Chuyn

HNH HC GII TCH TRONG KHNG GIAN

A. L THUYT

I. TA CA IM V VECT
A. H trc to Oxyz gm ba trc Ox, Oy, Oz i mt vung gc vi nhau vi ba vect n v i , j , k
i

1.

B. a a1; a2 ; a3

a1i

a2 j

a3 k ; M(x;y;z)

OM

xi

yj

zk

C. Ta ca vect: cho u( x; y; z), v( x '; y '; z ')

1. u v
2. u v

x x '; y
x x '; y

y '; z

z'

y '; z z '

3. ku (kx; ky; kz)

4. u.v xx ' yy ' zz '
5. u
6. u

7. u

k 0;0;1

xx ' yy ' zz ' 0

x

y2

j 0;1;0

z2

y z z x x y
;
;
y' z' z' x' x' y'

8. u, v cng phng

u.v

9. cos u, v

u.v

yz ' y ' z; zx ' z ' x; xy ' x ' y

x

[u, v] 0

i 1;0;0

D. Ta ca im: cho A(xA ;yA ;zA ), B(xB;yB;zB)

I. Mt phng

1. AB ( xB xA ; yB y A ; zB z A )
2. AB
( xB xA )2 ( yB y A )2 ( zB z A )2
3.G l trng tm tam gic ABC ta c:
x
xB xC
y
yB yC
z
z B zC
xG = A
;yG = A
; zG = A
3
3
3
x A kxB
y A kyB
z A kz B
4. M chia AB theo t s k: xM
; yM
; zM
;
1 k
1 k
1 k
xA xB
y A yB
z A zB
c bit: M l trung im ca AB: xM
; yM
; zM
.
2
2
2
1
5. ABC l mt tam gic AB AC 0 khi S= AB AC
2
1
1
6. ABCD l mt t din AB AC . AD 0, VABCD =
AB AC , AD , VABCD = S BCD .h (h l ng
6
3
cao ca t din h t nh A)

II. PHNG TRNH NG & MT

Mt phng c xc nh bi: M(x0 ;y0 ;z0 ), n ( A; B; C ) . Phng trnh tng qut ca mt
phng : Ax+By+Cz+D=0, tm D t Ax0 +By0 +Cz0 +D=0
hay A(x-x0 )+B(y-y0 )+C(z-z0 )=0 Ax+By+Cz+D=0.
mt s mt phng thng gp:
a/ Mt phng (Oxy): z=0; mt phng (Oxz): y=0; mt phng (Oyz): x=0.
b/ Mt phng i qua ba im A,B,C: c n( ABC ) [ AB, AC ]
c/

d/

u v ngc li

e/

ud

f/

ud .

ng thng

c xc nh bi: M(x0 ;y0 ;z0 ), u =(a;b;c)

x

at

IV.
ng cong

II. ng thng

i.Phng trnh tham s: y y0 bt ;

z z0 ct
x x0 y y0
ii.Phng trnh chnh tc:
a
b

z0
c

iii.ng thng qua giao tuyn hai mt phng:

n1

Ch :

( A1 ; B1 ; C1 ) , n2

AB ;

x
y 0
; Oy:
z 0
z

c/

Gc gia hai ng thng

*cos( , )=cos =

A1 x

B1 y

C1 z

A2 x

B2 y

C2 z

( A2 ; B2 ; C2 ) l hai VTPT v VTCP u

a/ ng thng Ox:
b/ (AB): u AB

III. Gc- Kh/C

x0

u.u '

d/

u . u'

D2

trong

[n1 n2 ] .

n.u

n.n '

*sin( , )=sin =

.
n.u

n . n'

KHONG CCH
Cho M (xM;yM;zM), :Ax+By+Cz+D=0, : M 0 (x0 ;y0 ;z0 ), u
M0 (x0 ';y0 ';z0 '), u '
AxM ByM CZ M D
* Khong cch t M n mt phng : d(M, )=
A2 B 2 C 2
* Khong cch t M n ng thng : d(M, )=

Gc gia ng thng v mp

Gc gia hai mp
*cos( , )=cos =

x 0
y 0

; Oz:

0
u

D1

[ MM 1 , u ]
u

* Khong cch gia hai ng thng: d( , )=

[u, u '].M 0 M '0

[u, u ']

III. PHNG TRNH MT CU

Mt cu (S) I(a;b;c),bn knh R
Dng 1: (x-a)2 +(y-b)2 +(z-c)2 =R2 (S)
Dng 2: x2 +y2 +z2 -2ax-2by-2cz+d=0 khi R= a 2 b2 c 2 d
1. d(I, )>R:
(S)=
2. d(I, )=R:
(S)=M (M gi l tip im)
*iu kin mt phng tip xc mt cu (S): d(I, )=R (mt phng l tip din ca mt cu (S) ti M
khi n = IM )
3. Nu d(I, )<R th s ct mc(S) theo ng trn (C) c phng trnh l giao ca v (S). tm tm H
v bn knh r ca (C) ta lm nh sau:
a. Tm r = R 2 - d 2 ( I , )
b. Tm H: +Vit phng trnh ng thng qua I, vung gc vi
+H=
(to im H l nghim ca h phng trnh

vi )

B. BI TP
1. (Khi D_2009)
Chun
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho cc im A(2;1;0), B(1;2;2), C(1;1;0) v mt phng (P):x+y+z 20=0.
Xc nh ta im D thuc ng thng AB sao cho ng thng CD song song vi mt phng (P).
Nng cao
x 2 y 2 z
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng :
vt phng (P):x+2y 3z+4=0. Vit
1
1
1
phng trnh ng thng d nm trong (P) sao cho d ct v vung gc vi ng thng .

x
3 t
5 1
S: Chun D ; ; 1 , Nng cao d y 1 2t
2 2
z 1 t
2. (Khi D_2008)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho bn im A(3;3;0), B(3;0;3), C(0;3;3), D(3;3;3).
a. Vit phng trnh mt cu i qua bn im A, B, C, D.
b. Tm ta tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.

S: a. x2 +y2 +z2 3x 3y 3z=0, b. H(2;2;2).

3. (Khi D_2007)
x 1 y 2 z
.
1
1
2
a. Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua trng tm G ca tam gic OAB v vung gc vi mt phng
(OAB).
b. Tm ta im M thuc ng thng sao cho MA2 +MB2 nh nht.

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(1;4;2), B( 1;2;4) v ng thng

x y 2 z 2
, b. M( 1;0;4).
2
1
1
4. (Khi D_2006)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im A(1;2;3) v hai ng thng
x 2 y 2 z 3
x 1 y 1 z 1
, d1 :
.
d1 :
2
1
1
1
2
1
a. Tm ta im A i xmgs vi im A qua ng thng d 1 .
b. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A, vung gc vi d 1 v ct d 2 .

S: a. d :

S:
a. A( 1; 4;1), b.
5. (Khi D_2005)

x 1
1

2
3

z 3
.
5

x 12 3t
z 1
t.
v d 2 : y
2
z 10 2t
a. Chng minh d 1 v d 2 song song vi nhau. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha c hai ng thng d 1 v
d2.
b. Mt phng ta Oxz ct hai ng thng d 1 , d 2 ln lt ti cc im A, B. Tnh din tch tam gic OAB (O
l gc ta ).

x 1
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hai ng thng d1 :
3

2
1

S: a. 15x+11y 17z 10=0, b. S OAB 5 .

6. (Khi D_2004)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho ba im A(2;0;1), B(1;0;0), C(1;1;1) v mt phng (P):x+y+z 2=0. Vit
phng trnh mt cu i qua ba im A, B, C v c tm thuc mt phng (P).

y2
z 1
1.
S: x 1
7. (Khi D_2003)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz gian cho ng thng d k l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng ( ): x+3ky z+2=0,
( ): kx y+z+1=0. Tm k ng thng d k Vung gc vi mt phng (P):x y 2z+5=0.

S: k=1.
8. (Khi D_2002)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz gian cho mt phng (P): 2x y+2=0 v ng thng d m l giao tuyn ca hai
mt phng ( ): (2m+1)x+(1 m)y+m 1=0, ( ): mx+(2m+1)z+4m+2=0. Tm m ng thng d m song song vi mt
phng (P).
1
S: m
.
2

9. (Khi B_2009)
Chun
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho t dim ABCD c cc nh A(1;2;1), B( 2;1;3), C(2; 1;1) v D(0;3;1).
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, B sao cho khong cch t C n (P) bng khong cch t D n (P).
Nng cao
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x 2y+2z 5=0 v hai im A( 3;0;1), B(1; 1;3). Trong
cc ng thng i qua A v song song vi (P), hy vit phng trnh ng thng m khong cch t B n
ng thng l nh nht.

S: Chun (P): 2x+3z 5=0, Nng cao

x 3
26

y
11

z 1
.
2

10. (Khi B_2008)

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(0;1;2), B(2; 2;1), C( 2;0;1).
a. Vit phng trnh mt phng i qua ba im A, B, C.
b. Tm ta ca im M thuc mt phng 2x+2y+z 3=0 sao cho MA=MB=MC.

S:
a. x+2y 4z+6=0, b. M(2;3; 7).
11. (Khi B_2007)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x2 +y2 +z2 2x+4y+2z 3=0 v mt phng (P): 2x y+2z 14=0.
a. Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha trc Ox v ct (S) theo mt ng trn c bn knh bng 3.
b. Tm ta im M thuc mt cu (S) sao cho khong cch t M dn mt phng (P) ln nht.

S: a. y 2z=0, b. M( 1; 1; 3).
12. (Khi B_2006)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im A(0;1;2) v hai ng thng

10

x
d1 :
2

y 1
1

x 1 t
z 1
, d2 : y 1 2 t .
1
z 2 t

a. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A, ng thi song song vi d 1 , d 2 .

b. Tm ta im M thuc d 1 , N thuc d 2 sao cho A, M, N thng hng.

S: a. (P): x+3y+5z 13=0, b. M(0;1; 1), N(0;1;1).

13. (Khi B_2005)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hnh lng tr ng ABC.A1 B1 C1 vi A(0; 3;0), B(4;0;0), C(0;3;0),
B(4;0;4).
a. Tm ta cc nh A1 , C1 . Vit phng trnh mt cu tm A v tip xc vi mt phng (BCB1 C1 ).
b. Gi M l trung im ca A1 B1 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua hai im A, M v song song vi
BC1 . Mt phng (P) ct ng thng A1 C1 ti im N. Tnh di on MN.

17
2
14. (Khi B_2004)

S: MN

11

x
3 2t
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho im A( 4; 2;4) v ng thng d : y 1 t . Vit phng trnh
z
1 4t
ng thng i qua im A, ct v vung gc vi ng thng d.

S:

4
1

3
2
15. (Khi B_2003)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hai im A(2;0;0), B(0;0;8) v im C sao cho AC
khong cch t trung im I ca BC n ng thng OA.

0; 6; 0 . Tnh

S: Khong cch bng 5

16. (Khi A_2009)
Chun
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2x 2y z 4=0 v mt cu (S): x2 +y2 +z2 2x 4y 6z 11=0.
Chng minh rng (P) ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn. Xc nh ta tm v bn knh ca ng trn .
Nng cao
x 1 y z 9
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x 2y+2z 1=0 v hai ng thng 1 :
,
1
1
6
x 1 y 3 z 1
. Xc nh ta im M thuc ng thng 1 sao cho khong cch t M n ng
2:
2
1
2
thng 2 v khong cch t M n mt phng (P) bng nhau.
18 53 3
; ;
S: Chun H(3;0;2), r=4. Nng cao M 1 (0;1; 3), M 2
.
35 35 35

12

17. (Khi A_2008)

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im A(2;5;3) v ng thng d :

x 1
2

y
1

z 2
.
2

a. Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc ca im A ln ng thng d.

b. Vit phng trnh mt phng ( ) cha d sao cho khong ch t A n ( ) ln nht.

S: a. H(3;1;4), ( ): x 4y+z 3=0.

18. (Khi A_2007)
x
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1 :
2

y 1
1

2
1

x
1 2t
v d 2 : y 1 t .
z 3

a. Chng minh rng d 1 v d 2 cho nhau.

b. Vit phng trnh ng thng d vung gc vi mt phng (P): 7x+y 4z=0 v ct c hai ng thng d 1 ,
d2.

13

x 2 y z 1
7
1
4
19. (Khi A_2006)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD vi A(0;0;0), B(1;0;0), D(0;1;0),
A(0;01). Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD.
a. Tnh khong cch gia ng thng AC v MN.
1
b. Vit phng trnh mt phng cha AC v to vi mt phng Oxy mt gc bit cos
6

S: d :

14

S: a. d A ' C , MN
20. (Khi A_2005)

1
2 2

, (Q1 ): 2x y+z 1=0, (Q2 ): x 2y z+1=0.

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho ng thng d:

x 1
1

y 3
2

z 3
v mt phng (P): 2x+y 2z+9=0.
1

a. Tm ta im I thuc d sao cho khong cch t I n mt phng (P) bng 2.

b. Tm ta giao im A ca ng thng d v mt phng (P). Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
nm trong mt phng (P), bit i qua A v vung gc vi d.
S: a. I1 ( 3;5;7), I2 (3; 7;1)

15

21. (Khi A_2004)

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi, AC ct BD ti gc ta
O. Bit A(2;0;0), B(0;1;0), S 0;0; 2 2 . Gi M l trung im ca cnh SC.
a. Tnh gc v khong cch gia hai ng thng SA, BM.
b. Gi s mt phng (ABM) ct ng thng SD ti im N. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABMN.

16

S: a. d SA, BM

2 6
, b. VS . AMN
3

2.

22. (Khi A_2002)

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho hai ng thng:
x
1:
2

2
3

z
v
4

x 1 t
2 t
2 : y
z 1 2t

a. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng 1 v song song vi ng thng 2 .
b. Cho im M(2;1;4). Tm ta im H thuc ng thng 2 sao cho on thng MH c di nh
nht.

17

S: a. 2x z=0, b. H(2;3;4)
23. (C_Khi A_2009)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz cho cc mt phng (P1 ): x+2y+3z+4=0 v (P2 ): 3x+2y z+1 0. Vit phng
trnh mt phng (P) i qua im A(1;1;1), vung gc vi hai mt phng (P1 ) v (P2 ).

S: (P): 4x 5y+2z 1 0
24. (C_Khi A_2008)
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im A(1;1;3) v ng thng d c phng trnh
a. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A v vung gc vi ng thng d.
b. Tm ta im M thuc ng thng d sao cho tam gic MOA cn ti nh O.

x
1

y
1

z 1
.
2

18

S: a. x y+2z 6=0
b. M 1 1; 1;3 , M 2

5 5 7
; ;
3 3 3

19