Cac Bay Hay Gap Trong de Thi

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.
com
PHN TCH, TRNH MT S SAI LM BY THNG GP TRONG CC K THI

Sai lm 1: CU HNH ELECTRON V V TR CC NGUYN T TRONG BNG TUN HON (VI Z 20) - Cu hnh electron tun theo nguyn l vng bn, quy tc Hun v nguyn l loi tr Paoli. - Phn lp (n - 1)d c mc nng lng cao hn phn lp ns, do electron s c phn b vo phn lp ns trc, phn lp (n - 1)d sau. Khi phn lp ns c in electron (2e) s xut hin tng tc y gia hai electron ny lm cho electron trong phn lp ns c mc nng lng cao hn (n - 1)d. Vic phn b electron vo phn lp (n - 1)d cng lm tng hiu ng chc chn, do phn lp ns li cng c mc nng lng cao hn (n - 1)d. - Sai lm ca cc em hc sinh l vi nguyn t c Z 20, khi vit cu hnh electron thng ch quan tm n th t mc nng lng theo nguyn l vng bn, t sai cu hnh electron v xc nh sai v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon. V d 1: Cu hnh electron ca ion X2+ l 1s22s22p63s23p63d6. Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc, nguyn t X thuc. A. Chu k 4, nhm VIIIB C. Chu k 3, nhm VIIIB Phn tch: X X2+ + 2e, khi cc em cho rng cn in tip 2 electron vo cu hnh ca ion X2+, do cu hnh ca X l 1s22s22p63s23p63d8 Chn phng n C Sai V X X2+ + 2e X c 26 electron Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s22s22p63s23d64s2 Nu cho rng electron cui cng c in vo phn lp s X thuc nhm VIIIA Chn phng n B Sai Nu cho rng ch c cc electron lp ngoi cng mi l electron ha tr (khng xt phn lp 3d cha bo ha) v electron cui cng c in vo phn lp s Chn phng n D Sai hoc coi c 8e ha tr nhng cho rng electron cui cng c in vo phn lp s Chn phng n B Sai B. Chu k 4, nhm VIIIA D. Chu k 4, nhm IIA (Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi A, 2009)
p n A.
V d 2: Bit nguyn t Fe (Z = 26). Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe2+ l A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d6 Phn tch: + Nu ch ch n d kin Z = 26, hc sinh s vit cu hnh v chn phng n a Sai + Fe Fe2+ + 2e, khi cc em cho rng Fe c 26e, vy Fe2+ c 24e, v vy vit cu hnh electron ging 24Cr Chn phng n B Sai B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4
Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

+ Nu vit sai cu hnh electron ca Fe (1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6) khi hnh thnh Fe2+, s nhng 2e phn lp 3d chn phng n D Sai + V cu hnh electron ng ca Fe (1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2) v ion Fe2+ c hnh thnh t qu trnh Fe Fe2+ + 2e p n C V d 3 (Bn c t gii): Bit nguyn t Cr (Z = 24); Ni (Z = 28); Cu (Z = 29). Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t trn v xc nh v tr ca chng trong bng tun hon.

Sai ln 2: CN BNG HA HC V CC YU T NH HNG - Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch. - Cn bng ha hc l mt cn bng ng, tun theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bn L Satli - Cht xc tc ch lm tng tc phn ng, gip phn ng nhanh t n trng thi cn bng, khng lm chuyn dch cn bng. - Vi cc phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng hp h s cn bng s mol cc kh hai v bng nhau Khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h, cn bng khng b chuyn dch. - Vi cc phn ng trong h d th (rn - kh), vic thay i kch thc cht rn hoc thm cht rn hay gim lng cht rn u khng lm cn bng chuyn dch. V d 4: Cho cn bng ha hc 3H2 (k) + Fe2O3 (r) Nhn nh no sau y l ng? A. Thm Fe2O3 cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu thun. B. Nghin nh Fe2O3 cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu thun. C. Thm H2 vo h cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu thun. D. Tng p sut chung ca h cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu thun. Phn tch, hng dn gii: Thm Fe2O3 hoc nghin nh Fe2O3 ch lm tng tc phn ng ch khng lm cn bng chuyn dch Loi phng n A v B. V tng s mol kh hai v bng nhau Khi tng p sut chung ca h, cn bng khng b chuyn dch Loi phng n D. => p n C V d 5: Cho cc cn bng sau:
xt , t xt , t (1) 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k); (2) N2 (k) + 3H2 2NH3 (k)
0 0
2Fe (r) + 3H2O (k)
CO (k) + H2O (k); (4) 2HI (k) t H2 (k) + I2 (k) (3) CO2 (k) + H2 (k) t
Khi thay i p sut, nhm gm cc cn bng ha hc u khng b chuyn dch l: A. (1) v (2) Phn tch, hng dn gii: Cc cn bng (3) v (4) c tng h s mol kh hai v bng nhau khi thay i p sut, cn bng hc hc khng b chuyn dch p n C V d 6: Cho cc cn bng ha hc: N2 (k) + 3H2 H2(k) + I2 (k) 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2NO2(k) 2NH3 (k) 2HI (k) 2SO3 (k) N2O4 (k) (1) (2) (3) (4) B. (2), (3), (3) C. (1), (3), (4) D. (1), (2), (4) B. (1) v (3) C. (3) v (4) D. (2) v (4) (Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2009)
Khi thay i p sut, nhng cn bng ha hc b chuyn dch l: A. (1), (2), (3)

(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2008) Phn tch, hng dn gii: Cc cn bng c tng h s mol kh hai v bng nhau Khi thay i p sut cn bng ha hc s khng b chuyn dch Loi phng n A, B v D p n C

Sai lm 3: BI TON C LNG KT TA BIN THIN Bi ton 1: Mui Al3+ tc dng vi dung dch OH- v n Al3+ n Al( OH )3
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH) 3 (1)

Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH) 4 ] (2)
Xy ra hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: Al3+ d, kt ta khng b ha tan n OH (min) = 3n Al( OH )3 Trng hp 2: Al3+ ht, kt ta b ha tan mt phn n OH (max) = 4n Al3+ n Al( OH )3 V t l mol Al3+ phn ng v s mol kt ta to thnh (1) l nh nhau. Mt khc cc em u c quan nim khi xy ra phng trnh (2) th khng cn kt ta. Do mc sai ln nh vy nn hu ht cc em ch xt trng hp 1 m khng xt trng hp 2.
Nu bi ton khng hi gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht C hai p n, nu ch hi gi tr nh nht hoc ln nht p n ch ng vi mt trng hp
Tng t vi bi ton Zn2+ hoc Cr3+ tc dng vi OHV d 7: Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl3 1M tc dng vi dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Sau phn ng thu c mt kt ta keo, ly kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i thu c 5,1 gam cht rn. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng. Phn tch, hng dn gii:
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH) 3
Al(OH ) 3 + OH [AL(OH) 4 ]
(1) (2)
2Al(OH) 3 t Al2 O 3 + 3H 2 O
n Al2O3 =
(3)
5,1 = 0,05(mol) n Al( OH )3 = 0,1(mol) < n AlCl3 = 1x 0,2 = 0,2(mol) 102
Cc em thng cho rng Al3+ d sau phng trnh (1), mt khc nhiu em cho rng xy ra (2) tc l kt ta tan hon ton, do : n NaOH (min) = 3n Al( OH )3 = 0,3(mol) VNaOH = 0,3 0,6(lt ) 0,5
B st mt trng hp (Al3+ ht sau (1), kt ta b ha tan mt phn theo (2))

n NaOH (max) = 4n Al3+ n Al( OH )3 = 4x 0,2 0,1 = 0,7(mol) VNaOH = 0,7 = 1,4(lt ) 0,5
V d 8: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,1 mol H2SO4 n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l
A. 0,45
Phn tch, hng dn gii:
B. 0,35
C. 0,25
D. 0,05
(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi A, 2008)
H+ + OH- H2O
(1)

Al3+ + 3OH Al(OH) 3
Al(OH ) 3 + OH [Al(OH ) 4 ]
(2) (3)
7,8 = 0,1(mol) < n Al3+ = 0,2(mol) Cc em thng cho rng Al3+ d sau phng 78 trnh (2), mt khc nhiu em cho rng xy ra (3) tc l kt ta tan hon ton, do : n Al( OH )3 = n NaOH = n H + 3n Al( OH )3 = 0,2 + 3x 0,1 = 0,5(mol) V = Chn phng n C Sai
Cch gii ng: Cch 1: Tnh theo phng trnh
0,5 = 0,25(lt ) 2
n Al( OH )3 < n Al3+ Vmax khi kt ta Al(OH)3 to thnh vi lng ti a, sau b ha tan mt phn, khi : n NaOH = n H+ + 4n Al3+ n Al( OH )3 = 0,2 + 4 x 0,2 0,1 = 0,9(mol) V = p n A
Cch 2: S dng phng php bo ton in tch v nguyn t
0,9 = 0,45(lt ) 2
n Na + = 2V(mol); n Al( OH )3 = 0,1(mol); n Al3+ = 0,2(mol); n SO2 = 0,4(mol)

4
n Al( OH )3 < n Al3+ Vmax khi kt ta Al(OH)3 to thnh vi lng ti a, sau b ha tan mt phn p n A
V d 9: Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl3 1,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M, lng kt ta thu c l 15,6 gam. Gi tr ln nht ca V l
A. 1,2
B. 1,8
C. 2,4
D. 2
(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi B, 2007)

n NaOH (max) = 4n Al3+ n Al( OH )3 4x 0,3 0,2 V = 2(lt ) p n D
Bi ton 2: Mui [Al(OH) 4 ] tc dng vi dung dch H+ v n Al( OH )3 < n [Al( OH )
[Al(OH) 4 ] + H + Al(OH)3 + H 2O
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O Xy ra hai trng hp
(1) (2)
Trng hp 1: [Al(OH)4]- d sau (1) Kt ta khng b ha tan theo (2)
n H + = n Al( Oh )3
Trng hp 2: [Al(OH)4]- ht sau (1) Kt ta b ha tan mt phn theo (2)
n H+ = 4n [ Al( OH )
4]
n Al( OH )3
Nu bi ton khng hi gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht C hai p n, nu ch hi

gi tr nh nht hoc ln nht p n ch ng vi mt trng hp.
Tng t vi bi ton [Zn(OH)4]2- hoc [Cr(OH)4]- tc dng vi H+. V d 10: Hn hp X gm Al v Al2O3 c t l s gam l tng ng l 3 : 17. Cho X tan trong dung dch NaOH (va ) thu c dung dch Y v 0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Cho Y tc dng vi 200ml dung dch HCl c kt ta Z. Nung Z nhit cao n khi lng khng i thu c 3,57 gam cht rn. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch HCl dng. Phn tch, hng dn gii:
2Al + 2 NaOH + 6H 2 O 2 Na[Al(OH) 4 ] + 3H 2 0,02 m Al2O3 = 0,03 17 x 0,02x 27 = 3,06(gam) n Al2O3 = 0,03(mol) 3
n Na[ Al( OH )4 ] = n Al + 2n Al2O3 = 0,08(mol)
n Al( OH )3 = 2n Al2O3 = 2 x
3,57 = 0,07(mol) < n Na[ Al( OH )4 ] 102 (1) (2) 0,07 0,35(M) 0,2
[Al(OH) 4 ] + H + Al(OH) 3 + H 2 O Al(OH) 3 + 3H + Al3+ + 3H 2 O
Trng hp 1: n HCl = n H + (min) = n Al( OH )3 = 0,07(mol) [HCl] = Trng hp 2:
n HCl (max) = 4n Na[ Al( OH )4 ] 3n Al( OH )3 = 0,11(mol) [HCl] =
0,11 = 0,55(M) 0,2
Nhn xt: Cc quan nim v sai lm m cc em thng gp phi l:
- Do n Al( OH )3 < n [ Al( OH ) ] cho rng [Al(OH)4]- d do ch xy ra trng hp 1

4
khng xy ra trng hp 2. - Khi x ra phng trnh ha tan kt ta, c ngha l kt ta tan ht ch xy ra trng hp 1.
V d 11: Cho 100ml dung dch cha Na[Al(OH)4] 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M tc dng vi V ml dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c 0,39 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V l
A. 75
B. 175
C. 125
D. 150
V n Al( OH )3 = 0,005(mol) < n [ Al( OH )
4]
= 0,01(mol) s mol HCl l ln nht: HCl d sau
phn ng vi NaOH v Na[Al(OH)4] to kt ta ln nht, sau HCl d s ha tan mt phn kt ta.

n HCl = n NaOH + (4n Na[ Al( OH )4 ] 3n Al( OH )3 ) = 0,01 + (4x 0,01 3x 0,005) = 0,035(mol)
VHCl =
0,035 = 0,175(lt ) = 175(ml) p n B 0,2
+ ddM ( OH ) 2 Bi ton 3: XO2 (CO2; SO2) MXO 3 v n MXO3 < n M ( OH )2

XO2 + M(OH)2 MXO 3 + H 2 O MXO3 + XO2 +H2O M(HXO3)2 Xy ra hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: XO2 ht v M(OH)2 d sau (1) Khng xy ra (2)
n XO2 (min) = n MNO3
(1) (2)
Trng hp 2: XO2 d v M(OH)2 ht sau (1) xy ra (2) v MXO3 b ha tan mt phn theo (2), khi :
n XO2 (max) = 2n M ( OH )2 n MXO3
V t l s mol baz phn ng v s mol kt ta to thnh (1) l nh nhau, mt khc nhiu em c quan nim khi xy ra phng trnh (2) th khng cn kt ta. Do mc sai lm nh vy nn hu ht cc em ch xt trng hp 1 m khng xt trng hp 2.
gi tr nh nht hoc ln nht p n ch ng vi mt trng hp.
Nu bi ton khng hi gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht C hai p n, nu ch hi
V d 12: Ha an hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo nc c dung dch X. Cho dng khi CO2 sc qua dung dch X, sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 2,5 gam kt ta. Hy tnh th tch kh CO2 (ktc) tham gia phn ng. Phn tch, hng dn gii:
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 0,2 0,2
n CaCO3 =
2,5 = 0,025(mol) < n Ca ( OH )2 = 0,2(mol) 100
Trng hp 1: n CO2 (min) = n CaCO3 = 0,025(mol) V = 0,56(lt ) Trng hp 2:

n CO2 (max) = 2n Ca ( OH )2 n CaCO3 = 2 x 0,2 0,025 = 0,375(mol) V = 8,4(lt )

Sai lm 4: HIU SAI BN CHT TH T PHN NG V d 13: dung dch X cha hn hp gm Na2CO3 1,5M v KHCO3 1M. Nh t t gng git cho n ht 200ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100ml dung dch X, sinh ra V lt kh (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 4,48
B. 1,12
C. 2,24
D. 3,36
n Na 2CO3 = 0,15(mol) n CO2 = 0,15(mol) 3 n KHCO3 = 0,1(mol) n HCO3 = 0,1(mol) n HCl = 0,2(mol) n H+ = 0,2(mol)
Sai lm 1: Cho rng HCl phn ng vi KHCO3 trc, phn ng vi Na2CO3 sau, khi dn n kt qu tnh ton nh sau:
HCl + KHCO 3 KCl + H 2 O + CO 2 0,1 0,1 0,1
(1)
Sau (1) HCl d, KHCO3 ht, HCl d tip tc phn ng vi Na2CO3 theo (2) 2HCl + Na 2 CO 3 2 NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2 0,1 0,05 Sau (2) HCl ht, Na2CO3 d (2) n CO2 = 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 V = 3,36(lt ) Chn phng n D Sai
Sai lm 2: Cho rng HCl phn ng vi Na2CO3 trc, phn ng vi KHCO3 sau, khi dn n kt qu tnh ton nh sau:
(2)
0,05
2HCl + Na 2 CO 3 2 NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2
0,2 0,1 0,1 Sau (1) Na2CO3 d, HCl ht khng xy ra (2) HCl + KHCO 3 KCl + H 2 O + CO 2
(1)
(2)
n CO2 = 0,1 V = 2,24(lt ) Chn phng n C Sai

Nu hiu ng th t v bn cht phn ng, bi ton c th c gii bng cch vit v tnh theo phng trnh dng phn t hoc ion thu gn, trong vit v tnh theo phng trnh dng ion thu gn l ti u.
- Vit v tnh theo phng trnh dng phn t HCl + Na 2 CO 3 NaCl + NaHCO3 0,15 0,15 0,15 (1)
Sau (1) HCl d c th phn ng vi NaHCO3 hoc KHCO3 do nHCl (d) < nNaHCO3 (hoc KHCO3) S mol CO2 tnh theo HCl d HCl + KHCO 3 KCl + H 2 O + CO 2 0,050,05 Hoc: HCl + KHCO 3 KCl + H 2 O + CO 2 (3) 0,05 (2)

0,050,05 0,05
n CO2 = 0,05 V = 1,12(lt ) p n B - Vit v tnh theo phng trnh dng ion thu gn
2 CO 3 + H + HCO 3
(1)
0,15
0,15
0,15 (2)
HCO3 + H + H 2 O + CO 2
0,05
0,05
0,05
2 mt 0,15 mol H+ chuyn CO 3 , cn li 0,05 mol H+ to kh CO2 V = 1,12 lt
p n B
V d 14: Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 ng thi khuy u ,thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l:
A. V = 22,4 (a - b) C. V = 11,2 (a + b)
B. V = 11,2 (a - b) D. V = 22,4 (a + b)
HCl + Na 2 CO 3 NaHCO3 + NaCl b b b Sau (1): nHCl = a - b; n NaHCO3 = b HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2 (a - b) (a - b)
(1)
(2)
Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X thy c xut hin kt ta, nn trong X c NaHCO3 d Trong phn ng (2) HCl tham gia phn ng ht. V = 22,4 (a - b) p n A
V d 15: Cho m gam Mg vo dung dch cha 0,12 mol FeCl3. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 3,36 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,16
B. 5,04
C. 4,32
D. 2,88
(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2009)
Gi s FeCl3 tham gia phn ng ht v chuyn ht thnh Fe Khi lng cht rn thu c ti thiu l 0,12 x 56 = 6,72 (gam) > 3,36 (gam) Ms phn ng ht, Fe3+ cha chuyn ht thnh Fe. Cht rn ch gm Fe n Fe = 3,36 = 0,06(mol) 56 3Mg + 2FeCl3 3MgCl 2 + 2Fe
Sai lm thng gp: Cho rng ch xy ra phng trnh:

n Mg = Mg 2+ Mg 3 n Fe = 0,09(mol) m Mg = 2,16(gam) Chn phng n A Sai 2 < Fe
2+
Fe
< Fe
3+
Fe 2+
, c th gii bi ton theo hai cch:
Cch 1: Vit v tnh theo phng trnh ha hc
Mg + 2FeCl3 MgCl 2 + 2FeCl2 Sai (1) Mg d: m 0,06 24
(1)
Mg + FeCl2 MgCl 2 + Fe m 0,06 24 m 0,06 24
(2)
m 0,06 x 56 = 3,36 m = 2,88(gam) p n D 24

Cch 2: p dng bo ton electron
0 +2 +3 +2
Mg Mg + 2e m 24 m 12
Fe + 1e Fe 0,06 0,06 Fe + 3e Fe 0,06 0,18 0,06

3+ 0
m = 0,06 + 0,18 m = 2,88(gam) p n D 12

V d 16: Ha tan hon ton 24,4 gam hn hp gm FeCl2 v NaCl (c t l s mol tng ng l 1 : 2) vo mt lng nc (d), thu c dung dch X. Cho dung dch AgNO3 (d) vo dung dch X, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton sinh ra m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 68,2
B. 28,7
C. 10,8
D. 57,4
t s mol ca FeCl2 v NaCl ban u ln lt l x v 2x n = 0,4(mol) 127 x + 58,5 x 2 x = 24,4 x = 0,1(mol) Cl n Fe2+ = 0,1(mol) Ag + + Cl AgCl (1)
0,4 0,4 0,4

Ag + + Fe 2+ Ag + Fe3+ (2)
0,1 0,1 0,1

m = 0,4 x 143,5 + 108 x 0,1 = 68,2 (gam) p n A
Phn tch sai lm:

Sai lm 1: Do khng hiu ng bn cht ca phn ng nn cho rng kt ta ch gm AgCl m khng xt kt ta Ag c to thnh theo (2), do tnh m = 0,4 x 143,5 = 57,4 (gam) Chn phng n D Sai Sai lm 2: Coi ch xt phn ng oxi ha - kh (2) m khng xt n phn ng trao i ion (1) cho rng kt ta ch gm Ag, khi : m = 0,1 x 108 = 10,8 (gam) Chn phng n C Sai
V d 17 (Bn c t gii): Cho 100ml dung dch FeCl2 1,2M tc dng vi 200ml dung dch AgNO3 2M, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 34,44
B. 47,4
C. 30,18
D. 12,96
V d 18: Cho 4,6 gam mt ancol no, n chc phn ng vi CuO nung nng, thu c 6,2 gam hn hp X gm anehit, nc v ancol d. Cho ton b lng hn hp X phn ng hon ton vi lng d AgNO3 trong NH3, un nng thu c m gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l
A. 16,2
B. 43,2
C. 10,8
D. 21,6

RCH 2 OH + CuO t RCHO + Cu + H 2 O
0
Khi lng hn hp X tng so vi khi lng ancol ban u = mO(CuO phn ng)
M RCH 2OH =
4,6 = 46 CH 3CH 2 OH 0,1
CH 3CH 2 OH CH 3CHO 2Ag 0,1 0,2 4,6 = 46 ancol : CH 3OH 0,1 m = mAg = 0,2 x 108 = 21,6 (gam) Chn phng n D Sai Bn cht trong bi ton l ancol cn d M RCH 2OH < CH3OH HCHO 4Ag 0,1 0,4 m = mAg = 0,4 x 108 = 43,2 (gam) p n B

Sai lm 5: HIU V P DNG CHA NG PHNG PHP GII Bn cht ca cc phng php l gip gii nhanh mt s dng bi tp. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp do cha hiu ng bn cht phng php v phm vi p dng m cc em thng gii cc dng bi tp cha ng hoc cha trit cc dng. V d 19: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH C. C3H5OH v C4H7OH

B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH D. C3H7OH v C4H9OH

2ROH + 2 Na 2RONa + H 2 Theo u bi hn hp ancol tc dng ht vi Na Hc sinh thng nhm l Na va , do thng gii sai theo hai tnh hung sau:
Tnh hung sai 1: n Na =
15,6 9,2 = 0,4(mol) n ancol = 0,4(mol) M ancol = = 39 0,4 23
Phng n A Sai
Tnh hung sai 2: p dng phng php tng gim khi lng
n ancol =
15,6 24,5 15,6 = 0,405(mol) M ancol = = 38,52 Phng n A Sai 0,405 22
Trong bi ton trn ch c ancol tham gia phn ng ht, lng Na phn ng ti thiu l va ht, c th d Nu tnh s mol ancol theo Na, s sai theo tnh hung 1. Cht rn ngoi mui cn c Na (c th d), do s sai khi tnh theo tnh hung 2.
p dng phng php bo ton khi lng ta c: m H2 = m ancol + m Na m rn = 15,6 + 9,2 - 24,5 = 0,3 (gam)
n ancol = 2n H2 = 0,3(mol) M ancol =
15,6 = 52 p n B 0,3
V d 20: Cho 31,84 gam hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen hai chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 57,34 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc ca hai mui. Phn tch, hng dn gii
Trong bi ny, nu s dng phng php trung bnh:

Na X + AgNO3 AgX + NaNO3
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng: n Na X = 31,84 57,34 31,84 = 0,3 m Na X = 106,13 X = 83,13 0,3 (108 23)
Hai halogen l Br (M = 80) v I (M = 127) Hai mui l NaBr v NaI

Nhn xt: Nh vy nu p dng phng php trung bnh v gii nh trn bi ton ch ng khi c 2 mui bc halogennua u kt ta. V AgF l mui tan, nn p dng phng php nh trn mi gii quyt c mt trng hp, trng hp cn li thng b xt, c th:
Nu X l F, Y l Cht lng, khi ch xy ra mt phn ng to kt ta

NaF + AgNO3 Khng phn ng
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 0,4 57,34 = 0,4 143,5
m NaCl = 0,4 x 58,5 = 23,4 < 31,84 Tha mn Hai halogen l F v Cl Hai mui l NaF v NaCl
Phng php trung bnh cho hai v d trn ch lun ng khi c 2 mui bc halogennua u kt ta Nu hiu v p dng phng php trung bnh khng ng s dn n vic gii sai bi ton hoc cha p n ca bi ton. V d 21: Cho dung dch cha 6,03 gam hn hp gm hai mui NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai nguyn t c trong t nhin, hai chu k lin tip thuc nhm VIIA, s hiu nguyn t XX < YY) v dung dch AgNO3 (d), thu c 8,61 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng ca NaX trong hn hp ban u l
A. 58,2%
B. 52,8%
C. 41,8%
D. 47,2%
(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi B, 2009) Vi bi ton ny, cc em thng p dng phng php trung bnh gii (gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l Na X ).
Na X + AgNO3 AgX + NaNO3 (23 + X)a M Na X = 23 + M X = (108 + X)a mtng = 85a = 8,61 a = 0,03 (mol) 6,03 M X = 178 Loi 0,03 6,03 0,06x 58,5 x100% = 41,8% ap n C 6,03
X l F, Y l Cl (AgF l mui tan)
n NaCl = n AgCl = 0,06 % NaF =
Trong v d trn, vic p dng phng php trung bnh dn n khng xc nh c hai halogen ph hp vi u bi. Nu hc sinh khng nm vng c tnh cht ca mui halogen s khng gii tip c bi ton t b qua bi ton hoc chn ngu nhin 1 phng n tr li. V d 22: Trn 21,6 gam bt Al vi m gam hn hp X (gm FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4) c hn hp Y. Nung Y nhit cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh n phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp rn Z. Cho Z tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 6,72 lt kh. Nu cho Z tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long d th thu c 19,04 lt NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Bit cc th tch kh o ktc. Gi tr ca m l
A. 50,8
B. 58,6
C. 46,0
D. 62,0
Vi hn hp (kim loi, hp cht ca kim loi vi phi kim) thng c gii theo phng php quy i. Trong bi ton ny, nu p dng phng php quy i, cc em thng tin hnh nh sau: Hng gii th nht
Hn hp Z gm: Fe, Al d v Al2O3

2Al + 2 NaOH + 6H 2 O 2 Na[Al(OH) 4 ] + 3H 2 0,2 n Al2O3 =
0
0,3 0,8 0,2 = 0,3(mol) n O = 0,9(mol) 2

+3
Al Al+ 3e 0,2
o +3
2 H + 2e H 2 0,6
+5 +2
0,6
0,3
Fe Fe+ 3e
a 3a
N + 3e N( NO) 2,55 0,85
0,6 + 3a = 0,6 + 2,55 a = 0,85 (mol) m = 0,85 x 56 + 0,9 x 16 = 62 (gam) Chn phng n D Sai
Hng gii th hai
2Al + 2 NaOH + 6H 2 O 2 Na[Al(OH) 4 ] + 3H 2 0,2 0,3 3 n Al = 0,9(mol) 2
nAl (phn ng nhit nhm) = 0,8 - 0,2 = 0,6 (mol) nO (X) =
X{FeO, Fe 2 O 3 v Fe3O 4 } {Fe : a (mol); O : b(mol)}

0 +3
0 2
Al Al+ 3e 0,2
0 +3
O + 2e O 0,91,8 2 H + 2e H 2 0,6 0,3 N + 3e N( NO) 2,55 0,85

+5 +2 + 0
0,6
Fe Fe+ 3e a 3a
2,4 + 3a = 1,8 + 0,6 + 2,55 a = 0,85 (mol) m = 0,85 x 56 + 0,9 x 16 = 62 (gam) Chn phng n D Sai
V sao p dng quy i nh trn li sai: Bn c t tm cu tr li.
2Al + 3Fe x O y yAl2 O 3 + 3xFe
(1)
Cht rn Y: Fe, Al2O3, Al d Ald + NaOH + H2O Na[Al(OH)4] + 1,5H2 0,2

+5
0,3
+2
V Fe v Al u nhng 3 electron v N + 3e N( NO) , nn: 0,2 + nFe = nNO nFe = 0,65 (mol) Mt khc: nO(X) = 1,5nAl(1) = 1,5 (0,8 - 0,2) = 0,9 (mol)

m = 0,65 x 56 + 0,9 x 16 = 50,8 (gam) p n A

Sai lm 6: BI TON LIN QUAN N KIM LOI C NHIU TRNG THI HA TR Thng thng nhng bi ton ny u lin quan n kim loi st, mt s trng hp lin quan n cc kim loi nh Sn, Cr. Ty theo tng iu kin phn ng m to thnh sn phm trong c kim loi c ha tr thp hoc kim loi c ha tr cao. Tuy nhin kim loi thng cha c bit dn n cc em u cho rng kim loi c ha tr khng i trong hp cht v dn n gii sai hoc mt qu nhiu thi gian gii quyt bi ton.
2 ,H 2 , t SO long + Fe2O3 (st ha tr III) + CO Fe + HCl,H 24 mui st (II) 2 ,H ,t ,t + FeO (st ha tr II) + CO 2 Fe + HNO3 ,H 2 SO4c( du ) mui st (III)
+ Fe, Cr, Sn tc dng vi cht oxi ha khc nhau c th cho sn phm c ha tr khc nhau, v d: Fe, Cr, Sn + HCl ,H 24 mui st (II), crom(II), thic (II) SO long Fe,Cr, Sn + HNO3 ,H 2SO4c( du ) mui st (III), crom (III), thic (IV) ,t
Cl ,t 2 Sn + O2 SnO2 ; Cr + CrCl3
o
V d 23: Cho m gam hn hp bt X gm ba kim loi Zn, Cr, Zn c s mol bng nhau tc dng ht vi lng d dung dch HCl long, nng thu c dung dch Y v kh H2. C cn dung dch Y thu c 8,98 gam mui khan. Nu cho m gam hn hp X tc dng hon ton vi O2 (d) to hn hp 3 oxit th th tch kh O2 (ktc) phn ng l
A. 2,016 lt
Phn tch, hng dn gii
B. 0,672 lt
C. 1,344 lt
D. 1,008 lt
(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi A, 2010) C th xc nh s mol mi kim loi theo hai cch sau:
Cch 1: Gi cng thc chung ca 3 kim loi l M v s mol mi kim loi l a
M=
65 + 52 + 119 236 3 3
M + 2HCl MCl 2 + H 2 236 + 71 = 8,98 a = 0,02(mol) 3a x 3 3a 3a

Cch 2: X + HCl {ZnCl2 , CrCl 2 , SnCl 2 }
p dng bo ton nguyn t: Cc kim loi c s mol bng nhau Cc mui c s mol bng nhau. t s mol mi kim loi l a 136a + 123a + 190a = 8,98 a = 0,02 (mol)
Sai lm thng gp trong trng hp ny l cc em coi ha tr kim loi khng i trong hp cht, nn
X + HCl mui clorua O 2 ( oxit ) : 2Cl ( mui ) X + O2 oxit n O2( oxit ) = 2x 0,02x3 = 0,06(mol) n O2 = 0,03(mol) VO2 = 0,672(lt ) 2
Chn phng n B Sai

tnh c th tch O2, c th gii theo hai cch
Cch 1: p dng bo ton electron

0 +2 Zn Zn + 2e 0,04 0,02 0 +3 Cr Cr + 3e n electron nhng = 0,18 (mol) 0,06 0.02 o +4 Sn Sn + 4e 0,08 0,02
O + 0,045
4e 2 O 0,18
VO2 = 0,045x 22,4 = 1,008(lt ) p n D

Cch 2: p dng bo ton nguyn t
a O2 X ZnO : a (mol); Cr2 O 3 : (mol); SnO 2 : a (mol) 2 p dng bo ton nguyn t (O2): n O2 = a 3a + + a = 2,25a = 0,045(mol) 2 2
VO2 = 0,045x 22,4 = 1,008(lt ) p n D
V d 24: Cho m gam bt crom phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl (d) thu c V lt kh H2 (ktc). Mt khc cng m gam bt crom trn phn ng hon ton vi kh O2 thu c 15,2 gam oxit duy nht. Gi tr ca V l
A. 22,4 B. 4,48 C. 3,36 D. 6,72

4Cr + 3 O2 2Cr2O3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,2
Cr + HCl CrCl2 + H2
V = 0,2 x 22,4 = 4,48(lt) p n B
Nu hiu khng ng bn cht (coi c hai phn ng u to hp cht trong c crom ha tr III) Vit phng trnh 2Cr + 6 HCl 2CrCl3 + 3H2
n H2 = 1,5n Cr = 0,3(mol) VH2 = 6,72(lt ) Chn phng n D Sai
V d 25: Ha tan hon ton 14,6 gam hn hp X gm Al v Sn bng dung dch HCl (d), thu c 5,6 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Th tch kh O2 ( ktc) cn phn ng hon ton vi 14,6 gam hn hp X l
A. 3,92 lt B. 1,68 lt C. 2,80 lt D. 4,48 lt

t x v y tng ng l s mol ca Al v Sn

5,6 0,5 3x + 2 y = 2 x 22,4 x = y = 0,1(mol) 27 x + 119 y = 14,2 t cht Al - 3e; Sn - 4e n O2 = p n A
V d 26: Nung hn hp bt gm 15,2 gam Cr2O3 v m gam Al nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 23,3 gam hn hp rn X. Cho ton b hn hp X phn ng vi axit HCl (d) thot ra V lt kh H2 ( ktc). Gi tr ca V l
0,1x 3 + 0,1x 4 = 0,175(mol) V = 3,92 (lt) 4
A. 7,84
B. 4,48
C. 3,36
D. 10,08
n Cr2O3 =
15,2 23,3 15,2 = 0,1(mol); n Al = = 0,3(mol) 152 27 (1)
2Al + Cr2O3 Al2 O 3 + 2Cr 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,2 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H 2 0,1 0,15 Cr + 2HCl CrCl 2 + H 2 0,2 0,2
(3)
(4)
V = (0,15 + 0,2) x 22,4 = 7,84 (lt) p n A

V d 27: Cho 6,72 gam Fe vo 400 mol dung dch HNO3 1M, n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Dung dch X c th ha tan ti a m gam Cu. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,92
Phn tch sai lm thng gp
B. 0,64
C. 3,84
D. 3,20
Fe + 4HNO 3 Fe( NO 3 ) 3 + NO + 2H 2 O 0,1 0,4 0,1
(1)
Sau (1) HNO3 ht, nu cho rng ha tan hon ti Cu Ton b Fe(NO3)3 to thnh ho tan Cu theo (2) Cu + 2Fe( NO 3 ) 3 2Fe( NO 3 ) 2 + Cu ( NO 3 ) 2 0,05 0,1 m = 0,05 x 62 = 3,2 (gam) chn phng n D Sai
Cch 1
(2)
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe( NO3 ) 3 + NO + 2H 2 O
(1)

0,1 0,4 0,1 Fe + 2Fe( NO 3 ) 3 3Fe( NO 3 ) 2
, 04 0,02 0
(2)
n Fe( NO3 )3 = 0,1 0,04 = 0,06(mol) Cu + 2Fe( NO 3 ) 3 2Fe( NO 3 ) 2 + Cu ( NO 3 ) 2 0,03 0,06 m = 0,03 x 64 = 1,92 (gam) p n A
Cch 2: Dung dch X c th ha tan Cu Sau phn ng vi Cu, ton b Fe ch tn ti di dng Fe2+ (dung dch X c th ch c c HNO3 v Fe3+ hoc ch Fe3+)
(3)
C th coi cht kh l Cu v Fe p dng nh lut bo ton electron: 3nNO = 2nCu + 2nFe 3nNO = 2nCu +0,24 (*) p dng nh lut bo ton vi nguyn t N: n HNO3 = 2n Cu + 2n Fe + n NO 2n Cu + n NO =,16(**) T (*) v (**) nCu = 0,03 (mol) m = 1,92 (gam) p n A
V d 28: Cho a gam Fe vo 100ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO3 0,8M v Cu(NO3)2 1M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,92a gam gm hn hp kim loi v kh NO
(sn phm kh duy nht ca N ). Gi tr ca a l A. 8,4

+5
B. 5,6
C. 11,2
D. 11,0
V sau phn ng thu c hn hp kim loi (Cu, Fe) Cu2+ tham gia phn ng ht, HNO3 ht, ng thi dung dch sau phn ng cha ion Fe3+ (tn ti ion Fe2+) n H+ = 0,08(mol); n NO = 0,28(mol); n Cu 2+ = 0,1(mol)
3
3Fe + 8H + + 2 NO 3 3Fe 2+ + 2 NO + 4H 2 O
(1)
0,03 0,08 0,02

Fe + Cu 2+ Fe 2+ + Cu (2)
0,1 0,1
0,1
a - (0,03 + 0,1) + 0,1 x 64 = 0,02a a = 11,0 (gam) p n D

Sai ln 7: CHIA HN HP THNH CC PHN KHNG U NHAU
Hu ht trong cc bi tp, hn hp phn ng thng c chia thnh cc phn u nhau hoc bit c t l gia cc phn. Trong mt s bi tp, hn hp cc cht trong phn ng c chia thnh cc phn khng u nhau (khng bit t l), t dn n vic nhiu em hc sinh hiu sai bi ton (cho rng bi ton tha d kin khng gii c do n s hn s phng trnh thit li )..
Cch nhn dng bi ton

- S liu cho cc phn theo n v khc nhau (thng l s gam v s mol). - Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn nhng khng cho bit t l - Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn theo khi lng c th, v c t nht mt phn khng bit khi lng c th (cho dng khi qut).
Phng php gii

Bn cht ca phng php gii l tm mi lin h gia s mol cc cht trong mt phn no , y cng chnh l t l trong cc phn cn li hoc thng qua vic phn tch bi ton tm ra c mi lin h khi lng gia cc phn, y cng chnh l t l mol gia cc phn. V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp l khng i. Nu coi phn ny c khi lng thp k ln phn kia th s mol cc cht tng ng cng gp k ln, t tm mi lin h gia cc phn gii hoc t thm mt s n s ph l k, sau thit lp h phng trnh v gii.
V d 29: Cho hn hp X gmCH4, C2H4 v C2H2. Ly 8,6 gam X tc dng ht vi dung dch brom (d) th khi lng brom phn ng l 48 gam. Mt khc, nu cho 13,44 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 36 gam kt ta. Phn trm th tch ca CH4 c trong X l
A. 40%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 50%
(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi B, 2009) Nu khng c s ch n cc d kin u bi, hc sinh thng gii bi ton theo hai hng sau y:
Hng 1: B qua mt d kin ca bi ton (v ch cn t 3 n s, m u bi cho ti 4 d kin) Sai Hng 2: t n s qu nhiu (3 n s ng vi 8,6 gam v 3 n s ng vi 13,44lt 6 n s) khng gii v tm ra c cc gi tr c th ca tng n s mt nhiu thi gian hoc khng gii c.
Trong 8,6 gam hn hp X gi s mol CH4, C2H4 v C2H2 ln lt l a, b, c C phng trnh: 16a + 28b + 26c = 8,6 (1) Cho qua nc bro c phng trnh: b + 2c 4,8 b + 2c = 0,3 160 (2)
Cch 1: Hiu c bn cht (t l s mol cc cht trong X lun khng i)
Trong 13,44 lt hn hp X, gi s mol CH4, C2H4 v C2H2 ln lt l x, y, z

x + y + z = 0,6 (*)

C 2 H 2 + Ag 2 O C 2 Ag 2 + H 2 ) z z= 36 = 0,15(mol) 240
Thay z = 0,15 vo (*) x + y = 0,45 x + z = 3z Do t l s mol cc cht trong hn hp X khng i nn: a + b = 3a (3) T (1), (2) v (3) a = 0,2; b = 0,1; c = 0,1 % (VCH 4 ) = 50%
p n D
Cch 2: Coi phn ny gp k ln phn kia (t thm 1 n s k), lp h v gii.
Trong 13,44 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X: n CH4 = ka , n C2H 4 = kb v n C2H2 = kc

ka + kb + kc = 0,6 a + b = 3c(3) kc = 0,15
T (1), (2) v (3) a = 0,2; b = 0,1; c = 0,1 %(VCH 4 ) = 50%

p n D
V d 30: Cho m gam hn hp Y gm axit axetic, phenol, ancol etylic tc dng va vi Na thu c 19,6 gam hn hp mui X. t cht hon ton X thu c 10,6 gam mui cacbonat. Nu cho 30,4 gam hn hp Y trn tc dng vi Na d th thu c V lt kh H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l A. 9,68
B. 6,72
C. 4,48
D. 3,36
- p dng bn ton nguyn t vi natri 2 Na Na 2 CO 3

0,1(mol) 0,2
- axit axetic, phenol, ancol etylic u tc dng vi Na theo t l mol 1 : 1

Khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng (X) tng: 0,2 (23 - 1) = 4,4 (gam) so vi khi lng hn hp Y ban u mY = m(mui X) - mtng ln = 19,6 - 4,4 = 15,2 (gam)
- Trong 30,4 gam Y S mol Na phn ng = 2 x 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)

n H2 =
1 n Na = 0,2(mol) VH 2 = 4,48(lt ) p n C 2
V d 31: Hn hp X gm C2H5OH, C2H5COOH, CH3CHO trong C2H5OH chim 25% tng s mol. t chy hon ton m gam X thu c 1,98 gam H2O v 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc cho 4,76 gam X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d un nng thu c x gam Ag. Gi tr ca x l A. 1,08
B. 8,64
C. 2,16
D. 4,32
n H 2O =
1,98 2,24 = 0,11(mol); n CO2 = = 0,1(mol) 18 22,4

Nhn thy: C2H5COOH v CH3CHO (axit v anehit no n chc, mch h) khi t chy cho s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O cn C2H5OH khi t chy cho n H2O > n CO2 v n H2O n CO2 = n ancol
n C2H5OH = n H 2O n CO2 = 0,01(mol) n ( C2H5COOH , CH3CHO ) = 0,01x
75 = 0,03(mol) 25
X gm: C2H5OH: 0,01 (mol); C2H5COOH: a (mol) v CH3CHO: b (mol)

a + b = 0,03 (*)
p dng bo ton nguyn t cacbon, ta c: 0,01 x 2 + 3a + 2b = 0,1 3a + 2b = 0,08 (**) T (*) v (**) a = 0,02 (mol); b = 0,01 (mol)
m = 46 x 0,01 + 74 x 0,02 + 44 x 0,01 = 2,38 (gam) Trong 4,76 gam X n CH3CHO =
4,76 x 0,01 = 0,02(mol) 2,38
n Ag = 2n CH3CHO = 0,04(mol) m Ag = 4,32(gam) p n D

Sai ln 8: PHN NG VI HNO3 TO KH V MUI AMONI Cch du hiu nhn dng bi ton
- Du hiu khoa hc nht nhn dng bi ton l tng s mol electron nhng ln hn s mol electron nhn (khi xt vi cc sn phm kh khng c NH4NO3). - Trong bi ton, nu p dng bo ton nguyn t, c th tnh c khi lng mui. Mt khc, bi ton li cho bit khi lng mui (cht rn khan) sau phn ng hoc yu cu tnh khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng km theo mt vi d kin khc tha d kin. - Bi ton thng gp khi cht kh c cc kim loi t Zn tr v trc (Fe ch tc dng vi HNO3 rt long, nhit thp mi cho sn phm kh l NH4NO3).
V d 32: Ha tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c dung dch X v 1,344 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X gm hai kh l N2O v N2. T khi ca hn hp kh Y so vi kh H2 l 18. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l.
A. 97,98
Phn tch, hng dn gii
B. 106,38
C. 38,34
D. 34,08
n Al = .046(mol); n Y = 0,06(mol); M Y = 36 tnh c s mol cc kh, thng dng 3 cch sau y:

Cch 1: t n s, lp h (n N 2 = x; n N 2O = y)
x + y = 0,06 28x + 44 y x = y = 0,03 = 36 0,06

Cch 2: S dng phng php ng cho
N2
28 36
8
n N2 n N 2O 1 = n N 2 = n N 2O = 0,03(mol) 1
N2O 44
8 28 + 44 n N 2 = n N 2O = 0,03(mol) 2
Cch 3: Da vo gi tr trung bnh cng:
Nu khng nhn dng c vic che du sn phm, coi cht rn khan ch l mui nhm nitrat Cc em thng gp phi cc sai lm sau:
Sai lm 1: p dng phng php bo ton nguyn t

Al Al( NO 3 ) 3 m = m Al( NO3 )3 = 0,46 x 213 = 97,98(gam) 0,46 0,46
Chn phng n A Sai

Sai lm 2: p dng phng php bo ton electron v bo ton khi lng
Nhiu em cho rng phn ng khng to mui amoni nn n NO (mui) =

3
electron
nhng (nhn)
= 0,03 x 10 + (0,03 x 2) x 4 = 0,54 (mol)

m = mmui = m kim loi phn ng + m NO0 Khng c p n ph hp
Cch 1: Gi s sn phm kh ch l N2 v N2O, khi
3 ( mui )
= 12,42 + 0,54 x 62 = 45,9(gam)
electron nhn
= 0,03 x 10 + (0,03 x 2) x 4 = 0,54 (mol) < 3n Al = 1,38( mol)

+5 3
Sn phm kh ngoi N2O, N2 cn c NH4NO3 ( N + 8e N( NH 4 NO 3 )
n NH 4 NO3 =
1,38 0,54 = 0,105(mol) 8
m = m Al( NO3 )3 + m NH 4 NO3 = 97,98 + 0,105x80 = 106,38(gam) p n B

Cch 2: Nhn dng ng bi ton v gii
Nu sn phm kh ch l N2O v N2 mui khan thu c ch l Al(NO3)3
Khng cn n d kin v N2O v N2 hon ton c th tnh c gi tr m, chnh l khi lng mui Al(NO3)3 Ngoi mui nhm, trong dung dch cn cha mui NH4NO3.
+ HNO3 Al Al( NO 3 ) 3 + N H 4 NO 3 + N 2 + N 2 O 0 +3 3 0 +1
0,46 0,46 a 0,03 0,03 p dng bo ton electron: 0,46 x 3 = 8 x a + 0,3 x 10 + 0,3 x 2 x 4 a = 0,105 (mol) m = m Al( NO3 )3 + m NH4 NO3 = 97,98 + 0,105x80 = 106,38(gam) p n B
Do cc phng n nhiu ca cu hi trn cha tt, do sau khi nhn dng c bi ton c che du sn phm kh l NH4NO3 c th chn nhanh p n nh sau:
m Al( NO3 )3 = 0,46 x 213 = 97,98(gam) Tng khi lng mui thu c (c thm mui
NH4NO3) s c khi lng ln hn 97,98 (gam) p n B
V d 33: Cho hn hp gm 6,72 gam Mg v 0,8 gam MgO tc dng ht vi lng d dung dch HNO3. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,896 lt mt kh X (ktc) v dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y thu c 46 gam mui khan. Kh X l
A. NO2 B. N2O C. NO D. N2
Phn tch, hng dn gii

n Mg = 0,28(mol) n Mg ( NO3 )2 = (0,28 + 0,02) x148 = 44,4(gam) < 46,0(gam) n MgO = 0,02(mol) Mui khan ngoi Mg(NO3)2 cn c NH4NO3 m NH4 NO3 = 46 44,4 = 1,6(gam) n NH4 NO3 = 0,02(mol) Mg Mg + 2e 0,28 0,56
0 +2
N + ne X N + 8e N( NH 4 NO 3 )
+5 3
+5
0,02 0,16
p dng bo ton electron: 0,56 = 0,16 + 0,04n n = 10

0 +5 Kh X l N2 2 N + 10e N 2 p n D
V d 34: Cho 16,8 gam b Mg tc dng va vi 500ml dung dch HNO3 xM. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch Y v 0,448 lt kh NO duy nht. Tnh x v khi lng mui to thnh trong dung dch Y. Phn tch, hng dn gii
n Mg =
1,68 0,448 = 0,07; n NO = = 0,02; n HNO3 = 0,5x 24 22,4
Mg + HNO3 Mg ( NO 3 ) 2 Nu phn ng ch ti sn phm kh l NO hon ton tnh c khi lng mui Mg(NO3)2. Mt khc nu sn phm kh ch l kh NO, th c th tnh c th tch kh NO da vo s mol ca Mg t tnh c s mol HNO3 phn ng d kin v th tch kh NO cho c vn Ngoi sn phm kh l NO, cn c sn phm kh khc l mui NH4NO3.
Cch 1: Vit v tnh theo phng trnh (bn c t gii) Cch 2: S dng phi hp cc phng php bo ton (electron, nguyn t, khi lng).
0 +2 +5 +2
Mg Mg + 2e 0,07 0,14
N + 3e N( NO) 0,06 0,02

N + 8e N( NH 4 NO 3 )
+5 3
8a a - p dng phng php bo ton electron 0,14 = 0,06 + 8a a = 0,01 (mol) Mui thu c sau phn ng: Mg(NO3)2: 0,07 (mol) v NH4NO3: 0,01 (mol) mmui = 0,07 x 148 + 0,01 x 80 = 11,16 (gam) - p dng bo ton nguyn t (i vi nit): n HNO3 = n N ( Mg ( NO3 )2 ) + n N ( NO ) + n N ( NH4 NO3 ) = 0,07 x 2 + 0,02 + 0,01x 2 = 0,18(mol) 0,5x = 0,18 x = 0,36 (M)
V d 35 (bn c t gii): Cho 3,76 gam hn hp X gm Mg v MgO (vi t l mol tng ng l 14 : 1) tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 va , sau phn ng thu c 0,672 lt kh Y v dung dch Z. C cn cn thn dung dch Z thu c 22,6 gam mui khan. Cc th tch kh u o ktc. Xc nh cng thc ca kh Y.
V d 36 (Bn c t gii): Cho 2,16 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 0,896 lt kh NO ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi lm bay hi dung dch X l A. 8,88 gam B. 13,92 gam C. 6,52 gam D. 13,32 gam

PHN TCH, HNG DN GII THI I HC, CAO NG NM 2009 V 2010 S 01
( thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc khi A, nm 2010)
Cu 1: Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na+; 0,02 mol SO 2 v x mol OH-. Dung dch Y c 4 + cha ClO 4 , NO 3 v y mol H ; tng s mol ClO 4 v NO 3 l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100ml dung dch Z. Dung dch Z c pH (b qua s in li ca H2O) l A. 1. B. 2. C. 12. D. 13.
p dng bo ton in tch cho dung dch X: 0,07 = 0,02 x 2 + x x = 0,03 (mol) p dng bo ton in tch cho dung dch Y: y = n H + = n ClO + n NO = 0,04 (mol)
4 3
Khi trn dung dch X vi dung dch Y: H + + OH H 2 O 0,03 0,03 n H + (du ) = 0,04 - 0,03 = 0,01 (mol) H + = pH = 1 p n A.
Cu 2: Cho 19,3 gam hn hp bt Zn v Cu c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2 vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol Fe2(SO4)3. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam kim loi. Gi tr ca m l: A. 6,40. B. 16,53. C. 12,00. D. 12,80.
(1)
[ ]
0,01 = 0,1 = 10 1 (M ) 0,1
Phn tch. hng dn gii:
t nZn = x (mol) nCu = 2x (mol) 65x + 64.2x = 19,3 x = 0,1 (mol) Zn + 2Fe3+ Zn2+ + 2Fe2+ 0,1 0,2 Cu + 2Fe3+ Cu2+ + 2Fe2+ (2) 0,1 0,2 kim loi sau phn ng l Cu d: 0,1 (mol) m = m(Cu(d) = 0,1 x 64 = 6,4 (gam) p n A.
Cu 3: Hn hp kh X gm N2 v H2 c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X mt thi gian trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He bng 2. Hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp NH3 l" A. 500%. B. 36%. C. 40%. D. 25%.
(1)

N2 28 7,2 H2 2
5,2 20,8 n N2 n H2 = 5,2 1 = 2,8 4
Hiu sut phn ng tnh theo N2. Chn nX = 1 n N 2 = 0,2 (mol) Do mX = mY N2 + 3H2 M X n Y 1,8 = = = 0,9 nY = 0,9 (mol) MY nX 2
2NH3 H= 0,1 100% = 25% 0,4
H = 100% s mol kh gim = 2n N 2 = 0,4 (mol) H p n D. (1 - 0,9) = 0,1 (mol)
Cu 4: Trong s cc cht: C3H8, C3H7Cl, C3H8O v C3H9N; cht c nhiu ng phn cu to nht l: A. C3H7Cl. B. C3H8O. C. C3H8. D. C3H9N
Tng s nguyn t cacbon trong cc cht l bng nhau ; khi lin kt vi cc nguyn t c ha tr cao (N c ha tr cao nht), sng ng phn s tng p n D.
Cu 5: Thc hin cc th nghim sau:
(I) Sc kh SO2 vo dung dch KMnO4 (II) Sc kh SO2 vo dung dch H2S (III) Sc hn hp kh NO2 v O2 vo nc (IV) Cho MnO2 vo dung dch HCl c, nng (V) Cho Fe2O3 vo dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (VI) Cho SiO2 vo dung dch HF S th nghim c phn ng oxi ha - kh xy ra l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 5 D. 4
- iu kin cn phn ng oxi ha, kh c th xy ra l phi c cht kh v cht oxi ha loi phng n (V) v (VI) p n D. - iu kin phn ng oxi ha, kh c th xy ra l phn ng phi to thnh cht oxi ha v cht kh yu hn cht oxi ha v cht kh ban u. - Cc phng trnh ha hc. K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 (1) 5SO2 + 3KMnO4 + 2H2O (2) SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O

(3) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3 (4) MnO2 + 4HCl c t MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O (5) 2Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 c t Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (6) SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O Cc phn ng (5) v (6) khng c s thay i s oxi ha.
0 0
Cu 6: Cho cn bng: 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k)
2SO3 (k)
Khi tng nhit th t khi ca hn hp kh so vi H2 gim i. Pht biu ng khi ni v cn bng ny l:

A. Phn ng nghch ta nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun khi tng nhit . B. Phn ng thun ta nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch khi tng nhit . C. Phn ng nghch thu nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun khi tng nhit . D. Phn ng thun thu nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch khi tng nhit . Phn tch, hng dn gii:
Theo nh lut bo ton, khi lng hn hp kh lun khng i. T khi ca hn hp kh (sau khi tng nhit ) so vi H2 gim i, chng t khi lng phn m t trung bnh gim M = S mol kh tng Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch n (chiu gim nhit tc thu nhit) Phn ng thun l ta nhit. p n B.
Cu 7: Cho m gam NaOH vo 2 lt dung dch NaHCO3 nng a mol/l, thu c 2 lt dung dch X. Ly 1 lt dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 (d) thu c 11,82 gam kt ta. Mt khc, cho 1 lt dung dch X vo dung dch CaCl2 (d) ri un nng, sau khi kt thc cc phn ng thu c 7,0 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a v m tng ng l: A. 0,04 v 4,8. B. 0,07 v 3,2 C. 0,08 v 4,8. D. 0,14 v 2,4
p dng bo ton nguyn t (vi cacbon):

OH- + HCO 3 H 2 O
(1)
Do n CaCO 2 =
7,0 11,82 0,07(mol) > n BaCO3 = = 0,06(mol) 100 197
2 Dung dch X c cha ng thi CO 3 ; CHO 3 : x (mol)
Sau (1): NaOH phn ng ht; NaHCO3 cn d n CO 2 = 2xn BaCO3 = 0,12 (mol)
3
2 2 HCO 3 t CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
x
3
0,5x
n CO 2 = (0,12 + 0,5x ) = 2n CaCO3 = 0,14 x =0,04 (mol)

n HCO = 0,12 + x = 0,16 (mol) = 2a a = 0,08 (M)
3
n NaOH = n CO 2 (1) = 0,12 m = 0,12 x 40 = 48 (gam)

3
p n C.
Cu 8: Mt phn t saccaroz c A. mt gc -glucoz v mt gc -fructoz B. mt gc -glucoz v mt gc -fructoz C. hai gc -fructoz D. mt gc -glucoz v mt gc -fructoz Phn tch, hng dn gii:
Saccaroz c cu to t mt gc -glucoz v mt gc -fructoz lin kt vi nhau qua nguyn t oxi gia C1 ca glucoz v C2 ca fructoz (C1-O-C2): Lin kt glicozit p n D.
Cu 9: Oxi hja ht 2,2 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh anehit cn va 4,8 gam CuO. Cho ton b lng anehit trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 23,76 gam Ag. Hai ancol l: A. C2H5OH, C2H5CH2OH C. CH3OH, C2H5CH2OH Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. C2H5OH, C3H7CH2OH D. CH3OH, C2H5OH
n ancol = n CuO =
4,8 23,76 = 0,06(mol); n Ag = = 0,22(mol) 80 108
Nhn thy: nAg > 2nancol C mt ancol l CH3OH Loi phng n A v B. Nhn xt: Cc ancol trong 4 phng n u l ancol bc nht. CH3OH HCHO 4Ag a b 4a 2b RCH2OH RCHO 2Ag a + b = 0,06 a = 0,05 4a + 2b = 0,22 b = 0,01
mancol = 32 x 0,05 + (R + 31) x 0,01 = 2,2 R = 29 (-C2H5) R = 29 (-C2H5) p n C.

Cu 10: Hn hp M gm ancol no, n chc X v axit cacboxylic n chc Y, u mch h v c cng s nguyn t C, tng s mol ca hai cht l 0,5 mol (s mol ca Y ln hn s mol ca X). Nu t chy hon ton M th thu c 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 25,2 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu un nng M vi H2SO4 c thc hin phn ng este ha (hiu sut l 80%) th s este thu c l A. 34,20. B. 27,36. C. 22,80 D. 18,24
Xem phn tch v hng dn gii (V d 14 - Phn th nht: Phn tch, la chn phng php gii nhanh v mt s th thut lm bi).

Cu 11: Cho dung dch X gm: 0,007 mol Na+; 0,003 mol Ca2+; 0,06 mol Cl-; 0,006 mol HCO3- v 0,001 mol NO 3 . loi b ht Ca2+ trong X cn mt lng va dung dch cha a gam Ca(OH)2. Gi tr ca a l A. 0,222 Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. 0,120 C. 0,444 D. 0,180
V n Ca 2 + = 2n HCO3 nn c th coi phn ng to kt ta ln nht l: Ca (HCO 3 ) 2 + Ca (OH) 2 2CaCO 3 +2H 2 O 0,03 0,03 => a = 0,003 x 74 = 0,222 (gam) => p n A
Cu 12: Hn hp kh no sau y khng tn ti nhit thng? A. H2 v F2 Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. Cl2 v O2 C. H2S v N2 D. CO v O2
H2 + F2 2HF Phn ng c th xy ra trong bng ti hoc -2520C => p n A

Cu 13: un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C2H2 v 0,03 mol H2 trong mt bnh kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 10,18. Gi tr ca m l A. 0,328 Phn tch, hng dn gii:
Br ,t {C 2 H 2 ; H 2 } Ni Y + Z
o 2
B. 0,205
C. 0,585
D. 0,620
mhn hp ban u = 0,02 x 26 + 0,03 x 2 = 0,58 (gam) mkhi tc dng vi dung dch brom = m khi lng bnh brom tng mhn hp ban u = mY = mZ + mkhi lng bnh brom tng Mt khc: m Z = 280 x (10,08x 2) = 0,252(gam)(gam) 22400
mkhi lng bnh brom tng = mhn hp ban u - mZ = 0,58 - 0,252 = 0,328 (gam) =>p n A
Cu 14: Nung nng tng cp cht trong bnh kn: (1) Fe + S(r), (2) Fe2O3 + CO(k),
(3) Au + O2 (k), (4) Cu + Cu(NO3)2 (r), (5) Cu + KNO3 (r), (6) Al + NaCl (r). Cc trng hp xy ra phn ng oxi ha kim loi l:
A. (1), (3), (6) Phn tch, hng dn gii:
Fe 2 O 3 + 3CO 2 Fe+ 3CO 2 => Phn ng (2) l phn ng kh ion kim loi thnh kim loi => Loi phng n B v D.
+3 o
B. (2), (3), (4).
C. (1), (4), (5)
D. (2), (5), (6)
- Au, Pt khng b oxi ha bi oxi => Loi phng n A => p n C Cu + Cu(NO3)2 ?

2 Cu(NO3)2 t 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 2Cu + O2 t 2CuO
0 0 0
(1) (2)
Cng (1) v (2) Cu + Cu(NO3)2 t 2CuO + 2NO2 (*) Cu + KNO3 ? 2KNO3 t 2KNO2 + O2 2Cu + O2 t 2CuO Cng (1) v (2) Cu + KNO3 t CuO + KNO2
0 0 0
(1) (2) (*)
Cu 15: Tng s cht hu c mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C2H4O l A. 3. Hng dn gii: B. 1. C. 2. D. 4.
Cc cng thc tha mn l: CH3COOH; HCOOCH3 v HOCH2CHO p n A. C2H4O2 c bt bo ha = 2x 2 + 2 2 =1 2
+ Trng hp 1: C2H4O2 l axit (hoc este) no, n chc mch h (nhm chc axit v este u cha mt lin kt i nn gc hirocacbon phi no, mch h). + Trng hp 2: C2H4O2 cha ng thi nhm -OH v -CHO - Sai lm mc phi trong trng hp ny l hc sinh vit trng hp C2H4O c mt nhm chc este (-O-) v mt nhm chc -CHO : CH3-O-CHO Chn phng n D. Tuy nhin nhm chc este lin kt vi nhm chc anhit hoc xeton chnh l nhm chc este.
Cu 16: C cc pht biu sau:
(1) Lu hunh, photpho u bc chy khi tip xc vi CrO3. (2) Ion Fe3+ c cu hnh electron vit gn l []3d5. (3) Bt nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi kh clo. (4) Phn chua c cng thc Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. Cc pht biu ng l:
A. (1), (3), (4) B. (2), (3), (4) C. (1), (2), (3) D. (1), (2), (4)
Cu 17: Pht biu no sau y ng? A. Cc kim loi: natri, bari, beri u tc dng vi nc nhit thng. B. Kim loi xesi c dng ch to t bo quang in. C. Kim loi magie c kiu mng tinh th lp phng tm din. D. Theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, cc kim loi kim th (t beri n bari) c nhit chy gim dn. Hng dn gii:
Da vo ng dng ca kim loi nhm 1A (hoc kin thc vt l) p n B.

- Ch c cc kim loi kim (nhm IA) v kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba) tc dng vi H2O nhit thng. Be v Mg l kim loi IIA nhng khng tc dng vi H2O nhit thng Loi giai on A. - Kim loi magie c kiu mng tinh th lc phng Loi phng n C - T Be n Ba bin i khng u (tng v gim) Loi phng n D p n B.
Cu 18: Ha tan hon ton m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Nu cho 110ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th thu c 3a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th thu c 2a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l A. 32,20. B. 24,15. C. 17,71. D. 16,10
Xem phn tch v hng dn gii (V d 2: Phn th nht: Phn tch, la chn phng php gii nhanh v mt s th thut lm bi).
Cu 19: Cho cc loi t: bng, t capron, t xenluloz axetat, t tm, t nitron, nilon-6,6. S t tng hp l A. 3. Hng dn gii: B. 4. C. 2. D. 5.
T tng hp l t m cc polime do con ngi tng hp ra t cc monome, gm: T capron, t nitron, nilon-6,6 p n A.. Bng, t tm: L polime thin nhin (do thin nhin to nn) T xenlulz axetat: L polime nhn tio hay polime bn tng hp (t cc polime thin nhin, con ngi ch ha thm).
Cu 20: Trong s cc pht biu sau v phenol (C6H5OH):
(1) Phenol tan t trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong dung dch HCl. (2) Phenol c tnh axit, dung dch phenol khng lm i mu qu tm. (3) Phenol dng sn xut keo dn, cht dit nm mc. (4) Phenol tham gia phn ng th brom v th nitro d hn benzen. Cc pht biu ng l
A. (1), (2), (4). Hng dn gii: B. (2), (3), (4). C. (1), (2), (3). D. (1), (3), (4)
Phenol l mt axit yu tan t trong nc Tan t trong dung dch HCl p n B.

Cu 21: C bao nhiu tripeptit (mch h) khc loi m khi thy phn hon ton u thu c 3 aminoaxit: glyxin, alanin v phenylalanin? A. 3 B. 9 C. 4 D. 6
Gi 3 aminoaxit to ra tng ng l X1, X2 v X3 C cc loi tripeptit (mch h) nh sau:

Vi X2 nm gia X1 v X3 X1-X2-X3; X3-X2-X1: C 2 tripeptit (mch h) Thay th v tr X2 bng X1 hoc X3: C 4 tripeptit (mch h). p n B.
Cu 22: Hn hp kh X gm imetylamin v hai hironcacbon ng ng lin tip. t chy hon ton 100ml hn hp X bng mt lng oxi va , thu c 550 ml hn hp Y gm kh v hi nc. Nu cho Y i qua dung dch axit sunfuric c (d) th cn li 250 ml kh (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin). Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l A. C2H6 v C3H8 B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. CH4 v C2H6. D. C2H4 v C3H6
Cu 23: Pht biu ng l A. Khi thy phn n cng cc protein n gin s cho hn hp cc -aminoaxit. B. Khi cho dung dch lng trng trng vo Cu(OH)2 thy xut hin phc mu xanh m. C. Enzim amilaza xc tc cho phn ng thy phn xenluloz thnh mantoz. D. Axit nucleic l polieste ca axit photphoric v glucoz.
- Khi cho dung dch lng trng trng vo Cu(OH)2 thy xut hin phc mu xanh tm Loi phng n B. - Enzim amilaza l xc tc cho phn ng thy phn xenluloz thnh glucoz Loi phng n C. - Axit nucleic l polieste ca axit photphoric v pentoz (mono sacarit c 5C) Loi phng n D.
Cu 24: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng, thu c 3,808 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l A. 4,72. B. 5,42. C. 7,42. D. 5,72.
Cch 1: n CO 2 =
3,808 5,4 = 0,17(mol); n H 2O = = 0,3(mol) 22,4 18
n H 2O > n CO 2 Ancol, mch h; n ancol = n H 2O n CO 2 = 0,13(mol) p dng BTNT i vi oxi: 0,13 + 2n O 2 = 2 x 0,17 + 0,3 n H 2O = 0,255 (mol) p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: m ancol m CO 2 + m H 2O m O 2 = 44 x 0,17 + 5,4 - 32 x 0,255 = 4,72 (gam) Cch 2: n CO 2 = 3,808 5,4 = 0,17(mol); n H 2O = = 0,3(mol) 22,4 18
n H 2O > n CO 2 Ancol no, mch h

n ancol = n H 2O n CO 2 = 0,13(mol) n C = 0,17 0,13
C mt ancol l CH3OH (n chc) Hn hp gm cc ancol n chc cng thc tng qut C n H 2n + 2 O

m ancol = m = 14n + 18 x 0,13 = 4,72(gam ) p n A.
Cch 3: n CO 2 = 3,808 5,4 = 0,17(mol); n H 2O = = 0,3(mol) 22,4 18
n H 2O > n CO 2 ancol no, mch h; nancol = n H 2O n CO 2 = 0,13 (mol) mancol = m = mC + mH + mO(ancol) = 0,17 x 12 + 0,3 x 2 + 0,13 x 16 = 4,72 (gam) p n A.
Cu 25: Nhn nh no sau y ng khi ni v 3 nguyn t : A. X, Y thuc cng mt nguyn t ha hc B. X v Z c cng s khi C. X v Y c cng s notron D. X, Z l 2 ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc
26 13
X, 55 Y, 26
26 12
X?
p n B.
Cu 26: Cho x mol Fe tan hon ton trong dung dch cha y mol H2SO4 (t l x: y = 2 : 5), thu c mt sn phm kh duy nht v dung dch ch cha mi sunfat. S mo electron do lng Ge trn nhng khi b ha tan l A. 3x. B. y. C. 2x. D. 2y.
Xem phn tcg v hng dn gii (V d 8 - Phn th nht: Phn tch, la chn phng php gii nhanh v mt s th thut lm bi).
Cu 27: Axeton c iu ch bng cch oxi ha cumen nh oxi, sau thy phn trong dung dch H2SO4 long. thu c 145 gam axeton th lng cumen cn dng (gi s hiu sut qu trnh iu ch t 75%) l A. 300 gam Hng dn gii: B. 500 gam C. 400 gam D. 600 gam
(CH3)2CH-C6H5 CH3COCH3 + C6H5OH 120 m 58 145 m= 145x 20 = 300 (H = 100%) 58 100 = 400 (gam) 75
V hiu sut qu trnh iu ch t 75% mcumen = 300 x p n C.
Cu 28: Cho cc cht: NaHCO3, CO, Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, HF, Cl2, NH4Cl. S cht tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH long nhit thng l A. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D. 6

Hng dn gii:
Cc cht khng tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH long nhit thng l: CO; Fe(OH)3 p n B.
Cu 29: Thy phn hon ton 0,2 mol mt este E cn dng va 100 gam dung dch NaOH 24%, thu c mt ancol v 43,6 gam hn hp mui ca hai axit cacboxylic n chc. Hai axit l: A. HCOOH v CH3COOH C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH D. HCOOH v C2H5COOH
Cch 1:
n NaOH 0,06 = = 3 E l este 3 chc (to bi ancol 3 chc v 2 axit n chc) nE 0,02
(RCOO) 3 R '+3NaOH 3RCOONa + R ' (OH )3
0,2 M RCOONa =
0,6 43,6 = 72,67 Mui th nht l HCOONa (M = 68) 0,6
Gi cng thc mui cn li l RCOONa. TH1: nRCOONa = 0,4 (mol) 2M RCOONa + 68 43,6 = M RCOONa = 75 (loi) 3 0,6 M RCOONa + 2 x 68 43,6 = M RCOONa = 82(CH 3 COONa ) p n A. 3 0,6
TH2: nHCOONa = 2nRCOONa = 0,4 (mol)
Cch 2:
n NaOH 0,06 = = 3 E l este 3 chc (to bi ancol 3 chc v 2 axit n chc) nE 0,02
Gi cng thc tng qut ca E l: RCOO-R2(R1COO)2 R1COO-R(R2COO)2 + 3NaOH R1COONa + 2R2COONa + 3H2O 0,6 0,2 0,4 (R1 + 67) x 0,2 + (R2 + 67) x 0,4 = 43,6 R1 + 2R2 = 17 Ch c gi tr R1 = 1 (H); R2 = 15 (CH3) l tha mn Hai axit l: HCOOH v CH3COOH p n A.
Cu 30: Cc nguyn t t Li n F, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn th A. bn knh nguyn t v m in u tng B. bn knh nguyn t tng, m in gim C. bn knh nguyn t gim, m in tng

D. bn knh nguyn t v m in u gim.
p n C.
Cu 31: Cho 0,15 mol H2NC3H5(COOH)2 (axit lutamic) vp 175 ml dung dch HCl 2M, thu c dung dch X. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X. Sau khi cc phng thc xy ra hon ton, s mol NaOH phn ng l A. 0,50. Hng dn gii: B. 0,65. C. 0,70. D. 0,55.
nglutamic = 0,15 (mol); nHCl = 0,35 (mol) nNaOH = 2nglutamic + nHCl = 0,65 (mol) p n B.
Cu 32: Cho 7,1 gam hn hp gm mt kim loi kim X v mt kim loi kim th Y tc dng ht vi lng d dung dch HCl long, thu c 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Kim loi X, Y l A. natri v magie. C. kali v canxi. Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. liti v beri. D. kali v bari.
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl n + nH 2 0,5 n V 1 < n < 2 0,25 < n M 0,25 7,1 7,1 = 14,2 < M < = 28,4 0,5 0,25
Hai kim loi ln lt l Na (23) v Mg (24) p n A.

Cu 33: Ha tan hon ton 8,94 gam hn hp gm Na, K v Ba vo nc, thu c dung dch X v 2,688 lt kh H2 (ktc). Dung dch Y gm HCl v H2SO4, t l mol tng ng l 4 : 1. Trung ha dung dch X bi dung dch Y, tng khi lng cc mui c to ra l A. 13,70 gam. B. 18,46 gam. C. 12,79 gam. D. 14,62 gam.
2M + H 2 O 2M(OH )n + nH 2 Nhn thy: n OH = 2n H 2 = 0,24(mol)
n + = 6a H n HCl = 4a n Cl = 4a t n H 2SO4 = a n SH 2 = a 4 6a = 0,24 a = 0,04 (mol) p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: nmui = mkim loi (phn ng) + mCl-(mui) + m SO2 (mui)
4
mmui = 8,94 + 0,04 x 96 + 0,16 x 35,5 = 18,46 (gam) p n B.

Cu 34: Cho s chuyn ha

, xt , C 3 H 6 dungdich X NaOH Y CuO Z O 2 T CH 3OH , t E Br2 ,t xt
o o
(Este a chc) Tn gi ca Y l
A. propan-1,3-iol. C. propan-2-ol Hng dn gii: B. propan-1,2-iol D. glixerol.
V E l este a chc T l axit a chc C3H6 phi l xiclopropan Y l propan-1,3-iol p n A.

Cu 35: Cho 4 dung dch: H2SO4, AgNO3, CuSO4, AgF. Cht khng tc dng c vi c 4 dung dch trn l A. KOH. B. BaCl2. C. NH3. D. NaNO3.
p n D.
Cu 36: Phn ng in phn dung dch CuCl2 (vi in cc tr), v phn ng n mn in ha xy ra khi nhng hp kim Zn-Cu vo dung dch HCl c c im l: A. Phn ng xy ra lun km theo s pht sinh dng in. B. u sinh ra Cu cc m. C. Phn ng cc m c s tham gia ca kim loi hoc ion kim loi. D. Phn ng cc dng u l s oxi ha Cl-. Phn tch, hng dn gii: Cch 1: Phn tch bn cht
CuCl2 Cu + Cl2 (Cc m: Cu2+ + 2e Cu0) Khi nhng hp kim Zn-Cu vo dung dch HCl Cc m l kim loi c tnh kh mnh v b n mn ( Zn Zn 2+ + 2e)
p n C.
CuCl2 Cu + Cl2 (Cc m: Cu2+ + 2e Cu0) Khi nhng hp kim Zn-Cu vo dung dch HCl Cc m l kim loi c tnh kh mnh v b n mn: (Zn Zn2+ + 2e) p n C. Cch 2: Loi tr cc phng n Phn ng in phn dung dch CuCl2 s dng dng in mt chiu. Loi phng n A. Khi nhng hp kim Zn-Cu vo dung dch HCl, cc m l Zn v b n mn. Loi phng n B. - Khi nhng hp kim Zn-Cu vo dung dch HCl, cc dng xy ra qu trnh kh H+ (2H+ + 2e H2) Loi phng n D.
p n C.

Cu 37: Anken X hp nc to thnh 3-etylpentan-3-ol. Tn ca X l A. 3-etylpent-3-en. C. 3-etylpent-2-en. Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. 2-etylpent-2-en. D. 3-etylpent-1-en.
Phn ng cng hp H2O c th tun theo quy tc Maccopnhicp nu anken khng i xng. OH
, X + HOH H CH 3 CH 2 C CH 2 CH 3 CTCT ca X l t
+ 0
C2H5 CH 3 CH C CH 2 CH 3 C2H5
p n C.
Cu 38: Cho s chuyn ha:
,t Triolein + H 2 (Ni X + NaOH du t Y + HCl Z du )
0 0
Tn ca Z l
A. axit linoleic. B. axit oleic C. axit panmitic. D. axit stearic

,t Triolein + H 2 (Ni X , nn X l tristearin du )
0
Y tc dng vi HCl Y l C17H35COONa p n D.

Cu 39: Pht biu khng ng l: A. Hiro sunfua b oxi ha bi nc clo nhit thng. B. Kim cng, than ch, fuleren l cc dng th hnh ca cacbon. C. Tt c cc nguyn t halogen u c cc s oxi ha: -1, +1, +3, +5 v +7 trong cc hp cht. D. Trong cng nghip, photpho c sn xut bng cch nung hn hp qung photphorit, ct v than cc 12000C trong l in. Hng dn gii:
- Trong hp cht flo ch c s oxi ha duy nht l -1 p n C.

Cu 40: t chy hon ton mt este n chc, mch h X (phn t c s lin kt nh hn 6 th tch kh O2 phn ng (cc th tch kh o cng 3), thu c th tch kh CO2 bng 7 iu kin). Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi 200ml dung dch KOH 0,7M thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c 12,88 gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l A. 7,20 B. 6,66. C. 8,88 D. 10,56.

Cu 41: Cht c dng ty trng giy v bt giy trong cng nghip l A. CO2
p n B.
B. SO2
C. N2O
D. NO2.
Cu 42: Hn hp X gm 1 mol aminoaxit no, mch h v 1 mol amin no, mch h X c kh nng phn ng ti a vi 2 mol HCl hoc 2 mol NaOH. t chy hon ton X thu c 6 mol CO2, x mol H2O v y mol N2. Cc gi tr x, y tng ng l
A. 8 v 10
B. 8 v 1,5
C. 7 v 1,0
D. 7 v 1,5
X c kh nng phn ng ti a vi 2 mol HCl hoc 2 mol NaOH X gm mt amino axit (1 nhm -NH2 v 2 nhm -COOH) v mt amin n chc. CnH2n-1(NH2)(COOH)2 (n+2)CO2 +
mCO2 + CmH2m+3N
2n + 3 1 H 2O + N 2 2 2
2m + 3 1 H 2O + N 2 2 2
n N2 =
1 1 + = 1 (mol) 2 2 2n + 3 2m + 3 2(n + m + 2) + 2 + = = n CO 2 + 1 = 7(mol) 2 2 2
n H 2O =
Cu 43: T 180 gam glucoz, bng phng php ln men ru, thu c a gam ancol etylic (hiu sut 80%). Oxi ha 0,1a gam ancol etylic bng phng php ln men gim, thu c hn hp X. trung ha hn hp X cn 720ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Hiu sut qu trnh ln men gim l
A. 80%
B. 10%
C. 90%
D. 2%
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH 2CH3COOH 0,72 0,144x10(mol)
H=100% 100 = 162(gam ) 80
V hiu sut qu trnh l 80% m C6 H12O 6 = 0,72 x180x H= 162 x100% = 90% 180
p n C.
Cu 44: Cc cht va tc dng c vi dung dch HCl va tc dng c vi dung dch AgNO3 l:
A. CuO, Al, Mg
B. Zn, Cu, Fe.
C. MgO, Na, Ba
D. Zn, Ni, Sn
Cu 45: Trong phn ng: K2Cr2O7 + HCl CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O

S phn t HCl ng vai tr cht kh bng k ln tng s phn t HCl tham gia phn ng. Gi tr ca k l A. 4 7 B. 1 7 C. 3 14 D. 3 7
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 7H2O - C 12 HCl ng vai tr l cht kh, tng s phn t HCl tham gia phn ng l 14 k = 6 3 = p n D. 14 7
Cu 46: Nh t t tng git n ht 30ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100ml dung dch cha Na2CO3 0,2M v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c s mol CO2 l
A. 0,030
B. 0,010
C. 0,020
D. 0,015
Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3

0,02 0,02
(1)
0,02
Sau (1); nHCld = 0,01 < n NaHCO3 = 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,04 (mol)
NaCl + H2O + CO2 NaHCO3 + HCl
(2)
0,01 p n B.
0,01
Cu 47: Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca hai axit hu c. Gi tr ca m l
A. 10,9
Hng dn gii:
B. 14,3
C. 10,2
D. 9,5
RCHO RCOONH4 + 2Ag 0,2 0,4 Khi lng mui tng = 0,2x33 = 6,6 (gam) m = 17,5 - 6,6 = 10,9 (gam) p n A.
Cu 48: Hn hp gm 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc v 0,1 mol mui ca axit vi kim loi kim c tng khi lng l 15,8 gam. Tn ca axit trn l
A. axit propanoic C. axit etanoic

B. axit metanoic D. axit butanoic
Gi cng thc ca axit v mui tng ng l RCOOH v RCOOM
(R + 45) + (R + 44 + M ) = 15,8 2R + M = 69
2 0,2 R = 69 M (M < 69; R < 34,5) 2 M R 3 (Li) 31 (Loi) 23 (Na) 23 (Loi 39 (K) 15 (-CH3)
Axit l CH3COOH p n C.
Cu 49: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H4
B. C2H6
C. C3H6
D. C3H8
n CO 2 = n BaCO3 =
29,55 = 0,15(mol) 197
mdung dch gim = m BaCO3 m CO 2 + m H 2O = 19,35 m H 2O = 19,35 + 0,15 x 44 - 29,55 = 3,6 (gam) n H 2O = 0,2 (mol)
Cch 1:
n CO 2 > n H 2O X l ankan, v nX = n H 2O n CO 2 = 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05 (mol) S nguyn t cacbon (X) = n CO 2 nX = 3 X: C3H8
p n D.
Cch 2:
nC : nH = n CO 2 : 2 n H 2O = 0,15 : 0,4 = 3 : 8 p n D.
Cu 50: in phn (vi in cc tr) mt dung dch gm NaCl v CuSO4 c cng s mol, n khi catot xut hin bt kh th dng in phn. Trong c qu trnh in phn trn, sn phm thu c anot l
A. kh Cl2 v O2 C. ch c kh Cl2
B. kh H2 v O2 D. kh Cl2 v H2
2NaCl + CuSO4 Cu + Cl2 + Na2SO4 (anot) CuSO4 2Cu + O2 + 2H2SO4 (anot) p n A.
(1)
(2)

Cu 51: Trong cc polime sau: (1) poli(metyl metacrylat); (2) polistiren; (3) nilon-7; (4) poli(etylen-terephtalat); (5) nilon-6,6; (6) poli(vinyl axetat), cc polime l sn phm ca phn ng trng ngng l:
A. (1), (3), (6)
B. (3), (4), (50
C. (1), (2), (3)
D. (1), (3), (5)
Cu 52: in phn (in cc tr) dung dch X cha 0,2 mol CuSO4 v 0,12 mol NaCl bng dng in c cng 2A. Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot sau 9650 giy in phn l
A. 2,240 lt
B. 2,912 lt
C. 1,792 lt
D. 1,344 lt
p dng nh lut Faraay: m =

n electron nhng (hoc nhn) =
AIt It m = x n = n electron nF F A
nhng (hoc nhn)
It 2 x 9650 = = 0,2(mol) F 9650
0,12 0,06 0,12 = (0,06 + 0,02) x 22,4 = 1,792 (lt) 2 0 2H 2 O O 2 +2H + + 4e 0,02 (0,2 0,12 ) 2 Cl Cl 2 +2e
1 0
Cu 53: Cho 0,448 lt kh NH3 (ktc) i qua ng s ng 16 gam CuO nung nng, thu c cht rn X (gi s phn ng xy ra hon ton). Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l
A. 12,3% B. 87,63% C. 14,12% D. 85,88%

n NH 3 = 0,02(mol); n CuO = 0,2(mol) n CuO >
0
3 n NH3 CuO d 2
3CuO + 2 NH 3 t 3Cu + N 2 + 3H 2 O Ban u: Phn ng: 0,2 0,02

0,03 0,03 0,02
Khi lng cht rn sau phn ng gim = Khi lng oxi trong CuO phn ng %Cu = 0,03x 64 x100 12,37% 16 0,03x16
p n A.
Cu 54: t chy hon ton V lt hi mt amin X bng mt lng oxi va to ra 8V lt hn hp kh cacbonic, kh nit v hi nc (cc th tch kh v hi u o cng iu kin). Amin X tc dng vi axit nitr nhit thng, gii phng kh nit. Cht X l
A. CH2=CH-NH-CH3 C. CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 B. CH3-CH2-NH-CH3 D. CH2=CH-CH2-NH2

Nhn xt: C 4 phng n amin u n chc (cha 1 nguyn t N) Gi cng thc ca X l CnHmN - X tc dng vi axit nitr nhit thng, gii phng kh nit X l amin bc I Loi phng n A v B. - n gin nht l th vi mt trong hai phng n cn li (nu C ng D sai v chn p n C. Nu C sai, khng cn th li vi D v chn p n D). Th vi phng n D: CH2-CH-CH2-NH2 O 2 3CO2 + 3,5H2O + 0,5N2
p n C.
Cu 55: Hiro ha cht hu c X thu c (CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH3. Cht X c tn thay th l
A. metyl isopropyl xetol C. 3-metybutan-2-ol B. 3-metybutan-2-on D. 2-metylbutan-3-on

H X +(CH 3 )2 CHCH(OH )CH 3 X phi cha no v c cu to mch cacbon ging sn 2 phm to thnh, nn X l: (CH3)2-CH-CO-CH3.
p n B.
Cu 56: Trong s cc ngun nng lng: (1) thy in, (2) gi, (3) mt tri, (4) ha thch; nhng ngun nng lng l
A. (1), (3), (4) B. (2), (3), (4) C. (1), (2), (4) D. (1), (2), (3)
Hng dn gii:
Nng lng ha thch (ch yu t than ) khng phi l ngun nng lng sch
p n D.
Cu 57: Cho hn hp X gm ancol metylic v hai axit cacboxylic (no, n chc, kt tip nhau trong dy ng ng) tc dng ht vi Na, gii phng ra 6,72 lt kh H2 (ktc). Nu un nng hn hp X (c H2SO4 c lm xc tc) th cc cht trong hn hp phn ng va vi nhau to thnh 25 gam hn hp este (gi thit phn ng este ha t hiu sut 100%). Hai axit trong hn hp X l
A. HCOOH v CH3COOH C. C25COOH v C3H7COOH B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH D. C2H7COOH v C4H9COOH

nX = 2n H 2 = 0,6 (mol) V cc cht trong X phn ng va vi nhau n CH 3OH = n axit = 0,3(mol)
CH 3 OH + RCOOH RCOOCH 3 + H 2 O
0,3 m RCOOCH =
3
0,3 25 = 83,33 M R = 24,3 0,3

Hai axit l CH3COOH M (CH3 ) = 15 v C 2 H 5 COOH M (C2 H5 ) = 29
p n B.
nX = 2n H 2 = 0,6 (mol) C th t cng thc tng qut ca este di dng: C n H 2 n +1COOCH 3 25 = 83,33 0,3
ME =
14n + 60 = 83,33 n = 1,66 Hai axit l CH3COOH v C2H5COOH p n B.
Cu 58: Cho m gam hn hp bt X gm ba kim loi Zn, Cr, Sn c s mol bng nhau tc dng ht vi lng d dung dch HCl long, nng thu c dung dch Y v kh H2. C cn dung dch Y thu c 8,98 gam mui khan. Nu cho m gam hn hp X tc dng hon ton vi O2 9d) to hn hp 3 oxit th th tch kh O2 (ktc) phn ng l
A. 2,016 lt B. 0,672 lt C. 1,344 lt D. 1,008 lt
Xem phn tch v hng dn gii (V d 23 - Phn th hai: Phn tch, trnh mt s sai lm thng gp trong cc k thi).
Cu 59: Tch nc hn hp gm ancol etylic v ancol Y ch to ra 2 anken. t chy cng s 5 mol mi ancol th lng nc sinh ra t ancol ny bng ln lng nc sinh ra t ancol 3 kia. Ancol Y l
A. CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3. C. CH3-CH2-CH2-OH B. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH D. CH3-CH(OH)-CH3

Nhn xt: C 4 phng n ancol u c s nguyn t H ln hn s nguyn t H trong C2H5OH Gi cng thc ancol Y l CnH2n+2O Loi phng n A v D V tch H2O ch to mt anken duy nht Y l CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH (ancol bc 1) p n B. 2n + 2 5 = n = 4 C 4 H 10 O 6 3
Cu 60: Xt cn bng: N2O4 (k)
2NO2 (k) 250C.
Khi chuyn dch sang mt trng thi cn bng mi, nu nng ca N2O4 tng ln 9 ln th nng ca NO2 A. tng 9 ln B. tng 3 ln C. tng 4,5 ln D. gim 3 ln

- Gi nng ca N2O4 v NO2 ban u ln lt l a, x - Sau khi thay i nng , nng ca N2O4 l 9a, ca NO2 l y.

- V hng s cn bng Kc, khng ph thuc vo nng , ch ph thuc vo nhit v cch vit phng trnh, nn: x 2 y2 = y = 3x p n B. a 9a

S 02 ( thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc khi B, nm 2010) Cu 1: Hp cht hu c mch h X c cng thc phn t C6H10O4. Thy phn X to ra hai ancol n chc c s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t gp i nhan. Cng thc ca X l
A. CH3OCO-CH2-COOC2H5 C. CH3OCO-COOC3H7 B. C2H5OCO-COOCH3 D. CH3OCO-CH2-CH2-COOC2H5

- Bo ton nguyn t vi cacbon(6C) Loi phng n B v D. - V hai ancol to thnh c s nguyn t cacbol trong phn t gp i nhau Loi phng n C
p n A.
Cu 2: Nung 2,23 gam hn hp X gm cc kim loi Fe, Al, Zn, Mg trong oxi, sau mt thi gian thu c 2,71 gam hn hp Y. Ha tan hon ton Y vo dung dch HNO3 (d), thu c 0,672 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). S mol HNO3 phn ng l
A. 0,12 B. 0,14 C. 0,16 D. 0,18

n O2 = 2,71 2,23 = 0,015(mol) 32
+5 +2 N + 3e N(NO ) 0,09 0,03 nelectro nnhn = 0,15 (mol) 0 2 O 2 + 4e 2 O
0,15 0,06 n NO (mui) = nelectron nhng = nelectron nhn = ,15 (mol)

3
V phn ng khng to NH4NO3 p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi nit: n HNO3 = n NO3 (mui) + nNO = 0,15 + 0,03 = 0,18 (mol)) p n D.
Cu 3: Hn hp X gm axit panmitic, axit stearic v axit linoleic. trung ha m gam X cn 40 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton m gam X th thu c 15,232 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 11,7 gam H2O. S mol ca axit linoleic trong m gam hn hp X l
A. 0,015 B. 0,010 C. 0,020 D.0,005

Cch 1: Vit v tnh theo phng trnh ha hc - V 3 axit u n chc nx = nNaOH = 0m04 (mol) - t n C15H31COOH = a; n C17 H35COOH = b; n C17 H31COOH = c

a + b + c = 0,04 16a + 18b + 18c = 0,68 c = 0,015(mol) p n A. 16a + 18b + 16c = 0,65 Cch 2: - Axit panmitic (C15H31COOH) l no, n chc, mch h Khi chy cho n H 2O = n CO 2 n H 2O n CO 2 = 0
- Axit linoleic (C17H31COOH) l axit cha no (c hai lin kt i trong gc hirocacbon Khi chy cho n CO 2 n H 2O = 2n axit
n axit linoleic =
CO 2
n H 2O 2
0,68 0,65 = 0,015 (mol) p n A. 2
Nu khng nhn dng c theo cch 2; khng cn s dng n s mol hn hp t d kin s mol CO2 v s mol H2O cng tm c c, nh sau
- t n C15H31COOH = a; n C17 H35COOH = b; n C17 H31COOH = c n CO = 16a + 18b + 18c = 0,68(1) (1) (2) 2c = 0,03 c = 0,015(mol) 2 n H 2O = 16a + 18b + 16c = 0,65(2 )
Nhn xt: Trong hai cch trn, lm c theo cch 2, cn phi hiu c mi lin h gia s mol CO2 v H2O trong cc phng trnh t chy.
Cu 4: Phng php loi b tp cht HCl c ln trong kh H2S l: Cho hn hp kh li t t qua mt lng d dung dch
A. Pb(NH3)2 B. NaHS C. AgNO3 D. NaOH
Phn tch, hng dn gii: - loi b c HCl dung dch cn phi tc dng c vi HCl m khng tc dng vi H2S
NaHS + HCl NaCl + H2S - Cc cht cn li u tc dng vi c HCl v H2S
p n B.
Cu 5: Pht biu no sau y khng ng khi so snh tnh cht ha hc ca nhm v crom?
A. Nhm v crom u b th ng ha trong dung dch H2SO4 c ngui. B. Nhm c tnh kh mnh hn crom. C. Nhm v crom u phn ng vi dung dch HCl theo cng t l v s mol. D. Nhm v crom u bn trong khng kh v trong nc
Hng dn gii:
Al + HCl AlCl3 ; Cr + HCl CrCl 2 p n C.
Cu 6: Hai hp cht hu c X v Y c cng cng thc phn t l C3H7NO2, u l cht rn iu kin thng. Cht X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH, gii phng kh. Cht Y c phn ng trng ngng. Cc cht X v Y ln lt l
A. vinylamoni fomat v amoni acrylat.

B. amoni acrylat v axit 2-aminopropionic. C. axit 2-aminopropionic v amoni acrylat. D. axit 2-aminopropionic v axit 3-aminopropionic.

Cch 1: Phn tch theo cht X trc, cht Y sau:
- V cht X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH, gii phng kh Loi phng n C v D - V cht Y c phn ng trng ngng Loi phng n A
p n B.
Cch 2: Phn tch theo cht Y trc, cht X sau:
- V cht Y c phn ng trng ngng Loi phng n A v C. - V cht X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH, gii phng kh Loi phng n D.
p n B.
Phng trnh ha hc CH2=CH-COONH4 + NaOH CH2=CH-COONa + NH3 + H2O nCH3-CH(NH2) - COOH xt ( NH CH (CH 3 ) CO )n + nH 2 O
Cu 7: Kh hon ton m gam oxit MxOy vn va 17,92 lt kh CO2 (ktc), thu c a gam kim loi M. Ha tan ht a gam M bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng (d), thu c 20,16 lt khiSO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Oxit MxOy l
A. Cr2O3 B. FeO C. Fe3O4 D. CrO
Xem phn tch v hng dn gii (V d 20 - Phn th nht: phn tch, la chn phng php gii nhanh v mt s th thut lm bi).
Cu 8: Cho dung dch Ba(HCO3)2 ln lt vo cc dung dch: CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, NaOH, Na2CO3, KHSO4, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, HCl. S trng hp c to ra kt ta l
A. 4 B. 7 C. 5 D. 6

Cch 1: Phn tch xt kh nng phn ng to kt ta Ba(HCO3)2 tc dng vi dung dch to kt ta l: NaOH, Na2CO3, KHSO4, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4.
p n D.
Cch 2: Phn tch, xt cc cht khng c phn ng Ba(HCO3)2 khng tc dng vi cc dung dch: CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, HCl p n D.
Cu 9: ipeptit mch h X v tripeptit mch h Y u c to nn t mt aminoaxit (no, mch h, trong phn t cha mt nhm -NH2 v mt nhm -COOH). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y, thu c tng khi lng CO2 v H2O bng 54,9 gam. t chy hon ton 0,2mol X, sn phm thu c cho li t t qua nc vi trong d, to ra m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 120 B. 60 C. 30 D. 45

Gi cng thc tng qut ca amino axit to X v Y l: CnH2n+1, NO2 2CnH2n+1NO2 C2nH4nN2O3 + H2O 3CnH2n+1+ NO2 C3nH6n-1N3O4 + 2H2O Cng thc ca X v Y ln lt l: C2nH4nN2O3 v C3nH6n-1N3O4 t chy Y:
O2 C3nH6n-1N3O4 + 3nCO2 + (3n-0,5)H2O + 1,5N2
0,1 t chy X:
0,3n (3n-3,5)x0,1
0,3n x 44 + (3n - 0,5) x 0,1 x 0,8 = 54,9 n = 3

O2 Vy khi t chy: C2nH4nN2O3 + 2nCO2
0,2
2nx0,2 = 1,2 (mol)
m CaCO3 = m = 1,2 x 100 = 120 (gam) p n A.
Cu 10: Hn hp Z gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc X v Y (MX > MY) c tng khi lng l 8,2 gam. Cho Z tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c dung dch cha 11,5 gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho Z tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Cng thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong Z l
A. C3H5COOH v 54,88% A. C2H5COOH v 56,10 A. C2H3COOH v 43,%90 A. HCOOH v 45,12%
Cu 11: Cc cht m phn t khng phn cc l:

A. HBr, CO2, CH4 C. NH3, Br2, C2H4 B. Cl2, CO2, C2H2 D. HCl, C2H2, Br2.

- Lin kt trong phn t HBr; HCl; NH3 l lin kt cng ha tr c cc (cc phn t c xt trong chng trnh Ha hc lp 10 v 11). Loi phng n A, C v D
p n B.
Cu 12: Mt ion M3+ c tng s ht proton, notron, electron l 79, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 19. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l
A. [Ag]3d54s1. B. [Ar]3d64s2 C. [Ar]3d64s1 D. [Ar]3d34s2

2Z + N = 79 + 3 Z = 26 26 M : [Ar]3d 6 4s 2 p n B. (2 Z 3) N = 19

Cu 13: Hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 11,25. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO2 (cc th tch kh o ktc). Cng thc ca ankan v anken ln lt l
A. CH4 v C2H4 B. C2H6 v C2H4 C. CH4 v C3H6 D. CH4 v C4H8

M X = 11,25 x = 22,5 ankan l CH4
p dng bo ton khi lng: mH = mX - mC = 0,9 (gam) n H 2O = 0,45 (mol)
n CH4 = n H2O n CO2 = 0,45 0,3 = 0,15(mol) nanken = 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05 (mol)
Gi cng thc tng qut ca anken l CnH2n (n2) 0,15 + 0,05n = 0,3 n = 3 Anken l C3H6 p n C.
Cu 14: Pht biu no sau y khng ng?

A. Trong cc dung dch: HCl, H2SO4, H2S c cng nng 0,01M, dung dch H2S c pH ln nht. B. Nh dung dch NH3 t t ti d vo dung dch CuSO4 thu c kt ta xanh. C. Dung dch Na2CO3 lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng. D. Nh dung dch NH3 t t ti d vo dung dch AlCl3, thu c kt ta trng.

Hp cht ca Cu2+ to phc vi dung dch NH3 (d) p n B. CuSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 CU(OH)2 + 4NH3 d [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-
Cu 15: Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, t0), to ra sn phm c kh nng phn ng vi Na l:

A. C2H3CH2OH, CH3COCH3, C2H3COOH B. C2H3CHO, CH3COOC2H3, C6H5COOH C. C2H3CH2OH, CH3CHO, C6H5COOH D. CH3O2H5, CH3CHO, C2H3COOH

- V cc cht u tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, t0) Loi phng n C (CH3COOH) v D (CH3OC2H5) - CH3COOC2H3 tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, t0) to este no khng c phn ng vi Na Loi phng n B.
p n A.
Cu 16: Mt loi phn supephophat kp c cha 69,62% mui canxi ihirophotphat, cn li gm cc cht khng cha photpho. dinh dng ca loi phn ln ny l
A. 48,52% B. 42,25% C. 39,76% D. 45,75%

Ca (H 2 PO 4 )2 69.62 x142 234gam 142gam x = 42,25 p n B. 234 69,62% x %
Cu 17: Cho 13,74 gam 2,4-6-trinitrophenol vo bnh kn ri nung nng nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c x mol hn hp kh gm: CO2, CO, N2 v H2. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,60
B. 0,36
C. 0,54
D. 0,45
C 6 H 3 N 3 O 7 t CO 2 + 5CO + 1,5 N 2 + 1,5H 2 13,74 = 0,06 0,06 0,3 0,09 0,09 229 x = (0,06 + 0,3 + 0,09 + 0,09) = 0,54 (mol) p n C.
Cu 18: Hn hp X gm 1 ancol v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen. T khi hi ca X so vi hiro bng 23. Cho m gam X i qua ng s ng CuO (d) nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm 3 cht hu c v hi nc, khi lng ng s gim 3,2 gam. Cho Y tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 to ra 48,6 gam Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca propan -1 -ol trong X l
A. 65,2%
B. 16,3%
C. 48,9%
D. 83,7%
Xem phn tch v hng dn gii (V d 32 - phn th nht: Phn tch, la chn phng php gii nhanh v mt s th thut lm bi).
Cu 19: Cho phn ng: 2C3H5-CHO + KOH C6H5-COOK + C6H5-CH2-OH. Phn ng ny chng t C6H5-CHO
A. Va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh B. Ch th hin tnh oxi ha C. Ch th hin tnh kh D. Khng th hin tnh kh v tnh oxit ha
Hng dn gii:
+1 +3 1
2C 6 H 5 C HO + KOH C 6 H 5 C OOK + C 6 H 5 C H 2 OH p n A
Cu 20: Ha tan hon ton 2,44 gam hn hp bt X gm FexOy v Cu bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng (d). Sau phn ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch cha 6,6 gam hn hp mui sunfat. Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l
A. 39,34%
B. 65,57%
C. 26,23%
D. 13,11%
Cu 21: in phn (vi in cc tr) 200 mol dung dch CuSO4 nng x mol/l, sau mt thi gian thu c dung dch y vn cn mu xanh, c khi lng gim 8 gam so vi dung dch ban u. Cho 16,8 gam bt st vo Y, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 12,4 gam kim loi. Gi tr ca x l
A. 2,25
B. 1,50
C. 1,25
D. 3,25

p CuSO 4 + H 2 O dd Cu + H 2SO 4 + 0,5O 2
(1)
a nFe = 0,3 mol Fe +
0,5a
64a + 16a = 8 a = 0,1 (mol) H 2SO 4 FeSO 4 + H 2 (2)
0,1 0,1 Fe + CuSO 4 FeSO 4 + Cu 0,2x - 0,1 0,2x - 0,1 x = 1,25 (M) p n C
Cu 22: Trn 10,8 gam bt Al vi 34,8 gam bt Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Ha tan hon ton hn hp rn sau phn ng bng dung dch H2SO4 long (d), thu c 10,752 lt kh H2 (ktc). Hiu sut ca phn ng nhit nhm l
(3)
0,2x - 0,1
Ta c: mkim loi = mCu(3) + mFe d = (0,2x - 0,1) x 64 + (0,3 - 0,2x) x 56 = 12,4
A. 80%
B. 90%
C. 70%
D. 60%
8 n Al = n Fe3O4 = 0,4(mol) C hai cht u ht nu H = 100% 3 8Al + Ban u: Phn ng: Kt thc: 0,4 8x (0,4-8x) 3 Fe3O4 4Al2O3 + 9Fe 0,15 3x (0,15-3x) 4x 4x 9x 9x
Khi phn ng vi H2SO4 long: 3 3 n H 2 = n Al + n Fe = x (0,4 8x ) + 9 x = 0,48 x = 0,04 (mol) 2 2 H= 8x x100% = 80% p n A. 0,4
Cu 23: Cho hn hp M gm anehit X (no, n chc, mch h) v hirocacbon Y, c tng s mol l 0,2 (s mol ca X nh hn ca Y). t chy hon ton M, thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 7,2 gam H2O. Hirocacbon Y l
A. CH4
B. C2H2
C. H3H6
D. C2H4
n H 2O = n CO2 = 0,4 (mol) Y l anken hoc xicloankan: CnH2n (n 2) Loi phng n A v B

S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh = n CO2 nM = 0,4 =2 0,2 3 +1 2
Trng hp 1: X l HCHO v Y l C3H6 Loi X v Y khng c s mol bng nhau v
p n D.
Cu 24: Cc dung dch phn ng c vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng l:
A. glixerol, axit axetic, glucoz B. lng trng trng, fructoz, axeton C. anehit axetic, saccaroz, axit axetic. D. fructoz, axit acrylic, ancol etylic
Cch 1: Cc cht hu c tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng cn cha nhm chc -COOH hoc t nht hai nhm -OH lin k p n A. Cch 2: - Axeton khng c tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 Loi phng n B - Anehit axetic ch tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim khi un nng Loi phng n C. - Ancol etylic khng tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 Loi phng n D.
p n A.
Cu 25: Cho dung dch X cha KMnO4 (long) ln lt vo cc dung dch FeCl2, FeSO4, MgSO4, H2S, HCl (c). S trng hp c xy ra phn ng oxi ha - kh l
.3
B. 5
C. 4
D. 6
Ch c cc cht c tnh kh mi c kh nng tc dng vi dung dch cha KMnO4 v H2SO4 (long): FeCl2, FeSO4, H2S, HCl (c) p n C. 5Fe2+ + MnO + 8H + 5Fe 3+ + Mn 2+ + 4H 2 O 4 5H 2S + 8MnO 5SO 2 + 8Mn 2+ + 10H + 4 4
10Cl + MnO 4 + 8H + Mn 2+ + 5Cl 2 +4H 2 O
Cu 26: Cc cht u khng b thy phn trong dung dch H2SO4 long nng l:
A. t capron; nilon-6,6; polietilen B. poli(vinyl axetat); polietilen; cao su buna C. nilon-6,6; poli(etylen-terephatalat); polistiren D. polietilen; cao su buna; polistiren
T nilon-6,6 v poli(vinyl axetat) b thy phn trong c mi trng axit v baz:

H ( HN [CH 2 ]6 NH CO [CH 2 ]4 CO )n + 2nH 2 O (hoc OH)
+
H (CH 2 CH )n + nH 2 O ( CH 2 CH )n + nCH 3 COOH

+
OOCCH 3 Loi phng n A, B v C
OH
p n D.
Cu 27: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt amin no, mch h X bng oxi va , thu c 0,5 mol hn hp Y gm kh v hi. Cho 4,6 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), s mol HCl phn ng l
A. 0,1 B. 0,4 C. 0,3 D. 0,2

Gi cng thc tng qut ca amin: CnH2n+2-x(NH2)x CnH2n+xNx
O CnH2n+2+xNx + nCO2 + (n+1+0,5x)H2O + 0,5xNx 2
nX: nY = 0,1 : 0,5 = 1 : 5 Chn ng h s theo phng trnh n + (n + 1 + 0,5x) + 0,5x = 5 2n + x = 5 n = 1; x = 2 tha mn nHCl = 2nX = 2 x 4,6 = 0,2 (mol) p n D. 46
Cu 28: Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M tc dng vi 100ml dung dch AlCl3 nng x mol/l, thu c dung dch Y v 4,68 gam kt ta. Loi b kt ta, thm tip 175 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M vo Y, thu c 2,34 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 1,2 B. 0,8 C. 0,9 D. 1,0

Khi thm 0,21 (mol) KOH vo tip thu c lng kt ta t hn ban u Phn ng to kt ta v kt ta b tan mt phn: n Al(OH )3 = 4,68 + 2,34 = 0,09(mol) 78
p dng bo ton nguyn t vi Al: 0,1 x = 0,09 + n [Al(OH ) ] 4 n [Al(OH ) ] = 0,1x - 0,09
4
Dung dch sau phn ng cha ion: K+ : 0,39 (mol); Cl-: 0,3x (mol); [Al(OH)4]- : 0,1x - 0,09 (mol) p dng nh lut bo ton in tch: 0,39 = 0,3x + 0,1x - 0,09 x = 1,2 (M)
p n A.
A. Dung dch m ck ca Na2SiO3 v KSiO3 c gi l thy tinh lng. B. m chy magie c th c dp tt bng ct kh. C. CF2Cl2 b cm s dng do khi thi ra kh quyn th ph hy tng ozon

D. Trong phng th nghim, N2 c iu ch bng cch un nng dung dch NH4NO2 bo ha
Hng dn gii:
2Mg + SiO2 t Si + 2MgO p n B.
0
Cu 30: C 4 dung dch ring bit: CuSO4, ZNCl2, FeCl3, AgNO3. Nhng vo mi dung dch mt thanh Ni. S trng hp xut hin n mn in ha l
A. 1 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2
Hng dn gii:
Khi nhng Ni vo cc dung dch mui ca kim loi ng sau Ni (CuSO4 v AgNO3) mi xy ra n mn in ha p n D.
Cu 31: Thy phn este Z trong mi trng axit thu c hai cht hu c X v Y (MX < MY). Bng mt phn ng c th chuyn ha X thnh Y. Cht Z khng th l
A. metyl propionat C. atyl axetat B. metyl axetat D. vinyl axetat
p n A.
Cu 32: Tng s hp cht hu c no, n chc, mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C5H10O2, phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng c phn ng trng bc l
A. 4 B. 5 C. 8 D. 9

C5H10O2 phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng c phn ng trng bc L axit hoc este (khng to bi axit fomic) Axit (4 ng phn): CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH; CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH; CH3CH(CH3) CH2COOH; CH3C(CH3)2COOH Este (5 ng phn): CH3CH2CH2CH2COOCH3; CH3CH(CH3)COOCH3; CH3CH2COOC2H5; CH3COOCH2CH2CH3; CH3COOCH(CH3)2
p n D.
Cu 33: Ha tan hon ton 2,45 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim th vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1,25M, thu c dung dch Y cha cc cht tan c nng mol bng nhau. Hai kim loi X l
A. Mg v Ca B. Be v Mg C. Mg v Sr D. Be v Ca

nHCl = 0,25 (mol) 2,45 2,45 = 0,102 < n X < = 0,273 24 9 M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2 Hai kim loi phi l Be (M = 9) v Ca (M = 40) p n D
Cu 34: Cho cc cn bng sau:

(I) 2HI (k) H2(k) + I2(k); CaO (r) + CO2 (k); Fe (r) + CO2 (k); 2SO3 (k)
(II) CaCO3 (r)
(III) FeO (r) + CO (k) (IV) 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k)
Khi gim p sut ca h, s cn bng b chuyn dch theo chiu nghch l A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1

- Cc cn bng (I) v (III) c tng h s mol khi hai v bng nhau Khi thay i p sut ca h, cn bng khng b chuyn dch - Cn bng (II) khi gim p sut ca h, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu tng p sut ca h (tc tng s mol kh) Chuyn dch theo chiu thun - Ch c cn bng (IV) tha mn bi ton.
p n D
Cu 35: Cho s chuyn ha: P2O5 + KOH X + H3PO4 Y KOH Z
Cc cht X, Y, Z ln lt l: A. K3PO4, K2HPO4, KH2PO4 C. K3PO4, KH2PO4, K2HPO4 B. KH2PO4, K2HPO4, K3PO4 D. KH2PO4, K3PO4, K2HPO4

X tc dng c vi H2PO4 Loi phng n B v D Y tc dng vi KOH S nguyn t H trong Z thu c phi t hn ca Y Loi phng n A.
p n C.
Cu 36: t chy hon ton m gam FeS2 bng mt lng O2 va , thu c kh X. Hp th ht X vo 1 lt dung dch Cha Ba(OH)2 0,15M v KOH 0,1M, thu c dung dch Y v 21,7 gam kt ta. Cho Y vo dung dch NaOH, thy xut hin thm kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 23,2 B. 12,6 C. 18,0 D. 24,0
Hai ancol u cha hai nguyn t oxi p dng bo ton nguyn t vi O2, ta c: nX + n O2 + n H 2O 2 n O2 = 0,5 + 0,7 0,2 = 0,65(mol) 2
VO 2 = 0,65 x 22,4 = 14,56 (lt) p n A
Cu 39: Hn hp X gm alanin v axit glutamic. Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c dung dch Y cha (m + 30,8) gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch Z cha (m + 36,5) gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 112,2 B, 165,6 C, 123,8 D, 171,0

X gm: Alanin: a(mol) v axit glutamic: b (mol) + Tc dng NaOH: x + 2y = + Tc dng HCl: x + y = 30,8 = 1,4 (*) 22
36,5 = 1 (**) 36,5
T (*) v (**) x = 0,6 (mol); y = 0,4 (mol) m = 0,6 x 89 + 0,4 x 147 = 112,2 (gam) p n A
Cu 40: Trong cc cht: xiclopropan, benzen, stiren, metyl acrylat, vinyl axetat, imetyl ete, s cht c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom l:
A. 5 B. 4 C. 6 D. 3

Cc cht c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom l: xiclopropan, stiren, metyl acrylat, vinyl axetat p n B.
Cu 41: Pht biu no sau y ng?

A. Khi un C2H5Br vi dung dch KOH ch thu c etilen. B. Dung dch phenol lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn thnh mu hng. C. Dy cc cht: C2H5Cl, C2H5Br, C2H5I c nhit si tng dn t tri sang phi.

C2H5Cl, C2H5Br, C2H5I c phn t khi tng dn (t tri qua phi) v u khng to lin kt hiro gia cc phn t nhit si tng dn (t tri qua phi) p n C.
Cu 42: Cho cc cp cht vi t l s mol tng ng nh sau:

(a) Fe3O4 v Cu (1 : 1); (c) Zn v Cu (1 : 1); (e) FeCl2 v Cu (2 : 1); (b) Sn v Zn (2 : 1); (d) Fe2(SO4)3 v Cu (1 : 1); (g) FeCl3 v Cu (1 : 1)
S cp cht tan hon ton trong mt lng d dung dch HCl long nng l A. 4 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5

Cc cp cht: Fe3O4 v Cu (1 :1); Sn v Zn (2 : 1); Fe2(SO4)3 v Cu (1 : 1) tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl long nng, d p n C.
Cu 43: C bao nhiu cht hu c mch h dng iu ch 4-metylpentan-2-ol ch bng phn ng cng H2 (xc tc Ni, t0)?
A. 3 B. 5 C. 2 D. 4

+ H (Ni. t ) X 2 CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH3
0

OH CH3
X l xeton (no, cha no) v ancol (cha no) c cu to cacbon ging 4-metylpenta-2-ol, gm: CH2=CH(CH3)CH2COCH3; (CH3)2CH=CHCOCH3; (CH3)2CH2CH2COCH3; CH2=CH(CH3)CH2CH(OH)CH3; (CH3)2=CHCH(OH)CH3; p n B.
Cu 44: Hn hp M gm cacboxylic X, ancol Y (u n chc, s mol X gp hai ln s mol Y) v este Z c to ra t X v Y. Cho mt lng M tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,2 mol NaOH, to ra 16,4 gam mui v 8,05 gam ancol. Cng thc ca X v Y l
A. HCOOH v CH3OH A. HCOOH v CH3OH B. CH3COOH v CH3OH A. CH3COOH v C2H5OH

R1COOH : 2a (mol) ; R2OH : a (mol); R2COOR2: b (mol) n R1COONa = n NaOH 2a + b = 0,2 M R1COONa = Loi phng n A v C. n R 2OH = a + b < 0,2 M R 2OH > p n D.
Cu 45: Dung dch X cha ion: Ca2+, Na+, HCO 3 v Cl-, trong s mol ca ion Cl- l 0,1. 1 1 Cho dung dch X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c 2 gam kt ta. Cho 2 2 dung dch X cn li phn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d), thu c 3 gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu un si n cn dung dch X th thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
16,4 = 82 CH 3COONa 0,2
8,05 = 40,25 Loi phng n B. 0,2
A. 9,21
B. 9,26
C. 8,79
D. 7,47

n Ca 2+ = 2 x 2 3 = 0,04 (mol); n HCO = 2x = 0,06(mol) 3 100 100
p dng bo ton in tch: 0,04x2 + n Na + = 0,06 + 0,1 n Na + = 0,08 (mol)

2 Khi c cn: 2HCO 3 t CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
0
0,06 p n C.
0,03
m = 0,04 x 40 + 0,08 x 23 + 0,03 x 60 + 0,1 x 35,5 = 8,79 (gam)
Cu 46: Hn hp X gm CuO v Fe2O3. Ha tan hon ton 44 gam X bng dung dch HCl (d), sau phn ng thu c dung dch cha 85,25 gam mui. Mt khc, nu kh hon ton 22 gam X bng CO (d), cho hn hp kh thu c sau phn ng li t t qua dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l

A. 76,755 O 2 (oxit ) 2Cl n O2 (oxit ) = 85,25 44 = 0,75(mol) (71 16) B. 73,875 C. 147,750 D. 78,875
CO + O(oxit) = 0,375 x 197 = 73,875 (gam) p n B.
Cu 47: Cho mt s nhn nh v nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng khng kh nh sau:

(1) Do hot ng ca ni la (2) Do kh thi cng nghip, kh thi sinh hot. (3) Do kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng. (4) Do kh sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh. (5) Do nng cao ca cc ion kim loi: Pb2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, trong cc ngun nc. Nhng nhn nh ng l: A. (1), (2), (3) B. (2), (3), (5) C. (1), (2), (4) D. (2), (3), (4)

- Kh sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh l kh sch, khng gy nhim Loi phng n C v D - Nng cao ca cc ion kim loi: Pb2+, Hf2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, trong cc ngun nc gy nhim ngun nc, khng gy nhim mi trng khng kh Loi phng n B p n A.
Cu 48: Thy phn hon ton 1 mol pentapeptit X, thu c 2 mol glyxin (Gly), 1 mol alanin (Ala), 1 mol valin (Val) v 1 mol phenylalanin (Phe). Thy phn khng hon ton X thu c ipeptit Val-Phe v tripeptit Gly-Ala-Val nhng khng thu c ipeptt Gly-Gly. Cht X c cng thc l
A. Gly-Phe-Gly-Ala-Val A. Gly-Ala-Val-Phe-Gly B. Gly- Ala-Val-Val-Phe A. Gly-Phe-Gly-Ala-Gly

Pentapeptit X Gly + Ala + Val + Phe 1 Loi phng n B X Val-Phe + Gly-Ala-Val Loi phng n D. Khi thy phn X khng thu c ipeptit Gly-Gly Loi phng n A. p n C. 2 1 1 1

Cu 49: Hn hp X gm Cu, Zn. t chy hon ton m gam X trong oxi (d), thu c 40,3 gam hn hp gm CuO v ZnO. Mt khc, nu cho 0,25 mol X phn ng vi mt lng d dung dch KOH long nng, th thu c 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l
A. 19,81% B. 29,72% C. 39,63% D. 59,44%

Zn + 2KOH K2ZnO2 + H2 0,15 0,15 n Zn 0,15 3 = = n Cu 0,1 2 n Cu = 0,25 0,15 = 0,1(mol)
Trong 40,3 gam X, t nZn = 3a (mol); nCu = 2a (mol) 81 x 3a + 80 x 2x = 40,3 a = 0,1 (mol) %Cu = 0,1x 64 x100% = 39,63% p n C. 0,1x 64 + 0,15x 65
Ghi ch: C th khng cn dng n d kin X tc dng vi oxi to 40,3 gam hn hp oxit Zn + 2KOH K2ZnO2 + H2 0,15 0,15 0,1x 64 x100% = 39,63% p n C. 0,1x 64 + 0,15x 65 nCu = 0,25 - 0,15 = 0,1 (mol) %Cu =
Cu 50: Cho cc cht: (a) axit picric; (2) cumen; (3) xiclohexanol; (4) 1,2-ihiroxi-4metylbenzen; (5) 4-metylphenol; (6) -naphtol. Cc cht thuc loi phenol l:
A. (1), (3), (5), (6). C. (1), (2), (4), (5) B. (1), (2), (4), (6) D. (1), (4), (5), (6)

- Phenol l hp cht hu c c nhm -OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon ca vng benzen H3C-CH-CH3 cumen p n D. OH xiclohexanol
Cumen v xiclohexanol khng phi l phenol Loi phng n A, B v C
Cu 51: Cho 0,3 mol bt Cu v 0,6 mol Fe(NO3)2 vo dung dch cha 0,9 mol H2SO4 (Long). Sau khi cc phn ng ca hon ton, thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,72 B. 8,96 C. 4,48 D. 10,08

n NO = 1,2(mol); n H + = 1,8(mol) . Nu Cu v Fe2+ tham gia phn ng ht:
3
nelectron (nhn) = 0,3 x 2 + 0,6 x 1 = 1,2 (mol)

4H+ + NO 3 + 3e NO + 2H2O
4H + + NO 3 + 3e NO + 2H 2 O + H (d); NO 3 (d) 1,8 0,45 1,35
n NO =
1 1,2 = 0,4 (mol) VNO = 8,96 (lt) p n B. nelectron (nhn) = 3 3

A. Trong mi trng kim, mui Cr(III) c tnh kh v b cc cht oxi ha mnh chuyn thnh mui Cr(VI). B. Do Pb2+ ng trc 2H+/H2 trong dy in ha nn Pb d dng phn ng vi dung dch HCl long ngui, gii phng kh H2. C. CuO nung nng khi tc dng vi NH3 hoc CO, u thu c Cu. D. Ag khng phn ng vi dung dch H2SO4 long nhng phn ng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng. p n B.
Cu 53: Dung dch axit fomic 0,007M c pH = 3. Kt lun no sau y khng ng

A. Khi pha long 10 ln dung dch trn th thu c dung dch c pH = 4. B. in li ca axit fomic s gim khi thm dung dch HCl. C. Khi pha long dung dch trn th in li ca axit fomic tng. D. in li ca axit fomic trong dung dch trn l 14,29%.

Cch 1: Phn tch, tnh loi tr phng n cha ng Khi pha long, in li tng Loi phng n C HCOOH HCOO- + H+ 10-3 10-3 10-3 =
10 3 x100% = 14,29% Loi phng n D 0,007
- Khi thm dung dch HCl Lm tng nng H+ Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch in li gim Loi phng n B. p n A. Cch 2: Phn tch, chn trc tip phng n cha ng V HCOOH l axit yu, phn li khng hon ton khi pha long 10 ln, dung dch thu c s c pH ln hn 4 p n A.
Cu 54: Hp cht hu c mch h X c cng thc phnt C5H10O. Cht X khng phn ng vi Na, tha mn s chuyn ha sau:
dac X H 2 / C Y CH 3COOH / H 2SO 4 Este c mi chui chn. Ni
0
Tn ca X l

A. pentanal C. 2,2-imetulpropanal B. 2-metylbutanal D. 3-metylbutanal

c V Y CH3COOH / H 2SO 4 Este c mi chui chn
Y l ancol isoamylic: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-OH Ni , t C X H 2 / Y X c cu to mch cacbon ging Y X l CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CHO p n D

0
Cu 55: nh gi s nhim kim loi nng trong nc thi ca mt nh my, ngi ta ly mt t nc, c c ri thm dung dch Na2S vo thy xut hin kt ta mu vng. Hin tng trn chng t nc thi b nhim bi ion
A. Fe2+ B. Cu2+ C. Pb2+ D. Cd2+
Hng dn gii:
Cd2+ + S2- CdS vng p n D. (FeS, CuS v PbS u kt ta en).
t t C Cu 56: Cho s phn ng: Stiren + H 2O / H C X CuO Y Br2 / Z , , H
+
Trong X, Y, Z u l cc sn phm chnh. Cng thc ca X, Y, Z ln lt l: A. C6H5CHOHCH3, C6H5COCH3, C6H5COCH2Br. B. C6H5CH2CH2OH, C6H5CH2CHO, C6H5CH2COOH. C. C6H5CH2CH2OH, C6H5CH2CHO, m-BrC6H4CH2COOH. D. C6H5CHOHCH3, C6H5COCH3, m-BrC6H4COCH3.

- V X l sn phm chnh Loi phng n B v C - V Z l cc sn phm chnh Loi phng n D p n A.
Cu 57: Trung ha hon ton 8,88 gam mt amin (bc mt, mch cacbon khng phn nhnh) bng axit HCl, to ra 17,64 gam mui. Amin c cng thc l
A. H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 C. H2NCH2CH2NH2 B. CH3CH2CH2NH2 D. H2NCH2CH2CH2NH2
Xem phn tch v hng dn gii (V d 33 - Phn th nht: Phn tch, la chn phng php gii nhanh v mt s th thut lm bi)
Cu 58: Cho s chuyn ha: Fe3O4 + dung dch HI (d) X + Y + H2O. Bit X v Y l sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh chuyn ha. Cc cht X v Y l
A. Fe v I2 B. FeI3 v FeI2 C. FeI2 v I2 D. FeI3 v I2

Fe3O4 + 8HI FeI2 + 2FeI3 + 4H2O V: I Fe 2+ Fe 3+ < 2 < 2+ Loi phng n A, B v D p n C. Fe 2I Fe
(Fe 3+ + I d Fe2+ + I2)
Cu 59: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm ba ancol (n chc thuc cng dy ng ng), thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 11,7 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu un nng m gam X vi H2SO4 c th tng khi lng ete ti a thu c l
A. 7,85 gam B. 7,40 gam C. 6,50 gam D, 5,60 gam

n CO 2 = 0,4 < n H 2O = 0,65 Cc ancol u no, mch h nX = n H 2O n CO 2 = 0,15 (mol) n X = m C + m H + m O = 0,4 x 12 + 0,65 x 2 + 0,15 x 16 = 10,1 (gam) 2ROH ROR + H 2 O 0,25 0,125 p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: mancol = mete + m H 2O mete = 10,1 - 0,125 x 18 = 7,85 (gam) p n A.
Cu 60: Cht X c cc c im sau: phn t c nhiu nhm -OH, c v ngt, ha tan Cu(OH)2 nhit thng, phn t c lin kt glicozit, lm mt mu nc brom. Cht X l
A. xenluloz B. mantoz C. glucoz D. saccaroz

V X c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom Loi phng n A, C v D (khng cha ni i hoc nhm chc -CHO). p n B.

Cac Bay Hay Gap Trong de Thi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cac Bay Hay Gap Trong de Thi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.

PHN TCH, TRNH MT S SAI LM BY THNG GP TRONG CC K THI

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

2Fe (r) + 3H2O (k)

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH) 3 (1)

5,1 = 0,05(mol) n Al( OH )3 = 0,1(mol) < n AlCl3 = 1x 0,2 = 0,2(mol) 102

B st mt trng hp (Al3+ ht sau (1), kt ta b ha tan mt phn theo (2))

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi A, 2008)

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

n Na + = 2V(mol); n Al( OH )3 = 0,1(mol); n Al3+ = 0,2(mol); n SO2 = 0,4(mol)

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi B, 2007)

Bi ton 2: Mui [Al(OH) 4 ] tc dng vi dung dch H+ v n Al( OH )3 < n [Al( OH )

Trng hp 1: [Al(OH)4]- d sau (1) Kt ta khng b ha tan theo (2)

Nu bi ton khng hi gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht C hai p n, nu ch hi

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

n Na[ Al( OH )4 ] = n Al + 2n Al2O3 = 0,08(mol)

[Al(OH) 4 ] + H + Al(OH) 3 + H 2 O Al(OH) 3 + 3H + Al3+ + 3H 2 O

Trng hp 1: n HCl = n H + (min) = n Al( OH )3 = 0,07(mol) [HCl] = Trng hp 2:

n HCl (max) = 4n Na[ Al( OH )4 ] 3n Al( OH )3 = 0,11(mol) [HCl] =

0,11 = 0,55(M) 0,2

Nhn xt: Cc quan nim v sai lm m cc em thng gp phi l:

- Do n Al( OH )3 < n [ Al( OH ) ] cho rng [Al(OH)4]- d do ch xy ra trng hp 1

V n Al( OH )3 = 0,005(mol) < n [ Al( OH )

= 0,01(mol) s mol HCl l ln nht: HCl d sau

phn ng vi NaOH v Na[Al(OH)4] to kt ta ln nht, sau HCl d s ha tan mt phn kt ta.

0,035 = 0,175(lt ) = 175(ml) p n B 0,2

+ ddM ( OH ) 2 Bi ton 3: XO2 (CO2; SO2) MXO 3 v n MXO3 < n M ( OH )2

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

gi tr nh nht hoc ln nht p n ch ng vi mt trng hp.

Nu bi ton khng hi gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht C hai p n, nu ch hi

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 0,2 0,2

2,5 = 0,025(mol) < n Ca ( OH )2 = 0,2(mol) 100

Trng hp 1: n CO2 (min) = n CaCO3 = 0,025(mol) V = 0,56(lt ) Trng hp 2:

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

HCl + KHCO 3 KCl + H 2 O + CO 2 0,1 0,1 0,1

n CO2 = 0,1 V = 2,24(lt ) Chn phng n C Sai

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

2 mt 0,15 mol H+ chuyn CO 3 , cn li 0,05 mol H+ to kh CO2 V = 1,12 lt

(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2009)

Sai lm thng gp: Cho rng ch xy ra phng trnh:

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

, c th gii bi ton theo hai cch:

Cch 1: Vit v tnh theo phng trnh ha hc

Mg + 2FeCl3 MgCl 2 + 2FeCl2 Sai (1) Mg d: m 0,06 24

Mg + FeCl2 MgCl 2 + Fe m 0,06 24 m 0,06 24

m 0,06 x 56 = 3,36 m = 2,88(gam) p n D 24

Fe + 1e Fe 0,06 0,06 Fe + 3e Fe 0,06 0,18 0,06

m = 0,06 + 0,18 m = 2,88(gam) p n D 12

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi B, 2009)

0,4 0,4 0,4

0,1 0,1 0,1

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2010)

4,6 = 46 CH 3CH 2 OH 0,1

Bi vit c ng ti trn website http://thaytrunghieu.com

A. CH3OH v C2H5OH C. C3H5OH v C4H7OH

B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH D. C3H7OH v C4H9OH

15,6 9,2 = 0,4(mol) n ancol = 0,4(mol) M ancol = = 39 0,4 23

15,6 24,5 15,6 = 0,405(mol) M ancol = = 38,52 Phng n A Sai 0,405 22

Trong bi ny, nu s dng phng php trung bnh: