HIU NG NHIT CA CC QU TRNH HA

H C

-----o0o-----q
4.1: un nng mt cylinder cha oxy p sut khng i 1atm t th tich
1,2 lt n th tch 1,5 lt bng mt lng nhit 1kcal. Tnh bin thin ni
nng ca qu trnh. (Cho 1lit.atm = 24,21cal)
(S : 993 cal.)
4.2 : Phn ng ca cyanamide rn , NH2CN vi oxy c thc hin trong
mt bom nhit lng k. Bin thin ni nng ca NH2CN (r) l 742,7
kj/mol 298K. Tnh H298 ca phn ng sau :
NH2CN(r) + 3/2 O2(k) N2(k) + CO2(k) + H2O(l) (S = -741,5kJ )
4.3 : Tnh nhit lng cn thit nng 60 gam nhm t 35oC ln 55oC.
Cho nhit dung mol ca nhm l: 5,8 cal/moloC.
(S : 258 cal)
4.4 : Xc inh nhit cui cng ca h thng gm 100 gam km 95oC
nhng vo 50 gam nc 15oC. Cho nhit dung mol ca Zn l 6,06 cal/
moloC , ca nc l 18 cal/moloC.
(S : 28oC )
4.5 : Mt nhit lng k c cha 45 gam nc 23oC, sau khi c hp
th 2,00 kJ nhit th nhit ln n 32oC. Tnh phn khi lng ca nhit
lng k tng ng vi nc tham gia vo qu trnh trao i nhit.
(S : 8 gam )
4.6: Tnh bin thin enthalpy khi 1,00 gam nc ng c 0oC v 1atm.
Cho bit nhit nng chy ca nc l H298(nc) = 1,435 kcal/mol.
(S : -79,7 cal/g )
4.7 : Tnh nhit lng cn thit chuyn 100 gam nc 0oC thnh
hi nc 100oC. Cho nhit nng chy, nhit bay hi v nhit dung ca
nc l: H298(nc) = 80 kcal/kg . H298(bh) = 540 kcal/kg . Cp = 1 kcal/kg.K
(S : Htotal = 72,00 kcal )
4.8 : Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ng c 1mol nc lng -100C
thnh nc -100C. Cho nhit nng chy ca nc 00C: H298(nc) =
1,435kcal/mol v nhit dung ca nc: Cp = 1 cal/g.K. (S: - 1343cal)
4.9 : Nhit t chy ca kh etan C2H6 l 368 kcal/mol . Gi s ch c 60%
nhit c ch. Hi cn t chy bao nhiu m3 kh etan ktc lm 50kg
nc 100C bay hi 1000C. (Dng cc s liu cn thit bi 4.7).
(S : 3,21 m3)
4.10:Cho nhit to thnh tiu chun ca cc cht tng ng trong phng
trnh nhit ha. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau;
N2O4(k) + 3CO(k) N2O(k) + 3CO2(k) , H0298 = ?
H0298 tt (kJ/mol) 9,7
-110
81
-393,5
( S: H0298 = -778kJ )
4.11: Tnh H0298 tt C6H12O6(r) t cc d kin sau:
H0298 c C6H12O6(r) = -2816 kJ/mol, H0298 tt CO2(k) = -393,5 kJ/mol,
H0298 tt H2O(l) = -285,9 kJ/mol. (S: H0298 ttC6H12O6(r) = -1260 kJ/mol)

4.12 : Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau: C2H4(k) + H2(k) C2H6(k).

Cho H0298 c C2H4(k) = -337,2 kcal/mol, H0298 c C2H6(k) = -368,4
kcal/mol, H0298 tt H2O(l) = -68,32 kcal/mol. (S: H0298 = -37,1 kcal)
4.13: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau: 2CH4(k) C2H2(k)+3H2(k).
Cho H0298 c CH4(k) = -210,8 kcal/mol, H0298 c C2H2(k) = -310,4 kcal/mol
. H0298 tt H2O(l) = -68,32 kcal/mol. (S: H0298 = 93,76 kcal)
4.14 : Nhit t chy ca metan, etan, propan ln lt l: -210,8; -368,4;
-526,3 kcal/mol. Hy c tnh tng H0298 c trung bnh mi khi thm
mt nhm (-CH2-) vo mt hydrocacbon. Trn c s d on nhit t
chy ca octan ( C8H18 ) v so snh vi gi tr thng thng nhn c l
(-1302,7 kcal/mol) .
(S: -157,75 ; -1310 kcal/mol)
4.15: t chy 12,0g cacbon bng oxy to thnh CO v CO2 250C v p
sut khng i, lng nhit ta ra l 75 kcal v khng c cacbon cn d.
Tnh khi lng oxy tham gia phn ng theo cc phng trnh sau:
C(r) + O2(k) CO2(k) , H0298 = -94,05 kcal.
C(r) + O2(k) CO(k) , H0298 = -26,41 kcal.
( S: 27,5 g O2 )
4.16:
Nng lng Ng.t ha
t n cht(kJ/mol)
H
218,0
C
716,7
N
472,7
O
249,2
S
278,8
F
79,0
Cl
121,7
Br
111,9
I
106,8

Nng lng lin kt trung bnh(kJ/mol)

H C C C N N N O O
436 413
391
463
413 348 615 812 292 615 891 351 728
391 292 615 891 161 418 945
463 351 728
139 498
339 259 477
563 441
270
185
432 328
200
203
366 276
299 240

Da vo bng nng lng trn tnh nhit to thnh tiu chun ca

CCl2F2(k) ( dicloro difluorometan hay cn gi l Freon-1,2, dng lm tc
nhn lm lnh v c tnh d bay hi v kh nng phn ng km; ngng
s dng v ph hy tng ozon).
Hng dn: Phn tch qu trnh to thnh Freon-1,2 t n cht bn thnh
2 giai on:
C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) CCl2F2(k) ;
H0298 tt = ?
{C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) ; H01
C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) CCl2F2(k) ; H02 }
(S: - 420 kJ/mol )

4.17: Tng t bi 4.16 , tnh nhit to thnh tiu chun ca CCl3F(k) v

CF3CHCl2(k).
(S: - 264 kJ/mol ;
)
4.18: Dng nng lng lin kt trung bnh bng 4.16 tnh hiu ng nhit
ca cc phn ng sau:
a) C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) 3CO2(k) + 4H2O(k). (S: - 1580 kJ/mol)
b) C2H4(k) + H2(k) C2H6(k).
c) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k).
4.19: Phn ng sau y c H 0 :
BBr3(k) + BCl3(k) BBr2Cl(k) + BCl2Br(k).
Hy v cu trc Lewis ca cc hp cht v gii thch ti sao?
4.20: Qu trnh ha tan canxi clorua trong nc:
CaCl2(r) Ca2+(dd) + 2Cl-(dd) ;
H0298 = ?
H0298 tt(kJ/mol): - 795,8 -542,83
-167,16
a) Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ?
b) Ha tan 20 gam CaCl2(r) vo 100 ml nc 20,00C. Tnh nhit
cui cng ca dung dch , gi s dung dch l l tng, c nhit dung
gn ging 100 g nc nguyn cht (= 418 J/K)
(S : a) -81,4 kJ
b) 55,10C )
4.21: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng di y:
a) BaCO3(r) + 2HCl(dd) BaCl2(dd) + CO2(k) + H2O(l). (S:- 0,2kcal)
b) AgNO3(dd) + NaCl(dd) NaNO3(dd) + AgCl(r).
(S:- 15,7kcal)
c) HNO3(dd) + NaOH(dd) NaNO3(dd) + H2O(l).
(S:- 13,36kcal)
d) HCl(dd) + KOH(dd) KCl(dd) + H2O(l).
(S:13,36kcal)
e) LiOH(dd) + HClO3(dd) LiClO3(dd) + H2O(l).
(S:- 13,36kcal)
4.22: Nhit ta ra khi trung ha CsOH bng tt c cc axit mnh l 13,4
kcal/mol. Nhit ta ra khi trung ha CsOH bng axit yu HF l 16,4
kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ion ha HF trong nc (in ly
HF).
(S: -3,0 kcal/mol)
4.23: Nhit ta ra khi ha tan CuSO4 khan l 17,9 kcal/mol. Nhit thu vo
khi ha tan CuSO4.5H2O l 1,3 kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng
chuyn ha:
CuSO4(r) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(r)
(S: - 19,2 kcal)
4.24: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng (1) v (2) t nhit to thnh
tiu chun, sau kt hp li suy ra hiu ng nhit ca phn ng (3) v
so snh kt qu vi bi 4.21:
(1)
HS-(dd) H+(dd) + S2-(dd)
(S: +14,22 kcal)
2(2) OH (dd) + HS (dd) S (dd) + H2O(l)
(S: +0,86 kcal)
+
(3) H (dd) + OH (dd) H2O(l)
(S: -13,36 kcal)
4.25: t chy hon ton 15,50 g cacbon bng mt lng va khng
kh c th tch 25,0 lt 250C v 5,50 atm(khng kh cha 19% th tch l
oxy)

Thu c sn phm l CO2 v CO. Tnh lng nhit ta ra iu kin

ng p? Cho nhit to thnh tiu chun ca CO2 v CO ln lt l (-94,05
kcal/mol v -26,41 kcal/mol)
(S: - 91,2 kcal)
Bi tp Chng 5:
CHIU CA CC QU TRNH HA HC
5.1: D on du ca H v S ca phn ng sau: 2Cl(k) Cl2(k).
5.2: Khng dng s liu tnh ton, hy d on du ca S ca cc qu
trnh sau:
(a) O2(k) 2O(k).
(b) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k).
(c) C(r) + H2O(k) CO(k) + H2(k). (d) Br(l) Br(k).
(e) N2(k, 10atm) N2(k, 1atm).
(f) Kt tinh mui t nc bin.
(g) Thy tinh kt khi.
(h) Nu chn qu trng.
(i) C(r, graphit) C(r, kim cng).
(j) n C2H4(k) (CH2CH2)n .
0
5.3: Nhit nng chy ca nc 0 C l 1435cal/mol. Tnh bin thin
entropy ca qu trnh nng chy 1kg nc 00C. (S: 292,22 cal/K)
5.4: Nhit bay hi nc 1000C l 40,7 kJ/mol. Tnh bin thin entropy
mol ca qu trnh.
(S: 109,1 J/mol.K)
5.5: Xem phn ng 298K:
2A + B C.
H = 100 kcal v S = 50 cal/K. Gi s H v S khng i theo nhit
, hi nhit no phn ng c th xy ra c ?
(S: 2000K)
5.6: Xem phn ng 298K:
A(k) + B(k) C(k). Phn ng c bin
thin ni nng U = -3,00 kcal v bin thin entropy S = -10,0 cal/K.
Tnh G v d on chiu xy ra ca phn ng. Cho R = 1,987 cal/mol.K.
(S: - 612 cal, thun)
5.7: Mt phn ng c H = -40,0 kcal 400 K. Trn nhit ny phn
ng c th xy ra, di nhit ny th khng. Tnh G v S ca phn
ng 400K.
(S: G = 0 v S = -100 cal/K)
0
5.8: Tnh S 298 ca phn ng xy ra gia 100g N2 vi oxy theo phng
trnh sau:
N2(k) + 2O2(k) 2NO2(k). Cho H0298 tt NO2(k) = 8,09
kcal/mol v G0298 tt NO2(k) = 12,4 kcal/mol.
(S: - 100 cal/K)
0
5.9: Tnh H 298 tt C2H5OH(k) da vo cc d kin sau:
2C(gr) + 3H2(k) + O2(k) C2H5OH(k)
0
S 298 (J/mol.K)
5.74
130.57 205,04
274,2
0
G 298 tt (kJ/mol) - 168,57
(S: -237,60 kJ/mol)
5.10: Xem phn ng 298K: 2A(k) + B(k) 2D(k). Phn ng c bin
thin ni nng U = -2,50 kcal v bin thin entropy S = -10,5 cal/K.
Tnh G v d on chiu xy ra ca phn ng. Cho R = 1,987 cal/mol.K.
(S: 0,04kcal, p khng th xy
ra)
5.11: Cho cc d kin sau:
PCl3(l) PCl3(k)

S0298 (J/mol.K)
217,1
311,7
0
H 298 tt (kJ/mol)
-319,7
-287,0
0
G 298 tt (kJ/mol)
-272,4
-267,8. Hy c tnh nhit si ca
PCl3 p sut thng v so snh vi thc nghim (750C). (S: 740C)
5.12: Cho cc d kin sau:
Sn(xm) Sn(trng)
0
S 298 (J/mol.K)
44,1
51,5
0
G 298 tt (kJ/mol)
0,120
0
Hy d on nhit chuyn pha t thic xm sang thic trng v so vi
nhit quan st c (130C).
(S: 90C)
5.13: Cho phn ng:
H2(k) + CO2(k) H2O(k) + CO(k)
0
G 298 tt (kJ/mol)
0
-394,37
-228,58 -137,15
0
(a) Tnh G 298 ca phn ng ?
(b) Tnh G298 ca phn ng iu kin p sut ring phn ca H2, CO2,
H2O v CO ln lt l 10 ; 20 ; 0,02 ; 0,01 atm.
(S: 28,64 kJ ; -5,61kJ)
5.14: Phn ng to thnh HI t cc n cht:
H2(k) + I2(k) HI(k) c G0 = -10,10 kJ 500 K.
Tng ng vi p sut ring phn ca HI l 10,0 atm ; I2 l 0,001 atm. Hi
p sut ring phn ca H2 phi l bao nhiu nhit ny lm gim G
xung n bng 0.
(S: 775 atm)
5.15: Di iu kin g v p sut th phn ng phn hy Ag2O(r) thnh
Ag(r) v O2(k) c th xy ra c 250C ?
Cho G0298 tt Ag2O(r) = -11,21kJ/mol.
(S: P(O2) = 0,000116 atm)
5.16: Tnh bin thin entropy khi 3,00 mol benzen bay hi thun nghch
nhit si thng thng 80,10C (=353,25 K). Bit enthalpy mol bay hi
ca benzen nhit ny l 30,8 kJ/mol.
(S: + 262 J/K)
5.17: Tnh bin thin entropy ca qu trnh dn n thun nghch 5,00 mol
kh argon nhit khng i 298 K t p sut 10,0atm n 1,0 atm.
(S: + 95,7 J/K)
5.18: C 4,00 mol kh H2 dn n thun nghch ng nhit 400 K t th
tch u l 12,0 lt n th tch cui l 30,0 lt. (Cho nhit dung mol: Cp=
28,8 J/mol.K). Tnh U, Q, cng W, H, S ca qu trnh.
(S: U = H = 0 ; W = -1,22.104 J ; Q = -W ; S = +30,5 J/K)
5.19: C 1,0 mol nc c un nng thun nghch p sut kh quyn
t -200C n 00C, qu trnh nng chy thun nghch 00C, sau c
un nng thun nghch p sut kh quyn n 200C. Cho: Hnc = 6007
J/mol ; Cp(nc ) = 38 J/mol.K ; Cp(nc lng) = 75 J/mol.K. Tnh S
ca h; S ca mi trng v S tng ca c qu trnh.
(S: Sh = + 30,2 J/K ; Smt = - 30,2 J/K ; Stng = 0 )
5.20: Cho 72,4 g st c nhit 100,00C vo 100,0 g nc 10,00C n
khi nhit cn bng l 16,50C. Cho: Cp(Fe) = 25,1 J/mol.K v Cp(H2O) =
75,3 J/mol.K , khng ph thuc nhit . Tnh S ca Fe, S ca nc v
S tng ca qu trnh.

(S: SFe = - 8,24 J/K ; Snc = + 9,49 J/K ; Stng = + 1,25 J/K )
5.21: Enthalpy mol nng chy v entropy mol nng chy ca ammoniac
rn ln lt l 5,65 kJ/mol v 28,9 J/mol.K .
a) Tnh bin thin nng lng t do Gibbs G khi lm nng chy 3,6
mol ammoniac rn thnh lng 170 K. Hi ammoniac c th nng chy
170 K ?
b) 1 atm v nhit no th c cn bng rn lng ca ammoniac ?
(S:(a) G = 2,664 kJ; khng;(b) 196 K)
5.22: Enthalpy bay hi v nhit si thng thng ca etanol l : 38,7
kJ/mol 780C. Tnh Q, W, U, Sh v G khi 1,0 mol etanol bay hi
thun nghch 780C v 1atm. Gi thit rng hi l kh l tng v b qua
th tch ca etanol lng so vi hi.
(S:Q = +38,7 kJ; W= -2,92kJ; U= +35,8kJ; Sh= +110J/K v G=0)
5.23: 12000C s kh st (III) oxit thnh st nguyn t v oxy khng xy
ra v: 2Fe2O3(r) 4Fe(r) + 3O2(k) G = + 840 kJ. (1)
Hy ch ra cch lm th no qu trnh ny vn c th tin hnh c nu
ton b lng oxy thot ra c dng t chy cacbon:
C(r) + O2(k) CO2(k)
G = - 400 kJ (2)
(S: V G1 + 3G2 = - 360 kJ < 0 )
5.24: Qu trnh ng p ng nhit c th c m t l xy ra c nu
G < 0 v khng xy ra c nu G > 0. Da trn tnh ton t H v S
ca phn ng, kt hp vi nh ngha ca G, hy xc nh khong nhit
c th xy ra c ca cc qu trnh sau:
(a)
4Fe(r) + 3O2(k) 2 Fe2O3(r)
(b)
SO2(k) + O2(k) SO3(k)
(c)
NH4NO3(r) N2O(k) + 2H2O(k)
(S: (a):0 < T < 3000 K ; (b):0 < T < 1050 K; (c):xy ra mi T )
5.25: Gii thch ti sao c th kh wonfram (VI) oxit WO3 thnh kim loi
nhit cao bng hydr:
WO3(r) + 3H2(k) W(r) + 3H2O(k).
khong nhit no th phn ng c th xy ra?
(S: H0 = 117,41kJ; S0 =131,19 J/K; G < 0 => T > H0/ S0=895 K)
5.26: Cho phn ng sau:
CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k).
0
Tnh G ca phn ng trn ln lt 25, 500 v 15000C. Xem H v S
khng ph thuc nhit . V gin ca G0 ph thuc nhit v dng
n tm nhit ti thiu phn ng trn xy ra c.
( S: 129,1 ; 50,7 ; - 114,0 kJ/mol ; T > 1080 K )
5.27: Cho cc trng hp:
(a) H0 > 0 , S0 > 0 ; (b) H0 < 0 , S0 > 0 ; (c) H0 < 0 , S0 < 0 ;
(d) H0 > 0 , S0 < 0
(i) Trng hp no phn ng c th xy ra mi nhit ?
(ii) Trng hp no phn ng khng th xy ra mi nhit ?
(iii) Trng hp no phn ng c th xy ra nhit cao?
(iiii) Trng hp no phn ng c th xy ra nhit thp?

(iiiii) ng vi trng hp (c) th iu kin no sau y phn ng c th

xy ra c: (1): |H0| > |TS0| ;
(2): |H0| < |TS0|