Chuyn : Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

1
KIN THC CN NH
I. Hm s m
- y=a
x
; TX D=R
- Bng bin thin
a>1 0<a<1
x 0 + x 0 +
y +
1

y +
1

- th
f(x)=3^x
-17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
x
y
y=3
x

f(x)=(1/3)^x
-16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
x
y


II. Hm s lgarit
- y=log
a
x, K:

= <
>
1 0
0
a
x
; D=(0;+)
- Bng bin thin
a>1 0<a<1
x 0 0 + x 0 0 +
y +
1

y +
1


- th
f(x)=ln(x)/ln(3)
f(x)=3^x
f(x)=x
-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
y=x
y=3
x
y=log3x

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(1/3)
f(x)=(1/3)^x
f(x)=x
-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
x
y
y=x


III. Cc cng thc
1. Cng thc ly tha:
Vi a>0, b>0; m, neR ta c:
a
n
a
m
=a
n+m
;
m n
m
n
a
a
a

= ;(
n
a
1
=a
m
; a
0
=1; a
1
=
a
1
);
(a
n
)
m
=a
nm
; (ab)
n
=a
n
b
n
;
m
n
n
b
a
b
a
= |
.
|

\
|
;
n m
n
m
a a = .
2. Cng thc logarit: log
a
b=ca
c
=b (0<a=1; b>0)
Vi 0<a=1, 0<b=1; x, x
1
, x
2
>0; oeR ta c:
log
a
(x
1
x
2
)=log
a
x
1
+log
a
x
2
; log
a
2
1
x
x
= log
a
x
1
log
a
x
2
;
x a
x
a
=
log
; log
a
x
o
=olog
a
x;
Chuyn : Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

2
x x
a
a
log
1
log
o
o
= ;(log
a
a
x
=x); log
a
x=
a
x
b
b
log
log
;(log
a
b=
a
b
log
1
)
log
b
a.log
a
x=log
b
x; a
log
b
x
=x
log
b
a
.
IV. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh mlogarit
1. Phng trnh mlogarit
a. Phng trnh m:
a v cng c s
+0<a=1: a
f(x)
=a
g(x)
(1) f(x)=g(x).
+ 0<a=1: a
f(x)
=b
( )

=
>
b x f
b
a
log
0
.
Ch : Nu a cha bin th (1) (a1)[f(x)g(x)]=0
t n ph: Ta c th t t=a
x
(t>0), a v mt phng trnh i s..
Lu nhng cp s nghch o nh: (2 3 ), (7 4 3 ), Nu trong mt phng trnh c cha {a
2x
;b
2x
;a
x
b
x
}
ta c th chia hai v cho b
2x
(hoc a
2x
) ri t t=(a/b)
x
(hoc t=(b/a)
x
.
Phng php logarit ha: a
f(x)
=b
g(x)
f(x).log
c
a=g(x).log
c
b,vi a,b>0; 0<c=1.
b. Phng trnh logarit:
a v cng c s:
+log
a
f(x)=g(x)
( )
( )

=
= <
x g
a x f
a 1 0
+log
a
f(x)= log
a
g(x) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )

=
> >
= <
x g x f
x g x f
a
0 0
1 0
.
t n ph.
2. Bt phng trnh mlogarit
a. Bt phng trnh m:
a
f(x)
>a
g(x)

( ) ( ) ( ) | |

>
>
0 1
0
x g x f a
a
; a
f(x)
>a
g(x)

( ) ( ) ( ) | |

>
>
0 1
0
x g x f a
a
.
t bit:
* Nu a>1 th: a
f(x)
>a
g(x)
f(x)>g(x);
a
f(x)
>a
g(x)
f(x)>g(x).
* Nu 0<a<1 th: a
f(x)
>a
g(x)
f(x)<g(x);
a
f(x)
>a
g(x)
f(x)sg(x).
b. Bt phng trnh logarit:
log
a
f(x)>log
a
g(x) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |

>
> >
= <
0 1
0 , 0
1 0
x g x f a
x g x f
a
; log
a
f(x)>log
a
g(x) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |

>
> >
= <
0 1
0 , 0
1 0
x g x f a
x g x f
a
.
t bit:
+ Nu a>1 th: log
a
f(x)>log
a
g(x)
( ) ( )
( )

>
>
0 x g
x g x f
;
+ Nu 0<a<1 th: log
a
f(x)>log
a
g(x)
( ) ( )
( )

>
<
0 x f
x g x f
.


*
* *








Chuyn : Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

3

MT S PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNHBT PHNG TRNHH
PHNG TRNH M-LOGARIT
I. Bin i thnh tch
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 4.2 2 4 0 2 1 . 2 4 0
x x x x x x x x +
+ = = .
Nhn xt: Mc d cng c s 2 nhng khng th bin i t c n ph do ta phi phn tch thnh
tch:
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 . 2 4 0
x x x
= . y l phng trnh tch bit cch gii.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh:
( )
( )
2
9 3 3
2 log log .log 2 1 1 x x x = + .
Nhn xt: Tng t nh trn ta phi bin i phng trnh thnh tch:
( ) 3 3 3
log 2log 2 1 1 .log 0 x x x
(
+ =

.
y l phng trnh tch bit cch gii.
Tng qut: Trong nhiu trng hp cng c s nhng khng th bin i t n ph c th ta bin i
thnh tch.
II. t n ph-h s vn cha n
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 9 2( 2)3 2 5 0
x x
x x + + = . t t = 3
x
(*), khi ta c:
( )
2
2 2 2 5 0 1, 5 2 t x t x t t x + + = = = . Thay vo (*) ta tm c x.
Lu : Phng php ny ch s dng khi A l s chnh phng.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
log 1 5 log 1 2 6 0 x x x x + + + + = . t t = log
3
(x+1), ta c:
( )
2
5 2 6 0 2, 3 t x t x t t x + + = = = x = 8 v x = 2.
III. Phng php hm s
Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht 1: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=k (keR) c khng qu mt
nghim trong khong (a;b).
Tnh cht 2: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th u, v e(a,b) ta c ( ) ( ) f u f v u v = = .
Tnh cht 3: Nu hm f tng v g l hm hng hoc gim trong khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=g(x) c nhiu
nht mt nghim thuc khong (a;b).
nh l Lagrange: Cho hm s F(x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v tn ti F'(x) trn khong (a;b) th
( ) b a c ; e - : ( )
( ) ( )
a b
a F b F
c F

= ' . Khi p dng gii phng trnh nu c F(b) F(a) = 0 th

( ) ( ) ( ) ; : ' 0 ' 0 c a b F c F x - e = = c nghim thuc (a;b).
nh l Rn: Nu hm s y=f(x) li hoc lm trn min D th phng trnh f(x)=0 s khng c qu hai nghim
thuc D.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
log
2.3 3
x
x + = .
Hng dn:
2 2
log log
2.3 3 2.3 3
x x
x x + = = , v tri l hm ng bin, v phi l hm nghch bin nn phng
trnh c nghim duy nht x=1.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 6 2 5 3
x x x x
+ = + . Phng trnh tng ng 6 5 3 2
x x x x
= , gi s phng
trnh c nghim o. Khi :
o o o o
2 3 5 6 = .
Xt hm s ( ) ( )
o o
t t t f + = 1 , vi t > 0. Ta nhn thy f(5) = f(2) nn theo nh l lagrange tn ti ( ) 2; 5 ce
sao cho: ( ) ( )
1 ' 1
0 1 0 0, 1 f c c c
o o
o o o

(
= + = = =
(

, th li ta thy x = 0, x = 1 l nghim ca
phng trnh.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
2
1 2
2 2 ( 1)
x x x
x

+ = . Vit li phng trnh di dng
2
1 2
2 1 2
x x x
x x x

+ = + , xt hm s ( ) t t f
t
+ = 2 l hm ng bin trn R ( ??? ). Vy phng trnh c
vit di dng: ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 f x f x x x x x x = = = .
V d 4: Gii phng trnh: 3 2 3 2
x x
x + = + . D dng ta tm c nghim: x = 0 v x = 1. Ta cn chng minh
khng cn nghim no khc.
Xt hm s ( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 3 2 '' 3 ln 3 2 ln 2 0
x x x x
f x x f x = + = + > th ca hm s ny lm, suy ra
phng trnh khng c qu hai nghim.
Chuyn : Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

4
V d 5: Chng minh h phng trnh
2
2
2007
1
2007
1
x
y
y
e
y
x
e
x

c ng hai nghim tha mn x > 0, y > 0.

HD: Dng tnh cht 2 ch ra x = y khi xt hm s
( )
2
2007
1
x
x
f x e
x
= +

.
Nu x < 1 th ( ) 0 2007
1
< <

e x f suy ra h phng trnh v nghim.
Nu x > 1 dng nh l Rn v ch ra vi x
0
= 2 th f(2) < 0 suy ra iu phi chng minh.
V d 6: Cho 0 > > b a . Chng minh rng
1 1
2 2
2 2
b a
a b
a b
| | | |
+ s +
| |
\ . \ .
(H Khi D2007)
HD: BT
1 1
ln 2 ln 2
1 1 2 2
ln 2 ln 2
2 2
a b
a b
a b
a b
b a
a b
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ . | | | |
+ s + s
| |
\ . \ .
. Xt hm s ( )
1
ln 2
2
x
x
f x
x
| |
+
|
\ .
=
vi x > 0
Suy ra f(x) < 0 vi mi x > 0, nn hm s nghch bin vy vi 0 > > b a ta c ( ) b f a f s ) ( (pcm).
IV. Mt s bi ton (c bit l cc bi logarrit) ta thng phi a v phng trnh h phng trnh bt
phng trnh m ri s dng cc phng php trn.
1.Dng 1: Khc c s:
V d: Gii phng trnh
7 3
log log ( 2) x x = + . t t =
7
log 7
t
x x = Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
3
7 1
log ( 7 2) 3 7 2 1 2.
3 3
t
t
t t t
t
| |
| |
= + = + = +
|
|
\ .
\ .
.
2.Dng 2: Khc c s v biu thc trong du log phc tp
V d 1: Gii phng trnh ( ) 4
2 2
5 6
log ( 2 2) 2log 2 3 x x x x = .
t t = x
2
2x 3 ta c ( )
6 5
log 1 log t t + = .
V d 2: Gii phng trnh
( )
6
log
2 6
log 3 log
x
x x + = . t
6
log t x = , phng trnh tng ng
3
6 3 2 3 1
2
t
t t t t
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
.
3. Dng 3:
( ) log
b
x c
a x
+
=
( iu kin: b = a + c )
V d 1: Gii phng trnh
( )
7
log 3
4
x
x
+
= . t ( )
7
log 3 7 3
t
t x x = + = + , phng trnh tng
ng
4 1
4 7 3 3. 1
7 7
t t
t t
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .
.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh
( )
4 2
5 log
3
+ =
+
x
x
. t t = x+4 phng trnh tng ng
( )
t
t
=
+1 log
3
2
V d 3: Gii phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
3 3
log 1 log 1
4 1 2 0
x x
x x
+ +
= .
4. Dng 4: ( ) log
ax b
s
s c dx e x o |
+
= + + +
, vi , d ac e bc o | = + = +
Phng php: t log ( )
s
ay b dx e + = + ri chuyn v h hai phng trnh, ly phng trnh hai tr phng
trnh mt ta c:
ax b ay b
s acx s acy
+ +
+ = + . Xt ( )
at b
f t s act
+
= + .
V d: Gii phng trnh
1
7
7 6log (6 5) 1
x
x

= + . t ( )
7
1 log 6 5 y x = . Khi chuyn thnh h
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
1
7
7 6 1 1 7 6 5
7 6 7 6
1 log 6 5 7 6 5
x x
x y
y
y y
x y
y x x

= + =

+ = +

= =

. Xt hm s ( )
1
7 6
t
f t t

= + suy ra x=y, Khi

:
1
7 6 5 0
x
x

+ = . Xt hm s ( ) 5 6 7
1
+ =

x x g
x
p dng nh l Rn v nhm nghim ta c 2
nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 1, x = 2.
5. Dng 5: t n ph chuyn thnh h phng trnh.
Chuyn : Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

5
V d: Gii phng trnh
1 1 1
8 2 18
2 1 2 2 2 2 2
x
x x x x
+ =
+ + + +

HD: Vit phng trnh di dng
1 1 1 1
8 1 18
2 1 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x
+ =
+ + + +
, t
1 1
2 1, 2 1. , 0
x x
u v u v

= + = + > .
Nhn xt: u.v = u + v. T ta c h:
8 1 18
.
u v u v
uv u v

+ =

= +

Bi tp
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 4 0
x x
+ + =
b.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 4
x x
+ + =
c.
( ) ( )
7 4 3 3 2 3 2 0
x x
+ + =
d.
( ) ( )
3
3 5 16 3 5 2
x x
x+
+ + =
e.
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 2 0
x x
+ + = (H_Khi B 2007) S: x=1, x=1.
f. 3.8
x
+4.12
x
18
x
2.27
x
=0. (H_Khi A 2006) S: x=1.
g.
2 2
2
2 4.2 2 4 0
x x x x x +
+ = (H_Khi D 2006) S: x=0, x=1.
k.
2 2
2
2 2 3
x x x x +
= (H_Khi D 2003) S: x=1, x=2.
i. 3.16 2.8 5.32
x x x
+ =
j.
1 1 1
2.4 6 9
x x x
+ =
Bi 2: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a.
3 2 3
4 128
5 1
x y
x y
+

b.
2
( ) 1
5 125
4 1
x y
x y
+

c.
2 2 12
5
x y
x y

+ =

+ =

d.
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
log 1 log
3 81
x xy y
x y xy
+

+ = +

(H_Khi A 2009) S: (2;2), (2;2)

e.
( )
2 3
9 3
1 2 1
3log 9 log 3
x y
x y

+ =

(H_Khi B 2005) S: (1;1), (2;2).

f.
( )
1 4
4
2 2
1
log log 1
25
y x
y
x y

+ =

(H_Khi A 2004) S: (3;4)

g.
3 2
1
2 5 4
4 2
2 2
x
x x
x
y y
y
+
=

+
=

+
(H_Khi D 2002) S: (0;1), (2;4).
Bi 3: Gii v bin lun phng trnh:
a . ( ) 2 .2 .2 0
x x
m m m

+ + = . b . .3 .3 8
x x
m m

+ = .
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh
2 2
3 3
log log 1 2 1 0 x x m + + = (m l tham s). (H_Khi A 2002)
a. Gii phng trnh khi m=2.
b. Tm m phng trnh c t nht mt nghim thuc on
3
1; 3
(

.
S: a.
3
3 x

= , b. 0 s m s 2
Chuyn : Phng trnh Bt phng trnh h phng trnh M_Logarit

6
Bi 5: Cho bt phng trnh
( )
1
4 . 2 1 0
x x
m

+ > a. Gii bt phng trnh khi m=

16
9
.
b. nh m bt phng trnh tha x R e .
Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a.
( ) ( )
5 5 5
log log 6 log 2 x x x = + + b.
5 25 0,2
log log log 3 x x + =
c.
( )
2
log 2 5 4 2
x
x x + = d.
2
3
lg( 2 3) lg 0
1
x
x x
x
+
+ + =

e. log
2x1
(2x
2
+x1)+log
x+1
(2x1)
2
=4 (H Khi A_2008) S: x=2; x=5/4.
f. ( )
2
2 2
log 1 6log 1 2 0 x x + + + = (H_Khi D 2008) S: x=1, x=3.
g.
( )
2 2
1
log 4 15.2 27 2log 0
4.2 3
x x
x
+ + + =

(H_Khi D 2007) S: x=log

2
3.
Bi 7: Gii bt phng trnh:
a.
( )
3 1
3
2log (4 3) log 2 3 2 x x + + s (H Khi A_2007) S: 3/4 s x s 3.
b.
2
0,7 6
log log 0
4
x x
x
| | +
<
|
+
\ .
(H_Khi B 2008) S: 4< x < 3, x > 8.
c.
( ) ( )
2
5 5 5
log 4 144 4log 2 1 log 2 1
x x
+ < + + (H_Khi B 2006) S: 2 < x < 4.
d.
2
1
2
3 2
log 0
x x
x
+
> (H_Khi D 2008) S:
) (
2 2;1 2; 2 2
(
+

.