Tm cng thc phn t formulas from combustion analysis

Din n ha hc2004
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Tm cng t hc phn t t phn ng dt
chy
Phan ung cua hop cht huu co dt chy voi mt luong oxy du sinh ra cacbon dioxit v nuoc. Su
bao ton khi luong cho thy rng tt ca cacbon tu hop cht huu co tro thnh cacbon dioxit. Do
d khi luong cua cacbon trong cacbon dioxit bng voi khi luong cua cacbon c mt trong hop
cht huu co. Tuong tu khi luong cua hydro trong nuoc phai bng khi luong cua hydro c mt
trong hop cht huu co. Theo dinh lut bao ton khi luong th khi luong cua hop cht ban du
phai bng tng khi luong cua cc nguyn t c mt trong hop cht. Do vy nu mt hop cht
huu co c chua oxy, khi luong cua oxy c th duoc xc dinh bng cch ly khi luong cua ca
hop cht tru di khi luong cacbon v hydro, v khi luong cua cc nguyn t khc c mt trong
cht khao st.
A. .Cng thc kinh nghim
Cng thuc kinh nghim don gian l ti l mol cua cc nguyn t trong hop cht, nn xc dinh s
mol cua mi nguyn t trong hop cht ri tm v rt gon ti l d thu duoc cng thuc don gian
V d 1
Tm cng thuc kinh nghim cua mt hydrocacbon m sau khi dt chy thu duoc 2.703 g CO
2
v 1.108 g v 1.108 g H
2
O.
Li gii:
V cht dem dt chy l hydrocacbon nn n chi chua hydro v cacbon cng thuc kinh nghim
s l mt ti s ti gian cua cc nguyn t ny
Tm cng thc phn t formulas from combustion analysis
Din n ha hc2004
Trang2 posting on http://vietsciences.free.fr
S mol
cacbon
=
2.703 g
CO
2
1 mol CO
2
44.01 g
1 mol C
1 mol CO
2
=
0.06142
mol C
S mol
hydrogen
=
1.108 g
H
2
O
1 mol H
2
O
18.01 g
2 mol H
1 mol H
2
O
= 0.1230 mol
H
D c duoc ti s ti gian, chia s mol cua mi nguyn t cho s mol c gi tri thp nht ta c:
0.06142 mol C
0.06142
= 1
0.1230 mol H
0.06142
= 2.003
Lm trn cc s hoc dng phn s ti gian p dung vo cng thuc do d cng thuc kinh ghim
cua hop cht ny l CH
2
V d 2
Tm cng thuc kinh nghim cua hop cht chua cacbon, hydro, v oxy nu 1.000g hop cht dem
dt thu duoc 1.467g CO
2
v 0.6003 g H
2
O
Li gii:
Khi luong cua cacbon dioxit v nuoc c th dng d tm ra s mol cua cabon v hydro. Khi
luong cua oxy c th xc dinh tu khi luong cua cht gc. Boi v theo dinh lut bao ton khi
luong ta c:
khi luong cua cht gc = khi luong cacbon + khi luong hydro + khi luong oxy
Truoc ht phai xc dinh duoc s mol cua C v H sau d moi tm khi luong cua C v H
1.467 g CO
2
1 mol
44.01 g
1 mol C
1 mol CO
2
= 0.03333 mol C
0.03333 mol C
12.01 g
1 mol
= 0.4003 g C
Tm cng thc phn t formulas from combustion analysis
Din n ha hc2004
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0.600 g H
2
O
1 mol
18.01 g
2 mol H
1 mol H
2
O
=
0.0666 mol H
0.0666 mol H
1.008 g
1 mol
= 0.0672 g H
gram oxy = g hop cht g cacbon g hydro
= 1.000 0.4003 0.0672
= 0.5325 g
0.5325 g O
1 mol
16.00 g
= 0.03328 mol O
D tm duoc ti s ti gian bng cch chia cc s mol cho s mol c gi tri thp nht cua cc s
mol trong v du ny s mol cua cacbon l thp nht.
cacbon =
0.03333
0.03333
= 1
hydro =
0.0666
0.03333
= 2.00
oxy =
0.03328
0.03333
= 0.998
Lm trn cc gi tri tm duoc hoc rt gon phn s d p dung vo cng thuc nn ta tm duoc
cng thuc kinh nghim l CH
2
O
B. Cng thc phn t
D tm duoc cng thuc phn tu, truoc ht phai xc dinh duoc cng thuc kinh nghim( trong
SGK goi l cng thuc chung, o dy hoangoclan d dng ci tn cng thuc kinh nghim).Th
nhung thng tin v khi luong mol ( khi luong mol l khi luong cua 1 mol cht khao st)l rt
cn thit cho vic giai nhung dang ton ny.
Tm cng thc phn t formulas from combustion analysis
Din n ha hc2004
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D c duoc cng thuc phn tu tu cng thuc kinh nghim, truoc ht phai xc dinh duoc chnh xc
khi luong mol dua vo cng thuc kinh nghim. Sau d chia khi luong mol thuc (d cho) cho
khi luong mol chnh xc v lm trn cc s. Nhn mi h s cua mi nguyn t trong cng
thuc kinh nghim cho ti s tm duoc bng cch ny d thu duoc cng thuc phn tu.
V d 3
Khi luong mol cua cht trong v d 2 l 120 g/mol. Tm cng thuc phn tu cua n
Li gii:
Tu v du 2 ta c: cng thuc kinh nghim cua hop cht l CH
2
O khi luong mol chnh xc cua n
l:
Khi luong mol chnh xc = 12.01 + 2(1.008) + 16.00 = 30.03 g/mol
Ti s =
120
30.03
= 3.996 = 4
Cng thuc phn tu = 4(CH
2
O) = C
4
H
8
O
4
V d 4:
Tm cng thuc phn tu cua mt cht chua C, H, O nu n c khi luong mol l 234 g/mol v
dt chy 0.360 g cht ny thu duoc 0.406 g CO
2
v 0.250 g H
2
O
Li gii:
Truoc ht xc dinh khi luong v s mol cua cacbon, hydro tu CO
2
v H
2
O
. S mol cacbon = 0.406 g CO
2
1 mol
44.01 g
1 mol C
1 mol CO
2
=
0.00922 mol
C
Khi luong
cacbon
=
0.00922 mol
C
12.01 g
1 mol
= 0.111 g C
S mol hydro = 0.250 g H
2
O
1 mol
18.01 g
2 mol H
1 mol H
2
O
=
0.0278 mol
H
Khi luong cua
hydro
=
0.0278 mol
H
1.008 g
1 mol
= 0.0279 g H
Tm cng thc phn t formulas from combustion analysis
Din n ha hc2004
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Khi luong cua oxy duoc xc dinh tu khi luong cua cht gc ban du
:
S gam
oxy
=
S gam cht gc s gam cacbon
s gam hydro
= 0.360 0.111 0.0279
= 0.221 g O
S mol cua oxy duoc xc dinh tu khi luong cua oxy:
mol oxy = 0.221 g O
1 mol
16.00 g
= 0.0138 mol O
Xc dinh cng thuc kinh nghim bng vic chia cc s mol tm duoc cho s mol c gi tri nho
nht, d l s mol cua cacbon
cacbon =
0.00922
0.00922
= 1
hydro =
0.0278
0.00922
= 3.01
oxy =
0.0138
0.00922
= 1.498
Lm trn cc s tm duoc hoc cc phn s ti gian. Ta tm duoc ti l cua C:H:O l 1:3:1
Tm cng thc phn t formulas from combustion analysis
Din n ha hc2004
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H s cua cc nguyn t trong cng thuc phn tu phai l s nguyn nn ta nhn ti l tm duoc
voi mu s cua phn s. Ta c ti l sau 2:6:3 v cng thuc phn tu s l C
2
H
6
O
3
Bi ton cho khi luong mol thuc cua cht l 234 g/mol
Khi luong mol chnh xc l = 2(12.01) + 6(1.008) + 3(16.00) = 78.07 g/mol
Ti s =
234
78.07
= 2.997 = 3
Nhn cng thuc kinh nghim tm duoc voi 3 ta s c cong thuc phn tu cn tm cua cht d cho
l C
6
H
18
O
9
Copyright by TI YU HA HC FORUM
HO CHI MINH city, October 3
rd
2004