Thy ng Vit Hng

Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

Bi ging s 01:

M U V DAO NG IU HA P1
Version 2.0

I. PHNG TRNH LI DAO NG

+ Dng sin: x = A sin(t + )
+ Dng cosin: x = Acos(t + )
+ Chu k, tn s dao ng: T =

2 1
2
= =
= 2f
f
T

2
sin a = cos a ; sin
cos
2

2
cos a = sin a + ;cos
sin
2

+ Cc chuyn i dng phng trnh:

sin a = sin(a + ) = cos a +

2

cos a = cos(a + ) = sin a

2

V d 1. Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 5cos 4t +

cm.
3

a) Tnh A; T; f ca vt.

.
11
s.
6
.

b) Tm li ca vt cc thi im t = 0,5 s; t = 0,125 s; t =

.
.

V d 2. Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 10cos 8t cm.

6

a) Tnh A; T; f ca vt.
.
1
13
b) Tm li ca vt cc thi im t = (s); t = (s) .
6
12
.
.
.

V d 3. Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 4cos 4t + cm.

4

a) Tm nhng thi im m vt qua li x = 2 cm.

.
.

b) Tm nhng thi im m vt qua v tr cn bng.

.
.

c) Tm nhng thi im m vt qua v tr bin m.

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Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

Thy ng Vit Hng

.
.
II. PHNG TRNH VN TC

+ Dng sin: x = A sin(t + ) v = x ' = A cos(t + ) = A sin t + +

2

+ Dng cosin: x = Acos(t + ) v = x ' = Asin(t + ) = A cos t + +

2

+ Quan h v pha: vn tc nhanh pha hn li gc /2

+ Vn tc l i lng vc t, v > 0 khi vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng, v < 0 khi vt chuyn ng theo chiu m.
ln ca vn tc c gi l tc .
+ Ti bin th v = 0; ti v tr cn bng th tc cc i, vmax = A.
+ Khi vt i t bin v v tr cn bng th vt chuyn ng nhanh dn, i t v tr cn bng ra bin th chuyn ng
chm dn.

V d 1. Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 8cos 4t + cm.

6

5
11
a) Tm li ca vt cc thi im t = (s); t = (s) .
6
3
.

.
.
1
17
b) Tnh vn tc ca vt cc thi im t = (s); t = (s) .
8
6
.
.
.

c) Tnh tc ca vt khi vn qua li x = 4 cm; x = 4 3 cm?

.
.
.

V d 2. Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 10sin 5t cm.

3

a) Tm nhng thi im vt qua li x = 5 cm; x = 5 2 cm

.
.
.

b) Tm nhng thi im vt qua li x = 5 3 cm theo chiu m.

.
.

c) Tm nhng thi im vt c vn tc 25 cm/s.

.
.

III. PHNG TRNH GIA TC

+ Dng sin: x = Asin(t + ) v = x ' = A cos(t + ) a = v ' = x '' = 2 x
+ Dng cosin: x = Acos(t + ) v = x ' = Asin(t + ) a = v' = x '' = 2 x

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Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

Thy ng Vit Hng

Vy ta lun c a = 2 x
+ Quan h v pha: gia tc nhanh pha (hay ngc pha) vi li gc , suy ra nhanh pha hn vn tc gc /2.
+ Gia tc l i lng vc t, a > 0 khi vt c ta m, a < 0 khi vt c ta dng.
+ Ti bin th gia tc c ln cc i, amax = 2A; ti v tr cn bng th a = 0.
a max

= v
v max = A
max
T ta c kt qu:

2
v
a max = A
A = max

V d 1. Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 10cos 2t +

cm.
3

a) Vit phng trnh vn tc, gia tc ca vt.

.
.

1
13
b) Tnh vn tc v gia tc ca vt cc thi im t = (s); t = (s) .
4
6
.
.

c) Tnh tc v ln gia tc ca vt khi vt cch v tr cn bng 5 cm.

.
.

V d 2. Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh vn tc x = 20 cos 2t cm/s.

6

1
7
a) Tnh gia tc ca vt ti cc thi im t = (s); t = (s)
8
6
.

b) Tm nhng thi im m vt qua v tr cn bng theo chiu dng.

.
.

c) Tm thi im m vt qua v tr cn bng theo chiu m ln th 2012.

.
.

V d 3. Mt vt nh c khi lng 100 g dao ng iu ha trn qu o thng di 20 cm, vi tn s gc 6 rad/s. Tnh

tc cc i v gia tc cc i ca vt.
Hng dn gii:
20
+ Bin dao ng ca vt: A = =
= 10 cm.
2 2
+ Tc cc i ca vt: v max = A = 6.10 = 60 cm/s
+ Gia tc cc i ca vt: a max = 2 A = 62.10 = 360 cm/s2
V d 4. Mt cht im dao ng iu ha theo phng trnh x = 2,5cos(10t) cm. Vo thi im no th pha dao ng
t gi tr /3. Khi , li , vn tc, gia tc ca vt bng bao nhiu ?
Hng dn gii:

Pha dao ng l /3, ta suy ra 10t = t = ( s )

3
30

+ Li ca vt l x = 2,5cos 10. = 2,5.cos = 1, 25 cm

30
3

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Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

Thy ng Vit Hng

25 3

+ Vn tc ca vt l v = 10.2,5.sin 10. = 25.sin =

( cm/s ) 22 cm/s
2
30
3

1
Gia tc ca vt l a = 2 Acos ( t + ) = 102.2,5.cos = 250. = 125 cm/s2
3
2

V d 5. Mt vt dao ng iu ho vi phng trnh x = cos 2t cm.

6

a) Tm bin , di qu o, tn s gc, chu k, tn s v pha ban u ca dao ng.

b) Tm li ca dao ng khi
+ Pha dao ng bng 450.
+ thi im t = 1/3 s
.
.

2
;
b) x =
;x = 0
6
2
V d 6. Vn tc ca mt cht im dao ng iu ho ng vi pha bng /3 v chu k dao ng l 0,5 s l 2 m/s.
a) Tm bin dao ng.
b) Tm gi tr cc i ca gia tc v gia tc ng vi pha bng /3.
/s: a) 0,318 m
b) amax = 50,24 m/s2; a = 25,12 m/s2.
/s: a) A = 1 cm, L = 2 cm, = 2 rad/s, T = 1 s, f = 1 Hz, =

.
.

V d 7. Mt cht im dao ng iu ho vi tn s f = 5Hz, ng vi pha dao ng l /3 th gia tc ca cht im l

100 m/s2.
a) Tm bin dao ng.
b) Tm li , vn tc ng vi pha trn.
.
.

V d 8. Mt cht im dao ng iu ho vi phng trnh x = 4cos 10 t cm.

6

a) Vit biu thc ca vn tc v gia tc ca cht im theo t?

b) Tm li , vn tc, gia tc ca cht im ti thi im t = 2 s?
c) Ti nhng thi im no li ca cht im bng 2 cm.
d) Ti nhng thi im no vn tc ca cht im bng 0.
e) Tnh vn tc cc i ca cht im?
f) Tnh vn tc ca cht im khi c li 2 cm.
.
.

V d 9. Cho vt dao ng iu ho vi phng trnh: x = 4cos 10 t + cm.

3

a) Tm nhng thi im m vt qua im c to x1 = 2 cm.

b) Tm thi im u m vt qua im c to x1 = 2 cm.
c) Tm thi im vt qua im c to x = 2 2 cm ln th 33.
d) Tm thi im vt qua im c to x = 2 2 cm ln th 3 theo chiu dng.
.
.
.
.

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Thy ng Vit Hng

Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

Bi ging s 01:

M U V DAO NG IU HA P2
Version 2.0
IV. H THC LIN H TRONG DAO NG IU HA

H thc lin h ca x, v:
2

x v
x2
v2
Do x v v vung pha vi nhau nn ta lun c
+
= 1 2 + 2 2 = 1 (1)
A
A
x max v max
Nhn xt:
+ T h thc (1) ta thy th ca x, v l ng elip nhn cc bn trc l A v A
2

v
A = x 2 +
+ Khai trin (1) ta c mt s h thc thng dng

2
2
v = A x
+ Ti hai thi im t1; t2 vt c li , tc tng ng l x1; v1 v x2; v2 th ta c
x12
v12
x 22
v 22
x12 x 22 v 22 v12
+
=
+

= 2 2 =
A 2 2 A 2 A 2 2 A 2
A2
A
V d 1. Tm bin dao ng ca mt vt dao ng iu ha bit
a) T = 0,5 s. Khi vt c li 2 cm th tc ca vt l 8 3 cm/s.

v 22 v12
x12 x 22

b) f = 1 Hz. Khi vt cch v tr cn bng mt on 2 2 cm th tc ca vt l 4 cm/s.

.

V d 2. Tnh tc ca mt vt dao ng iu ha:

a) T = 0,25 s. Bit A = 5 cm; tnh v khi x = 3 cm.
.

b) f = 2 Hz. Vt c trn qu o di 16 cm. Tnh tc ca vt khi vt cch v tr cn bng 4 cm.

.
x = 3 2 cm
x1 = 3 cm
V d 3. Mt vt dao ng iu ha, ti thi im t1 :
; t i t 2: 2
v1 = 60 3 cm / s
v 2 = 60 2 cm / s
Tnh bin A, tn s dao ng f ca vt.

.
.
x = 4 2 cm
x1 = 4 cm
V d 4. Mt vt dao ng iu ha, ti thi im t1 :
; t i t 2: 2
v1 = 40 3 cm / s
v 2 = 40 2 cm / s
Tnh bin A, tn s dao ng f ca vt.
.
.

V d 5. Mt vt dao ng iu ha c phng trnh lin h v, x l

x 2 v2
+
= 1 . Trong x tnh bng cm, v tnh bng
10 640

cm/s. Ly 2 = 10, tnh chu k dao ng?

.
.

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Thy ng Vit Hng

Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

V d 6. Mt vt dao ng iu ha c phng trnh lin h v, x l

x 2 v2
+
= 1 . Trong x tnh bng cm, v tnh bng
25 0, 4

m/s. Ly 2 = 10, tnh chu k dao ng?

.
.
.

V d 7. Mt vt dao ng iu ha. Khi vt c li x1 = 3 cm th v1 = 40 cm/s. Khi vt qua v tr cn bng th vt c

tc v = 50 cm/s.
a) Tnh bin , chu k dao ng ca vt.
b) Tm x3 khi vt c tc v3 = 30 cm/s
.
.
.
.

H thc lin h ca a, v:
2

v a
v2
a2
Do a v v vung pha vi nhau nn ta lun c
+
=
1

+
= 1 (2)

2 A 2 4 A 2
v max a max
T h thc (2) ta thy th ca x, v l ng elip nhn cc bn trc l A v 2A.
Ch : Thng thng trn bi thi ta khng hay s dng trc tip cng thc (2) v n khng d nh. lm tt trc
2

v
A = x 2 +

nghim cc em nn bin i theo hng sau:

a
x = 2

V d 1. Tm bin dao ng ca mt vt dao ng iu ha bit

a) T = 1 s. Khi vt c tc 8 cm/s th ln gia tc ca vt l a = 120 cm/s2.
.
.

b) f = 2 Hz. Khi vt c tc 24 cm/s th ln gia tc ca vt l 3, 2 3 m/s2.

.
.

V d 2. (Trch thi H 2011).

Vt dao ng iu ha. Khi vt qua v tr cn bng c tc 20 cm/s. Khi vt c tc 10 cm/s th ln gia tc ca
vt l 40 3 cm/s2. Tm bin dao ng A?
.
.

V. BI TON VIT PHNG TRNH DAO NG IU HA

Gi phng trnh cn vit dng x = Acos(t + ). Ta cn phi xc nh cc yu tc A; v .
L v
v

Xc nh bin dao ng A: A = = max = x 2 +
2

Xc nh tn s gc: =

v
v
a
2
= 2f = max = max =
2
T
A
v max
A x2

x 0 = A cos

Xc nh pha ban u : Xt ti t = 0 ta c

v0 = A sin

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Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

Thy ng Vit Hng

Ch :
+ Bin dao ng ca vt ph thuc vo cch kch thch dao ng ban u.
+ Cch xc nh nhanh gc : khi v > 0 th < 0 v ngc li.
V d 1. Lp phng trnh dao ng iu ha:
a) T = 0,2 s; A = 5 cm; chn t = 0 lc vt
+ qua v tr cn bng theo chiu dng
.
.
+ qua li 2,5 cm theo chiu m
.
.
b) f = 2 Hz; A = 10 cm; chn t = 0 lc vt
+ qua v tr cn bng theo chiu m
.
.
+ qua li 5 3 cm theo chiu dng
.
.

V d 2. Mt vt dao ng iu ha, trong 180 s vt thc hin c 90 dao ng. a vt cch v tr cn bng 2 cm ri
truyn cho vt tc 2 3 cm/s hng v v tr cn bng. Lp phng trnh dao ng ca vt, chn t = 0 lc truyn
vn tc, chiu dng ngc chiu chuyn ng ca vt.
.
.
.
.

V d 3. Mt cht im dao ng iu ha vi bin A v tn s gc . Vit phng trnh dao ng ca cht im

trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Chn gc thi gian t = 0 khi vt qua VTCB x = 0:
+ Theo chiu dng.
.
.
+ Theo chiu m.
.
.

b) Chn gc thi gian t = 0 khi vt qua v tr:

+ Bin dng x = A.
.
.
+ Bin m x = A.
.
.

c) Chn gc thi gian t = 0 khi vt qua v tr x =

+ Theo chiu dng.
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A
.
2

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Lp bi dng kin thc v n thi quc gia mn Vt l

Thy ng Vit Hng

.
.
+ Theo chiu m.
.
.
d) Chn gc thi gian t = 0 khi vt qua v tr x =

A
.
2

+ Theo chiu dng.

.
.
+ Theo chiu m.
.
.

e) Chn gc thi gian t = 0 khi vt qua v tr x =

A 3
.
2

+ Theo chiu dng.

.
.
+ Theo chiu m.
.
.

f) Chn gc thi gian t = 0 khi vt qua v tr x =

A 3
.
2

+ Theo chiu dng.

.
.
+ Theo chiu m.
.
.

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