TimHieuVeMang WLANS WPANS VaMangThongTinDiDong4G

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G
i hc quc gia h ni trng i hc cng ngh

khoa in t - vin thng
KHO LUN TT NGHIP
Tm hi u v WLANs, WPANs v xu hng pht trin thng tin di ng 4G
Ngi thc hin: Gio vin hng dn:
Lu Th Thu Hin Th.S Nguyn Phi Hng
i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
Lu Th Thu Hin
H Ni 6/2005
Tm tt
Ngy nay xu th pht trin ca cng ngh a ra cc gii php ti u v mng v kh nng cung cp cc ng dng t h thng mng cng tng cao, c bit l cc mng khng dy. Vi nhng thit b u cui di ng nh in thoi, my tnh sch tay v..v..,ngi dng c th thc hin cc kt ni v tuyn thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v. Vi tnh nng u vit, v cc ng dng c p dng rng ri ca mng WLAN ( mng LAN khng dy), em i su tm hiu v c tnh v cc kh nng ang c s dng trong truyn thng ca WLAN. T kh nng truyn thng di ng da trn c s thng tin v tuyn v s tin b ca mi trng khng dy a ra gii php mng PAN gip m rng mi trng c nhn p ng cc dch v trong cng vic hay gii tr, c kh nng thc hin kt ni mng phc v a ngi dng. Chnh cc tnh nng ni tri v kh nng ng dng ca PAN m c bit l B-PAN m em nghin cu trong bn kho lun cho thy c ngha ca gii php mng PAN trong truyn thng. Cng vi kh nng truyn thng di ng ngy cng c m rng nh s pht trin ca thng tin v tuyn th cc h thng di ng mi ra i v c p dng rng ri trn ton th gii. Hin nay, Vit Nam ang s dng h thng thng tin di ng th h 2.5G trong khi mng t bo di ng 3G tr nn ph bin v chun b c thay th bi mt th h mng c kh nng khc phc tt c cc nhc im ca 3G, bao gm mt lng ln mng truy cp, cung cp kt ni tt c cc ngi dng bt k u, ti bt k thi im no. chnh l thng tin di ng th h 4G. Vi tt c cc li th v u im lm cho 4G tr thnh th h mng khng dy li cun trong tng lai. Chnh v vy em chn ti Tm hiu v WLANs, WPANs v xu hng pht trin thng tin di ng 4G nghin cu su v cc gii php mng khng dy vi hi vng 4G s l mt h thng di ng ti u trong tng lai gn, v m hnh thc thi 4G ti Vit Nam tr thnh hin thc.
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Lu Th Thu Hin
Mc lc
Trang Li m u........................................................................................................... 1 CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 4G ............................................................... 3 1.1 Tng quan v thng tin di ng ................................................................... 3 1.2 Thng tin di ng th h 4............................................................................ 4 CHNG 2: WLAN.......................................................................................... 7 2.1 Gii thiu WLAN .......................................................................................... 7 2.2 Chun IEEE 802.11....................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Kin trc chung IEEE 802.11................................................................. 8 2.2.1.1 Cu trc h thng ........................................................................... 9 2.2.1.2 c tnh c bn ca h thng......................................................... 9 2.2.1.3 Lp vt l ....................................................................................... 11 2.2.1.4 Lp MAC ....................................................................................... 12 2.2.1.5 Cu trc MAC ................................................................................ 13 2.2.1.6 Kh nng kt hp ........................................................................... 18 2.2.1.7 Chng thc v bo mt .................................................................. 19 2.2.1.8 Phn on ....................................................................................... 20 2.2.1.9 C ch ng b .............................................................................. 20 2.2.1.10 Di ng ........................................................................................ 21 2.2.1.11 Kh nng lu tr .......................................................................... 21 2.2.1.12 Kh nng h tr............................................................................ 23 2.3 HIPERLAN-2 ................................................................................................ 23 2.3.1 Gii thiu ............................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Cu trc chung ca HIPERLAN ............................................................ 23 2.3.3 Cu trc h thng HIPERLAN-2............................................................ 25 2.3.4 c tnh c bn ca h thng ................................................................. 26 2.3.5 Lp vt l................................................................................................ 27 2.3.6 Lp DCL................................................................................................. 27 2.3.6.1 Lp MAC ....................................................................................... 31 2.3.6.2 Thao tc MAC................................................................................ 31
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Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G 2.3.6.3 Khung MAC................................................................................... 2.3.6.4 a ch MAC .................................................................................. 2.3.6.5 Truy cp ti RCH........................................................................... 2.3.7 Cc DCL khc ........................................................................................ 2.3.8 Handover................................................................................................. 2.3.9 CL ........................................................................................................... 2.3.10 H tr QoS trong HIPERLAN-2 .......................................................... 2.4 MMAC-PC..................................................................................................... 2.5 Trin khai c s h tng IEEE 802.11......................................................... 2.5.1 Bng ISM v phn b knh .................................................................... 2.5.2 Tn hiu, nhiu v vng ph sng........................................................... 2.5.3 Tn hiu v nhiu trong bng tn ISM.................................................... 2.5.4 Vng ph sng........................................................................................ 2.5.5 IEEE 802.11 cho khng gian t do......................................................... CHNG 3: WPANs ......................................................................................... 3.1 Gii thiu........................................................................................................ 3.2 Mt s khi nim ........................................................................................... 3.3 Tng quan Bluetooth..................................................................................... 3.3.1 Cu trc Bluetooth.................................................................................. 3.3.2 M hnh tham chiu giao thc Bluetooth ............................................... 3.3.3 Tng quan v giao thc li Bluetooth .................................................... 3.3.3.1 Lp radio Bluetooth ....................................................................... 3.3.3.2 Lp di gc..................................................................................... 3.3.3.3 Lp giao thc qun l kt ni (LMP) ............................................ 3.3.3.4 Lp iu khin giao thc kt ni v giao thc thch nghi ............. 3.3.3.5 Lp giao thc pht hin dch v (SDP) ......................................... 3.4 PAN................................................................................................................. 3.4.1 Nguyn l cu trc.................................................................................. 3.4.2 Giao din ................................................................................................ 3.4.3 Giao tip vi mng bn ngoi................................................................. 3.5 Mng Ad Hoc................................................................................................. 3.6 Bo mt........................................................................................................... 3.7 Nhng ng dng chnh v kh nng hnh thnh mng............................. 3.8 Cc thit b trong h thng...........................................................................
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Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G 3.9 Nhng thch thc i vi PAN v nhng vn m rng....................... 3.10 B-PAN........................................................................................................... 3.11 WLAN v WPAN ........................................................................................ 3.12 Tm li.......................................................................................................... CHNG 4: S HNH THNH H THNG THNG TIN DI NG 4G ....................................................................................................... 4.1 Gii thiu........................................................................................................ 4.2 WAL ............................................................................................................... 4.3 Cu trc WAL ............................................................................................... 4.4 Dch v bo hiu WAL ................................................................................. 4.4.1 Mt vi nh ngha.................................................................................. 4.4.1.1 Hot ng ca WAL ...................................................................... 4.4.1.2 Khun dng tiu WAL .............................................................. 4.4.1.3 Th tc ng k.............................................................................. 4.4.2 S thit lp association ........................................................................... 4.4.3 D liu .................................................................................................... 4.4.4 Th tc ti thit lp s kt hp ............................................................... 4.4.5 Danh sch PDU....................................................................................... Kt lun ................................................................................................................ 74 75 76 78 79 79 79 80 81 82 82 82 83 86 88 89 91 94
Lu Th Thu Hin
Li m u
Ngy nay, vi nhng tin b vt bc ca cng ngh my tnh gip vic trao i thng tin ngy cng d dng thun tin hn. Cng ngh mng LAN ra i pht trin rng ri trn th gii, nhng hn ch ca n l vic s dng cc loi dy cp (cp ng trc, cp xon..) i khi gy kh khn cho vic kt ni. V vy s ra i ca cng ngh mng khng dy (WLAN) l mt xu hng tt yu p ng vic lin kt vi quy m phc tp v kh nng truyn thng di ng Kh nng truyn thng di ng c da trn c s thng tin v tuyn, tri qua s pht trin mnh trong nhng thp nin trc (nh GSM, GPRS, AMT2000). S pht trin nhng tc truyn bit d liu cao hn dn n s hnh thnh cc h thng khng dy v cc gii php mng mi. S tin b ca mi trng khng dy v yu cu v kh nng di ng tt hn to nn s thay th cc kt ni c nh ti mng v a ra cc gii php v mng PAN. PAN l mt gii php mng gip m rng mi trng c nhn p ng cc dch v trong cng vic hay gii tr, do vic kt ni mng thc hin s phc v a ngi dng ngoi ra c th s dng cc thit b trong vng khng gian bao ph mi t bo v cung cp kh nng truyn thng trong khng gian vi th gii bn ngoi. iu ny cng lm khi nim thit b u cui c thay th bi khi nim ngi dng v khng gian cc b ca h. PAN l mt thnh vin trong nhm GIMCV. Cng vi s pht trin ca thng tin v tuyn, th trong mi thp nin c mt h thng di ng mi pht trin v c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Khi th h 2G hin hu, vic xut hin mng t bo di ng 3G th ch l mt trong nhng thay i nh v cng ngh t pha c s h tng IP di ng. Tuy nhin h thng tin di ng 3G s p ng c vic thc hin a phng tin hay ni khc i l c s h tng IP khng nng lc. khc phc cc nhc im ny, th h 4G c nh ngha. Vi mt s chun mi c a ra th h thng 4G tr nn d hiu bi khi nim cc mng khng ng nht, bao gm mt s ln mng truy cp vi mt nguyn tc chung l giao thc IP, cung cp kt ni tt c cc ngi dng bt k u ti bt c thi im no.
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Lu Th Thu Hin
Ni dung bn kho lun c trnh by trn 90 trang v c b cc thnh 4 chng gm nhng phn ln sau: Tng quan v s pht trin ca thng tin di ng v h thng thng tin di ng th h 4G Cc u im v cc ng dng rng ri ca WLAN Gii php v mng WPAN v cc c tnh ni bt ca B-PAN S hnh thnh h thng thng tin di ng 4G Kt lun
c c bn kho lun hon thin nh hm nay, em nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm gip ca cc thy c gio, bn b v ngi thn trong gia nh. Trc ht, em xin gi ti thy gio ThS Phm Phi Hng tn tnh ch bo, hng dn v gip em trong sut thi gian lm kho lun li chc sc kho v lng bit n su sc. Em cng xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy c gio trong trng c bit l cc thy c gio khoa in T-Vin Thng cho em nhiu kin thc b ch trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti khoa. Cm n gia nh, v bn b dnh nhiu s gip cho em trong thi gian thc hin kho lun. H Ni ngy 05 thng 06 nm 2005 Sinh vin Lu Th Thu Hin
Lu Th Thu Hin
Chng 1 Tng quan v thng tin di ng v h thng thng tin di ng 4G

1.1 Tng quan v thng tin di ng
Thng tin di ng da trn nn tng mng khng dy pht trin theo biu s m trong thp nin qua vi nhng c s h tng v cc ng dng rng ri nh thit b v tuyn, my tnh sch tay v..v.. Nhng thit b ny ngy cng tr nn quan trng trong cuc sng ca chng ta. Mt v d c th: ngi dng c th kim tra email v truy cp mng Internet nh cc thit b di ng ca h. T nhng thit b nh my tnh sch tay, h c th tm kim thng tin trong mng Internet ti cc a im khc nhau nh sn bay, nh ga hay nhng ni cng cng khc. Cc khch du lch c th s dng cc thit b u cui GPS t trong nh hay trong t nh v v thit lp bn ng i. Nhng h s, d liu hoc cc thng tin khc c th c trao i bi cc my tnh sch tay thng qua mng LAN khng dy (WLAN). Khng ch cc thit b di ng tr nn nh hn, r hn, tin li hn, m cc ng dng ca n cng tr nn mnh hn v c p dng rng ri hn. Theo khuynh hng ny th hu ht cc kt ni nhng thit b v tuyn c thc hin thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v c nh da trn c s h tng mng c nhn v cc MSC trong mng t bo nh vy cc my tnh sch tay c th ni ti Internet khng dy thng qua cc im truy cp. Mc d nhng mng c c s h tng cung cp mt lng ln cc dch v mng cho cc thit b di ng nhng n mt rt nhiu thi gian thit lp c s h tng mng thch hp vi cc dch v ca mng di ng v tt nhin l gi thnh thit lp c s h tng ny l rt cao. Hn na, thi im thit lp l bt k lc no khi c yu cu t mt thit b di ng truy cp mng mm trong vng ph sng. Vic cung cp cc dch v kt ni mng t ra yu cu cn phi c mt mng di ng c bit.
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Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G gii quyt vn , s pht trin ca cng ngh v cc chun ra i nhm thay th cc chuyn giao kt ni mi vi vic cho php nhng thit b di ng nm trong c li truyn dn c th kt ni vi nhau thng qua vic t ng thit lp mt mng di ng c bit vi tnh linh hot cao. y l kh nng thit lp mng ng. Trong khi mng khng dy tip tc pht trin th kh nng c bit ny tr nn quan trng hn. Vi cc gii php cng ngh m c th l s dng cc lp khc nhau, cc gii thut v cc nghi thc cn cho thao tc cu hnh mng, tt c thc y hnh thnh cu trc mng di ng 4G.
1.2 Thng tin di ng th h 4

4G l mt mng ton cu tch hp da c xy dng theo m hnh h thng m. Vic tch hp cc mng khng dy khc nhau cho php truyn a phng tin d liu, ting ni, a dch v trn nn tng IP (y chnh l tiu im chnh ca 4G). Cng vi s s dng di thng utrahight ln ti 100Mbps, nhng dch v a phng tin c h tr mt cch hiu qu. Hnh 1.1 minh ho nhng thnh phn bn trong cu trc mng 4G.
Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Hnh 1.1Cu trc mng di ng 4G 4G c tch hp nhng topo v cc nn tng mng khc nhau. Trong hnh 1.1 s hp nht nhiu kiu mng c chng ln nhng ranh gii mng khc nhau. C hai kiu hp nht: l s hp nht nhng mng khng dy hn hp vi c trng truyn t khng dy ca mng LAN, WAN, PAN cng nh nhng mng di ng c bit khc. S hp nht th hai bao gm s tch hp ca nhng mng khng dy v mng c inh (nh Internet v PSTN). 4G c bt u vi gi thit rng mng trong tng lai s s dng k thut chuyn mch gi (y s pht trin t nhng giao thc ang c s dng trong mng Internet hin ti). Mng di ng 4G da trn nn tng IP c nhng li th c bn bi v IP thch hp v c lp vi cng ngh truy cp vng ph sng. iu c ngha l mng 4G c thit k v c th pht trin c lp t nhng mng truy cp. Vic s dng mt li mng trn nn tng IP cng c ngha tho mn a dch v nh ting ni d liu hay c h tr bi vic s dng mt tp hp VoIP vi nhng giao thc nh MEGACOP, MGCP, H.323 v SCTP. S pht trin ny gip n gin ho vic bo tr cc mng ring bit nhau. H thng 4G c ch i v c gi thnh r hn v n gin hn. Trc ht, gi thit b c r hn 4 n 10 ln mt trm c chc nng tng ng ca h thng 2 hoc 3G. Mt mi trng truyn dn IP khng dy s lm gim bt cho qu trnh bo tr mng. H thng 4G cn c u vit hn vi tc truyn dn Utrahight ln ti 100Mbps nhanh hn 50 ln so vi tc truyn dn ca mng 3G. iu ny cho php truyn cc dch v khng dy vi di thng cao, ngi dng c th xem TV, nghe nhc, truy cp mng, hay thc hin truyn cc lung hnh nh thi gian thc v cc ng dng a phng tin khc k c khi ang nh, trong vn phng hay ni cng cng. 4G c kh nng h tr vic ngi dng truy nhp thng tin hoc giao tip vi ngi dng khc vo bt k thi im no, bt c u v s dng bt k thit b di ng no. Mng Ad hoc l mt phn quan trng trong h thng 4G c thit lp ng bi cc nt mng di ng tu m khng cn s dng c s h tng mng hin hu
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Lu Th Thu Hin
hay qun l tp trung. Mng ny cho php cc nt khng dy tn ti c lp, cung cp mt phm vi ni mng rng hn v kh nng s l ln hn. Cc nt cng c th kt ni ti cc mng c nh thng qua mt thit bi trung gian c cng dnh ring. Thit b u cui ca mng 4G cho php h tr thng minh vi kh nng nh v v tm kim dch v theo yu cu ngi dng ngay c khi ngi ang chuyn ng ti bt c thi im no.. Tt c cc li th ny lm cho mng Ad hoc tr nn li cun trong th h mng di ng tng lai.
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Lu Th Thu Hin
Chng 2 WLAN
2.1 Gii thiu WLAN
Da trn quan im nu trn, th hin nhin nhng c s h tng WLAN s ng mt vai tr quan trng trong tng lai gn nh mt s b sung cho th h mng hin ti hoc l k hoch cho nhng mng t bo. Tuy nhin khng phi l tt c khi chng ta cho rng WLAN l s h tr duy nht cho nhng mng truy cp t bo. Trong trng hp ny, vic c cp n l cc thao tc v cp, vic i mt vi gi thnh qu cao ca c s h tng h phn phi a im cc b (LMDS), xem xt v vic cung cp dch v thoi v d liu ti cc khu vc nng thn v vic kt hp s dng cc thit b ca mng WLAN vi thit b truy cp khng dy c nh (FWA) vi gi thp. Chng ny gii thiu chi tit v mng WLAN v nhng c trng chnh ca 3 h thng khng dy IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN v MMAC. Ba h thng ny tiu biu cho chun ho trong h thng mng ca M, Chu u v Nht bn.
2.2 Chun IEEE 802.11

Nm 1990, IEEE hnh thnh mt y ban pht trin chun khng dy cho mng LAN, vn hnh 1 v 2Mbps. iu quan trng nht dn n s tn ti ca cc mng LAN khc nhau l c thit k bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau, chun u tin c a ra cch y 7 nm. H thng IEEE 802.11 th 2 c ph duyt vo nm 1997 cho php mng lm vic nhng tc d liu 1 v 2Mbps. Vo nm 1999, mt chun vi tc 10Mbps xut hin v vt qua ngng chun ca h thng IEEE 802.11 th 3. Nh vy IEEE 802.11 b c sinh ra cho php hot ng nhng tc d liu 5.5Mbps v 11Mbps. Song song vi qu trnh ny, mt nhm cc nh sn xut th hai ang lm vic v mt chun vi bng thng 5GHz. Chun ny c bit nh l IEEE 802.11a, cho php mng hot ng tc 6, 12,
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Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G 24Mbps v nh ngha 9, 18, 36, 54Mbps nh nhng tu chn ca h thng th 4 ny. Hin nay, chun IEEE 802.11do nhm G ra thm tr cn cao hn tc hin thi cho cc mng theo chun 11b. Nhng mng ny s cung cp mt dng lng ti a vi tc 20Mbps. Cui cng vic thit lp chun chnh ca u ban IEEE 802.11 ko theo s pht trin ca MAC vi 11e t chun cht lng ca dch v v 11i cho tnh bo mt, cng vi s nng cao v tc ca chun hin ti 11G.
2.2.1 Kin trc chung IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11 l mt chun hnh thnh bi mt lp vt l v mt lp a ch MAC. Qua lp ny, chun c giao tip vi chun d liu lp LLC IEEE 802.2. Cu trc giao thc c miu t trong hnh 4.1 ni lp vt l thc hin mt trong ba chc nng: Tri ph nhy tn (FH). nh hng ni tip trc tip (DS). Hng ngoi.
Lp lin kt d liu 802.2 MAC

DSSS PHY PHSS PHY IR PHY
Hnh 2.1: Lp giao thc H thng c cu thnh t cc thnh phn: Trm (STA): l ni truyn thng, thng thng l trm lu ng. im truy cp (AP): l im trung tm c bit ca trm m thng thng n c thc hin mt knh c nh v l mt v tr c nh. im ny c th c nhn thy nh s phi hp bn trong ca nhm STAs
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Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Cng kt ni (PO): l mt im truy cp c bit, gip lin kt chun IEEE 802.11 WLANs v chun 802.x ca mng LANs. V vy n a ra s hp nht logic gia hai kiu kin trc mng trn. Tt c cc yu t ny gip thc hin nn cu trc giao thc hnh 4.1 nhng chng lai thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau.
2.2.1.1 Cu trc h thng

Vi mt cu hnh trm v mt im truy cp ta c th to ra mt tp dch v c bn (BSS), n bao gm cc khi chnh ca chun IEEE 802.11 WLAN. Mt BBS n gin nht bao gm hai trm giao tip trc tip vi nhau. Phng thc ny thng c tham chiu ti mt mng c bit bi v IEEE 802.11 WLAN tiu biu ny c to ra khi cn cho nhng mc ch c bit (nh s chuyn d liu t my tnh c nhn ny sang my tnh c nhn khc. Kiu IEEE 802.11 WLAN c bn ny c gi l BSS c lp (IBSS) Thnh phn th hai trong c s h tng ca BSS bao gm mt AP (l mt STA c bit) ng vai tr phi hp ca BSS. Thay v tn ti c lp, cc BSS c th c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mng c s, mng c gi l h phn phi (DS). Ton b WLAN (bao gm nhiu BSS v mt DS) truyn thng vi nhau nh IEEE 802.11, ging nh mt mng khng dy n c gi l ESS (thit lp dch v m rng, nh c ch ra trong hnh 4.2. Vic kt hp gia mt STA v mt BSS ring bit s c thit lp thnh h thng t ng.
2.2.1.2 c tnh c bn ca h thng

Mt s c tnh c bn ca IEEE 802.11 c a ra trong bng 2.1. l mt trong nhng tiu chun quan trng nh gi v IEEE 802.11 m khng cn n DS (v d: n khng ch r DS cn phi thuc lp lin kt d liu hay lp mng). Thay vo IEEE 802.11 xc nh mt tp cc dch v lin quan n cc thnh phn khc nhau ca kin trc mng. Cc dch v ny ny c phn chia thnh cc phn trong STA, gi chung l dch v trm (SS) v ti DS c gi l dch v phn b h thng (DSS). C hai loi dch v c s dng bi lp con MAC IEEE 802.11.
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Lu Th Thu Hin
Hnh 2.2 mt ESS
Bng 2.1 Nhng dch v ca STA: 802.2) Chng thc v khng chng thc; Bo mt. n v d liu MAC phn phi ti cc lp cao hn ( lp IEEE
Nhng dch v ca DS: Kt hp v phn tch; Phn phi; Hp nht; Ti kt hp;
Cc SS c cung cp bi tt c cc trm bao gm AP, cc chun tun theo IEEE 802.11, trong khi cc DSS c cung cp bi DS.
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Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Nhng dch v ny lin quan trc tip ti m hnh tham kho IEEE 802.11, c ch ra trong hnh 2.3. Khi lp con MAC c gii thiu, th vic s dng nhng dch v ny s c m t r hn. Cui cng m hnh tham kho IEEE 802.11 cho thy rng c lp MAC v lp vt l u cha hai thc th qun l: thc th qun l lp con MAC (MLME) v thc th qun l lp PHY (PLME). Nhng thc th ny cung cp cc giao din qun l dch v, v ko theo chc nng qun l lp.
2.2.1.3 Lp vt l
Nh m t trong hnh 2.3, lp PHY c chia thnh hai lp con. Lp u tin l lp con ph thuc vo mi trng vt l (PMD), vi cc sng mang c iu ch v m ho. Lp th hai l lp giao thc hi t lp vt l (PLCP), vi chc nng c bit, h tr PHY SAP thng thng v cung cp knh bo hiu ri.
MAC_SAP Lp con MAC PHY_SAP
Thc th qun l lp con MAC MLME_PLME_SAP
MLME_SAP
Lp con PLCP PMD_SAP Thc th qun l Lp con PHY Lp con PMD
Thc th qun l trm
PLME_SAP
Hnh 2.3 lp giao thc M hnh ny c thit k vi mc tiu thc hin, vi cng mt lp MAC, mt PHY la chn gia FH, DH hoc IR (c miu t trong bng 2.2).
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Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Mt s m t chi tit hn ca nhng kha cnh lin quan ti lp vt l, ngi c c th xem phn [ 5,6 ]
2.2.1.4 Lp MAC
Lp a ch MAC chu trch nhim cung cp cho cc dch v sau: Dch v d liu khng ng b, cung cp cho cc thc th chun IEEE 802.2 vi kh nng trao i cc MSDU; Cc dch v bo mt, vi chun IEEE 802.11cung cp bi dch v chng thc v c ch wired-equivalent privacy(WEP); Sp xp MSDU, cho tp hp cc MSDU nhn c ti giao din dch v MAC ca mt trm bt k, l s thay i th t phn phi ca cc MSDU qung b v truyn thng a im, lin quan ti cc MSDU trc tip, pht sinh t a ch trm ngun.
Bng 2.2 PHY c bit Khun dng khung MAC c ch ra hnh 4.4 v bao gm cc thnh phn sau: Tiu MAC, bao gm thng tin iu khin khung, khong thi gian, a ch v thng tin iu khin ni tip; Phn thn khung c kch thc bin i cha ng thng tin c trng v kiu khung; Chui khim tra khung (FCS) cha mt CRC 32bit ca IEEE
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Vic nhn bit 4 trng a ch trong khun dng khung MAC rt quan trng. Nhng trng ny c s dng xc nh BSS (BSS-ID), a ch ngun, a ch ch, a ch ni nhn, a ch ni thu.
2.2.1.5 Cu trc MAC

Cu trc MAC (hnh 4.5) cung cp chc nng kt hp im (PCF) thng qua cc chc nng kt hp phn b (DCF). Phng php truy cp c bn ca MAC theo chun IEEE 802.11 l mt DCF s dng a truy nhp c cm nhn ng truyn vi kh nng trnh li (CMSA/CA). DCF c thc hin trong tt c cc STA, s dng cho c IBSS v c s h tng ca cu hnh mng. IEEE 802.11 MAC c th hp nht mt mt phng php truy cp gi l PCF, ch c s dng trong c s h tng ca cu hnh mng. PCF cho bit s m rng ca hm MAC v cung cp tr ng truyn thp hn h tr cc dch v gii hn v thi gian.
Hnh 2.4 nh dng khung MAC
Hnh 2.5 Cu trc MAC
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Phng php truy cp cn bn: DCF Giao thc truy cp ng truyn c bn (DCF) cho php chia s ti nguyn gia cc STA thng qua vic s dng CSMA/CA. Trong giao thc ny, trc khi truyn, STA s bit c trng thi ng truyn. Nu nh ng truyn ri trong khong thi gian xc nh, gi l khng gian phn b lin khung (DIFS), STA thc hin s phn b d liu ca n. Ni cch khc nu ng truyn bn v STA khc ang pht, th n s dng qu trinh truyn v sau thc hin gii thut backoff trong ca s tranh chp (CW). Vic thc hin ny ca giao thc CSMA/CA c phc tho trong hnh 2.6
Hnh 2.6 Giao thc CSMA C ch backoff s dng trong DCF l ring bit v thi gian ca mt DIFS c chia thnh cc khe thi gian, khong thi gian ph thuc vo mi trng vt l c s dng (c nh theo mt phng php m trm c th pht hin ra s truyn tin ca trm khc). Thut ton backoff da theo s chuyn i s m nh phn: vi mi qu trnh truyn, gi tr ca khong thi gian gia hai ln truyn tin c to ra l ngu nhin, bin i trong khong (0,CW). Gi tr CW ph thuc vo s ln gi tin c truyn i, s truyn tin u tin n s to ra gi tr CWmin (ca s tranh chp ti thiu) v c lin tip tng ln ti gi tr cc i CWmax, nh trong hnh 2.7. Trong v d ny CWmin l 7 v CWmax l 63. Gi tr ca hai tham s ny ph thuc vo lp vt l c nh ngha trong chun.
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Hnh 2.7 v d v s tng theo lut s m ca CW. Thut ton s m backoff c kch hot mi khi mt trong cc l do sau xut hin: Khi STA nhn thy ng truyn bn; Sau mi qu trnh truyn; Sau mi qu trnh chuyn tip;
Khi nhn thnh cng mt khung, giao thc MAC IEEE 802.11 yu cu ni nhn pht i bn tin ACK chng thc (hnh 2.8). V vy mt khung ACK s c truyn bi bt c tram ch no khi n nhn thnh cng mt khung truyn n im (unicas), tuy nhin trm ch s khng gi li ACK nu nh n nhn c bn tin qung b t ni gi. Trn thc t c ch cm nhn ng truyn o t c bi vic phn phi thng tin sp s dng ng truyn. Vic trao i cc khung yu cu gi (RTS) v xo yu cu gi (CTS) trc khi truyn khung d liu thc s l mt cch thng tin chim dng ng truyn. Khung RTS v CTS cha cc thng tin v trng a ch ID, n lin quan ti ng truyn d tr truyn khung d liu thc s v khung ACK gi li. Tt c cc STA k c STA ngun (pht bn tin RTS) v STA ch (pht bn tin CTS) u c bit s chim d ng truyn.
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Hnh 2.8 CSMA/CA +ACK Cui cng, c ch cm nhn ng truyn o c s dng trong vc t nh v mng (NAV). NAV duy tr mt s d on trc ng truyn da trn khong thi gian c xc nhn trong khung RTS/CTS trc khi truyn d liu thc s. V th cc STA nhn mt khung hp l s cp nht NAVca chng vi cc thng tin nhn c v trng ID. Bng cch ny, STA s lu tr cc thng tin v ng truyn v thng tin v lp vt l. Cng ging nh thng tin c cha trong khung ACK v c s dng khi d liu b phn on (hnh 2.9). Cc khung RTS/CTS lun ngn hn cc khung khc l c ch gim bt tranh chp. iu ny s ch ng nu d liu di hn RTS/CTS. Trong trng hp khc, n c th truyn d liu m khng cn truyn RTS/CTS di s iu khin mt tham s gi l ngng RTS. Trong hnh 2.9, short interframe space (SIFS) l mt trong bn khung rng c th (IMS), n c m t nh sau: SIFS l khong thi gian ngn nht, c mn phn chia s truyn thuc v mt giao tip n (RTS-CTS hoc DATA-ACK) . Gi tr ny l c nh v c tnh theo cch m trm pht c th chuyn sang ch nhn v c kh nng gii m cc khung u vo. PCF IFS (PIFS) c s dng bi AP gia tng kh nng truy nhp ti ng truyn trc tt c cc trm khc. Gi tr ca n c tnh ton bi SIFS cng vi mt khe thi gian.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G IFS phn b (DIFS) l thi gian s dng ca mt STA khi khi ng mt qu trnh truyn mi. Gi tr ca n c tnh bi PIFS cng vi mt khe thi gian. IFS m rng (EIFS) l IFS di nht c s dng bi mt STA nhn mt khung c khong thi gian khng c xc nhn. Vic ny s ngn chn s ng gia cc STA khng nhn c thng tin RTS/CTS.
Hnh 2.9 qu trnh hn ch ng truyn. PCF tu chn Tu chn PCF c thc hin cung cp s truyn dn khung khng chanh chp do h tr cc dch v gii hn thi gian nh truyn d liu v thoi khng ng b. C ch ny da trn point coordinator (PC) vi quyn u tin cao hn cc STA khc. Nu mun truyn, n phi i mt khong thi gian PIFS ngn hn DIFS. Cc STA khc phi tun theo nhng quy tc truy nhp ng truyn ca PCF bi vic thit lp NAV ca chng ti thi im bt u chu k khng chanh chp (CFP). Cc tnh cht hot ng ca PCF ging nh tt c STA khc l c kh nng hot ng ng n trong mt BSS c th. V vic truy cp im ti BSS c kh nng nhn tt c cc khung gi di s iu khin ca PCF. N cng l la chn cho mt STA c th p ng tun t chanh chp (CF-poll) nhn c t mt PC. Mt STA m c th p ng cc CF c tham chiu n cc CF v c th yu cu sp xp bi mt PC tch cc. CF-sp xp ca cc STA v mt PC khng s dng RTS/CTS trong CPF. Khi c sp xp bi PC, mt CP-pollable ca STA ch c th truyn duy nht mt n v d liu giao thc MAC (MPDU) ti bt k ni no (
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G khng c ch trong PC) v c th i km vi thng tin v khung nhn c t mt PC ang s dng lin quan ti d liu khung. Hnh 2.10 m t r qu trnh ny. iu quan trng cn ch y l CFP l bin v kt thc vi mt khung CFend truyn bi AP.
Hnh 2.10 phng thc truy cp PCF.
2.2.1.6 Kh nng kt hp
Trc khi mt STA c cho php gi mt d liu thng bo qua mt AP, n s lin h vi AP . Dch v ny cn thit sau khi STA c bt ln v khi vo vng BSS. STA cn c thng tin ng b ho t AP (hoc t cc STA khc trong mt s trng hp c bit) lin quan n dch v kt hp. thu nhn thng tin ng b ho ny, STA s kim tra tt c cc knh bi mt hay nhiu cch sau (phu thuc vo gi tr ca tham s ca ch qut): Qut b ng, STA s qut nhng tn hiu bo hiu tp hp thng tin ng b ho v hiu thng tin bo hiu n t mt BSS hay t mt IBSS. Qut tch cc, STA s truyn nhng khung tham d cha thng tin tp hp cc dch v mong mun (SS-ID) v i mt thng tin tr li t cc BSS trong vng ca n. S p li thng tin ca khung thm d c gi t AP ca mt BSS hay t mt STA m ti pht i thng tin bo hiu cui cng trong mt IBSS.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Ni chung cc khung bo hiu v khung thm d cha ng thng tin kt ni mt mng mi. Sau STA chn BSS (m BSS tho mn yu cu v SSID) v gi bn tin yu cu kt hp (nh vic t gi tr tng ng trong trng iu khin ca khung MAC) la chn BSS v i khung thng tin tr li tng ng. Nu khng c BSS no tho mn nhng yu cu , STA phi khi ng mt IBSS vi nhng tnh cht ca chnh STA . Hnh 2.11 a ra mt v d v qut tch cc ca mt ESS. Hai chc nng khc c th c ko theo l tp hp v phn tch. S hp nht li c th c a ra nu mt STA mun di chuyn t AP ny sang AP khc hoc nu mt STA mun thay i nhng thuc tnh tp hp trong khi n hp nht vi cng mt AP nh th. Dch v phn tch c a ra khi mt kt hp b hu b.
Hnh 2.11 V d v qu trnh tp hp thnh mt BSS.
2.2.1.7 Chng thc v bo mt

IEEE 802.11 cung cp kh nng iu khin truy nhp mng LAN thng qua chc nng chng thc. Kh nng ny c cung cp bi mt STA nhn bit s truyn thng ca n ti cc STA khc trong mt BSS hay IBSS. C hai phng thc chng thc: Chng thc h thng m: l k thut mc nh. Mt khung truyn bi STA s cn n dch v chng thc, v mt khung mang thng tin tr li s c
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G truyn t mt STA c lin quan. y chnh l kt qu ca qu trnh chng thc. Nu qu trnh thnh cng th cc STA giao tip vi nhau s c xc nhn. Chng nhn chia s m dng chung. y l k thut an ton nht. N bao gm mt tp hp cc qu trnh thc hin s dng chung mt cha kho b mt thng qua mt knh an ton khc vi cc qu trnh c s dng bi IEEE 802.11. Chia s m xc nhn l yu cu s dng ca c ch WEP. STA s dng gii thut WEP to ra s trao i thng tin mt cch bo mt. N mn mt t m b mt 40 bt v ch m ho dung lng ti a ca khung d liu. WEP s dng gii thut phn chia (RC4) t an ton d liu RSA.
2.2.1.8 Phn on
Qu trnh phn chia ca mt MSDU thnh cc khung thng tin MAC nh hn, MPDUs c gi l phn mnh. Qu trnh phn on to ra cc MPDU ngn hn chiu di thc ca MDSU tng thm s tin cy v nh vy s lm gim s chuyn tip thng tin nh nu ra trn trong trng hp gii hn knh tip nhn c kh nng di hn khung thng tin. Cc MPDU l kt qu t vic phn chia ca mt MSDU c gi i mt cch c lp, mi mt MPDU s c nhn bit (hnh 2.12). STA pht khng c php truyn cc khung thng tin mi ti khi mt trong cc iu kin sau y xy ra: N nhn c mt ACK N quyt nh rng khung thng tin truyn c truyn li qu nhiu ln v sau n loi b ton b khung.
2.2.1.9 C ch ng b
m bo ng b gia cc STA khc nhau trong cng mt BSS, mt AP s truyn mt bn tin bo hiu ni m thi gian nhn nh l thi gian thc. Vic ny ngn chn s mt ng b ca cc STA. Bn tin bo hiu ch b tr nu mt trm ang truyn d liu.
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2.2.1.10 Di ng
STA c th thay i ni n kt ni l cc BSS bng cch s dng qu trnh qut tch cc hay th ng v chc nng hp nht. Trn thc t mt STA c kt ni n mt BSS, nu n thy cht lng kt ni km th n s kim tra mi trng truyn dn tm ra mt kt ni tin cy hn. Nu nh vic tm kim thnh cng n c th quyt nh kt ni ko theo yu cu tp gp thnh mt AP mi. Nu bn tin tr li l thnh cng, STA s km theo mt AP mi vi dng DS. Thng thng AP c c thng bo nh DS. Hay ni mt cch khc nu bn tin tr li tht bi, STA s c gng tm kim mt BSS mi.
Hnh 2.12 Qu trnh truyn vi s phn tch khung thng tin.
2.2.1.11 Kh nng lu tr
Trong mt c s h tng mng, AP l trung tm ca h thng qun l. Nu mt STA mun ngng chuyn mch v tuyn vo mt thi im no , n s cnh bo AP thng qua trng iu khin trong khung. Trong trng hp ny, AP s lu tr tm thi cc khung vo cc STA trong ch tit kim nng lng (PS) v sau , trong sut qu trnh truyn ca bn tin bo hiu, AP s truyn mt bn ch thi tuyn truyn (TIM) cha thng tin nh v v cc STA c b m khung. V vy, STA s nghe ngng bn tin bo hiu sau khi chng c gi i. Nu nh c mt vi khung c b m, chng s yu cu mt gi tin t AP vi mt khung c mc u tin (PS-poll) v kim tra s sp xp v qu trnh nhn d liu. Nu khng c nhng khung c b m, cc STA s tr li trng thi khng hot ng. y l trng hp truyn n im.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Trong trng hp khc, trong vic truyn thng tin a im/ qung b, mt TIM c bit gi l TIM phn phi (DTIM) gm nhiu TIM sau khi AP truyn i nhng gi qung b. C ch PS c ch r trong hnh 2.13 Trong ch ad hoc, mi STA c th truyn mt khung bo hiu. Sau mi khong thi gian gia hai bn tin, mi STA s canh tranh truyn nhng bn tin bo hiu vi thut ton backoff. Ch c mt STA c truyn v cc STA khc s hu b bn tin bo hiu ca chng v t iu chnh thi gian so vi thi gian cha trong bn tin bo hiu c truyn. C ch PS ging nh m t phn trcvic m t sm hn, nhng trong trng hp nymt TIM c bit c s dng, goi l TIM ad hoc (ATIM). ATIM c truyn trong ca s ATIM, trong tt c cc trm bao gm c qu trnh thc hin trong PS. Cc ATIM l nhng khung truyn n im c bo nhn bi trm thu. Sau qu trnh ny trm nhn phi c a vo trng thi kch hot v c thng bo trn ton mng. C ch c m t trong hnh 4.14
Hnh 2.13 C ch PS trong mt c s h tng BSS
Hnh 2.14 C ch PS trong mt mng Ad hoc

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2.2.1.12 Kh nng h tr
C trong chun IEEE 802.11 v nhng chun m rng ca n( IEEE 802.11a v IEEE 802.11b), cung cp cc kh nng truyn d liu ti cc tc bt khc nhau. h tr cho tu chn ny, mt tp hp nhng tc c bn v cc tin trnh thao tc c nh ngha. Tt c cc khung iu khin u tn ti cc tc c bn nht nh trong khi d liu c trao i gia cc STA nhng tc cao hn khi chng c h tr bi cc qu trnh ny.
2.3 HIPERLAN-2
2.3.1 Gii thiu
Phn ny a ra mt cch tng quan ca chun ETSI BRAN HIPERLAN, c bit l phn 2[9]. S m t ngn gn ca m hnh kin trc v giao thc ca h thng c cung cp, sau tp trung tm hiu su v lp MAC v lp iu khin kt ni d liu DLC.
2.3.2 Cu trc chung ca HIPERLAN

Nhm BRAN ch yu c 4 tiu chun khc nhau. Mt cch tm tt, chng ta cho rng y chun loi 1 ca HIPERLAN cung cp mt mng WLAN tc cao, v chun loi 2 ca HIPERLAN c ng dng thit lp truy cp nhanh ti mng c s IP, UMTS v ATM. Hnh 2.15 ch r iu ny.
Hnh 2.15 Nhm BRAN

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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Cu trc giao thc ca HIPERLAN c mt vi im khc nhau gia loi 1 v loi 2. HIPERLAN loi 1 cung cp mt phng php truy cp gi l s nhng b- trong qu trnh truy cp song song cng mc u tin (EY-NPMA) m n c hnh thnh t mt CSMA/CA vi 3 th tc: gii php quyn u tin, loi b v kh nng thc thi. Chng giao thc ca ETSI BRAN HIPERLAN-2 bao gm 2 lp, mi lp trong s chng phn chia thnh cc vng s dng v lp iu khin s dng (hnh 2.16). Phn s dng bao gm cc hm lin quan n s truyn d liu qua cc kt ni, trong khi chc nng iu khin bao gm cc hm lin quan ti qu trnh iu khin, thit lp, gii phng v thay i kt ni.
Hnh 2.16 Kiu giao thc s dng trong HIPERLAN-2. Ba lp c bn ca mng HIPERLAN loi 2 l PHY, DLC v lp quy t (LC)- mt phn ca DLC. Lp PHY cung cp mt chc nng truyn d liu c bn bng phng php modem vi bng thng di gc v mt phn RF. Khun dng truyn trong lp vt l vi phn tiu v phn d liu. Phng php iu ch c chn cho lp vt l l OFDM. OFDM c chn v n p ng tt trn phn knh tc cao.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Lp DCL gm c iu khin li (EC), iu khin kt ni v tuyn (RCL) v chc nng MAC. Lp DCL c phn chia thnh d liu v chc nng iu khin. Phn chuyn ch d liu ngi dng iu khin gi d liu ti t im truy cp dch v ngi dng ca cc lp cao hn (U-SAP). Phn chuyn ch d liu ngi dng cng cha EC -EC thc hin mt nghi thc yu cu lp li t ng (ARQ). DLC l giao thc kt ni nh hng v mi kt ni DLC mt EC ring bit c to ra. Vic ny cho php thc hin iu khin li cho cc kt ni khc nhau ( ph thuc vo lp dch v. Phn iu khin cha chc nng RLC, chc nng ny cung cp mt dch v chuyn ch ti iu khin kt ni DLC (DCC), iu khin mi trng truyn dn sng v tuyn (RRC), v chc nng iu khin tp gp (ACF). Cui cng CL cng c phn chia vo trong phn d liu truyn v phn iu khin. Phn d liu truyn cung cp s thch nghi ca d liu ngi dng v khun dang lp (DLC-SDU). Nu giao thc mng lp trn cao hn giao thc mng lp ATM th n cng s cha chc nng phn chia tng on v kt hp (SAR) gip chuyn i cc gi tin lp cao hn (SDUs) vi di bin i thnh cc gi c di c nh c s dng trong DLC. Chc nng SAR l mt phn quan trng ca CL v n c th to ra s tng thch v kh nng thc hin gia DLC v lp PHY m khng ph thuc vo s c nh ca mng HIPERLAN-2. Phn iu khin ca CL c th s dng iu khin cc chc nng trong DLC ( v d nh khi thay i cc tham s CL ti thi gian hp nht).
2.3.3 Cu trc h thng HIPERLAN-2

H thng cu trc theo kiu tp trung (CM) mc d kt ni gia hai hoc nhiu tng i lu ng nh hnh 2.17. Trn thc t, kiu kt ni trc tip (DM) c th c thit lp gia hai hay nhiu tng i lu ng gip chng c kh nng trao i thng tin trc tip. Hai thnh phn chnh trong h thng tp trung ny l: Thit b u cui di ng (MT): c kh nng kt ni ti cc thit b khc nu cn, v ti nhng ti nguyn ngoi mng.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G AP: c th kt hp vi cc MT khc trong vng ca n v iu khin mt hay nhiu sector. M hnh giao thc ca n khc vi giao thc ca cc MT vi MAC v RLC khc nhau.
2.3.4 c tnh c bn ca h thng

Mt s c tnh c bn ca h thng HIPERLAN-2 c m t trong bng 2.3. S hp nht ca HIPERLAN thnh mt trong nhng mng c nh nh c mt ca CL, n c cu to t phn chung (CP). CP gip phn chia thnh tng on v hp nht theo tng lp mng, v dch v (SSCS). Trong phn ny m hnh tham kho giao thc HIPERLAN c kho st chi tit hn.
Hnh2.17 Cu trc tp trung mng HIPERLAN-2
Bng2.3 Tnh nng c bn ca HIPERLAN-2

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2.3.5 Lp vt l
Khun dng khung truyn c bn trn lp vt l l mt burst bao gm phn tiu v phn d liu (ni m DLC-SDU c truyn i). Nh nhc n, lp vt l ca HIPERLAN c iu ch OFDM v nhng c im chnh ca n c tng kt trong bng 2.4.
Bng2.4 Thng s lp PHY
2.3.6 Lp DCL
Lp DCL l s lin kt lgic gia mt AP v cc MT hp nht ca n. Lp DCL thc hin dch v lin quan n cc nhn t nh c tnh ca mi kt ni (QoS), cht lng knh truyn, s lng thit b u cui v vic chia s ti nguyn vi mng truy cp khc trong cng mt vng. DCL hot ng trong mt kt ni c bn, v cung cp nhng tnh nng ca n duy tr QoS trong knh o c bn. iu ny ph thuc vo kiu dch v c yu cu, cht lng knh, dung lng v cch s dng. Lp DLC c th b xung cc trng thi khc nha nh: sa li pha trc (FEC), ARQ, iu khin lung ti u ho dch v cung cp v bo tr QoS. Hai khi nim chnh ca lp DCL l knh logic v knh vn chuyn. Mt knh logic l gii hn chung cho bt k lung d liu no. Mt tp hp nhng kiu knh lgic c nh ngha cho nhiu loi d liu theo yu cu bi lp DCL. Mi kiu knh logic c nh ngha bi kiu thng tin m n vn chuyn v ngha ca cc gi tr trong bn tin tng ng. Knh logic c th c
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G nhn nhn nh nhng kt ni logic gia nhng thc th logic, v v vy nhng knh logic c s dng khi c ni dung ca bn tin thng bo tham chiu ti. Tn ca knh logic bao gm 4 k t. Lp DCL ca HIPERLAN-2 nh ngha cc knh logic sau: 1. Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH): n vn chuyn thng tin knh iu khin qung b lin quan ti ton b cc t bo v tuyn. 2. Knh iu khin khung (FCCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, n m t cu trc khung MAC. Cu trc ny c a ra bi resuorce grant messages (RGs). 3. Knh phn hi truy cp ngu nhin (RFCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, n a ra thng tin v cc MT ( m cc MT ny s dng RCH trong khung MAC trc ) v kt qu truy cp ca chng. N c truyn mt ln trn mt khung MAC trong mt sector. 4. Knh qung b RLC (RBCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, n vn chuyn thng tin iu khin qung b lin quan ti ton b t bo radio. Thng tin c truyn bi RBCH c phn loi nh sau: Bn tin RLC qung b; Gn MAC-ID cho mt khng kt hp; Thng tin ID lp hi t; M ho. RBCH ch c truyn khi tht s cn thit. 5. Knh iu khin dnh ring (DCCH): truyn bn tin RLC trong qu trnh kt ni ln trn trc tip. Mt DCCH c thit lp tuyt i trong thi gian hp nht ca mt MT. 6. Knh qung b ngi dng (UBCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, n truyn d liu qung b t CL. UBCH c truyn trong qu trnh pht lp hay khng xc nh kiu v c th kt hphoc phn tch thnh cc LCCH. 7. Knh a ngi dng (UMCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, c dng truyn d liu ngi dng theo phng php im-a im. UMCH c truyn trong ch khng bo nhn.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G 8. Knh d liu ngi dng (UDCH): thc hin truyn d liu hai chiu, n c s dng trao i d liu gia cc AP v cc MT trong CM hoc gia cc MT trong DM. UDCH c th kt hp hoc khng kt hp thnh cc LCCH. 9. Knh iu khin kt ni (LCCH): thc hin truyn d liu hai chiu, n c dng thay i thng tin phn hi ARQ v loi b bn tin c trong CM v DM. LCCH cng c s dng truyn nhng thng bo yu cu ti nguyn (RRs) theo tuyn ln (ch trong CM) v nhng thng bo loi b cho mt UBCH s dng kiu pht lp. Cc LCCH c hoc khng th kt hp vi cc UDCH/UBCH. 10. Knh iu khin hp nht (ASCH): dnh cho tuyn ln, trong trng hp ny cc MT khng th hp nht thnh mt AP s truyn mt thng tin hp nht mi v yu cu mt handover Nhng knh logic c hnh thnh trong cc knh vn chuyn khc nhau. Nhng knh chuyn tr ny a ra cc yu t c bn cho vic xy dng cc n v d liu giao thc (PDU) v m t khung dng ca cc bn tin ( di, cc tham s m t tng ng). Tuy nhin ni dung ca bn tin thng bo v cc tham s ca n tu thuc vo cc knh logic. Cc knh vn chuyn c t tn v c vit tt vi ba k t. Sau y l cc knh chuyn tr c nh ngha trong lp DCL: 1. Knh qung b (BCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, n cha 15 byte thng tin v t bo radio nh mt s nhn din ca AP v mc u tin truyn hin thi ca n. 2. Knh khung (FCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, di ca knh l bi s ca 27 octet. N cha s m t cch ti nguyn c cp pht v c th cng cha thng tin v phn khung rng. 3. Knh phn hi truy nhp (ACH): dnh cho tuyn xung, chiu di ca n l 9 octet. N cha thng tin v yu cu truy nhp ca cc RCH trc . 4. Knh vn chuyn di (LCH): l knh kt ni hai chiu, chiu di ca n l 54 octet. N c dng truyn DLC user PDUs ( U-PDUs ca 54 byte vi 48 byte trong ti).
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G 5. Knh vn chuyn ngn (SCH): kt ni hai chiu, chiu di ca knh l 9 octet. N c s dng thay i DCL iu khin cc PDU (9 byte C-PDU). 6. Knh ngu nhin (RCH): dnh cho tuyn xung, di 9 octet. N c s dng gi cc thng tin iu khin khi khng c SCH no c cp. N mang d liu RRs cng nh ASCH v DCCH. Hnh 2.18-2.20 cho thy bn s chuyn i ca nhng knh logic thnh nhng knh vn chuyn trong kiu tp trung v kiu trc tip.
Hnh 2.18 nh x gia knh logic v knh vn chuyn trong tuyn xung.
Hnh 2.19 nh x gia knh logic v knh vn chuyn trong tuyn ln.
Hnh 2.20 nh x gia knh logic v knh vn chuyn trong kt ni trc tip.
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2.3.6.1 Lp MAC
Giao thc MAC da trn c s TDMA/TDD v cc khung cho bit mt chu k lp li ca 2ms. Cc AP iu khin phn phi ti nguyn v hu nh xc nh r nu hai MT c th trao i thng tin trc tip. Mt AP cn bit trng thi b m ca mnh v cc b m khc bn trong cc MT v vic phn phi ti nguyn m RG vn chuyn. Cc MT c th yu cu ti nguyn, (thut ng l dung lng truyn), v s dng RRs (ni c s nhn nh v trng thi nhng b m AP). Vic chn la ny cc MT c th yu cu dung lng c nh trn nhiu khung.
2.3.6.2 Thao tc MAC

Giao thc MAC ko theo nhng yu t sau: Mt b lp lch, tp trung bn trong AP gip xc nh s hp thnh ca khung MAC. N tun theo cc quy tc ca mi knh chuyn ch m n qun l. xp xp hnh thnh khung, n s dng cc thng tin c trong RRs( m cc RR ny c truyn bi MT) v trng thi ca b m truyn dn tuyn xung. Mt tin trnh trong Aps v trong MTs( nhn v truyn PDUs theo khung MAC) c nh ngha bi AP. Mt tin trnh chuyn i nhng knh logic thnh nhng knh chuyn ch. Nhng thc th MAC trao i thng tin iu khin ging nh trong FCCH v yu cu ti nguyn hay s phn hi cho knh chanh chp. Giao thc MAC cung cp s nhn bit li c bit trong qu trnh kt ni ln trn vi cc RRs v vic loi b cc PDU. S nhn bit ny gm cc trng hai bit. Bt u tin (c gi l bit cha l do li ) cha tng s li bn trong cc BCH v FCH hay LCH. Bit th hai (gi l bit cht lng knh truyn) cha cht lng ton b knh truyn.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Thao tc AP MAC Mt trong cc qu trnh thc hin truyn thng tin t cc AP l vic tnh ton s hp thnh khung; cc knh BCH, FCH v ACH cng c chun b v c truyn. Chng c kh nng truyn ( vi tuyn xung), nhn v s l cc PDU ti t cc MT chp nhn kt ni hin thi v s hp thnh khung (vi tuyn ln). Qu trnh ny c thc hin c trong CM v DM (thc t th AP cng c th c ko theo trong qu trnh kt ni trc tip). Cui cng cc AP nhn v s l cc PDU c truyn bi cc MT trong RCH v cc ACH p ng. Thao tc MT MAC Cc MT nhn v s l BCH v FCH, v c kh nng c lng cu khung hin thi. Chng cng c kh nng truyn (trong qu trnh truyn xung di), nhn, s l cc PDU ti t cc MT chp nhn kt ni hin thi v s hp thnh khung (trong qu trnh truyn ln trn) theo quy lut. Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong c CM v DM. Cui cng chng c th truy nhp ti RCH, kt cu khung v ACH.
2.3.6.3 Khung MAC

Cu trc khung MAC c ch trong hnh 2.21. Hai hay nhiu hn STA kt ni trc tip bt k u, d liu ca chng phi c truyn trong pha kin kt trc tip (DIL) m n s hnh thnh. Chng ta ch rng khong thi gian ca BCH c nh trong khi nhng knh khc th thi gian sng c p ng ng bi s ph thuc ca AP vo tnh trng knh truyn.
Hnh 2.21 cu trc khung MAC c bn
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2.3.6.4 a ch MAC
Mi MT c s lin h vi MAC-ID, y l a ch duy nht cho mt AP v c gn ti thi im hp nht. MAC-ID c m ho vi 8 bit, gi tr 0 v 254255 c d tr cho mc ch c bit. Cng ging nh trong MT, mi kt ni cng c nh a ch vi mt kt ni DLC-ID, a ch ny c m ho 6 bit. Trong kiu tp trung, mt DLCC-ID v MAC-IDs ca AP v MT xc nh phng thc truyn thng ca chng. Khi trong kiu trc tip DLCC-ID v MAC-IDs ca MT th xc nh kt ni ca chng. Network identifer (NET-ID) xc nh APs cng thuc mt mng ca mt qu trnh truyn tin nht nh.
2.3.6.5 Truy cp ti RCH

Mi MT qun l mt ca s tranh chp CWa, l s lng s chuyn tip bi MT. Qu trnh truyn tin u tin, a c gi tr bng 0. CWa iu khin s truy cp ti RCH v kch thc ca n c tnh nh sau: 1. Ln truyn u tin: a=0, CWa =n
2. Qu trnh truyn: a 1, CWa =256 nu 2a 256; CWa = 2a nu n< 2a 256; CWa = n nu n 2a CWa c to bi gi tr max(2a, n) RCHs, v mi gi tr c tng ln t 1 n CWa.Trong qu trnh truyn ca n, mi MT chn ngu nhin s r trong khong t 1 ti CWa v bt u m t r RCHs. MT ch c th truy cp vo r th RCH. Cui cng nu n nhn c ACK vi hi tip dng, n s thit lp li t a ti 0.
2.3.7 Cc DCL khc

Hu ht cc dch v DCL c thc hin bi RLC v nhng thc th EC. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, RLC thc hin quyn iu khin ca lp DCl. N bao gm 3 nhn t, mi nhn t c chc nng hot ng khc nhau. Cc thc th bo hiu ny l iu khin kt ni DLC (DCC), RRC v ACF. iu khin kt ni DLC ang c c bit ho trong qu trnh a ra bo hiu thch hp cn thit thit lp hoc hu b kt ni. Chc nng thit lp kt
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G ni bt u khi c yu cu, cc yu cu ny c xut pht t MT l ch yu. Trong sut qu trnh ny, cc c tnh kt ni c s dng. Nu AP chp nhn yu cu ca MT, mt bn tin xc nhn c gi tr li. DCC cng h tr chc nng bo hiu gii phng v kh nng sa i kt ni c thit lp. ACF h tr tt c cc chc nng lin quan ti s trao i thng tin v dung lng kt ni v s kt hp ca MT vi AP tng ng. Nu MT tm thy AP thch hp nht lin kt (quyt nh ny da vo nhng php o tn hiu ca MT), n s yu cu mt MAC-ID t AP . Qu trnh c tip tc vi s trao i thng tin trong lp PHY, lp quy t, chc nng chng thc v m ho. S m ho bt u vi mt cha kho trao i m bo an ton gia cc phn. HIPERLAN-2 h tr c hai tiu chun :m ho d liu v gii thut m ho 3-DES. Cc yu t nh: th tc chng nhn,bn tin tm lc (MD5), m xc nhn hasbased (HMAC), rivest, Shamir, thut ton Adleman (RSA) cng c h tr. Sau khi s hp nht c hon thnh, MT s i hi mt hoc nhiu kt ni ngi dng DLC. Vic phn tch c th lm theo hai cch: explicitly hay implicitly. Dng ca n l MT khi u v xut hin khi MT khng c yu cu giao tip t h thng mng, y l mt tnh trng c bit sy ra sau mt thi gian di MT ngng hot ng. Qu trnh iu khin ti nguyn sng v tuyn ko theo bn chc nng chnh: handover, la chn tn s ng (DFS), MT sng v ngun nui qu trnh s l. Handover chnh l MT khi u, n yu cu cht lng nhng php o ca mi lin kt t cc MT khc quyt nh hot ng ca handover (qu trnh handover c m t chi tit trong mc 4.3.8) La chn tn s ng l qu trnh t gn cc tn s cho mi AP trong truyn thng. Nhng th tc ny tnh n c vn nhiu t cc AP v nhng php o MT hp nht ca chng. MT sng cung cp AP vi kh nng cu hnh li nu bt k mt MT hp nht no khng truyn pht c. Mt b m thi gian c th c thit lp gii hn thi gian tm ngh ca cc MT. Nu khng c s phn hi no t MT ti AP, mt qu trnh phn tch bt u.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Ngun nui c s dng xc nhn tn hiu dnh ring cho qu trnh iu khin nng lng truyn v nh ngha trng thi ngh ca MTs Thc th iu khin li ca HIPERLAN-2 h tr ba ch hot ng khc nhau: Ch bo nhn. Ch pht lp. Ch khng bo nhn.
Ch bo nhn cung cp s truyn ng tin cy s dng qu trnh chuyn truyn li khc phc tuyn kt ni cht lng km. S chuyn tip ny da trn s bo nhn t my thu. Giao thc ARQ c s dng y l s lp li c chn lc (SR) v EC chp nhn kch thc ca ca s truyn s c s dng, vic ny tu thuc vo yu cu ca mi kt ni. h tr QoS cho ng dng gii hn thi gian (ting ni, hnh nh thi gian thc), EC cng c th s dng mt c ch loi b loi b LCHs qu thi gian sng. Hnh 2.22 minh ho d liu v iu khin lung trong ch bo nhn.
Hnh 4.22 Lung iu khin v d liu trong kiu xc nhn. Ch pht lp cng cung cp mt qu trnh truyn ng tin cy bi vic lp li LCHs. Trong ch ny, ni pht s truyn lin tip cc LCH mi v c chp nhn to ra s lp li trong mi LCH. Ni thu khng cung cp bn tin phn hi no. Kiu pht lp c s dng cho s truyn ca UBCH. Hnh 2.23 minh ho lung d liu v iu khin lung trong ch pht lp.
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Hnh 2.23 Lung d liu v lung iu khin trong kiu pht lp Cui cng, ch khng bo nhn cung cp qu trnh truyn khng tin cy. Trong ch ny, d liu ch c truyn t ni pht ti ni thu. Khng c iu khin pht li ARQ hoc thng bo loi b no c h tr. Kiu khng xc nhn c s dng cho qu trnh truyn ca UMCH, DCCH trong LCH, v RBCH trong LCH, nhng cng c th c s dng cho UDCH (UDCH trong mt kt ni nht nh c th c gi trong ch bo nhn hoc khng bo nhn. Hnh 2.24 minh ho vic iu khin lung v d liu trong ch khng bo nhn.
Hnh 2.24 Lung d liu v iu khin trong kiu khng xc nhn
2.3.8 Handover
Kh nng handover c h tr cho HIPERLAN-2 chnh l MT khi u. Tuy nhin c mt AP-khi u cho handover trong trng hp mt AP mun gim ti ca n tng kh nng thc hin hoc cho cc mc ch khc. Hot ng ny s khng thc hin nu MT khng dung lng cho mt qu trnh handover. MT handover c th thc hin theo 3 cch khc nhau:chuyn giao khu vc, chuyn giao sng v tuyn v chuyn giao mng. Chuyn giao khu vc l qu trnh xy ra khi mt MT di chuyn t mt sector ny ti sector khc. iu ny c ngha l MT lm vic trong mt t bo sectorzised. MT yu cu chuyn giao theo sector c. Nu vic truyn thng gia sector c v
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G MT kh thi, MT s thay i ti sector mi; ni mt cch khc n s phi gi mt yu cu cho sector mi v chuyn ti . Trong c hai trng hp, AP cn phi tr li vi mt bn tin ACK. Handover radio (intra-IP) yu cu mt mi trng nhiu b pht trn mt t bo. N c th xut hin khi mt MT hp nht di chuyn t vng bin ca mt AP truyn (APT) ti vng bin ca mt AP khc, khi chng cng thuc mt AP. H s ca ton b qu trnh tnh t MT khi u v MT thng bo cho AP v hot ng handover. Trong trng hp MT b tr v vng c, n vn phi thng bo cho AP hp nht. Qu trnh truyn thng gia hai thc th ny c thc hin thng qua APT c, cho ti khi AP nhn c bn tin v handover. Ngoi tr bn tin ny, MT phi gi mt yu cu thng tin ti AP ch. Qu trnh handover s khng kt thc cho n khi MT nhn c thng tin y v handover radio. Handover mng (inter-AP) l qu trnh phc tp nht bi v n ko theo chc nng lp cao hn. N xut hin trong khi mt MT kt hp di chuyn t AP ny ti AP khc. Loi handover ny v c bn gip h tr quy trnh bo hiu nh handover radio nhng cng bao gm mt c ch an ton khng nh MT thc s to ra mt handover mng t AP c thnh AP mi. Loi handover ny c th yu cu giao thc bo hiu c bit cc lp cao hn duy tr s hp nht vi nhng tnh cht trn v m bo tn dng kt ni c thit lp. Mt handover radio v mng c minh ho trong hnh 2.25.
Hnh 2.25 Quy trnh handover mng v radio

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2.3.9 CL
CL c hai chc nng chnh. Chc nng u tin l thch nghi nhng yu cu dch v lp cao hn ti chc nng ca lp DCL. Chc nng th hai l sa i d liu truyn trong mi n v (gi) , v vy cc thng tin c chp nhn khi ti cc lp cao hn hay thp hn. Cho n lc ny c hai kiu nh ngha CL. Mt l t bo c s v c s dng cho kt ni vi mng ATM, trong khi gi c bn khc c s dng cho kt ni vi mng c nh. Lp quy t c phn chia thnh hai phn chnh l CP v SSCS. Mc ch chung ca cc phn ny l s phn chia, hp nht nhng gi i qua n v thm mt vi bit d tha to s tng thch vi nhng khun dng gi ca lp khc. Mi lp con s to ra s thch nghi trong qu trnh truyn tin giao tip vi mng c nh. Cho n lc ny, ch c giao din Ethernet c ni r.
2.3.10 H tr QoS trong HIPERLAN-2

Mt vn ht sc quan trng, trong qu trnh mng hot ng, mi khch hng c th s dng mng vo nhiu kiu truyn tin khc nhau. Tuy nhin phng thc ny cn pht trin mi ngy cng vi yu cu s dng dch v tt hn. Mi mt lung truyn dn khc nhau th yu cu s nghin cu khc nhau, da vo di thng, thi gian tr, hoc t l bit li ca chng ngn nga cc dch v khng p ng c. gii quyt vn ny, nhng chc nng c bit ca HIPERLAN-2 a ra cc vn sau: HIPERLAN-2 h tr QoS theo nhiu cch khc nhau. iu ny c th c tp trung vo ba im chnh trong kin trc HIPERLAN-2 hin thi. u tin, kt ni nh hng t nhin ca HIPERLAN-2 to ra kt ni d dng thc hin tr gip cho nhiu kt ni QoS khc nhau. D liu c truyn gia AP v MT ngay sau khi qu trnh kt ni hon thnh. Qu trnh ny yu cu chc nng bo hiu m n lin quan n phn iu khin kt ni ngi dng DCL ca RLC. a s cc kt ni c h tr l hai chiu v kt ni im-im. v kt ni im a im cng c h tr trong kt ni n hng t AP n MT. Tnh nng chnh ca h tr QoS l nh x ln cc RLC PDUs. Qu trnh ny din ra trong sut quy trnh thit lp kt ni, khi tnh cht ca mi kt ni ang c tho thun gia AP v MT. DLC cung cp hai kiu thit lp l: quy trnh
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G thit lp kt ni ngi dng DLC vi AP (DUC) v quy trnh kt ni MT-ngi dng (DUC). Trong c hai quy trnh ny, AP quyt nh c hay khng thit lp kt ni cui cng. nh x ca QoS yu cu c th d dng c thc hin bn trong khung d liu mang thng tin thit lp kt ni. S lng thuc tnh trao i c gii hn bi kch c ca LCH. im cui cng ca QoS trong hot ng ca HIPERLAN-2 l cc kh nng khc nhau ca SSCS. Gi thit Ethernet SSCS l tiu chun c th c s dng bn di IPv6, nhng kh nng nng cao hiu sut ca QoS. iu ny c th t c khi s dng quyn u tin ca QoS theo chun 802.1( n c h tr bi Ethernet SSCS). Theo chun ny, 8 mc u tin khc nhau c a ra. Nhng quyn u tin ny c nh x ti hng i v thng tin v quyn u tin c mang phn tiu va c chn vo trong khung IEEE 802.3. Tiu ny gip phn bit kiu d liu truyn, trong khi mi kiu c gn mt s c bit. AP v MT s dng chun IEEE802.1p trong khi cc chun h tr thng thng l s phi hp tt nht.
2.4 MMAC-PC
MMAC-PC thay th cho h thng thng tin truy cp di ng a phng tin. Mc ch chnh ca nhng h thng MMAC l cung cp truyn tin tc cao ca thng tin a phng tin cht lng cao vo bt k thi im no v ti bt c u vi s lin kt ti mng cp quang. V tr ca MMAC c ch ra hnh 2.26
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Hnh 2.26 V tr MMAC Chun ny chia MMAC thnh 4 phn: Truy cp khng dy tc cao (outdoor and indoor): l cc h thng thng tin di ng m c th truyn ln vi tc 30Mbps s dng bng tn 25-/40-/60-GHz v bng thng t 500 ti 1,000 MHz. Vng phc v in hnh l khng gian cng cng v khng gian cc b. Ch h tr di chuyn bng vi tc i b, nhng thit b u cui nh PC v nhng thit b tng t s c h tr (vi handover). Ultra-high-speed WLAN: y l mt mng WLAN c th truyn ln vi tc 156Mbps s dng bng tn 60GHz vi gii thng t 1 n 2GHz. N c th c s dng cho truyn hnh hi ngh cht lng cao, v vy PC v nhng trm lm vic l nhng thit b u cui tim nng. Mng truy cp di ng bng tn 5GHz. y l mng truy cp khng dy ATM v mng WLAN Ethernet s dng bng tn 5 GHz. Mi c th truyn ln vi tc 25Mbps cho truyn thng tin a phng tin. Vng ph sng dch v xung quanh ni pht l khng gian ngoi tri v trong khng gian ring bit. Qu trnh di ng nh v lan tri c cng s c
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G h tr. Cc thit b u cui ging nh l nhng PC c nhn v u cui sch tay c th p dng cho qu trnh ny. Ni chung IEEE 802.11a cung cp mt khung vt l v nhng a ch MAC. Wireless home link: c th truyn ln vi tc 100Mbps s dng bng tn 5-/25-/40-/60-GHz cp pht mt gii thng ln hn 100 Mbps. Chnh c tnh ny c s dng cho vic truyn m thanh v hnh nh gia cc PC v thit b u cui. Kh nng lu ng thp cng c h tr.
2.5 Trin khai c s h tng IEEE 802.11

Phn cui cng ny ca chng a ra mt vi s xem xt trong khi lp k hoch trin khai IEEE 802.11 cho mi trng khng gian t do v khng gian ring. Trong trng hp chng ta cng m t cc thit b m nh sn xut cung cp, Avaya. iu ny cho php trin khai m hnh IP khng dy trong mi trng khng gian ngoi tri v hin nay trn th trng c chun ci t tng thch vi khun mu IEEE 802.11b.
2.5.1 Bng ISM v phn b knh

Bng thng lm vic gn cho IEEE 802.11b p ng c bng tn trung tm s dng trong cng nghip, khoa hc v y hc 2.4 GHz. Bng tn ny c iu chnh khc nhau theo khu vc Chu u, Nht Bn v Hoa K. Thm tr theo chun Chu u, Php c s dng bng chun ny to ra s ring bit nh ta thy trong bng 2.5. Bng ny ch ra tp hp cc knh dng cho kiu hot ng trong c s h tng IEEE 802.11b vi phm vi tri rng (DS).
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Bng 2.5 Knh thit lp cho IEEE 802.11b DS Spread Spectrum (in GHz) Trong bng 2.5 nhng tn s tng ng c ch nh tng ng cho mi knh v bng thng ca mi knh l 22MHz, v mt phn ca cc knh ny chng ln ln nhau. Hnh 2.27 cho thy tnh trng ny cho trng hp U.S.
Hnh 2.27 S phn b knh M cho bng tn 2.4-GHz IBM a s cc thit b trn th trng cho php s la chn ca mt knh hoc thng qua hng lot cc cu hnh do cc nh sn xut cung cp cho mc ch ny. Hnh 2.28 ch ra menu cu hnh ca mt im truy nhp Avaya m im truy nhp ny cho php qu trnh chon lc trn din ra.
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Hnh 2.28 Vic la chn knh v tn s thng qua menu cu hnh Do c s xp chng ln nhau ca mt b phn gii tn s m c th to ra cc knh khc nhau khi c hn mt kin trc mng WLAN lin h hot ng trong cng mt mi trng. Nh vy tht cn thit duy tr mt s phn tch ti thiu gia cc knh s c s dng. Mc gii hn c to ra khi mt AP c kh nng t hai th PCMCIA vi mc ch c hai mng WLAN lm vic c lp. Trong trng hp ny hnh 2.29 ch ra s tn ti t cc l thuyt c cung cp bi Avaya, cho thy s kt hp gia cc knh cng tn ti ca phn on khng dy.
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Hnh 2.29 Vic kt hp knh cho hai mng WLAN khc nhau trong cng mt AP
2.5.2 Tn hiu, nhiu v vng ph sng

Khi mt c s h tng WLAN c trin khai th mc tiu t ra l m bo chc nng ca cc thit b. S rt c li khi thc hin qu trnh th nghim lin quan n nhng im trong phm vi m hnh. Nh vy s rt cn thit bit nhng kha cnh lin quan n kh nng truyn, tnh nhy ca thit b, nhng nhn t gy nhiu c th v mi trng truyn dn. Trong phn ny,mt vi qu trnh thc hnh c cung cp cho php ngi c tip cn vi s trin khai mt c s h tng khng dy.
2.5.3 Tn hiu v nhiu trong bng tn ISM

Bng tn ISM l yu cu ca phn cn li bng tn bt buc m n c thit lp ti mc ti a ngang bng cng sut pht vi mc tiu gim ti a nhiu gia cc ngi dng khc nhau. Gi tr cc i ca cng sut pht ph thuc vo mi modul iu khin. M, hi (FCC) c nh gii hn l 1W, Chu u, ETSI t gii hn cng bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) l 100mW, Nht bn l 10mW/MHz. V th dn n vic thiu mt s phi hp iu khin
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G thc s a ra cc chun chung cho nhng vng s dng cng bng tn, iu quan trng l phi da trn gi tr ca cng sut pht c thit lp m khng lm thay i truyn thng ca cc thit b cn k. Trn thc t vic thit lp ny bit rng bt k sng RF no c pht bi thit b radio ca mng WLAN m khng c xc nhn nh l mt tn hiu c to ra bi IEEE 802.11b trong phm vi DS s c xem l nhiu. c bit n bao gm c tn hiu 802.11b c to ra bi cc thit b hot ng trong cc bng tn khc. S tn ti ca tn hiu nhiu lm cho bn thu s nhn c cc gi tin b li ( to ra trong qu trnh truyn d liu trong lp MAC) lm gim hiu sut truyn. Nh ta bit cc thit b cng c mt c ch lm gim tc truyn ( sau khi hai ln truyn gi tin tht bi, NACK c gi i), s c mt ca nhiu c th dn ti s tho thun truyn vi tc bit thp hn (t 11Mbps thnh 5.5,2,hay thm tr l 1 Mbps vi s gim lu lng ng k). Ni chung trnh tnh trng ny th cn thit duy tr mt mc tn hiu trong khong 10-12 dB hn mc n. Mt menu c a ra trong hnh 2.30 nh mt khuyn ngh ngi dng theo di tn hiu v nhiu ca mi kt ni ti bt k thi im no gip tm ra v tr ti u ca thit b.
Hnh 2.30 Hin th gi tr tn hiu v n o c ti thit b gc v thit b t xa

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iu ny cn c cp v chng ta khng ch quan tm ti ngun nhiu thng thng nh l vi sng hay ng dy cung cp ngun m cn quan tm ti lan truyn a ng. Trn thc t vic s dng DS spread spectrum trong IEEE 802.11b cho php chng ta lan truyn ng thi ti mt im (ph thuc vo mi quan h gia thi gian tr v khe thi gian) bng vic thc hin mt cu trc RAKE ni nhn- a s cc nh sn xut u lm nh th. Chng ta phi ch rng vic thc hin truyn tin tt th phi tng phn trit tiu nhiu nh trong cc l v nhng m t in.
2.5.4 Vng ph sng

Mi mt hiu ng n, tnh cht ca nhiu v nhng gii hn tng ng c phn tch, chng ta c th m t tm tt nhng vn c xem xt khi lp k hoch ph sng mt vng. Chng ta s rt cn thit phi bit v mi trng truyn dn ( l khng gian t do hay khng giam ring v cc c trng ca n), cng sut pht, nhy ca thit b thu. Bng 2.6 cho ta thy cc nhy v thi gian tr (t l li khung (FER) t hn 1%) ca thit b cung cp bi Avaya ti nhng tc lm vic khc nhau:
Bng 2.6 Cc tham s v nhy v tr my thu trong thit b WLAN Ni v cc tham s ny nh l mt tn hiu nhiu. Bng 2.7 a ra mt vi v d v phm vi cho mi trng indoor cung cp bi nh sn xut vi tng ngun pht danh nh l 15dBm.
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Bng 2.7 Nhng vng ph sng c iu kin mi trng khng gian ring khc nhau Phm vi ph sng c th c m rng ng k khi s dng mt anten gii hn phm vi, nh c ch ra trong hnh 2.31
Hnh 2.31 Anten c phm vi ph sng gii hn. Vic ni mt anten c phm vi gii hn ti mng WLAN tng ng cung cp mt cng sut thu thc l 2.5dB, v hiu ho anten vi bc x ng hng. Cui cng ta phi cp ti mc tiu thit k t bo thch ng vi mi trng truyn tin. Cu trc ca APs cung cp mt dung lng cho kch thc t bo c nh, sa i cc ngng gi tr. Bng cch ny, n s cho php t hai AP ti khong cch ngn hn, v th n tr li cc yu cu bt ngun t phn tp trung cao ca ngi dng trong nhng khu vc ph sng xc nh. kt thc phn thc hnh lin quan ti s thc thi ca IEEE 802.11b, chng ta s gii quyt mt vi vn v khng gian truyn dn.
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2.5.5 IEEE 802.11 cho khng gian t do

Nh cp phn trc ca chng, mt s lng ln cc thit b cp ang gia tng khi s dng thit b IEEE 802.11 cung cp dch v d liu nhng vng xa trm pht, ni c s lng thu bao di ng gii rc xung quanh trm pht trung tm hay ni c hiu sut nhn tin thp, khng c li cho vic lp t cp quang hay vic s dng h thng LMDS. Vi nhng iu kin ny s tn ti ca AP v th PCMCIA hay hn th na l cc thit b ngi dng ph tn thp cng vi s t do cung cp, s dng cc ng dng lm cho vic s dng cu trc IEEE 802.11 l ht sc li cun. kt thc vn ny nh sn xut Avaya khuyn nghi y cc phng thc cho php trin khai m rng IP khng dy trong mi trng ngoi tri. S trin khai ny gip chng ta vn c th s dng cc thit b trong cu trc c vi mt vi m rng v phn mm. cung cp mt phm v tt hn cc nh sn xut ngh s dng nhng anten vi h s khuych i cao hn anten c s dng mi trng trong nh, c bit v pha ngi dng. Hnh 2.32 ch ra hai loi anten ngoi tri tiu biu mt l anten ng hng mt l anten c hng.
Hnh 2.32 Anten ngoi tri (a) ng hng v (b) mt hng
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G H s khuych i cho anten a hng l 7dB v cho anten ng hng l 14dB. H s u tin c s dng cho AP v h s th hai c s dng bi thit b u cui ngi dng. Vic tnh ton khong cch cc i t AP n u cui ngi s dng ,biu thc sau cho php tnh s hao tn trn ng truyn: S suy gim (tnh bng dB) cho bng tn 2.4 GHz = 100dB+ 20 log(dmin) (2.1) Ch rng mt m hnh truyn dn khng gian m c gi nh. iu m bo ng truyn ngn nht t my pht ti my thu. c bit l vng xung quanh chng, vi bn knh s dng trong bng tn 2.4 GHz l: Bn knh (o bng m)=3.4.dkm +( dkm/8.12)2 (2.2) Bng 2.8 cho bit khong cch tiu biu phn chia cc AP trong vng vi nhng anten ng hng, thit b u cui ngi dng, v h s khuych i anten ca thit b u cui. Cui cng iu cn nhc n l cc thit b c cung cp bi nh sn xut thng qua cu hnh phn mm ca thit b ngoi tri a ra nhng gii hn bng tn ti ngi dng. Mt tham s c bit nh l mt van iu tit lu lng. Gi tr ca Van l 64,128,256,384, v 512 Kbps.
Bng 4.8 Cc khong cch t c ti mi trng ngoi tri.
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Chng 3 WPANs
3.1 Gii thiu
PAN l mt gii php mng gip m rng mi trng c nhn p ng cc dch v trong cng vic hay gii tr, do vic ni mng phc v s a dng ngi dng ngoi ra c th s dng cc thit b trong vng khng gian bao ph mi t bo v cung cp kh nng truyn thng trong khng gian vi th gii bn ngoi. PAN c trng cho khi nim mng c nhn (hnh 3.1) , n cho php mt ngi c th s dng cc thit b u cui ngi dng (nh my tnh c nhn, webpad, my quay,..) thit lp cc kt ni khng giy vi cc mng bn ngoi.
Hnh 3.1 Gii php mng PAN Thng tin v tuyn tri qua s pht trin mnh trong thp nin trc (GSM, IS-95,GPRS v EDGE,UMTS, v IMT-2000). S pht trin nhng tc truyn
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G vi bt d liu cao hn dn n s hnh thnh cc h thng khng giy v nhng gii php mng mi. S tin b ca mi trng khng giy v yu cu v kh nng di ng cao hn to nn s thay th cc kt ni c nh ti mng v s pht trin ca cc gii php PAN khc nhau. iu ny cng lm thay i khi nim thit b u cui thnh ngi dng v khng gian c nhn ca h. PAN l mt thnh vin mi ca nhm GIMCV. Mng PAN s bao ph phn khng gian xung quanh ngi dng vi khong cch nghe c ting ni. N s c mt dung lng trong phm vi t 10bps ti 10Mbps (hnh 3.2). Cc gii php tn ti ( nh Bluetooth) c ng dng trong khoa hc, y hc vi gii tn 2.4 GHz (hnh .3)
Hnh 3.2 V tr ca PAN H thng PAN trong tng lai s vn hnh trong gii tn cho php l 5GHz v c l s cao hn. PAN l mt khi nim mng ng v th s yu cu nhng gii php k thut thch hp cho cu trc, giao thc v s an ton.
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Hnh 3.3 Bng tn cho php Nhng khi nim ang tn ti v mng PAN c cp trong mc 3.2 . Mc 3.3 gii thiu mt tng quan ca Bluetooth. Nhng kha cnh khc nhau ca PAN s c gii thiu trong cc mc 3.4 n 3.13. Mc 3.14 s so snh WLAN v WPAN. Cui cng kt lun c a ra phn 3.15
3.2 Mt s khi nim

Nhng khi nim v mng c nhn c pht trin t tng ca hc vin cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT) vo nm 1995 s dng intrabody electrical currents trong thng tin lin lc gia nhng thit b di ng u cui ngi dng. l nghin cu u tin c IBM chp nhn v sau c nghin cu pht trin bi nhiu cng ty v cc t chc khc nhau. S a dng ca cc gii php PAN khc nhau gm: D n Oxi (MIT); Pico-radio; Bluetooth; IEEE 802.15.
ng dng Bluetooth pht trin nh mt s thay th cp v ang tr nn rng ri. V mt vi tng ca n c s dng lin quan ti mng PAN trong chun IEEE 802.15.
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3.3 Tng quan Bluetooth

Mc ny miu t chun Bluetooth vi s ch c bit v bng tn gc, LMP, v nhng l thuyt L2CAP ca n. Bluetooth c xy dng h tr qu trnh thng tin v tuyn; n c pht trin bi Bluetooth Special Group (SIG), bao gm cc phn chnh sau: Nokia Mobile Phones; Ericsson Mobile Communications AB; Cng ty IBM; Cng ty Intel ; Cng ty Toshiba. Nhng l thuyt v Bluetooth c xut bn vo nm 1999; ngy nay mt vi nh cung cp thng mi ha nhng sn phm gp phn to thnh h thng ny.
3.3.1 Cu trc Bluetooth

Bluetooth c thit k s dng trong thng tin v tuyn gia hai hay nhiu trm di ng. H thng cung cp mt kt ni im-im gia hai trm hoc kt ni im-a im ti ni chia s ng truyn ca mt vi trm. Nh th chng ta s c mt piconet ni c hai hay nhiu trm cng chia s ng truyn. Trong mt piconet, trm ng vai tr l ch, nhng thnh phn khc s l t. Trn thc t ch v t c xem nh ti giao thc s dng trn knh. Bt k n v Bluetooth no ( tt c chng u ging nhau) u c th ng mt trong vai tr ch, t khi c yu cu i hi. Trm ch c nh ngha l ni khi to kt ni (ti mt hay nhiu trm t). Mt piconet c th l ch v c ti 7 trm t trong trng thi hot ng ca n. Trng thi hot ng c ngha l mt trm t ang giao tip vi mt trm ch; mt trm c th trong trng thi kho (parked state) nu n c ng b ho ti trm ch, nhng n khng hot ng trn knh. C trm tch cc v trm tam dng u c kim sot bi trm ch. Mt trm t c th c ng b ho vi piconet khc: mt trm c th l ch trong piconet ny nhng li l t trong mt piconet khc. Theo cch ny, nhiu piconet chng ln ln nhau (khi khng ng b v thi gian hoc tn s) s to thnh mt scatternet. Nhng c im khc nhau ny c tng hp trong hnh 3.4
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Hnh 3.4 Cc kiu kt ni khc nhau gia cc trm c im chnh ca h thng Bluetooth c a ra trong bng 3.1. H thng Bluetooth s dng phng thc truy cp khe thi gian. Mt gi tin c th s dng trn 5 khe thi gian nhng t nht phi dng mt khe. H thng Bluetooth c th truyn mt knh d liu khng ng b, hn ba knh ting ni ng thi hoc mt knh h tr truyn ng thi d liu v ting ni khng ng b.
Bng 6.1c tnh ca h thng Cc loi kt ni khc nhau c h tr bi Bluetooth l: Mt kt ni ng b tc 64Kbps trong kt ni trc tip cho knh ting ni; Tc khng cn i ti a cho mt kt ni trc tip l 723.2Kbps (c th tng 57.6Kbps na theo phng truyn ngc li) hoc tc 433.9Kbps cn i cho ng b lin kt.
3.3.2 M hnh tham chiu giao thc Bluetooth

Hnh 3.5 ch ra s tng thch gia chng giao thc ca Bluetooth v chng giao thc chun OSI.
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Hnh 3.5 M hnh giao thc Bluetooth T hnh 3.5 chng ta quan st s tn ti song song ca giao thc c bit Bluetooth (nh MLP v L2CAP) v khng phi giao thc ca Bluetooth (nh PPP, IP, v TCS BIN. Trong Bluetooth, chng ta c th phn bit bn nhm nghi thc theo mc ch ca chng: 1. Nhng giao thc li Bluetooth (bng gc, LMP, L2CAP, v SDP): nhm ny gm cc giao thc Bluetooth c bit c pht trin bi Bluetooth SIG. 2. Giao thc thay th cp (RFCOMM): giao thc ny c cu thnh bi Bluetooth SIG nhng n da trn ETSI TS 07.10. 3. Chi tit k thut iu khin giao thc in thoi (TCS BIN, ATcommands): giao thc ny cng c cu thnh bi Bluetooth SIG nhng chng da vo ITU-T khuyn ngh Q931. 4. Chp nhn cc giao thc (PPP, UDP / TCP / IP, WAP / WAE, OBEX, vCard, vCal, v IrMC). Chi tit hn, giao thc Bluetooth gm mt giao din iu khin trm (HCI) cung cp mt giao din lnh cho b iu khin bng tn gc, b iu khin qun l kt ni (LMC), v truy cp ti trng thi phn cng v thanh ghi iu khin. Li Bluetooth cung cp mt h thng khng dy chung vi nhiu giao thc bao
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G gm nhng giao thc c nu trn v mt s giao thc c thc hin bi nh sn xut.
3.3.3 Tng quan v giao thc li Bluetooth

Trong phn ny miu t cc giao thc khc nhau c bn ca chun Bluetooth v cc a ra s ging nhau gia cc chc nng, dch v ca bng gc Bluetooth vi chc nng, dch v ca m hnh lp OSI MAC.
3.3.3.1 Lp radio Bluetooth

Radio Bluetooth s dng h thng tri ph nhy tn (FHSS) thng qua 79 (theo chun Chu u v M) hoc 23 sng mang th cp (theo chun Php). Sng mang th cp u tin c mc nh tn s 2.402GHz ( Chu u v M). Cc sng mang th cp c t cch nhau 1MHz. Tn s sng radio c nh ngha thp hn sng mang th cp v cao hn bng tn gii hn. Tn s sng radio Chu u l 2MHz-3.5MHz. Knh c m t bi bc nhy lin tip gi ngu nhin s l duy nht cho piconet. N cng c nh ngha bi a ch thit b Bluetooth u vo ca my ch v c ng b ho vi tn hiu clock ca piconet. Tc bc nhy danh nh l 1,600 bc/giy. Qu trnh iu ch s dng k thut GFSK vi BT=0.5
3.3.3.2 Lp di gc
Lp ny cung cp mt bn chuyn i cc knh logic thnh cc knh vt l. Cc knh ny c nh ngha thng qua cc khe thi gian vi di mi khe l 625 s v c nh s th t theo nhp ng h ca piconet ch. H thng s dng mt phng thc truy nhp TDD, gip truyn thng tin xen k gia my ch v my t nh m t trong hnh 3.6
Hnh 3.6 TDD v nh thi

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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Bc nhy tn s RF l c nh trong sut thi gian gi tin tn ti thm tr ngay c khi thi gian tn ti ca gi di hn mt khe thi gian. Bc nhy tn s cho gi tip theo c tnh khi mt gi n trn khe thi gian truyn (hnh 3.7)
Hnh 3.7 Gi a khe thi gian Cc dch v sau uc cung cp bi lp gii gc: liu); Lp vt l Trm ch v trm t c th trao i thng tin thng qua cc kiu kt ni khc nhau: Kt ni nh hng ng b (SCO): y l kt ni im-im gia ch v t trong mt piconet Kt ni khng nh hng ng b: y l kt ni im- a im gia ch v tt c my t trong mt piconet. Chng ta thy rng mt kt ni vt l lun lun c bt u bi trm ch hay bi mt n v m sau n tr thnh ch ca mt piconet va c hnh
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Sa li vi FEC v thut ton ARQ (ch s dng cho gi d Ty trng d liu; Truyn (Tx)/ nhn (Rx) nh tuyn v nh thi; iu khin lung; Chng thc v m ho; Qun l qu trnh truyn m thanh;
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G thnh. Lin kt SCO SCO lin kt cc khe thi gian d tr v c th c coi nh kt ni chuyn mch gia ch v t. Lin kt SCO c s dng h tr thng tin v thi gian gii hn nh ting ni. My ch c th h tr hn ba kt ni SCO ti cng mt my t hoc ti cc my t ang lm vic khc nhau. Hay ni mt cch khc mt my t c th h tr hn ba kt ni SCO ti cng mt my ch hay hai kt ni SCO nu l lin kt nh hng ti hai my ch khc nhau. My ch gi gi tin SCO ti khong thi gian u n, k hiu l Tsco (c tnh bng khe thi gian) ti my t trong khong khe thi gian ch-t. Cc gi SCO khng bao gi c truyn li. Kt ni ACL Kt ni ACl khng d tr cc khe thi gian. N ging nh mt kt ni chuyn mch nhanh gia my ch v tt c cc my t tch cc trong cng mt piconet. Kt ni ACL c s dng c trong dch v ng b v nh thi. Ch duy nht c mt kt ni ACL tn ti gia my ch v t. My t c th tr li gi tin ACL trong khong khe thi gian ch-t nu n c a ch ti khe thi gian ny trc . Mt gi tin ACL khng cha a ch ca my t n tr thnh gi qung b v tt c cc my t nhn. Mt lin kt ACL cung cp s truyn li cc gi tin m bo tnh ton vn d liu. Cc gi S hp thnh mt gi chung ca knh piconet c ch r hnh 3.8
Hnh 3.8 Khun dng khung Bluetooth

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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Cc gi tin c th ch bao gm trng m truy cp (access code) hoc bao gm trng m truy cp v trng tiu (header) hoc c ba trng: m truy cp, tiu v ti tin (payload). Trng m truy cp c s dng cho vic ng b, b lch, nhn thc, phn trang v th tc kim tra. N lun lun s dng tiu hay phn ui vi mc ch ng b. Trng tiu cha thng tin iu khin lin kt, cha a ch trm ch, nhn din 16 kiu gi, thng tin iu khin lung, ch nh ACK v phn kim tra li ca tiu ( header error check )(HEC). Mt s khun dng ti tin c nh ngha theo hai trng chnh: Trng ting ni (ng b) c kch thc c nh nu khng c trng tiu . Trng d liu (khng ng b) cha ba trng con: trng tiu , ni dung d liu v m CRC. Mt gi tin ACL ch cha duy nht trng d liu trong khi mt gi SCO c th ch cha trng ging ni hoc c hai. N c th phn bit mt nhm cc gi thng thng ca c lin kt ACL, SCO v mt tp cc gi ca chng. Qu trnh s l lung bit lin quan n phn tiu v ti tin ca gi ti Tx v Rx (hnh 3.9), ni mt vi khi c chn v ph thuc vo kiu gi. c bit, d liu c lm trng to ra d liu ngu nhin t cc mu d tha cao v ti gin lch th mt chiu trong gi.
Hnh 3.9 Tiu v qu trnh s l trng ti bit Th tc Tx/Rx Lin kt ACL v SCO c qun l khc nhau bi Tx/Rx. C hai th tc c da trn b m cho ACL v SCO m c th truy cp thng qua Tx(Rx) li
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G vo bi qun l lin kt Bluetooth v thng qua li ra (li vo) b phn thit lp gi (hnh 3.10)
Hnh 3.10 chc nng khi ca b m Tx/Rx Hnh 6.10 ch ra hai khi m cho mi thc th trong khi my ch c mt b m ring bit Tx ACL cho mi my t v mt b m Rx n dng chung cho tt c cc my t. Mt hay nhiu b m Tx SCO phc v cho mt my t, ph thuc vo mi lin kt khc nhau c thit lp gia chng. Trong cc b m ACL ch c th tm thy cc gi ACL, iu ny cng ng trong b m SCO ngoi tr gi ting ni/d liu. B m ACL dng cho ting ni v b m SCO dng cho m d liu. Mi b m Tx/Rx bao gm hai thanh ghi first input first output (FIFO): thanh ghi hin thi hin thi, v thanh ghi tip theo. Mi chuyn mch hnh 3.10 c iu khin bi mi thc th khc nhau. Nhng cc chuyn mch ti u vo v u ra ca thanh ghi FIFO khng bao gi c kt ni ti cng mt thanh ghi. c bit cc chuyn mch kt ni vi b m ACL ch thay i v tr khi mt ACK n, ni cch khc cc chuyn mch ny c kt ni vi b m SCO thay i theo Tsco. Bng cch ny nu ti tin cn c gi i (hoc nhn) th b to gi (packet composer) s c (ghi) vo cc danh sch hin thi v khun dng gi ph thuc vo kiu ca chng. B m b hn ch v dung lng v th iu khin lung l cn thit. ng b ho ch/t Nhp ng h ca my ch thc hin ng b ho cho ton b piconet. T
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G mt ch nh ca my ch, tt c cc my t u phi iu chnh ng h h thng. Thng tin ny c cha trong cc gi tin khi truyn i. C ch ny m bo mt my t lun lun tun theo my ch. N s dng 28 bit m LSB vi di 312.5 s. c bit mt n v Bluetooth c th s dng 3 ng h sau: ng h t nhin native clock (CLKN) ng h nh gi estimated clock (CLKE) ng h ch master clock (CLK)
Tn hiu CLK c bt ngun t: CLK= offset(CLKE) +CLKN, trong trng hp l my ch th gi tr offset l zero. Cc trng thi Mt n v Bluetooth c th c cc trng thi khc nhau, theo s ch nh ca LMP: 1. Trng thi Standby: y l trng thi mc nh, khi n v ny c ch ngun thp v ng h t nhin trng thi tch cc. 2. Trng thi kt ni: mt n v s trong trng thi ny khi n ang lin quan ti qu trnh truyn thng. Mt vi trng thi quan trng nht l: Trng thi tch cc: trong kiu ny n v Bluetooth tch cc truyn thng tin trn knh. Trng thi thm d (Sniff): trong trng thi ny, chu k thc hin nghe ngng ng truyn ca my t c th gim bt theo my ch. Trng thi gi: y l mt trng thi ca ch kt ni, ni mt my t c th c thay th bi my ch v b truyn nhn Bluetooth. Trng thi kho: my t c kt ni ti my ch nhng n khng nhn bt c thng tin no ti khi n nghe c nhng tn hiu kch hot t my ch v ng b li tn hiu ng h ca n. Trong trng thi ny, my t khng lin quan ti mt kt ni no. Khi mt my t mun thot khi ch kha, n s nghe ngng khe tn hiu c bit ca n v c gng truy cp ti ca s truy nhp ca n (hnh 3.11)
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Hnh 3.11 nh ngha knh bo hiu v ca s truy cp Trong trng hp ny, mt my t s dng AR_ADDR khng duy nht v th ng c th xy ra. Qu trnh ny c th trnh c nu my ch gi mt thng bo khng kho ti my t ang trng thi kho vi bn tin LMP. Trong trng thi thm d, trng thi gi v trng thi kho, b phn thu v pht trong ch tiu th ngun thp. Trng thi kt ni bt u vi mt lnh access v c hu b bi lnh detach hay reset. Quy trnh truy cp Quy trnh ny c s dng thit lp cc kt ni mi, c bit n ko theo quy trnh kim tra v phn trang. Quy trnh kim tra c thc hin khi ni nhn tin khng bit ngun gc ni pht tin v bn tin c pht theo kiu qung b. Bn tin kim tra khng cha bt k thng tin no v ngun m c th ch cha m general inquiry access code (GIAC) yu cu bt k thit b Bluetooth hay m decicated inquiry access code (DIAC) yu cu cho mt kiu thit b nht nh. Nh mt bn tin c gi qua tun t qua 32 tn s. Mt n v ch c th tr li khi n thc hin trng thi qut kim tra-inquiry scan state-s tun t ca quy trnh kim tra c a ra hnh 3.12.
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Hnh 3.12 Quy trnh kim tra Mt khc mt quy trnh phn trang c khi to bi my ch (ngun) khi mun kt ni vi mt my t (ch). N s gi mt bn tin thng bo phn trang trong cha ng a ch ni nhn thng qua tun t cc on phn trang bao gm 32 tn s v c gng on pha ca my t. c bit my t ch c th tr li khi n thc hin mt trng thi qut phn trang-paging scan state- sau my ch s gi thng tin ng b cho my t khi my ny gi thng bo p li. Ti thi im ny qu trnh truyn gi c ng b vi ng h ca my ch v mt piconet c hnh thnh nu my ch cha truyn thng c vi cc my t khc. Ton b quy trnh c m t trong hnh 3.13
Hnh 3.13 Quy trnh phn trang
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Sa li C ba cch sa li c s dng: Kiu u tin l FEC t l 1/3, c s dng cho tiu . Kiu th hai l FEC t l 2/3 dng m Hamming ngn (15,10), s dng cc gi ACL v SCO. Kiu th ba l thut ton ARQ s dng cho d liu. c bit thut ton ARQ c s dng da trn gii thut go-back. Ngha l cc gi c truyn i truyn li cho ti khi trm pht nhn c gi tin ACK xc nhn ca trm ch hay trong trng hp gi b timeout. xc nh chnh xc gi tin c nhn bi ng ch n, m CRC c thm vo trong gi trc khi truyn i. Trm ch cng c th truyn xc nhn NACK khi gi tin b hng hoc trm ch khng nhn c. lc nhng gi tin b truyn li ti ch, bt SEQN c thm vo phn tiu v nu gi tin b li th bit ny s khng thay i gi tr. Chng ta thy rng ch nhng gi d liu mi c bo v vi c ch ARQ. Vi tnh cht ca qu trnh truyn ti hin ti trong mng, ni thi gian tr c tha nhn, gii thut cho php truyn li s lng gii hn cc gi tin sau khi cc gi tin c c loi b.C ch ARQ khng p dng trong trng hp truyn qung b, c nhn bit bi tt c cc bit 0 ca AM_ADDR v th trm ch phi truyn li gi khong thi gian c nh trc khi truyn gi tip theo. Knh logic Bluetooth nh ngha hai loi knh iu khin: 1. Knh iu khin lin kt (LC): knh ny mang thng tin iu khin mc thp ging nh ARQ, c c trng bi iu khin lung v ti tin. y l knh logic duy nht c nhn din trong tiu gi. 2. Knh iu khin qun l lin kt (LM): knh ny mang thng tin iu khin trao i gia ni qun l kt ni ca trm ch v cc trm t. N c ng gi trong phn ti tin. H thng Bluetooth cng nh ngha ba knh ngi dng nh sau: 1. Knh ngi dng UA (user asynchronous data): knh ny mang
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G thng tin d liu ngi dng L2CAP. Thng tin ny c th phn on thnh mt hay nhiu gi bng gc. N c ng gi trong phn ti tin. 2. Knh ngi dng UI (user isochronouns data): knh ny mang thng tin d liu c h tr bi thi gian bt u mt gi ti mc cao hn. N c ng gi trong phn trng ti khung. 3. Knh ngi dng US (user synchronouns data): knh ny ch mang thng tin SCO c kt ni v c ng gi trong phn ti tin. a ch Bluetooth C th phn chia thnh 4 loi a ch sau: 1. a ch thit b Bluetooth (Bluetooth device address)(BD_ADDR): a ch ny c m ho 48 bit gip xc nh tng b phn thu-pht Bluetooth. N c da theo chun IEEE 802. 2. a ch cc thc th tc cc (Active member address) (AM_ADDR): a ch ny c m ho 3 bit gip xc nh cc my t (khng phi l my ch) ang trong trng thi tch cc trong piconet. Tt c cc a ch zero c dnh ring cho nhng bn tin qung b. Khi my t khng c kt ni hoc trong trng thi park, n s lm mt a ch ny. 3. a ch thc th trong trng thi park (park member address) (PM_ADDR): a ch ny c m ho 3 bit xc nh cc my t ang trong trng thi khng tch cc. a ch ny s hp l nu my t trng thi park. Khi mt my t c kch hot n s mt a ch PM_ADDR ny v khi n gi mt a ch AM_ADDR. 4. a ch yu cu truy cp(Access request address) (AR_ADDR): a ch ny gip my t nhn din giao tip ch-t na khe thi gian trong ca s truy cp gi thng bo yu cu truy nhp. a ch ny c nh ngha bi my ch khi my t trong trng thi park. Bo mt Bluetooth H thng Bluetooth ch yu cung cp s qun l an ton vi c ch nhn thc v c ch m ho. N cng s dng 4 thc th khc nhau duy tr s an ton ti lp kt ni l: a public address c m ho BD_ADDR 48 bit, hai cha kho ngi dng b mt ( mt s dng 128 bit cho qu trnh chng thc, mt
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G s dng 8-128 bit cho s m ha) v mt con s ngu nhin trong th t 128 bit c gn cho mi kt ni mi. Bluetooth m thanh H thng Bluetooth cung cp mt giao din khng gian truyn m thanh trc tip s dng c ch bng tn gc v kt ni vt l ACL ca n. N s dng c ch m ho khung PCM 64Kbps ( lut A v lut ) hay iu ch continuous variable slope delta v s m ho ting ni cn phi c cht lng bng hoc tt hn 64 Kbps PCM.
3.3.3.3 Lp giao thc qun l kt ni (LMP)

Bn tin LMP c s dng cho vic ci t kt ni, bo mt v iu khin. Lp LMP qun l mt s dch v do lp di gc cung cp v n c truyn bn trong lp vt l thay v L2CAP. Mt bn tin LMP c phn bit bi gi tr trong trng L_CH ca tiu gi tin. Nhng bn tin LMP c mc u tin cao hn d liu ngi dng v khng b tr bi thng lng L2CAP. LMP khim sot cc dch v sau: Chng thc/m ho. ng b. Qun l cc trng thi (hold mode, park mode, sniff mode) iu khin cng sut. Cht lng dch v. Thut ton phn trang. Bo tr kt ni.
3.3.3.4 Lp iu khin giao thc kt ni v giao thc thch nghi

L2CAP cung cp nhng dch v d liu nh hng kt ni v khng kt ni ti cc lp cao hn v nhng yu cu quan trng cho L2CAP bao gm tnh n gin v tr thp (low overhead) v th chng c th c thc hin bi cc thit b c ti nguyn b suy gim. L2CAP c nhng kh nng sau: a giao thc: n c th truyn nhiu lung d liu trn cng mt lin kt vt l.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Phn chia v tp hp on(SAR): n h tr nhng nghi thc s dng nhng gi c kch c ln hn. QoS: L2CAP cho php s thnh lp nhng kt ni vi cc QoS c bit vi mc ch gim st ti nguyn. Nhm: nhm L2CAP cho php thc thi hiu qu bn nhm giao thc trong piconet. Giao thc lp cao hn c thc hin vi giao thc bng gc v chc nng qun l kt ni qun l nhm giao thc c hiu qu. L2CAP s dng duy nht lin kt bng gc ACL, n s dng khun dng cc gi ny iu khin tnh ton vn ca chng (nh bit CRC) bi v L2CAP khng c chc nng m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu truyn. Cn phi ch rng giao thc L2CAP an xen vi s hnh thnh cc gi trong lp bng gc bi v n c th thay i lung bit trong tiu gi v m knh logic (trong phn trng ti tiu ), y l phn ch nh v trng thi phn on (nhn din y l u ca gi L2CAP hay l phn gia ca gi).
3.3.3.5 Lp giao thc pht hin dch v (SDP)

SDP cung cp mt ng dng pht hin cc dch v sn c v cc tnh cht c trng ca chng, iu ny ph thuc vo khong cch thu RF ca thit b di ng. Lp SDP cung cp mt giao din server-client cho client to kh nng tm kim dch v da vo cc thuc tnh c bit v yu cu server pht hin cc dch v trong cc thit b khc m khng cn s dng giao din ny. Cu trc chung c a ra hnh 3.14.
Hnh 3.14 Giao thc SDP

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3.4 PAN
PAN c bit n nh l mt m hnh mng c kh nng tp trung s tm kim, c pht trin theo gii php mng tin tin hn nh cng ngh sng v tuyn, tc bit truyn cao hn, thit b u cui c tng cng, nhng phn t lu ng mi c thm vo v phn mm tr nn phc tp hn. PAN bao ph mt khng gian c nhn- m hnh ch ra trong hnh 3.15- n cung cp cc kt ni end-to-end, truyn thng an ton v m bo QoS cho ngi dng. H thng cng h tr cc ng dng khc nhau, cch vn hnh v mt s thit b cho cc ng dng ny.
Hnh 3.15 Khi nim mng PAN
3.4.1 Nguyn l cu trc

PAN l gii php mng c nhn. hnh thnh PAN, mt kin trc vi nhiu lp khc nhau c kt ni theo cc cch c bit (hnh 3.16-3.18).
Hnh 6.16 Mng PAN c nhn ( mt cu trc mng PAN c thit lp thnh hnh cu vi cc thit b ngoi vi thng minh)
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Hnh 3.17 Mng PAN giao tip hai ngi (khi mi ngi c nhu cu kt ni, cc cng c s dng. y l mt ng dng mng phn tn ng)
Hnh 3.18 Mng PAN giao tip hai ngi v kt ni ra ngoi cc mng khc (y l vic m rng giao tip truyn thng ca bn vi mt cng vo nhiu trng thi. y l kiu iu khin ti nguyn phn tn vi QoS) Cc kt ni c php qua cc mng khc nhau thng qua cc thit b khc nhau. Trong chun ring ca PAN mi ngi u c th nh a ch cc thit b bn trong vng khng gian c nhn m khng ph thuc vo cc mng ln cn. Qu trnh truyn thng trc tip gia hai c nhn trong mng c thc hin
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G thng qua chc nng bc cu st nhp thnh mng PAN. giao tip ra mng bn ngoi mt mng PAN phi thc hin nh tuyn v h tr tnh nng hot ng ca cc cng u vo. Cu trc m rng lp nh hng cn h tr cc chc nng v giao thc ca ba lp u tin v cung cp chc nng giao tip vi mng bn ngoi thng qua nhng kt ni ca cc lp cao hn. N s cn phi cung cp nhng cu trc phn trung gian thch hp vi chng nghi thc tng ng xc nh s truyn thng tin qua cc giao din. PAN cn phi c pht trin theo cu trc phn trung gian c kh nng qun l h thng theo yu cu truy cp ti mng, s dng ti nguyn, h tr tnh chuyn i, kh nng t cu hnh li v cung cp QoS. N cng cn phi h tr nhng ng dng c kh nng download. S chun ho cu hnh v kin trc mng l nhng vn cn cn c nghin cu trong mng PAN. T a im ngi dng, PAN c th yu cu kt ni plug-and-play. Cu trc mng c th yu cu kt ni thng ti ngi dng. Vic t tn s v cng tn ti tn s vi nhng h thng hin hu l rt quan trng thit k mng PAN. Nhng ng dng PAN s s dng cc di tn s khng c cp php. Vi tc d liu cao hn, di tn s l 5GHz, v sau s l 60GHz ( hnh 3.19)
Hnh 3.19 Di tn s (MBS: h thng di tn di ng)
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3.4.2 Giao din

PAN cn h tr a giao din. H thng ny a ra nhng kiu giao din gia ngi dng v thit b c nhn ca h. Qu trnh ny c p ng khi s dng cc cng ngh mi nh OFDM hay DS-CDMA. Cc gii php v giao din ph thuc vo tc truyn bit d liu, chc nng mng, s phc tp ca nhng thit b v nhng ng dng thch hp.
3.4.3 Giao tip vi mng bn ngoi

PAN c p dng ch yu trong cng ngh mng khng dy. N c th thit lp kt ni ti c s h tng mng c nh v cc mng ngoi nh WLAN, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, WLL v v tinh (S)-UMTS. Mt c nhn c th giao tip thng qua nhng h thng mng ny v c th thit lp giao tip hai chiu vi ngi dng khc s dng PAN hay tm kim cc thng tin cn thit thng qua cc mng ny. S tip tc pht trin v trao i thng tin v mng INTERNET lm nh hng ti m hnh cu trc PAN. PAN trong tng lai s l nhng mng IP c bn vi s h tr ca giao thc IPv6. Chng s a ra mt min di ng kiu mi vi s a dng v thit b, ng dng v dch v QoS s c nng cao theo yu cu v tnh sn sng, an ton v tin cy.
3.5 Mng Ad Hoc

h tr cho tnh di ng ca ngi dng, PAN thc hin cc c trng ca mng di ng khng dy. Ngi dng cng vi thit b c nhn ca h trong mng Ad Hoc c th di chuyn theo mun, kt ni hoc khng kt ni ti nhng c s h tng mng khc nhau. Ngi dng c th vo khng gian cng ty thay th trong mng WLAN hay vo trong t v s dng khng gian mng m khng ph v kt ni ang din ra. Khng gian ngi dng tr thnh min di ng ca mng Ad Hoc. N cng h tr nhng tnh nng ca IP di ng . Nhng tnh nng ca mng Ad Hoc k tha t s phn b ti nguyn ng p ng cc yu cu QoS.
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3.6 Bo mt
y l mt vn v cng quan trng trong mng PAN. N cn bao ph ton b phn khng gian ngi dng, qun l phn mm v h iu hnh v hin trng ngi dng Cc k thut khc nhau nh m ho v loi b d tha (clippering), c ch trusted third parties (TTTs) v cc cng ngh hin i s c thc hin. Vn bo mt trong truyn thng gia nhng mng PAN cn phi c thc hin thng qua chc nng gatekeeping. S an ton trong mng PAN a ra cc yu cu: Nhn bit y . Nc danh y . Bo mt d liu. Ton vn d liu.
3.7 Nhng ng dng chnh v kh nng hnh thnh mng

PAN tm kim cc cng ngh mi v nhng ng dng k thut c th hnh thnh h thng phc v cht lng cao. Nhng u im ca m hnh mng PAN c th a ra nhng ch yu c tp trung : Dch v c nhn. Dch v thng mi. Gii tr.
Nhng dch v c nhn bao gm gim st bnh nhn t xa, cc ng dng iu khin v ngi nh thng minh. Cc chuyn gia y hc c th gim st bnh nhn ca mnh khi h di chuyn. Mt ngi dng c th di chuyn trong nh nhng thit b khc nhau vn c th nh v v tm c thng tin hu c ch. Mt m hnh gii tr c t ti nhng ng dng cng ngh cao nh truyn hnh nh tc cao trn mt phng tin giao thng vn tc ln, thng tin v dch v c tm kim nh cc thit b cc nhn di ng theo ngi dng. Cng ngh ny s c ng dng rng ri t nhng d liu iu khin v cm bin c tc bt thp ti nhng tr v truyn hnh vi tc bit v di thng cao. Nh vy h
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G thng cn phi c h tr cc thit b v cc dch v kt ni phc tp khc nhau..
3.8 Cc thit b trong h thng

Cc dch v yu cu v cc ng dng khc nhau trong mng PAN c xy dng trn nhng cch tip cn khc nhau v chc nng ca thit b u cui v dung lng truyn. Mt vi thit b nh cm bin pht hin con ngi n gin phi rt r v kt hp nhng chc nng gii hn. Nhng thit b khc cn phi tng thch vi mng v chc nng tnh ton s l thng minh, iu ny s lm cho ngi s dng dch v tn km hn. Cc thit ny c da trn cc c tnh sau: Chc nng v phc tp, Gi c, Cng sut tiu th ngun, Tc truyn d liu, tin cy, H tr giao din
Hu ht cc thit b c kh nng ng dng cao cn phi c tng thch kiu hot ng c th truy cp ti nhiu mng. Mt s thit b phi c gn vo c th (nh cm bin), mt s khc c th c t c nh hay kt ni tm thi vi khng gian c nhn ca ngi s dng (nh l cm bin mi trng, my in, bng hng dn). Tp hp cc thit b cho ng dng ca mng PAN c ch hnh 3.20.
Hnh 3.20 Nhng thit b cho ng dng mng PAN

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3.9 Nhng thch thc i vi PAN v nhng vn m rng

Xy dng h thng vi nhng gii php cho mng c nhn yu cu nhng nghin cu chuyn su v a ra nhiu thch thc i vi th gii cng ngh v khoa hc. PAN phi c xy dng da trn nn tng mng phn tn ng v cung cp iu khin phn b ti nguyn s dng QoS. N s phi cung cp mt dch v tryn hnh nh t tn hao cng sut, chi ph thp, vi s a dng ca ca thit b u cui thu pht thng tin c th t cu hnh c. PAN cn phi c thch hp vi mi trng sng, cho php kt ni mng v truyn thng khng dy an ton. thc hin nhng yu cu ny, PAN phi gii quyt nhng vn quan trong nh: Tch hp sng v tuyn t tn nng lng, gi thnh thp, nh ngha lp vt l v k thut truy cp c th, Kt ni mng Ad Hoc Kin trc phn cng v phn mm, An ton (cng ngh bo mt khc nhau, chc nng gatekeeping), Ton b khi nim v h thng, p ng k thut v mt ngi dng. Nhng chun ho v mng PAN l s tip tc ca nhm IEEE 802.15. Chun ny s tip tc c hon thin a ra yu cu chung cho PAN v t ti vic a PAN vo cuc sng hng ngy. Chc chn rng tc truyn bit cao hn lm cho PAN pht trin vi kh nng mi, v nh vy m hnh mng mi s xut hin h thng mng B-PAN (h thng mng PAN di rng) , m hnh mng ny s cung cp mt tc truyn bit ln ti 400Mbps, cc ng dng a phng tin v gii thng cao hn.
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3.10 B-PAN
B-PAN l m hnh mng tng lai ca PAN p dng k thut rng bng tn thch nghi v c kh nng truyn thng khng dy di rng (hnh 3.21). N h tr truyn bt vi tc ln ti 1Gbps v c th m rng bng tn trn 5GHz n 60GHz. B-PAN s thc hin cc cng ngh siu bng rng, truyn ting ni trn B-PAN, anten thng minh, iu ch thch nghi v m ho vi cc giao thc m rng. B-PAN cn h tr thc hin QoS trong trng thi thch nghi linh hot. Nhng phng thc truy cp v cc ng dng khc nhau s c nh ngha v h thng cng s c h tr vi nhng thit b u cui a truy cp thng minh c kh nng truyn ging ni, truyn tin v cc thao tc a phng tin khc.
Hnh 3.21Bn lp truyn thng khng dy cung cp dch v di ng khp ni v chng b sung ln nhau. B-PAN l kiu mng khng dy v l mt trong nhng m hnh ha hn nht m ra kh nng ln cho cc ng dng mi. Nhng s khc nhau v k thut gia cc h thng khng dy trc c ch ra trong bng 3.2
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Bng 3.2 Cc cng ngh v ng dng khc nhau ca cc mng.
3.11 WLAN v PAN

T s pht trin nhanh ca tiu chun mng WLAN trong nhng nm gn y cng nh cc ng dng ca n, ta thy mt cu hi t ra: ti sao nghin cu ra mng PAN trong khi c mt chun tin b c ra i l mng WLAN? Mc d WLAN c th cung cp cc kt ni khng dy cho nhng thit b tnh ton xch tay? Tuy nhin c mt vi im quan trng khc nhau quan trng gia WLAN v PAN. Cng ngh WPAN c nhn mnh gi thnh thp v tiu th t cng sut ti tc ti a. Cng ngh WLAN th tc ti a cao hn nhng gi thnh v cng sut tiu th cng cao hn.Thng thng WLAN cung cp nhng kt ni
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G khng dy t my xch tay n mng LAN thng qua nhng im truy cp (access point). Ngy nay, IEEE 802.11 thng qua chun mng WLAN. Mng ny c khng gian m khong 100m v tc ti a truyn trong khng kh l 11Mbps. Ngi dng c th s dng nhng tc cc i 5.5Mbps. Mc d mi cng ngh c ti u ho cho nhng mc ch ring nhng khng c ranh gii no phn ra nhng thit b no c th s dng trong WPAN v nhng thit b no s dng trong mng WLAN. c bit trong hnh 3.22 c dch v ting ni v d liu truy cp ti nguyn mng Internet u s dng cng ngh WLAN khng dy. y l cng ngh tho mn tt nht cho ngi dng s dng laptop v nhng thit b in t nh xch tay khc.
Hnh 322 V tr b sung cho PAN v WLAN Mt vn t ra v Bluetooth PAN v chun LAN IEEE 802.11b l cng tn ti v s dng trong mt bng tn ISM. Khi hai mng ny cng vn hnh trong cng mt khng gian vt l, chng s gy nh hng ti nhau. Trong qu trnh nghin cu, loi tr cc vn cng tn ti cc nh sn xut d on rng WLAN s s dng bng tn 5GHz. c bit, tiu chun IEEE 802.11a s dng bng tn 5GHz truyn qua khng kh vi tc ti a l 54 Mbps trn khong cch 50m. Tc d liu cc i cung cp ti ngi dng c th ln ti 24 v 35Mbps.
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3.12 Tm li
Mng PAN a ra mt khng gian c nhn vo lnh vc truyn thng. N s pht trin m rng mng c nhn thc hin s a dng nhng c tnh mi cho dch v theo yu cu. Ngi dng trong phm vi khng gian dnh ring ca mng c th di chuyn v s dng truyn tin khng ghp ni v s dng nhiu ng dng thng qua nhng mi trng khc nhau. C nhiu vn hng ti nhng gii php v tng mi. B-PAN cng l mt trong gii php .
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Chng 4 S hnh thnh h thng thng tin di ng 4G

4.1 Gii thiu
Chng ny gii thiu mt gii php c thit k thnh cng v c kim tra trong d n Internet khng dy (cp vn bi lin hip Chu u). Gii php ny a ra 2 vn cha c gii quyt cp n nhng chng trc. l nhng c ch ghp ni nhng mng tch bit thng qua s pht trin phn mm . y l s pht trin k thut cho php lm vic vi chng giao thc TCP/IP thng qua kt ni khng dy trn nn tng ca truyn dn cp. Gii php cho nhng vn s d dng hn v pha 4G. Thc th cho php tip cn hai i tng ny l lp thch nghi khng giy (WAL) v thc nghim thnh cng qua c s h tng nh l HIPERLAN, IEEE 802.11b v Bluetooth. Nhng mc sau ca chng ny gii thiu nhng kha cnh c bit nht ca cu trc WAL, hi vng h thng mng ny tht s cho php chng ta khng nh 4G c t n.
4.2 WAL
WAL hot ng trn giao thc TCP/IP thng qua mng dy. WAL khc phc nhng nhc im ca giao thc TCP v UDP nh c tnh truyn khng dy qua giao thc vn chuyn. Nh vy thay v sa i cc giao thc hin hu, WAL thc hin thch nghi c t gia lp IP v c s h tng khng dy bn di. Bng cch ny, WAL c th p ng cc knh c bit theo cch cho php giao thc truyn vn hnh mode lm vic bnh thng. WAL l mt phn ca QoS yu cu bi IP (trng ToS trong tiu IP cp chng 3), chc nng ca n c th cung cp cc dch v thch hp. Nu lp IP khng thc hin c ch QoS, lp WAL s s dng cch nhn din kiu lu thng ( theo giao thc) phn bit nhng ng dng khc nhau. Theo cch ny, WAL s b xung cch s l hin thi ca QoS trong mng IP, IntServ v Diffserv.
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Khi thit k mng WAL cn ch ti cc yu t lin quan sau: S thch nghi trng thi ca cc knh quan st. Trng thi knh khng dy lun lun thay i v th WAL s p dng mt s thch nghi ko theo nhng modul thch hp cho mi kiu dch v v s sa i cc thng s lm vic (thng s dng lng trong modul FEC). Bi vy thng tin v knh truyn do WAL nhn c s c s dng v thng tin ny c trao i gia nhng thc th truyn n. QoS yu cu bi IP: IP s dng s end-to-end QoS c trong qu trnh nh tuyn v trong my PC (y l phin bn mi nht ca Linux hp nht nhng tu chn iu khin lu lng). WAL hon thnh ng dng ny theo kiu thit lp bn lu lng gip tng thch cc dch v.
4.3 Cu trc WAL

Hnh 4.1 cho ta thy kin trc bn trong ca mng WAL
Hnh 4.1 Kin trc WAL Nh ta bit, WAL c to ra t cc thc th vi cc chc nng khc nhau nhng WAL l yu t trung tm ca h thng. N qun l chc nng ca
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G nhng nmodul cn li, cho php chng truy cp vo bng cu trc. Hn na n s giao tip vi cc WAL t xa khc vi mc tiu ng b ho truyn thng gia chng. Mt modul quan trng khc ca WAL l QoS, modul ny gip phn loi cc gi truyn n v i cho nhng lp thp hn da trn yu cu ca cc gi. Chc nng ca WAL khng ph thuc vo cu trc mng khng dy s dng, m n cn mt thc th lm trung gian, chnh l b chuyn i iu khin lin kt logic (LLTC). LLTC lm nhim v thc hin tt c cc chc nng cn thit m bo h thng hot ng chnh xc. Phi ch rng modul ny cho php cc c s h tng mng vn hnh vi nhau. Ti mc cao, WAL cung cp mt kin trc cc chun khng dy khc nhau c th hp nht v truyn thng vi nhau. Nhng c tnh khc nhau nh l chc nng bc cu c th c b xung trong lp ny. Vic th hin giao thc mng Bluetooth trong hin trng PAN Bluetooth cung cp mt giao din thng minh gia Bluetooth v IP. Khi nim WAL tr thnh mt phn kin trc th v. Mt b ngun nui vi nhng c trng khc nhau ca tng modul cng c s dng, thay i thch hp vi tng kiu lu thng. WAL s dng nhng yu cu ca mi gi m n qun l kch hot nhng thc th tng ng v p ng cc thng s lm vic ca chng. Cc thng s ny ph thuc vo iu kin knh truyn ca chng ti bt k thi im no. Nhng thc th cn li ( trong hnh 4.1) c s dng trong h thng gip qu trnh vn hnh d dng hn, (v d nh h thng cc file v bng cu trc) hoc a ra cc chc nng m rng cho WAL (nh modul giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP). Nhng y khng phi l chc nng c bn ca n.
4.4 Dch v bo hiu WAL

Giao thc truyn thng gia nhng thc th WAL c miu t bi thut ng trao i nguyn thu. Nhng tham s ca thc th WAL :nh cc PDU p ng, cc kiu vn hnh c bn, hay cc th tc s dng trong hm ca n cng s c m t chi tit.
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4.4.1 Mt vi nh ngha
Chc nng ca giao thc c da trn hai khi nim l lp v association Lp: lp A bao gm mt tp cc modul WAL vi chc nng cung cp cc dch v cho lp cao hn. N c nh ngha t trng ToS ca tiu IP hoc kiu giao thc ( TCP hay UDP). y l mt khi nim chung trong WAL, c lp vi trng thi ca cc knh khng dy. Mt lot cc lp chung c nh ngha gip cc thc th WAL s dng cc modul tng ng vi cc gi thuc v chng. Association mi modul thch nghi vi chc nng (thay i thng s h thng) ca n ph thuc vo trng thi ca knh ti thi im bt k v vy s l rt cn thit a ra khi nim association. Khi nim ny c nh ngha nh s kt hp a ch IP ca u cui di ng (c nh ngha l trng thi knh) vi mt lp mng.
4.4.1.1 Hot ng ca WAL

Lin kt lp cung cp hai kiu dch v l: kt ni nh hng v kt ni khng nh hng. p ng mt vi yu cu QoS th s la chn thch hp nht chnh l kt ni nh hng. Trong trng hp ny, nhng kt ni da trn chng giao thc TCP/IP c xc nh bi s kt hp cc a ch IP ca cng ngun v ch. Qu ti s sy ra khi mt vi ng dng khng c chp nhn (v d nh vic truy cp trang Web to ra mt vi kt ni TCP). S thch hp hn nu thc hin WAL theo s association-oriented. Bng cch ny, mi ln gi gi d liu IP p ng cho mt association khng tn ti ti WAL th mt qu trnh tho thun c din ra . Nu yu cu c p ng, th mt association c hnh thnh. Association ny nh ngha s kt hp nhng modul v nhng tham s ca ch lm vic s c p dng tc th n tt c cc gi d liu IP thuc v n.
4.4.1.2 Khun dng tiu WAL

Tt c cc gi c s l bi WAL s mang mt tiu kt hp (nh hnh 4.2).
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Tiu WAL c kch thc c nh 2 byte. N xc nh r nhng kiu PDU thng qua trng kiu PDU 6 bit, nh vy n cho php nh ngha ti 64 loi PDU khc nhau. Bit S/D cho php kim th nhanh, nu n l khung bo hiu th S/D = 1 v nu l khung d liu th S/D = 0. Cui cng l 7 bit dnh cho trng association-ID, nh vy c n 128 association khc nhau c th c qun l trong mt AP n.
Hnh 4.2 Tiu WAL
4.4.1.3 Th tc ng k
T l thuyt tng quan v WAL, hot ng u tin c xem xt l qu trnh ng k s dng mt AP tm kim chc nng WAL ca thit b u cui di ng trong vng ph sng. Theo cch ny, n phi bit thng tin LLTC trong WAL qun l v mt MT mi, thng qua mc MAC qun l. Mi khi mt WAL phi hp thc c s c mt ca MT mi trong phm vi qun l ca n, th qu trnh ng k c bt u. thc hin iu ny, AP phi gi mt yu cu dung lng WAL nguyn thu, v sau i mt s p li t MT trong mt thi hn nht nh. Bn tin p li chnh l WALCAPABILITY-CONFIRM. Nu thi gian i kt thc, AP s gi li bn tin ban u, nu mt ln na khng c s p li th AP s t hiu rng MT khng c kh nng WAL (tnh trng ny c m t trong hnh 4.3)
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Hnh 4.3 Th tc ng k WAL
Hnh 4.4 PDU thay i trong qu trnh ng k WAL
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Hnh 4.3 gii thiu cc tham s s c trao i trong thi gian qu trnh ng k sy ra (chi tit ho trong hnh 4.4) Thit k ny ca WAL c gng tng thch vi c IPv4 v IPv6. C hai chun ny xem xt kh nng s dng nhng a ch ca mi khun dng. Khi AP khi chy chng trnh, n hon ton khng bit MT s dng phin bn no, bi vy n nhn din c hai (v n c th thc hin ng thi c hai phin bn ca IP) Trong trng hp , n s dng trng c nhn din kiu a ch ang c qun l (bit 0 ch bo khi s dng IPv4 v bit 1 khi s dng IPv6) Gi s rng cc MT ch s dng mt phin bn IP duy nht, nh vy ch c mt trng a ch trong bn tin tr li ban u. Trng c nhn din phin bn no s dng (kch thc ca n l 1 byte d dng cho s sp xp v thc hin) Mt khc, AP bit hai modul m MT c th s dng th mt trng Class_List 2 byte c a vo lp cn dng. thc hin iu ny th class per bit c nh ngha, n c dng nhn din s c mt ca mt lp xc nh (m t trong hnh 4.5).
Hnh 4.5 M ho trng Class_List Khi qu trnh ng k WAL kt thc, mt association c thit lp v cho php cc thc th WAL c th trao i nhng thng tin bo hiu iu khin. Sau khi AP nhn c bn tin WAL-CAPABILITY-CONFIRM, n s gi mt bn tin bo hiu yu cu hp nht (SIGNALING_ASSOC_REQUEST) ti u cui di ng. Khi AP bit nhng modul no c mt trong MT, n chp nhn cu hnh cho hp nht v tr li vi bn tin SIGNALING_ASSOC_REQUEST. Tuy nhin theo cch ny AP nhn din s hp nht v th trnh b li th bn tin ny c s dng lp li.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Khun dng gc s dng trong s to thnh bo hiu hp nht c ch ra hnh 4.6. di ca cc trng nh ngha cc thng s lm vic ca cc modul khc nhau, n ph thuc vo cu hnh mi lp, v th di ca cc trng l khng xc nh.
Hnh 4.6 PDU thay i trong tn hiu thit lp hp nht Khi thng tin bo hiu hp nht c to ra, c MT v im truy cp s c ghi vo nhng bng tng ng vi cc c tnh c bit ca chng (nh l nh ngha lp v cc modul) (hnh 4.7). Cc c tnh ny c thay i trong qu trnh s l trc.
Hnh 4.7 Tn hiu bo hiu s thnh lp association
4.4.2 S thit lp association

Th tc ny c bt u vi mt gi d liu IP truyn ti WAL m n khng th phn bit c tp hp cc association m WAL qun l. Nu MT bt u qu trnh s l, n s gi bn tin ASSOC_REQUEST gc ch bo lp v
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G cc thng s lm vic ca cc modul chuyn tip. Sau khi nhn PDU, AP tr li MT vi bn tin ASSOC_RESPONSE gc. Nu cu hnh c thit lp bi ngh ca AP th MT s xc nhn s to thnh mt s hp nht mi vi bn tin ASSOC_CONFIRM gc. Nu MT t chi cu hnh, n s gi mt PDU ASSOC_REJ. Ti mt phm vi nht nh, s trao i ca cc bn tin thng bo trong qu trnh s l (hnh 7.8) da trn ba cch bt tay (handshaking) ca TCP. Khi AP bt u thit lp hp nht, th s trao i PDU din ra tng t.
Hnh 4.8 Th tc thit lp s hp nht Qu trnh miu t trn l khng i xng, ngha l AP lun lun nhn bit s hp nht c hnh thnh v vy s khng c s chng ln ln nhau. AP bit tt c cc ID c gn cho mi MT, trong khi MT khng bit ID ca cc MT giao tip vi cc thit b u cui di ng trong phm vi vng ca n.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G Theo nhng nhn xt trc, c MT v AP qun l tt c nhng hp nht trong cng mt bng (bng 4.1). Bng ny cha tt c cc lp thuc v n cng vi cc thng s lm vic ca cc modul. AP cng lin quan ti cc nhm MT hp nht tng ng, v th n cng qun l cc MT xc nh (chng hn nh a ch IP ca MT)
Bng 4.1 Bng cc nhm hp nht Hnh 4.9 ch ra khun dng PDU lun phin trong qu trnh hnh thnh mt s hp nht.
Hnh 4.9 PDU thay i trong th tc s hp nht c thit lp
4.4.3 D liu
Khi mt d liu khi IP thuc v mt nhm hp nht c thit lp truyn ti WAL, WAL s to ra d liu PDU. Gi thit rng n khng yu cu phn on, mi modul nhn cc gi, s l v thm nhng thng tin b xung cn thit (thng tin iu khin phi c truyn ti modul tng ng ti ni nhn). Hnh 4.10 ch ra khun dng d liu PDU. Nhm hp nht m n thuc v c nhn din trong trng tiu WAL tng ng. Tip trng s dng
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G truyn thng tin phn on s c thm vo nu vic phn on gi d liu IP l cn thit.
Hnh 4.10 D liu PDU Nh ta bit, mt s tnh nng ca WAL c tng thch vi trng thi knh v tuyn ( nh l giao thc lp cao hn). Theo cch ny, kch thc ca PDU c to bi WAL phi c nh. Tuy nhin kch thc ny ph thuc vo trng thi ca lin kt khng dy ti bt k thi im no, WAL c th sa i kch thc ca PDU thng qua knh v tuyn. Nh vy c ch phn on l cn thit. thc hin mc ch ny mt bye d tr trong d liu PDU c s dng (hnh 4.11).
Hnh 4.11 Thng tin phn mnh trong d liu gc Thc th qun l phn mnh cho mi nhm hp nht p ng mc nh cc gi tr c ghi trong gi WAL (s th t ca gi) v nhng on (s th t ca on trong gi).
4.4.4 Th tc ti thit lp s kt hp
Th tc c thit lp sa i cu hnh ca nhm kt hp trong qu trnh trng thi cc knh v tuyn thay i ( thch nghi vi s thay i ca mi trng). Trong thng tin ca WAL, trng thi ca cc kt ni khng dy phi c tp hp cho php c lng trng thi hin thi (nh SRN). Tuy nhin cc ngng n nh cu hnh lm vic khc nhau cho nhng nhm hp nht ca lp c bit c nh ngha. Khi cc thc th tp hp c trng thi cc knh nhn nh c mt trong cc ngng ny, n s cnh bo cho WAL phi hp.
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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G y l qu trnh khi u ca nhm hp nht, tng t nh qu trnh c m t trong hnh 4.12. Sau khi nhm hp nht c thit lp, mt nh danh mi c gn cho cu hnh . Nhng thay i ca thng tin gc ng nht vi nhng thng tin c s dng trong qu trnh ti cu hnh li nhm hp nht. Cui cng WAL cn cc thc th p ng vic thng k cc knh thng tin (LLCT). Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo giao din iu khin khng dy c s dng.
Hnh 4.12 Th tc thit lp li nhm hp nht
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4.4.5 Danh sch PDU

Kt thc chng ny, bng 7.2 cho thy tp hp cc WAL gc c s dng trong d n WINE. Theo d n ny, vic a ra thit k d gy nh hng ti nhng ci bin trong tng lai nh mng IPv6. V c bn l trng di tiu WAL v trng iu khin li trong tiu ny. Cui cng cn c nhn mnh l tp hp cc modul FEC thc hin chun IEEE 802.11b, lin quan ti s phn on v ARQ. Gip ngi c quan tm chi tit hn ti chc nng ca WAL v s thc hin ca bt k modul no trong h thng.
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Bng 4.2 Danh sch PDU ca WAL
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Kt lun
Vi nhng c tnh u vit ca WLAN c trnh by trong bn kho lun, chng ta thy c nhng ng dng rng ri thng qua cc dch v m WLAN c th cung cp vi nhng thit b kh quen thuc v ang dn tr nn quan trng trong cuc sng nh my tnh sch tay, radio v..v.. Ngi dng c th kim tra email v truy cp mng Internet nh cc thit b di ng ca h. T nhng thit b nh my tnh sch tay, h c th tm kim thng tin trong mng Internet ti cc a im khc nhau nh sn bay, nh ga hay nhng ni cng cng khc. Cc khch du lch c th s dng cc thit b u cui GPS t trong nh hay trong t nh v v thit lp bn ng i. Nhng h s, d liu hoc cc thng tin khc c th c trao i bi cc my tnh sch tay thng qua mng LAN khng dy (WLAN). Bn kho lun cng nu bt nhng u im v nhng kh khn khi a ra gii php cho mng c nhn (PAN) . Nhng chun ho v mng PAN c tip hon thin bi nhm IEEE 802.15, thc y a PAN vo cuc sng hng ngy. Chc chn rng tc truyn bit cao hn lm cho PAN pht trin vi kh nng mi, v nh vy m hnh mng mi s xut hin h thng mng B-PAN (h thng mng PAN di rng) , m hnh mng ny s cung cp mt tc truyn bit ln ti 400Mbps, c kh nng truyn ging ni, truyn tin v cc ng dng a phng tin khc vi nhng thit b u cui a truy cp thng minh. iu ny yu cu nhng nghin cu chuyn su v a ra nhiu thch thc i vi th gii cng ngh v khoa hc. Vi cc gii php v cng ngh, gii thut v cc nghi thc cho cu hnh mng nu trong bn kho lun, tt c nhm mc ch thay th cc kt ni gip cho php nhng thit b di ng nm trong c li truyn dn c th kt ni vi nhau v th thc y hnh thnh cu trc mng di ng th h 4G. 4G c tch hp nhng topo v cc nn tng mng khc nhau, u vit hn vi tc truyn dn v c th pht trin c lp t nhng mng truy cp. Cng vi cc li th khc lm cho mng di ng th h 4G tr nn li cun trong th h mng di ng tng lai.
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BNG THUT NG V CC T VIT TT

T vit tt ACF AM_ADDR AP APT AR_ADDR ARQ ATIM BCCH BCH BD_ADDR B-PAN BSS CL CP CTS CW DCC DCCH DCF DLC DIFS DS DSS ESS FCCH FCH FER FHSS FIFO Thut ng ting Anh Association control function Active member address Access point AP transceiver Access request address Automatic repeat request Ad hoc TIM Broadcast control channel Broadcast channel Bluetooth device address Broadband PAN Basic service set Convergence layer Common part Clear to send Contention window DCL connection control Dedicated control channel Distributed coordination funcion Data link control Distributed interframe space Distribution system Distribution system service Extended service set Frame control channel Frame channel Frame error rate Frequency hopping spread spectrum First input first output
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Thut ng ting Vit Chc nng iu khin hp nht a ch thnh vin tch cc im truy cp AP truyn a ch yu cu truy cp T ng lp lai yu cu Mng c bit TIM Knh iu khin qung b Knh qung b a ch thit b Bluetooth PAN bng rng Tp dch v c bn Lp chuyn i Phn thng dng Xo gi Ca s tranh chp iu khin kt ni DCL Knh iu khin nh v Chc nng kt hp phn b iu khin kt ni d liu Phn b khng gian lin khung H phn b H phn b dch v Tp dch v m rng Knh iu khin khung Knh thng tin khung T l li khung Tri ph nhy tn Thanh ghi tun t Lu Th Thu Hin
WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G HEC IBSS LCCH LCH LLCT LMDS MAC MLME MPDU MSDU PLME RCH SAR SCO SIFS SNMP SR STA TCP/IP UBCH UDCH UMCH U-SAP WAL WLANs WPANs Header error check Independent BSS Link control channel Long transport channel Logical link control translator Local multipoint distribution system Medium access control MAC sublayer management entity MAC potocol data unit MAC service data unit PHY layer management entity Random channel Segmentation and reassembly Function Short transport channel Short interframe space Simple Network Management Protolcol Selective repeat Station Tranmission Control Protocol User broadcast channel User data channel User multicast channel User service access point Wireless adaptation layer Wireless local area networks Wireless personal area networks
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Kim tra li phn tiu BSS c lp Knh iu khin kt ni Knh truyn di B truyn iu khin kt ni logic H phn b a im cc b iu khin truy cp ng truyn Thc th qun l lp con MAC n v d liu giao thc MAC n v d liu dch v MAC Thc th qun l lp PHY Knh ngu nhin Chc nng phn chia v hp nht Knh truyn ngn Khng gian lin khung ngn Giao thc qun l mng n gin Lp li la chn Trm Giao thc iu khin truyn Knh qung b ngi dng Knh d liu ngi dng Knh qung b im-a im im truy cp dch v ngi dng Lp thch nghi khng dy Mng cc b khng dy Mng c nhn khng dy
Lu Th Thu Hin
Ti liu tham kho:

[1] Mobile AD HOC NETWORKING Edited by STEFANNO BASAGNI [2] WLANs and WPANs towards 4G Wireless Edited by Ramjee Prasad Luis Munoz [3] Gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA Semester 1 Dch bi Nguyn Hng Sn Nh sut bn gio dc [4] V mt s t liu t Internet: www.Linkpro.com.tww www.PLANET.com.tww www.baynetworks.com
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TimHieuVeMang WLANS WPANS VaMangThongTinDiDong4G

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WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc quc gia h ni trng i hc cng ngh

KHO LUN TT NGHIP

Tm hi u v WLANs, WPANs v xu hng pht trin thng tin di ng 4G

Ngi thc hin: Gio vin hng dn:

Lu Th Thu Hin Th.S Nguyn Phi Hng

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

Chng 1 Tng quan v thng tin di ng v h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

1.2 Thng tin di ng th h 4

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

2.2 Chun IEEE 802.11

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

2.2.1 Kin trc chung IEEE 802.11

Lp lin kt d liu 802.2 MAC

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

2.2.1.1 Cu trc h thng

2.2.1.2 c tnh c bn ca h thng

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

Hnh 2.2 mt ESS

Nhng dch v ca DS: Kt hp v phn tch; Phn phi; Hp nht; Ti kt hp;

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

MAC_SAP Lp con MAC PHY_SAP

Thc th qun l lp con MAC MLME_PLME_SAP

Lp con PLCP PMD_SAP Thc th qun l Lp con PHY Lp con PMD

Thc th qun l trm

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

2.2.1.5 Cu trc MAC

Hnh 2.4 nh dng khung MAC

Hnh 2.5 Cu trc MAC

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Hnh 2.10 phng thc truy cp PCF.

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Hnh 2.11 V d v qu trnh tp hp thnh mt BSS.

2.2.1.7 Chng thc v bo mt

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

WLAN, WPAN v bc pht trin n h thng thng tin di ng 4G

Hnh 2.12 Qu trnh truyn vi s phn tch khung thng tin.

i hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Hnh 2.13 C ch PS trong mt c s h tng BSS