LI CM N

Li u tin em xin chn thnh cm n n qu Thy, C khoa Sinh Hc trng i Hc Khoa Hc Hu, nhng ngi trc tip ging dy, truyn t nhng kin thc b ch cho em, chnh l nhng nn tng c bn, l nhng hnh trang v cng qu gi, l bc u tin cho em bc vo s nghip sau ny trong tng lai. c bit l C Hong Th Kim Hng v C Nguyn Th Thu Thy cho em rt nhiu kin thc v nim am m ngnh sinh hc. Cm n C tn tnh, quan tm, gip em trong sut qu trnh thc t. Nh , em mi c th hon thnh bi bo co thc t ny. Bn cnh , em cng xin gi li cm n chn thnh n cc anh ch nhn vin trong Nh my Nh my tinh bt sn tnh Tha Thin Hu Focosev v Nh my phn ln hu c sinh hc Sng Hng d rt bn rn vi cng vic nhng vn dnh thi gian ch bo, hng dn, to mi iu kin gip em c th tm hiu r hn v mi trng lm vic thc t ca mt nh my m khi cn ngi trn gh nh trng em cha c bit. Trong qu trnh lm bo co, v cha c kinh nghim thc t, ch da vo l thuyt hc cng vi thi gian hn hp nn bi bo co chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng sai st. Knh mong nhn c s gp , nhn xt t pha qu Thy, C kin thc ca em ngy cng hon thin hn v rt ra c nhng kinh nghim b ch c th p dng vo thc tin mt cch hiu qu trong tng lai.

BO CO QU TRNH THC T SN XUT

I. MC CH, YU CU 1. Mc ch: Thc tp sn xut l mt phn quan trng trong qu trnh o to ca cc trng i hc, gip cho sinh vin c c nn tng kin thc vng chc, c st vi thc t ng thi gn kt l thuyt hc c trn ging ng vi thc tin. v c th mc ch ca t thc tp va qua l: Gip sinh vin cng c li nhng kin thc l thuyt hc vn dng vo thc tin sn xut. Gip sinh vin lm quen vi mi trng sn xut ca cc nh my, hiu c cc tr ngi trong sn xut thc tin. Qu trnh sn xut cn nhng kh khn bn cnh s pht trin ca n. Vn dng cc kin thc hc vo kho st, nghin cu thc tin, xut cc gii php c th gp phn gii quyt nhng vn t ra trong hot ng ca c s thc tp. p dng cc kin thc thu thp c vo cng vic thc ca mt cng ty, x nghip, n v hnh chnh. Rn luyn cc k nng c bn, k lut lao ng, phong cch giao tip v x l cc mi quan h trong x hi. Hc hi, rn luyn phong cch lm vic v ng x trong cc mi quan h cng tc timt c quan Gip sinh vin tm hiu c quy trnh sn xut phn ln hu c v phn vi sinh cng nh quy trnh sn xut tinh bt sn Gip cho sinh vin c iu kin tip xc vi thc t ca t nc, t kim nghim v b sung nhng kin thc tip thu c trn ging ng, trong ti liu, gio trnh v cc ngun thng tin khc. 2. Yu cu Sinh vin phi nm vng c kin thc l thuyt quy trnh sn xut trong nh my, hiu r c s ng dng kin thc vo thc tin do cn b trong nh my ging dy. II. NI DUNG THC TP 1. Thi gian: tin hnh trong 2 ngy 2. a im: - Nh my tinh bt sn tnh Tha Thin Hu Focosev. - Nh my phn ln hu c sinh hc Sng Hng.

PHN I: BO CO THC T TI NH MY TINH BT SN FOCOCEV THA THIN HU

CHNG I: GII THIU V NH MY TINH BT SN FOCOCEV THA THIN HU
I.t vn : Sn xut tinh bt sn l mt ngnh thc phm chnh ng Nam . Cng nghip ch bin tinh bt sn l mt ngnh cng nng nghip lm theo thi v ch yu l t cui thng 8 nm trc n u thng 4 nm sau, s dng sn lm nguyn liu chnh. Tinh bt sn l mt trong cc ngun c hm lng tinh bt cao nht, c sn cha n 30% hm lng tinh bt nhng c hm lng protein, cacbonhydrate v cht bo thp. l ngun thc n cho cuc sng con ngi, l ngun nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cngnghip ch bin thc phm v cc ngnh cng nghip khc.

Nc ta c ngun nguyn liu tinh bt rt a dng v phong ph. Min Trung vi iu kin kh hu khc nghit, thi tit tht thng, t ai km mu m nhng vn c c ngun nguyn liu tinh bt quan trng vi nng sut v cht lng cao nh khoai, sn, sn dyVit Nam l nc xut khu tinh bt sn ng th 3 trn th gii, sau Indonesia v Thi Lan. Nm 2006, din tch t trng sn t 475.000 ha, sn lng tinh bt sn t 7.714.000 tn. Th trng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam l Trung Quc, i Loan. Cng vi din tch sn c nng ln, nng sut thu hoch sn cng nh sn lng tinh bt sn c sn xut cng tng ln theo thi gian. Ti nay c nc c trn 60 nh my ch bin tinh bt sn qui m ln cng sut 50 - 200 tn tinh bt sn/ngy v trn 4.000 c s ch bin th cng. Hin ti tng cng sut ca cc nh my ch bin sn qui m cng nghip v ang xy dng c kh nng ch bin c 40% sn lng sn c nc. Nc ta c ngun nguyn liu tinh bt rt a dng v phong ph. Min Trung vi iu kin kh hu khc nghit, thi tit tht thng, t ai km mu m nhng vn c c ngun nguyn liu tinh bt quan trng vi nng sut v cht lng cao nh khoai, sn, sn dyChnh vai tr quan trng v mt kinh t do c sn em li l ng lc thc y cho Nh my tinh bt sn FOCOCEV Tha Thin Hu c thnh lp. II.Gii thiu v nh my: Nh my tinh bt sn FOCOCEV Tha Thin Hu ng ti Km 802, quc l 1A, x Phong An, huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin Hu, din tch mt bng sn xut 2592 m2, c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 520/CT HC ngy 30/04/2004 ca Tng gim c cng ty Thc phm v u t Cng ngh. My mc thit b ca nh my c trang b hin i, dy chuyn c nhp t Thi Lan. Cng sut thit k giai on mt ca nh my l 60 tn sn phm tinh bt/ngy. i ng cn b, cng nhn c trnh cao, trong 30% l trnh i hc, 60% l trnh cao ng trung cp v 10% lao ng ph thng. Nhng nm u thnh lp, nh my ch trng xy dng v quy hoch vng nguyn liu trn 7 huyn (Nam ng, Ph Lc, Hng Tr, Phong in, Hng Thy, A li, Ph Vang) vi din tch hng ngn hecta. Hin nay, vi vic nng cp cng sut nh my vi cng sut 110 tn tinh bt/ngy, vng nguyn liu ngy cng c m rng trn cc a bng trong tnh v cc vng ln cn. Ngoi ra, nh my cng tip nhn mt phn nguyn liu nhp t cc tnh nh Qung Tr, Qung Bnh

Vi s ra i ca nh my tinh bt sn FOCOCEV trn a bn tnh Tha Thin Hu to iu kin thun li v mt kinh t v x hi. Nh my cng gii quyt vic lm cho mt b phn ngi dn, gp phn vo s chuyn i c cu cy trng trn nhng vng t kh hn. Hin nay, vng nguyn liu ch yu ca nh my l ngun cung cp cc huyn trong tnh. t bit, cc huyn c sn lng sn cao nht l Phong in, Hng Tr, Nam ng, A Li. V ngoi ra, nh my cn nhp nguyn liu t cc huyn khc nh Ph Lc, Qung in, Ph Vang vi mt s lng khng nhiu.

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU V PHNG PHP CH BIN

1.Tng quan v cy sn: a.Ngun gc cy sn: Sn thuc: Gii (regnum): Plantae Ngnh (divisio): Magnoliophyta Lp (class): Magnoliopsida B (ordo): Malpighiales H (familia): Euphorbiaceae Phn h (subfamilia): Crotonoidea Tng (tribus): Manihoteae Chi (genus): Manihot Loi (species): M. esculenta

Cy sn c ngun gc vng nhit i ca chu M La tinh (Crantz, 1976) v c trng cch y khong 5.000 nm (CIAT, 1993). Trung tm pht sinh cy sn c gi thit ti vng ng bc ca nc Brasil thuc lu vc sng Amazon, ni c nhiu chng loi sn trng v hoang di (De Candolle 1886; Rogers, 1965). Trung tm phn ha ph c th ti Mexico v vng ven bin pha bc ca Nam M. Bng chng v ngun gc sn trng l nhng di tch kho c Venezuela nin i 2.700 nm trc Cng nguyn, di vt th hin c sn cng ven bin Peru khong 2000 nm trc Cng nguyn, nhng l nng bnh sn trong phc h Malabo pha Bc Colombia nin i khong 1.200 nm trc Cng nguyn,

nhng ht tinh bt trong phn ha thch c pht hin ti Mexico c tui t nm 900 n nm 200 trc Cng nguyn (Rogers 1963, 1965). Cy sn c ngi B o Nha a n Congo ca chu Phi vo th k 16. Ti liu ni ti sn vng ny l ca Barre v Thevet vit nm 1558. chu , sn c du nhp vo n khong th k 17 (P.G. Rajendran et al, 1995) v Sri Lanka u th k 18 (W.M.S.M Bandara v M Sikurajapathy, 1992). Sau , sn c trng Trung Quc, Myanma v cc nc chu khc cui th k 18, u th k 19 (Fang Baiping 1992. U Thun Than 1992). Cy sn c du nhp vo Vit Nam khong gia th k 18, (Phm Vn Bin, Hong Kim, 1991). Hin cha c ti liu chc chn v ni trng v nm trng u tin. nc ta sn c trng khp ni t Nam ti Bc, nhiu nht l vng trung du min ni vng t i, gm nhiu loi nh: sn d (cn gi l sn tu hay sn ng), sn vng (cn gi l sn ngh), sn (cn gi l sn canh nng), sn trng. b.Phn loi sn: C nhiu loi khc nhau v mu sc, thn cy, l, v, tht c Tuy nhin trong cng ngh sn xut tinh bt ngi ta phn thnh hai loi: sn ng v sn ngt. Hai loi ny khc nhau v hm lng tinh bt v lng c t. Nhiu tinh bt thi hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut cao v nhiu c t th quy trnh cng ngh phc tp. Sn ng cn gi l sn d. Cy thp (khng cao qu 1.2 m), t b khi gi to. Nng sut cao, c mp, nhiu tinh bt, nhiu m v hm lng axit xianhydric cao. n ti d b ng c, ch yu sn xut tinh boat v sn lt. c im ca cy sn d l t ngn, thn cy khi con mu xanh nht. Cung l ch ni tip thn v cy mu thm, k mu trng nht ri li hng dn. Mu v g c nu sm, v ci v tht sn iu trng. Sn ngt bao gm tt c cc loi m hm lng axit xianhydric thp nh: sn vng, sn , sn trng Sn vng hay cn gi l sn ngh. Khi non thn cy mu xanh thm, cung l mu , c sc nht, v g ca c mu nu, vi ci mu trng, tht c mu vng nht, khi lut mu vng r rt hn. Sn thn cy cao, khi non mu xanh thm, cung v gn l mu thm. C di to, v g mu nu m, v ci dy, mu hi , tht sn trng. Sn trng thn cy cao, khi non mu xanh nht, cung l . C ngn m mp, v g mu sm nht, tht v v ci mu trng.

Sn ngt c hm lng tinh bt thp, t c t, n ti khng ng c, d ch bin. Nu phn loi theo hm lng HCN th cc loi sn c chia lm 2 nhm l sn ng v sn ngt. Sn ng c hm lng HCN cao, khng dng n ti v d b say, hm lng tinh bt li cao nn ch dng sn xut sn lt kh v tinh bt. Sn ngt c hm lng HCN thp, c th n ti c. c t trong sn dng glicozit gi l fazeolunatin C10H17NO6, di tc dng ca enzim hay axit s phn hy thnh glucoza, axeton v HCN: C10H17NO6 + H2O = C6H12O6 + C3H6O + HCN Trong sn xut tinh bt, c t ha tan theo nc thi nn sn ng vn cho sn phm tinh bt tt, hu nh khng cn c t. Hm lng tinh bt sn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, quan trng nht l ging v gi ca c sn khi d c. Ht tinh bt sn hnh trn, ng knh 5 45. Hin nay, sn c trng trn 100 nc vng nhit i v cn nhit i tp trung nhiu chu Phi, chu v Nam M. Cy sn du nhp vo Vit Nam khong gia th k XVIII. Sn c canh tc hu ht cc tnh ca nc ta t Bc n Nam. Sn l nguyn liu ch bin cc sn phm sau y: sn lt kh, bt v tinh bt sn, bnh phng tm, ko m xng, ru etylic, mch nha, bt ngt (iu ch mi trng ln men axit glutamic), ng glucoza, dng trong y hc .M s ging sn c trng ti Vit Nam l Ging sn KM-60: C tn gc l Rayong-60, c nhp t Thi Lan. Ging sn ny c thn xanh, tn gn, phn nhnh hp. Thi gian thu hoch cc tnh pha Nam l 6-9 thng v nng sut 27,5 tn/ha, cc tnh pha Bc l 9-10 thng v nng sut thp hn khong 35 tn/ha. c.Cu to ca c sn: C sn thng vut hai u. Kch thc c tu thuc cht t v iu kin trng m dao ng trong khong: di 0.1 1.1 m ng knh 2 8 cm. + V g: Chim 0.5-3% khi lng c, c mu trng, vng hoc nu. V g cu to t cellulose v hemicellulose, hu nh khng c tinh bt. N c tc dng bo v c khi b nh hng c hc v ha hc ca ngoi cnh. + V ci (v tht): dy hn v g nhiu, chim khong 20% trng lng c. Cu to gm lp t bo thnh dy, thnh t bo cu to t xenluloza, bn trong t bo l cc ht tinh bt, hp cht cha Nit v dch bo (m) trong dch bo c tannin, sc t, c t, cc enzyme V v ci c nhiu tinh bt (5 8%) nn trong ch bin nu tch i th tn that, khng tch th kh khn trong ch bin v nhiu cht trong thnh phn m nh hng n mu sc tinh bt

+ Tht sn: l thnh phn ch yu ca c sn, thnh phn bao gm cellulose v pentosan v t bo, ht tinh bt v nguyn sinh cht bn trong t bo, gluxit ho tan v nhiu cht vi lng khc. Nhng t bo lp ngoi tht sn cha nhiu tinh bt, cng su vo trong hm lng tinh bt gim dn. Ngoi lp t bo nhu m cn c cha cc t bo thnh cng khng cha tinh bt, cu to t xenluloza nn cng nh g gi l x . Loi t bo ny nhiu u cung, sn lu nin v nhng c bin dng trong qua trnh pht trin. Sn lu 2 nm th c mt lp x, sn lu 3 nm c hai lp x. Theo lng lp x m bit sn lu bao nhiu nm. + Li: trung tm, dc sut t cung ti chui c, chim 0.3-1% khi lng ton c. Cng st cung, li cng ln v nh dn v pha chui c. Li cu to ch yu t cellulose vo hemicellulose. Sn c li ln v nhiu x th hiu sut v nng sut ca my xt gim v x cng, phn th x kt vo rng my hn ch kh nng ph v t bo gii phng tinh bt. Mt khc, x nhiu th rng my xt chng mn Ngoi ra cn c cc b phn khc: cung, r .... Cc phn ny cu to ch yu l xenluloza cho nn sn cung di v nhiu r th t l tinh bt thp v ch bin kh khn.Thnh phn ha hc ca c sn dao ng trong khong kh rng tu thuc vo loi ging, iu kin pht trin ca cy v thi gian thu hoch. Bng 1: Thnh phn ha hc ca c sn.

Hm lng tinh bt ca sn cng ph thuc nhiu yu t nh cc yu t nh hng n cc thnh phn ni chung, trong mc gi c ngha rt ln. i vi ging sn mt nm th v ch bin c th bt u t thng 9 v kt thc t

thng 4 nm sau, nhng o vo thng 12 v thng 1 th hm lng tinh bt cao nht. Thng 9, thng 10 c t tinh bt, hm lng nc cao, lng cht ho tan nhiu, nh vy nu ch bin sn non khng nhng t l thnh phm thp m cn kh bo qun ti. Sang thng 2, thng 3 lng tinh bt trong c li gim v mt phn phn hu thnh ng nui mn non trong khi cy cha c kh nng quang hp. ng trong sn ch yu l glucoza v moat lng mantoza, sacaroza. Sn cng gi th hm lng ng cng gim. Trong ch bin ng ho an trong nc thi ra theo nc dch. Ngoi ra, trong sn cn c c t, tannin, sc t v h enzyme phc tp. Nhng cht ny gay kh khn cho ch bin v nu qui trnh khng thch hp s cho sn phm c cht lng km. H enzim Trong khoai m, cc cht polyphenol v h enzim polyphenoloxydaza c nh nhiu ti cht lng trong bo qun v ch bin. Khi cha o hot cht men trong khoai m yu v n nh nhng sau khi o th cht men hot ng mnh. Polyphenoloxydaza xc tc qu trnh oxy ho polyphenol to thnh octoquinon sau trng hp cc cht khng c bn cht phnol nh axitamin hnh thnh sn phm c mu. Trong nhm polyphenoloxydaza c nhng enzim oxy ho cc monophenol m in hnh l tirozinnaza xc tc s oxy ho acid amin tirozin to nn quinon tng ng. Sau mt s chuyn ho cc quinon ny sinh ra sc t mu xm en gi l melanin. y lmt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho tht khoai m c mu en m thng gi l khoai m chy nha. V enzim tp trung trong m v ci cho nn cc vt en cng xut hin trong tht c bt u t lp ngoi vi. Khi khoai m chy nha th lc mi xt kh m ph v t bo gii phng tinh bt do hiu sut ly tinh bt thp, mt khc tinh bt khng trng. Ngoi tirozinaza cc enzim oxy ho kh cng hot ng mnh lm tn tht cht kh ca c. Hm lng tannin trong khoai m t nhng sn phm oxy ho tannin l cht flobafen c mu sm en kh ty. Khi ch bin, tannin cn c tc dng vi Fe to thnh st tannat cng c mu xm en. C hai cht ny u nh hung n mu sc ca tinh bt nu nh trong ch bin khng tch dch bo nhanh v trit . Trong bo qun khoai m ti thng nhim bnh thi kh v thi t do nm v vi khun gy nn c bit i vi nhng c b trc v v dp nt.

d. Tiu chun nguyn liu dng sn xut. Phng php tn tr sn ti trong thi gian ch ch bin. ng dng ca tinh bt sn. *Tiu chun nguyn liu dng sn xut C sn c a vo sn xut phi t nhng tiu chun sau: -Hm lng tp cht khng qu 15%, thng thng l 3% -i vi sn h, thi khng qu 15% -i vi sn xm kim khng qu 30% - Hm lng tinh bt ln hn 20% -Sau khi nhp phi sn xut ngay khng c qu 72 gi sau khi thu hoch. -Hin nay cha c quy nh chung v cht lng sn a vo sn xut tinh bt nhng tng x nghip u c qui nh ring v ch s cht lng nh hm lng tinh bt t 14-15% tr ln. -C nh v ngn( chiu di 10cm, ng knh ch c ln nht di 5cm) khng qu 4% -C dp nt v gy vn khng qu 3% -Lng t v tp cht ti a 1,5-2%, khng c c thi -C c du vt chy nha khng qu 5% nu ch bin ngay trong vng 3 ngy tr li th cung sn ngn nhng nu bo qun d tr lu hn th cn cung di * Phng php tn tr sn ti trong thi gian ch ch bin: Yu t quan trng nht sn xut c tinh bt sn cht lng cao l ton b qu trnh t khi thu hoch n khi hon tt cng on sy phi c thc hin trong thi gian ngn nht, c th do s h hng bt u xy ra ngay t khi ngt c v din bit sut trong qu trnh ch bin. Do hn ch sn h v nh hng n thnh phm th tt c nguyn liu sn nhp vo nh my u c nh my a vo sn xut ngay. bo qun cn to iu kin cng ging vi iu kin khi cha o th cng bo qun c lu tuy nhin t 3 thng tr i k c sn cha o u c nhng s bin i trong ni ti trong c nh mc thm r, pht trin thm nhng t bo mi trong r. Vi sn cha o th hm lng tinh bt gim khi luc khng b, tr nn do v trong, cn sn o th bo qun li th c mm xp v hm lng tinh bt gim nhiu, lng m tng ln. Kinh nghim ca nhn dn ta l khi o khng nn cht c khi gc hoc nu cht th cht st gc cung di ri p thnh ng ch t kh ro, khng c nc mch sau ph ct hoc t dy khong 15-

25cm. Ch nn bo qun nhng c nguyn vn v nhng c gy, xy st thng nhim vi sinh vt lm cho c thi, c bit bnh thi t d dng ly sang nhng c ln cn ri lan ra ton ng. Ngoi ra nu c b chy nha nghim trng cng s dn ti hin tng thi kh. Nghin cu bo qun sn theo 2 hng: -Bo qun sn c ti trng thi t bo sng: gm phng php vi t hay vi ct, vi mn ca hay x da v d tr trong hm. Nguyn l ca cc phng php ny to ra mi trng ct gi cng t khc vi mi trng khi o cng tt, mc ch hn ch qu trnh sinh l ca bn thn c. -Bo qun c v lt ti trng thi t bo cht vi mc ch chm dt hot ng sng ca t bo c, trnh tn tht cht kh do qu trnh sinh l, yu cu phi to c mi trng c ch vi sinh vt gy thi ra, ng thi lai tr kh nng bin mu ca c hay lt cng nh sn phm ch bin t c hay lt . *Gi tr s dng : Trc ht, khoai m c kh nng thay th trc tip mt phn khu phn go ca nhn dn ta. l thc phm d n, d ch bin, kh nng bo qun cng tng i n nh nu c ch bin thnh bt hay nhng thnh phm s ch khc nh khoai m lt, ming khoai m Vi nhu cu ca cng ngh, khoai m l ngun nguyn liu trong cc ngnh k ngh nh, ngnh lm giy, ngnh lm ng dng ha cht hay men thc vt chuyn ho tinh bt khoai m thnh ng mch nha hay glucoza. Ru v cn u c th s dng khoai m lm nguyn liu chnh. 2.Phng php sn xut tinh bt: Vit Nam hin tn ti 3 loi quy m sn xut tinh bt sn in hnh sau: *Qui m nh (h v lin h): y l quy m c cng sut 0,5 - 10 tn tinh bt sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m nh chim 70 - 74%. Cng ngh th cng, thit b t to hoc do cc c s c kh a phng ch to. Hiu sut thu hi v cht lng tinh bt sn khng cao. C sn mua v c ra bng tay v gt v bng dao ri no th cng trn mt bn no/mi bng thic hoc st mm c c l to g sc mt bn. Bt sau khi mi c a vo mt tm vi lc c buc bn gc v ra mnh bng nc v tay. X sau khi ra c vt kh. Sa bt thu c li c cha trong x/thng ng ch tinh bt lng xung. Thay nc nhiu ln loi b nha v tp cht. Bt t vt ln khay hoc vt qua vi lc tch nc ri c sy kh t nhin.

*Qui m va: y l cc doanh nghip c cng sut di 50 tn tinh bt sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m va chim 16- 20%. a phn cc c s u s dng thit b ch to trong nc nhng c kh nng to ra sn phm c cht lng khng thua km cc c s nhp thit b ca nc ngoi. Trong quy trnh ny, vic gt v thng vn c tin hnh th cng. Qu trnh no/mi c tin hnh trn my mi. Lc quay trng trong my mi c truyn qua trc ng c in v dy cu-roa. Trng c ph tm kim loi c l c quay trong mt hp my c gn phu np c pha trn v bt sau khi mi s chy xung di. Qu trnh mi c b sung mt lng nh nc. Lng tinh bt c gii phng v ho tan nh cch lm ny c th t 70-90%. Bt nho thu c qua sng lc th, lc mn v lc tinh. C th b sung nc trong khi tch cc tp cht v b. Dch thu c s qua giai on lng tch nc. Lng c tin hnh trong b lng hoc bn lng (lng trng lc). Qu trnh lng c th c b sung ha cht gip lng nhanh hoc ty trng. Tinh bt c tch ra bng tay. Sy c tin hnh sy t nhin hoc cng bc *Qui m ln: Nhm ny gm cc doanh nghip c cng sut trn 50 tn tinh bt sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m ln chim khong 10% tng s cc c s ch bin c nc vi cng ngh, thit b nhp t Chu u, Trung Quc, Thi Lan. l cng ngh tin tin hn, c hiu sut thu hi sn phm cao hn, t cht lng sn phm cao hn, v s dng t nc hn so vi cng ngh trong nc. Yu t quan trng nht trong sn xut tinh bt sn cht lng cao l ton b qu trnh ch bin - t khi tip nhn c n khi sy hon thin - sn phm phi c tin hnh trong thi gian ngn nht c th c gim thiu qu trnh xy ho lm bin i hm lng tinh bt sau khi thu hoch v trong ch bin.Tinh bt sn c ch bin t nguyn liu l c ti hoc kh (sn c, sn lt), vi cc quy m v trnh cng ngh khc nhau. C sn ti rt kh bo qun di ngy nn hu ht cc nh my ch bin sn u hot ng theo thi v. Thi gian hot ng ch yu l t cui thng 8 nm trc n u thng 4 nm sau. Mc d vy, vng ng Nam B c iu kin thun li v nhit cho pht trin cy sn nn cc nh my ch bin tinh bt hin nay c th sn xut c 2 v. Ring cc nh my ch bin ti Ty Ninh c thi gian ch bin ko di 330 ngy/ nm. Thi gian sn xut trong nm ca cc nh my khc khong 200 ngy. Theo cng sut thit k, nhu cu nguyn liu sn ti l: 5.360.000 tn sn ti/ nm, chim 69,48% sn lng sn hin c. Trong khi sn lng sn hng

nm dnh lm lng thc cho ngi v cho chn nui khong 3.000.000 tn. V vy, vi sn lng sn 7.700.000 tn sn/ nm, nhiu nh my ch bin tinh bt sn b thiu nguyn liu. Mt s kt qu nghin cu, chuyn giao cng ngh, sn xut ch bin cc sn phm sau cng nghip tinh bt sn nh: sn xut tinh bt bin tnh,maltodextrin, ng glucoza, si r maltoza, lysin gp phn ko di thi gian hot ng ca cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn sau ma v. Quy trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c th c th hin trong hnh 2.

CHNG III: GII THCH QUY TRNH CNG NGH V CC THIT B CA NH MY

1.Nguyn liu: Sn c th khng thu hoch trong thi gian di vi mc h hi rt t, nhng khi thu hoch, chng nhanh chng tr nn khng s dng c, s h hng sau thu hoch thng th hin r trong vng 48 gi. Loi sn thu hoch trn 3 hoc 4 ngy c th s khng thu c tinh bt c cht lng tt, ty thuc vo cc iu kin bo qun. Sau mt tun nhiu c s khng s dng c. C b thm nhanh lm cho thi gian bo qun qu ngn. Sn c nhiu loi khc nhau: KM 98,KM 94,KM 64,KM 60,KM 65 Sn c a vo sn xut phi t cc tiu chun sau: Hm lng tp cht khng qu 15%, thng thng l 3% i vi sn h, thi khng qu 15% i vi sn xm kim khng qu 30% Hm lng tinh bt ln hn 20% Sau khi nhp phi sn xut ngay khng c qu 72 gi sau khi thu hoch. Hm lng tinh bt sn cng ph thuc nhiu yu t, trong mc gi c ngha rt ln

Khu d tr sn ti Nh my Tinh bt sn Fococev Tha Thin Hu

2.Phu tip liu: a.Mc ch To in kin thun li cho qu trnh vn chuyn c m sang bng ti mt cch d dng. Ch ng c ngun cung cp nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut. C th loi b c mt phn tp cht nh t, ct, cnh cytrc khi a vo sn xut b.Yu cu: - Cn phi np y phu khng c gin on qu trnh np liu. - Trong phu khng c vt cn - Phu phi m bo an ton( gy hay b lng) c.Tin hnh C sn c xe mc ly v cho vo phu n khi y.

Sn c a ln phu tip liu

3.Bc v s b a.Mc ch: Loi b mt phn v g bn ngoi v v g ch cha xenlulo v hemixenlulo l thnh phn khng c tinh bt. Loi b mt phn tp cht bm trn c m to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ra

b.Yu cu : - Loi b c phn no v g bn ngoi. - Loi b i nhng tp cht ln nh t c.Tin hnh Sau khi c m c bng ti a vo phu tip liu th c bng ti a m vo lng ry c .Ti y lng ry c hot ng theo nguyn tc c gn cc ng c di s iu khin ca cng nhn iu chnh lng m thch hp vo bn ra. Khi ng c quay th thit b quay theo do nh lc ma st gia c m vi thanh st, gia c m vi c m vi nhau, nn tch c v g t .ri ra ngoi theo cc l trong lng quay. C m s trt theo thanh st theo chiu t trong ra ngoi theo chiu kim ng h ri ri trc tip xung bn ra nguyn liu 4.Ra c a.Mc ch Nguyn liu trc khi cho vo my nghin phi c ra sch c. Tch cc tp cht gm t, ct, , rccn bm trn c khng nh hng ti mu ca tinh bt sau khi thnh phm v c tro, nhm thu c tinh bt cht lng cao b.Yu cu -C phi sch -Khng cn li tp cht trn c sau khi ra c.Tin hnh Qu trnh ra c thc hin trong bn ra( ty theo nh my m c s lng bn ra khc nhau, thng thng l hai bn). Trong bn c trc quay c gn mi cho (mi bn c 24 mi), khi trc quay ko theo cc mi cho quay v va p vo c m, ng thi cng lm cho c m c st vo nhau v di tc dng trc tip ca vi nc th lm cho v c m c bong ra v mt phn t ct c loi b 5.Bm a.Mc ch: To iu kin thun li v n nh cho my nghin. Nng cao hiu sut ca my nghin. Ph v cu trc t bo mt phn no to iu kin cho cng on nghin gii phng, tch trit tinh bt b.Yu cu -C v my bm phi sch. Khng c ln cc tp cht nh t, ct, si.. -Tip liu cho my bm ng u gip cho qu trnh lm vic n nh

c.Tin hnh Sau khi c m c ra sch, nh bng ti vn chuyn ln ln my bm. Ti y c m s c cht khc s b nh nhng li dao gn cht vo trc quay, sau khi c cht khc s b th c chuyn xung thng cha a qua my 6.Nghin a.Mc ch: Ging nh tt c vt cht sng, c c cu thnh t s lng ln cc t bo. Cy sn sinh ra tinh bt trong cc t bo ny. Trong sn xut tinh bt t quy m cng nghip, nghin l phng php c nh tch tinh bt. S khng th tch tinh bt ra bng cch ra, tr khi t bo b v mt chng mc no . V vy hiu sut ca qu trnh ly tinh bt ph thuc phn ln vo t l t bo tinh bt b v. Cc ht tinh bt nm trong t bo c, tch tinh bt phi ph v t bo. Ph v cu trc t bo ca m gii phng ht tinh bt ra ngoi v ha tan vo trong nc to thnh hn hp sa tinh bt to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh sau. Ph v trit th hiu sut ly tinh bt cao, v vy nghin l khu quan trng nht trong sn xut tinh bt. Trong sn xut tinh bt t c, dng phng php c hc ph v t bo thc vt. Ch yu l dng my mi xt hoc kt hp my xay xay li ln hai. C mi-xt v xay gi chung l nghin. b.Yu cu: Tip liu vo my phi u n, my lm vic n nh. Khng n nguyn liu qu mnh vo trn b mt mi, v iu ny s lm gim nghim trng hiu sut ca my mi.Trong nhng trng hp c bit c th lm cho m t b qu ti. Nguyn liu b p buc i vo my mi, s dn n kt qu l sn phm mi khng mn, nhiu t bo khng b v, v s khng thu hi c nhiu tinh bt. Ph v trit cu trc t bo gii phng ti a hm lng tinh bt ra ngoi Cc li ca phi sc, nhn v m bo v sinh, trong qu trnh nghin khng cc vt l ( kim loi, t, ..) ri vo trong qu trnh nghin. Di nc trong qu trnh nghin nhm ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt v s oxy ha dch bo, ng thi gii phng tinh bt cn bm trn my nghin. Nghin cng ph v cu trc t bo cng trit th hiu sut thu hi tinh b cng cao. y l khu quan trng nht trong sn xut tinh bt sn. Khi nghin c tinh bt gii phng ra khi t bo dch tinh bt t do v s cn li cha tch ra khi t bo gi l tinh bt lin kt Hn hp cc cht thu c sau khi nghin (gi l cho) c: hm lng cht kh khong 25,11%, hm lng tinh bt chung 19,5%, tinh bt t do 16,52%, cht ha tan 3,55%

c.Cch tin hnh: Nguyn liu vo ca tip liu 8 qua ng nghin (gia tang quay v bn p) xung pha di. y c tm thp 9 c l vi kch thc l 2 mm15 . Li vng theo cung tang quay, khong cch t b mt tang quay vi li khong 2,24mm. Cho( sn phm nghin) mn lt qua li cn nhng phn t ln li nm trn li v tip tc nghin n khi mn. L li nh th hiu sut nghin ln nhng nng sut gim v chi ph nng lng cao. Sau khi nghin cho lc qua li xung ngn cha gm my. Cho c pha long n nng 270BX bng nc sch hoc sa long ca my ly tm lc tit kim nc.

Sn t bng ti sch c a vo my bm -> nghin mi 7. Tch dch bo, ngn nga s to mu v ty mu: a.Tch dch bo: Dch bo c khi thot ra khi t bo tip xc vi oxy khng kh v nhanh chng b oxy ha to thnh nhng cht mu. V vy tch dch bo lm sch sa

tinh bt v gi c trng ca tinh bt, nhm ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha dch bo v cht mu dng phc tan trong nc. Dch bo c khi thot ra khi t bo cha tirozin v enzim tirozinaza tip xc vi oxy khng kh v nhanh chng b oxy ha to thnh nhng cht mu. giai on th hai sn phm thnh mu en di tc dng ca men cromooxydaza, phn ng xy ra nhanh pH=11. Do hu qa ca qu trnh oxy ha lp b mt ca cho chuyn sang mu hng xm cn lp di chuyn sang mu chm hn. Tinh bt d dng hp thu mu ca dch bo tr nn khng trng v khng th ty ra cht mu khi tinh bt bng nc sch c. Tanin trong sn t nhng sn phm oxy ha tanin l cht flabafen c mu smen kh ty. Khi ch bin tanin cn tc dng vi st to thnh st tanatin cng c mu sm en. C hai cht ny u nh hng mu sc tinh bt nu nh khng tch dch bo nhanh v trit . Qu trnh oxy ha dch bo trong cho bt u t khi mi xt v c bit xy ra nhanh khi o trn cho tip xc nhiu vi oxy khng kh. Cho thng my c mi xt c pha long bng nc sch hay dch tinh bt long thi ra t ly tm vt ln cui ri bm ln my ry phng. Phn lt qua mt ry l nc dch cng mt lng tinh bt. hiu sut tch dch cao trong khi ry cn xi nc lin tc. Nh vy khong 70% dch bo c tch ra. Phn lt qua ry c a ngay vo ly tm gn tch dch bo. Sn phm long ra khi ly tm l dch bo ln mt t tinh bt c a ra mng hay b lng tinh bt. Sn phm c gm tinh bt l ch yu v mt lng dch bo l cc cht ha khng tan khc lin tc c pha long a ln ry tinh ch tch b nh, v phn lt qua ry li a vo ly tm tch nt dch bo. So vi my ry ng th ry phng dng ph bin, vi mt ry si ng s hiu N060. Nc dch ra b lng tch ly tinh bt m. Tinh bt m gm nhng ht tinh bt nh ,cc phn t x v prtein ng t. Ta s dng my ry phng tin hnh tch dch bo.

H thng phn ly b.Ngn nga s to mu v ty mu: ngn chn s to mu trong qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn iu u tin v quan trng nht l phi tin hnh nhanh thi gian cng ngn th kh nng to mu cng t, trong c bit l cng on tch dch bo. S dng nhng cht chng oxy ha: dch bo cha nhng cht d b oxy hakhi tip xc vi oxy khng kh, v cha enzim xc tc cht to ra mu. V vy ngn nga s to mu xy ra ta s dng nhng cht chng oxy ha theo nguyn l n s thay th cht b oxy ha trong dch bo( khi no cht ny ht th cht trong dch bo mi b oxy ha mnh, phn ng xy ra bnh thng, cn khng n s xy ra chm hoc khng xy ra), v cht thay th ny th kh nng b oxy ha mnh hn cht cn thay th. *Yu cu cht chng oxy ha s dng: -Phi khng nh hng g ti cht lng tinh bt( c hi hay tnh cht tinh bt). -Gi thnh khng t. -S dng, thao tc khng phc tp. -Khng c hi ti ngi thao tc.

*Mt s cht ngn nga s to mu: -SO2 : khng ch lm mt mu m cn ngn nga s sinh ra cht mu( tc dng ny quan trng hn c s kh mu), ngoi ra n cn c tc dng st trng -Axit ascocbic (C6H8O6): tc dng oxy ha kh, d b b ph hy khi un nng. Trong dung dch khng b phn ly v khng c nhm cacboxyl t do, khng lm pH mi trng thay i. D b oxy ha di tc dng ca ion kim loi ngst, trong mi trng kim v trong qu trnh gia nhit. -Axit citric :c tc dng km hm s bin mu khng do enzim -Axit sunfur : c tnh kh mnh tc dng vi nhm hot ng ca enzim oxy ha v lm chm cc phn ng sm mu c ngun gc t enzim, cng c tc dng ngn nga s to thnh melanoidin cht gy hin tng sm mu. H 2SO3 v mui ca n c tc dng n nh Vitamin C khi b oxy ha di tc dng ca peoxit hu c thnh dng hidro km bn. NaHSO3 va c tc dung c ch vi sinh vt va c tc dng chng oxy ha to mu. Tuy nhin ch nn dng giai on cui ca qu trnh khng c bt acid n mn. Trong s nhng cht cht chng oxy ha th SO2 c u im v t c nhng yu cu nu ra, khng ch ngn nga s to mu m cn c kh nng lm mt mu. 8.Ra tch tinh bt t dch cho: a.Mc ch Cho l hn hp gm cc ht tinh bt, v t bo, dch bo, cc phn t t bo nguyn v mt lng nc. Tip tc tch lng tinh bt cn li trong cc t bo nhm thu hi trit tinh bt.Tch b ra khi cho thu dch sa tinh bt. ra tinh bt t do ngi ta cho cho qua my ry, ng thi xi nc sch hay sa tinh bt long( t my ly tm vt). Cc ht tinh bt cng cc cht ha tan, lt qua mt ry cng vi nc c thu hi vo b cha sa tinh bt. B khng lt ry tp trung ra b b. Phn lt qua ry gi l sa tinh bt hay dch tinh bt, c th c nng khc nhau, ty theo mc pha long khi ry b.Yu cu: Tn tht tinh bt t do ln vi b khng qu 3% so vi lng cht kh ca b.Tch trit b thu dch sa tinh bt.Trnh qua trnh oxy ha dch bo xy ra c.Tin hnh: C th dng 1 my, 2 my hay 3 my ry bn chi. Di y ta dng h 3 my ry chi. Sn phm (cho) sau khi mi xt ln th nht c bm ln my

chi th hai. Phn khng lt my hai xung xt li ri bm vo my ry th nht. Sa bt lt qua ry th nht v th hai u xung my chi th ba. Phn lt qua my ba l sa bt. Phn khng lt qua my ry chi th nht v th ba l b. Nc c xi bng sa tinh bt t my th nht Dch tinh bt t do lt qua li 4 v ra theo mng 5.Phn khng lt qua ry l b ra cui my. Sa tinh bt ra khi ra khi h mt my chi c nng 30Bx, h hai my khong 3,60Bx, h ba my 40Bx, h bn my 50Bx. B ra khi my chi c m 94% v i khi ti 96-98%. Trong b ngoi tinh bt cn c mt lng dextrin, ng, cht pectin( khong 0,2-0,25%), xeluloza. 9.Ra tinh bt: a.Mc ch Ra tinh bt l giai on tch trit b nh cn rt li sau khi tinh ch, protin khng ha tan, dch bo v cc tp cht khc b.Yu cu: Tinh bt t thnh phm sau khi ra phi khng ln cc tp cht l gy nh hng ti cht lng sn phm ch bin t tinh bt. ng thi m bo tnh cht l ha ( dnh, tro, trong) Tp cht rn dung dch tinh bt s c c ln protit th khi nu h s si bt nhiu, ln dch bo th mu sc v dnh km. Lng tinh bt ra theo nc ra khng c vt qu 2g/lt. Tinh bt kh tuyt i ra theo nc ra l 0,24 g/lt, ngha l 0,5% lng tinh bt a vo cyclon. Sau khi ra cn khong 3 g dch bo trong 1 kg tinh bt t. c.Tin hnh ra tinh bt c th s dng cyclon nc, b ra, mng lng, my ly tm vt ra hay my ly tm ng chuyn dng kiu Laval. Ch lm vic ca cc loi thit b khc nhau u khc nhau. Trong qu trnh ra tinh bt ny ta s dng h cyclon nc. H cyclon nc c to thnh t nhiu h cyclon nc n. 10.Sy a.Mc ch: Thng qua qu trnh sy lm kh n thy phn yu cu bo qun.Gim m tinh bt cn 12,5 13,5%, thu tinh bt kh thnh phm. Thun li cho qu trnh ry ng bao, bo qun v vn chuyn. gim n mc ti thiu s ln men, tinh bt t phi c sy cng nhanh cng tt. Sy kh sn phm l mt qu trnh rt phc tp. Khi sy cn m bo c tnh cht ca sn phm, v gi n trng thi tt

Ngi ta phn ra 2 phng php sy: Sy t nhin c tin hnh ngoi tri dng nng lng mt tri lm bay hi nc trong vt liu sy. Sy t nhin n gin r tin nhng khng iu chnh c qu trnh sy, thi gian sy lu v sau khi sy m cn li tng i cao. Sy nhn to tc l phi dng cc thit b sy v cung cp nhit cho vt liu m. Phng php cung cp nhit c th bng dn nhit, i lu, bc x hoc bng nng lng in trng c tn s cao. b.Yu cu m tinh bt nc sau ly tm tch nc 32-34%, v nu tch tinh bt qu m s gy kh khn cho qu trnh sy nh: thi gian sy lu m tinh bt thnh phm cao hoc c th b chy tinh bt. Tinh bt sau khi sy c m 12,5-13%, v khng b chy tinh bt. Trong qu trnh sy phi m bo nhit sy n nh, lng nguyn liu vo my sy u n. Qu trnh sy khng ch l qu trnh tch nc v hi nc ra khi vt liu mt cch n thun m l mt qu trnh cng ngh nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm. N i hi sau khi sy vt liu phi t cht lng cao, tiu tn nng lng t v chi ph vn hnh thp. Vn ny cng quan trng v kh khn hn khi ta sy vt liu dng bt nho. c.Tin hnh: *H thng sy kh ng: C nhiu thit b dng tin hnh cho qa trnh sy, ngoi h thng sy bng cyclon cc nh my cng hay s dng h thng sy kh ng sy. H thng sy kh ng l mt trong cc loi thit b thch hp cho vic sy cc loi ht nh dng paste c m ch yu l m b mt nh tinh bt khoai m, bt nh( bt CaCO3)... Do kch thc ht b v nh, cc ht vt liu b li cun theo dng tc nhn v vy s trao i nhit m gia tc nhn v vt liu rt mnh lit (t 8-10 ln hn sy thng quay). Thi gian sy ngn, hu nh qu trnh sy xy ra tc thi. Kch thc ht cng b qu trnh sy xy ra cng nhanh v cng su. Do ta cn la chn thit b sy ph hp vi cc loi nguyn vt liu khc nhau c qu trnh sy t hiu qu cao nht c v cht lng v tnh kinh t.

H thng sy (h thng lm kh tinh bt) m sn phm: 12 - 12,5%. Nng sut : 2,5 - 3,5 tn sn phm Qu trnh sy thc cht l qu trnh dng nhit nng lm bc hi mt phn lng nc c trong sn phm.S chuyn m bn trong vt liu, s to thnh hi v s di chuyn m t b mt vt liu vo mi trng. Nh vy qu trnh sy vt liu nhn c s di chuyn lin tc ca dng m t bn trong v b mt ri khuych tn vo mi trng xung quanh.Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cu to kch thc vt em sy, dng lin kt m ca vt em sy v tnh cht l ha hc ca sn phm. Qu trnh sy c xc nh bi: C ch di chuyn m t bn trong vt liu( khuych tn di dng hi hay lng) Cung cp nng lng cho s bay hi C ch di chuyn m( hi) t b mt vt liu vo mi trng thng qua gii hn(lp bin) b m vt liu.

11.Lm ngui: a.Mc ch H nhit tinh bt xung cn 26-300C , trc khi em ry-ng bao, nhm trnh hin tng chy tinh bt khi vo bao, bo qun cng nh cc hin tng gim cht lng v h hi do do nhit gy ra b.Yu cu: -Nhit tinh bt sau khi lm ngui 26-300C - m(W) khng qu 12% -Tp cht khng c -Su mt khng -c chua khng qu 3ml NaOH 1N/100g -Mc khng thy bng mt thng -Mu mi v bnh thng, khng mi mc, chua v v ng -Khng kt c hoc kt tng c.Tin hnh Tinh bt kh thu c sau khi sy s c ht sang cc cyclon lm ngui, di ng gp ca cyclon c cc ng ly kh nn khng kh cng c ht vo va trao i nhit vi bt nng lm ngui bt, ng thi bt tip tc nh m tuy khng ln. Sau bt i vo cyclon b phn thu bt a vo a va thit b ry th tip tc c lm ngui sau khi ry bt nhit bnh thng 26-300C. 12.Ry ng bao a.Mc ch tinh bt ng nht v c kch thc ht tinh bt m bo yu cu, lm tng cht lng v gi tr cm quan tinh bt. ng gi nhm gi cho tinh bt khng ht m v khng hp thu mi l, thun li cho qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn. b.Yu cu Tinh bt thnh phm phi t kch thc v ng nht nht nh. ng bao trong hai lp, m bo kn nht nh trnh s ht m v c mi v l c.Tin hnh Ry v ng gi c thc hin my ry v ng gi Tinh bt sau khi qua cyclon lm ngui c vo cc cyclon thu bt t trn my ry-ng gi Qu trnh ry c thc hin nh kh ng hc, cc ht tinh bt lt li ry s cun theo dng kh v ri xung mng gp t di thn my.

Tinh bt c ng gi bng mt h thng bn t ng, sau em cn vi khi lng tnh l 50kg/ bao( ty theo tng nh my), vi hai lp bao: lp ngoi bng nha PP c in nhn hiu hng ha, cng ty v nh my, lp trong bng nha PE bo m kn cho tinh bt thnh phm.

H thng ng nht v ng bao tinh bt Nng sut : 2,5 - 3,5 tn sn phm/h. mn: thot qua l sng 0,125 mm trn 97%. 13.Quy nh k thut Cng ging nh nhiu loi thc phm v ph gia thc phm khc, tinh bt sn nhp khu vo th trng EU phi p ng nhiu yu cu kht khe v an ton v sinh, thn thin vi mi trng, m bo tt cho sc kho... c th y mnh xut khu tinh bt vo th trng kh tnh ny, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn phi ch p ng cc yu cu cn thit t pha nh nhp khu. Tiu chun cht lng: h thng qun l cht lng ISO 9000 gn nh l yu cu bt buc i vi cc doanh nghip thuc cc nc ang pht trin sn

xut hng xut khu sang th trng EU. Thc t cho thy cc nc ang pht trin ti chu ni chung v ti Vit Nam ni ring, hng ca nhng doanh nghip c giy chng nhn ISO 9000 thm nhp vo th trng EU d dng hn nhiu so vi hng ca cc doanh nghip khng c giy chng nhn ny. Tiu chun v sinh thc phm: cc cng ty ch bin thc phm phi tun th cc tiu chun v sinh cht ch. V phng din ny, vic p dng h thng HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) l rt quan trng. Tiu chun bo v mi trng: th trng EU yu cu hng ho c lin quan n mi trng cn dn nhn theo quy nh (nhn sinh thi, nhn ti sinh) v c chng ch c quc t cng nhn. V d, tiu chun GAP (Good agricultural Pratice) v cc nhn hiu sinh thi (Ecolabels) ang ngy cng c ph bin, chng t cc cp khc nhau v s thn thin vi mi trng. Ngoi ra, cc cng ty phi tun th h thng qun l mi trng (cc tiu chun ISO 14000) v cc b lut mang tnh x hi v o c. Tiu chun SA8000 (Social Accountability 8000) s cng tr nn quan trng trong nhng nm ti. ng gi:tinh bt sn phi c ng gi trong cc ti giy hay nha PP/PE, mi ti c trng lng t 25-50 kg. Cc ti phi sch s, c khu hoc dn chc chn. Cc ti ny phi c chn bng rm. Cc nc EU rt khuyn khch cc nh sn xut/nhp khu s dng cc nguyn liu c th ti s dng, thn thin vi mi trng. Nhn hiu:theo Quy nh s 2003/89/EC v nhn hiu cho nguyn liu thc phm, EU yu cu nhng thng tin y v tn sn phm, m hiu, ngun gc nguyn liu, tn v a ch nh sn xut (xut khu) ngy, trng lng tnh v cc iu kin v kho bi. Cc nh sn xut cn phi p ng nhng thng tin b sung nh giy chng nhn xut x, chng nhn cht lng v tnh do ca sn phm Bng 2: Cc loi tinh bt.

CHNG III: H THNG X L NC THI NH MY TINH BT SN FOCOCEV THA THIN HU

Cc ngun nc thi chnh sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin tinh bt l t cng on lng v ly tm tch bt. Lu lng c trng dao ng t 3 5 m 3 nc thi cho 1 tn c m ti. Vi t l khong 3,5 4,0 tn c m ti ban u s sn xut c 1 tn tinh bt khoai m. Nu nh my c cng sut 100 tn tinh bt/ngy s thi ra khong 1.200 2.000 m3 nc thi mi ngy. Hu ht ton b nc thi sinh ra t cc nh my c qui m sn xut nh (qui m h gia nh) c thi trc tip ra sng hay knh rch xung quanh m khng h c x l, trong khi cc nh my sn xut c qui m ln hn th nc thi c x l bng mt chui h thng h sinh hc t nhin. Tuy nhin, nu ch p dng cng ngh x l nh vy th nc thi sau x l khng th t tiu chun x thi ti a phng. Ch tnh ring cho Tha Thin Hu, vi tng cng sut ca cc c s khong 6.580 tn c m ti/ngy (ti thi im ma v) th tng lng nc thi sinh ra c tnh khong 30.000 m3 mi ngy. y l nguyn nhn dn n s nhim mi trng nghim trng ti a phng. Do , kim sot vic x l nc thi trc khi x thi vo ngun tip nhn ang l mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh qun l hin nay. Qua kho st thc ti cho thy: -Nguyn nhn chnh dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng cc vng sn xut ch bin l ton b nc thi c x thng ra vn, t canh tc, ng rung mng nc thy li, sui dn nc m khng qua bt k hnh thc x l no, t lm gim nng sut cy trng, gy cht thy sinh vt v nh hng trc tip n vic nui trng thy sn -Nc thi sn tn ng lu ngy c mi chua, hi lm cho khng kh xung quanh c mi hi thi nng nc, l mi trng tt cho vi khun gy bnh hot ng... t nh hng khng nh n cnh quan, mi trng sng. Trc thc trng trn, yu cu thc tin t ra l cn tin hnh thit k mt h thng x l nc thi gim thiu nhim do nc thi ngnh tinh bt sn gy ra.

1.Thnh phn cc cht c trong nc thi ca nh my: Nc sn xut c s dng nhiu nht cng on ra v ly tm tch b. Lng nc thi ra mi trng thng chim 80- 90 % nc s dng. Nc thi sinh ra t dy chuyn sn xut tinh bt sn c cc thng s c trng nh: pH thp, hm lng cht hu c v v c cao, th hin qua hm lng cht rn l lng (SS), cc cht dinh dng cha N, P,K, cc ch s v nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc (BOD), nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD), mu... vi nng rt cao, vt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun mi trng. Nc thi c sinh ra t cc cng on sn xut chnh sau y: - Bc v, mi c, p b: cha mt hm lng ln cyanua, alcaloid, antoxian, protein, xenluloza, pectin, ng v tinh bt. y l ngun chnh gy nhim nc thi, thng dao ng trong khong 20-25m3/ tn nguyn liu, c cha SS, BOD, COD rt cao. - Lng trch ly: cha tinh bt, xenluloza, protein thc vt, lignin v cyanua, do c SS, BOD, COD rt cao, pH thp. - Ra my mc, thit b, v sinh nh xng: c cha du my, SS, BOD. - Nc thi sinh hot (nc thi t nh bp, nh tm, nh v sinh) cha cc cht cn b, SS, BOD, COD, cc cht dinh dng (N, P) v vi sinh vt - Nc ma chy trn ti nh my cun theo cc cht cn b, rc, bi. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh sn xut, HCN ho tan trong nc ra b, thot khi dy chuyn sn xut cng gp phn gy nhim mi trng to mu sm ca nc thi. Bn cnh nc thi cn c kh thi trong nh my sn xut tinh bt sn phi k n l cc hp cht SOx t qu trnh ty ra dng nc SO 2, dung dch NaHSO3, CO2 t qu trnh ln men, cc loi kh NH4, indon, scaton, H2S, CH4 t cc qu trnh ln men ym kh v hiu kh cc hp cht hu c nh tinh bt, ng, protein trong nc thi, b thi. Cc cht thi rn nh v snh (v lp ngoi cng ca c sn), cc phn s, b thi rn cha nhiu xenluloza, b lc t my lc, my ly tm. Kt qu phn tch nc thi ti nh my tinh bt sn fococev Tha Thin Hu

Bng 3: Cc thnh phn c hi t nc thi ca nh my

Bng trn cho thy cht lng nc thi t quy trnh sn xut tinh bt sn hon ton khng p ng c tiu chun mi trng. Ngoi tnh cht axit, nc thi cn cha lng cht rn, cc cht hu c, HCN cn c x l. Bn cnh , khong cch dao ng v cc ch tiu nc thi cao hn nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php. Thnh phn nc thi ph thuc vo quy m sn xut, tng mc u t, trnh cng ngh v h thng thit b x l nc thi, quy trnh vn hnh v quan trc mi trng. Vi hm lng BOD/ COD nh bng trn, nc thi ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c th c x l ym kh (UASB), hiu kh, h sinh hc, s dng ch phm vi sinh vt p ng cc tiu chun mi trng. Tuy nhin, nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn cc quy m khc nhau, hu nh cha t c tiu chun nc thi cng nghip ca Vit Nam. 2.Tc ng ca cc cht c trong nc thi: - Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) l nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc xc nh mc nhim ca nc cp, nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot - Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) l nhu cu oxy ho hc oxy ho cc cht hu c v v c cha trong nc thi cng nghip

S nhim ca cc cht hu c dn n suy gim nng xy ha tan (DO) nc. xy ha tan gim s tc ng nghim trng n h thy sinh, c bit l h vi sinh vt. Khi xy ra hin tng phn hy ym kh vi hm lng BOD qu cao s gy thi ngun nc v git cht h thy sinh, gy nhim khng kh xung quanh v pht tn trn phm vi rng theo chiu gi. - Cht rn l lng (SS) cng l tc nhn gy nh hng tiu cc ti ti nguyn thy sinh ng thi gy mt cm quan, bi lng lng h, sng sui... - Axit hu c xyanuahydric (HCN) l c t c trong v sn. Khi cha o, trong c sn khng c HCN t do m dng lin kt glucozit gi l phazeolutanin c cng thc ha hc l C10H17NO6. Sau khi o, di tc dng ca enzym xyanoaza hoc trong mi trng axit th phazeolutanin phn hy to thnh glucoza, axeton v axit xyanuahydric. Axit ny gy c ton thn cho ngi. Xyanua dng lng trong dung dch l cht linh hot, khi vo c th n kt hp vi enzym trong xitochrom lm c ch kh nng cp xy cho hng cu. Do , cc c quan ca c th b thiu xy. Nng HCN thp c th gy chng mt, ming ng, bun nn. Nng HCN cao gy cm gic bng bnh, kh th, da hng, co git, m man, bt tnh, hoa mt, ng t gin, au nhi vng tim, tim ngng p v gy t vong. Trong sn xut sn, HCN tn ti trong nc thi, c phn ng vi st to thnh st xyanua c mu xm. Nu khng tch nhanh HCN s nh hng ti mu ca tinh bt v mu ca nc thi. Hm lng c t HCN trong c sn 0,0010,04 % ch yu v. Lng cyanhydric trong nc thi ch bin c khoai m c th ln n 3- 5mg/l, trong khi ch vi hm lng di 0,3 mg/l gy cht c hng lot. C m ti cng nh (v c v b) c cha mt lng cht c hi di dng Glycoside linamarin C10H17NO6N. Nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut thng cha nhiu tp cht c hc (t, ct, bn, v, x), mt s tinh bt cn st qua lc, mt t ng ha tan, protein, lipit v enzim, nn rt d b ln men ru sinh ra mi hi chua, hi thi, c trng ti lng BOD5 > 2000mg/l, ti lng COD > 4000mg/l. Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn quy m ln c BOD 6.200 - 23.000 mg/ lt v khi lng nc thi kh ln 1.500m 3/ ngy m. Nu nc thi khng c x l trit , khng t tiu chun mi trng, s gy nhim nghim trng cho ngun nc, t v khng kh.

3.H thng x l nc thi ti nh my Nc thi nh my ch bin tinh bt sn do c c tnh nhim ca cc dng thi khc nhau. V vy nc thi c phn lm hai lung: - Nc thi tinh ch bt: C lu lng Q = 2500m3/ngy, nng cc cht nhim cao COD = 10000mg/l; BOD = 7000mg/l: SS = 3000mg/l - Nc thi ra c: C nng cc cht nhim thp hn, lu lng nc thi Q = 2000m3/ngy; COD = 1500mg/l; BOD = 800mg/l; SS = 1200mg/l. H thng x l nc thi c thc hin qua 3 cng on: a. Cng on I: X l c hc v ho l i vi nc thi tinh ch bt: Nc thi c nhim cao v hm lng cn l lng ln do tinh bt tht thot, x mn , vi lu lng nc Q = 2500m3/ngy. Sau khi c tch bng song chn b c chuyn v b cha b, nc thi c chuyn v b iu ho kt hp lng, trc khi iu ho nc thi c lng thu hm lng tinh bt lm thc n cho gia sc (nc thi trch ly cha nhiu hm lng tinh bt), nc thi vo b iu ho iu chnh lu lng v nng , m bo cho qu trnh x l ha l v sinh hc. Sau nc thi c a sang b keo t. Cht keo t dng l phn nhm v b sung thm cht tr lng PAA. Sau khi hn hp c ho trn v phn ng to bng hnh thnh, nc thi a sang b lng tch cn. Cn lng c chuyn v b x l bn. i vi nc thi ra c: Nc thi ra c c nhim thp hn so vi nc thi trch ly, nhng nng nhim cng tng i ln. Dng nc thi t cng on ra c cha nhiu v la, cc mnh c b v trong qu trnh ra nn c tch bng song chn trc khi qua b lng ct tch t ct. Sau nc thi c sang b iu ho iu chnh lu lng v nng cht nhim. Ti y nc thi c tch 30% x l tip bng h sinh hc, cn 70% lu lng nc thi c chuyn sang b keo t, cht keo t dng l phn nhm, v cht tr lng PAA. Sau khi hn hp c ho trn v phn ng to bng c hnh hnh, nc thi c a sang b lng tch cn. Cn lng c chuyn sang b x l bn, cn nc trong tun hon li cho cng on ra c. b. Cng on II: X l sinh hc ym kh v hiu kh

i vi nc thi trch ly sau khi x l cng on I c x l ym kh bng b UASB. Hiu qu x l t 85%, nc thi sau b UASB c COD bin ng t 500 - 600mg/l. Kh sinh hc (biogas) to thnh ch yu l CH4 (60 70%) v CO2 (30 40%). Kh c qua h thng x l loi tp cht kh v hi nc, sau c nn vo kt cha dng lm nhin liu cp nhit cho sy kh tinh bt thnh phm. Nc thi sau x l ym kh (2500m3/ngy) cng vi nc thi ra c qua x l cng on I (600m3/ngy) c dn vo h hiu kh. Khng kh c cp vo h bng thit b c kh lm thong b mt t ti tm ca mi trong h. Kh lm thong cung cp vo nc mt cao v mt lng oxy cn thit s c cung cp cho bn hot tnh loi b cht nhim hu c trong nc thi. H hiu kh c thi gian lu khong 5 ngy, hiu sut x l t 80 90% . Nc t h hiu kh c a sang h lng lng cn v nc c thi ra. Cn t h lng c ly hng nm v a n sn phi.

S : X l nc thi ti nh my c. Cng on III: X l bn Cn t cc b lng, bn t b UASB c chuyn v b nn bn. Sau khi c c bn a n sn phi bn, cn nc bn c tun hon li h hiu kh x l tip. Bn sau khi phi c em chn lp hoc lm phn bn cng vi v sn. u im ca cng ngh nh sau: Vi phng php x l ha l c tc dng tch hm lng cn l lng ln (tinh bt, x mn, cc tp cht khc) lm gim ng k hm lng cc cht

nhim cho qu trnh x l sinh hc tip theo. ng thi s dng cht tr lng c ngun gc hu c (PAA). y l cht kh ph bin, r tin, d s dng v c bit l khng gy nhim th cp do t hu trong trong thi gian ngn. Phng php sinh hc c thu hi biogas: Bc mt l x l ym kh UASB gim ti lng kh nhim (nc thi c nhim rt cao) trc khi vo x l ym kh bc hai l h hiu kh lm vic trong iu kin sc kh lin tc. Phng php x l sinh hc tn dng thu c kh biogas sinh ra trong qu trnh x l vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau.

Hm kh Biogas Mt s vn bt cp trong qua trinh san xut - Ngun nguyn liu tuy phong phu v chung loai nhng cn vn cn tnh trng nguyn liu nhp v cha c x dng lin, qua ngy, lm gim hm lng cc cht trong c sn. iu ny gy thit hi cho nh my. - H thng nhn ging cho qua trinh x ly con th s nn vic tim ra nhng chung co kha nng x ly nc thai tt la cha cao dn n vic x ly nc thai ang gp nhiu kho khn. - Mi trng xung quanh nh my cn kh bn, nh hng n m quan ca nh my. Ngun nc cung cp cho qua trinh san xut con xa nha may lam cho chi phi san xut cao lam anh hng n hiu qua kinh t.

- Cng nhn lm vic cha c trang b trang phc bo h lao ng, s nh hng ln n sc khe ca ngi cng nhn. Ting n pht sinh do hot ng ca cc mt rt ln. Nh my cn c cc bin php gim thiu ting n nh: Thng xuyn cn chnh, bo dng, tra du m cho cc bi.

PHN 2: BO CO THC T TI NH MY PHN LN HU C VI SINH SNG HNG

CHNG I: GII THIU V NH MY PHN LN HU C VI SINH SNG HNG
1.t vn : Sn xut nng nghip ngy nay dn tr thnh tiu im quan tm khng nhng trn phm vi quc gia m cn trn qui m ton cu. Sn xut nng nghip Vit Nam ng gp 24% GDP, 30% sn lng xut khu, to vic lm cho 60% lao ng c nc song r rng sn xut nng nghip lu nay vn cha ch trng ng mc vic bo v mi trng. Sn xut nng nghip sch, nng cao cht lng nng sn nhm m bo v sinh an ton thc phm v thn thin vi mi trng ang l mc tiu phn u ca ngnh nng nghip ni chung v nng dn ni ring. Mt trong nhng bin php hu hiu sn xut nng nghip sch l ng dng rng ri cc ch phm sinh hc, s dng phn hu c vi sinh nhm thay th cc ho cht bo v thc vt v cc loi phn ho hc c tc ng xu n mi trng. Trong nhng nm qua, sn xut nng nghip c nhiu tin b vt tri v ng gp cho s pht trin kinh t x hi ca vng. Vic thm canh cy trng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, song bn cnh cng gy ra nhiu bt li i vi mi trng v s pht trin bn vng. Trong khi , ngun ph ph phm trong nng nghip thi ra trong qu trnh sn xut nng nghip v ch bin nng sn ca Vit Nam c tnh trn 50 triu tn mi nm. Ngun ph thi trong chn nui gia sc gia cm ln n hng ngn tn. Lng ph thi ny phn ln l nhng hp cht hu c giu carbon v cc nguyn t khong a vi lng. y l ngun nguyn liu c gi tr l tng cho sn xut cc dng ch phm sinh hc cng nh phn hu c sinh hc cht lng cao phc v sn xut nng nghip. Nng nghip sch, da trn cc kin thc khoa hc kt hp vi s mu m ca t ai v cc bin php ci to t nhm m bo cht lng sn phm v vic s dng t lu di. Bn cnh , vai tr ca quan trng c bit ca cht hu

c i vi ph nhiu ca t c tha nhn mt cch rng ri. Cht hu c gp phn ci thin c tnh vt l, ho hc cng nh sinh hc t v cung cp nhiu dng cht quan trng cho cy trng (Alesandrova, 1949; Whalen & Chang, 2002; Sheppherd & et al, 2002). Vic cung cp cc nguyn t vi lng, cc dng cht t phn hu c c ngha trong vic gia tng phm cht nng sn, lm tri cy ngon ngt v t su bnh hn. Bn phn hu c l ngun thc phm cn thit cho hot ng ca vi sinh vt t: Cc qu trnh chuyn ho, tun hon dinh dng trong t, s c nh m, s nitrat ho, s phn hu tn d thuc bo v thc vt cng nh c ch s hot ng ca cc loi vi sinh vt gy bt li cho cy trng. ng trc c hi v mt kinh t th nh my phn ln hu c vi sinh Sng Hng c thnh lp vo nm 1995. 2.Hon cnh ra i ca nh my: Nh my Phn ln hu c vi sinh Sng Hng ta lc ti a ch X Phong Thu, Phong in, tnh Tha Thin Hu tng din tch s dng l 12.480m2. Khu t ny, Cng ty C phn Vt t Nng nghip Tha Thin Hu c thu theo quyt s 327/Q-UBND ngy 14/02/2006 ca UBND tnh Tha Thin Hu vi thi hn l 50 nm (ht hn thng 02/2044 ) c u t vi tng vn khong trn 30 t ng. Tng Cng sut thit k ca nh my l 25.000 tn phn bn mi nm. Nh my Phn ln hu c vi sinh Sng Hng c khnh thnh v i vo hot ng t thng 07 nm 1995 di s gip ca cc nh khoa hc u ngnh t, phn thuc Hi khoa hc t Vit Nam, Vin Th nhng Nng ha - B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, Hip hi phn bn Vit Nam, v vy, c u t mt cch bi bn v cc iu kin v c s vt cht, my mc thit b, cng ngh v ngun nhn lc. Vi cc loi sn phm ch lc l phn bn hu c vi sinh, phn khong hu c c sn xut theo quy trnh ln men ho kh ca Canada bng cc chng vi sinh vt nhp khu trc tip t tp on Natagri (Canada) v EM (Nht Bn), Nh my Phn bn Sng Hng s cung cp cho th trng cc tnh Min Trung (T Ngh an n Bnh nh) v mt s tnh Trung v Nam Lo cc sn phm phn bn c cht lng vt tri, m bo tnh cnh tranh v gi vi cc dch v bn hng v sau bn hng tt nht, tip cn c vi cc vng canh tc khc nhau vi nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau v ghi c du n ca sn phm trong tm thc ca b con v ngi tiu dng Min Trung ging nh nhng g c khng nh ti cc th trng Min Bc, Ty Nguyn v Min Nam. Trong sut 10 nm hot ng, ton th ban lnh o v cng nhn vin chc cng ty lun ch trng thc

hin phng chm Cht lng l hang u. Do , sn phm phn bn Sng Hng ngy cng c b con nng dn tin dung v a chung. iu ny ngy cng c kim chng thng qua nhng gii thng m cng ty nhn c trong thi gian qua nh : Bng La Vng Vit Nam nhiu nm lin, Bn Nh Nng Vit Nam, Huy Chng vng cho nhiu sn phm, Gii thng. Vi s ra i ca nh my trn a bn tnh Tha Thin Hu to iu kin thun li v mt kinh t v x hi. Nh my cng gii quyt vic lm cho mt b phn ngi dn, gp phn gii quyt v cc vn kinh t cho nhn dn cc vng ln cn.

CHNG II: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU V PHNG PHP CH BIN

1.Gii thiu v nguyn liu: a.Nguyn liu sn xut phn ln vi sinh: Than bn c to thnh t xc cc loi thc vt khc nhau. Xc thc vt c tch t li, c t vi lp v chu tc ng ca iu kin ngp nc trong nhiu nm. Vi iu kin phn hu ym kh cc xc thc vt c chuyn thnh than bn. Qu trnh ny din ra ti cc vng trng ngp nc. Cc vng t ngp nc l nhng vng c nng sut sinh hc cao, iu kin pht trin ca thc vt rt thun li. Tuy nhin, lp th nhngti cc vng ny lun trong iu kin ym kh; do , mc d sinh khi cc loi c sng trn mt nc tng nhanh, nhng qu trnh phn gii xc thc vt li xy ra chm v khng t ti giai on v c ho dn n tch lu hu c. Tip theo c l lau, lch, cy bi, cy thn g thay th, kt hp vi qu trnh kin to a cht, qu trnh bi t, lng ng ph sa chn vi k c cy thn g, lm cho hu c tch t thnh cc lp v to thnh than bn. Than bn qua sng v nghin phn loi, p ng cho tiu chun sn xut phn bn hu c vi sinh vi cc tiu chun nh sau: Than bn loi 1: Hu c: 30-35% - Mu sc: en than - mn: qua sng 3,5mm - m: 20-30% Than bn loi 2: Hu c: 17-25% - Mu sc: en nht ln nu - mn: qua sng 3,5mm - m: 20-30% Than bn loi 3: Hu c: nh hn 16% - Mu sc: nu en - mn: qua sng 5mm - m 20-35%.

Trong than bn c hm lng cht v c l 18 24%, phn cn li l cc cht hu c. Theo s liu iu tra ca cc nh khoa hc, trn th gii tr lng than bn c khong 300 t tn, chim 1.5% din tch b mt qu t. Than bn c s dng trong nhiu ngnh kinh t khc nhau. Trong nng nghip than bn c s dng lm phn bn v tng cht hu c cho t. Than bn cho phn ng chua. Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong than bn thay i tu thuc vo thnh phn cc loi thc vt v qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c. Bng 4: Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong than bn cc vng thuc Tnh Tha Thin Hu n v % % cht dinh a im ly than bn Phong in Qung in Ph Lc Duyn Hi dng N 0,38 0,09 0,16 0,91 0,64 P2O5 0,03 0,1 0,3 0,16 0,11 K2O 0,37 0,1 0,5 0,31 0,42 pH 3,4 3,5 3,2 2,6 Than bn c hp cht bitumic rt kh phn gii. Nu bn trc tip cho cy khng nhng khng c tc dng tt m cn lm gim nng sut cy trng. V vy, than bn mun dng lm phn bn phi kh ht bitumic. Trong than bn c axit humic, c tc dng kch thch tng trng ca cy. Hm lng m tng s trong than bn cao hn trong phn chung gp 2 7 ln, nhng ch yu di dng hu c. Cc cht m ny cn c phn hu thnh m v c cy mi s dng c. bn cho cy, ngi ta khng s dng than bn bn trc tip. Thng than bn c vi phn chung, phn rc, phn bc, nc gii, sau mi em bn cho cy. Trong qu trnh , hot ng ca cc loi vi sinh lm phn hu cc cht c hi v khong ho cc cht hu c to thnh cht dinh dng cho cy. Ch bin than bn thnh cc dng phn bn khc nhau c thc hin trong cc xng. Thng thng qu trnh ch bin thng qua cc cng on sau y: Dng tc ng ca nhit kh bitumic trong than bn. C th phi nng mt thi gian xy ho bitumic. C th hun nng than bn nhit 70oC.

Dng vi sinh vt phn gii than bn. Sau trn vi phn ho hc NPK, phn vi lng, cht kch thch sinh trng, to thnh loi phn hn hp giu cht dinh dng. Hin nay, nc ta c nhiu xng sn xut nhiu loi phn hn hp trn c s than bn. Bng 5: Thng s k thut than bn ti nh my Phn ln hu c vi sinh Sng Hng Mc ng k cht lng Mu nu en % 35 40 15 TCVN 5815 AOAC90 Khi lng Phng php th

Ch tiu Trng thi mu sc m khng cao hn

VT

Hm lng cht hu c (tnh trn hm lng % cht kh) khng thp hn Hm lng axit humic (tnh trn hm lng cht kh) khng thp hn %

b.Nguyn liu sn xut phn NPK: Nguyn liu ban u cho sn xut NPK hu ht tn ti dng ht bao gm cc nguyn liu chnh sau: - Nguyn liu cha m (N): amn sunfat, ur, Di Amn Photpht, Amn Clorua... - Nguyn liu cha ln (P): supe photphat n, phn ln nung chy, DAP, MAP, Phtphorite... - Nguyn liu cha Kali: Kali clorua, Kali Sunpht.... Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin nguyn liu nhm m bo yu cu k thut v mn (<2mm) to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh v vin to ht ng thi sn phm sau ny c hnh thc p, tng cng cng bo m ng u cc thnh phn trong ht phn v m bo cht lng phn.Nguyn liu c nghin bng my nghin ba, sau c bng ti vn chuyn np vo cc phu cha liu theo tng loi ring bit.

Trong qu trnh ny c pht sinh bi, bi t lc cp liu vo my nghin, v pht sinh bng ti sau nghin. 2.Phng php ch bin: a.Phng php ch bin phn ln vi sinh: Nhiu vng t ca Vit Nam thng b chua, ngho Ca2+, Mg2+, bo ho baz thp, giu sesquioxit. Dng canxi photphat linh ng c hm lng rt thp. Ln trong t ch yu tn ti dng photphat st, nhm. Nu a ln dng ho tan (PO43-) vo t feralit, t ph sa sng Hng, t phn th trong hai n ba ngy u c ti 80-90% ln chuyn thnh dng photphat st, nhm kh tan; sau mt n hai thng hu ht lng ln ny chuyn thnh photphat st, nhm kt ta. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng gi cht ln (hay c nh ln) trong t, gy ra bi hidroxit st, nhm. Ln b hp ph trn b mt cc oxit hidrat ho ca st v nhm tinh th hoc v nh hnh- v bn cht l nhng keo dng trao i OH- vi anion ln: 3X-OH + PO43- -> X3PO4 + 3OHTnh trng ny thuc bn cht ca t, kh c th ci to mt cch cn bn m ch c th iu khin cc b trong phm vi h r v ci thin mi trng t. Mun ci thin mi trng t c th thc hin theo cch tng pH ca t, tng hm lng SiO2, kim loi kim hoc tng hm lng hu c trong t ... tng pH, SiO2 v kim loi kim trong t c th dng phn ln nung chy hay bn kt hp phn ln nung chy vi supephotphat. Cn cht hu c nh ngun keo m, c i lc thp vi ln, c th to phc vi cc ion Fe3+ v Al3+ trong t, do vy hn ch c s c nh ln; mt khc cht hu c cn ci thin c tnh cht vt l ca t, lm t ti xp, gi c m v cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho cy trng. Cc cht hu c c nng dn quen dng l rm r, phn gia sc, gia cm v.v... nhng vi lng khng th cung tng cho sn xut cng nghip vi quy m ngy mt gia tng v a dng, nht l khi p dng nhng ging mi c nng sut cao v hnh thnh nhng vtng chuyn canh v thm canh. ch bin than bn thnh phn hu c c gi tr, hin nay ngi ta ang dng vi sinh vt phn gii than bn thnh phn hu c vi sinh, tuy nhin phng php ny ch cho nhng phn hu c c cc cht dinh dng a lng NPK thp v cha trin khai c nhng quy m cng nghip ln ti 50- 100 ngn tn/nm.

Phng php cng nghip c p dng nhiu nc tin tin l dng amoniac amn ho than bn. Than bn c kh nng hp th m ca amoniac cao, lm gim chua ca than bn, c bit l khi mn ho than bn cc axit humic s tc dng vi amoniac to thnh mn humat l cht kch thch sinh trng cy trng. Phn ng din ra nh sau:

Khi dng ur qu trnh sy ra tng t, trc tin ur b thu phn: NH2-CO-NH2 + H2O (NH4)2CO3 -> 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O Qu trnh amn ho than bn ny c th c thc hin cc quy m sn xut t th cng, bn c gii n c gii vi sn lng theo yu cu. Than bn sau khi amn ho c trn vi cc phn a lng theo nhng t l ph hp vi tng loi cy trng. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut + Bc 1. Chn b nguyn liu hu c (Than bn, phn b...) - Mn hu c: Than bn, phn b, b bn ma, v c ph c khai thc hoc thu mua c tp kt v ni quy nh. Tin hnh phi cho n m 28 32% cho vo nghin mn bng my nghin ba vi kch thc ht t 0,1-0,5 mm sau c a vo kho cha mn chun b cho vic sn xut tip theo. + Bc 2. men vi sinh vt phn gii xelluloza - Chun b mt bng ni : Ni phi gn ni cha mn hu c tit kim cng vn chuyn v cng sc lao ng. - Chun b thng pha men, my phun men hoc thng zoa, men phn gii, ngun cp nc sch cho khi lng hu c nh. - Ly 6 lt men phn gii xelluloza c pha ch cho 01 tn thnh phm, nu khi lng ln th c theo cng thc trn m tnh ton cho khi lng mn cn , khi phi iu tit m ca nguyn liu m 35%-50%. - Cch nh sau: * Cho mt lp mn dy khong 15 - 20 cm xung di sau ti u mt lt men phn gii ln trn, khi ti xong lp th nht th tip tc cho lp th hai, c nh vy cho n khi ng hon tt vic men.

* ng cn c vun cao v to khi ln c kch thc rng t 2 - 3 m, cao t 1 1,6 m, di ty thuc vo mt bng ca tng nh my tit kim din tch .

B cha dung dch Hydroxide ammon * Thi gian men phn gii xelluloza cho nguyn liu hu c ln 1 t 7 15 ngy. Sau khi thi gian th tin hnh nghin v sng loi b tp cht, ri chuyn vo kho cha. Nu nhu cu ca sn xut phn bn v thi v chm sc cy trng cha gp th thi gian c th lu hn. * Sau khi nghin mn ta thu c sn phm l phn nn hu c chun b cho vic sn xut phn bn tip theo.

B nhn ging cp 1 B. Sn xut phn bn + Bc 1. Chun b lng mn hu c. Than bn, phn b, v c ph, b bn ma v cc ngun hu c khc ln men chn v khi lng mn hu c cn sn xut 1 tn phn bn thc t ti tng nh my sn xut c th. + Bc 2. Chun b lng N,P,K. Cn c vo cng thc sn xut ca tng nh my t chun b lng NPK cn cho sn xut 1 tn phn bn. Nu sn xut s lng phn bn t 20 n 30 tn tr ln th c ly khi lng NPK ca 1 tn m nhn ln cho khi lng NPK cn cho sn xut. + Bc 3. B sung hn hp vi lng. Cn c vo s lng phn bn cn sn xut m chun b hn hp vi lng (2kg/tn phn hu c vi sinh) + Bc 4. B sung vi sinh vt hu ch. Cn c vo s lng phn bn cn sn xut m chun b men VSV hu ch (2 4 lt/tn phn hu c vi sinh) + Bc 5. B sung Axit Humic. Cn c vo s lng phn bn cn sn xut m chun b Axit Humic (4 lt/tn phn hu c vi sinh) + Bc 6. Phi trn u bng my trn chuyn dng hoc trn th cng. + Bc 7. Kim tra cht lng phn bn sn xut ra + Bc 8. ng bao 10, 25, 50 kg/bao

+ Bc 9. Chuyn vo kho cha thnh phm v bo qun ni kh ro thong mt.

S cng ngh sn xut nh sau:

Do ngun nguyn liu hu c di do, cng ngh ch bin khng phc tp, nu c quan tm ng mc chng ti hy vng loi phn bn ny s sm c pht trin, gp phn lm tng sn lng cy lng thc, cy n qu v cy cng nghip xut khu. b.Phng php ch bin phnNPK: Cng ngh sn xut phn NPK gm nhiu cng on, ch yu bao gm c cng on v vin to ht (kiu a hoc thng quay). Mt s nh my ch sn xut phn NPK dng trn th (ch phi trn ri ng bao). Cc cng on chnh trong cng ngh sn xut NPK c chia thnh 07 cng on chnh l nghin nguyn liu, phi trn nguyn liu, v vin to ht, sy, sng, lm ngui v ng bao sn phm. Hnh 1 th hin s cng ngh sn xut phn NPK, cc nguyn, nhin liu u vo v cc cht thi i km:

Nguyn liu c vn chuyn n np vo my nghin. Nguyn liu sau nghin c bng ti vn chuyn np vo cc bunke ring bit, c rt vo bng ti phi liu, qua cn nh lng, qua gu ti v vo my phi trn. Sau qu trnh trn, phi liu s theo bng ti n thit b to ht. y liu c trn u, ng thi phun nc dng m, to m cho hn hp phi liu v vin thnh ht NPK. Cc ht NPK trn a (hoc thng v vin) s c gt dn xung bng ti c bn thnh phm NPK t my v vin sang my sy thng quay. Ti my sy thng quay, NPK s c sy kh t m 4-6% xung cn 0,5-1,5% nhm tng bn c hc ca ht v to m ti u cho ht. Sau khi sy xong, NPK c bng ti chuyn n sng rung phn loi phn loi NPK theo c ht. Phn ht c kch thc tiu chun 2 5 mm s c a sang thit b lm ngui thng quay, tr thnh sn phm phn NPK. Phn ht qu c s qua my nghin ba, qua bng ti hi lu tr li qu trnh v vin to ht. Phn ht nh hn tiu chun s ri thng xung bng ti thu hi v cng tun hon li theo ng trn. Sau khi lm ngui, NPK t tiu chun theo bng ti chy vo si l cha, pha di si l tin hnh cn ng phn NPK thnh phm. Qu trnh sn xut NPK gm 7 cng on chnh. Mi cng on li gm mt s cng on nh hn. Chi tit ca cc bc cng ngh c m t c th c y: 1 Nghin nguyn liu Nguyn liu ban u cho sn xut NPK hu ht tn ti dng ht bao gm cc nguyn liu chnh sau: - Nguyn liu cha m (N): amn sunfat, ur, Di Amn Photpht, Amn Clorua... - Nguyn liu cha ln (P): supe photphat n, phn ln nung chy, DAP, MAP, Phtphorite... - Nguyn liu cha Kali: Kali clorua, Kali Sunpht.... Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin nguyn liu nhm m bo yu cu k thut v mn (<2mm) to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh vo vin to ht ng thi sn phm sau ny c hnh thc p, tng cng cng nh bo m ng u cc thnh phn trong ht phn v m bo cht lng phn. Nguyn liu c nghin bng my nghin ba, sau c bng ti vn chuyn np vo cc phu cha liu theo tng loi ring bit. Trong qu trnh ny c pht sinh bi, bi t lc cp liu vo my nghin, v pht sinh bng ti sau nghin.

2 Phi trn nguyn liu Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l trn u cc nguyn liu trc khi a sang cng on v vin, to ht nhm m bo t l gia cc thnh phn dinh dng trong ht phn. Cc loi nguyn liu nh Ur, SA (Sunfat Amn), supe phtphat n, DAP (Diamon Phosphate), KCl, ph gia... ty theo yu cu v t l thnh phn dinh dng ca sn phm m chng c trn vi t l phi liu khc nhau. Cc loi nguyn liu c dng cn in t t ng hoc cn th cng xc nh khi lng tng loi sau c a vo thng trn. Thng trn thng dng thng quay, t nghing, c mc ch l o trn u cc nguyn liu, m bo nguyn liu c trn u vi nhau trc khi c ua sang cng on v vin, to ht. Qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn liu trn bng ti sau khi cn vo thng trn c pht sinh bi. 3 Vo vin to ht Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l to cc ht c kch thc mong mun (25mm), c thnh phn dinh dng v kch thc ht ng u, c m thch hp (4,5-6%) to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh tip theo. Hn hp nguyn liu sau khi trn u c bng ti a xung my vo vin dng a quay hoc thng quay. Thng thng a vo vin c t nghing mt gc khong 40-50o so vi phng ngang. Nc c a vo thit b ny bng vi phun nhm to m thch hp cho nguyn liu. Ti y, nh lc ly tm v trng lc ca cc nguyn liu, m do nc a vo, cc ht NPK dn dn c hnh thnh. Qu trnh to ht c phn ra ba giai on chnh: 1- To mm ht; 2- Nng kch thc ht (cn gi l qu trnh trng thnh ca ht) 3- Bc to o sn phm. Qu trnh to mm ht sn phm c thc hin trong khong 10-15 pht, cho n khi cc ht c kch thc ng u nhau (1,5 2,0 mm). Kch thc v ng nht ca mm ht l nhn t quan trng quyt nh kch c v ng u ca sn phm cui cng. Cc ht nh sau sng c tun hon li cng c kh nng to mm, chnh cc ht ny gip qu trnh hnh thnh mm nhanh hn v nhiu hn. Qa trnh ht trng thnh c tin trin nh sau: cc ht nh khi chuyn ng vo v tr phun nc, s c to mt lp ngoi m (v tr ny thng nm thp hn v tr ht bt u ln xung mt cht khong 1/5 ng knh thit b),

sau khi ln xung phn y thit b s c bm thm 1 lp bt nguyn liu, ht theo lc ma st, lc li tm s ln ln trn pha nh thit b, qu trnh ln do ht quay theo nhiu chiu v vy lp bt b p cht vo ht, khi ht ln vo khu phun nc qu trnh nh trnh by trn tip tc xy ra, nh vy ht ngy cng to ln, v c xu hng ni ln trn b mt hn hp, v t tro ra ngoi thit b. Nh vy qu trnh cp liu l lin tc, cp nc l lin tc v bn thnh phm to ra cng lin tc. Bc to o sn phm bng lp nguyn liu kh v mn, cp vo phn vnh ngoi thit b to ht a quay trc khi ly sn phm ra. Mu sc nguyn liu bc o chnh l yu t quyt nh mu sc ca sn phm cui cng. Ht NPK sau s chuyn xung bng ti a sang cng on sy. 4. Sy Mc ch ca cng on sy l to m ca ht theo yu cu (2-4%) lm tng cng, trnh hin tng kt khi ht. Sau qu trnh v vin to ht, NPK bn thnh phm c m khong 4,5 6%, c bng ti chuyn vo my sy thng quay. My sy thng quay thng hot ng theo nguyn l sy xui chiu: kh nng v sn phm i cng chiu vi nhau trong thng sy. Kh nng c cp t h thng l hi t than hoc du FO thng qua h thng qut ht v qut y. Kh nng dng sy NPK c nhit khong 250-300oC (sy trc tip). Nh thng quay c t nghing v bn trong thng c lp cc cnh o nn cc ht NPK c o u v chuyn dn v cui thng sy. Khi ra khi thng sy, NPK c nhit l 80-900C v m t 2-4%. Dng kh nng sau khi trao i nhit vi NPK s h xung cn khong 1100C v mang theo nhiu bi (v kh c hi). Sau khi sy NPK c sang cng on sng. 5 Sng Mc ch ca cng on ny l loi b cc ht phn c kch thc khng mong mun (qu nh hoc qu to). Sn phm NPK sau khi sy n m 2-4% c qua bng ti rt ln sng. Sng c ng c chuyn chuyn ng qua c cu rung lch tm. Sng c cu to gm 02 lp, lp trn c kch thc mt sng l 5mm v lp di l 2mm. Cc ht NPK c kch thc ln hn 5mm c gi li trn mt sng v chuyn sang my nghin ba (nghin nh) quay li thng trn. Cc ht c kch thc nh hn 2mm th ri xung mt sng v qua h thng bng ti quay v cng on v vin to ht li. Cn li cc ht t kch thct yu cu t 2-5mm nm gia 02 mt sng a vo thit b lm ngui. 6 Lm ngui Sn phm NPK sau qu trnh sng phn loi c nhit khong 70-800C v

kch thc 2-5mm, m 2-4% c vo thit b lm ngui c dng thng quay. Thng quay c thit k t nghing, sn phm chuyn dch t u thng (ca vo) n cui thng (ca ra). Khng kh c qut ht vo thng v i ngc chiu vi sn phm v lm h nhit ca sn phm t 70-800C xung cn 300C Kh sau khi ra khi thng lm ngui cng cha lng ln bi sn phm. Do trong qu trnh sy, ht NPK c tch nhit nn qu trnh bay hi nc tip tc xy ra ti bng ti sau sy, ti sng bn thnh phm v ti thit b lm ngui ra sn phm cui cng c m 0,6 1,5% (theo chun quc t l 0,6 0,8%). 7 .ng bao sn phm Qu trnh cn ng bao th cng c thc hin bi 4-5 nhn cng trn mt cng on ng bao. Sn phm t xilo cha c cho tho chy xung bao cha hng pha di v t trn mt cn nh lng, tip ng ming bao sn phm bng my may tay. Sn phm NPK sau khi c lm ngui c bng ti a vo xil thnh phm, sau c cn v ng bao. i vi tng c s, quy trnh cn v ng bao c lm t ng hoc th cng. Thng thng cc bao sn phm NPK c trng lng l 25kg hoc 50kg. CHNG III: QUY TRNH X L CHT THI CA NH MY 1.Thnh phn cc cht c hi c mt trong qu trnh sn xut phn bn: Trong sn xut vn nhim mi trng t qu trnh sn xut ch yu l bi (bi nguyn liu, bi sn phm) v kh thi. Bi pht sinh trong sn xut NPK hu ht cc cng on sn xut v y l c th ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut phn bn. Kh thi gm CO2, SO2, NOx, CO, bi l ... pht sinh t qu trnh t du FO cung cp nhit cho cng on sy NPK. Vi ngun pht sinh nc thi, nc pht sinh t cng on x l bi v kh thi pht sinh. Lng nc ny c th lng v s dung tun hon li, bn nho phi kh v c tun hon li thit b trn. Cht thi rn ch c cc loi bao b cha cc nguyn liu, sn phm b hng, ri vi. Ngnh sn xut phn bn lm pht sinh cht thi rn bao gm mt s loi n gin, ch yu l bn cn sinh ra do qu trnh x l nc thi v kh thi, bi thu hi t h thng kh thi v c ti s dng li, v bn thnh phm phn NPK ri vi xung nn trong qu trnh vn chuyn bng bng ti, qu trnh vo vin, thnh phm khi ng bao. Cc loi cht thi rn ny nu khng c bin php thu gom v x l hp l s l ngun gy tht thot nguyn vt liu ng k ng thi

gy nhim mi trng. Do vy vic p dng cc bin php sn xut sch hn tn thu ngun nguyn liu tht thot v gim chi ph x l cht thi l cn thit. Ngoi ra cn mt s dng pht sinh nh bao b cha nguyn vt liu hoc nguyn liu km phm cht. 2.H thng x l cht c hi nh my: Trong qu trnh sn xut phn bn khu trn nguyn liu, sng lc, ng gi gy ra bi rt nhiu. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh sn xut phn bn cn rt nhiu ha cht nh m Urea, MAP, Kali trng, CaCO3 v Amn ho bng kh NH3 ln sinh ra cc kh nh NH3 , CO2 , SO2 ,Do cng ty a ra s cng ngh x l kh thi phn bn sau y

Kh thi t nh my c cc qut ht thu gom, sau nh h thng qut y kh thi s i vo b hp th c chm dung dch ha cht hp th. Ti y kh thi thng qua h thng phn phi kh tip xc vi nc v ha cht, mt phn kh SO2, NOx, NH3 c hp th, cc thnh phn bi bn trong kh thi cng c

gi li. Nng ha cht hp th, h thng phn phi kh c tnh ton k lng m bo hiu qu hp th mt cch ti u. Kh thi sau khi i qua b hp th tip tc c h thng qut y y vo thp hp ph. Cu to thp hp ph bao gm cc lp vt liu m, vt liu hp ph v h thng phn phi dung dch ha cht hp th c b tr mt cch hp l, m bo hp ph hon ton cc thnh phn nhim cn li cng nh trit tiu hon ton cc bi bn cn st li. Kh thi sau khi i qua thp hp ph t tiu chun x thi ra mi trng (QCVN 21:2009/ BTNMT) . Nc v dung dch ha cht trong b hp th v thp hp ph s c thay mi nh k m bo hiu qu x l cao nht, ng thi vic thay mi nh k cng lm gim lng nc tiu th, gim lng nc cn x l, gip tit kim chi ph mt cch ti a. 3. Mt s vn bt cp trong qu trnh sn xut ca nh my phn a lng va phn vi sinh hu c sng Hng - Qui trnh sn xut phn a lng NPK : Ngun nguyn liu ban u khng c sn m phi nhp hon ton, nh my ch phi trn cho ra sn phm. Nu ta ch ng c ngun nguyn liu th gi thnh sn phm s c gim. Mi trng lm vic xung quanh quy trnh cn b nhim : bi, kh CO2 gy nh hng ln n sc khe ca cng nhn trong nh my. - Quy trnh sn xut phn vi sinh hu c : Qu trnh sn xut cha ng dng c nhiu thit b my mc, cn s dng th cng, c bit l khu nho trn sinh khi vi sinh vt vo cht mang hon ton lm bng tay m khng c my trn chuyn dng thnh phm cht lng khng u. Qu trnh nhn sinh khi vi sinh vt trong cc b cha d b tp nhim, c th xut hin nhiu chng vi sinh vt l, i khi nh hng n cht lng thanhg phm. Do cc b mi trng, b nhn ging cp 1, b nhn ging cp 2 cha m bo tnh v trng.

PHN III: KT LUN V KIN NGH

Qua chuyn i thc tp sn xut em bit c rt nhiu iu. Vic i thc t sn xut gip em cng c kin thc c c, b sung nhiu thiu st, hc tp thm nhiu kinh nghim v c bit l pht hin, chnh sa nhng nhn thc sai, t hon thin hn v kin thc, d dng hn khi t duy. Tuy nhin do thi gian hn ch nn chng em khng c c hi hc hi nhiu. Khng ch vy, vic i thc t cn gip bn thn mi ngi lm quen vi mi trng sn xut ca cc nh my, hiu r hn quy trnh sn xut ca nh my tinh bt sn cng nh quy trnh sn xut phn ln hu c v phn vi sinh. Chuyn i gip em m rng tm mt, c tip xc vi cc thit b sn xut cng nh cc quy trnh cng ngh sn xut. Chuyn i thc t li trong em nhiu k nim p.V em cng nhn thy c tm quan trng ca vic i thc t thc a. Em cm n cc thy c gio b mn t chc chuyn i thc tp sn xut, c bit em xin chn thnh cm n 2 c gio hng dn trc tip chng em trong chuyn i. Em mong trong chng trnh o to ca nh trng s c nhiu chuyn i thc tp sn xut hn na, sinh vin c th hiu c nhiu hn cc quy trnh sn xut v c nhiu kinh nghim hn cho con ng tng li sau ny.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. K thut ch bin lng thc tp 2 .Bi c Li, L Hng Khanh, L Th Cc, L Ngc T, Lng Hng Nga. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut 2. Tinh bt sn v cc sn phm t tinh bt sn. Hong Kim Anh, Ng K Sng, Nguyn Xch Lin. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut 3. Th nghim cng ngh thc phm. Nguyn Th, L Vn Hoang, L Th Lin Thanh, Trn Th Truyn, Phan Th Bch Ngc, Trn Xun Ngch. Xut bn nm 1988 4. Cc qu trnh trong cng ngh thc phm. Trng cao ng lng thc thc phm Nng 5.http://www.h2vn.com/community/index.php? PHPSESSID=d30467356b7216c0384079d40fb2b9ee& 6. http://www.ips.gov.vn/tt-khcn/login_chitiet.asp?id=1321 Nghin cu vin chnh KS. Nguyn Vn Kho-RIAM (Hm nay: Th nm, 18/9/2008) 7.Theo vinatet (Trang nht > Thng tin Thng v > Thng v v DN Xut khu tinh bt sn vo th trng chu u ),Hm nay,ngy 12/08/2008 8.http://phobachkhoa.com/@pbk@/showthread.php?p=21986) (din n sinh vin i hc bch khoa Nng)