TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

KHOA TI NGUYN - MI TRNG

BI TIU LUN SINH THI NHN VN

ti:

nhim mi trng nng thn

Sinh vin thc hin:

1.

Phm Th Oanh (532262)

2.

Phan Th Huyn (532237)

3.

Ng Phng Thanh
(532269)

4.

Nguyn Th Thu (532278)

MC LC
I.
M U.............................................................................................................................2
II. NI DUNG...........................................................................................................................3
1. nhim mi trng hot ng sn xut nng nghip............................................................4
1.1. Thc trng..........................................................................................................................4
1.2. Nguyn nhn.......................................................................................................................5
1.3. Hu qu ..............................................................................................................................6
Tn nh.........................................................................................................................................8
1.4. Bin php khc phc...........................................................................................................8
nhim mi trng nng thn do rc thi sinh hot................................................................11
2.1. Nguyn nhn.....................................................................................................................12
2.2. Hu qu. .............................................................................................................................14
2.3. Gii php v hng khc phc..........................................................................................15
3. nhim lng ngh. ...............................................................................................................18
3.1. Thc trng..........................................................................................................................19
3.2. Nguyn nhn.....................................................................................................................20
3.3. Hu qu...............................................................................................................................21
3.4. Bin php v phng hng khc phc............................................................................23
III. KIN...............................................................................................................................25
IV. KT BI.............................................................................................................................28
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................................35

I.

M U.

X hi loi ngi ang tin gn hn n s pht trin bn vng. l vic va pht

trin kinh t hin i song song vi bo v mi trng sinh thi. Tuy nhin, tnh trng nhim
mi trng vn ang honh hnh khp mi ni trn hnh tinh xanh.
Nng thn Vit Nam ang trong qu trnh chuyn i, ko theo l s pht sinh
khng t vn m c bit l tnh trng nhim mi trng. Ngi dn nng thn vn xa
nay cn phi quan tm nhiu hn n cuc sng mu sinh. Khi i sng cha thc s m bo

th vic bo v mi trng ch l th yu. Cc ngun ch yu gy ra hin tng nhim mi

trng nng thn u tin phi k n l vic lm dng v s dng khng hp l cc loi
ho cht trong sn xut nng nghip; vic x l cht thi ca cc lng ngh th cng truyn
thng cha trit ; nhn thc, thc bo v mi trng ca ngi dn sinh sng nng thn
cn hn ch. Tip l s quan tm cha ng mc ca cc cp, cc ngnh. nhim mi
trng gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng, tc ng xu n h sinh thi nng nghip, nh
hng trc tip n sc kho ca ngi dn. V vy, bo v mi trng nng thn ang l mt
vn cp bch.
Bi tiu lun di y ca chng ti s n mt ci nhn khi qut v thc trng
nhim mi trng nng thn, nguyn nhn, hu qu v nhng gii php. Rt mong nhn
c s quan tm, ng gp kin ca qu bn c.

Nhm thc hin.

II. NI DUNG
nhim mi trng hin nay khng ring g thnh ph v cc khu, cm cng nghip
m cn cc vng nng thn. Theo chng ti, c rt nhiu ngun gy nhim, song ch yu
l 3 ngun chnh:

1. nhim mi trng hot ng sn xut nng nghip.

1.1. Thc trng.
Nhng nm gn y, do thm canh tng v, tng din tch cng nh do thay i c cu
ging cy trng nn tnh hnh su bnh din bin phc tp hn. V vy s lng v chng loi
thuc BVTV s dng cng tng ln. Nu nh trc nm 1985, khi lng thuc BVTV dng
hng nm khong 6.500 - 9.000 tn thnh phm quy i v lng thuc s dng bnh qun
khong 0,3 kg hot cht/ha th thi gian t nm 1991 n nay lng thuc s dng bin ng
t 25.000 - 38.000 tn v lng thuc s dng cng tng ln 0,67 - 1,01 kg hot cht/ha.

(bao b thuc BVTV vt ba bi).

Tnh trng cc thuc BVTV tn ng khng s dng, nhp lu b thu gi ang ngy
cng tng ln v s lng v chng loi. iu ng lo ngi l hu ht cc loi thuc BVTV tn
ng ny c lu gi trong cc kho cha ti tn hoc b chn vi di t khng ng k
thut nn nguy c thm v r r vo mi trng l rt ng bo ng.

Cng vi vn BVTV, tng khi lng cht thi chn nui bnh qun khong hn 73
triu tn/nm (trong cht thi ca tru chim 21,9%, b chim 32,5%, ln chim 33,4%)
cng l ngun gy nhim ln. Nhiu x nghip chn nui, x nghip ch bin thc phm nm
ln trong khu dn c, sn xut cn nh l, manh mn thiu cc gii php gim thiu nhim
mi trng. Khng ch trng trt, chn nui m tnh trng pht trin nui trng thy sn t
pht, thiu quy hoch, thc n tha khng c x l, vic s dng khng sinh ty tin cng
dn ti nhim mi trng xy ra nghim trng mt s ni.
1.2. Nguyn nhn

Trc ht phi k n nguyn nhn t nhn thc, thc, tp qun canh tc ca ngi
dn.
Vic s dng ha cht trong nng nghip nh phn ha hc, thuc bo v thc vt

(BVTV) gm: Thuc tr su, thuc tr nm, thuc dit chut, thuc tr bnh; thuc tr c mt
cch trn lan, khng tun th thi gian cch ly sau khi phun thuc v c vic vt bao b thuc
BVTV.
Kt qu kim tra tnh hnh s dng thuc BVTV trn rau ca 4.600 h nng dn nm
2006 cho thy, c ti 59,8% s h vi phm v quy trnh s dng thuc. Trong , s h khng
gi ng thi gian cch ly l 20,7%; s dng thuc cm, thuc ngoi danh mc l 10,31%; s
dng thuc hn ch trn rau l 0,18% v s dng thuc khng r ngun gc, xut x l 0,73%.

(Thuc BVTV khng c qun l v ngun gc, xut x, thnh phn).

Kt qu kim tra d lng thuc BVTV cng cho thy, c 33/373 mu rau chim
13,46% vt mc d lng cho php.Mt khc, kt qu iu tra 156 h nng dn Tin
Giang, 200 h an Phng (H Ty) v 200 h T Lim (H Ni) cho thy, c 80% s h
vt lun bao b thuc ti rung, mng nc ni s dng. Thi quen ra bnh bm v dng c
pha ch thuc BVTV khng ng ni quy nh.
S dng phn bn tha thi gy tn ng trong t, nc, nh hng n sc kho con
ngi. Vic s dng phn chung ti liu lng ln, khng tun th quy trnh k thut, cc
mu t, nc, rau qu c nghin cu u cn tn d lng Fecal Coliorm. Khi lm dng
phn ha hc, c bit l phn m, khin tn d Nitrate, c th dn n 2 bnh him ngho l
km hm s pht trin ca tr di 1 tui, lm tr xanh xao, gy yu v ung th d dy, vm
hng ngi ln (Theo GD&KH).

S th ca cc cp chnh quyn a phng trong vic x l vi phm gy nhim.

Vic khc phc, x l nhim cha nhn c s quan tm t cc ban ngnh chc
nng.

1.3. Hu qu
Gy nhim ngun nc: Thuc tr su gy nhim ngun nc, gy ng c cho
ng vt thy sinh. Mt s loi thuc tr su thng bin i sau khi s dng thnh mt hoc
nhiu cht chuyn ha bn vng v c hn loi thuc tr su s dng ban u.

(Tru cht do nhim c ha cht nng nghip).

Gy nhim t: Thuc tr su gy tn ng trong t lm t b nhim c, gy
cht cc vi sinh vt c li trong t; t tr nn chua ha nhanh, chai cng, gim nng sut cy
trng.
Gy nhim khng kh: Mi thuc tr su t ng rung lan ta trong khng kh
c gi a vo cc khu dn c, ngi dn ht phi thuc su d b nhc u, ho, vim
ng h hp
Theo Vin Hn lm Khoa hc quc gia M cnh bo: S phi nhim vi cc hp
cht c hi cho h thn kinh nhiu mc c tin rng an ton i vi ngi trng
thnh c th dn n hu qu i vi ph n mang thai, lm mt i thng xuyn chc nng
ca no b nu s phi nhim din ra trong thi gian mang thai v thi k nin thiu. Ch
Nguyn Th Thanh, thn Thanh Quang, x Phc Thng, than th: Nh gn rung nn b
nh hng, hn thng nay ngy no b con cng bm thuc tr ry, tr su cn gi. Ti ng
kn ca nhng hi thuc vn xc vo lm nght th. Mi ri tri c ma mi khng cn mi
thuc tr su na.
Ng c do rau khng an ton: Thuc tr su l nhng cht thuc nhm ln hu c
rt c, d gy ng c cp tnh. Vic tng liu lng thuc, tng s ln phun thuc, dng
7

thuc BVTV khng theo hng dn cng nh lm dng thuc BVTV gy ra hin tng
khng thuc, lm thuc mt hiu lc hoc li tn d thuc BVTV qu mc cho php trong
nng sn, thc phm s dn n tnh trng ng c thc phm, lm gim sc cnh tranh ca
nng sn, hng ha trn th trng v cng l nguy c tim n e da n sc khe cng ng.

Tn nh
1.4. Bin php khc phc.
- Gii quyt hi ha gia vic qun l, s dng thuc BVTV bo v sn xut nng
nghip vi vic bo v sc khe cng ng v mi trng l mt i hi v thch thc ln i
vi cc c quan qun l nh nc. t c mc tiu cn c mt s gii php sau:
- Nh nc cn c ch u i, h tr cho cc chng trnh sn xut v ng dng cc
sn phm hu c, vi sinh vo cng tc phng tr sinh vt gy hi ti nguyn thc vt; chn lc
cc loi thuc, dng thuc BVTV an ton c tnh chn lc cao, phn gii nhanh trong mi
trng; duy tr v m rng vic p dng IPM v chng trnh ny khng ch tit kim chi ph
cho vic mua thuc BVTV m cn gp phn lm gim thiu nhim mi trng; tng cng
cng tc thanh tra, kim tra x l vi phm trong lnh vc BVTV; phi hp cc lc lng lin
8

ngnh trong kim tra, kim sot vic nhp lu thuc BVTV; ch trng vic thu gom v x l
bao b thuc BVTV sau s dng v kin quyt nh ch cc c s sn xut, gia cng thuc
BVTV c dy chuyn cng ngh lc hu gy nhim.

- y mnh vic p dng cc tin b k thut trong trng trt, nng cao hiu bit ca
ngi nng dn trong vic s dng thuc BVTV an ton v hiu qu, t gim lng thuc
BVTV s dng; nghin cu ng dng v pht trin cc dng thuc BVTV mi thn thin vi
mi trng, t nh hng n sc khe cng ng; xy dng v pht trin cc vng chuyn
canh sn xut cc sn phm nng nghip sch khng dng phn bn ha hc v thuc BVTV
nhm nng cao cht lng nng sn phc v cho tiu dng v xut khu.

- y mnh cc bin php tuyn truyn, gio dc nhm nng cao nng lc qun l mi
trng, nng cao nhn thc v trch nhim v ngha v ca nhng ngi sn xut, kinh doanh
v s dng thuc BVTV trong vic bo v sc khe cng ng v mi trng.
Php lnh Bo v v Kim dch thc vt quy nh r: T chc, c nhn s dng
thuc BVTV phi bo m an ton cho ngi, vt nui, v sinh an ton thc phm, mi
trng v chu trch nhim v vic s dng thuc BVTV khng ng quy nh gy ra
(Khon 3, iu 32). Ngoi ra, mc tiu ca Chng trnh hnh ng bo m cht lng v
sinh an ton thc phm trong lnh vc bo v v kim dch thc vt n nm 2010 ca ngnh
9

BVTV nu r: Xy dng chnh sch h tr cc sn phm, nng sn an ton, tng bc a

ra khi danh mc thuc BVTV c php s dng cc hot cht c c cao, tn d lu
trong sn phm v mi trng, u tin cho php ng k vo danh mc cc ch phm sinh hc
tho mc, xy dng v pht trin vng sn xut nng sn an ton...

(Mt s loi thuc BVTV)

Vi vic ban hnh Danh mc thuc BVTV c php s dng trn rau, ch cng vi
cc bin php c hiu qu v qun l cht ch vic nhp khu v s dng thuc BVTV cng
nh vic thc hin tt cc quy nh ca Php lnh Bo v v Kim dch thc vt, hy vng rng
chng ta s xy dng c mt nn nng nghip sch v bn vng, hn ch n mc thp nht
nh hng xu ca thuc BVTV n sc khe cng ng v mi trng.

10

 nhim mi trng nng thn do rc thi sinh hot.

2.1 Thc trng
Khi ni n rc, nhiu ngi thng ngh l vn cp bch ca th hay cc
thnh ph ln. iu ng nhng cha . Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, nht l
k thut sn xut, ng gi bao b, nhiu loi giy, hp ng gi ch yu bng ni lng, nha,
thicrt tin li gp phn lm thay i phong cch v tp qun sng ca nhiu ngi dn c
nng thn n thnh th.
V nng thn, chng ta d dng nhn thy ven lng, cc b sng, con ngi, cc ti rc,
c khi l c mt ti rc hay ng rc t do nhy d chng c ngi no thu gom, mi u
cn l mt ti rc nh, dn d chng tp kt thnh ng ln dn ln qua tng ngy to nn
cnh quan l mt ven ng lng, mng mng, c khi cn lm tc dng chy. Bn cnh
rc thi cc ch qu n hi bo ng, cc ng rc c cht ng lu cu rt nhiu
ngy, ngay gn khu dn c, bc mi u.

Mi nm, trong c nc c hng chc tn rc thi sinh thi sinh hot pht sinh v theo
d bo th tng lng cht thi vn tip tc tng ln nhanh chng trong thp k ti. Theo

11

ng Trng nh Bc - Trng phng Sc kho v mi trng, cho bit nu cc th ln,

trung bnh mt ngi thi ra 1kg rc/ngy th vng nng thn cng t 0,5-0,6kg rc/ngy.
Bnh qun mi ngi thi ra 0,7 kg rc/ngy. Nh vy, vi khong 50 triu dn vng nng
thn, mi ngy c gn 50 triu tn rc cn c thu gom. Tuy nhin trn thc t ch thu c
khong 50%.

(Ti nilon ri y ven ng i).

Tnh trng vt rc ba bi ca mt b phn ngi dn nng thn khng ch lm nh
hng n cnh quan nng thn tc ng xu n mi trng sng ca ngi dn m cn hu
hoi mi trng trong lnh ca lng qu. Do , ny sinh nhiu vn v mi trng nng
thn.
2.1. Nguyn nhn.

Do qu trnh xy dng v quy hoch v u t xy dng khu dn c cha ch trng vn

x l mi trng.

12

(ch nng thn).

Do thc trch nhim ca ngi dn trong vic thu gom v x l rc ti cc vng nng
thn cn rt khim tn. T l thu gom rc thi ln nht ch t 19,8%-29,2% nh cc huyn
Thun Thnh (Bc Ninh), ng Ho (H Ty) cn ti Giao Thu (Nam nh), Bnh Xuyn
(Vnh Phc) t l thu gom ch t t 3,6-3,7% thc t.
Mt vn chng ta khng khi quan tm hin nay l hu ht lng rc ny li khng

c phn loi v x l, hnh thc thng c s dng nht hin nay l t hoc chn lp
nh lng Vn (Hng Yn). Khng nhng th vic hnh thnh cc bi rc, chn lp, chn lp
rc thi cha ch n khong cch i vi cc khu dn c, quy m bi chn rc cha ph
hp vi iu kin t nhin, nng lc thu gom rc yu, cng ngh x l rc cn lc hu nn kh
trnh khi tnh trng nhim mi trng (Qung Tr).

Cng tc qun l bo v mi trng ca chnh quyn a phng cha cht ch nh: Quy
nh cha r rng, thiu cn b qun l v thanh tra chuyn ngnh bo v mi trng nn
khng hng dn kp thi, y nhng ni dung v bo v mi trng mi ngi nm
v t gic chp hnh (An Giang). mt s ni cn b a phng cng cha ch trng
vic gio dc, tuyn truyn cho ngi dn bit v chp hnh.

13

Do khng c kinh ph cho vic x l rc thi sinh hot nn vic x l rc thi cha c
thc hin nh th trn Lin Quan (Thch Tht), mc d k hp ng vi cng ty MTT Xun Mai nhng mi nm cng ch c t chc thu gom, x l rc thi c 3-4t;
X Quang Tin (Sc Sn) ngi dn tham gia ng gp tr cng cho vic thu gom rc,
nhng x gp kh khn v kinh ph vn chuyn nn rc tn ng tp kt gn khu dn
c.
Theo chng ti nguyn nhn chnh ca nhim mi trng nng thn do rc thi sinh

hot l v thi quen ca ngi dn bao i nay l nhm thy tin l qung nn quanh nh
l bi cha rc v thiu thc ca ngi dn trong vic x l rc.
2.2. Hu qu.
Rc thi sinh hot, c bit l nha ph liu, dn tr thnh gnh nng cho x hi. Ai
cng bit l rc thi, l th b i. Nhng khng phi ai cng bit, rc thi ngy cng nhiu
v l him ho i vi con ngi v nguy hi gy nhim mi trng.
nhim nghim trng ngun nc mt, nc ngm: Hu ht cc dng sng, mng
tiu hu nc, h ao nng thn hin nay u b nhim t nh ti nng, to iu kin cho
cc sinh vt v to lam pht trin lm cho ngun nc ngt dn tr ln khan him.
VD:
Giao Thu, Nam nh, nc ngm nhim asen: him ho cho 200.000 nghn dn sng
khu vc nng thn ca huyn. H ang phi mt vi tnh trng s dng nc sinh hot
khng m bo v sinh. Trung tm quan trc v phn tch ti nguyn mi trng Nam nh cho
hay, khi tin hnh iu tra vo thng 6-2007 v thng 5-2008 ti cc x, th trn trong huyn
u thy cc mu nc ngm c cha asen vt tiu chun 09/B y t v mt s mu vt
TCVN 5942-1995 v nc mt v TCVN 5944-1995 v nc ngm.

Bng t l ngi dn nng thn c cp nc sch cc vng

14

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6

T l ngi dn nng thn c cp

Vng

nc sch (%)

Vng ni pha Bc

15

Trung du Bc B & Ty Nguyn

18

Bc Trung B & Duyn hi min Trung

ng Nam B
ng bng Sng Hng
ng bng Sng Cu Long

35-36
21
33
39

Qua bng trn, chng ta c th thy r, nhng ngi dn nng thn Vit Nam ang
phi sinh hot vi nhng ngun nc nh th no. vng ng bng sng Cu Long, ni c
t l cao nht cng ch 39% dn s c s dng ngun nc (tm coi l) sch. Cn vng
thp nht l vng ni pha Bc.
nhim khng kh: Thi rc vo mi trng, lng rc ny khng c x l hp v
sinh s phn hu mi hi thi gy bnh v da, mt vim xoang ng h hpngi dn
khng c hng bu khng kh trong lnh cn thit cho s sng.
T cc nguyn nhn trn gy ra nh hng n sc kho v cht lng cuc sng
ca ngi dn. Tnh trng nhim mi trng nc tc ng trc tip n sc kho, l nguyn
nhn gy cc bnh nh tiu chy, t, thng hn, giun sn...Cc bnh ny gy suy dinh dng,
thiu mu, thiu st, km pht trin gy t vong nht l tr em. C n 88% trng hp bnh
tiu chy l do thiu nc sch, VSMT km .
2.3. Gii php v hng khc phc.

Thng tin- gio dc- truyn thng v tham gia ca cng ng:
V thc gi gn v sinh mi trng trong cc khu dn c ni ring v trong ton x

hi ni chung. vic thu gom v x l tt rc thi sinh hot tt c my cch sau:

15

Chn rc ti ch: cch ny thch hp i vi mi gia nh. mt gc vn xa nh , o

mt ci h nh, chng vi mt vung, su 50-60 cm. Rc thu gom c hng ngy vo .
Chng vi ngy n na thng, khi thy nhiu th rc mt t vi bt ln trn st trng. Chng
vi ba thng, h y ta ph t vi bt ln trn v lp h li bng t b kh v o h khc s
dng. h sau vi thng, rc hoai c th bn cho cy trng trong vn hay ngoi ng, hoc
c th trng mt cy n tri g di h. Ch nn phn loi cht rn, thu tinh hay st x
l ring. Nu tng gia nh nng thn c vn lm c iu ny th sc p v rc thi cng
phn no.

(thanh nin, dn qun tp chung dn v sinh).

Trng hp nhng ni lng xm th ho cn t, hoc khng c vn, nhng
gia nh hoc nhng ni cng cng nh ch lng, trng hc, nh vn ho nn c mt thng

16

ng rc, qut dn hng ngy hay sau mi bui hp, bui sinh hot rc vo thng rc, ri t
chc c xe ci tin i thu gom tt c cc rc a n ni quy nh.
+ Cch rc lm phn:
V y l cch x l lm phn nn phng php n gin nh sau:
Khi rc trong h thnh mt lp dy chng 30-40 cm th rc t 2-3 kg supe ln hay apatit,
1-2 kg vi bt. c th cho thm 1kg ur hay 10 kg phn bc hay g vt tng thm m. Khi
lp rc cao ti 1,5-2 m th rc ln mt lp bt dy 10 n 15 cm ph rm r v ti nc.
Sau 40 n 50 ngy ng phn nng ln, khi lng xp th d lp rm r ra, dm cht v ph
t 10- 15 cm v ti nc m. Mt trn ng phn, chnh gia ln lm xung v moi l
nc ngm vo rc. Chng 1-2 thng th c th em i bn rung, h li tip nhn rc mi.
ng vi khu hiu sch lng, tt rung
Hin nay, phn ln dn c nng thn cn thiu hiu bit v v sinh,nc sch v bnh
tt, sc kho; v mi trng sng xung quanh mnh cn phi c ci thin v c th ci thin
c.
Kinh nghim trong nhiu lnh vc cho thy nu ngi nng dn nhn thc r c vn
th vi s gip ca chnh ph, h c th vn ln khc phc kh khn, ci thin c
mi trng sng cho mnh tt hn.
V vy, cc hot ng thng tin - gio dc - truyn thng c tm quan trng ln lao i
vi thnh cng ca mi chin lc pht trin v vai tr c bn ca nh nc trong tng lai l
tp trung vo cc hot ng Thng tin- Gio dc-Truyn thng v qun l. Tng cng tp
hun, hng dn v chuyn mn, nghip v cho cn b thc hin cng tc qun l mi trng
t cp tnh n c s thc hin tt chc nng, nhim v c giao.

V quy hoch c s h tng.

m bo v sinh mi trng, trong quy hoch c s h tng k thut khu dn c

cn:

17

Vch ra c phng hng x l rc thi.

Chn m hnh x l rc thi ph hp.
Phi hp lc lng Cnh st Mi trng, tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra cc
c s sn xut, kinh doanh, nht l cc nh my x nghip c hm lng rc thi,.. kp thi
pht hin, nhc nh ngn chn v x l nghim nhng hnh vi vi phm
3. nhim lng ngh.

Lng ngh hnh thnh v pht trin t rt lu i trong nng thn Vit Nam v ng
vai tr rt quan trng trong nn kinh t. T khi thc hin c ch th trng, cc lng ngh th
cng truyn thng nhiu a phng cng dn c phc hi v pht trin mnh m. Sn
phm ca cc lng ngh khng ch phc v nhu cu trong nc m cn vn ra th trng
nc ngoi, thu v ngun li ln, ci thin i sng ca tng lp dn c nng thn. Tuy nhin,
song song vi s pht trin , l tn ti nguy c gy nhim mi trng. Do s thc ca
con ngi trong qu trnh sn xut khng x l trit cc cht thi ra mi trng sng xung
quanh gy nn tnh trng nhim nghim trng.
S nhim ca mi trng nh hng trc tip ti sc kho i sng ca con ngi.
Ngi dn cc lng ngh mc bnh rt cao, c bit l nhng ngi trc tip sn xut do

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thng xuyn phi tip xc vi khi bi, ho cht. Bnh tt ca ngi lao ng ph bin l au
lng, au ct sng, hi chng d dy, vim ph qun, d ng ngoi da v au mt. V th,
nhim lng ngh ang l mt vn nan gii.
3.1. Thc trng.
Trong vng 10 nm qua tc tng trng ca cc lng ngh nng thn tng kh
nhanh, trung bnh 8%/nm tnh theo gi tr u ra. Song nu ch nhn kha cnh tng trng,
li ch m khng tnh n vic bo v mi trng, x l nhim th cha th tnh n s pht
trin bn vng lu di ca lng ngh. Nhiu khi ch v li ch trc mt m ngi ta qun i
vn bo v mi trng sng ca mnh.
Theo s liu cng b mi y ca Cc Cnh st mi trng, B Cng an, c ti hn
90% lng ngh vi phm Lut Bo v mi trng v cc quy nh an ton v sinh lao ng.
Mt kho st mi y nht ca Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh mi trng thuc Trng
i hc Bch khoa H Ni, cc chuyn gia a ra nhng con s bo ng v hin trng mi
trng ti cc lng ngh: 100% mu nc thi cc lng ngh c thng s vt qu tiu chun
cho php; nc mt, nc ngm u c du hiu nhim. nhim khng kh ch yu tp
trung cc lng ngh sn xut vt liu xy dng, gm, s, nha... c tnh ti lng nhim
khng kh do t than nung vi, nung gm, s t hng trm l th cng ln ti hng triu
m3 kh c.
Kt qu phn tch mu nc thi, kh thi cc lng ngh ca ngnh chc nng cho
thy, hu ht u vt tiu chun cho php gp nhiu ln. Ring nng bi vt t 113 n
230 ln, hm lng mt s kim loi trong nc thi, vt ti hng chc ln cho php. Khng
nhng nh hng n cuc sng, sc kho ca ngi dn, nhim lng ngh cn lm nhim
lun c ngun nc nc mt, n ni mt s ni, c cy, hoc tm c di ao khng th sng
ni.
Hin c nc c 1.450 lng ngh ch yu tp trung ng bng sng Hng (67,3%),
min Trung (20,5%) v min Nam (12,2%), chia theo 6 loi hnh:

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Ch bin lng thc thc phm, dc liu 197 lng (chim 13,6%);

m t, dt vi, da 173 lng (chim gn 12%);

Th cng m ngh, thu ren 618 lng (chim 42,6%);

Sn xut vt liu xy dng 31 lng (chim 2,14%),

Cn li cc lng ngh khc 341 lng.

Hu ht cc lng ngh u s dng than ci v than nn gy ra nhim khng kh

nh bi, hi nc, SO2, CO2, CO v NOx l ht sc ph bin. Trong cc khi COx, NOx l
cc tc nhn gy hiu ng nh knh. Ngoi ra, cc kh c hi ny cn c sinh ra trong qu
trnh phn hy ym kh cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi, cht thi hu c dng rn nh
H2S, NH3, CH4...
Cc cht thi c hi kh phn hy cng l mt vn mi trng nng bng t ra
cho cc lng ngh, nht l cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi v dt nhum, thuc da. Kt qu phn
tch cht lng nc thi cho thy: Hm lng c hi ang mc ng bo ng, vt tiu
chun cho php nhiu ln. Ti cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi c ni hm lng Pb2+ vt tiu
chun cho php ti 4,1 ln, Cu2+- vt qu 3,25 ln. Hm lng Phenol trong nc thi ti
lng ngh ti ch giy cng vt qu tiu chun cho php 10 ln.
Ti hu ht cc lng ngh ch tiu BOD, COD, SS u ln hn rt nhiu so vi tiu
chun, cc cht gy nhim ny khng c x l s pht sinh ra nhiu dng kh gy nhim
mi trng nh CH4, H2S, NH3...Cc cht thi rn nguy hi khng c cc lng ngh x l
n ni n chn m ch c thu gom rt th cng v em chn lp n gin cc bi chn
lp h, thm ch l b thi b v t ba bi ngay trn cc con lng hoc xung dng
sng cng ang l ngun gy nhim t, cc cht thi rn.
3.2. Nguyn nhn.

Do cc lng ngh hnh thnh v pht trin t pht, quy m nh l, cha c quy hoch.

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Trang thit b, cng ngh sn xut ca cc lng ngh cn rt lc hu

Ngi dn cn cha thc c vic phi gi gn, bo v mi trng.

Qu tn dng sc lao ng gi r thay v phi u t i mi cng ngh

Khng c bin php no x l nhim.

Do gi thnh sn phm nn ngi ta vn phi s dng cc phng php th cng gy

nhim mi trng cao.

H thng cng rnh thot nc b lp bi cht thi rn,gy ngp ng mi khi ma xung.

Tnh trng nhim ca tt c cc lng ngh mi ch c kho st v a ra nhng con s

ng bo ng, nhng cha c gii php khc phc c th, hiu qu t cc ban ngnh chc
nng.

3.3. Hu qu.
nhim mi trng lng ngh chnh l th phm lm gia tng t l ngi mc bnh
ang lao ng v sinh sng ti chnh lng ngh , v t l ny ang c xu hng tng trong
nhng nm gn y. Trong , nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh ti ch ph liu gy tc
hi nghim trng nht ti sc khe cng ng, cc bnh ph bin l bnh h hp, bnh ngoi
da, thn kinh v c bit l ung th. S ngi lao ng c sc khe yu km (loi 4 hoc 5)
chim t l rt cao.

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(s ngi mc bnh ang gia tng nhanh trng).

Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia mi trng, hu ht cc lng ngh khng ch sc
kho ca nhng ngi sn xut, m c ngi dn xung quanh ang b cht thi rn v nc
thi xm hi. Tc ng khng nh sc khe ngi lao ng, cc bnh ngh nghip nh ng
h hp, au mt, suy nhc thn kinh, bnh ngoi da, ng rut ... ngy cng gia tng. Nc
ngm nhiu ni b nhim nng v mt sinh hc v ha hc lm suy gim cht lng cuc
sng nng thn. Mt s lng ngh c c th sn xut dn ti cc bnh mn tnh nguy him
nh ung th, qui thai, nhim c kim loi nng. Thm ch, nhiu dng sng chy qua cc lng
ngh cng b nhim nng, nhiu rung la, cy trng b gim nng sut do nhim kh t cc
lng ngh.
Mt nc b thu hp dn v ngy cng mt v sinh. Mt s t lng xy dng c h thng
cng rnh thot nc trc y th nay do b lp bi cht thi rn, gy ngp ng mi khi ma
xung.

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3.4. Bin php v phng hng khc phc

Trc tin v qui hoch, cn ch trng ti qui hoch mt bng chung v h tng c s,
trong cn b tr tha ng din tch cho vic thu gom v x l cht thi, din tch cy xanh,
u t gii quyt h thng ng s trong ngoi thn xm cng nh h thng cp thot nc.
V t chc qun l sn xut, cn ch xy dng, ci to nh xng, t chc khng
gian thng thong t nhin ti ni lao ng, trang b cc dng c an ton lao ng, thit b thu
gom bi, ht kh ti cc v tr x kh c hi, trnh nhim nhit do cc l nung, hm sy.
V cng ngh v thit b sn xut, vic quan trng cn gii quyt kp thi l thay th
cc thit b c k, p dng cng ngh mi t cht thi, hn ch ting n v rung, s dng cc
cng ngh ph hp c kh nng gim thiu cc cht c hi.

(Khi bi ti mt lng ngh).

Vic ra cc gii php bo v v ci thin mi trng cho cc lng ngh phi cn c
c th vo cc iu kin t nhin, kinh t v x hi ca a phng. iu c ngha l phi
a dng ha cc gii php bo v mi trng ti cc lng ngh m iu chnh yu l phi t
c gii php tn dng cc u th v khc phc c cc hn ch ca tng lng ngh. Song

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d a phng no v i vi ngh g th gii php thu gom v x l cht thi u phi t

ln hng u.
Ngoi ra, Nh nc cn c chnh sch chuyn i c cu sn xut, khuyn khch pht
trin ngnh ngh nng thn theo quy hoch, tp trung cc khu sn xut, k hoch gn vi bo
v mi trng, vi bo v, tn to nhng di sn vn ho a phng. Cnh l hon thin
hnh lang php l bo v mi trng, a vn mi trng vo cc d n, vo h thng gio
dc...Nhng cp thit, c l l 3 vn :

Mt l cn c php lnh v thu mi trng.

Hai l tng cng thanh tra, kim tra, x l n u n a cc c s gy nhim mi

trng nghim trng.

(C quan chc nng ang kim tra mt c s sn xut.

Ba l a dng ho u t cho bo v mi trng.

Cc ngnh chc nng a phng h tr thay i cng ngh, quy hoch khu sn xut
vi h thng x l nc thi, rc thi
Hin nay, chuyn bo v mi trng c ngha quan trng, khng ch l sc kho, l

mi trng sng ca cng ng m n cn c ngha sng cn vi chnh ngay cc sn phm

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ca lng ngh. Mun nng cao tnh ua chen ca sn phm, d l th trng ni a hay quc
t, vn sn xut sch c ngi tiu dng c bit quan tm.

III. KIN.
Chng ta ang phi chng kin sc tn ph gh gm ca nhim mi trng ti khng
ch cnh quan nng thn Vit Nam m cn i vi sc khe ca chnh nhng ngi dn. Hy
nhn nhng lng qu ang bc i ci v hn hu, cht phc vn c khoc ln mnh tm o
kch cm ca mt tn trc ph. Hu qu ca n: nhim ln nhng cnh ng, nhng
dng sng qu cn bnh tt ang ln u nhng ngi dn nng thn. Cn h, nhng ngi
nng dn th ch bit ng nhn.
Ti nguyn t cc vng nng thn vn ang tip tc b suy thoi trm trng, lm
bin i cc tnh cht t v khng cn tnh nng sn xut. Cc loi hnh thoi ho t ch o
nc ta l: Xi mn, ra tri, st v trt l t; suy thoi vt l (mt cu trc, t b cht, b,

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thm nc km); suy thoi ho hc (mn ho, chua ho, phn ho); mt cht dinh dng
khong v cht hu c; t b chua; xut hin nhiu c t hi cy trng nh Fe3+, Al3+ v
Mn2+; hoang mc ho; nhim t cc b do cht c ha hc, khu cng nghip v lng ngh;
suy thoi v nhim t khu khai thc m.
Ngun ti nguyn nc ang b nhim nghim trng. Hng lot nhng dng sng qu
ku cu v mc nhim gp nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php. Nhng ngun nc
ngm cung cp cho ngi dn nhim st, nhim ch, nhim phn, nhim thuc bo v thc vt
v v vn loi cht c ha hc do cc khu cng nghip, cc lng ngh thi ra vo lng t.
nhng dng sng, nhng ao h cc vng qu, nhng loi vt thy sinh nh tm, cua, c, c
ch v thm ch ngay mt loi sng dai nh a th n by gi, ch cn thy li trong k c ca
nhng gi cc vng thn qu.
Trn khp cc vng nng thn mc ln nhng lng ung th, lng bnh tt. Nhng th
bnh nan y vn d ch c nhng ngi li vn ng, phi chu nhiu cht c hi m thng
ch cc thnh ph mi mc phi th nay trt xung vai nhng ngi nng dn nhc nhn,
ngho kh. Khng him nhng ngi nng dn phi bn c gia sn v thnh ph cha chy
v cng khng t nhng ngi khc phi ngm ngi ch cht v khng c tin chng li
nhng cn bnh t thn.
nhiu nm nay, bo ch ni nhiu n vic nhim mi trng nng thn, nhng
him ha t nhim mi trng m nhng ngi nng dn ang phi gnh chu nhng thc t,
khng ai lm g gii quyt tnh trng . Chng khng gim i, m cng ngy cng tng ln
vi mc nghim trng hn rt nhiu ln.
Chng ta hy t hi, chng ta ang bt lc trc nhng hin trng ny hay chng ta th
ng nhn n. Chng ta ph lm g khi ngh v nhng ngi nng dn, hn 70% dn s ca
chng ta ang phi i mt?
c nhng chuyn bin tch cc hn trong x l rc nng thn gp phn lm p
mi trng, trong nhng nm qua, ng v Nh nc ta ra nhiu ch trng, chnh sch,
chng trnh nhm bo v mi trng nh Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia v nc sch v
mi trng nng thn, Thit ngh trong thi gian ti cn y mnh hn na vic thc hin
26

nhng ch trng, chnh sch c, tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn,c ng, gio dc nhn
dn bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau v tc hi ca rc thi n sc kho, n mi trng sinh
thi: Nng cao vai tr v trch nhim ca cc cp chnh quyn, cc t chc on th x hi
c s trong vic hng dn nhn dn thi rc ng ni, ng ch v x l rc ng cch. Mt
trong nhng cch n gin l mi ngi phi c thc khng vung vi rc thi m b vo bch
nilon hoc thng rc, khi no y th ng ch. Mi nh hoc mt s nh cng chung nhau
dnh mt cht t gn nh o mt ci h rng vi mt vung cha rc. Khi no y h th
lp t li v o h k bn hoc c th gom rc kh thnh ng t. Lm nh vy rc s
c x l, t vn cn v li c c ngun phn hu c t rc cung cp cht dinh dng cho
cy trng: thnh lp cc t, nhm kim tra mi trng v thng xuyn kim tra cho gia cc
t, c biu dng, c ph bnh khuyn khch phong tro v chn chnh nhng vic cha tt.
c nh vy nhim mi trng do rc thi mi c hn ch, nng thn s sch s v vn
minh hn.

27

IV. KT BI.
nhim mi trng nng thn l mt vn cp bch v thit thc. Qua phn tch
mt vi vn trn chc hn chng ta thy c phn no thc trng v nhng hu qu ca
nhim mi trng nng thn Vit Nam hin nay -nhng yu t nh hng nghim trng n
cuc sng con ngi. T , chng ta nhn r c thc trch nhim to ln ca bn thn
trong cng tc bo v mi trng; ng thi thc y s nghin cu tm ti cc bin php x l
cht thi c hi gy nhim mi trng nhng song song vi n vn pht huy kh nng sn
xut, cnh tranh ca hng ho Vit Nam. ngha quan trng hn rt ra t bi tiu lun
l: con ngi lun phi bo v mi trng ni chung, hy gi cho tri t lun xanhsch- p bi y chnh l ngi nh chung ca chng ta.
Bi lm tng mi, nhiu s liu hay
Kt cu d dng khng hp l

9,5 -0.5 do qu di

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29

30

31

32

33

Nhng hnh nh trn y, khin chng ta c mt cm gic tht thanh bnh. Gi nh

v ni lng qu thn d, trong lnh. nhng hnh nh p nh th ny mi cn th cn c
s chung tay, gp sc ca ton th x hi ni chung v b phn c dn nng thn ni ring
trong vic cng nhau bo v mi trng.

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..Ht.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bi ging STNV (TS. Phan Th Thy).

2. http://www.moitruong.com.vn
3. http://www.sinhquyen.com
4. http://www.thanhnien.com.vn
5. http://www.nea.gov.vn
6. http://www.hanhtinhxanh.com.vn
7. http://nongnghiep.com.vn
8. http://thiennhien.net
9. http://tuoitre.com.vn

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