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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

MT S PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH

V BT PHNG TRNH CHA CN THC
Phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha cn thc l mt phn quan trng ca mn
i s bc ph thng. y cng l dng ton khin cc bn hc sinh gp kh khn v
dng bi tp phong ph, i hi nhiu k nng tnh ton v bin i. Chng ti xin
gii thiu Mt s phng php gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha cn thc
gip cc bn hc sinh c bn nm c cch gii quyt cc bi ton dng ny.
I. Mt s dng c bn ca phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha cn thc.
1. Phng trnh
a)

f ( x ) 0
f ( x) = g ( x)
f ( x ) = g ( x )

b)

g ( x ) 0
f ( x) = g ( x)
2
f ( x ) = g ( x )

Vd1: Gii phng trnh sau:

x 2 3 x + 2 = x 1 (1)

Hng dn:
Nhn xt: Phng trnh c dng

f ( x ) = g ( x ) nn ta gii nh sau

Ta c

(1)

x 1 0
2
2
x 3 x + 2 = ( x 1)
x 1
x =1

x = 1

Vy S = {1}

Vd2: Gii phng trnh:

x 2 5 x + 4 = 2 x 2 3 x + 12

( 2)

Hng dn: Ta c

( 2)

x 2 5 x + 4 = 2 x 2 3 x + 12
x 2 5 x + 4 0
2
2
x 5 x + 4 = 2 x 3 x + 12
( x 1)( x 4 ) 0
2
3 x 2 x 8 = 0

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

x 1

x 4
8

x = 2 x =
6

x = 8

6

8
6

Vy S =

2. Bt phng trnh
a)

g ( x ) 0
f ( x) < g ( x)
2
0 f ( x ) < g ( x )

b)

g ( x ) < 0

f ( x ) 0
f ( x) > g ( x)
g ( x ) 0

2
f x > g x
( ) ( )

Vd3: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:

a) x + 1 2 ( x 2 1)

14
b) 2 x 5 < x 2 + 4 x 3 , S = 1;
5
Hng dn
a) Ta c :
x + 1 2 ( x 1)
2

x 1
x + 1 0

x2 2x 3 0
2
2
( x + 1) 2 ( x 1) 0
2
x 1 0

x 1
x = 1

1 x 3
1 x 3
x 1

x 1

Vy tp nghim S = [1;3] {1}

b)Ta c

2 x 5 < x2 + 4 x 3

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2 x 5 < 0
2
x + 4 x 3 0
2 x 5 0

2
2

( 2 x 5 ) < x + 4 x 3

(1)
( 2)
2

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

Gii (1)
5

5
x <
(1) 2 1 x <
2
1 x 3

Gii (2)
5

x
5
14

x<
( 2 ) 2
2
5
5 x 2 24 x + 28 < 0
2 < x < 14

14

T suy ra tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = 1;

II. CC PHNG PHP

1. Phng php bnh phng lin tip
S dng phng php bnh phng lin tip nhm bin i phng trnh, bt phng trnh
v dng khng cn cha cn thc. Tuy nhin khi bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh, bt
phng trnh nh t iu kin cho hai v cng du (i vi phng trnh c th gii bng
phng trnh h qu sau th li kt qu, cn i vi bt phng trnh bt buc phi t iu
kin cho hai v cng du)
Vd1: Gii phng trnh 3x + 1 2 x 1 = 6 x
Hng dn:
3 x + 1 0

1
iu kin 2 x 1 0 x 6
2
6 x 0

Vi iu kin trn ta c
3x + 1 2 x 1 = 6 x

3x + 1 = 6 x + 2 x 1

3x + 1 = 6 x + 2 x 1 + 2 6 x 2 x 1
2x 4 = 2 6 x 2x 1

x 2 = 6 x 2x 1

( x 2)

x 2 4 x + 4 = 2 x 2 + 13x 6
3x 2 17 x + 10 = 0
x = 5

x = 2 (l )
3

Vy S = {5}

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

Vd2: Gii bt phng trnh 2 x 3

1
3
9 2x
2
2

( 2)

Hng dn
x 3 0
9
3 x
2
9 2 x 0

iu kin

Vi iu kin trn ta c

( 2)

1
3
9 2x +
2
2
1
9 3
4 ( x 3) ( 9 2 x ) + +
9 2x
4
4 2
16 x 48 18 2 x + 6 9 2 x
2 x3

18 x 64 0
9 x 33 3 9 2 x
2
( 9 x 33) 9 ( 9 2 x )

32

32
9

28 x 4
9
81x 2 576 x + 1008 0
x 9

x 4
9

Kt hp vi iu kin ta c tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = 4;

2

2. Phng php t n ph
Mc ch ca phng php t n ph l a phng trnh bt phng trnh v dng c
bn hoc l dng bit cch gii. T nghim ca phng trnh, bt phng trnh mi ta suy ra
nghim ca phng trnh, bt phng trnh ban u.
Ch :
Phng trnh, bt phng trnh mi khng tng ng vi phng trnh bt phng
trnh c (v khc tp hp nghim) m ch tng ng theo ngha t phng trnh ,bt phng
trnh ny ta suy ra nghim ca phng trnh, bt phng trnh kia v ngc li.
Dng 1. t n ph khi thy cc biu thc c dng ging nhau. t t = f ( x ) , a phng
trnh, bt phng trnh theo bin x v phng trnh bt phng trnh theo bin t (Ch t
iu kin cho bin t (nu c)).
Vd1: Gii phng trnh
Nhn xt:

3x 2 2 x + 9 + 3x 2 2 x + 2 = 7

Ta thy biu thc di du cn u c s hng 3 x 2 2 x , v y l biu thc chung, ch rng

chng ta quan tm n nhng biu thc chung cha bin, cn nu c thm hng s cng khng quan
trng, v ta c th t n t = 3 x 2 2 x , a phng trnh v dng c bn, tuy nhin bi ton
c gn hn ta thng t n ph cho nguyn biu thc cn, tc l t t = 3 x 2 2 x + 2
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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

Ta gii bi ton ny nh sau:

t t = 3 x 2 2 x + 2 iu kin t 0 . Khi

3 x 2 2 x + 9 = t 2 + 7 . Phng trnh tr thnh

t2 + 7 + t = 7

t2 + 7 = 7 t

t 2 + 7 = (7 t )

t 2 + 7 = t 2 14t + 49
t =3

( dk

t 7)

Vi t = 3 ta c
3x 2 2 x + 2 = 3

3x 2 2 x + 2 = 9

3x 2 2 x 7 = 0

1 + 22
x =
3

1 22
x =
3

1 + 22 1 22
Vy S =
;

3
3

Vd2: Gii bt phng trnh ( x + 1)( x + 4 ) < 5 x 2 + 5 x + 28

Hng dn:
Ta c:

( x + 1)( x + 4 ) < 5

x 2 + 5 x + 28

x 2 + 5 x + 4 < 5 x 2 + 5 x + 28

t t = x 2 + 5 x + 28 iu kin t 0 . Khi bt phng trnh tr thnh:

t 2 24 < 5t

t 2 5t + 24 < 0

3 < t < 8
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c 0 < t < 8 (1)
Vi t < 8 ta c:

x 2 + 5 x + 28 < 8
2
x \
x + 5 x + 28 0
2
2
9 < x < 4
x + 5 x + 28 < 64
x + 5 x 36 < 0

( 2)

Vi t > 0 x 2 + 5 x + 28 > 0 x \ (3)

T (1), (2) v (3) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = ( 9; 4 )

Vd3: Gii bt phng trnh: 2 x ( x 1) + 1 > x 2 x + 1

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

Hng dn:
t t = x 2 x + 1 , iu kin t 0 , suy ra 2 x ( x 1) = 2 ( t 2 1)
Bt phng trnh tr thnh:
2 ( t 2 1) + 1 > t

2t 2 t 1 > 0

t < (l )

t > 1

x < 0
x2 x + 1 > 1 x2 x + 1 > 1 x2 x > 0
x > 1

Vi t > 1 ta c

Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = ( ;0 ) (1; + )

Dng 2. Cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh c biu thc

hng s. Khi t t = A B , suy ra

AB =

A B m AB trong A + B l

t2 ( A + B)
. a phng trnh bt phng
2

trnh v n t .
x + 2 + 5 x + ( x + 2)(5 x) = 4

Vd4: Gii phng trnh:

Hng dn:
iu kin 2 x 5

t t = x + 2 + 5 x (iu kin t 0 ).
t2 7
Suy ra t = 7 + 2 x + 2 5 x = 7 + 2 ( x + 2 )( 5 x ) ( x + 2 )( 5 x ) =
2
Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
2

t2 7
=4
t+
2
t 2 + 2t 15 = 0

t = 5 ( l )

t = 3 ( n )

Vi t = 3 ta c:
x+2 + 5 x = 3

7+2

( x + 2 )( 5 x ) = 9

( x + 2 )( 5 x ) = 1
x 3x 9 = 0
2

3+3 5
x =
2

33 5
x =
2

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( n)
( n)
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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

3 + 3 5 3 3 5
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh l S =
;

2
2

Vd5: Gii bt phng trnh:

2x + 1 + 9 2x + 3

( 2 x + 1)( 9 2 x ) > 13

Hng dn

1
9
iu kin x
2
2
t t = 2 x + 1 + 9 2 x (iu kin t 0 ). Suy ra

( 2 x + 1)( 9 2 x ) =

t 2 10
2

Bt phng trnh tr thnh

t 2 10
> 13
2
3t 2 + 2t 56 > 0

t + 3.

14

t < 3 ( l )

t > 4 ( n )

Vi t > 4 ta c
2x + 1 + 9 2x > 4

( 2 x + 1)( 9 2 x ) > 16
( 2 x + 1)( 9 2 x ) > 9

10 + 2

16 x 4 x 2 > 0

0< x<4

Kt hp vi iu kin ta c tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = ( 0; 4 )

Dng 3. Cc phng trnh c dng m A + n B p 4 AB . Khi t t =

A
(xt B = 0, B 0 )
B

Hoc t u = 4 A , v = 4 B . Tnh u theo v .

Vd6: Gii phng trnh

x +1 x 2 =

x2 x 2
4

Hng dn

x +1 0
x 1

x 2 x 2
iu kin x 2 0
x2 x 2 0
x 1

x 2

t a = 4 x + 1, b = 4 x 2 iu kin a, b 0
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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

a = 2b
ab
2
2
2a 2b ab = 0
Khi phng trnh tr thnh a b =
1
a=
b
2

2
2

Vi a = 2 2 b ta c

Vi a =

x + 1 = 4 x 2. 2 x + 1 = 4 ( x 2 ) x = 3

1
b ta c
2

x +1 =

1 4
x 2 x + 1 = x 2 = 0 ( vn )
2

Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = {3}

Vd7: Gii bt phng trnh 3 2 x 1 4 x 1

2 x 2 3x + 1
36

Hng dn
2 x 1 0

iu kin x 1 0
x 1
2 x 2 3x + 1

Ta thy x = 1 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.

Xt x 1 , chia hai v ca bt phng trnh cho
3. 4

2 x 2 3 x + 1 ta c

2x 1
x 1
1
4. 4

x 1
2x 1
6

t t =

2x 1
x 1 1
4
= (iu kin t > 0 ). Khi bt phng trnh tr thnh
2x 1 t
x 1
16

t
(l )

6
6
4
1
3t
3 6t 2 t 4 6 0
t

6
3
( n)
t
2

3
ta c
2

Vi t

2x 1
3
2x 1 9
x + 5

0 1< x 5
x 1
2
x 1 4
4 ( x 1)

Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = [1;5]

Dng 4. t n ph a v h phng trnh

Vd8: Gii phng trnh:

x3 1 3
= 2x + 1
2

Hng dn
t3 1
t t = 2 x + 1 x =
2
3

x 3 1 = 2t
Khi ta c h 3
t 1 = 2 x
Ly (1) tr (2) ta c:

(1)
( 2)

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

x3 t 3 = 2t 2 x ( x t ) ( x 2 + xt + t 2 ) + 2 ( x t ) = 0
( x t ) ( x 2 + xt + t 2 + 2 ) = 0
x t = 0
2

t 3

(V x 2 + xt + t 2 + 2 = x + + t 2 + 2 > 0 )
2 4

Vi t = x ta c

x3 1 = 2 x x 3 2 x 1 = 0 ( x + 1) ( x 2 x 1) = 0

x = 1

1+ 5
x =

x = 1 5

1 + 5 1 5
Vy phng trnh c 3 nghim S = 1;
;

2
2

Vd9: Gii phng trnh:

x + 34 3 x 3 = 1

( *)

Hng dn
u = 3 x + 34
t:
u 3 v 3 = 37
3
v = x 3
( *) u v = 1
u 3 v 3 = 37 (1)
Ta c h:
( 2)
u v = 1
( 2 ) u = v + 1 ( 3) , sau thay vo (1) ta c:

( v + 1)

v 3 = 37

v = 3

v = 4
v = 3 3 x 3 = 3 x = 30
v = 4 3 x 3 = 4 x = 61

Vd10: Gii phng trnh: 7 4 x 2 + 5 x 1 14 x 2 3 x + 3 = 17 x 13

( *)

Hng dn

( *) 7

4 ( x 2 3 x + 3) + 17 x 13 14 x 2 3 x + 3 = 17 x 13

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

u + 13

x=

u = 17 x 13
17

t:

2
2
2
v 2 = u + 13 3 u + 13 + 3 = u 25u + 373
v = x 3x + 3 ( v 0 )

289
17
17

( *)

tr thnh 7 4v 2 + u 14v = u

7 4v 2 + u = 14v + u (1)

Ta c h:
u 2 25u + 373
v 2 =
( 2)
289

(1) 49 ( 4v 2 + u ) = (14v + u )

49u = 28uv + u 2
u ( u + 28v 49 ) = 0
u = 0

u = 49 28v
13
u=0 x=
17
u = 49 28v

Thay vo ( 2 ) :
25 ( 49 28v ) + 373
289
2
2
289v = 784v 2044v + 1549

( 49 28v )
=

495v 2 2044v + 1549 = 0

v = 1

1549
v =

495

x = 1

2
x = 2
x 3x + 3 = 1

746
1549 x =
2
x 3x + 3 =
495

495

2231
x =
495

Thay cc gi tr vo phng trnh u ta nhn nghim: x = 2, x =

746
495

746 13
Vy S =
; ;2
495 17
Ch :
T phng trnh ta suy ra h, nn khi gii ra nghim ta phi th li.
Phng php ny ch hiu qu trong vic gii phng trnh, cn bt phng trnh th
rt kh s dng.

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10

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

3. Phng php s dng bt ng thc

Vd11: Gii phng trnh x 2 + 10 x = x 2 12 x + 40
Hng dn

t: t = x 2 + 10 x , t > 0
t2 =

x 2 + 10 x

) (1 + 1 ) ( x 2 + 10 x ) = 16
2 BCS

t 4
0t 4

Du " = " xy ra x 2 = 10 x x = 6
Mt khc: x 2 12 x + 40 = ( x 6 ) + 4 4 , du " = " xy ra x = 6
2

x 2 + 10 x x 2 12 x + 40

Vy S = {6}

4. Dng kho st hm s bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha tham s
3+ x + 6 x

Vd12: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:

( 3 + x )( 6 x ) = m

Hng dn
iu kin: x [ 3;6]
t t = 3 + x + 6 x , x [ 3;6]
t =

1
1
6 x 3+ x

=
2 3 + x 2 6 x 2 ( 6 x )( 3 + x )

t = 0 x =

3
t =3 2
2

Ta c:
x = 3 t = 3
v t 2 =
x=6t =3

3+ x + 6 x

=9+2

( 3 + x )( 6 x )

Bng bin thin:

x

3 2

t
3

t 3;3 2
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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

Xt
t2 9
f (t ) = t
, t 3;3 2
2

f (t ) = 1 t,

f ( 3) = 3, f 3 2 = 3 2

Bng bin thin:

t

9
2

3 2

f (t )

f (t )

3 2

9
2

Vy m 3;3 2 th phng trnh c nghim.

2

BI TP RN LUYN
I. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
x2 x
x2 x + 2

=1
x2 x + 1 x2 x 2

1)
2)

x + 3 + 4 x 1 + x + 8 6 x 1 = 5

3)

x 5

4)

x + 2 2x 3 = 4x 7

5)

x 14
=3
x+ x5

S = {0;1}
S = [1;10]
S = {3;14}

4
+ x+2 =0
x+2

S = {2}

2
S =
3
1 + 17 1 21
S =
;

2
2

6) x 2 + x + 5 = 5
7)

2 x = 1 x 1

S = {1; 2}

8)

x 2 + 26 + 3 x + x + 3 = 8

S = {1}

9)

1
1
+x+
x =1
2
2

1 1
S = ;
2 2

10)
11)

1 + 5
S =

1
1
+ 1 = x
x
x

)(

1+ x 1

1 x +1 = 2x

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24
S = ;0
25
12

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

II. Gii bt phng trnh

3x
2 x < 2
1)
2 x

S = ( ;1)

2)

2x2 + 7 x 4 1
<
x+4
2

1 8
S = ( ; 4 ) ;
2 7

3)

x + 2 + x + 3 2x + 4 > 0

S = [ 2; + )

4)

x 2 3x + 2 + x 2 4 x + 3 2 x 2 5 x + 4

S = {1} [ 4; + )

5)

2 2 5
S = 1;
;1

2
5

1
3x
>
1
2
1 x
1 x2

6) x +

x
x2 1

>

5
S = 1;

3 5
2

5 + x 3 x < 1 + 4

9) 1 + x + 1 x 2
10)

5; +

3 3
S = 1;
,1

2 2

7) 1 x 2 + 1 < 3 x 2
8)

( x + 5)( 3 x )

x2
4

8 + 3
S = 5;

S = [ 1;1]
S = [ 2;10 )

5x 1 x 1 > 2x 4

S = ; {2} [3; + )
2

11) ( x 2 3 x ) 2 x 2 3 x 2 0

III. Tm m :
1)

x + 9 x = x 2 + 9 x + m c nghim..

2) 12
3)

x2
= 2m x c hai nghim.
3

x ( 2 x ) + m + 3 x 2 2 x + 5 c nghim cha [ 0;1] .

4) x 2 + mx + 2 = 2 x + 1 c 2 nghim phn bit.

IV. Phng trnh bt phng trnh cha cn thc trong cc k thi i hc gn y
Bi 1. Gii bt phng trnh ( x 2 3x ) 2 x 2 3x 2 0 (D 2002)
Bi 2. Gii bt phng trnh

2 ( x 2 16 )

+ x3 >

x3
Bi 3. Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim
m

7x
(A 2004)
x3

1 + x2 1 x2 + 2 = 2 1 x4 + 1 + x2 1 x2

Bi 4. Gii bt phng trnh 5 x 1 x 1 > 2 x 4 (A 2005)

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(B 2004)

S = [ 4; + )

m 2 1;1
S = [ 2;10 )

13

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Phng trnh Bt phng trnh

Bi 5. 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4

(D 2005)

S = {3}

Bi 6. Tm m phng trnh sau c hai nghim thc phn bit:

Bi 7. Gii phng trnh

x 2 + mx + 2 = 2 x + 1

(B 2006)

m ; +
2

2 x 1 + x 2 3x + 1 = 0

(D 2006)

S = 1; 2 2

Bi 8. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim thc:

3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 4 x 2 1 ( A 2007)

1
m 1;
3

Bi 9. Chng minh rng vi mi gi tr dng ca m , phng trnh sau c hai nghim thc phn
bit: x 2 + 2 x 8 = m ( x 2 )

(B 2007)

Bi 10: Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim thc phn bit
4

2x + 2x + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x = m ( m \)

(A 2008)
m 2 6 + 2 4 6;3 2 + 6

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