Ngy son: 28/07/2012

Ngy ging: 1/8/2012

Tit: 4 + 5 + 6
CHUYN
XC NH CTPT HP CHT HU C
A. MC TIU
1) Kin thc: : HS bit c
- Mt s Phng php xc nh CTPT hp cht hu c thng dng.
- Vit c CTCT v phn loi cc ng phn ca HCHC.
- Mt s bin dng thng gp trong k thi chn HSG cc cp.
2) K nng:
-Rn luyn k nng gii ton tnh theo CTHH v Phng trnh ho hc.
- Lp CTPT vit CTCT ca hp cht hu c.
B .CHUN B:
- Gio n + SGK + Ti liu tham kho.
C .HOT NG DY HC
I. Kin thc c bn cn nh.
1.TM CNG THC CH BIT DNG TNG QUT CxHyOzNt
c im ca bi ton :
- Ch bit hp cht cn tm l hp cht hu c, hidrocacbon hay dn xut g cha bit.
- du loi hp cht, bi ton ch da vo tnh cht chung ca hp cht hp cht hu
c l phn ng chy.
- tm c CTPT dng ny cn phi bit 2 iu kin :
* Bit t l khi lng hoc t l mol ca cc nguyn t
* Bit khi lng mol
Nu ch bit mt trong 2 iu kin, th c th bin lun tm c cng thc trong
mt s trng hp c th.
- Loi ny c th hin mt s dng sau :
1.1- BIT KHI LNG HOC PHN TRM KHI LNG CC NGUYN T
a.phng php
Cch 1. Da vo khi lng ca cc nguyn t v MA
- t cng thc A : CxHyNzOt
- T l khi lng cc nguyn t :
12 x
y
14 z 16t MA
=
=
=
=
mC mH mN mO mA

T t l trn ta tm c x ; y, t, z
Cng thc phn t ca A
Cch 2. Da vo t l mol cc nguyn t v MA:
- tnh s mol cc nguyn t trong A
- Gi CTG ca A l CxHyNzOt
- T l mol cc nguyn t.
x:y:z:t = nC : nH : nN : nO
- suy ra ctg nht (CxHyNzOt)n da vo khi lng mol tm n
Suy ra cng thc phn t ca A .
Nhn xt : Phng php 2 u im hn ch : tm c cng thc n gin v cng
thc nghim m khng cn bit n khi lng mol M. Nhng mt s hc sinh khng chn
phng php ny. V i t l khng nguyn v t l nguyn thng gp lng tng trong mt s
trng hp.

b: v d p dung
V d 1. Khi phn tch 7,5 gam mt hp cht hu c A, thy c 2,4 gam C, 0,5 gam H, 1,4 gam
N v 3,2 gam O. Tm cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi hi ca A i vi hidro bng 37,5.
(H=1, C=12, N=14, O=16)
Li gii
Cch 1. Da vo khi lng ca cc nguyn t
Khi lng mol ca A : M = 37,5 x 2 = 75 ( gam)
Khi lng phn t ( KLPT) = 75 ( vc)
- t cng thc A : CxHyNzOt
- T l khi lng cc nguyn t :
12x : y : 14z : 16t = 2,4 : 0,5 : 1,4 : 3,2
12x

14z

16t

12 x + y + 14 z + 16t

75

Hay : 2,4 = 0,5 = 1,4 = 3,2 = 2,4 + 0,5 + 1,4 + 3,2 = 7,5
T t l trn ta tm c x = 2; y=5, t=1, z=2
Cng thc phn t ca A l : C2H5NO2
Cch 2. Da vo t l mol cc nguyn t :
nC : nH : nN : nO =

2,4 0,5 1,4 3,2

:
:
:
12
1
14 16

= 0,2 : 0,5 : 0,1 : 0,2

=2:5:1:2
Cng thc n gin nht : C2H5NO2
Cng thc tng qut c dng : ( C2H5NO2)n = 75n = 75
Suy ra n =1, Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H5NO2.
Nhn xt : Phng php 2 u im hn ch : tm c cng thc n gin v cng
thc nghim m khng cn bit n khi lng mol M. Nhng mt s hc sinh khng chn
phng php ny. V i t l khng nguyn v t l nguyn thng gp lng tng trong mt s
trng hp.
V d 2. Mt hp cht hu c A c cha 40%C, 6,67% H v 53,33%O v khi lng. Tm cng
thc phn t ca A, bit khi lng mol ca A: M = 180
Li gii
Tng t bi tp 1, Nu qui v 100 gam A th s gam tng nguyn t l :
mC = 40 (gam), mH = 6,67 (gam), mO = 53,33 (gam).
Cch 1. t cng thc phn t ca A : CxHyOz
T l khi lng cc nguyn t :
y
16z
12 x + y + 16 z
12x
180
=
=
=
=
6,67 53,33 40 + 6,67 + 53,33 100
40

Suy ra : x = 6 ; y = 12; z = 6. Cng thc phn t ca A : C6H12O6

Cch 2.
T l mol cc nguyn t :
nC : nH : nO =

40 6,67 53,33
:
:
12
1
16

= 3,33 : 6,67 : 3,33

= 1 : 2 : 1
Cng thc nghim ca A (CH2O)n = 30n = 180 n= 6
Cng thc phn t ca A : C6H12O6
Ch : Mt s cch gii khc trong trng hp ny, ch l cc php bin i ton hc
tng ng ca mt trong cc t l trn.

Chng hn, s gam tng nguyn t c trong 1 mol cht A

40 * 180
72
= 72 s nguyn t C =
=6
100
12
6,67 * 180
12
mH =
= 12 s nguyn t H =
= 12
100
1
53,33 * 180
96
mO =
= 96 s nguyn t O =
=6
100
16

MC =

1.2- BIT KHI LNG, S MOL(TH TCH) CC CHT TRONG PHN NG CHY.
c im : dng ny chng ta phi thm mt bc l: tm khi lng ca tng
nguyn t c trong cc sn phm chy.
Cch 1. Da vo t l khi lng hoc t l mol ca tng nguyn t
- Tm khi lng C, H v O nu c trong A
- t cng thc ca A : CxHyOz ,
- ta c t l :
12 x
y
16 z
MA
=
=
=
mC mH mH
mA

- Suy ra x , y , z. Cng thc phn t ca A

Cch 2. Da vo t l khi lng hoc t l mol hoc th tch ca ca tng cht trong
phn ng chy.
- t cng thc ca A: CxHyOz
- Phng trnh phn ng chy
CxHyOz + ( x +

y z
- ) xCO2 +
2 2

y
H2O
2

- T pt t chy suy ra CTPT cn tm.

Bi tp p dng
Bi tp1: t chy hon ton 2,3 gam mt hp cht hu c A, thu c 2,24 lt CO 2(ktc) v
2,7 gam nc. Tm cng thc phn t ca A, bit khi ho hi 2,3 gam A th thu c th tch
ng bng th tch ca1,6 gam Oxi cng iu kin.
Li gii
2,3

- Khi lng mol ca A, M = 1,6 32 = 46 ( gam)

Cch 1. Da vo t l khi lng hoc t l mol ca tng nguyn t
- S gam C, H v O nu c trong 2,3 gam A
2,24

mC = 22,4 x12 = 1,2 ( gam)

mC =

2,7
x2
18

= 0,3 ( gam)

mO = 2,3 1,2 0,3 = 0,8 ( gam)

- t cng thc ca A : CxHyOz , ta c t l :
12x
y 16z 12 x + y + 16 z 46
=
=
=
=
1,2 0,3 0,8 1,2 + 0,3 + 0,8 2,3

- Suy ra x = 2, y = 6, z =1. Cng thc phn t ca A C2H6O

Cch 2. Da vo t l khi lng hoc t l mol hoc th tch ca ca tng cht trong
phn ng chy.
- t cng thc ca A: CxHyOz
- Phng trnh phn ng chy
CxHyOz + ( x +

y z
- ) xCO2 +
2 2

y
H2O
2

Theo pt : 46 (g)
22,4x(lt) 9y(g)
Theo gt : 2,3 (g)
2,24
2,7
T t l trn, suy ra : x = 2 ; y = 6
Cng thc c dng C2H6Oz = 24 + 6 + 16z = 46 z = 1. CTPT : C2H6O.
Bi tp2 : t chy hon ton 50 ml hi mt hp cht X phi cn 150 mlO2
Thu c 100 ml CO2 v 150 ml hi nc. Tm cng thc phn t ca X, bit cc th tch u
c o cng iu kin.
Li gii
-Trong trng hp ny, vic da vo t l khi lng hoc t l mol ca tng nguyn t s
rt phc tp, bi v cha bit th tch cc cht cho iu kin no.
Cho nn ta phi da vo t l mol hoc th tch ca tng cht trong phng trnh phn ng chy
tnh ton.
- t cng thc ca X l CxHyOz.
- Phng trnh phn ng chy :
y
z
- )O2
4
2
y
z
(x+ - )
4
2

CxHyOz + ( x +
- Theo pt :

- Theo gt :
- Rt gn :
- T l :

50
1

150
3
y

xCO2

x
100
2

y
H2O
2
y
( mol)
2

150 ( mol hoc lt)

3

1
(x+ - )
x
4
2 = =
2
=
1
3
2
3
x=2;
(x+

y
= 3 y = 6 ; thay x, y vo phng trnh
2

y
z
- ) = 3 z = 1. CTPT ca X : C2H6O
4
2

Bi tp 3 :200 ml hn hp gm c mt hidrocacbon X v N2 c trn vi 300 ml O2( ly

d). Tin hnh t chy hn hp th thu c 500 ml hn hp kh v hi, dn hn hp ny qua
bnh cha dung dch H2SO4 c, thu c 300 ml hn hp, dn tip qua bnh cha dung dch
NaOH d, thy cn 200 ml hn hp kh. Tm cng thc phn t ca X.
Li gii
- Tm th tch cc cht trong phng trnh phn ng chy.
Nhn xt : gim th tch hn hp kh v hi khi qua bnh H 2SO4 l th tch hi H2O.
gim th tch ca hn hp khi qua bnh NaOH l th tch CO2. hn hp kh i qua c c 2
bnh l N2 v O2 d.
VH2O = 500 300 = 200
VCO2 = 300- 200 = 100
VO2 phn ng = VCO2 +

1
VH2O = 100 + 100 = 200
2

VO2 cn d = VO2 ban u - VO2 phn ng = 300 200 = 100

VN2 = Vhh (N2, O2 d ) VO2 cn d =200 - 100 = 100
VX = Vhh ( X, N2 ) VN2 = 200 100 = 100
- t cng thc ca X l CxHy
- Phng trnh phn ng chy :
CxHyOz + ( x +

y
)O2
4

xCO2

y
H2O
2

- Theo pt :

- Theo gt :

100

(x+

y
)
4

y
( mol)
2

200

100

200 ( mol hoc lt)

1
(x+ )
x
4
=
= = 2
100
200
100
200
x=1;

y
= 2 y = 4 CTPT ca X : CH4
2

Bi tp 4 : t chy hon ton 100ml hi cht hu c (A) cha 3 nguyn t: C, H, O, cn

250 ml kh O2 , thu c 200ml CO2 v 200ml H2O (cc kh o cng iu kin nhit v p
sut ) . Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c (A) .
Gii
- Phng trnh phn ng chy tng qut
ca
(A) :
y z
y
t
x
+
CxHyOz + ( y -z )O2
x CO2 + yH2O
2
x + 4- 2(ml)
Theo ptpng :
1(ml)
x(ml)
(ml)
4
2
2
y
z
Theo :
100(ml) x + 250(ml)1
x 200(ml)
200 200(ml)
1
x
y

x
=
=2
Ta c :
1 =
y=
=2.2004 2
0

100 200
100
y 2
z.200
y=
100 =x200
250= 4
+

100
1100 2.200
4 2 250 = 2 + 4 y = 2 + 1 z z = 1
=
Vy cng100
thc phn
hp cht4 hu
250 t ca100
2 c (A) l
2 : C2H4O

2. MT S BIN DNG.
- Cc bin dng ca bi ton lp cng thc phn t so vi dng c bn rt nhiu, v ch cn
thay i cht hoc t l, hoc iu kin, cc phn ng s xy ra theo cc chiu hng khc nhau.
Sau y l mt s bin dng thng gp.
2.1: Bin dng 1
a) c im bi ton :
- khng cho bit lng cht hu c (A) em t m li cho lng xy cn t chy
hon ton (A) .
b) Phng php gii :
- Trc ht p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cho s phn ng chy ca(A)
t
(A) + O2
CO2 + H2O
=> lng cht (A) em t : mA = ( mCO2 + mH2O ) - mO2
- Sau a bi ton v dng ton c bn gii .
* Lu :
- Nu bit (A) l Hydrcacbon, dayvo phng trnh phn
y ng chy tng qut
t
ca (A) :
CxHy + ( x + ) O2
x CO2 +
H2O
4
2
- Ta lun c phng trnh ton hc :
1
nO2 (phn ng chy) = nCO2 + nH2O
2
- Cc kh v hi o cng iu kin, ta cng c :
1
VO2 (phn ng chy) = VCO2 + VH2O (hi)
2
c) Bi tp minh ha:
VD1: t chy hon ton cht hu c (A) cn va 6,72 lt kh O2 ktc thu c 13,2 (g)
CO2 v 5,4(g) H2O . Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A) ? Bit t khi hi ca (A) i vi Heli
l 7,5 .
Gii
- p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cho s phn ng ca (A) :
t
(A) + O2
CO2 + H2O
- Ta c: mA = ( mCO2 + mH2O ) - m6,O2
72(phn ng)
= ( 13,2 + 5,4 ) - ( 22,4 .32 ) = 9 (g)
( Vn dng phng php gii dng c bn )
- Khi lng mol ca cht (A) MA = MHe. dA/He = 4. 7,5 = 30(g)
- Khi lng cc nguyn t c trong (A):
0

mCO2

m H 2O

13,2

5,4

.12 =
.12 = 3,6( g ) ; mH =
.2 =
.2 = 0,6( g )
mC =
44
44
18
18
- Tng: mC + mH = 3,6 + 0,6 = 4,2(g) < mA em t 9(g)
=> cht (A) c cha xi : mO = 9 - 4,2 = 4,8(g)
- Dng cng thc12ca
yOz
x (A)
y l 16C
z xHM
12 x
y 16 z 30
=
=
= A
=
=
=
- Ta c t l :
m C m H mO
mA
3,6 0,6 4,8
9
=> x = 1 ; y = 2 ; z = 1
- Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l CH2O
VD2: t chy hon ton a gam mt hp cht A phi cn 2,8 lt O 2(ktc), thu c 2,24 lt
CO2(ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O. Tm cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi hi ca A i vi H2 bng
31.
Li gii
- Tm a. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng
mX + mO2 = mCO2 + mH2O
2,8

2,24

mX + 22,4 x 32 = 22,4 x 44 + 2,7 mX = 3,1

- S gam C, H v O ( nu c) trong 3,1 gam A
2,24

mC = 22,4 x 12 = 1,2
mO = 3,1 1,2 0,3 = 1,6
- T l mol :

C : H : O =

mH =

2,7
x 2 = 0,3
18

1,2
0,3
1,6
:
:
12
1
16

= 0,1 : 0,3 : 0,1

= 1 : 3 : 1
- Cng thc nghim ( CH3O)n = 31n = 31*2 =32 n = 2 CTPT : C2H6O
2.2. Bin dng 2
a) c im bi ton : khng cho d kin tnh MA, yu cu xc nh cng thc phn t
hp cht hu c (A)
b) Phng php gii :
Bc1 : t cng thc (A) dng tng qut : CxHyOzNt
Sau da vo dmkinmbi m
ton mthit lp t l :
C
H
:
: O : N => cng thc n gin nht ( CTGN ) v cng thc
x:y:z:t=
1 (A)
16 . 14
thc nghim ( CTTN ) 12
ca cht
Bc 2 : Bin lun t cng thc thc nghim ( CTTN ) suy ra cng thc phn t ng ca
(A)
Bng bin lun mt s trng hp thng gp
CTTQ
CxHy
CxHyOz

CxHyNt
CxHyOzNt

iu kin
y 2x + 2
x , y 0, nguyn
y lun chn

V d minh ho
CTTN (A) : (CH3O)n => CnH3nOn
3n 2n + 2 => 1 n 2 , n nguyn
=> n = 1 , CTPT (A) : CH3O (loi , y l)
n = 2 , CTPT(A) : C2H6O2 (nhn)

y 2x + 2+ t
x , y , t 0 , nguyn
y l nu t l
y chn nu t chn

CTTN(A) : (CH4N)n => CnH4nNn

4n 2n + 2 + n 1 n 2 , nguyen
=> n = 1 => CH4N (loai)
n = 2 => C2H8N2 (nhan)

c) v d minh ha:
v d1- t chy hon ton 2,64 gam mt Hydrcacbon (A) thu c 4,032 lt kh CO2
ktc . Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A) ?
Gii
- Khi lng cc nguyn t c trong (A):

VCO2

4,032

.12 =
.12 = 2,16( g )
mC =
22,4
22,4
v (A) l Hydrcacbon =>
mH = m A - m C
= 2,64 - 2,16 = 0,48(g)
- Dng cng thc ca(A) : m
CxHym
2,16 0,48
:
= 0,18 : 0,48
- Ta c t l :
x:y= C : H =
12
1
12
1
=> x : y = 3 : 8
CTGN ca (A) l: C3H8 => CTTN ca (A): (C3H8)n hay C3nH8n
iu kin : 8n 2.3n + 2 n 1, v n nguyn , > 0, buc n = 1 .
- Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l: C3H8 .
v d2 : t chy hon ton 4,5 gam mt hp cht A, thu c 4,48 lt CO 2(ktc) V 4,5
gam H2O. Tm cng thc phn t ca A.
Li gii
-Lng nguyn t trong 4,5 gam
4,48

mC = 22,4 x 12 = 2,4
mO = 4,5 2,4 0,5 = 1,6
-T l mol cc nguyn t
C : H : O =

mH =

4,5
x 2 = 0,5
18

2,4
0,5
1,6
:
:
12
1
16

= 0,2 : 0,5 : 0,1

= 2 :
5 : 1
- Cng thc nghim ca A : ( C2H5O)n hay C2nH5nOn
- Bin lun tm cng thc :
Theo thuyt cu to ho hc, vi hp cht cha 2 nguyn t C xHy hoc 3 nguyn t
CxHyOz, ta c :
* S nguyn t H l s chn : y = 5n chn
* Quan h gia C v H
: y <= 2x +2 = 2*2n+2
Kt hp, ta c 5n < = 4n + 2 n =2
Vy cng thc phn t ca A : C4H10O2.
- Lu : trong trng hp ny khng phi lc no cng tm c cng thc
Chng hn ng vi cng thc nghim (CH2O)n ng vi mi n.
n= 1 CTPT : CH2O A l andehit HCHO
n=2 CTPT : C2H4O A l axit CH3COOH hoc este HCOOCH3 , .....
n=3 CTPT : C3H6O3 A l hp cht hu c tp chc CH3CH(OH)COOH
n=4 CTPT : C4H8O4 A l tetraoz CH2OH(CHOH)2CHO,
n=5 CTPT : C5H10O5 A l pentoandoz:CH2OH(CHOH)3CHO,.
n=5 CTPT : C6H12O6 A l Hexoandoz:CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO,..
2.3. Bin dng 3:
a) c im bi ton : Thng gp 2 kiu bi sau :
* Kiu 1:
HCHC + O
CO2 Bnh(1)H2SO4()
mB1 (tng ln)
(A) t
H2O
mB2 (tng ln)
Bnh(2)
2

d2 kim d

+ Yu cu : Xc nh cng thc phn t hp cht hu c (A)

- Cch gii : T mB1 (tng ln) = mH2O ; mB2 (tng ln) = mCO2 .
Sau a bi ton v dng c bn gii .
* Kiu 2:
HCHC + O
CO2 Bnh d2 Ca(OH)2 hay Ba(OH)2
mBnh (tng ln)
(A) t
H2O hp th ton b CO2 v H2O
m mui trung ho
m mui axit
2

+ Yu cu : Xc nh cng thc phn t hp cht hu c (A) .

- Cch gii : Vit phng trnh phn ng CO2 tc dng vi dung dch kim .
- T lng mui trung ho v mui axit thu c ( d kin bi ) d vo phng
trnh phn ng tnh lng CO2 .
- V tng khi lng bnh cha : mB2 (tng ln) = mCO2 + mH2O
=> mH2O = mB2 (tng ln) - mCO2
- Tnh c mCO2 v mH2O sinh ra do cht hu c (A) chy ; a bi ton v dng c bn
gii .
c) Bi tp minh ho:
Bi 1: t chy hon ton 10,4(g) cht hu c (A) ri cho sn phm ln lt qua bnh (1)
cha H2SO4 m c v bnh (2) cha nc vi trong c d ; thy khi lng bnh (1) tng 3,6
(g) ; bnh (2) thu c 30 (g) kt ta . Bit t khi hi ca cht (A) i vi kh O2 l 3,25 .
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A) ?
Gii
- Theo , cht hu c (A) t chy chc chn cho sn phn CO2 v H2O ; H2O b H2SO4 m
c gi li ; CO2 phn ng vi Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
30
= 0;3(mol )
Vy mH2O = mB1 (tng ln) = 3,6(g) ;
nCO2 = nCaCO3 =
100
( Vn dng phng php gii dng c bn )
- Khi lng mcc nguyn
t c trong (A):
3,6
H O
.2 =
.2 = 0,4( g )
mH =
;
mC = mCO .12 = 0,3.12 = 3,6( g )
18
18
- Tng: mC + mH = 3,6 + 0,4 = 4(g) < mA ( em t )
=> Cht hu c (A) c cha xi : mO = 10,4 - 4 = 6,4(g)
- Khi lng mol ca cht (A): MA = dA/O2 .MO2 = 3,25 .32 = 104(g)
- Dng cng thc12phn
t
l: CxH12
yO
x
y ca
16(A)
z M
xz y 16 z 104
=
=
= A
=
=
=
- Ta c t l :
m C m H mO
mA
3,6 0,4 6,4 10,4
Gii ra ta c kt qu : x = 3 ; y = 4 ; z = 4
Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l :
C3H4O4
Bi 2 : t chy hon ton 1,08(g) cht hu c (A) ri cho ton b sn phm vo dung dch
Ba(OH)2 ; thy bnh nng thm 4,6(g) ; ng thi to thnh 6,475(g) mui axit v 5,91(g) mui
trung ho . T khi hi ca (A) i vi Heli l 13,5 . Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A) ?
Gii
- Cht hu c (A) chy cho ra CO2 v H2O , CO2 phn ng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2
to ra 2 mui theo phng trnh phn ng sau :
BaCO3 + H2O
CO2 + Ba(OH)2
(1)
2CO2 + Ba(OH)2
Ba(HCO3)2
(2)
T (1) ; (2) v bi cho : tng nCO2 = 5nBaCO
+ 2nBa(HCO3)2
,91
63,475
+2
= 0,03 + 0,05 = 0,08(mol )
=
197
259
V tng khi lng bnh cha bng tng khi lng CO2 v H2O nn :
mH2O = 4,6 - mCO2 = 4,6 - 0,08 . 44 = 4,6 - 3,52 = 1,08(g)
( Vn dng phng php gii dng c bn )
- Khi lng cc nguyn t c trong cht hu c (A) : m
1,08
H O
=2
= 0,12( g )
mC = 12 . nCO2 = 12 . 0,08 = 0,96(g) ; mH = 2
18
18
- Tng : mC + mH = 0,96 + 0,12 = 1,08(g) ng bng lng cht (A) em t
cht (A) khng cha xy
- MA = MHe. dA/He = 4 . 13,5 = 54(g)
- Dng cng
(A) : Cx12
Hxy ; yta c54
t l :
12thc
x
ycht M
=
= A
=
=
gii ra : x = 4 ; y = 6
mC m H
mA
0,96 0,12 1,08
Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l : C4H6
2.3. Bin dng 4:
a. c im bi ton
- Ch cho bit khi lng mol M
- Thng thng gi thit cho bit khi lng mol v thnh phn nh tnh, v kt qu tm
c cho nhiu cht khc nhau.
2

b. phng php gii .

-Tnh khi lng mol MA
- Gi Cng thc ca A c dng : CxHyOz, ta c :
- Xt phng trnh M = 12x + y + 16z
- Rt y = M 12x - 16z
- Bin lun z cho z tin dn t 1.....kem theo k y < = 2x + 2 suy ra x chn nghim ph
hp CTPT cn tm :
c. V d p dng
V d 1 ; X, Y, Z l hp cht hu c mch h cha C, H, O. u c t khi i vi H2 bng
23. Tm cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca X, Y, Z.
Li gii
-Khi lng mol MX = MY = MZ = 23x2 = 46
- Cng thc ca X, Y, Z c dng : CxHyOz, ta c :
M = 12x + y + 16z = 46
y = 46 12x - 16z
Vi z = 1 y = 30 12 x
y < = 2x + 2. Nghim ph hp x = 2, y= 6 CTPT: C2H6O
Vi z = 2 y = 14 12x, Nghim ph hp x =1, y = 2 CTPT : CH2O2
Cng thc cu to : X, Y, Z nhn mt trong cc cu to sau
Ancol ( ru) : CH3CH2OH ( ancol etylic)
Ete
: CH3-O-CH3 ( dimetyl ete)
Axit
: H-COOH ( axit fomic )
2.5. Bin dng 5 :
a) c im bi ton : - khng cho bit lng sn phm chy CO2 v H2O c th ; ring
bit khi t chy cht (A) m li cho lng hn hp cc sn phm ny v t l v lng hay th
tch gia chng .
* Yu cu : Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A) .
b) Phng php gii :
- Thng thng t s mol CO2 v H2O lm n s ; ri lp phng trnh ton hc tnh
lng CO2 v lng H2O c th . Sau a bi ton v dng c bn gii
- chuyn t t l s mol CO2 v H2O (hay t l th tch o cng iu kin) v t l khi
lng nh sau :
VCO
nCO
mCO
nCO .M CO
a
44a
2

V H 2O

n H 2O

m H 2O

n H 2O .M H 2O

18b

c) Bi tp minh ho :
Bi tp 1: t chy hon ton 18(g) cht hu c (A) cn va 16,8(lit) kh O 2 ktc , hn
hp sn phm chy gm CO2 v hi H2O c t l th tch : VCO2 : VH2O(hi) = 3 : 2
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A) . Bit t khi hi ca (A) i vi kh H2 l 36 .
Gii
- T t l th tch mVCOCO2 : VVH2O(hi)
= 3 : 23.,44
Ta c
11t l khi lng :
CO .M CO
2
2
=
=
,
8
.
32
V16
.
M
3
H 2O ( hi ) = 24
H 2O( g ) 2.18
mO2( phn ng ) = 22,4
2

m H 2O

- Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :

mCO2 + 11
mH2O
.42 = mA + mO2 (phn ng) = 18 + 24 = 42(g)
mCO2 =
= 33( g ) v mH2O = 42 - 33 = 9(g)
11 + 3
( Vn dng phng php gii dng c bn )
- Khi lng cc nguyn
12 t c trong (A) :
2
mC = .33 = 9( g )
;
mH = .9 = 1( g )
18
Tng: mC + mH = 9 44
+ 1 = 10(g) < mA(em t)
cht (A) cha c xy ;
mO = mA - ( mC + mH ) = 18 - 10 = 8(g)
- MA = dA/H2 . MH2 = 36 . 2 = 72(g)
- Dng cng thc ca (A) l : CxHyOz

Ta c t l :

12 x
y
16 z M A
=
=
=
m
m
m
mA
C
H
O

12 x y 16 z 72
= =
=
9
1
8
18

x=3 ; y=4 ; z=2

- Vy cng thc phn t ca cht (A) l : C3H4O2
Bi tp 2: t chy hon ton 6,0 gam mt hp cht A phi cn 10,08 lt O 2(ktc). Thu
c CO2 v hi nc c t l v th tch l 3 : 4. Tm cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi hi
ca A i vi khng kh l 2,069.
Li gii.
-Tm lng CO2 v H2O
t s mol CO2 v H2O l a v b, ta c :
Theo gi thit :
a : b = 3 : 4
(1)
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng :
m (CO2, H2O) = m (A, O2 )
10,08

44a + 18b= 6,0 + 22,4 x 32 = 20,4 (2)

Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) c : a = 0,3 mol CO2 ; b = 0,4 mol H2O.
- Lng C, H, O (nu c) trong 6,0 gam A
mC = 0,3x12 = 3,6 ; mH = 0,4 x 2 = 0,8 ; mO = 6 3,6 0,8 = 1,6
- T l mol cc nguyn t: C : H : O =

3,6
0,8
1,6
:
:
12
1
16

= 0,3 : 0,8 : 0,1

= 3 :
8 : 1
- Cng thc nghim ca A (C3H8O)n = 60n = 2,069*29 = 60 n =1
- Cng thc phn t ca A : C3H8O.
Ch : Phng php c trnh by trn, l chuyn bi ton v dng c bn , ta cn c
nhiu cch gii khc, chng hn
T gi thit : nCO2 : nH2O = 3: 4nC : nH = 3 : 8 vi t l ny ng vi hp cht no
Cho nn A c dng C3H8Om = 36+8+16m =60 m =1.
II. Bi tp p dng v nng cao
Bi 1:t chy hon ton 0,295g hp cht A sinh ra 0,44g CO2 v 0,225g H2O. Trong mt th
nghim khc mt khi lng cht A nh trn cho 55,8cm3 N2 (kc). T khi hi ca A i vi
khng kh l 2,05. Xc nh CTPT cu A? s:C2H5ON
Bi 2:Xc nh CTPT cho mi cht theo s liu sau:
a/85,8%C ; 14,2%H ;M=56
b/51,3%C ; 9,4%H ; 12%N; 27,3%O ;t khi hi so vi khng kh l 4,05
c/ 54,5%C; 9,1%H; 36,4%%O ; 0,88g hi chim th tch 224 ml (o ktc)
Bi 3: Tm CTPT cht hu c trong mi trng hp sau:
a/t chy hon ton 10g hp cht sinh ra 33,85g CO2 v 6,94g H2O. T khi hi i vi
khng kh l 2,69.
b/t chy 0,282g hp cht v cho cc sn phm i qua cc bnh ng CaCl 2 v KOH
thy bnh CaCl2 tng thm 0,194g, cn bnh KOH tng 0,8g. Mt khc t 0,186g cht sinh
ra 22,4 ml Nit ( ktc). Phn t cht ch cha 1 nguyn t Nit? s: a/C6H6 b/C6H7N
Bi 4: Phn tch 1 hp cht hu c ta thy : c 2,1 phn khi lng C li c 2,8 phn khi
lng oxi v 0,35 phn khi lng hiro.Hy xc nh CTPT ca cht hu c ni trn bit 1g
hi cht ktc chim th tch 37,3cm3? s: C2H4O2
Bi 5: Hy xc nh CTPT ca 1 hp cht hu c c khi lng phn t l 26 : bit rng sn
phm ca s t chy hp cht l kh cacbonnic v hi nc. s: C2H2
Bi 6: t chy hon ton 0,9g mt cht hu c c thnh phn : C,H,O ta c 1,32g CO 2 v
0,54g H2O. Khi lng phn t cht l 180.Xc nh CTPT ca cht hu c trn? s:
C6H12O6
Bi 7: Khi t 1(l) kh A cn 5(l) kh oxi sau phn ng thu c 3(l) CO 2 v 4(l) hI nc .Xc
nh CTPT phn t A;bit th tch cc kh o cng ktc v nhit v p sut. s: C3H8

Bi 8: Cho 400ml mt hn hp gm nit v 1 cht hu c th kh cha cacbon v hiro vo

900 ml oxi (d) ri t .Th tch hn hp thu c sau khi t l 1,4(l) .Sau khi cho nc
ngng t th cn 800ml hn hp .Ta cho li qua dd KOH thy cn 400ml kh .Xc nh CTPT
ca hp cht trn ;bit rng cc th tch kh o cng k v nhit v p sut. s: C2H6
Bi 9: t chy hon ton 10,4g hp cht hu c A ri cho sn phm ln lt qua bnh 1 cha
H2SO4m c ,bnh 2 cha nc vi trong c d ,thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 3,6g ; bnh 2
thu c 30g kt ta .Khi ha hi 5,2g A thu c th tch ng bng th tch ca 1,6g oxi
cng iu kin nhit v p sut .Xc nh CTPT ca A. s: C3H4O4
Bi 10: t 0,366g mt cht hu c A thu c 0,792g CO2v 0,234g H2O.Mt khc phn hy
0,549g cht thu c 37,42cm3nit (o 270C v 750mmHg).Tm CTPT ca A bit rng
trong phn t ca n ch c 1 nguyn t nit. s: C9H13O3N
Bi 11: t chy hon ton 0,01mol cht X bng lng oxi va l 0,616(l) ,thu c
1,344(l) hn hp CO2, N2 v hi nc. Sau khi lm ngng t hi nc ,hn hp kh cn li
chim th tch 0,56(l) v c t khi i vi hiro l 20,4 .Xc nh CTPT ca X ,bit rng th
tch kh c o ktc. s:C2H7O2N
Bi 12: Khi t 18g mt hp cht hu c phi dng 16,8(l) oxi (o ktc) v thu c kh CO2
v hi nc vi t l th tch l VCO : VH O = 3 : 2 .T khi hi ca hp cht hu c i vi hiro l
36. Hy xc nh CTPT ca hp cht . s: C3H4O2
Bi 13: t chy hon ton 100ml hi cht A cn 250ml xi to ra 200ml CO2 v 200ml hI
nc (cc th tch kh c o cng iu kin nhit p sut).Tm CTPT ca A?
s:C2H4O
Bi 14. t chy hon ton 3 gam HCHC A thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 1,8 gam H2O. X
CTGN ca A v thnh phn % cc nguyn t trong A?
Bit t khi hi ca HCHC A so vi He l 7,5. Hy X CTPT ca A?
Bi 15. t chy hon ton 1,72 gam HCHC A thu c 3,52 gam CO2 v 1,8 gam H2O. Mt
khc, phn tch 1,29 gan A thu c 336 ml kh N2 ( ktc). Tm CTPT ca A bit kh ho hi
1,29 gam A c th tch ng bng th tch ca 0,96 gam oxi trong cn g iu kin.
Bi 16. Phn tch HCHC A cha C, H, O ta c t l khi lng mC : mH : mO = 2,24 : 0,375: 2
a) Lp CTGN cu A?
b) Xc nh CTPT ca A. Bit 1 gam A khi lm bay hi c th tch 1,2108 lt 0oC v
0,25 atm.
Bi 17. t chy hon ton cht hu c A cn va 6,72 lt O2 ktc thu c 13,2 gam CO2
v 5,4 gam H2O. XCTPT A. Bit t khi hi A so vi He l 7,5.
Bi 20. t chy hon ton a gam mt hirocacbon A th thu c 0,05 mol CO2 v 1,08 gam
H2O.
a) Tnh A?
b) XCTPT A. Bit t khi hi A so vi H2 l 36.
Bi 18. t chy hon ton mt HCHC A cn 7,392 lt O 2 ( o 1atm, 27,30C). Khi cho ton
b sn phm to thnh ( ch gm CO2 v H2O) vo mt lng nc vi trong thu c 10g kt
ta v 200 ml dung dch mui c nng 0,5M; dung dch ny nng hn lng nc vi
dng l 8,6 (g).
Tm cng thc n gin nht ca cht A. Thnh phn % khi lng cc nguyn t.
Tm CTPT v CTCT ca A. Bit dA/He = 7,5
Bi 19. t chy hon ton 10,4g cht hu c A ri cho sn phm ln lt qua bnh (1) cha
H2SO4 m c v bnh (2) cha nc vi trong d, thy khi lng bnh (1) tng 3,6(g); bnh
(2) thu c 30g kt ta. Khi ho hi 5,2(g) A , thu c mt th tch ng bng th tch ca
1,6g oxi cng iu kin.
Xc nh CTPT (A)
Bi 20. t chy hon ton ag mt hirocacbon A. Sn phm chy c dn qua 1 bnh cha
nc vi trong c d O0 C, ngi ta thu c 3g mt cht kt ta, ng thi bnh cha nng
thm 1,68g. Tnh a ? Xc nh CTPT A. Bit t khi hi ca A i vi metan l 2,5.
2

Bi 21. t chy hon ton 1,08g cht hu c X ri cho ton b sn phm vo dung dch
Ba(OH)2 thy bnh nng thm 4,6g ng thi to thnh 6,475g mui axit v 5,91g mui trung
ho. T khi hio ca X i vi Heli l 13,5.
a/ Xc nh CTPT ca X.
b/ Vit v gi tn cc ng phn mch h ca X.
Bi 22. t chy ht 1,152 mt hirocacbon X mch h, ri cho sn phm qua dung dch
Ba(OH)2 thu c 3,94g kt ta v dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y ri nung n khi lng
khng i thu c 4,59g cht rn.
a/ Tm CTPT hirocacbon.
b/ Tnh th tch kh CO2 thu c khi c cn dung dch Y ktc.
Bi 23. t chy hon ton 1,12g cht hu c A ri cho hp ton b sn phm chy trong dung
dch Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh cha tng thm 3,36g. Bit rng nCO2= 1,5nH2O
Tm CTPT (A). Bit t khi hi ca A i vi H2 nh hn 30.
Bi 24. t chy cht hu c A ( cha C, H, O ) phi dng mt lng oxi bng 8 ln lng oxi
c trong A v thu c lng kh CO2 v H2O theo t l khi lng mCO2 : mH2O = 22:9
a/ Tm CTG nht ca A.
b/ Tm CTPT A bit th tch khi ho hi 2,9g A ng bng th tch ca 0,2g He trong
cng iu kin.
Bi 25. Oxi ho hon ton 0,366g cht hu c A, ngi ta thu c 0,792g cht CO2 v 0,234g
H2O. Mt khc phn tch 0,549 g cht o bng phng php Dumas ngi ta thu c 37,42 ml
N2 ( o 270C v 750 mmHg)
Xc nh cng thc nguyn v cng thc phn t A. Bit t khi hi ca (A) vi N(IV)
oxit l 3,978.
Bi 26. t chy ht 0,75g cht hu c A. Hi sn phm chy c dn ton b qua bnh ng
dung dch nc vi trong c d O0C. Khi lng bnh dung dch tng thm 1,33g. Trong
lc tch c 2(g) mt cht kt ta
Mt khc phn tch 0,15g A bng phng php Kjel-dahl, kh NH 3 sinh ra c dn vo 18ml
dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Lng axit d c trung ho va ng bng 4ml dung dch NaOH
0,4M. Xc nh CTPT A bit 1 lt hi A ktc nng 3,35g
Bi 27. t chy hon ton 0,4524g cht hu c A sinh ra 0,3318g CO2 v 0,2714g H2O
un nng 0,3682g cht A vi vi ti xt ( hn hp rn gm NaOH v CaO) chuyn tt c
nito trong A thnh NH3 ri dn kh NH3 vo 20ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M. trung ho axit
cn d (sau khi phn ng vi NH3), cn dng 7,7 ml dung dch NaOH 1M.
a/ Tnh thnh phn % cc nguyn t trong A.
b/ Xc nh CTPT (A) bit t khi hi ca n i vi kh nit l 2,143
Bi 28. t chy hon ton m(g) cht hu c (A) cha C, H, O khi lng sn phm chy l
P(g). Cho ton b sn phm ny qua dung dch nc vi trong c d th sau cng thu c t (g)
kt ta. Bit P = 0,71t v t = m/1,02
Xc nh CTPT (a). Vit CTCT v gi tn (A)
Bi 29. t chy hon ton m(g) cht hu c A ch thu c a(g) CO2 v b(g) H2O. Bit 3a =
11b v 7m = 3(a + b). Xc nh CTPT (A), bit t khi hi ca (A) i vi khng kh : dA/KK < 3
Bi 30. t
22a chy hon3aton ag cht hu c A cha C, H, O thu c p(g) CO 2 v q(g) H2O.
Cho p =
v q =
. Tm cng thc phn t ca A. Bit rng 3,6g hi A c th tch bng
15
5
th tch ca 1,76g CO2 cng iu kin.