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K THUT XC NH NG PHN CNG THC TNH NHANH S NG PHN

I. Khi nim v phn loi


1. Khi nim: ng phn: Cng CTPT, khc CTCT khc tnh cht ha hc. * Ch : Cc cht l ng phn ca nhau th c cng phn t khi, nhng cc cht c cng phn t khi cha chc l ng phn ca nhau. V d: CH3CH2CH2OH (M=60); CH3COOH (M=60) khng phi l ng phn. 2. Phn loi Trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng ch yu xt cho cc loi ng phn sau: ng phn

ng phn cu to

ng phn hnh hc

P mch C

P nhm chc

P v tr

ng phn cis Cc nhm th ln nm cng pha A C=C a b B#b B A#a

ng phn trans Cc nhm th ln nm khc pha A C=C a B B#b b A# a

Lu : k c ng phn hnh hc + Phn t phi c lin kt i (C=C, C=N,) + Mi nguyn t lin kt i phi lin kt vi 2 nguyn t hoc 2 nhm nguyn t khc nhau.

II. bt bo ha v mt s cng thc tng qut


1. Cch tnh bt bo ha (s lin kt v vng): k (hoc ) Cho A c CTTQ: CxHYOZNtXV (X l Halogen) bt bo ha: k * Ch : - Cng thc trn khng p dng cho hp cht cha lin kt ion - Mt lin kt = 1 vng no => k = s lk + s vng no k = 0: (A) no, mch h v ch c lin kt n trong phn t k = 1: (A) c 2 loi mch: + Mch h: c 1 lk (C=C, C=O,) + Mch vng: c mt vng no (xiclo) k = 2: (A) c 2 loi mch: + Mch h: - c 1 lin kt ba (CC, CN,) - c 2 lin kt i (C=C-C=O,) + Mch vng: - c 1 lin kt i + 1 vng ( - c 2 vng no ( - Mt s iu kin: Hp cht CxHy CxHyOz 12x + y 12x + y + 16z M iu kin bin lun x, y, z: nguyn x, y, z 1 y: lun l s chn y 2x + 2 CxHyNt CxHyOzNt 12x + y + 14t 12x+ y + 16z + 14t x, y, z, t: nguyn x, y, z, t 1 y 2x + 2 + t y chn khi t chn y l t l CxHyOzXv 12x + y + 16z + Xv y + v 2x + 2 y v v cng chn (l) ,
C C

(2 x 2) t ( y v) 2

,..)

,..)

V d : Hp cht (A) c cng thc phn t l (C4H9Cl)n c my ng phn cu to? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Phn tch, hng dn gii: (A): (C4H9Cl)n C4nH9nCln, iu kin: (n + 9n) 2.4n + 2 => n 1 => n = 1 (n nguyn dng). Vy A l C4 H9Cl c 4 ng phn Cl-CH2CH2CH2 CH3; CH3CHClCH2CH3; ClCH2CH(CH3)CH3; CH3CCl(CH3)CH3 p n C 2. Cc cng thc tng qut: * Xt hirocacbon A(C, H): CnH2n+2-2k

k=0 CnH2n+2 ( n 1), Ankan

k=1 CnH2n+2-2k k=2

CnH2n ( n 2), Anken CnH2n ( n 3), xicloankan CnH2n-2 ( n 2), Ankin CnH2n-2 ( n 3), Akaien

k=4

CnH2n-6 ( n 6), Aren

V d : C3H6 c k = 1 => c 1 lin kt hay 1 vng no. Vy C3 H6 c 2 ng phn l:


H2 C

Propen: CH3-CH=CH2 v xiclo propan

H2C

CH2

* Xt A(C, H, O) mch h: CnH2n+2-2kOz *

CnH2n+2O (k = 0, z = 1)

(1) Ancol no, n chc, mch h (n 1) (2) Ete no, n chc, mch h (n 2)

V d : C4H10O, k = 0 => (1 + 1) Oxi c 7 ng phn cu to: + 4 ng phn Acol (OH):

CCCC;

CCC

C
+ 3 ng phn ete (-O-): CCCC; CCC

CnH2nO (k = 1, z = 1)

(1) Anehit no, n chc, mch h (n 1) (2) Xeton no, n chc, mch h (n 3) (3) Ancol khng no (1 ), n chc, mch h (n3) (4) Ete khng no (1 ), n chc mch h (n3)

V d : C3H6O c k = 1=> (1 + 1O) c 4 ng phn cu to mch h Anehit: CH3-CH2CHO Xeton: CH3COCH3 Ancol khng no: HO-CH2CH=CH2 Ete khng no: CH3-O-CH=CH2

CnH2nO2 (k = 1, z = 2)

(1) Axit no, n chc, mch h (n 1) (2) Este no, n chc, mch h (n 2) (3) 1 anehit + 1 ancol no, mch h (n2) (4) 1 anehit + 1 ete no, mch h (n3) (5) 1 xeton +1 ancol no, mch h (n3) (6) 1 xeton +1 ete no, mch h (n4) (7) 1 ancol + 1 ete khng no (1 ) (n3) (8) Ancol 2 chc khng no (1 ) (n4) (9) Ete 2 chc khng no (1 ) (n4)

Tp chc

(Hc sinh thng khng n cc tp chc, hoc a chc)

V d : C3H6O2 c k = 1, 2 Oxi c 8 ng phn cu to mch h Axit: CH3CH2COOH Este: HCOOCH2 CH3 v CH3COOCH3 1 anehit + 1 ancol no, mch h: HOCH2CH2CHO; CH3CH(OH)CHO 1 anehit + 1 ete no, mch h: CH3-O-CH2CHO 1 xeton +1 ancol no, mch h: HOCH2COCH3 1 ancol + 1 ete khng no: HOCH2-O-CH=CH2 Ancol 2 chc, ete 2 chc; tp chc xeton + ete khng tn ti v s C<4

III. Nhm chc


L nhm nguyn t quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca hp cht hu c - n chc: Hp cht ch c mt nhm chc trong phn t. - a chc: Hp cht c t 2 hay nhiu nhm chc ging nhau. - Tp chc: Hp cht c 2 hay nhiu nhm chc khc nhau trong cng phn t. - Mt loi nhm chc: c th n chc hoc a chc.

TT 1 2 3

Nhm chc Ancol Ete Xeton (cacbonyl)

Cng thc OH O CO

Cu to OH

S lk 0 0

C
O 1

Anehit

CHO CH 1 O

Axit (cacboxyl)

COOH COH O 1

Este

COO

CO

IV. Cc bc vit cng thc cu to + Bc 1: Tnh bt bo ha (s lin kt v vng). + Bc 2: Da vo s lng cc nguyn t O, N,v bt bo ha xc nh cc nhm chc ph hp (OH, CHO, COOH,) ng thi xc nh bt bo ha trong gc hyrocacbon. + Bc 3: Vit cu trc mch cacbon Mch h: khng nhnh v c nhnh (1 nhnh 2 nhnh ) Mch vng: vng khng nhnh v c nhnh.

a lin kt bi (lin kt i, ba) vo mch cacbon (nu c). + Bc 4: a nhm chc vo mch cacbon (cn ch cc trng hp km bn hoc khng tn ti ca nhm chc).

V d: - Khng tn ti ru m 2, 3 nhm OH cng lin kt vi mt nguyn t C.

CH3CH2CHOH OH

OH CH 3CCH 3 OH

- Khng tn ti ru m nhm OH lin kt vi mt nguyn t cacbon c lin kt .

CH 3CH2CH=CH 2OH

CH3CH=CH2 OH

+ Bc 5: in s H vo m bo ha tr ca cc nguyn t, sau xt ng phn hnh hc (nu c). Vi cc bi tp trc nghim c th khng cn in s H.

V. Mt s ch khi xc nh ng phn (c iu kin). Vi mt s bi tp, cn c vo iu kin km theo phn tch. Cn nm vng tnh cht ha hc ca cc nhm chc. - OH (ancol, phenol) - COOH (axit) - OH ( phenol) - COOH (axit) - Mui to bi baz yu (RCOONH4, RCOONH3R) - NH2RCOOH aminoaxit -COOR (este) -R-X (dn xut halogen, X khng lin kt trc tip vi nhn thm)

1. (A) + Na H2 => A cha nguyn t H linh ng

2. (A) + NaOH (t0 thng) => A cha nhm chc

3. (A) + NaOH (t0) => A cha nhm chc

4. (A) + H2 (Ni, t0) => A cha lin kt (tr lin kt trong COOH, -COOR) hoc vng khng bn . - RNH2 (amin). - NH2-R-COOH (amino axit). - Mui to bi axit yu.

5. (A) + dd HCl => A cha nhm c tnh baz

6. (A) + AgNO3/NH3 Ag, trng => A cha nhm chc CH=O - RCHO (anehit) - HCOOH (axit fomic) - HCOOR (este ca axit fomic) - HCOONH4, HCOONa - Glucoz, fructoz, mantoz.

7. (A) + AgNO3/NH3 vng => A l ankin u mch (HCCH, R-(CCH)x 8. (A) + Cu(OH)2 (t0 thng) => A c - Ru c t nht 2 nhm OH cnh nhau. - Nhm axit COOH. - C cha t 2 lin kt peptit tr ln (phn ng mu Biure)

Lu : - Nu A c nhiu nhm OH cnh nhau => to phc mu xanh lam. - Nu A c nhm COOH s ha tan Cu(OH)2 => dung dch mu xanh (Cu2+). - Nu A c t 2 lin kt peptit tr ln => to phc mu tm (tripeptit, polipeptit, protein,).

9. (A) + Cu(OH)2/OH-, t0 Cu2O, gch => A cha nhm CHO. 10. (A) + dd Br2 mt mu dd Br2 => A cha - Lin kt gc hirocacbon km bn (ni i, ba). - Nhm anehit CHO (tr fructoz). - Vng khng bn (3 cnh) hoc phenol, anilin (cho kt ta trng)

VI. Cng thc tnh nhanh s ng phn


1. Hp cht no, n chc mch h TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hp cht Ancol no, n chc, mch h Ete no, n chc, mch h Anehit no, n chc, mch h Xeton no, n chc, mch h Axit no, n chc, mch h Este no, n chc, mch h Amin no, n chc, mch h CTTQ CnH2n+2O CnH2n+2O CnH2nO CnH2nO CnH2nO2 CnH2nO2 CnH2n+3N Cng thc tnh 2 n -2
(n-1)(n-2) 2

iu kin 1< n <6 2<n<6 2<n<7 2<n<7 2<n<7 1<n<5 1<n<5

(n-2)(n-3) 2
2 n -3 2 2 2
n -3 n -2 n -1

2. Tnh s loi trieste Khi cho glixerol + n axit bo (n nguyn dng) th s loi tri este to ra c tnh theo cng thc: Loi trieste Trieste cha 1 gc axit ging nhau Trieste cha 2 gc axit khc nhau Trieste cha 3 gc axit khc nhau Cng thc chung (tng s trieste) =n = 4.C2n = 3. C3n = n + 4.C2n + 3. C3n (n 3) Cng thc (s loi tri este)

Vi n = 1: => S trieste = 1 Vi n = 2: => S trieste = 2 + 4. C 2 = 6 2


2 Vi n = 3: => S trieste = 3 4.C3 3.C3 18 3

Vi n 4 => S trieste = n 4.C2 3.C3 n n Cng thc 2: S trieste =

n 2 (n+1) 2

- Tnh s loi mono este, ieste Khi cho glixerol + n axit bo th s loi mono este v i este to ra c tnh theo cng thc: Loi este Mono este i este - i este cha 1 loi gc axit - i este cha 2 loi gc axit khc nhau Tng = 2n = 3.C2 (n 2) n
2n + 2n + 3.C 2 n

Cng thc = 2n Cng thc

V d : Cho glixerin tc dng vi hn hp 3 axit bo gm C17H35COOH, C17H31COOH v C17H33COOH th to c ti a bao nhiu loi cht bo? A. 12 B. 16 C. 18 D. 20

Phn tch, hng dn gii: - Lu s cht bo l s trieste - p dng cng thc vi n = 3 ta c:


n + 4.C2 + 3.C3 3 4.C2 + 3.C3 18 => p n C. n n 3 3

Hoc p dng cng thc

n 2 (n + 1) 32 (3 1) 18 2 2

3. T n amino axit khc nhau ta c n! s peptit. Nhng nu c i cp amino axit ging nhau th cng thc tnh s peptit l:
n! 2i

VII. Bi tp c li gii
Bi 1: Hp cht X c CTPT C4H8, xc nh cc ng phn cu to ca X Phn tch, hng dn gii: Ta c: k
2.4 2 8 =1 => C 1 lk hay 1 vng => c 2 dng mch cacbon: 2

- Mch h c mt lin kt i trong phn t. CH2=CHCH2CH3

C=CCC CCCC in ni i CC=CC in ni i C=CC C

CH3 CH=CHCH3 CH2 =CCH3 CH3

CCC C

- Mch vng v ch c lin kt n C C C C CC C C


2HC

CH2 CH2

2HC

CH2 CH2 CHCH3

Bi 2: Vit cc ng phn mch h ca C4 H8, trong cc cng thc cu to no c ng phn hnh hc? Phn tch, hng dn gii: Cc ng phn mch h ca C4H8: CH2=CHCH2 CH3 (1) CH3 CH=CHCH3 (2); CH2 =CCH3 (3); CH3 Trong s cc ng phn ny ch c (2) l tha mn cc iu kin ca ng phn hnh hc. CH3 C=C H H H CH3 CH3 C=C CH3 H

ng phn Cis

ng phn trans

Bi 3: Cho cc cht sau: CH2 = CHCH2CH2CH=CH2, CH2=CHCH=CHCH2CH3, CH3C(CH3)=CHCH3, CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2. A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, cao ng khi A, 2008) Phn tch, hng dn gii: Da vo iu kin cn v c ng phn hnh hc => ch c CH2=CHCH=CHCH3 c ng phn hnh hc. Bi 4 : C bao nhiu hp cht l ng phn cu to ca nhau c cng cng thc phn t C4H8, u lm mt mu dung dch brom iu kin thng? Phn tch, hng dn gii: Cch vit ng phn nh bi tp trn, trong 5 ng phn ca C4H8 trn th xiclobutan khng c phn ng vi brom iu kin thng. Cc dn xut ca xiclopropan tham gia phn ng cng m vng vi brom. Bi 5: C6H12 c bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h tc dng vi HBr ch cho mt sn phm duy nht? A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1

Phn tch, hng dn gii: - C6H12 c cu to mch h => l anken. - Phn ng cng hp vo anken tun theo quy tc Maccopnhicop khi c anken v tc nhn cng hp u bt i. => C6H12 tc dng vi HBr cho mt sn phm duy nht th C6 H12 c cu to i xng: CH3CH2 CH=CHCH2CH3 v (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2 => p n C. Khi cng phn t bt i xng (HX, H2O,..) vo anken i xng ch thu c 1 sn phm duy nht Bi 6: C bao nhiu hp cht l ng phn cu to ca nhau c cng cng thc phn t C5H8 khi phn ng vi dung dch [Ag(NH3)2]+ u to kt ta? Phn tch, hng dn gii: Ch nhng ankin u mch c nguyn t H lin kt ba mi c phn ng to kt ta vi dung dch [Ag(NH3)2]+ HCCCH2CH2CH3 HCCCHCH3 CH3 => C 2 ng phn ankin u mch to ra kt ta.

Bi 7: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C6 H6 mch h, khng phn nhnh. Bit 1 mol X tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 d to ra 292 gam kt ta. S ng phn cu to c th c ca X l A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Phn tch, hng dn gii: X c bt bo ha k = 4 Phng trnh phn ng: C6H6 + xAgNO3 + xNH3 C6H6-xAgx + xNH4 NO3
M= 292 292 = 78 + 107x => x = 2 => x c 2 lin kt ba u mch (tng ng vi 4 1

lin kt , k = 4). => c 2 cng thc cu to: HCCCH2CH2CCH; HCCCH(CH3) CCH => p n B. Bi 8: Xc nh s ng phn thm c cng thc phn t C8H10 Ghi nh: - Cc ankyl benzen c gc ankyl 2C s c ng phn mch C. - ng phn v tr nhnh: o, m, p, - Vng benzen bn, khng lm mt mu dung dch Br2 v dung dch thuc tm. V vy, nu hirocacbon c cng thc CnH2n-6 (n 6) tha mn cc tnh cht trn th phi chc vng benzen. - S lng ti a cc sn phm th (1 ln) vo vng benzen bng s loi H tng ng c trong vng. Phn tch, hng dn gii: C8H10 l ng phn thm => c 2 C nhnh. C 4 ng phn sau:
CH3
H2C CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

Bi 9: Mt hp cht hu c A c cng thc phn t C8H8. Khi cho A phn ng vi lng d H2 (Ni, t0) th 1 mol A phn ng ht 4 mol H2, nhng nu cho A phn ng vi dung dch Brom d th 1 mol A ch phn ng ht vi 1 mol Br2. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A.

Phn tch, hng dn gii: - bt bo ha: k = 5 (tng s lin kt v vng) - C 1 mol A + 4 mol H2 => A c 4 lin kt => A phi c mt mch vng C - Mt khc, 1 mol A + 1 mol Br2 (ti a) => trong 4 lin kt ch c 1 lin kt nhnh, 3 lin kt cn li nm trong vng benzen => A l C6H5CH=CH2 Bi 10: Hirocacbon X cha vng benzen c cng thc phn t C8 H10, khi cho X tc dng vi dung dch Br2 c mt bt Fe hoc khng c mt bt Fe, trong mi trng hp u to c mt dn xut monobrom. Cng thc cu to ca X. Phn tch, hng dn gii: X tha mn cng thc CnH2n-6, c 8 C, cha vng benzen nn X l ankyl benzen (c 2 nguyn t C nhnh). Do X tc dng vi Br2 un nng X to 1 dn xut monobrom nn X cha 2 nhm metyl. Trong vng benzen cn 4 nguyn t H c th thay th bi brom khi c mt bt Fe. Theo u bi ch to thnh 1 dn xut monobrom nn 4 nguyn t H ny l tng ng
H3C CH3

=> CTCT ph hp ca X l: Bi 11: Cho X c CTPT C7H8O. Xc nh s ng phn cu to thuc loi hp cht thm ca X. Phn tch, hng dn gii: Cc ng phn u phi cha vng benzen, nh vy cn 1 nguyn t C nhnh nn X c th c cc ng phn sau:
OH
OH
CH3

OH CH3

CH 2OH

CH3

CH3

Bi 12: Hp cht hu c X (phn t c vng benzen) c cng thc phn t l C7H8O2, tc dng vi Na v vi NaOH. Bit rng khi cho X tc dng vi Na d, s mol H2 thu c bng s mol X tham gia phn ng v X ch tc dng c vi NaOH theo t l mol 1 : 1. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X. Ghi nh: - Phenol n gin l C6H5OH

- Cng thc phn t chung ca phenol n chc: CnH2n-7OH (n 6) - Do nh hng ca vng benzen, nguyn t H trong nhm OH ca phenol linh ng hn nguyn t H trong nhm OH ca ancol. - Phenol tc dng vi kim loi kim v dung dch kim cn ancol ch phn ng vi kim loi kim. - Phenol phn ng c vi dung dch brom to kt ta Phn tch, hng dn gii: - X tc dng vi Na thu c s mol H2 bng s mol X nn trong phn t X c 2 nguyn t H linh ng, X c 2 oxi nn X c 2 nhm OH. - Mt khc, X ch tc dng vi NaOH theo t l mol 1 : 1 nn X c 1 nhm OH phenol. => X cha vng benzen, c 1 nhm OH phenol, 1 nhm OH ancol thm => X l HOC6H4CH2OH. Bi 13: C bao nhiu ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C8 H10O (l dn xut ca bezen) khng tc dng vi NaOH, cn khi tch nc thu c sn phm c th trng hp to polime? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2007) Phn tch, hng dn gii: - C8H10O l dn xut ca benzen (C6 H5-R) => R c R = C2H5O - C8H10O khng tc dng vi NaOH, tch nc thu c sn phm c th trng hp to polime => c nhm OH khng nh trc tip vo vng benzen m nh vo gc R, R c 2 cacbon c th to lin kt i => C6H5-CH(OH)-CH3 v C6H5-CH2-CH2OH ( c 2 khi tch nc u cho anken C6H5CH=CH2) Bi 14: Vit cc ng phn cu to c cng CTPT C4H10O Phn tch, hng dn gii: Ta c: k = 0 => ch c cc ng phn mch h v ch c lin kt n trong phn t. k = 0 nn nhm chc ch c th l OH (ancol) hoc O (ete).

- ng phn ancol: in nhm OH CCCC CCCC OH CH3CH2CHCH3 OH CCCCOH CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

CCCOH CCC C C OH CCC C

CH3CHCH2OH OH CH3 CH3CCH3 CH3

- ng phn ete: COCCC CCOCC CCOC C CH3OCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 CH3CHOCH3 CH3

Bi 15: Khi phn tch thnh phn mt ancol n chc X th thu c kt qu: tng khi lng ca cacbon v hiro gp 3,625 ln khi lng oxi. S ng phn cu to ca X l A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 1

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, cao ng khi A, 2008) Phn tch, hng dn gii: Gi cng thc ca ancol l CxHyOz ( y 2x + 2) Theo bi ta c: 12x + y = 16.3,625 => 12x + y = 58 => nghim ph hp l x = 4, y = 10 => Cng thc phn t C4H10O C 4 ng phn cu to: CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2 CH(OH)CH3, (CH3)2CHCH2OH, (CH3)3C-OH => p n B. Hoc s dng cng thc tnh nhanh s ng phn cho ancol no n chc 2n 2 = 2 4-2 = 4. Bi 16 : S ng phn este ng vi cng thc phn t C4H8O2 l: A. 5 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6

Cch vit ng phn este: RCOOR (R# H) + Bc 1: Bt u vit t este fomiat H-COOR (R mch khng nhnh, mch c nhnh) + Bc 2: Vit cc ng phn ng vi R tng 1C, 2C,... tng ng vi R gim 1C, 2C,...m bo s C ca este. Phn tch, hng dn gii: + Cc ng phn HCOOR HCOOCH2CH2CH3; HCOOCHCH3 CH3 + Tng dn s C trong R, gim tng ng trong R CH3COOCH2CH3; CH3CH2COOCH3 => c 4 ng phn. Hoc p dng cng thc tnh nhanh s ng phn este n chc, no vi n = 4 24-2 = 4 ng phn! => p n C. Bi 17: Tng s hp cht hu c no, n chc, mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C5H10O2, phn ng vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng c phn ng trng bc l A. 4 B. 5 C. 8 D. 9

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi B, 2010)

Phn tch, hng dn gii: C5H10O2 phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng c phn ng trng bc => l axit hoc este (khng to bi axit fomic): Axit (4 ng phn): CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH; CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH;

CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOH; CH3C(CH3)2COOH. Este (5 ng phn): CH3CH2CH2COOCH3, CH3CH(CH3)COOCH3, CH3CH2 COOC2 H5, CH3COOCH2CH2CH3, CH3COOCH(CH3)2 => p n D Bi 18: S hp cht l ng phn cu to, c cng cng thc phn t C4 H8O2, tc dng vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng tc dng vi Na l A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 1 (Trch TTS cc trng Cao ng khi A, 2009) Phn tch, hng dn gii: C4H8O2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng tc dng vi Na => C4H8O2 l este no, n chc mch h => p n C.

Bi 19: Tng s cht hu c mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C2H4O2 l: A. 3 B. C. 2 D. 4

Phn tch, hng dn gii: C2H4O2 c k = 1 + Trng hp 1: C2H4O2 l axit (hoc este) no, n chc mch h (nhm chc axit v este u cha mt lin kt i nn gc hirocacbon phi no, mch h). + Trng hp 2: C2H4O2 cha ng thi nhm OH v CHO Cc cng thc tha mn: CH3COOH, HCOOCH3 v HOCH2CHO => p n A. * Ch : Hc sinh d mc sai lm trong trng hp C2H4O2 c mt nhm chc ete (-O-) v mt nhm chc CHO : CH3OCHO => Chn D. Tuy nhin nhm chc ete lin kt vi nhm chc anehit hoc xeton chnh l nhm chc este. Bi 20: S ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C4H8O2 m tc dng c vi vi l bao nhiu? A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4

Phn tch, hng dn gii: C4H8O2 m tc dng c vi vi => C4H8O2 l axit Cng thc tnh: 2n-3 = 24-3 = 2 => p n A Bi 21: Mt este c cng thc phn t l C4H6O2 khi thy phn trong mi trng axit thu c imetyl xeton. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca C4H6O2 l cng thc no ? A. HCOO-CH=CH-CH3 C. HCOO-C(CH3)=CH2 Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. CH3COO-CH=CH2 D.CH2=CH-COOCH3

y l dng bi tp xc nh cu to este da vo sn phm ca phn ng


Bnh thng: Este thy phn trong mi trng kim cho mui v ru, trong mi trng H+ cho axit + ru. Ngoi ra, cc bn cn ch ti mt s trng hp c bit sau: + Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 anehit => Este n chc c gc ancol dng cng thc: RCH=CH Do RCOOCH=CHR + NaOH RCOONa + RCH=CHOH RCH=CHOH RCHCHO Km bn Bn

+ Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 xeton => Este n chc vi dng cng thc RCOOC(R1)=C(R2)R3

Th d: CH3COOC(CH3)=CH2 Do CH3COOC(CH3)=CH2 + NaOH CH3COONa + CH2=COH CH2=COH CH3 Km bn CH2C=O CH3 Bn CH3

+ Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 ancol + H2O Este axit: HOOCRCOOR nh HOOCCH2COOCH3 HOOCCH2COOCH3 + NaOH NaOOCCH2COONa + CH3OH + Este + NaOH 2 mui + H2O Este ca phenol: C6 H5OOCR + 2NaOH RCOONa + C6H5ONa + H2O + Este + NaOH 1 mui + anehit + H2O Hiroxi este: dng RCOOCH(OH) R RCOOCH(OH) R + NaOH RCOONa + RCHO RCH(OH)2 RCHO (b hn) p dng bi tp trn: C4H6O2 khi thy phn trong mi trng axit thu c imetyl xeton ( CH2C=O ) => p n C. HCOO-C(CH3)=CH2 CH3 p n A, B cho anehit, D cho ru Bi 22: Mt este c cng thc phn t l C3H6O2 c phn ng trng gng vi dd AgNO3 trong NH3 Cng thc cu to ca este l cng thc no? A. HCOOC2 H5 C. HCOOC3 H7 Phn tch, hng dn gii: B. CH3COOCH3 D. C2H5COOCH3

Ch nhng este fomiat HCOOR mi c phn ng trng gng.


=> A, C nhng CTPT C3H6O2 => p n A. Bi 23: Amin no di y c 4 ng phn cu to? A. C2H7N B. C3H9N C. C4H11N D. C5H13N

Phn tch, hng dn gii: S ng phn ca amin no, n chc = 2n 1 C 2 n-1 = 4= 22 => n -1 = 2 => n = 3 => p n B. Bi 24: Trong s cc cht: C3 H8, C3H7Cl, C3H8O v C3 H9N, cht c nhiu ng phn cu to nht l A. C3H7Cl B. C3H8O C. C3H8 D. C3H9N

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi A, 2010) Phn tch, hng dn gii: Cc cht c cng s nguyn t cacbon, khi lin kt vi vi cc nguyn t ha tr cng cao kh nng to lin kt s nhiu hn => N c ha tr III cao nht => nhiu ng phn nht => p n D. Bi 25: ng vi cng thc phn t C2 H7O2N c bao nhiu cht va phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH va phn ng c vi dung dch HCl? (Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2010)

Gi : Xc nh cng thc cu to ca CxHyO2 N, CxHyO3N2


* CxHyO2N (2O v 1N): Hy vit cc phn ng sau: CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COONH4 => CTPT: C2H7O2N HCOOH + CH3NH2 HCOONH3CH3 => CTPT: C2H7O2N

Nh vy, ng vi CTPT dng CxHyO2N (2O v 1N) c th l: + Aminoaxit: NH2RCOOH + Este aminoaxit: NH2RCOOR + Mui amoni ca axit cacboxylic: RCOONH4 + Ankyl amoni: RCOONH3R + Hp cht nitro ca hicacbon: RNO2 * CxHyO3N2 (3O v 2N): Cc bn t suy da vo mt s phn ng sau: C2H5NH2 + HNO3 C2H5NH3NO3 => CTPT: C2H8O3N2 CH3NHCH3 + HNO3 CH3NH(NO3) CH3 => CTPT: C2H8O3N2 Va tc dng vi HCl, va tc dng vi NaOH

NH2 RCOOH + NH3 NH2RCOONH4

Phn tch, hng dn gii: HCOOH3NCH3; CH3COONH4 HCOOH3NCH3 + NaOH HCOONa + CH3NH2 + H2O HCOOH3NCH3 + HCl HCOOH + CH3NH3Cl CH3COONH4 CH3COONH4 + NaOH CH3COONa + NH3 + H2O + HCl CH3COOH + NH4Cl

Bi 26: C bao nhiu tripeptit (mch h) khc loi m khi thy phn hon ton u thu c 3 amino axit: glyxin, alanin v phenylalanin? A. 3 B. 9 C. 4 D. 6

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc khi A, 2010) Phn tch, hng dn gii: Gi 3 amino axit to ra tng ng l X1, X2, X3 Vi X2 nm gia X1 v X3 => X1 X2 X3; X3 X2 X1: c 2 tri peptit (mch h). - Thay th v tr X2 bng X1 hoc X3 => c 4 tripeptit (mch h) => p n D. Hoc p dng cng thc ta c s tripeptit = n! = 3! = 3.2.1= 6

VIII. Bi tp t luyn Bi 1: Hirocacbon X c 16,28% khi lng H trong phn t. S ng phn cu to ca x l A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

Bi 2: C4H10O v C4 H11N c s lng ng phn cu to ln lt l A. 4 v 6 B. 4 v 8 C. 6 v 7 D. 5 v 6 Bi 3: Hyrocacbon X c t khi hi so vi H2 l 28. X khng c kh nng lm mt mu nc Brom. S ng phn cu to ca X l A. 3 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4

Bi 4: S lng ng phn cu to c cng thc C6H10 tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 to kt ta vng l A. 4 B. 2 C. 1 D. 3

Bi 5: Cht X c cng thc phn t C7H8. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 c cht Y kt ta. Phn t khi ca Y ln hn X l 214 g/mol. S ng phn cu to c th c ca X l A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 3

Bi 6: Khi cho Br2 tc dng vi mt hyrocacbon X thu c mt sn phm duy nht c t khi hi so vi O2 bng 6,75. S ng phn cu to ca X l A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1 Bi 7: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to c cng cng thc phn t C5H10 ? A. 5 Bi 8: Cho cc cht: CH2=CHCH=CH2; CH3CH2CH=C(CH3)2; CH3CH=CHCH=CH2; CH3CH=CH2; CH3CH=CHCOOH. S cht c ng phn hnh hc l A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1 (Trch TTS vo trng Cao ng, 2009) Bi 9: Cht no sau y c ng phn hnh hc? A. But-2-in C. 1,2-icloetan (Ni, t0) thu c sn phm iso-hexan? A. 7 B. 8 C. 5 D. 6 B. But-2-en D. 2-clopropen B. 10 C. 11 D. 12

Bi 10: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h c cng thc C6 H10 tc dng vi H2 d

Bi 11: S ng phn thm ng vi cng thc phn t C8H10 l A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 5

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi A, 2008)

Bi 12: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C4 H10O. S lng cc ng phn ca X khng tc dng vi Na l A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 7

Bi 13: C3H8Ox c tt c bao nhiu cng thc cu to ancol bn? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 4 Bi 14: Ancol X c cng thc thc nghim (C2H5 O)n. S ng phn cu to ca X l A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 7

Bi 15: ng vi cng thc C4 H10O2 c bao nhiu ng phn bn c th ha tan c Cu(OH)2? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Bi 16: C bao nhiu ng phn ancol bc 2 c cng cng thc phn t C5H12O? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Bi 17: C bao nhiu ng phn c cng cng thc phn t C5H12O khi oxi ha bng CuO un nng to sn phm (gi nguyn mch cacbon) c phn ng trng bc? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Bi 18: ng vi cng thc C3 H6O c bao nhiu hp cht mch h bn khi tc dng vi kh H2 (xc tc Ni, t0) sinh ra ancol? A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 1 (Trch TTS vo cc trng cao ng, 2010) Bi 19: S cht ng vi cng thc phn t C7 H8O (l dn xut ca benzen) u tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH l A. 2 B. 4 C. 3 D. 1

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2007) Bi 20: C bao nhiu ng phn l hp cht thm c cng thc phn t C8 H10O tc dng vi Na, nhng khng tc dng vi NaOH v khng lm mt mu dung dch brom? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Bi 21: Hp cht thm c cng thc phn t C8 H8 O2 va c kh nng tc dng vi Na, va c kh nng tc dng vi NaOH v lam qu tm chuyn mu hng c s ng phn cu to l A. 8 B. 12 C. 14 D. 10

Bi 22: Hp cht X cha vng benzen c cng thc phn t C9H8O2. Bit X lm mt mu dung dch Br2, tc dng vi NaHCO3. S ng phn cu to ca X tha mn c tnh cht trn l A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 6

Bi 23: S lng ng phn cha vng benzen c cng thc phn t C7H6O2, va tc dng vi NaOH, va tham gia phn ng trng gng? A. 3 B. 6 C. 1 D. 2

Bi 24: S ng phn xeton ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10O l A. 5 B. 6 C. 3 D. 4 (Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi A, 2008) Bi 25: Cng thc nguyn ca anehit mch h, cha no (cha mt lin kt ba trong phn t) l C4H4O. S ng phn cu to ca anehit l A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 1 Bi 26: C3H6O c bao nhiu ng phn mch h, bn c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch Br2? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Bi 27: Axitcacboxylic no, mch h X c cng thc n gin nht l C2 H3O2. S ng phn cu to ca X l A. 2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 4

Bi 28: S hp cht l ng phn cu to, c cng cng thc phn t C4H8O2, tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng tc dng c vi Na l A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 1

(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2009) Bi 29: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to c cng thc phn t C4H8O2 tc dng c vi NaOH A. 7 B. 4 C. 6 D. 5

(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2007) Bi 30: S ng phn este ng vi cng thc phn t C4H8O2 l A. 5 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6

(Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi A, 2008) Bi 31: Cho tt c cc ng phn cu to mch h c cng thc phn t C2H4O2 tc dng vi NaOH, Na, AgNO3/NH3 th s phng trnh ha hc xy ra l A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

Bi 32: Cho tt c cc ng phn n chc, mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C2 H4O2 ln lt tc dng vi: Na, NaOH, NaHCO3. S phn ng xy ra l A. 2 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3 (Trch TTS vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2007) Bi 33: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to este mch h c cng thc phn t C5 H8O2 khi thy phn to ra mt axit v mt anehit? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 4

Bi 34: X l mt este khng no (cha 1 lin kt i C=C) n chc, mch h. t chy hon ton 4,3 gam X cn va 7,2 gam O2. X c ti a bao nhiu cng thc cu to? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

Bi 35: Thy phn han ton mt triglixerit (X, thu c glixerol v hn hp ba axit bo: axit panmitic, axit stearic v axit oleic. S lng ng phn ca X l A. 5 B. 3 C. 4 D. 2

Bi 36: Cp cht no sau y khng phi l ng phn ca nhau? A. Ancol etylic v imetyl ete C. Saccaroz v xenluloz B. Glucoz v fructoz D. 2-metylpropan-1-ol v Butan-2-ol (Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2010) Bi 37: S ng phn cu to ca amin bc mt c cng cng thc phn t C4H11N l A. 4 B. 2 C. 5 D. 3

(Trch TTS vo cc trng Cao ng, 2009) Bi 38: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to ca amin c cng thc phn t C4H11N? A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10

Bi 39: Hp cht hu c X, mch h (cha C, H, N), trong N chim 23,73% v khi lng. Bit X tc dng vi HCl vi t l mol nx : nHCl = 1 : 1. S ng phn cu to ca X l A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Bi 40: C4H9O2N c s ng phn amino axit l A. 3 B. 6 C. 4 D. 5

Bi 41: S amino axit v este ca amino axit ng phn cu to ca nhau c cng cng thc phn t C3H7NO2 l A. 5 B. 3 C. 2 D. 4

Bi 42: Khi thy phn tripeptit c cng thc phn t C11H21N3O4, thu c 3 amino axit: glyxin, alanin, leuxin. S ng phn ca tripeptit trn l A. 6 B. 4 C. 3 p n bi tp t luyn
1C 8C 15B 22A 29C 36C 2B 9B 16B 23B 30C 37A 3B 10A 17C 24C 31D 38B 4A 11B 18A 25B 32C 39C 5D 12B 19C 26C 33D 40D 6D 13C 20B 27A 34C 41B 7B 14C 21C 28C 35B 42A

D. 5

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