NGUYN VN THANH

PHNG PHP DN BIN (Mixing variable)

TRONG CC K THI I HC NHNG NM GN Y
A. T VN K t nm hc 2001-2002, k thi i hc c t chc 3 chung, v vy cc bi ton bt ng thc t xut hin v nu c th hc ba cng gim i. Mc d vy, cho d t xut hin nhng cc bi ton bt ng thc trong cc k thi i hc cng khng nm ngoi cc bt ng thc i xng, hon v Do nu vn dng linh hot phng php dn bin cc bi ton bt ng thc tr nn d dng hn Trong ti liu ny, khng th ni l cch s dng phng php dn bin s ngn gn hn hay l d hiu hn. Song mc ch l s dng mt phng php chung, phng php dn bin cho tt c cc bi ton bt ng thc trong cc k thi i hc m cp n trn. Ti liu s gip gio vin v hc sinh c mt cch tip cn vi phng php dn bin, mt phng php mi gii tt cc bi ton bt ng thc .

NGUYN VN THANH

B. NI DUNG 1. BT NG THC PHNG PHP DN BIN a. Bt ng thc c bn BT NG THC C SI Ti liu ny cp ti vn a bi ton nhiu bin v nhiu nht l hai bin, do ta ch pht biu bt ng thc C-si ch dng c bn nht. Gi s x, y l 2 s thc khng m. Khi x +y 2 ng thc xy ra khi x=y V sau y l cc nh l c bn nht trong sch gio khoa gii tch 12, l cng c b tr thit thc cho gii ton bt ng thc. b. Cc nh l cn thit NH L 1 Cho hm s y = f ( x) lin tc trn on [a;b]. Khi tn ti gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s trn on . NH L 2 , Cho hm s y = f ( x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v o hm f '( x) 0 " x Khi f ( a) f ( x) f (b) NH L 3 ;b a . xy

NGUYN VN THANH , Cho hm s y = f ( x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v o hm f '( x) 0 " x Khi f ( b) f ( x) f ( a) c. PHNG PHP DN BIN Trong cc k thi i hc, nu c bi ton bt ng thc th cng khng nm ngoi cc bt ng thc i xng hay hon v. M nu th th s dng phng php dn bin sau y s cc k hiu qu. Phng php dn bin (mixing variable) c khi qut theo 2 bc chnh. Gi s ta cn chng minh f ( x, y, z) 0(nu khng th ngc li), vi x, y, z l 3 bin s thc tha mn cc tnh cht no y. Bc 1(K thut dn v 2 bin bng nhau) nh gi f ( x, y, z) f ( x,t,t) vi t l mt bin mi sao cho b s (x,t,t) tha mn tnh cht ca b s (x,y,z). Thng thng ta hay t t l cc i lng trung bnh khng lm mt i cc
2 2 tnh cht cho trc, chng hn t = x + y , t = xy, t = x + y ,.... 2 2

;b a .

Bc 2. nh gi f ( x,t,t) 0. Phng php ta cp n ch ngn ngn nh th, vic kh nht ca chng ta l nh gi f ( x, y, z) f ( x,t,t ) . iu s dng nhiu k thut, ch bc th 2 hu ht l n gin v chng ta hn ch cn li ch 2 bin s. Th d ( Bt ng thc Csi cho 3 s) Gi s x, y, z l 3 s thc khng m. Khi x + y + z 33 xyz .

NGUYN VN THANH ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z Chng minh Bc 1 t f ( x,y, z) = x + y + z - 33 xyz t t =

x +y , ta c t2 xy suy ra 2

f ( x,y, z) - f (t,t, z) = 3 3 t 2z -

xyz 0

Bc 2 l chng minh
f (t, t, z) = 2t + z - 33 t 2z 0

Vic ny tht n gin v 2 + z - 33 t2z 0 ( 2t + z) - 27t2z 0 ( t - z) ( 8t + z) 0 t Vy f ( x,y,z) f (t,t,z ) 0

t =z x=y=z ng thc xy ra khi 2 t = xy
3 2

Bt ng thc Csi cho 3 s dng va c chng minh v s s dng n nh l mt b cho cc chng minh tip theo.

2. CC BI TON BT NG THC V CCH GII CHUNG Phn ny ta ch s dng bt ng thc Csi cho 2 s, s dng tnh n iu ca hm s, v cc bin i thng thng chng minh cc bt ng thc. Ngha l

NGUYN VN THANH ch cn cc kin thc trong sch gio khoa km theo phng php dn bin l c th chng minh c cc bt ng thc trong cc k thi tuyn sinh i hc hoc cc k thi hc sinh gii cc cp. Phng php dn bin theo ti c th chia lm hai mng thng gp l cc bt ng thc i s v cc bt ng thc lng gic. a. Cc bt ng thc i s 1. [KHI A- 2011]
1 Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc thuc ;4 v x y;x z . Tm gi tr nh nht

ca biu thc Gii: P =

P =

x y z + + 2x + 3y y + z z + x

Ta c

x y z 1 1 1 + + = + + x + 3y 2 y y + z z + x 2 + 3 y 1+ z 1+ x z x y z x x y z

y z x t a = ,b = ,c = , bi ton tr thnh tm gi tr nh nht ca x y z P = 1 1 1 + + vi iu kin abc = 1. 2+ 3 a 1+ b 1 + c 1 1 1 + + 2+ 3 a 1+ b 1+ c 1 1 1 1 , , 1 4 x y z

K hiu f (a,b,c) =

t t = bc , theo gi thit 1 x, y, z 4

Kt hp vi iu kin x y;x z ta c 1 bc 4 1 t 2

NGUYN VN THANH Ta c f (a,t,t) = 1 2 + 2+ 3 a 1+ t 1 1 2 + 1+ b 1 + c 1+ t

f (a,b c) - f ( a,t,t ) = , Ta c

f (a,b c) - f ( a,t,t ) 0 ,

1 1 2 + 0 1 + b 1+ c 1 + t 2+b +c 2 1+ b + c + bc 1+ t ( b + c) ( t - 1 + 2( t - bc) 0 ) ( b + c) ( t - 1 + 2 t - t 2 0 ) ( t - 1) ( b + c - 2 ) 0 t ( t - 1) b + c - 2 bc 0( 1)

Ta c (1) lun ng v t 1 v b + c - 2 bc 0. Du bng sy ra khi bc = 1 hoc b = c tc l x x z = 1 hoc = (2) y z y

, Do f (a,b,c) - f ( a,t,t ) 0 hay f (a,b c) f ( a,t,t ) Bc cn li ca phng php dn bin nh gi f ( a,t,t) . t2 2 1 1 ,t,t = 2 + Theo gi thit abc = 1 a = 2 nn f (a,t,t) = f 2 .. t t 2 + 3 1+ t t t - 2 3 ( 4t - 3) + 3t ( 2t - 1) + 9 t t2 2 < 0 f ( t) = 2 + f '( t ) = 2 2 + 3 1+ t t 2 2 + 3 ( 1+ t) t

NGUYN VN THANH Suy ra f ( t) f ( 2) = x = 4 (3) y 34 . T ( 2 ) v ( 3 ) suy ra du bng xy ra khi v ch khi 33 34 . Du bng sy ra khi v ch khi t = 2 hay 33

bc = 4

Do P

x = 4, y = 1 z = 2 , Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 34 , , khi x = 4 y = 1 z = 2. 33

Nhn xt: y ta s dng phng php dn bin vi k thut chun ha. Mc ch l vic gii bi ton tr nn n gin hn. 2. [KHI A- 2009]

Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i tha mn x ( x + y + z) = 3yz . Chng minh rng ( x + z) + ( x + y) + 3( x + y) ( x + z) ( y + z) 5( y + z) Chng minh: y l mt ton rt gn y, khng t ngi cho rng y l bi ton d, n c ng o ngi m ton bt ng thc si ni a ra cc p n khc nhau v c nhiu li gii hay. Hn na t nm 2009 ti nm 2012 c khong 15 cch gii khc nhau cho bi ton ny trong c nhiu cch gii hay v d nh cch s dng tip tuyn ti cc tr ca hm s li hay cch chia a thc rt quen thuc.. Sau y l p n c a ra ca b gio dc o to v cc p n c a ra cc bn c th tm c trn mng, cui l p n ca chng ti.
3 3 3

NGUYN VN THANH p n ca b GD-T t a=x+y, b=x+z, c=y+z , iu kin ca bi ton tr thnh c2=a2+b2-ab. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi a3 + b3 + 3 abc 5 3 c Tha mn iu kin:
c2 = a2 + b2 - ab = ( a + b) - 3 (a + b) ab a +b 2 c
2 2 2 2 3 1 (a + b) = 4 (a + b) 4

a3 + b3 + 3 abc 5 3 ( a + b) a2 + b2 - ab + 3 c abc 5 3 c ( a + b) c2 + 3 abc 5 3 c ( a + b) c + 3 5 2 ab c

2 3 c2 T (1) ta c ( a + b) c 2 v 3 ( a + b) 3 2 ab c 4

T suy ra pcm, du bng xy ra khi a = b = c hay x = y = z Bnh lun: Ci kh nht ca hc sinh l khng tr li c y cc cu hi nh: Ti sao li t n ph nh th? Nhng bi ton th no th s t n ph kiu ny? Ta nn nh gi n ph nh no cho ph hp?.... Tt c cc cu hi ti s l gii trong mt bi vit v cc t n ph trong chng minh bt ng thc. Cn sau y l phng php dn bin. Phng php dn bin t f ( x, y, z) =VT - VP

NGUYN VN THANH Quan st bt ng thc cn chng minh ta thy rng c hai bin c vai tr nh nhau l y v z, v thy c du bng xy ra khi x=y=z nn t t = Khi theo gi thit x ( x + 2 ) = 3yz t
2 2 3 ( y + z) = 3t2 4 2

y +z 2

V vy x2 + 2 + t2 4t2 hay ( x + t) ( 2 ) . t tx Suy ra x t ( 1) Ta c f ( x,t,t) = 2( x + t) + 6t ( x + t) - 5( y + z)

3 3 3 2 3

f ( x, y, z) - f ( x,t,t) = ( x + z) + ( x + y) - 2( x + t) - 6t ( y - z) Xt hm s

3 3 3 2 g( x) = ( x + z) + ( x + y) - 2( x + t) - 6t ( y - z) , x ;t 0

Ta c
2 2 2 g '( x) = 3x + z) + ( x + y) - 2( x + t) (

g ''( x) = 6x + z) + ( x + y) - 2( x + t) = 0 ( Vy g '( x) = g '(0) =

2 3 ( y - z) 0 2

Do theo nh l 2 ta c

NGUYN VN THANH g( x) g( t) = ( t + y) + ( t + z) - 2( 2 ) - 6t ( y - z) t
3 3 3 2

( t + y) ( t + z) ( t + y)

3 3

= t 3 + 3 2y + 3ty2 + y3 t = t 3 + 3 2z + 3tz2 + z3 t + ( t + z) = 2t 3 + 3 2(y + z) + 3t(y2 + z2) + y3 + z3 t = 8t 3 + t(3y2 + 3z2 + 2y2 + 2z2 - 2yz) = 8t 3 + t(5y2 + 5z2 - 2yz)
3

Nn
2 2 g(t) = t 5y2 + 5z2 - 2yz - 2 y + z)2 - 6( y - z) - 3t ( y - z) 0 ( =

Do f ( x, y, z) - f ( x,t,t) 0 f ( x, y, z) f ( x,t,t) Phng php dn bin ch cn li vic nh gi biu thc hai bin s f ( x,t,t) = 2( x + t) + 6t ( x + t) - 40t 3 0 trong iu kin x t . Vic ny tht n gin v f ( x,t,t) 2( t + t) + 6t ( t + t) - 40t 3 = 0 Vy kt lun cui cng f ( x, y, z) f ( x,t,t ) 0 Hay ( x + z) + ( x + y) + 3( x + y) ( x + z) ( y + z) 5( y + z) ng thc xy ra khi x=t v 3yz =
3 3 3 3 2 3 2

2 3 ( y + z) x = y = z (pcm) 4

Trn y ti va a ra mt bt ng thc kh m theo ti n rt c trng cho phng php ti cp n:

NGUYN VN THANH Nhn xt: Vic kh nht ca chng ta l nh gi f ( x, y, z) f ( x,t,t) . 3. [ d b khi A-2005[2]] Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc tha mn x+y+z=0. Chng minh rng
3 + 4x + 3 + 4y + 3 + 4z 6

Chng minh: t a = 4x,b = 4y,c = 4z , bi ton tr thnh chng minh rng

3 + a + 3 + b + 3 + c 6 vi iu kin abc = 1. K hiu f (a,b,c) = 3 + a + 3 + b + 3 + c t t = bc , vi iu kin abc = 1 at2 = 1 Ta c f (a,t,t) = 3 + a + 2 3 + t f (a,b c) - f ( a,t,t ) = 3 + b + 3 + c - 2 3 + t , Ta c f (a,b c) - f ( a,t,t ) 0 , 3 +b + 3 +c 2 3 + t

6 + b + c + 2 ( 3 + b) ( 3 + c) 4( 3 + t ) ( b + c) - 2 + 2 t

( 3 + b) ( 3 + c) )

6 + 2 ( 1) t

Theo bt ng thc Csi th b + c 2 bc = 2t ( 2 . Mt khc: )

( 3 + b) ( 3 + c) )

3 + t 9 + 3( b + c) + bc 9 + 6t + t 2 b+c 2 t

( 3)

NGUYN VN THANH T (2) v (3) suy ra f (a,b,c) - f ( a,t,t ) 0 hay f (a,b,c) f ( a,t,t ) Bc cn li ca phng php dn bin l chng minh f ( a,t,t) 6. Tht khng kh v gi thit at2 = 1 a = 1 nn t2

1 1 f (a,t,t) = f 2 ,t,t 3 + 2 + 2 3 + t = t t Theo bt ng thc Csi th 1 1 2 4 = 2 + 1+ 2 2 + t t2 t t 4 3 + t = 2 + 1+ t 2 + 2 t 4 t 3+ Suy ra 1 2 3+ 2 4 f a, t, t t ( ) t 8 3+ t 2 t

2
4

+ 48 t

Ti y, chng ta c th s dng phng php hm s tm GTNN ca

f ( a,t,t ) , hoc c th s dng Bt ng thc Csi cho 3 s

2
4

,28 t,28 t

V kt lun f ( a,t,t ) 6 f (a,b,c) 6 pcm. Du bng xy ra khi

a =b=c

4. [Khi A-2003] Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc tha mn x + y + z 1. Chng minh rng

NGUYN VN THANH

x2 +

1 1 1 + y2 + 2 + z2 + 2 2 x y z

82

Chng minh: Ta nhn thy rng cc bin x, y, z c lp nn phng php dn bin l cc k hiu qu K hiu f (x,y, z) = x2 + 1 1 1 + y2 + 2 + z2 + 2 x2 y z

V vai tr ca x, y, z l nh nhau nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s

x y z

t t = yz , v theo bt ng thc Csi 2 yz y + z vi gi thit suy ra x + 2 x +y +z 1 t Ta c f (x,t, t) = x2 + Suy ra 1 1 + 2 t2 + 2 x2 t

NGUYN VN THANH f (x, y, z) - f ( x,t,t) = y2 + 1 1 1 + z2 + 2 - 2 t 2 + 2 y2 z t 1 1 1 1 y2 + 2 - 2 + 2 t z2 + 2 - 2 + 2 t y t z t = + 1 1 1 1 y2 + 2 + t2 + 2 z2 + 2 + t2 + 2 y t z t 2t2 - 1 2t 2 - 1 y z y2 - t2 2 2 z2 - t2 2 2 yt zt = + 1 1 1 1 y2 + 2 + t2 + 2 z2 + 2 + t2 + 2 y t z t 2t2 - 1 2t 2 - 1 y z y - z) z - y) ( ( yt2 zt 2 = + 1 1 1 1 y2 + 2 + t2 + 2 z2 + 2 + t2 + 2 y t z t

V hm s g( u) = u2 + Suy ra

1 1 gim khi 0 < u < 1 nn y2 + 2 y u2

z2 +

1 z2

2t2 - 1 z2t2 - 1 ( y - z) ( y - z) y yt2 - zt2 2 2 y3z2 - z - z3y2 - y yz f (x, y, z) - f ( x,t,t) = 1 1 1 1 y2 + 2 + t 2 + 2 y2 + 2 + t 2 + 2 y t y t

))

( y - z)
= yz
2 2

( ( y - z) ( 1-

y2z2

))

( y - z)
= yz y2 +
2 2

( 1-

y2z2

y2 +

1 1 + t2 + 2 2 y t

1 1 + t2 + 2 2 y t 82 .

Bc cn li ca phng php dn bin l chng minh f ( x,t,t) Ta c f (x,t, t) = x2 + 1 1 + 2 t2 + 2 2 x t

NGUYN VN THANH 1 Theo iu gi s x t nn f (x,t,t) 3 t2 + 2 t Bng cch kho st hm s ta c f ( x,t,t) Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = V kt lun f ( x,t,t) x =y=z = 1 3 1 3 82 pcm. Du bng xy ra khi 82

82 f ( x,y, z)

5. [Khi B -2007] Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i. tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

x 1 y 1 z 1 P = x + y + z + + + 2 zx 2 xy 2 yz

Gii: y l bi ton cha chun ha ( bt ng thc khng iu kin) th chng ta s c nhiu cch dn bin hn. Khi ta s chn cch dn bin sao cho bo ton c nhiu biu thc nht trong bt ng thc x2 + y2 + z2 x y z + + + t f ( x, y, z) = P = 2 zy xz yx V vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau nn ta c th gi s x y z
2 2 V k hiu t = x + y , khi t z . 2

NGUYN VN THANH z2 2 z Ta c f ( t,t, z) = t + + + 2 2 z t

2

Suy ra f ( x, y, z) - f ( t,t, z) = x y z 2 z 1 y x 1 1 + + - - 2 = + - 2 z - 2 + zy xz yx z t z y x xy t
2 2

( x - y) 0 1 ( x - y) = + 2z z xy xy x2 + y2

Vy f ( x, y, z) f ( t,t, z) Vn cn li ca chng ta l tm gi tr nh nht ca f ( t,t, z) z2 2 z V t z nn xt hm s g( t) = t2 + + + 2 trn khong 0 < t z 2 z t Ta c 2z 2 t 4 - z) ( g '( t) = 2 - 3 = t t t3 g '( t) = 0 t = 4 z z2 2 z2 1 1 1 1 z z z z + +2 z = + + + + + + + + 2 z 2 2z 2z 2z 2z 2 2 2 2 z2 1 1 1 1 z z z z 9 99 = 2 2z 2z 2z 2z 2 2 2 2 2 2 3z 3 3 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 9 g( z) = + = z2 + + 3 z = 2 z 2 z z 2 zz 2 g

( )
4

z =

Vy f ( t,t, z)

9 2

T suy ra iu phi chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = 1

NGUYN VN THANH Bnh lun: y l mt bi ton d v c nhiu li gii rt n gin tuy nhin ti ch mun nhn mnh rng phng php dn bi l rt hiu qu, iu quan trng nht l hc sinh c th c cch gii BT mt cch tng qut theo tng bc v c th ly im ca bi thi theo tng phn. b. Cc bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic Bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic cng l bt ng thc ba bin. Trong cc thi i hc rt t ra nhng y ti cng a ra mt bi minh ha cho sc mnh ca phng php dn bin trong dng bt ng thc ny: Cho tam gic ABC. Tm gi tr nh nht ca :

( 1+ cos A) (1+ cos B ) (1+ cos C )

2 2 2

Gii:
2 2 2 K hiu: f ( A, B,C ) = 1+ cos A 1+ cos B 1+ cos C

)(

)(

V vai tr ca A, B, C nh nhau nn ta c th gi s C = min {A, B,C } V k hiu t = A +B p , khi 0 C ( *) 2 3

Ta c f ( t,t,C ) = 1+ cos2t Suy ra

) ( 1+ cos C )
2

f ( A, B,C ) - f ( t,t,C ) = 1+ cos2C 1+ cos2A 1+ cos2B - 1+ cos2t

)(

)(

) (

Ta c

NGUYN VN THANH
2 f ( A, B,C ) - f ( t,t,C ) 0 1+ cos2 1+ cos2A 1+ cos2B - 1+ cos2t 0 C 2 1+ cos2A 1+ cos2B - 1+ cos2t 0

( ( (

)( )( )(

)(

) ( )

) ( )

A +B 0 1+ cos A 1+ cos B - + cos2 1 2

2 2

sin2

A- B 2

6cosC - cos( A - B )

1 0

( 1)

T ( * ) ta c 6cosC - cos( A - B ) - 1 3 - 1- 1 > 0 suy ra (1) ng. Vy

f ( A, B,C ) f ( t,t,C )

Vn cn li ca chng ta l tm gi tr nh nht ca f ( t,t,C ) 1- cos2t 1+ cos2 f ( t,t,C ) = 1+ cos t 1+ cos C = + 1 C 2 2 2 1- cos( A + B ) 1- cos( p - C ) 1+ cos2C 1+ cos2C = + = + 1 1 2 2 2 1 = ( 3- cosC ) 1+ cos2 C 4

)(

D thy f ( t,t,C )

125 125 . Suy ra f ( A, B,C ) . Du bng xy ra khi v ch 64 64

khi tam gic ABC l tam gic u. 125 Vy gi tr nh nht ca f ( A, B,C ) l khi tam gic ABC l tam gic u 64 c. Cc bi tp ngh 1. [Khi A -2007] Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i v tha mn iu kin xyz = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

NGUYN VN THANH
x2 ( y + z) y y +2 z z y2 ( z + x ) z z +2 x x z2 (x + y ) x x +2 y y

P =

2. [Khi D -2005] Cho x, y, z l 3 s thc dng thay i v tha mn iu kin xyz = 1. Chng minh rng:
1+ x3 + y3 1+ y3 + z3 1 + z 3 + x3 + + 3 3 xy yz zx

C. KT LUN Qua nghin cu trn ti thy phng php dn bin l phng php mnh v hiu qu cho vic chng minh bt ng thc. Phng php ny l phng php khng mi, mc d c v hi xa l cho cc em hc sinh, xong gio vin ch cn dy cho cc em nm c tng ca phng php ny l khi gii cc bi ton bt ng thc nu ta a c v trng hp c hai bin bng nhau hoc l mt bin c gi tr ti bin, th s bin s gim i. Do bt dng thc mi n gin hn bt ng thc ban u, c bit nu bt ng thc mi ch cn mt bin th bng cch kho st hm s mt bin s ta s chng minh bt ng thc kh n gin. Chnh v t tng l gim dn s bin nn phng php ny c gi l phng php dn bin. Nu cc em hc sinh nm c bn cht ca phng php v vn dng kin thc hc trong chng trnh ph thng th cc em s lm tt cc bi ton bt ng thc trong cc k thi i hc.

NGUYN VN THANH