FORCES

WHAT IS A FORCE? EFFECTS OF FORCES EXAMPLES OF FORCES PRESSURE RESULTANT FORCES WORK DONE TURNING EFFECTS OF FORCES SIMPLE MACHINES

WHAT IS A FORCE
A FORCE IS A PUSH OR PULL EXERTED BY ONE OBJECT ON ANOTHER.

EFFECTS OF A FORCE
A FORCE CAN:
CHANGE THE SHAPE OF AN OBJECT. CHANGE THE SIZE OF AN OBJECT. CHANGE THE SPEED OF AN OBJECT. CHANGE THE DIRECTION AN OBJECT IS MOVING.STOP A MOVING OJECT. MOVE A STATIONARY OBJECT.

EXAMPLES OF FORCES.
MAGNETIC FORCE FRICTION GRAVITATIONAL FORCE WEIGHT TENSION UPTHRUST RESULTANT FORCES ACTION-REACTION FORCES

FRICTION
FRICTION IS A FORCE WHICH SLOWS DOWN MOVING OBJECTS. IT IS A CONTACT FORCE.
WALKING WRITING AIR RESITANCE BRAKING TYRES

EFFETCS OF FRICTION
SLOW OBJECTS DOWN
CYCLIST IN A RACE CAR BRAKING SYSTEM

PRODUCES HEAT
TIGHT SHOE RUBBING HANDS TO KEEP ONESELF WARM

WEAR AND TEAR

TYRES

REDUCING FRICTION
SMOOTHEN SURFACE
POLISHING AIR CUSION BALL BEARINGS ROLLERS OILING STREAMLINING

MAGNETIC FORCE
MAGNETIC FORCE
MAGNETIC FORCE IS THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION BETWEEN UNLIKE AND LIKE POLES OF A MAGNET RESPECTIVELY. MAGNETIC FORCE OF ATTARCTION IS ALSO PRODUCED BETWEEN A MAGNET AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS .

MAGNETIC MATERAILS
IRON STEEL COBALT NICKEL

IRON FILINGS SHOWING MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES FOR BAR AND HORSE MAGNET

TEST FOR A MAGNET.

AN OJECT IS IDENTIFIED AS A MAGNET BY ITS ABILITY TO REPEL ANOTHER MAGNET. WHY IS REPULSION THE TEST FOR A MAGNET?

Gravitational Force
Gravitational force (gravity) is the force of attraction the earth has on objects.
Gravitational force = 10 ms -2

TENSION
TENSION IS THE PULL IN A STRING ONE FEELS WHEN FLYING A KITE.

CORRECT TENSION IS NEEDED ON THE THREAD IN A SEWING MACHINE FOR IT TO FUNCTION PROPERLY.

UPTHRUST
A OBJECT IN WATER EXPERIENCES AN UPWARD FORCE. THIS FORCE IS CALLED UPTHRUST.

IF THE WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT IS GREATER THAN THE UPTHRUST; THE OBJECT WILL SINK. IF THE WEIGHT OF AN OBJECT IS LESS THAN THE UPTHRUST; THE OBJECT WILL FLOAT.

UPTHRUST
Determine whether an object of mass 45g would sink or float when placed in a liquid which exerts an upthrust of 1N.
(ii) If another object of mass 2 kg is placed in the same fluid would it sink of float? (g= 10ms-2 )

WEIGHT
WEIGHT IS A MEASURE OF THE FORCE EXERTED ON A MASS BY THE EARTHS GRAVITATIONAL PULL. WEIGHT=MASS X ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY (g) WEIGHT= M X g g= 10ms-2 MASS IN kg. WEIGHT IS A FORCE AND MEASURED IN NEWTONS

Weight
Calculate the weight of an object whose mass is 20g. (g= 10ms-2 )

Measuring Force
HOOKES LAW: THE EXTENSION OF A SPRING IS PROPORTIONAL THE LOAD APPLIED PROVIDED THAT THE ELASTIC LIMIT IS NOT EXCEEDED.

HOOKES LAW

MEASURING FORCE- SPRING BALANCE

A SPRING BALANCE IS USED TO MEASURE FORCE. FORCE IS MEASURED IN UNITS CALLED NEWTONS (N).

PRESSURE
PRESSURE= FORCE / AREA UNIT OF PRESSURE IS THE PASCAL (Pa)

RESULTANT FORCES
WHEN SEVERAL FORCES ACT ON AN OBJECT, THE OBJECT MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF THE RESULTANT FORCE.
FORCES ACTING IN THE SAME DIRECTION.

FORCES ACTING IN DIFFERRENT DIRECTIONS.

WORK DONE
WHEN A FORCE IS APPLIED TO AN OBJECT, THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY THE OBJECT POSSESS CHANGES.THIS CHANGE IN ENERGY IS CALLED WORK. WORK DONE= FORCE X DISTANCE. WORK DONE IS MEASURED IN JOULES.

WORK DONE
A FORCE IS APPLIED TO LIFT A BOOK OF MASS 1 kg OFF A TABLE 2m ABOVE THE FLOOR.THE BOOK IS LIFTED 2m ABOVE THE TABLE. CALCULATE THE WORK DONE.

WORK DONE
INITIAL P.E= mgh 1X10X2=20 J FINAL P.E= mgh 1X10X4= 40 J WORK DONE= (40- 20) J 20 J

WORK DONE (another way)

WORK DONE= FORCE XDISTANCE 10X 2=20 J

SIMPLE MACHINES
WHAT IS A MACHINE?
A MACHINE MAKES WORK EASIER.

LEVERS- A LEVER IS A SIMPLE MACHINE CONSISTING OF A LOAD, EFFORT AND FULCRUM (pivot).
FORCE MULTIPLIERS DISTANCE MULTIPLIERS

LAW OF LEVERS
WHEN A LEVER IS BALANCED (EQUILIBRIUM) THE CLOCKWISE MOMENT IS EQUAL TO THE ANTI CLOCKWISE MOMENT.

Levers
First class lever- Force multiplier Second class leverForce multiplier Third class leverDistance multipier

TYPE OF LEVER

EXAMPLES (pg.264-5)

FIRST CLASS

CLAW HAMMMER, LID OPENER, PLIERS AND SCISSORS. WHEELBARROW, BOTTLE OPENER, PAPER CUTTERAND NUT CRACKER. FISHING ROD, ARM, BROOM, ICE TONGS, STAPLER AND PEDAL BIN.

SECOND CLASS

THIRD CLASS

TURNING EFFECT OF A FORCE

MOMENT OF A FORCE MOMENT OF A FORCE = MASS X DISTANCE OR FORCE X DISTANCE CLOCKWISE MOMENT (pg. 267 4(a) ) ANTI CLOCKWISE MOMENT (pg. 267 4(b) ) THE TURNING EFFECT OF A FORCE CAN BE INCREASED BY INCREASING THE SIZE OF THE FORCE OR THE DISTANCE THE FOR CE IS APPLIED FROM THE PIVOT.

MOMENTS
ANTI CLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE