t, cho rng li nhun l do lnh vc lu thng bun bn trao i sinh ra (mua r- bn t, hy sinh li ch ca dt khc) + H coi ngh nng l 1 ngh trung gian nhng hot ng tch cc & tiu cc v ngh nng k lm tng hay gim ca ci. + c tch ly tin t phi thng qua hot ng TM, m trc ht l ngoi thng. Ngoi thng l ng lc tng kte ch yu ca 1 nc, k c ngoi thng k th tng c ca ci. Ngoi thng c v nh my bm a lng tin t nc ngoi vo trong nc. Ni thng ch c tc dng di chuyn ca ci trong nc ch k th lm tng ca ci trong nc. Trong hot ng ngoi thng phi thc hin c/s xut siu. 2

+ Tch ly tin t ch thc hin c di s gip ca NN. NN nm c quyn v ngoi thng thng qua vic to iu kin php l cho cty TM c quyn bun bn vi nc ngoi. Quan im ca CNTT nh gi cao VT ca ngoi thng, xem nh ni thng. Thomas Munt ch ch n lnh vc lu thng (T_H_T) m cha hiu c ton b qt sx v bc chuyn ca vic to ra li nhun l do SX. Cu 5: Trnh by ni dung & ngha biu kinh t ca Quesnay. Ni dung: Biu kinh t l 1 s phc tp v vic thc hin sn phm hng nm ca ton th XH & vic hnh thnh nhng tin cho ti sx. - GC SS: ch cc tc nhn m hot ng l nng nghip, gm cc ch trang tri ln ngi lao ng lm thu. N lm ra sn phm rng. - GCVS: ch cc tc nhn m hot ng l cng nghip, gm cc ch cng xng vi ngi lao ng lm thu. N k to ra m ch to ra gi tr nui sng n. - GC CSH: ch cc tc nhn s hu t ai, gm cc a ch t nhn, nh th & nh nc. N thu sn phm rng t GC SS di dng a t. Cc mi lin h gia 3 GC l nhng giao dch bng tin trn c s ca gi c Quesnay gi nh 1 nn kte vo tnh trng ti u, nng nghip pht trin trnh max, sn phm rng t mc max 2 t ng bng. Sn phm rng = Sn phm gp ca Nng nghip (5 t ) Vn Gc sn sinh ng ra sx (3 t ; 3 t ny = 2 t VL + 1 t khu hao vn c nh). Vi 3 t vn ng trc ny, GC sn sinh mua HH: 2 t ng hng nng nghip + 1 t hng CN- lm vt t & lng thc cn thit cho sx nng nghip. Mun n nh XH mc ti u of n, cc GD gia 3 GC c thit lp nh sau: + GC CSH: Nm trong tay 2 t a t-l sn phm rng ca thi k trc. Cc a ch TD ht s ny: 1 t mua hng Nng nghip GC SS & 1 t mua hng CN GC VS. + GC VS: Vi 1 t vn ng ra ban u, cc ch cng xng mua hng Nng nghip lm nguyn liu v lt nhm sx 1 t hng CN bn cho GC CSH. Thu 1 t t cc a ch, cc ch cng xng mua tr li lt v nguyn liu sx 1 t hng CN bn cho GC SS. Thu 1 t t cc nh nng, GCVS ti to vn ban u v c iu kin tip tc chu k KD. + GC SS: Nhn 1 t t GC CSH, cc nh nng mua 1 t vt t nng nghip GC VS & vi 2 t lng thc v nguyn liu m nng nghip sx t Td GCSS ti to ra vn ng l 3 t. N c iu kin ti sn xut l 5 t hng nng nghip & tip tc np t 2 t cho GCCSH Qua biu kinh t cc tc gi trng nng ng nht ha trt t canh Xh t nhin vi trt t canh nng: Quy lut t nhin chnh l quy lut m bo s thnh cng ca nng nghip. ngha: Bn cnh mt s hn ch nh: K hiu ng GT HH, phn tch v m ch dng li ti sx gin n, k thy c tm quan trng ca cc khu vc kte ngoi nng nghip th s ca Quesnay l 1 s i cng v ti sx XH. chnh l mm mng, c s nn tng ca hc thuyt ti Sx TBXH ca Mac. N c ngha ch ch ra: + Lu thng tin t hon ton c quyt nh bi lu thng HH & ti sx Xh. + Quesnay trying trnh by ton b qu trnh sx ra TB nh l 1 qu trnh ti SX, cn lu thng ch l 1 g ca qu trnh ti sx . Bao gm trong qu trnh ti sx c ngun gc TN, s trao i gia TB & TN, mqh gia TD ti sx v TD hn. Coi s lu thng gia 2 khu vc ln ca lsx nh l nhng yu t ca qt ti sx Mac cho rng, s trying trong iu kin 30 nm gia th k 18 tc l trong thi k th u ca khoa KTCT, l 1 t tng ht sc thin ti. Nh vy vi biu kte ca Quesnay t ra sng sut to bo, c o v l lun, a ra nhng d on thin ti. S chng t s trng thnh trong t tng kte . Cu 6: Ptch l lun ca trng phi TSC Anh? Hy ch ra Mac k tha v pht trin nhng im no? Theo Marx, KTCT hc c in Anh begin t W.Petty & kt thc D.Ricardo. 1. W.Petty Ngi u tin a ra nguyn l l quyt nh GT trong KTCT hc t sn. W.P (1623-1687) l 1 trong nhng ngi sng lp ra hc thuyt KTC Anh. sinh ra trong 1 g th th cng, c trnh tin s, l ngi pht minh ra my ch. l ngi p dng phng php mi trong nghin cu khoa hc, c gi l khoa hc t nhin. 3

W.P nghin chia gi c thnh 2 loi : GCTN & GCTT. Theo GCTT ph thuc vo nhiu yu t ngu nhin do kh xc nh cn GCTN (GT) l do thi gian lao ng hao ph quyt nh v nng sut lao ng c nh hng n mc hao ph . Nh vy, w.P l ngi u tin tm thy c s u tin ca GCTN l l. ng kt lun rng: s lng lao ng bng nhau b vo sx l c s so snh GTHH. GCTN TLN vi NSL khai thc vng bc. ng c nh t vn lao ng phc tp v lao ng gin n nhng k thnh. Nh vy W.P l ngi u tin trong lch s t nn mng cho thuyt GTL. Hn ch: - Cha phn bit c cc phm tr GT, GTT vi GC. tp trung nghin cu v gi c 1 bn l tin, 1 bn l HH, tc l mi ch nghin cu v mt lng. - nhn thc c rng : GT tin t cng l do lng l quyt nh t khc phc c cc kin gii k nhng k th tru tng ha c GT t GTT m cn k tru tng ha c GTT t gi c l biu hin bng tin ca GT, m ln ln 2 ci . - chia l ra lm 2 loi: 1 loi l sx ra vng bc, 1 loi sx ra HH bnh thng. ch ra rng ch c l khai thc ra vng bc mi c GTT, cn l khc ch khi T hng & tin mi ny sinh GTT. W.P ln ln lao ng vi t cch l ngun gc ca GTSD, ngha l ng ng nht lao ng tru tng vi lao ng c th. T c nh o GT bng 2 n v lao ng & t ai. 2. A. Dam Smith nh kte ca thi k cng trng th cng. - Smith phn bit c GTSD & GTT, k c GTSD k quyt nh GTT. Nhng li cha phn bit c GT (ni dung) & GTT (hnh thc). GT c Smith a ra 2 nh ngha: + Khoa hc: GTHH l do l hao ph sx ra HH quyt nh. L l thc o thc t ca mi GT. + Tm thng: GTHH c o bng s lng l m ngi ta c th mua c nh HH . l mun dng tin cng lm thc o GTT. - Quan nim v c cu GT: Tin cng, LN, a t l ngun gc u tin ca mi thu nhp. cng l 3 ngun gc u tin ca mi GT. V 1 l ng nhng v 2 l sai. V 3 yu t l kt qu ca s phn b GT. Ngun gc ca GT l l ch k phi 3 yu t . Quan nim v c cu GT ca Smith va sai v cht li k v lng. - Quan nim v ngun gc GT: l thu nhp (sai v cht). Theo : GT = v + p + r = v + m (v- tin cng, pLN, r- a t; thiu c- GT TLSX). S d phm sai lm ni trn l v ln ln 2 qt : hnh thnh & phn phi GT. Bn thn cng cm nhn c sai lm trong lp lun ca mnh, nn ln lt tm cch a c vo GTHH di tn gi tng thu nhp. Tng thu nhp (c+v+m) - Chi ph khi phc TB c nh v TB lu ng (c+v) = sn phm thun ty (m) - Trong sx gin n, GT do l quyt nh. Cn trong sx HHTBCN, GT do TN quyt nh. Nh vy k nht qun vi nguyn l GT ca mnh. - Mqh gia GCTN & GCTT thc cht l mqh gia GT & GC. 1 HH c bn theo GCTN nu nh gi ngang vi mc tr tin cng, LN, a t. GCTN (GT) = v+p+r. GCTN l trung tm, GCTT l gi bn thc t ca HH. GCTT = GCTB khi s lng HH em bn tha mn lng cu thc t. - Smith cn c 1 linh cm nhy bn & thin ti. cm thy GT ca HH trong TBCN c ci g khc so vi GT ca HH trong sx gin n. Nhng cha ch ra c khc ntn. V cha bit n phm tr Gca. Marx ni linh cm ca Smith nm trong bng ti nhng vn l 1 linh cm qu gi. Tm li : Trong l thuyt ca Smith c 2 ng gp : + Phn bit c GTSD & GTT; + Pht trin nguyn l GTl, k c l l thc o thc t ca GT. 2. Ricardo begin l lun ca mnh bng s ph phn Smith, gt b nhng >< trong cch gii thch nc i ca Smith, gt b nh ngha th 2, khng nh tnh ng n ca nh ngha th nht. - Ni lao ng quyt nh GT l ng k ch trong sxhh gin n m cn ng trong sxhh TBCN. Cho nn tin lng cao hay thp k nh hng n GT m ch nh hng n thu nhp ca nh TB. V k phi thu nhp quyt nh GT m GT phn gii ra cc ngun thu nhp. phn bit 2 qu trnh: Hnh thnh GT trong sx do lao ng quyt nh & phn phi GT sau sx- do GT phn phi thnh TN. 4

- xc nh c cu GT, Ricardo tnh n k ch nhng chi ph v lao ng hin ti m c chi ph v lao ng qu kh c kt tinh trong my mc, thit b, nh xng. Nhng li cha tnh n lao ng qu kh trong NVL. GT = C1 + v +m - Tuy vy li cha gii thch c trong GT ca my mc, trang thit b nh xng c chuyn ha vo HH ntn? Bi cha bit n tnh 2 mt ca sxhh. - Ricardo bc b quan nim sai lm ca Smith khi cho rng lao ng trong nng nghip c nng sut cao hn. - phn bit c GTSD & GTT. nh ngha v GT: gi c HH l do lao ng tng i cn thit ( l XH cn thit) sx ra HH quyt nh ch k phi do khon tin thng ln (tin cng) hay nh tr cho lao ng quyt nh. - Ricardo cn phn bit c lao ng XH c bit & lao ng XH. khng nh rng: lao ng quyt nh GT lao ng Xh ch k phi lao ng c bit. xc nh ra lng GTHH a ra danh t lng lao ng XH cn thit. ng tic li cho rng tgl XH cn thit c quy nh bi iu kin sx xu nht. & trong vic xc nh lng GTHH, Ricardo cng t nhiu chu nh hng bi l thuyt v s khan him. ni : bnh thng GTHH do thi gian lao ng quyt nh. Song tr 1 vi HH qu & him th tnh hu ch cng quyt nh GT.

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