PHNG TRNH-BT PHNG TRNH-H PHNG TRNH V T A. Phng trnh - bt phng trnh cha cn thc I.

Phng php bin i tng ng 1. Kin thc cn nh:

1.
n n

a a 2n a
2n 1

2. a b 3. a b 4. a b 0

b2n b
2n 2n 1 2n 1

ab 0 a, b a, b

5. a b a 2n 1 b2n 2. Cc dng c bn:

* Dng 1: * Dng 2:

f x
f x

g x

g x f x

0 g2 x

(Khng cn t iu kin f x

0)

g x xt 2 trng hp:

TH1:

g x f x

0 0
f ( x) 0

TH2:

g ( x) 0 f x g2 x

* Dng 3:

f x

g x

g x f x

0 g2 x

Lu : + g(x) thng l nh thc bc nht (ax+b) nhng c mt s trng hp g(x) l tam thc bc hai (ax2 +bx+c), khi tu theo tng bi ta c th mnh dn t iu kin cho g x 0 ri bnh phng 2 v a phng trnh bt phng trnh v dng quen thuc. + Chia a thc tm nghim: Phng trnh a0 x n th chia v tri cho cho x trnh. * Phng trnh bt phng trnh bc 3: Nu nhm c 1 nghim th vic gii theo hng ny l ng, nu khng nhm c nghim th ta c th s dng phng php hm s gii tip v nu phng php hm s khng c na th ta phi quay li s dng phng php khc. * Phng trnh bt phng trnh bc 4, lc ny ta phi nhm c 2 nghim th vic gii phng trnh theo hng ny mi ng, cn nu nhm c 1 nghim th s dng nh phng trnh bt phng trnh bc 3 v nu khng ta phi chuyn sang hng khc. V d 1: Gii phng trnh: ta c x
b0 x
n 1

a1 x n
n 2

a2 x n

an 1 x
1

an

0 c nghim x=

b1 x

bn 2 x bn

0 , tng t cho bt phng

2x 1 x 2

3x 1 0 (H Khi D 2006)

x 2 3 x 1 (*), t iu kin ri bnh phng 2 v ta c: Bin i phng trnh thnh: 2 x 1 x 4 6 x 3 11x 2 8x 2 0 ta d dng nhm c nghim x = 1 sau chia a thc ta c: (*) (x 1)2 (x2 4x + 2) = 0.

V d 2: Gii bt phng trnh: 4 x 1

pt x2 2x 1 x 5 2 x

2 x 10 1

3 2 x

, K: x

3 2
3 hai v (1) u khng 2

3 2x

( x 5) 3 2 x 9 5x (1), Vi x

m nn ta bnh phng 2 v: x3 x2 5x 3 b) Tng t vi 2 dng: * V d 1: Gii bt phng trnh Gii

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

0
g x x

x 3 x 1

0
f x g x

f x

*
2 0 1

2 x2

6x 1

1
x 2 x2 2x
2

2 x2
2 0

6x 1

x
x x

2 bt phng trnh tng ng vi h:

2 3 2 1 x 3 7 x 3 2 7 3 2 7 x 3

6x 1 0 6x 1 x 2

V d 2: Tm m phng trnh x 2 2mx 1 m 2 c nghim. Gii * Nu m < 2 phng trnh v nghim. * Nu m 2 phng trnh x2 2mx m2 +4m 3=0. Phng trnh ny c =2m2 4m+3>0 vi mi m. Vy vi m 2 th phng trnh cho c nghim. V d 3: Tm m phng trnh 2 x 2 mx 3 x 1 c hai nghim phn bit. Gii: x 1 Cch 1: PT , phng trnh (*) lun c 2 nghim: 2 x m 2 x 4 0, (*)
x1 2 m m2 2
1

4m 20

0, x2
4 m

2 m
m2

m2 2
4m

4m 20

0 . Phng trnh cho c 2 nghim

m 1

(*) c

2 nghim x

m 4 20
2

4 m m 2 4m 20 Ch : + x1 > 0, x2 < 0 v x1 > x2 v a.c < 0 nn pt c 2 nghim tri du. + Cch 1 thng dng khi h s a lun dng hoc lun m. + Cch 2: t t = x + 1 suy ra x = t 1, khi vi x 1 t 0.
2

x2

(*) tr thnh: t 1

m 2 t 1

0 (**). (*) c 2 nghim x

1 th (**) phi c 2 nghim t

0.

V d 4: (H Khi B 2006). Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim thc phn bit: x 2 mx 2 2 x 1 , (1) 2x 1 0 Gii: pt (1) c hai nghim thc phn bit th (2) c hai nghim ln hn hoc 3x 2 m 4 x 1 0, 2
m 4
2

12 0 m 9 . 2

bng

1 hay 2

f S 2

1 2 1 2

Ch : Cch 2: t t
2

1 , khi (2) c hai nghim ln hn hoc bng 2

1 th 2

1 1 3 t m 4 t 1 0 c hai nghim thc ln hn hoc bng 0. 2 2 3. Cc k nng: a. bnh phng 2 v phng trnh bt phng trnh th mt l ta bin i cho 2 v khng m hai l t iu kin cho 2 v khng m. x 1 2 x 4 (H Khi A 2005) V d 1: Gii bt phng trnh: 5 x 1

V phi khng m, nhng v tri cha nhn xt c do ta phi bin i thnh: khi ta bnh phng 2 v ri a v dng c bn gii. V d 2: Gii phng trnh: Gii
x x 1 x x 2 2 x2 1 .

5x 1

x 1

2x 4

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

iu kin:

x 1 x 2 * x 0

2 x2

2 x2 x 1 x x 2 0

2
2

4x2

2 x2 x 1 x

x 2x 1

4 x2 x2 x2 8x 9

x2 2x 1

Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x=0, x (Hy tm thm cch gii khc) V d 3: Tm m phng trnh
2 x2 mx

9 . 8
x2 4 0 c nghim.

HD: Chuyn v, t iu kin, bnh phng hai v tm c x1,2

c |m| 4. b. Chuyn v phng trnh bt phng trnh tch: - t nhn t chung, hng ng thc Lu : s dng phng php ny ta phi ch n vic thm, bt, tch, phn tch... x 7 7. V d 4: Gii phng trnh: x 2 HD: Bnh phng hai v. Dng hng ng thc a 2 b 2 =0. 1 29 Nghim x 2, x . 2 x2 x 4 V d 5: Gii cc bt phng trnh: a. b. x 2 3x 2 x 2 2 1 1 x S: a. 1 x<8, b.
;

m2 2

16

. Kt hp vi iu kin ta tm

3x 2 0

1 2 3; . 2 V d 6: (Khi B 2007): Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr dng ca tham s m, phng trnh sau c hai

nghim thc phn bit: x 2 Gii: K: x

2x 8

m x 2 .(1)

2 , do m > 0.
mx 2 x x
3

pt

x 2 x 4

2 6x2 32 m, (2)

. chng minh

0 , phng trnh (1) c

3x 2

2 nghim phn bit th ch cn chng minh phng trnh (2) c mt nghim khc 2. ,f' x Tht vy: t f x x3 6 x 2 32, x 2 , ta c f(2) = 0, lim f x
x

12 x 0, x 2

nn f(x) l hm lin tc trn 2; nghim x0 m 2 < x0 < . Mt s dng chuyn thnh tch: - Dng: ax b
cx d

v ng bin trn khong suy ra

0 phng trnh (2) lun c

a-c x m

b-d

Ta bin i thnh: m( ax b

ax b cx x 3 3x 2 V d: Gii phng trnh: 4 x 1 . 5 - Dng: u+v=1+uv (u-1)(v-1)=0

cx

d)

S: x=2. S: x=0, x= 1. S: x=0, x=1.

V d: Gii phng trnh:

x 1

2 1

x2

3x

2.

V d: Gii phng trnh: 4 x 1 - Dng: au+bv=ab+uv V d 1: Gii phng trnh:

x
3

x 1 4 x3 x 2 . (u b)(v a)=0 3
2

2x x 1 2x 2x a=b

x2 x
2

4x 3

3. 2x
2

S: x=0, x=1.
2x .

V d 2: Gii phng trnh: x x 3x 3 - Dng: a3 b3 (a b)(a2 +ab+b2 )=0

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

S: x=0.

V d: Gii phng trnh: 2 3 3 9 x2 x 2

2 x 3 3 3x x 2
0, 1 i

S: x=1.

c. Chuyn v dng: A 1 + A2 +....+ An = 0 vi Ai A1 0, A2 0, An 0 . V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 4 x 2

3x 3 4 x x 3

n khi pt tng ng vi:

2 2x 1 .

HD: Phng trnh tng ng 4 x2 V d 2: Gii phng trnh: Gii

4x y2
2

4x x 3
y 2

x 3 1 2 2x 1 2x 1
4x2 y.

0.

S: x=1.

Bnh phng hai v ta c 2 x 1

2 4 x2

d. S dng lp phng: Vi dng tng qut 3 a 3 b 3 c ta lp phng hai v v s dng hng ng thc

1 , y 2

2.

a b

a3

b3

3ab a b khi phng trnh tng ng vi h

b
3

c c

. Gii h ny ta c

a b 3 abc

nghim ca phng trnh. V d: Gii bt phng trnh

3

x 1

2x 3 .

S: x 1; x 2; x

e. Nu bt phng trnh cha n mu: - TH1: Mu lun dng hoc lun m th ta quy ng kh mu: V d 1: Gii bt phng trnh: Gii K: x 4 .
x 4 10 2 x 0 10 2 x 0 2 x2 16 10 2 x
2

3 . 2

2 x2

16 x 3

x 3
x 3 7 x 2 x2

x 3
16

1 (H Khi A 2004)

2 x2

16

10

2x

x 5

10

34

x 5

34 . Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l: x 10 TH2: Mu m dng trn tng khong th ta chia thnh tng trng hp:

V d 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh: a. x 3 HD: a. Xt ba trng hp x=3, x>3 v x<3.

x2

x2

b.

51 2 x x 2 1 x

1.
5 x 3. 6 52 x 5

S: x S: 1

b. Xt hai trng hp ca x 1. Bi tp Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau: a. x 2 x 1

x x 1 x2 x 0.
x 4 x2 x x3 4x2

x 1.

HD: Bnh phng 2 v v bin i thnh: 2 x x 2

6x 4

0.

( x 2)(2 x2
b.
4 x2

x2

2x 2)
x 1 9x

0
3 . HD: Nhn lng lin hp.

5x 1 2 x2

Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh sau: 1 2 x HD: Cch 1: t t A1 , A2

1 2x 1 2x

1 2 x 2 x2 . t 4 4t 2 x2 . Cch 2: Bnh phng ri a v dng:A1 +A2 = 0, vi 16

0.
4

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

Bi 3: Gii phng trnh 4 3 10 3x x 2 . (HD: Bnh phng hai ln ra phng trnh bc 4 y _nhm nghim (x=3) chia a thc). 2 Bi 4: Gii phng trnh 1 x x2 x 1 x. 3 Bi 5: Gii phng trnh 2 x 6x2 Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
x 1 1. x 2 1 3 3. 2 x 2 3 x 2
3

x 1.

5. 7.

9x x 1 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x 6. 2 x 3 1 x 1 x 2 3x 1 4 4 5x 3 3x 1 x 1. (HD:Bnh phng ri s dng dng: A1 +A2 = 0, vi A1 , A2 m x m x m.

2

2. 4.

3 3

x 2

3 3

2x 3

1
3

0 ).

Bi 7: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: Bi 8: Tm m sao cho phng trnh: 4x x a. C nghim. b. C hai nghim phn bit. Bi 9: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau: a. b.
1
x2
2

x m .

1 4x 2 x
3x 2

3.
x2
2

6x 5 x

2 x2
2

9x 7 . 4x 5 .

x 2x 3 c. x x 2 Bi 10: Gii cc phng trnh:

a.

x 1

x2

x2

x.

b.

x 3

4x x 3
x

4 x.
4.

c. 4 x 3 1 4 x e. 2 x x 2
x 1

3 . x
4 3x 1 2 x 2 2x 6.

d. 2 x 3 9 x 2

II. Phng php t n ph: Dng 1: F

n

f x

0 , t t

f x (lu nu n chn ta phi thm iu kin t

x2 11 31 .

0).
3 x2 3x .

V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh: a. x 2 HD: a. t t b. t t

b. x 5 2 x

x2 x2

11, t 0 . 3x , t 0 .
2x 2m 5 2 x x2 m2 .

S: x= 5. S: x
3 2 109

V d 2: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: x 2 Gii t: t

5 2x x2 6 x 1
2

0; 6 .

Khi phng trnh tr thnh t 2 c nghim t

0; 6 hay
0 m 0 m

2mt

m2

5 0 *

5 . Phng trnh cho c nghim khi (*)

5 5

6 6 5

m m 6
x2

6 5
x

.
0;1 3 .

V d 3: Tm m bt phng trnh: m( x 2 2x 2 1) Gii: t t

x2 2x 2 x2 2x t2 2 . Nu x

0 , (1) c nghim x

0;1

3 th t

x 1

1;2

BPT tr thnh: m t 1
Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

2 t

0, 2

Khi ta c Dng 2:
m f x

t2 2 t 1
g x

m , vi 1 t

2 . t f t

t2 2 , dng th ta tm c m t 1
g x p 0 , t t

2 . 3
g x , bnh phng hai

2n f x g x

n f x

f x

v biu din cc i lng cn li qua t. V d 1: Cho phng trnh 3 x 6 x m 3 x 6 x . a. Gii phng trnh khi m=3. b. Tm m phng trnh cho c nghim. Gii t: t
2 3 3 x x 6 x 6 x t2 9 2 3 x 6 x * . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy 9 nn t (*) ta c 3 t 3 2 .

Phng trnh cho tr thnh t2 2t 9= 2m (1). a. Vi m=3 (1) t2 2t 3 t =3. Thay vo (*) ta c x= 3, x=6. b. PT cho c nghim khi v ch khi (1) c nghim t
t 3;3 2 , ta thy f(t) l mt hm b nn: 6 3;3 2 khi v ch khi
6

3;3 2 . Xt hm s f t f t f 3 2

t2

2t 9 vi

f (3)

9 6 2 vi t

3;3 2 . Do vy

6 2 9 m 3 2 Ch : tm min gi tr ca t ta c 2 cch thng dng nh sau: Cch 1: dng BT nh bi trn 2: dng pp hm s ( xem phn PP hm s ).

(1) c nghim t

2m 9 6 2

V d 2: Gii phng trnh x 3 35 x3 x HD: t: t

3

35 x3

30 .

35

x3

x 3 35

x3
7x

t3 3t
7

35

. S: x=2, x=3.
7x 42 181 14 x .

V d 3: Gii bt phng trnh HD: t t Dng 3:

F
n

7x

7x 6

7 x 6 2 49 x 2 6 x 6. 7

f x ,n g x

0 , trong F(t) l mt phng trnh ng cp bc k.

TH1: Kim tra nghim vi g x TH2: Gi s g x

0.
f x
n

0 chia hai v phng trnh cho g k x v t t

g x

V d 1: Gii phng trnh 5 x3 1 2 x2 K: x

1 . 5 x3
1 2 x2 2

2 .
5 x 1 x2
2

x 1

2 x2

x 1

2 x 1

t t

x 1 x 1 5 2 2 0 x x 1 x x 1 t 2 x 1 , t 0 . Phng trnh tr thnh 2t 2 5t 2 0 1. x2 x 1 t 2 Vi t=2: Phng trnh cho v nghim. 1 5 37 Vi t : Phng trnh cho c nghim x . 2 2 2
5x2 14 x 9 x2 x 20 5 x 1.

V d 2: Gii phng trnh Gii

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

K: x 5 .

5x2

14 x

x2
4x 5

20
3 x

5 x 1
4 5 x2

5x2

14x

9
4

5 x

x2

20

Bnh phng hai v: 2 x 2 t t

x2 4x 5 ,t x 4

4x 5 x

0. phng trnh tr thnh 2t 2

5t

3 0
61 5, x

t 1, t
5 2 61

3 . 2
5.

Vi t = 1: Phng trnh cho c nghim x Vi t

5 2

3 : Phng trnh cho c nghim x 8 5, x 2 5 61 Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim: x , x 8. 2

7 5

5.

V d 3: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: 3 x 1 m x 1 2 4 x 2 1 . HD: K x 1 . Xt hai trng hp x = 1 v x 1, Chia hai v phng trnh cho x 1 4 2 1 t 4 1 . 0 t 1 . S 1 m x 1 x 1 3 Dng 4: (t n ph khng trit ).
af x g x f x h x 0 . t t x2
4

x2

1 t

f x , khi phng trnh tr thnh at 2 2x 1 x2 2x 1 .

g x t

h x

0.

V d: Gii phng trnh 2 1 x HD

x2 2x 1 x 1 6. t t (Phng php ny c th p dng cho cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh lng gic, m, logrit, rt hay!) Bi tp Gii cc phng trnh sau: 9 193 17 3 73 1. 2 x 2 5 x 2 4 2 x 3 21x 20 S: x . ,x 4 4

2. x3 3. 2 x2 4. 2 x

3x 2

x 2

6x 0 8

t y S: x 3

x 2 , S: x 2, x 2 2 3 .
13 .

3x 2

3 x3

x 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 x 1 t t , S: x . x x x x 2 Dng 5: (t n ph vi hm lng gic). Khi gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh lng gic chng ta thng tm mi cch t n ph chuyn v phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp cch l ngc li t ra kh hiu qu, bng nhng tnh cht ca hm lng gic ta s a cc bi ton i s v bi ton lng gic v gii quyt bi ton lng gic ny. Lu vi tnh cht c bn: sin a 1, cos a 1 . * * sin 2 a cos2 a 1 .

* 1 tan 2 a

1 cos 2 a

* 1 cot 2 a

1 . sin 2 a

V d 1: Gii phng trnh 1 1 x 2 2 x 2 . Gii K x 1 . t x cos t , t 0; . Khi phng trnh tr thnh

1 1 cos 2 t 2 cos 2 t 2 sin 2 t sin t 1 0. Ta tm c: sin t

1 . Khi 2

x cos t

1 sin 2 t

3 . 2

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

Nhn xt: * Nu bi ton c tp xc nh u x hoc t u x

a cos t , t 0;

a . Ta c th ngh n cch t u x

a sin t , t

; 2 2

.
a sin 2 t , t 0; 2

* Nu u x

0; a ta c th t u x
1 x2
3

V d 2: Gii phng trnh x3 HD: t x cos t , t

0;

x 2 1 x2 .
cos t 1 sin t cos t 2 sin t cos t . gi

da v phng trnh lng gic sin t

cos t , u 2.

phng trnh ny ta li t u sin t S: x

2 1 ,x 2 2 2
1 x2

.
4 x3 3 x . S: x

V d 3: Gii phng trnh

1 2

,x

2 4
0.

Dng 6: (t n ph a v h phng trnh). * Khi gp phng trnh c dng F f x , n a t u

n

f x ,m b

f x

f x ,v

f x . Khi ta c h phng trnh sau:

n

F u, v un vm

0 a b
m

. Gii h ny tm u, v
b f x .

ri ta li tm x. Khi tm x ta ch gii mt trong hai phng trnh u V d 1: Gii phng trnh: V d 2: Gii phng trnh: V d 3: Gii phng trnh: V d 4: Gii phng trnh: V d 5: Gii phng trnh: V d 6: Gii phng trnh:
3 4

f x hoc v

3 x
24 x
4

6
x 17
2

x
x 3.

3
6.
2

x 6

x .

S: x 0, x S: x
24, x

3.
88, x 3 .

12 x
3

S: x 1, x 16 .
x
3

2 x
x 1

2 x 7
3

3.
3

S: x 1, x
u
3

6.
3 3

x 3

2 , t u

x 1, v

x 3, pt tr thnh:

u v v

2 2

1 2

1 2

1 , t u
3

1 2

x,v

1 2

V d 7: Vi gi tr no ca a th phng trnh: t u
3

1 x

1 x
2

a c nghim.
uv 2

1 x,v

1 x . Phng trnh tr thnh:

a u

v a

u v

TH1: a = 0 h phng trnh v nghim.

u v a 1 2 a 3
2 2 . H c nghim khi S a

TH2: a 0 , h phng trnh tr thnh phng trnh c nghim khi 0 a 2 .

uv

4P 0

0 a 2 . Vy

* Khi gp phng trnh c dng f n x t t

3 V d 1: Gii phng trnh 2 x

b a n af x
n

b. b ta c h
1 2 5
tn y
n

f x ,y

af x

b ay b at

1 2 3 2 x 1 . S: x 1, x

V d 2: Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 Gii

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

4x

x 3 . 2

x 1 1. 2 2 1 t2 1 y x 1 t t 2 . Gii thm cht na t t x 1, y . Ta c h phng trnh 1 1 y2 1 2 2 2 1 y2 1 t 2 3 17 5 13 ta c kt qu! S: x . ,x 4 4 Ch : bi ny khng th s dng phng php bnh phng v khng nhm c nghim, nn ta phi bin i xut hin nhng biu thc ging nhau v t ta t n ph. 7 1 V d 3: Gii phng trnh 4 x 2 7 x 1 2 x 2 . S: x . 1, x ,x 4 4 Ch : Bi ny c th s dng phng php bnh phng. Bi tp: Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

K x

3 . 2 x2

4x

x 3 2

2 x 1

x 1

x 1

1 2

1. 3.

3x x2

2 x 4

x 1 4x 9 x2 x 1

2 3x 2 2x2

5x 2x

2 9

2. 4.
4 x
3

x2

x2

Bi 2: Gii ccbt phng trnh sau: 1.

5x2 10 x 1 7 x2 2x x2

1 x

2x

5 . x

2.

24

12
1 x
3

3. 2 x 2

5 x 6 10 x 15

4. 1 x 2. 4.
3

Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau: 1. 3 12 x 3 14 x 2 3. 5.

1 x2 2 3 1 x2 3
2

6 x2 . 2 4
3

x 1 x2 2

x 3 2 x

x 1 x 1 x ). (t t 4 III. Phng php hm s Cc tnh cht: Tnh cht 1: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=k (k R) c khng qu mt nghim trong khong (a;b). u v. Tnh cht 2: Nu hm f tng (hoc gim) trn khong (a;b) th u, v (a,b) ta c f (u) f v Tnh cht 3: Nu hm f tng v g l hm hng hoc gim trong khong (a;b) th phng trnh f(x)=g(x) c nhiu nht mt nghim thuc khong (a;b). nh l Lagrange: Cho hm s F(x) lin tc trn on [a;b] v tn ti F'(x) trn khong (a;b) th F b F a c a; b : F ' c . Khi p dng gii phng trnh: nu c F(b) F(a) = 0 th b a c a; b : F ' c 0 F ' x 0 c nghim thuc (a;b). nh l Rn: Nu hm s y=f(x) li hoc lm trn min D th phng trnh f(x)=0 s khng c qu hai nghim thuc D. 1 x 1 x 2

T cc tnh cht trn ta c 3 phng n bin i nh sau: Phng n 1: Bin i phng trnh v dng: f(x) = k, nhm mt nghim ri chng minh f(x) ng bin (nghch bin) suy ra phng trnh c nghim duy nht. Phng n 2: Bin i phng trnh v dng: f(x) = g(x), nhm mt nghim ri dng lp lun khng nh f(x) ng bin cn g(x) nghch bin hoc hm hng suy ra phng trnh c nghim duy nht. Phng n 3: Bin i phng trnh v dng: f(u) = f(v) chng minh f(x) n iu khi ta c: u = v.
4 x2 1 1 V d: Gii phng trnh: 4 x 1 1 4x 1 4 x 2 1 . Min xc nh: x K: x . t f x 2
Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

1 , f' x 2

2 4x 1

4x 4 x2 1

0.

Do hm s ng bin vi x

nghim ca phng trnh. i vi phng trnh cha tham s ta thc hin nh sau: Xt phng trnh f(x,m) = g(m), (1) B1: Lp lun s nghim phng trnh (1) l s giao im ca th (C ): y = f(x,m) v ng thng d: y = g(m). B2: Lp bng bin thin cho hm s y = f(x,m) B3: Kt lun: * phng trnh c nghim: min f x m g m max f ,x m . , * phng trnh c k nghim: d ct (C) ti k im. * phng trnh v nghim khi: d khng ct (C ) . V d 1: Tm m phng trnh: TX: R Xt hs: y
y'
x D x D

1 , nn phng trnh nu c nghim th l nghim duy nht. Thy x 2

1 l 2

x2
x2

x 1

x2

x 1 m c nghim.
2x 1 x x 1 2x 1 2x 1
2

f x
x2

x2

x 1

x 1 , Df = R, y '
x2

2x 1 x2 0
x 1

x 1
2x 1
2

2x 1

x 1

2x 1

x 1

2x 1

x2

x2

x 1

(v.nghim)

Mt khc: f(0) = 1 > 0 suy ra y > 0 nn hm s ng bin. 2x lim lim 1 x x x2 x 1 x2 x 1 Gii hn: 2x lim lim 1 2 x x x x 1 x2 x 1 BBT: x y y 1 Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi 1 < m < 1. Ch : Trong bi ton trn nu khng thc hin vic xc nh gii hn hm s, rt c th chng ta ng nhn tp gi tr ca hm s l R v dn n vic kt lun sai lm rng phng trnh c nghim vi mi m. Do vic tm gii hn trong bi ton kho st l rt cn thit tm ra tp gi tr. x 3 m 1 , K: x 3 V d 2: Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim: mx
bpt 1 x 3 x 1 m , xt hs y
1 x 3 x 1 y' 5 x
2

+ 1

. y'

5 . lim y
x

0 v f(3) =

2 x 3 x 1

1 . 2

BBT: x y y 3 +
1 2

5 0 y(5)

0 Vy bt phng trnh c nghim

y 5 m m 3 1 4

V d 3: Tm m phng trnh: x x Gii: K: 0

x 4

12 m

5 x

4 x

c nghim.

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

10

pt

(x x

x 12)

5 x

4 x

m xt hs y

f x

(x x

x 12)

5 x

4 x . Min xc

nh: D Nhn xt:

0; 4

Hm s h x

x x

x 12 ng bin trn D.

Hm s g x 5 x 4 x ng bin trn D. Suy ra y = f(x) = h(x).g(x) l hm ng bin trn D. Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi f 0 m f 4 V d 4: Bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh: x 3 x 3 Gii: Phng trnh c vit li di dng: m x2 1 S nghim ca phng trnh l s giao im ca (C): y Lp BBT : x y y 1/3 0
m x2 1

x 3 x2 1

v ng thng: y = m.

10
1 1 1 m

KL:

10 : phng trnh v nghim.

10 : phng trnh c nghim duy nht. 1 m 1 hoc m 1 m 10 : phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit.
V d 5: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: Gii: K: 1 x 3 . t t
x 1
x 1 3 x x 1 3 x m , (1)

Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh: kt lun: 1 m Bi tp:

2.

3 x , lp BBT ca t(x) vi 1 x 3 ta c 2 t 2 1 2 t + t + 1 = m, lp bng bin thin ca hm s v tri vi 2

2 t

Bi 1: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau: 1. 2.

x2
x 1

9 x

x2

9x m .

x 1
3 x

x2

x 1

3 1
1

x 1 3 x

3. x x

x 12 12

5 x

4 x

B. H phng trnh - h bt phng trnh cha cn. 1. Phng php bin i tng ng: Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau: B1: t iu kin (nu c). B2: Bin i v phng trnh bt phng trnh h phng trnh n gin m ta bit cch gii bng cch: th, kh bin... B3: Kt lun. (ch iu kin v s bin i tng ng hay h qu) V d 1: Gii h phng trnh: Gii iu kin:
x 2 . y 2
x 5 x 2 y 2 y 5 7 7

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

11

Bnh phng 2 v v tr v theo v ta c: x 5 y 2 x 2 y 5 Thay x = y vo 1 trong 2 phng trnh, gii ra ta c x = y = 11. V d 2: Gii h bt phng trnh: Gii iu kin: x, y
2 x 2 y y 1 x 1

y.

0.
2 2

cng v theo v ta c: 2

x 1

y 1

V d 3: Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:

y 2x m y y 2x m
2

2x x
2

y m xy 1

hpt

1 x , x 1, x 0 x

xy 1 x

1 x

2x

x2

2 m x 1 0 (*)

x Phi tm m (*) c ng mt nghim tho: x 1, x TH1: xt x = 1: TH2: (*) c nghim kp x 1 : TH3: (*) c 2 nghim x1 1 x2 :

0.

Ch : C th dng th i vi y V d 4: gii:
( x2 ( x2 xy xy y2 ) x2 y2 ) x2 y2 y2

1 x x
185 65
3

, x 1, x

Gii: Cng tng v ca 2 phng trnh ta c:

2 x2 y2 x2 y2 250 x2
x y

y2

125
x y y x

x2
2, 1 1,(2)

y2

5.

V d 5: Gii h phng trnh:

y x

Gii: K: y

x, x

y. 1

x 2 4x y

2 y 1 2 y2

1 2 4x 4 y y

17 5 ; . 12 3 Bi tp: Gii cc h: phng trnh sau:

KQ:

1.

x 3 y 3

y x

2.
3

x x
x2 y2

y y 3

xy

3.

x
3

y x
x x2 x x2 y
3

7 3 2 x y 2 y 3
x y2 x y2 y x2 y x2

xy 2

4.

y xy x xy

420 280

5.

1 y2 a y2 a2 1

6.

x x2
x x2

y y2
y y

y x2
x x2 y

2 y2
y 4

4
2

7.

(a > 0)

8.

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

12

9.

2 x
3

y
3

3 6
1 4 1 4

x2 y

y2 x

10.

x y x x

y x y y

30 35

x 1 y2

11.
y 1 x2

Bi 2: Tm a h phng trnh c 2 nghim: Bi 3. Tm m h phng trnh c nghim:

x

x x y

y y a

xy y 3m

a 2 m

x 1

2. Phng php t n ph: Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau: B1: iu kin (nu c). B2: La chn n ph, tm k cho n ph B3: Gii h nhn c, t suy ra nghim x, y. B4: Kim tra tnh hp l cho nghim t kt lun.
1 x 1 y 1

V d 1: Gii h bt phng trnh: t u

u
1 x, v 1 y K: u, v

iu kin: x, y 1 3 2 0 , khi h c bin i v dng:

y

v 1
2

0 u 1 1 v
2

1 u

3 2

4u 2

4u 1 0

0 u 1
0 x 1

x 0

0 x 1

Vy nghm ca h l cp nghim (x;y) tho:

y 1

1 x

V d 2: (H Khi A 2006) Gii h phng trnh:

y x 1

xy

( x, y R)

y 1 4

xy x y 3 t . Bnh phng phng trnh 2, thay n ph vo, iu kin: xy 0, x 1, y 1 . t t gii tm c t = 3. Gii thm cht xu na ta c nghim.

Bi tp: Gii cc h phng trnh sau: 1.

3 x y 4 xy

2.
3

x2 x

y2 y
y y

2 xy 4
x x y y

8 2

xy 9

3.

2 x 1 x 1

y 2 y

3 2

4.
3

x x

5.
2x

1 y y 1 y

x 8

y 3 3

6.

x x
2

y y
2

xy 14 xy 84

Ht

Chuyn : P T BP T H P T v t

13