Hq, Hq ]n, Hq CS-hI

henb klm-b- Hq ]n sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Xpw Ambncw cq] ]n-bn \np-Xs kw`m-h\ sNbvXX

- pw. sesbm\mUv sa{Xm-\mWv ]n-bnse Rmb-dmgvN hmgvhn\v XpSw
Ipdn-X
- v.
sImn cmPyv kn.-Fw.-sF. k`-bpsS BZy-Ime `h-\-sfmw m]n-bvp--Xn {][m\ klmbw sNbvXXv
Hqmcm-bn-cp-p. 19-mw \qm-ns \nc-h[n Hqm
kn.-Fw.-sF. k`-bn tNn-cp-p. ]Sn-msd Am-Sn-bn
\n-p-Xs \men IqSp-X t] B k`-bnse AwK--fm-bnp-m-bn-cp-p. I-eo-m I\ymkv{Xo k`-bp-sS- h-fbnepw
Hq- c ns kw`m- h \ hep- X m- b n- c p- p- h - t m. Hqm- c mb
\qdpIW-n\v bph-Xn-I B k`-bn tNcp-Ibpw AXns

s{]m^. tPmv ta\m-t-cn

Gsd Imcy- Hq ]n--ga hnh-cn-bvp-tm ]dtb-X
- m-bn-p-v. Fm Ncn-{X-kw-`h
-
- fpw Dsm-p Hcp
teJ-\-sa-gp-Xn--c-W-sa-mWv Cu {]kn-o-I-c-W-ns
kwLm-S-I Bh-iy-s-n-cn-bvp--Xv. AXn\v Hcp _rlXv{Kw Xs cNn-bvtn hcpw. AXp-sImv Hq-cnsbpw
Hq ]n-bp-sSbpw Hq-cn-Sh
- I
- b
- p-sSbpw Ap-Xm-hl
- a
- mb A`nhr-n-bpsSbpw hf-bp-sSbpw \mh-gn-bn \nv GXm\pw
NnX-dnb GSp-I am{Xw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-bvmw.
Hq-sc--t] Cu {]tZ-i-n\v e`n-Xv Hme F
]Z-n \nm-sWv sjh-en-b s]utemkv Iqm-c
Itm-en hnZym-{K-l- _m-ek
- wLw F {K-n ]dbpp-v. Fm ]nbvp kao-]a
- p-m-bn-cp HqImhv
F A-e
- ns t]cn \nmImw Hq Dm-bs
- X-mWv
Hq ]n amlmy Imc-\mb Imq-m-c Ipcn-b-
AhI A`n-{]m-b-s-p ImWp--Xv. BZyw Hq Dm-bti-jta Hq-cnse Imhv Dm-Im-\n-Sb
- pp Fp tXmp-p.
Atm-Wokv ]pWy-hm-s Xncpkzcq]w ]gp-hn \nv
]S-nmsd Am-Sn-bnse IS-hn sImn-d-n-b-tm AXn-Sp-p-m-bn-cp imkvXm-hns Aew In-tm-bn. GXmbmepw Hq-cn ss{IkvXh kmnyw hn--tm cpt-{X-fpw amfn-tb- Im- s]mfn-s-Spv Av
hnim-ea
- mb s\m-S
- f
- psS `mK-am-bn-cp Nnmcw {]tZ-i
- pIqsS Nm-S-n Iq-t-cn--Sp-p Xs Xma-k-e-n-\S- p-tbvv amn-m-]n-bvp-Ib
- p-m-bn.

aqv Am-c-I. 1938 se

sImn Kh. bp-X-m-sd-Spv tkmh-\o.
apJ-hmcw AYhm ^tkUv (1924)
henb]nbvv A\p-hmZw sImSp-Xpw {]kn--am-W-tm.
AXn-\p-apv AXp-t]m-se-sbms Ac-Wm-p-I-c-bnepw \S-p.
AXn-\p-wapv cmPy-]p-tcm-l-Xn-bvp-thn ss{IkvX-hp
B\p-Iqeyw \evIn-bXpw ]n m]n-Xpw Hqcn-em-bn-cpp
1718 .
Iq\Ip-cnip kXyw Ignv ]p-hj-n-\Iw 1663
Up-Im sImn-tm ssIh-is
- -Sp-n-bt- XmsS t]mp-Kokv
anj-W-dn-am-scmw sImn hntS-n-h-p. ]p-Nnd Xma-k-amnb k`m-y-
- m-cns BWn ]na-t sa{Xm-tm-eo
Ab-p-X Up-`S-m-cpsS kwc-W
- b
- n-emWv Hq ]-nb
- psS
]n-bpsS ]pd-Ip-hiw (1924). j-dp-I
m]n-bvp-X
- n-\p-apv. B\-hm-Xn ImWmw.

Hq ]n-bnse Nc-p-Ifpw sNp-Ifpw (17 F-ap-v 1924).

]gb \S-ime
Bcpw Xncn-p-t\m-m-Xn-cp Hq {]tZiw Fs\
]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-bn-op? ss{IkvX-h- hnv hfsc Ipd-pam{Xw apf-n-cp Cu ]md-p-d-n{X `wKn-tbdpw ]nbpw
CS-h-Ibpw \ne-hn hcm Imc-W-sav?
cmP-{]oXn, ]d-n--e-- a--c-, anj-Wdn hm-eyw,
Io-e k`m-_
- w, Xriq hnIm-cn-bmv m]-\w, Im\t\m-ev]---fpsS e`y-X, KXm-KX kuI-cyw, I-h-S-{]m-[m\yw, hymh-km-bn-Ia
- p-t-
- , `q{]-IrXn Ch-bmWv Hq-cns\
AXn-io{Lw Db-bn-tebvv \bn {][m-\L
- S- I
-
- .
bmYm-n-XnI in-I-tfmSv ]S-shn sImn-cm-Pys
hmWn-Py-hym-hk
- m-bnI ]ptcm-KX
- n-bn-tebvv \bn i XpSnb cmPm-
- m Xriq-cnse tXnImSv shn-sh-fp-n-X
- pw,
ss{Ikv X - h sc AhnsS sImp- h p Xma- k n- n- - X pw,

]Wn ]qn-bm-Ip--Xv. 1722 Pq 13-\p sa{Xm-tm-eo ]cnhm-c-k-taXw kam-K-X-\mbn ]n shn-cn-p, am{X-a hn.
Atm-Wo-kns Z-\nn-Xa
- mb Hcp cq]hpw ]nbvp km\n-p. Cu sFhdn {]Xna aZv_l-bpsS sXp-h-i-p Npacnse Ad-bn DXm-bmWv a\-n-em-n-bn-p--Xv. shn-cnns Ah-kc
-
- n Atm-kp-]m-Xn-cnbpw Hcp Kw`o-c{- ]-kwKw
sNbvXp-h-s{X. ]Xn-s\mw \qm-sm-Sp-hn Snp-kpms
ssk\yw Hcp-]s sImn cmPm-hns in-bmb ss{IkkvXhsc HmSn-p-If
- b
- p-X
- n-mbnmhmw ]nbvp Xo shbvpI-bp-m-bn. Hq ]n-bn tKmh ]{Zp-hmtZm `c-Whpw hcmpg t{]m-Km `c-Whpw amdn-amdn \ne-hn hp. 1863-
hcm-pg `c-W-n-em-bn-cp- knan-t-cn-bnse sNdn-b-]n
_W-Zo-t\mkv sa{Xm-tm-eo kin-bvp-Ibpw XpSv
I-d-nse skan-\mcn Hq-cn amn m]n-bvp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Cm-e
- mWv Fp-cpv tKmth m]n-b
v m

\m\m-ap-J-amb hfbvp t\XrXzw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Xriq k`m-y--m-cm-bn-cp saUven-tm-v, ta\m-tcn, hmg-nn Xncp-ta-\n-am-cpsS {]tXyI hmeyw H-qcn\p
e`n-n-cp-p. saUven-tm-ns hnImcn P\-dm ap- H-q ]nhn-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp amnn Koho-k--\m-bn-cp-p. At-lns \mev Btem-N-\-m-cn Hcm Hq hnImcn Be-mv
]utem-k
- \
- m-bn-cp-p. At-l
- ns asm-cm-tem-N\
-
- m-c\pw
BZy-I-o-{U hnIm-cnbpw Hqmc-\mb akn-en-t\mkv
ta\m-t-cn-bm-bn-cp-p. CXn\n-sms Xriq cq]-Xm-m-]\-n-\p- appw ]np-ap Zim-_vZ
- f
- n Hq]-n-bvp-mbn-cp apssI hni-Za
- m-Ip-p-t- m.
awK-e-pg skan-\mcndv hmn-b-tmgpw PmssXyIy
kwLw Bcw-`n--tmgpw ]mdm-bn Ahn-cm -X-c-Is IqsS-bpm-bn-cp-Xv Hq In-bv s]mdn-p-hm-bn-cp-p.
Hq-cn shp \S Nne alm-tbm-K- Fs Hmbn-ep-v. Hq ]nbpw Hq-cnse ]uc-ap-Jycpw tNv kwLSn- n, ]nsI- n- S - n {]hn- n- c p, km
sslkvIqfns cP-X-Pq-_n-en-bmWv AXn-sem-v. Av sImn
Znhm-\m-bn-cp UnIvk kmbvhm-bn-cpp {][m\ AXn-Yn. kzmX{y-k-a-c-ns Am-ev AhnsS Hcp t_mw_v `ojWn
Dm-bXv Hmpp.
Hq-cn shv \S tIcf Itm-enmtIm{Kkv
hmjn-Ia
- mWv asmcp {][m-\k
- w`hw.
AXp-t]mses Hq shp \S Znhy-Im-cp-WytIm{Kpw ambm Hm-bm-Wv.

hntam-N\
- k
- a
- c
-
- n Hqcpw Hqmcpw hln \nmb-I-]v hnkva-cn-bv-s-Sp-nt Fp tXmn-bn-p-v.
B_ew sImpw Aw sImpw hntam-N-\-k-a-c-n\v
DWpw Dt-jhpw \evIp-X
- n Hq ]nbpw ]n-mcpw
hln ]v AXp-ey-am-bn-cp-p.
Ghpw HSp-hn a\-n Xn-\n-evp cwKw Fhp{]m-ky-sb hnX-b
- n Xncp-ta\n hmgvs
- -h
- f
- mbn {]Jym]n k`-am-Wv. B Ahk-c
- n Dbnb ]epw
Fn- t ]Xn- \ m- b n- c fpw BtLm-j-n-anpw
`n-]m-ch
- i
- y-hp-samw Xs
P\-v Hq-c
- t- bm-Sp-mbn-cp kvt\l-hmbv]v FSpp-Im-p-X
- m-bn-cp-p.
Fm t^mtm-Ifpw
s{]m^. tPmv
ta\m-t-cnbpsS
tiJ-c-n \nv

Ggp-\ne aWn-am-fnI (1924)

{][m\ Amc
(1924tlm)

]pjv]-qSv : 1924-se
tlm t^mtm.